identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C0C519CF31615DD4A288D448A4F827.text	03C0C519CF31615DD4A288D448A4F827.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alexanderellus kumangui Cadena-Castaneda 2022	<div><p>Alexanderellus kumangui Cadena-Castañeda n. gen et n. sp.</p> <p>The resulting data were analyzed using TNT, versión 1.1 (Goloboff et al. 2003; 2008). All characters were performed in no particular order and unweighted, using the exhaustive search option. Characters for an unknown or missing state were keyed as “?”. Phylogenetically uninformative characters (autapomorphies) were included as they are useful in diagnosing taxa.</p> <p>The two measurements of fit used in this study, consistency index CI (Kluge &amp; Farris 1969) and retention index RI (Farris 1989), are here assumed to work as adequate statistics for calculation of the phylogenetic signal in the target characters and for the description of homoplasy and synapomorphy levels.</p> <p>Character mapping on the consensus tree was performed with the software Winclada (Nixon 1999), which allowed to spot the different levels of character arrangement and their support regarding synapomorphies and homoplasy. Bremer (1994) and Bootstrap (Felsenstein 1985) statistics were also taken into account with 100 replications under the TBR parameter, to compare and pinpoint the arrangement and relationships of the branches as a whole, in addition to the consistency and robustness of the group extracted from the phylogenetic analyses. Bremer values are shown above each clade and bootstrap values under the consensus tree.</p> <p>Character optimization. The evolutionary tendencies of the tribe Dysoniini were analyzed, regarding camouflage and ambulatory behavior, and how these appeared in the evolutionary history of the group, focusing on the phylogenetic data shown on the tree. By locating the synapomorphies derived from ecological characters, it was determined how they could have influenced the diversification of the studied taxa.</p> <p>The tree with all mapped characters is provided, along with the directionality in which the character states vary regarding their basal condition. Analyzed characters were mapped and optimized with the software Winclada (Nixon 1999), under the Unambiguous, Fast and Slow assumptions, based on the cladogram resulting from the phylogenetic analysis, by analyzing how many times the studied characters arose independently. Monophyletic groups showing the studied characters were identified, contrasting them with sister groups lacking the evolutionary novelty, and comparing the degree of diversification of the monophyletic groups against their sister clades regarding the optimized characters.</p> <p>Maps and distributional data. The maps were elaborated with SimpleMappr (Shorthouse 2010). Data of the maps was compiled from the studied specimens as well as from literature data, the latter corroborated through verification of the aforementioned collections, in order to exclude erroneous or dubious data. Based on literature data and the examined specimens, a checklist is provided, including updated distribution data and status of all taxa according to the classification proposed here (Appendix 3).</p> <p>Biogeographical analysis. A dispersal-vicariance analysis (Ronquist 1997) was performed to assess the possible biogeographical patterns of ancestral distribution for the Neotropical region. Based on the distribution of Dysoniini genera and recent contributions on biogeographical regionalization (Morrone 2001, 2014), was conducted an analysis using the following broad biogeographical units according to Chaves et al. (2013) and modified from Upham &amp; Patterson (2012) and Condamine et al. (2012): A. Middle America, B. West Andes-Chocó, C. Andes, D. Amazonia, E. Chaco, F. Brazilian Shield, G. Guiana Shield. These areas represent ecological regions known to reflect historical geological patterns (Olson et al. 2001).</p> <p>The cladogram of areas, where each terminal taxon is replaced for the area it inhabits, was analyzed using the program RASP 4.0 beta (Yu et al. 2010, 2015). This program compiles DIVA with the methods of Nylander et al. (2008) and Harris &amp; Xiang (2009), by which statistical support can be provided for the reconstruction of the ancestral area of each clade (‘S-Diva’ value); besides, this tool complements DIVA v. 1.2 (Ronquist 1996) which applies an exact search according to the dispersal-vicariance optimization as proposed by Ronquist (1997).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF31615DD4A288D448A4F827	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF2E6142D4A28B254EBAFC72.text	03C0C519CF2E6142D4A28B254EBAFC72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dysoniina Rehn 1950	<div><p>Subtribe Dysoniina Rehn, 1950 n. stat.</p> <p>Quiva Hebard, 1926</p> <p>Yungasacris Rehn, 1950</p> <p>Alexanderellus Cadena-Castañeda n. gen.</p> <p>Dissonulichen Cadena-Castañeda, 2011 n. stat.</p> <p>Group Dysoniae</p> <p>Dysonia White, 1862</p> <p>Lichenomorphus Cadena-Castañeda, 2011</p> <p>Lichenodentix Cadena-Castañeda, 2011</p> <p>Group Paraphidniae</p> <p>Paraphidnia Giglio-Tos, 1898</p> <p>Anaphidna Gorochov &amp; Cadena-Castañeda, 2012</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF2E6142D4A28B254EBAFC72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF2E6142D4A289BD4EF5FE82.text	03C0C519CF2E6142D4A289BD4EF5FE82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hammatoferina Cadena-Castaneda	<div><p>Subtribe Hammatoferina Cadena-Castañeda n. subtr.</p> <p>Hammatofera Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF2E6142D4A289BD4EF5FE82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF2E6142D4A288294E5DFD86.text	03C0C519CF2E6142D4A288294E5DFD86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Markiina Cadena-Castaneda	<div><p>Subtribe Markiina Cadena-Castañeda n. subtr.</p> <p>Markia White, 1862</p> <p>Machima Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878</p> <p>Machimoides Rehn, 1950</p> <p>Apolinaria Rehn, 1950</p> <p>Lichenodraculus Braun, 2011</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF2E6142D4A288294E5DFD86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF2E6144D4A28D5D4F82FEFB.text	03C0C519CF2E6144D4A28D5D4F82FEFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dysoniini Rehn 1950	<div><p>Tribe Dysoniini Rehn, 1950</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small to medium-sized (25–65 mm). Eyes globose, distance of the antennal sockets not greater than the width of the scapus. Vertex elevated in diverse shapes, from a slightly raised tubercle or crest to long spines. Fastigium with a developed ventral tooth, ocellar tubercle present and only slightly or well developed. Pronotal disc also with various modifications (like spines, expansions, denticulations). Tegmina narrow or moderately widened, Rs vein originating at the middle of R, MA vein prolonged to the middle of the tegmina and then turning into the anal margin. Anterior coxae dorsally armed with a fronto-basal spine; tympana exposed on both sides of the fore tibiae; leg spines lamellate, developed as spinule or long, pointed spines. Genicular lobes of fore and middle femora are usually armed with a spine (in Quiva armed with two small spines). Meso- and metasternum never longer than wide, meso- and metafurcal furrow narrow and usually rounded. Tenth tergite unmodified; male cerci forked, usually divided in the horizontal plane (except Apolinaria, where the both branches are directed dorsally); male subgenital plate unmodified (except for Lichenomorphus, where it is elongated and very flexible), and styli developed to different degrees. Ovipositor of females varying in shape, from as long as the pronotum, curved and broadened, to long and slender, surpassing the length of the pronotum.</p> <p>Type genus. Dysonia White, 1862.</p> <p>Distribution. Neotropical, from northeastern Mexico to northern Argentina (Maps 1–19).</p> <p>Comments: Recently, Gorochov (2014, 2016) considered Trachyzulpha Dohrn, 1892, a genus from Southeast Asia, to be a member of Dysoniini, placing it in its own subtribe Trachyzulphina. The supposed justification being the shared lichen mimicry. However, this type of mimicry has arisen several times in the subfamily Phaneropterinae, and also in other katydids like Lichenagraecia Rentz, Su &amp; Ueshima, 2012 from Australia (Conocephalinae: Armadillagraeciini) as well as several groups of the family Pseudophyllinae, and even in Caelifera such as pygmy grasshoppers of the genera Amorphopus Serville, 1838 and Eomorphopus Hancock, 1907 from the Amazon (Cadena-Castañeda et al. 2019a, 2019b). An adaptation to a particular type of environment or microhabitat is not necessarily associated with a particular taxonomic group. Therefore, the Trachyzulphini n. stat. are here elevated to a separate tribe of the Phaneropterinae, based on the original diagnosis (Gorochov 2014).</p> <p>Moreover, Gorochov (2016) proposed to reduce Pycnopalpini to a subtribe of Dysoniini, arguing that the posteromedial denticle or spine on the upper rostral tubercle is also present in some representatives of that group. However, Pycnopalpini + Dysoniini do not belong to a monophyletic group according to the most comprehensive phylogeny of Tettigoniidae (Mugleston et al. 2018). The Pycnopalpini are considered a tribe with two subtribes, Pycopalpina and Theiina (Cadena-Castañeda 2014a, Cigliano et al. 2022).</p> <p>Figures 11–14 present a pictorial key for the identification of genera.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF2E6144D4A28D5D4F82FEFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF256148D4A28F894CB0FA5F.text	03C0C519CF256148D4A28F894CB0FA5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hammatoferina Cadena-Castaneda	<div><p>Subtribe Hammatoferina Cadena-Castañeda n. subtrib.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium-sized (total length 50–55 mm) and slender (Fig. 15A). Head ovoid in frontal view, vertex compressed and acuminate (Fig. 15B), antennae with groups of setae along the flagellum (Figs. 15C–D). Pronotum smooth and unmodified (Figs. 15C–D), margin of lateral lobes rounded and slightly thickened (Fig. 15D). Tegmina lanceolate, about five times as long as wide. MA vein extending along for two thirds of the tegmen length (Fig. 15A). Hind femora armed with small triangular spines on the ventral margin. Male cerci robust and forked, gripper in shape (Fig. 15E). Ovipositor twice as long as the pronotum, sharply upcurved, with rounded tip.</p> <p>Type genus. Hammatofera Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878.</p> <p>Distribution. Brazil: Atlantic coast, Atlantic Forest of the Caatinga biogeographic province, Paraná forests and Araucaria angustifolia forest (according to the classification by Morrone 2001), Bahia to Santa Catarina (Map 1).</p> <p>Comments. This is a unique member of the Dysoniini distinguished by phyllomorphic camouflage. The general habitus of Hammatofera, along with ovipositor shape in females, resembles in appearance members of Markiina n. subtrib. The main difference is the lack of lichen camouflage shown by that subtribe: no pale coloration, nor modifications of vertex or pronotum, and absence of long spines on femora, genicular lobes, and tibiae. Based on comparison with new specimens, H. brasiliensis Piza, 1980 n. syn., is found to be the same species as H. nodicornis (Burmeister, 1838). Male cerci and subgenital plate are similar, and shape of ovipositor and female subgenital plate present at most intraspecific variation. Therefore, Hammatofera remains monotypic, and this subtribe so far comprises a single species.</p> <p>Subtribe Markiina Cadena-Castañeda n. subtrib.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small to medium-sized (30–65 mm), slender insects, background coloration dark green, with bright greenish white or yellowish green filamentous markings all over the body, general appearance usually whitish and often spiny. Head longer than wide in frontal view; vertex elevated as a cone or a spine (in Machima only weakly elevated); antennae filiform, unmodified. Pronotum smooth, with stripes that in some groups vary according to species, anterior and posterior margin of the pronotal disc with a spine or without (both spines are present in all species of Markia as well as Lichenodraculus holgeri, L. matti has only one spine on the anterior margin), rarely with an laterally expanded metazona (only Apolinaria). At rest tegmina with costal margin broadly curved upward throughout the entire length, and the anal margin being almost straight or slightly concave, with the apex curved upward (giving an overall undulate appearance), tip broadly truncate. The anal margin has pyramidal, sclerotized sensilla. Genicular lobes with a well-developed and usually long spine, spines of femora and tibiae elongated and pointed. Hind margin of abdominal tergites with spines. Male cerci variable in shape, external branch usually as long as inner branch or only slightly longer (the species of Machima are special in presenting a very long and thin external branch, with the internal branch reduced to a small spine). Subgenital plate unmodified. Ovipositor twice as long as the pronotum or a little longer, valves only a little broadened and slightly serrulate, curving upward; female cerci thin and moderately elongated (in some Lichenodraculus females almost as long as the ovipositor).</p> <p>Type genus. Markia White, 1862.</p> <p>Distribution. From the southwest of Mexico to southern Brazil. Most species are found in the Andean region between Venezuela and Bolivia (Cadena-Castañeda 2013b, c).</p> <p>Comments. Most genera of this subtribe were formerly included in the Markia genus group by CadenaCastañeda, 2013b. The species show lichenomorphic camouflage, specialized on fruticose or arbuscular lichens such as Usnea. Diagnoses of the genera are provided, omitting the common characters already described for the subtribe.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF256148D4A28F894CB0FA5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF24614CD4A28F6E49D5FDE8.text	03C0C519CF24614CD4A28F6E49D5FDE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Machima Brunner von Wattenwyl 1878	<div><p>Machima Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878</p> <p>Diagnosis. Vertex conical and relatively short, without expansion. Pronotal disc with a pattern of callose stripes. Hind femora and tibiae with curved and elongated spines. Tegmina with undulate contour (Fig. 16A). Male cerci flattened and ribbon-like with an elongated or abruptly pointed tip, lobe or inner branch sub-triangular or spineshaped (Figs. 16B–J). Ovipositor long, curving slightly upward, with the apical region slightly serrulate. Tips of upper and lower valve rounded (Fig. 16F).</p> <p>Type species. Phaneroptera phyllacantha Burmeister, 1838, by subsequent designation.</p> <p>Distribution. Along the Atlantic coast of Brazil, Mata Atlântica and Araucaria angustifolia forest (Map 2).</p> <p>Key to species of Machima</p> <p>(adapted from Rehn 1950 and Antunes &amp; Takiya 2020)</p> <p>1. Main lobe of male cercus elongated and curving weakly at apical half, accessory lobe longer than wide................. 2</p> <p>- Main lobe of male cercus elongated and curving abruptly at apical two-thirds (Fig. 16B,C), accessory lobe as long as wide......................................................................... M. itatiaia Antunes &amp; Tikiya, 2020</p> <p>2. Male cerci elongated, slightly curving upward, inner margin concave with a slight crest-like prolongation from base to tip, distal portion rounded with a small, pointed projection on the dorso-apical margin (Fig. 16D, E).................................................................................................. M. phyllacantha (Burmeister, 1838)</p> <p>- Male cerci elongated but not curving upward, inner margin concave with uniform basal region, without inner prolongations and narrow tip; male cerci armed at the internal base with a spine-like, internally projecting process....................... 2</p> <p>3. Vertex process more evident, short and conical; male cerci shorter and somewhat more robust, main branch moderately sigmoid and distally not strongly falcate, ventro-internal margin with several spaced nodes (Fig. 16G–H)... M. scalprum Rehn, 1950</p> <p>- Vertex process less evident, rectangular in lateral view; male cerci longer and overall thinner, main branch hardly sigmoid, distal two-fifths sharply bent and falcate, ventro-internal margin without spaced nodes (Fig. 16I–J)................................................................................................... M. paranensis Rehn, 1950</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF24614CD4A28F6E49D5FDE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF20614FD4A28BDE49D5FCA2.text	03C0C519CF20614FD4A28BDE49D5FCA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Machimoides Rehn 1950	<div><p>Machimoides Rehn, 1950</p> <p>Diagnosis. Vertex developed as an elevated, compressed, in lateral view conical process. Pronotal disc with a pattern of callose stripes. Hind femora and tibiae with conical, triangular spines that are not bent or twisted. Tegmina in males extending far beyond the abdomen tip, in females only slightly. Anal and costal margin of tegmina sub-parallel (Fig. 17A). Male cerci simple, cylindrical, somewhat distally narrowed, with a rounded tip and an internal tooth in the distal half (Fig. 17B–P). Ovipositor of females no longer than fore femora, moderately curved, tip of upper valve rounded and in lower valve tip more pointed, lateral margins not serrulate.</p> <p>Type species. Machimoides vivasi Rehn, 1950, by original designation.</p> <p>Distribution. Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia, one species from southeastern Brazil (Minas Gerais) (Map 3).</p> <p>Key to species of Machimoides</p> <p>1. Hind femora with inner ventral margin unarmed; size larger than average for the genus (total length in males 37.5–41 mm); tegmina long, extending beyond tip of hind femur by more than twice the length of the pronotum...................... 2</p> <p>- Hind femora with inner ventral margin armed like outer ventral margin; smaller (total length in males 26.5 mm); tegmina short, only slightly extending beyond tip of hind femur........................ Yuracare Group … M. yuracare Rehn, 1950</p> <p>2. Larger (total length in males around 41 mm); extremities and pronotum relatively elongate; hind margin of pronotal disk broadly arched; tegmina with fibrous, reticulate venation......................................... Vivasi Group …3</p> <p>- Medium-sized (total length in males 35–38 mm); extremities and pronotum relatively short; hind margin of pronotal disk transverse; tegmina with coarser, less reticulate venation......................................... Minarum Group …5</p> <p>3. Male subgenital plate with a constricted, acute-angled emargination (Fig. 17F); internal tooth of male cerci reduced, robust and straight (Fig. 17D–E).................................................................. M. vivasi Rehn, 1950</p> <p>- Male subgenital plate with less acutely angled emargination; internal tooth of cerci curved and thin.................... 4</p> <p>4. Vertex slightly longer than scapus and pedicellus, tip obtuse; styli sub-conical and 1.5 times as long as depth of emargination of subgenital plate (Fig. 17I); internal tooth of cerci tapering and curved backward (Fig. 17G–H)... M. peru Gorochov, 2012</p> <p>- Vertex as long as scapus and pedicellus, tip pointed; styli cylindrical, three times as long as depth of the emargination (Fig. 17L); internal tooth of cerci sub-cylindrical along the entire length, very slightly inclined toward apex of cercus (Fig. 17J–K)......................................................................... M. sofiae Cadena-Castañeda, 2013</p> <p>5. Vertex longer than scapus and pedicellus, thin and strongly pointed; spines of hind femora and genicular lobes normally developed, longer than width of hind tibiae; male subgenital plate with rectangular emargination........ M. minarum Rehn, 1950</p> <p>- Vertex slightly shorter or as long as scapus and pedicellus, conical with obtuse tip; spines of hind femora and genicular lobes reduced, length equal to width of hind tibia; male subgenital plate with U-shaped emargination (Fig. 17Q)................................................................................................ M. rehni Gorochov, 2012</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF20614FD4A28BDE49D5FCA2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF23614FD4A28AE74F1CFA99.text	03C0C519CF23614FD4A28AE74F1CFA99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apolinaria Rehn 1950	<div><p>Apolinaria Rehn, 1950</p> <p>Diagnosis. Vertex with an almost perpendicular, laterally compressed, pointed process with obtuse tip (Figs. 18AB). Pronotal disc with laterally expanded metazone (Fig. 18C). Hind femora and tibiae with elongate, curved spines (Fig. 18A). All genicular lobes developed in the shape of an elongated spine. Tegmina relatively short and not extending beyond tips of extended hind femora, maximum width almost equal to 2/5 of the length (Fig. 18A). Male cerci short, robust, and with hairs on basal surface. Both branches curved perpendicularly upward, then narrowing toward the tip (Figs. 18E–F). Ovipositor curved with rounded and delicately toothed tip. Female cerci thin and half as long as ovipositor (Fig. 18D).</p> <p>Type species. Machima hygracantha Karsch, 1896, by monotypy and original designation.</p> <p>Distribution. Eastern slope of Colombian Andes (Map 4).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF23614FD4A28AE74F1CFA99	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF23614ED4A28C3B49D5FB5A.text	03C0C519CF23614ED4A28C3B49D5FB5A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lichenodraculus Braun 2011	<div><p>Lichenodraculus Braun, 2011</p> <p>Diagnosis. Vertex pointed and conical in lateral view. Pronotum with a prominent pointed process on anterior margin (Figs. 19A–B), sometimes on posterior margin as well (Figs. 19D–E). Hind femora and tibiae with cylindrical spines, elongated and curving, all genicular lobes developed as long spines. Male cerci elongate and sickle-shaped or the shape resembling tweezers, internally excavated (Figs. 19C, F). Ovipositor broad, strongly curved upward, margins parallel and broadly rounded, apex delicately serrate. Female cerci are slender and elongate.</p> <p>Type species. Lichenodraculus matti Braun, 2011, by monotypy and original designation.</p> <p>Distribution. Ecuadorian Andes and Guiana Shield in Venezuela (Map 4).</p> <p>Key to species of Lichenodraculus</p> <p>1. Only prozonal spine of the pronotum developed and as long as the vertex (Figs. 19A, B); male cerci with inner branch reduced (Fig. 19C); ovipositor of female robust, with the dorsal and ventral margins slightly denticulate from the middle to the apex.................................................................................... L. matti Braun, 2011.</p> <p>- Both prozonal and metazonal spine of the pronotum developed, of similar size and not longer than the vertex in male, in female the pronotal spines are almost as long as the vertex (Fig. 19D, E); male cerci with inner branch almost as long as outer branch and with sclerotized margin (Fig. 19F); ovipositor slender, dorsal and ventral margins crenulated from middle to apex............................................................................. L. holgeri Cadena-Castañeda, 2013</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF23614ED4A28C3B49D5FB5A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF226175D4A28C7449D5F969.text	03C0C519CF226175D4A28C7449D5F969.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Markia White 1862	<div><p>Markia White, 1862</p> <p>Diagnosis. Vertex elevated, developed as a vertical, slightly forward-directed spine (Figs. 20A, K, 21A). Frons delimited between the genae by a suture. Pronotum smooth, with two flattened spine-like projections on the pronotal disk: one at the anterior margin and another higher and slightly curved on the rear margin (Figs. 20A, K, 21A). Fore tibiae with two dorsal spines at the lower margin of the tympana. Hind femora and tibiae with elongated and curved spines. Mesosternum narrower than metasternum, constricted and almost square; lateral lobes partially covering bases of coxae, hind margin touching the metafurcal groove, which is small, rounded, and deep. Tegmina undulate and with a broadly truncate tip. Male cerci bifurcate (Figs. 20D, Q, 21G). Ovipositor long, curved upward, with apical region slightly serrulate.</p> <p>Type species. Phaneroptera hystrix Westwood, 1844, by original monotypy.</p> <p>Distribution. Andes from Venezuela to Peru, few species in the Amazon region, and others ranging from the Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena ecoregion across Central America to Mexico, in particular the Hystrix and Sarriai species groups (Map 5). Species of the Erinaceus group are found in Guyana and the northern Andes, as well as the adjacent Amazon (Map 6). It seems evident that the cordilleras became an effective barrier which caused vicariance and split the species into different groups (Cadena-Castañeda 2013a, b).</p> <p>Key to species of Markia</p> <p>2. Medium-sized (50–54 mm), pronotal spines moderately long and broad; internal branch of male cerci with denticulations on the ventral margin or at the tip........................................................................... 2</p> <p>- Larger (60–65 mm), pronotal spines clearly longer than vertex spine, male cerci with both branches sclerotized, pointed, not denticulate.......................................................................... Erinaceus Group …6</p> <p>3. Pronotal spines elongated, metazonal spine longer than the vertex spine; leg spines elongated; hind femora armed with seven or eight spines on the outer ventral margin, projecting laterally, usually with the sixth spine projecting toward the dorsal margin..................................................................................... Hystrix Group …3</p> <p>- Pronotal spines shorter, not exceeding vertex spine (Fig. 20A–B); leg spines moderately developed, hind femur with five slightly laterally-projecting spines on outer ventral margin......... Sarriai Group and M. sarriai Cadena-Castañeda, 2013</p> <p>4. Vertex spine inclined (Fig. 20E); outer branch of male cerci sickle-shaped, thin and elongated, three times as long as internal branch (Fig. 20G).................................................... M. major (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878)</p> <p>- Vertex spine straight; branches of male cerci similar in length and slightly pointed.................................. 4</p> <p>5. Prozonal spine of the pronotum straight and similar in length as the metazonal spine; male cerci not as described below.... 5</p> <p>- Prozonal spine of pronotum curved forward (Fig. 20H); outer branch of male cerci 0.7 times as long as inner branch, slightly curved; inner branch with sclerotized dorsal margin, dilated at the base and with five denticulations at the apex (Fig. 20J)........................................................................ M. espinachi Cadena-Castañeda, 2013</p> <p>6. Vertex spine 0.6 times as long as prozonal spine, metazonal spine with posterior margin almost straight, anterior margin very slightly concave (Figs. 20K, L); outer branch of male cerci 0.8 times as long as internal branch, slightly curved; inner branch with sclerotized dorsal margin, dilated at the base and with eight denticulations at the apex (Fig. 20N).......................................................................................... M. nicolasi Cadena-Castañeda, 2013</p> <p>- Vertex spine 0.9 times as long as prozonal spine, metazonal spine with posterior margin curving forward, anterior margin concave (Fig. 20 O), male cerci pincer-shaped, branches moderately developed and thin, outer branch slightly curved and hookshaped, internal branch with denticulate ventral margin, apex smooth (Fig. 20Q)............ M. hystrix (Westwood, 1844).</p> <p>7. Prozonal spine of pronotum straight....................................................................... 7</p> <p>- Prozonal spine of pronotum curved forward............................................................... 10</p> <p>8. Distance between pronotal spines at bases 1.8–2.2 mm and at apices 5.0– 7.5 mm................................... 8</p> <p>- Distance between pronotal spines at bases 1.3–1.5 mm and at apices 5.2–5.5 mm (Fig. 21E); male cerci with the outer branch 1.8 times as long as the inner branch (Fig. 21G). ………………………. M. erinaceus Cadena-Castañeda &amp; Gorochov, 2013</p> <p>9. Distance between pronotal spines at bases 1.8–2.0 mm and at apices 5.7–6.0 mm (Fig. 21B); branches of male cerci similar in shape (Fig. 21D)........................................................... M. arizae Cadena-Castañeda, 2013</p> <p>- Distance between pronotal spines at bases 2.0– 2.2 mm and at apices 5.0– 7.5 mm; outer branch of cerci longer than inner branch.............................................................................................. 9</p> <p>10. Metazonal spine 1.5 times as long as vertex spine, posterior margin slightly curved in lateral view, anterior margin concave; distance between pronotal spines at bases 2.0– 2.2 mm and at apices 5.0– 5.5 mm (Fig. 21H); male cerci with conical outer branch three times as long as inner branch (Fig. 21J)................................... M. gaianii Cadena-Castañeda, 2013</p> <p>- Metazonal spine 1.7 times as long as vertex spine, posterior margin straight, anterior margin undulate; distance between pronotal spines at bases 2.5 mm and at apices 7.5 mm (Fig. 21K); male cerci with outer branch twice as long as inner branch, cylindrical and thin (Fig. 21L)............................................. M. agudeloi Cadena-Castañeda, 2013</p> <p>11. Vertex spine straight, prozonal spine dilated, with posterior margin curving forward in the middle, anterior margin only little concave; metazonal spine longer and twice as broad as prozonal spine (Fig. 21M); male subgenital plate with shallow V-shaped emargination, digitiform styli 2.5 times as long as depth of emargination (Fig. 21N).. M. guerreroi Cadena-Castañeda, 2013</p> <p>- Vertex spine inclined, prozonal spine more slender and gradually curving forward with both anterior and posterior margin uniformly curved, metazonal spine slightly longer and three times as broad as prozonal spine (Fig. 21P); apex of male subgenital plate slightly expanding, emargination deeply U-shaped and the cylindrical styli 1.8 times as long as depth of emargination (Fig. 21Q)........................................................... M. bolivarensis Cadena-Castañeda, 2013</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF226175D4A28C7449D5F969	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF196174D4A28E294FCAFD53.text	03C0C519CF196174D4A28E294FCAFD53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dysoniina Rehn 1950	<div><p>Subtribe Dysoniina Rehn, 1950 n. stat.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small to medium-sized (25–55 mm), coloration variable, most commonly white with black spots (Quiva, Lichenomorphus, Dysonia, Lichenodentix, and Dissonulichen) or greenish brown with some greenish white spots (Paraphidnia, Anaphidna, Yungasacris, and Alexanderellus). Head longer than wide in frontal view (except Dissonulichen and Quiva), vertex of variable development and shape (according to genus). Antennae mainly nodose, few genera without antennal modifications (basal genera like Quiva, Yungasacris and Dissonulichen). Pronotum mostly smooth and without distinct modifications, except for Anaphidna with a rugose pronotum, and several species which have differently developed tubercles or raised lateral margins of the metazona (Lichenomorphus), sometimes with denticulations (Lichenodentix). Tegmina with undulate shape (except for the above-mentioned three most basal genera, as well as Paraphidnia and Anaphidna). Leg spines flattened, triangular or lamellar, some genera with a large and broad spine on the hind femur (Quiva has very small spines); genicular lobes with a moderately developed spine. Male cerci variable in shape, male subgenital plate usually unmodified (except Lichenomorphus). Ovipositor as long as pronotum, valves moderately broadened and delicately serrulate, curving upward in first basal third; cerci of females short and robust.</p> <p>Type genus. Dysonia White, 1862.</p> <p>Distribution. From northeastern Mexico to northern Argentina, with major diversification in South America (Cadena-Castañeda 2011b).</p> <p>Comments. Most of the taxa of this subtribe show lichenomorphic camouflage, specialized on foliose lichens such as Lobariaceae. Others such as Anaphidna and Paraphidnia can also mimic bryophytes. Quiva is the only genus of the tribe that mimics wasps of the family Ichneumonidae.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF196174D4A28E294FCAFD53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF186176D4A28A7749D5FEDE.text	03C0C519CF186176D4A28A7749D5FEDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Quiva Hebard 1927	<div><p>Quiva Hebard, 1927</p> <p>Diagnosis. Slender insects, white with black spots, translucent tegmina with brown or black spots in most species (Fig. 22E), except for Q. angieae with black tegmina (Fig. 22A). Vertex smooth, not distinctly elevated at the fastigium, rounded and curved, ending in a blunt tooth, a little separated from the fastigium of the frons. Face rounded without lateral carinae (Figs. 22B, F, I). Tegmina very narrow, medial vein with two branches connected to the cubital vein by a short vein. Fore femur with two spinules on external genicular lobe, dorsal margin of fore tibiae unarmed except for a single apical, lateral spine. Hind femur with basal half of its length thickened, then narrowed abruptly into thin distal half. Ventral margin of hind femur armed with small spinules, in the same way as the dorsal margin of the hind tibiae (Figs. 22A, E). Male cerci with a small internal triangular spine, outer branch elongated (Figs. 22H, Q, T), and with an apical spine, except Q. angieae (Fig. 22D). Male subgenital plate elongate with small styli. (Figs. 22G, M, V) Ovipositor as long as pronotum, slightly curved, margins from mesal to distal region serrulate.</p> <p>Type species. Quiva diaphana Hebard, 1927, by original designation.</p> <p>Distribution. Mostly Amazon region, one species from the Andes (Map 7).</p> <p>Comments. Unlike the other genera of the Dysoniini with typical lichen and bryophyte camouflage, the species of Quiva mimic wasps of the family Ichneumonidae (Cadena-Castañeda pers. obs.). A similar type of mimicry is found in the phaneropterine genera Aganacris Walker, 1871 and Scaphura Kirby, 1825, which mimic wasps of the family Pompilidae (Nickle 2012; Sovano et al. 2018).</p> <p>Key to subgenera and species of Quiva</p> <p>(adapted from Cadena-Castañeda &amp; Gorochov, 2013 and Cadena-Castañeda et al., 2015)</p> <p>1. Tegmina with distinctly smaller cells in costal area and with vein MA not fused with Rs (Fig. 22A); male cerci with outer branch distinctly shorter than inner branch (Fig. 22C); male subgenital plate with rather long styli and shallow emargination between them (Fig. 22C)............................................... Q. (Paraquiva) angieae Cadena-Castañeda, 2013 Tegmina with large membranous cells in costal area and with distal part of MA connected by a short vein with Rs before Rs bifurcation (Fig. 22E); male cerci with outer branch distinctly longer than inner branch (Figs. 22K, Q, T); male subgenital plate with very short styli and rather deep emargination between them (Figs. 22G, M, V)........................ Quiva s.s....2</p> <p>2. Outer branch of male cerci with almost truncate apex having much thinner apical spine; inner branch very short, much shorter than outer branch (Figs. 22H, K, N)....................................................... Diaphana group...3 Outer branch of male cerci with more or less gradually narrowing distal part (apical part of this branch insignificantly narrower than its remaining part); inner branch of cerci of diverse length (Figs. 22Q, T, W).................... Abacata group...5</p> <p>3. Short postero-dorsal projection of last abdominal tergite of male not very wide and with a straight or slightly concave posteromedian edge; outer branch of male cerci with medial curvature of its distal part located rather far from base of inner branch, and with very thin apical spine (Fig. 22H).................................................. Q. pulchella Rehn, 1950 Short postero-dorsal projection of last abdominal tergite of male very wide and with an approximately straight postero-median edge; outer branch of male cerci with medial curvature or not, and moderately thin apical spine........................4</p> <p>4. Reddish-brown body spots (Fig. 22I); spots on prozona and metazona of pronotal disc little prominent; male cerci in dorsal view with medial curvature in distal part located not far from base of inner branch (Fig. 22K).... Q. diaphana Hebard, 1927 Black or bluish black body spots (Fig. 22L), spots on prozona and metazona of pronotal disc prominent; male cerci in dorsal view without medial curvature, only slightly curving at apex (Fig. 22N)............................................................................................... Q. buhrnheimi Cadena-Castañeda, Mendes &amp; Sovano, 2015</p> <p>5. Outer branch of male cerci with rounded medial convexity at base of dorsally darkened part of this branch and with the rest of this darkened part wide; inner branch short, not curved backward................................................6 Outer branch of male cerci with acute medial denticle at base of dorsally darkened part of this branch and with the rest of this part thin; inner branch much longer and curved backward (Fig. 22Q)....................... Q. sharovi Gorochov, 2013</p> <p>6. Male cerci slightly longer than subgenital plate (Fig. 22T); apex of subgenital plate is not laterally expanded (Fig. 22S)...................................................................... Q. abacata (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878) Male cerci twice as long as subgenital plate (Fig. 22W); apex of subgenital plate moderately laterally expanded (Fig. 22V)....................................................... Q. gutjahrae Cadena-Castañeda, Mendes &amp; Sovano, 2015</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF186176D4A28A7749D5FEDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF1A6179D4A288F149D5FEBC.text	03C0C519CF1A6179D4A288F149D5FEBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Yungasacris Rehn 1950	<div><p>Yungasacris Rehn, 1950</p> <p>Diagnosis. Coloration cream white, with diffuse pink patches, and black spots, mainly on the tegmina (Fig. 23A). Vertex smooth, sub-elevated, the distal contour rounded in lateral view. Hind femora ventrally armed from the mesal region to the apex with triangular lamellar spines. Tegmina exceeding apex of abdomen for more than half their length in males and about half their length in females, outline elongate or lanceolate, slightly narrowed in distal half, apical margin obliquely truncate (Fig. 23A). Male cerci with a thick base and an elongated, compressed, and subcultriform prolongation, and a flattened and triangular process on the internal side, mesial region concave and with an excavated appearance (Figs. 23B–H). Ovipositor twice as long as the pronotal disc, uniformly curved, in distal region dorsal and ventral margins serrulate and laterally with numerous spinules, apex narrowly rounded.</p> <p>Type species. Yungasacris grata Rehn, 1950, by original designation.</p> <p>Distribution. Peruvian Andes, central-western Brazil (Mato Grosso and Rondônia) (Map 8).</p> <p>Key to species and subspecies of Yungasacris</p> <p>1. Male tegmina broad in proximal half, with long stridulatory vein and rather wide mirror; male cerci long, with short basal part (proximal to base of inner branch), with short widened part (distal of base of inner branch), and with very long remaining part (this part narrow and longer than previous parts together...................................................... 2 Male tegmina clearly narrower in proximal half, with distinctly shorter stridulatory vein and narrower mirror; male cerci diverse in length, with clearly longer basal or middle (widened) parts, and narrow remaining part shorter................. 3</p> <p>2. Pronotal disc with a pair of dark oblique posterior stripes reaching to middle; male cerci in lateral view with widened sub-basal part longer than the more distal part (Fig. 23C); male subgenital plate with short but well-developed styli and shallow emargination between them................................................................. Y. grata grata Rehn, 1950 Pronotal disc with a pair of dark oblique posterior stripes not reaching middle; male cerci in lateral view with widened subbasal part not longer than more distal part (Fig. 23D); male subgenital plate without distinct styli and with rather deep emargination......................................................................... Y. grata rara Gorochov, 2013</p> <p>3. Pronotum without distinct traces of dark markings; male cerci with basal part (proximal to base of inner branch) shorter than widened middle part, with narrow distal part almost equal to middle part in length, and in lateral view with dorsal subbasal convexity (Figs. 23E, F)............................................................ Y. peruviana Rehn, 1950 Pronotum with distinct dark marks; male cerci with basal part (proximal to base of inner branch) longer than widened middle part, with narrow distal part distinctly longer than middle part (Fig. 23G), and in profile without any dorsal convexity in subbasal part (Fig. 23H).............................................. Y. multa Cadena-Castañeda &amp; Gorochov, 2013</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF1A6179D4A288F149D5FEBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF15617AD4A2881649D5FEF8.text	03C0C519CF15617AD4A2881649D5FEF8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alexanderellus Cadena-Castaneda 2022	<div><p>Alexanderellus Cadena-Castañeda n. gen.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body small and moderately slender. Coloration brown, with various whitish, black and green spots on the extremities and the tegmina (Figs. 24A, B). Head longer than wide and relatively narrow in profile; vertex moderately raised, ocellar tubercle little developed (Figs. 24C, F); antennae filiform with a few dispersed nodes on the flagellum. Meso- and metazona of pronotal disc elevated progressively (Figs. 24C, F). Tegmina transparent with some diffuse spots; ventro-distal portion of anal margin gently expanded; hind femur with a distal foliose spine (Fig. 24B). Cerci laterally flattened, with triangular branches of similar shape.</p> <p>Taxa included. Alexanderellus kumangui Cadena-Castañeda n. sp. (type species)</p> <p>and A. mariposa (Gorochov, 2012b) n. comb. (described as Dysonia (Dysonia) mariposa).</p> <p>Distribution. Amazon region of Colombia and eastern foothills of the Peruvian Andes (Map 9).</p> <p>Etymology. Dedicated to Professor Dr. Alexander García García, in gratitude for his friendship, teachings, continuous willingness to help, and in recognition of his impressive teaching work, making generation after generation fall in love with the study of arthropods. The grammatical gender is masculine.</p> <p>Comparison. The new genus is distinguished from the other genera of the Dysoniini by its greenish-brown coloration with green and whitish spots (similar only in some species of Anaphidna), dorso-ventrally flattened cerci with triangular branches (only Dysonia pardalis (Gorochov, 2012a) has cerci of similar shape). The antennae of Alexanderellus are similar in structure to the antennae of Paraphidnia, Anaphidna, Lichenomorphus, Lichenodentix, and Dysonia, but the flagellum nodes are not as conspicuous in the new genus. The tegmina are almost translucent (with brown or green spots), similar to Paraphidnia and Anaphidna. In Alexanderellus the wings rest on the body, in contrast to the latter two genera, which have them narrower and projecting in a 40- to 45-degree angle from the abdomen. The hind femora of the new genus have a foliose spine similar in development to Dysonia species.</p> <p>Key to species of Alexanderellus n. gen.</p> <p>1. Male cerci with a distal spine-like prolongation on the outer branch (Figs. 24H–G). Male subgenital plate with U-shaped emargination, styli conical................................................... A. kumangui Cadena-Castañeda n. sp.</p> <p>- Male cerci without a distal spine-like prolongation on the outer branch (Figs. 24D–E). Male subgenital plate with V-shaped emargination, cylindrical and longer styli compared to the previous species............................................................................................................ A. mariposa Gorochov, 2012 n. comb.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF15617AD4A2881649D5FEF8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF16617AD4A288D74EDDFAE8.text	03C0C519CF16617AD4A288D74EDDFAE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alexanderellus kumangui Cadena-Castaneda 2022	<div><p>Alexanderellus kumangui Cadena-Castañeda n. sp.</p> <p>Holotype. ♂ Colombia, Amazonas, PNN Amacayacu, C. Rodríguez leg. (CAUD).</p> <p>Etymology. Dedicated to the Grupo de Investigación en Artrópodos “Kumangui” (“Kumangui” Arthropod Research Group) at the Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá, Colombia.</p> <p>Description. General coloration grayish brown, eyes purple, sternites, inner face of fore and middle femora yellowish brown, outer face of femora dark brown, base of hind femur whitish green, male cerci yellow with black apex and lower border. Head. Fastigium of the vertex erect, moderately raised, apex rounded; ocelli round, the lateral ones being more conspicuous than the frontal one (Fig. 24F). Thorax. Pronotal disc with a sub-elevated midline on the metazona; lateral lobes near the posterior border moderately inflated, where the pronotum covers the auditory spiracle; humeral sinus rounded (Fig. 24C). Meso- and metasternal lobes rounded, close together, metafurcal groove triangular and moderately wide. Wings. Tegmina projecting well beyond abdomen, anal border dilating toward the apex, stridulatory crest straight and almost as long as the posterior edge of the pronotal disc (Fig. 24B). Legs slender and armed with triangular, lamellar spines: fore femora with three and middle femora with two ventral spines, fore and middle tibiae with small ventral spinules and the middle tibia with dorsal ones; hind femur with four medium-sized ventral spines and a conspicuous foliose spine with four sharp undulations on outer margin; hind tibia with 14 dorsal spines on outer margin and 12 ones on inner margin. Abdomen. Tenth tergite without modification; epiproct ovoid, a little longer than wide. Outer branch of the cerci longer than the internal one, thin and with a small pre-apical hook on the ventral margin, apex pointed (Fig. 24G); internal branch sub-triangular with the apex curving backward (Figs. 24H, I). Distal half of subgenital plate moderately narrow, posterior emargination broadly U-shaped with straight middle part, styli longer than depth of the emargination, slender, with conical apex.</p> <p>Female. Unknown.</p> <p>Measurements (in mm.). LT: 29.5, Pr: 3.5, Teg: 25, HF: 12, HT: 10.5.</p> <p>Comparison. The new species differs from A. mariposa n. comb. by its smaller size. A. mariposa has a total length of 36 cm (including the wings), the male of that species has thinner and more delicate cerci, the emargination of its subgenital plate is V-shaped and not very deep (U-shaped in the new species), and the tips of the styli are slightly tapering (conical in the new species).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF16617AD4A288D74EDDFAE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF16617FD4A28CAB49D5FD23.text	03C0C519CF16617FD4A28CAB49D5FD23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dissonulichen Cadena-Castaneda 2011	<div><p>Dissonulichen Cadena-Castañeda, 2011 n. stat.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium-sized and slender, white with black spots varying in intensity, size, and number according to the different species (Figs. 25A, 26A). Head broad with a small and little elevated fastigium, often slightly divided in frontal view, frontal ocellus developed, antennae smooth. Wings with the apical area not broadened and rounded apex. Hind femora with four or five medium-sized triangular spines, sometimes with an additional broad flattened spine with slightly dentate edge. Male cerci with main branch curved inward at an 90-degree angle, in most cases hook-shaped, secondary or inner branch triangular and smaller in size (Figs. 25F, 26B,D,F,H). Ovipositor robust and as long as the pronotum, curved upward with slightly serrated margins.</p> <p>Type species. Aphidnia simplicipes Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878, by original designation.</p> <p>Distribution. From northeastern Mexico to the south of Brazil, most diverse in South America, from Mexico and Central America only D. simplicipes simplicipes is known (Maps 10–12).</p> <p>Comments. This genus has originally been described as a subgenus of Valna Walker, 1869. After the transferral as subgenus to Dysonia, with Valna becoming a synonym (Gorochov 2012b), there remain species that do not agree with the characteristics of that genus. The original classification proposed by Cadena-Castañeda (2011) is consistent. The only problem was to reinstate Valna, whose type species V. melaleuca really belongs to Dysonia. The other species assigned to the former subgenera Valna (Valna) and Valna (Dissonulichen) show a true relationship. To reconcile the discrepancy, Dissonulichen n. stat. is elevated to full genus with two subgenera coinciding with the former subgenera of Valna (sensu Cadena-Castañeda 2011). The species of the former subgenus Dissonulichen remain in the now nominate subgenus whereas the species of the former subgenus Valna are placed in the new subgenus Dissonulichospinus n. subgen., except for Dysonia melaleuca. The genus exhibits a broad range of camouflage, since the same species can mimic foliose lichens of the genera Lobaria, Lobariella, and Parmotrema.</p> <p>Two names are considered synonyms: 1) Dysonia cuiabensis Piza &amp; Peres Filho, 1982 n. syn. is the same species as Dissonulichen (Dissonulichen) hebardi (Costa Lima &amp; Guitton 1960). No differences in the male terminalia can be found. The cerci are characteristic in comparison to the other species of the genus: The main branch is strongly curved inward, enclosing with the inner branch a deep U-shaped curvature. This species has small and abundant spots on the tegmina that also distinguish it from the other species of the genus. 2) Dysonia similis Piza &amp; Wiendl, 1967 n. syn. is found to be identical to Dissonulichen (Dissonulichen) minensis (Piza &amp; Wiendl, 1967). Here also no differences in the male terminalia can be found. According to the description there are differences in the spots on the body and the shape of the ventral spines on the hind femur, but these characters vary intraspecifically. It is common to find individuals with more spots than others and the spines of the hind femur may differ slightly in size and spacing..</p> <p>Nomenclatural comment. In accordance with the Latin word lichen the grammatical gender of the name Dissonulichen is masculine.</p> <p>Key to subgenera and species of Dissonulichen n. stat.</p> <p>1. Hind femur with broad, flattened, laterally projecting spine with a slightly toothed margin (Fig. 25A)...................................................................................... D. (Dissonulichospinus) n. subgen. … 2</p> <p>- Hind femur without flattened or foliose spine, only with medium-sized triangular spines on ventral margin (Fig. 26A)...................................................................................... D. (Dissonulichen) …4</p> <p>2. Body with black spots covering a large part of the pronotum, tegmina, and legs; outer branch of male cerci not curved inward and conical (Fig. 25B), male subgenital plate with reduced and conical styli (Fig. 25C)...................................................................................... D. (Dissonulichospinus) ornatus (Piza, 1951) n. comb.</p> <p>- Body with black spots partially covering the pronotum, tegmina, and legs; outer branch of male cerci curved inward...... 3</p> <p>3. Base of inner branch of the male cerci with a protuberance, apex of outer branch bare (Fig. 25D); emargination of male subgenital plate V-shaped; styli tiny (Fig. 25E).................... D. (Dissonulichospinus) diffusus (Piza, 1981) n. comb.</p> <p>- Base of inner branch of male cerci without protuberance, apex of outer branch obliquely truncated, flattened, and with small submarginal denticulations (Fig. 25F); emargination of male subgenital plate U-shaped, styli medium-sized (Fig. 25G)............................................. D. (Dissonulichospinus) elegans (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878) n. comb.</p> <p>4. Outer branch of male cerci curving abruptly inward at middle region, then straight, forming with the inner branch a broad emargination at the inner margin (Fig. 26B)................. D. (Dissonulichen) hebardi (Costa Lima &amp; Guitton, 1960)</p> <p>- Outer branch of male cerci curving gradually inward close to the apex, forming a concave emargination at the inner margin (not as wide as in the previous species), flattened in dorsal view.................................................... 5</p> <p>5. Outer branch of male cerci with dorsal margin of distal part undulate (Fig. 26D); styli of male subgenital plate asymmetric (Fig. 26E)............................................ D. (Dissonulichen) simplicipes (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878)</p> <p>- Dorsal margin of distal part of the outer branch concave; styli of male subgenital plate symmetric..................... 6</p> <p>6. Emargination of male subgenital plate V-shaped; styli conical and almost as long as depth of emargination (Fig. 26G); outer branch of the cerci without denticulations on the ventro-apical margin (Fig. 26F).............................................................................................. D. (Dissonulichen) minensis (Piza &amp; Wiendl, 1967)</p> <p>- Emargination of male subgenital plate shallow and rectangular; styli cylindrical (Fig. 26I); outer branch with denticulations on the ventro-apical margin (Fig. 26H).................................... D. (Dissonulichen) satipo (Gorochov, 2012)</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF16617FD4A28CAB49D5FD23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF126161D4A28E584E8FFEDE.text	03C0C519CF126161D4A28E584E8FFEDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dissonulichen (Dissonulichospinus) Cadena-Castaneda 2022	<div><p>Dissonulichen (Dissonulichospinus) Cadena-Castañeda n. subgen.</p> <p>Diagnosis. This subgenus differs from Dissonulichen s.s. by the following characters: fastigium broad at its base, prominent frontal ocellus, hind femur with a laterally expanding, lamelliform spine (absent in Dissonulichen s.s.) with undulating outer edge, similar in shape to Dysonia, but not as prominent (Fig. 25A).</p> <p>Distribution. Southeastern Brazil, with one record from the northeast (Map 12).</p> <p>Taxa included. Dissonulichen (Dissonulichospinus) elegans (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878) n. comb. (type species),</p> <p>D. (D.) ornatus (Piza, 1951) n. comb. and D. (D.) diffusus (Piza, 1981) n. comb.</p> <p>Etymology. Derived from the name of the genus which means “false lichen”, with reference to the peculiar spine on the hind femur. The gender is masculine.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF126161D4A28E584E8FFEDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF0D6161D4A288B949D5F83F.text	03C0C519CF0D6161D4A288B949D5F83F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphidnia Giglio-Tos 1898	<div><p>Paraphidnia Giglio-Tos, 1898</p> <p>Diagnosis. Vertex with laterally flattened crest (Figs. 27C, F). Antennae nodose, scapus and sometimes pedicellus armed with a tubercle. Pronotum smooth and devoid of tubercles (Figs. 27A,C,F). Sub-ocular region with cuticular evaginations. Wings projecting at an angle of 40–45 degrees upward. Ventral spines of middle tibia lamelliform. Abdominal tergites dorsally produced and with pointed tips (Fig. 27E). Male cerci with outer branch long and curved inward, inner branch of almost similar size or short and developed as small spiniform process (Figs. 27B, D, G). Basic coloration in life dark brown, with greenish and whitish spots.</p> <p>Type species. Paraphidnia gallina Giglio-Tos, 1898, by original monotypy.</p> <p>Distribution. Ecuadorian Andes and Amazon (Map 13).</p> <p>Key to species of Paraphidnia</p> <p>(Cadena-Castañeda et al., 2016)</p> <p>1. Head round in frontal view, in lateral view eyes occupying dorsal half of head, crest little elevated, ocellar tubercle poorly developed (Fig. 27A)......................................... P. brevicristata Cadena-Castañeda &amp; Buzzetti, 2016</p> <p>- Head higher than wide in frontal view, in lateral view eyes occupying more than half of the top of the head, crest and ocellar tubercle well developed (Figs. 27C, F).................................................................... 2</p> <p>2. Male cerci with small internal spine on the basal portion, distally of it tapering, bent inward, with almost straight distal portion (Fig. 27D)...................................................................... P. gallina Giglio-Tos, 1898</p> <p>- Male cerci bifurcate, outer part longer and uniformly curved inward, inner branch equally robust but shorter (Fig. 27G)............................................................................... P. tunki Braun &amp; Buzzetti, 2016</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF0D6161D4A288B949D5F83F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF0C616BD4A28E204E0FFF2F.text	03C0C519CF0C616BD4A28E204E0FFF2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anaphidna Gorochov & Cadena-Castaneda 2012	<div><p>Anaphidna Gorochov &amp; Cadena-Castañeda, 2012</p> <p>Diagnosis. Coloration predominantly greenish brown, some species reddish with white or whitish green stripes (Figs. 28C, 29C, 32A). Structure on vertex variable, reduced and tubercle-shaped (Figs. 28D, F, G, H, I, J) or elongated and cylindrical (Figs. 29D, E, F, G, H, I). Median ocellus conspicuous, genae tuberculate (Figs. 28I, 29E, J, K). Pronotum usually tuberculate with four or six emarginations on lateral margins of pronotal disk (Figs. 28 A, B). Male cerci with external branch rather long and spine-shaped, curved upward and with acute apex; inner branch longer, partially lamelliform and with two lobes, the upper hook-shaped, the lower one smaller and armed with tiny apical hooks (Figs. 32H). Ovipositor as long as pronotum or slightly longer, curved from base upward, upper valve longer than ventral one, margins serrate (Fig. 32I–K).</p> <p>Type species. Paraphidnia (Anaphidna) mexicana Gorochov, 2012, by original designation.</p> <p>Distribution. From southern Mexico to northern Argentina (Maps 14 and 15).</p> <p>Comments. The species of this genus exhibit considerable phenotypic plasticity, which makes their identification difficult. Individuals of the same species, or even of the same population, may show variation in characters that are otherwise stable and useful for the delimitation of species in other genera of the Dysoniini, like shape of the face, pronotal tubercles, structure of the stridulatory vein, wing venation, spines on the legs, and male cerci. Specimens of the same species would mistakenly be considered as belonging to more than one species, unless this variability is taken into account. On the other hand, sympatry of related species among Neotropical Phaneropterinae is common: According to observations made in the course of this investigation in the canopy of Amazon rainforest (canopy walkway in Amacayacu, SE Colombia), it was found that two, three, and even more species of the same genus live together in the same area, and even on the same tree: Ceraia (with three species), Euceraia (four species), and Phylloptera (six species). Similar data were reported from lowland rainforest in northern Peru (Nickle &amp; Castner 1995).</p> <p>According to the above, an overestimation of the variability in a few sympatric species of the genus Anaphidna could lead to considering them erroneously a single very variable species. Conversely, an underestimation of the variability could lead to the false assumption of more different species than are actually present. Another problem with the taxonomy of the genus is the presence of numerous closely related species in the same distributional range, and lacking significant differences in copulatory structures and other characters. This may be the result of recent adaptive radiation. To delimit the species, acoustic and ethological studies would be useful. The following key to species is based on characters with low range of variability.</p> <p>Key to species of Anaphidna</p> <p>1. Pronotal disc without tubercles, or when present, poorly developed (Fig. 28A), usually with the posterior denticle of the crest reduced (the most developed denticle of the head) (Figs. 28D–J)................................................ 2</p> <p>- Pronotal disc with conspicuous tubercles (Fig. 28B), posterior denticle usually elongated (most developed denticle of the head) (Figs. 29D–K)........................................................................................ 8</p> <p>2. Posterior denticle as long as scapus and pedicellus combined or longer, slender and three times as long as wide (Figs. 28D– E)..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3</p> <p>- Posterior denticle not exceeding scapus and pedicellus, robust and usually as long as wide (Figs. 28F–J)................ 4</p> <p>3. Emargination of the male subgenital plate W-shaped (Fig. 30B)................ A. hernandezi (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012)</p> <p>- Emargination of male subgenital plate shallow and straight (Fig. 30D)................ A. osae (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012)</p> <p>4. Posterior denticle almost conical, more or less acute (Figs. 28F–H); emargination of male subgenital plate U- or V-shaped (Figs. 30F, H, J)........................................................................................... 5</p> <p>- Posterior denticle robust, strongly reduced and slightly bifurcate (Figs. 28I–J); emargination of male subgenital plate almost straight (Fig. 30L)..................................................................................... 7</p> <p>5. Emargination of male subgenital plate U-shaped (Figs. 30H–J); tarsi unspecialized................................. 6</p> <p>- Emargination of male subgenital plate V-shaped (Fig. 30F); all tarsi with strongly inflated dorsal part of proximal segment and very large second segment........................................................ A. tarsalis (Gorochov, 2014)</p> <p>6. Body coloration predominantly reddish, tubercles of scapus and pedicellus poorly developed...................................................................................................... A. fasciata (Gorochov, 2014)</p> <p>- Body coloration predominantly greenish, tubercles of the scapus and pedicellus well developed................................................................................................. A. bezverkhovi (Gorochov, 2012)</p> <p>7. Anterior denticle slender (Fig. 28I); emargination of male subgenital plate angled in shape of V with very little depth; inner branch of male cerci with lower margin of distal portion rounded and with more than three marginal denticles............................................................................ A. verrucosa (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878)</p> <p>- Anterior denticle dilated (Fig. 28J); emargination of male subgenital plate straight with a very small medial prolongation (Fig. 30L); inner branch of the cerci with lower margin of the distal portion reduced (rectangular) and with little denticulation (Fig. 30K)..................................................................... A. polestshuki (Gorochov, 2012)</p> <p>8. Posterior denticle not exceeding scapus and pedicellus, robust and usually as long as wide, apex bifurcate (Figs. 29A–B)... 9</p> <p>- Posterior denticle as long as scapus and pedicellus or longer, slender and three or four times as long as wide (Figs. 29D–K).................................................................................................... 10</p> <p>9. Genicular lobe of hind femur armed with a small spinule, crest as in figure 30A............. A. peruana (Gorochov, 2012)</p> <p>- Genicular lobe of hind femur armed with a prominent spur, crest as in figure 30B.......... A. svetlanae (Gorochov, 2012)</p> <p>10. Predominant coloration of the body green and brown........................................................ 11</p> <p>- Predominant coloration of the body red with white stripes (Fig. 30C–D, 31E–F).. A. rubricorpus (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012)</p> <p>11. Posterior denticle of the crest curved forward near apex...................................................... 12</p> <p>- Posterior denticle of the crest straight or curved forward already from base....................................... 13</p> <p>12. Posterior denticle of the crest bent forward near apex at almost right angle (Fig. 29E), anterior denticle slender and slightly curved in lateral view............................................................. A. lankesteri (Rehn, 1918)</p> <p>- Posterior denticle of the crest little curved near apex, anterior denticle robust and hook-shaped in lateral view (Fig. 29F)....................................................................... A. rhinoceros (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012)</p> <p>13. Emargination of male subgenital plate U- or V-shaped (Figs. 31J, 32C), posterior denticle of the crest moderately tapering, curving or not to the front (Figs. 29G–I).................................................................. 14</p> <p>- Emargination of male subgenital plate straight and shallow, posterior denticle of the crest curving forward (Figs. 29J–K).. 16</p> <p>14. Emargination of male subgenital plate U-shaped............................................................ 15</p> <p>- Emargination of the male subgenital plate V-shaped.................................. A. mexicana (Gorochov, 2012)</p> <p>15. Posterior denticle of the crest tapering and progressively curving toward apex, without pre-apical undulations; styli of male subgenital plate cylindrical with thin and rounded apex........................... A. obrieni Cadena-Castañeda, 2016</p> <p>- Posterior denticle of the crest with uniform diameter from base to apex, not curved and always erect, with pre-apical undulation at the front margin; styli of male subgenital plate thickened toward the apex........ A. gracielae (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012)</p> <p>16. Posterior denticle of the crest robust, not exceeding combined length of scapus and pedicellus (Fig. 29J); inner lobe of male cerci with ventral projection rounded and with five or more marginal denticles (Fig. 32D).................................................................................................... A. silvai (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012)</p> <p>- Posterior denticle of the crest slender, exceeding combined length of scapus and pedicellus (Fig. 29K); male cerci with the lower projection of inner lobe distinctly smaller and with two small marginal denticles (Fig. 32F)............................................................................................. A. quirozi (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012)</p> <p>Genus group Dysoniae Rehn, 1950</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF0C616BD4A28E204E0FFF2F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF07616AD4A289BC49D5FD37.text	03C0C519CF07616AD4A289BC49D5FD37.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dysonia White 1862	<div><p>Dysonia White, 1862</p> <p>Diagnosis. White with black spots, which vary in intensity and number among the different species (Figs. 2A–B, 33A). Antennae nodose, development of nodes variable (Fig. 2A); vertex conical and elevated moderately (Fig. 2K). Pronotum smooth and slightly expanded laterally (Fig. 3D). Mesosternum rectangular (wider than long), lateral lobes slightly expanded. Main spine of hind femur conspicuous, lamellar, with serrate outer edge; other smaller spines fused into a plate (Fig. 4E). Male cerci variable in shape, conical (Fig. 33K, M), triangular, branches flattened (Fig. 33G) or pointed and thin (Fig. 33C). Male subgenital plate shorter than length of cerci (Figs. 33H, J, L). Ovipositor curved and broadened, with robust valves (Figs. 2A, 4E). Males larger than females.</p> <p>Type species. Phaneroptera alipes Westwood, 1844, by original designation.</p> <p>Distribution. Mainly in medium elevations of the Andes from Colombia to Bolivia, with members in central and southern Brazil (Map 16).</p> <p>Comments. Dysonia lamellipes Bruner, 1915 is considered a nomen dubium. The original description is based on an immature female, which impedes the comparison with other species, and the whereabouts of the type specimen are unknown. Preceding the description of D. lamellipes, Bruner (1915) mentions that in the same area in Bolivia was collected a female probably belonging to Dysonia punctifrons (now Lichenomorphus punctifrons). Perhaps the D. lamellipes nymph belongs to L. punctifrons too.</p> <p>Subsequently, Costa Lima &amp; Guitton (1960) described specimens from the same province in Bolivia as males of D. lamellipes, based on the shared locality. However, it is common to find species of the different genera Dysonia, Lichenomorphus, and Dissonulichen occurring in the same area (with all the species previously treated as belonging to Dysonia). According to the drawing of male terminalia in Costa Lima &amp; Guiton (1961) cerci and subgenital plate are fairly similar to the ones of Dysonia holgeri. Without the type specimen it is impossible to determine the generic identity of Bruner’s species. It could even belong to some other genus whose nymphs share similar color patterns. This happened with Valna nigropicta Walker, 1871, described from a whitish immature female with black markings, that Kirby (1906) included with some doubt in genus Dysonia. Eventually it was found to be a synonym of Acanthodis aquilina (Linnaeus, 1758), thereby belonging to subfamily Pseudophyllinae (Costa Lima &amp; Guiton 1960, based on a communication by D.R. Ragge).</p> <p>Dysonia bridarollii Costa Lima &amp; Guiton, 1960 is only known from a female. The holotype could not be examined and the status of this species is uncertain, which is why it is not included in the key to species.</p> <p>Key to species of Dysonia</p> <p>1. Inner branch of male cerci variable in shape, but never pointed or needle-shaped and not exceeding the outer branch....... 2</p> <p>- Inner branch of male cerci elongated, pointed, and needle-shaped, exceeding the length of the outer branch (Fig. 33C)............................................................................. D. holgeri Cadena-Castañeda 2011</p> <p>2. Medium-sized (35–40 mm), male subgenital plate with articulated styli.......................................... 3</p> <p>- Small (29 mm), male subgenital plate without articulated styli (Fig. 33D)........... D. zikani Costa Lima &amp; Guitton, 1960</p> <p>3. Body with scarce black markings; male cerci with conical branches, similar in size or with a longer outer branch......... 4</p> <p>- Body more extensively marked black; male cerci with flattened and triangular branches, outer branch with a notch in the anteroapical portion of the ventral margin (Fig. 33G)........................................ D. pardalis Gorochov, 2012</p> <p>4. Branches of male cerci conical, and similar in size and shape................................................... 5</p> <p>- Apex of outer branch of male cerci obtuse, with some denticulations on margin in dorsal view; inner branch subtriangular with truncate apex (Fig. 33I).............................................. D. monticola Costa Lima &amp; Guitton, 1960</p> <p>5. Outer branch of male cerci twice as long as inner branch, sub-triangular and slightly curved inward from the middle to the apex; inner branch triangular and sclerotized (Fig. 33K); styli of subgenital plate cylindrical and slightly curved inward in the middle (Fig. 33J)..................................................................... D. melaleuca (Walker, 1869)</p> <p>- Outer branch of male cerci almost as long as inner branch (Fig. 33M); styli of subgenital plate reduced and triangular (Fig. 33L)......................................................................... D. alipes (Westwood, 1844)</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF07616AD4A289BC49D5FD37	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF06616CD4A28E3149D5FD3E.text	03C0C519CF06616CD4A28E3149D5FD3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lichenomorphus Cadena-Castaneda 2011	<div><p>Lichenomorphus Cadena-Castañeda, 2011</p> <p>Diagnosis. Coloration white with black spots, frons black or white; thorax ventrally always black; base of fore femora brown, distal portion of tegmina black or grayish (Fig. 34A). Head elongated with elevated fastigium, wide in lateral and frontal view. Vertex with a granule or evagination at the margin of each eye (Fig. 3B). Antennae nodose. Pronotum elevated at rear end, expanding laterally in dorsal view. Tegmina apically broadened at the anal margin, costal margin curved (Figs. 34A, 35A). Spines of hind femora moderately broadened and flattened. Male cerci with a robust base and armed with two thin and sclerotized branches (most common shape) (Fig. 34D) or with the outer branch prolonged and much longer than the inner branch (Fig. 35B). Male subgenital plate lamellar and flexible, longer than length of the cerci (Fig. 34C, E, G, I, K). Ovipositor robust, curving gently from middle to apex, edges delicately serrate.</p> <p>Type species. Lichenomorphus montealegrezi Cadena-Castañeda, 2011, by original designation.</p> <p>Distribution. From northern Mexico to northern Argentina (Maps 17–18).</p> <p>Comments. L. nigriventer (Piza, 1981) n. syn., is proposed as a synonym under L. puntifrons (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878). When comparing the structure of the male terminalia of the type specimens of both species no differences are found.</p> <p>Lichenomorphus pirani (Costa Lima &amp; Guitton, 1961) n. comb., originally assigned to genus Dysonia, is transferred to Lichenomorphus, as it agrees much better with the diagnostic characters of this genus. L. pirani has the peculiarity of having the outer branch of the male cerci noticeably elongated and flattened.</p> <p>A key to species is provided below (L. sinyaevi Gorochov, 2012, only known from a female, is not included).</p> <p>Key to species of Lichenomorphus</p> <p>1. Frons predominantly black; male cerci hook-shaped, apex sclerotized, usually the outer branch curved inward, almost over the inner branch, with some exceptions like L. oscari; male subgenital plate is mostly flattened, flexible, and longer than the cerci............................................................................................... 2</p> <p>- Frons predominantly white or very light brown; male subgenital plate and cerci variable in shape...................... 6</p> <p>2. Outer branch of the male cerci curved inward, almost over inner branch.......................................... 3</p> <p>- Branches of the male cerci similar in size and curved to opposite sides (divergent) (Fig. 34B)..... L. oscari Gorochov, 2012</p> <p>3. Styli of the male subgenital plate conspicuous and well-developed.............................................. 4</p> <p>- Styli of the male subgenital plate absent (Fig. 34E).......................... L. montealegrezi Cadena-Castañeda, 2011</p> <p>4. Face mostly black or brown like the rest of the ventral surface of the body; styli of male subgenital plate conical and mediumsized............................................................................................... 5</p> <p>- Face except clypeus and labrum white, the rest of the lower margin of the body black; styli of male subgenital plate cylindrical and elongated (Fig. 34G)......................................................... L. berezini Gorochov, 2012</p> <p>5. Face black, male cerci with outer and inner branches of similar length and shape (Fig. 34H)....................................................................................................... L. ocraceithorax (Piza, 1951)</p> <p>- Face light brown, male cerci with inner branch longer than the outer one, and with a hook-shaped curvature at the apex (Fig. 34J)............................................................ L. fuscifrons (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878)</p> <p>6. Male cerci mostly hook-shaped.......................................................................... 7</p> <p>- Male cerci well exceeding the length of the subgenital plate, outer branch flattened and spatula-shaped (Fig. 35B)..................................................................... L. pirani (Costa Lima &amp; Guitton, 1961) n. comb.</p> <p>7. Pronotal disc without prominent spots..................................................................... 8</p> <p>- Pronotal disc with a prominent, triangular black marking, with its tip at the anterior margin and extending across the metazona.......................................................... L. nigrosignatus (Costa Lima &amp; Guitton, 1960)</p> <p>8. Inner branch of male cerci is distinctly longer than the outer one................................................ 9</p> <p>- Branches of male cerci almost similar in length, or the outer branch a little longer than the inner one.................. 10</p> <p>9. Fastigium of the vertex exceeding in length of scapus and pedicellus, curved forward and apically pointed................................................................................................. L. ypsilon (Piza, 1951)</p> <p>- Fastigium of the vertex not exceeding the length of scapus and pedicellus, straight and with rounded apex.............................................................................. L. punctifrons (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878)</p> <p>10. Lamellar spine of hind femur dorsally white, inner branch of cerci with pointed apex, without denticulations (Fig. 35H).................................................................... L. paulistanus (Costa Lima &amp; Guitton, 1960)</p> <p>- Lamellar spine of hind femur dorsally black, inner branch of cerci with truncated apex and small distal denticulations (Fig. 35J)........................................................................ L. carlosmendesi (Piza, 1950)</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF06616CD4A28E3149D5FD3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
03C0C519CF00616CD4A28B914EFCFBEB.text	03C0C519CF00616CD4A28B914EFCFBEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lichenodentix Cadena-Castaneda 2011	<div><p>Lichenodentix Cadena-Castañeda, 2011</p> <p>Diagnosis. Coloration white with black spots, frons, and thorax ventrally black (Fig. 36); base of fore femur brown. Head elongate with elevated fastigium, undulate margins, wide in both lateral and frontal view (Fig. 36A, C). Vertex with a granule or evagination at the margin of each eye. Antennae nodose. Pronotum elevated at rear end, with denticulations on rear margin and lateral edges of metazona (Fig. 36D). Tegmina apically broadened at the anal margin, costal margin curved (Fig. 36B). Spines on hind femora moderately broadened and flattened. Male cerci robust, with inner and outer branches similar in size and curving inward (Fig. 36E). Male subgenital plate shorter than length of cerci (Fig. 36F).</p> <p>Type species. Dysonia dentatithorax Piza, 1951, by monotypy and original designation.</p> <p>Distribution. Southeast of Brazil (Map 19).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0C519CF00616CD4A28B914EFCFBEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.;Braun, Holger;García, Alexander García	Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger, García, Alexander García (2022): The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines. Zootaxa 5166 (1): 1-93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1
