identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3D474A54A0288744FD0AAA9F15F9FB2D.text	3D474A54A0288744FD0AAA9F15F9FB2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Soricidae G. Fischer 1814	<div><p>Family SORICIDAE</p> <p>(SHREWS)</p> <p>• Minuscule to small quadrupedal carnivores with short limbs, slender bodies, pointed rostra, and cuspidate teeth.</p> <p>• 5-30 cm.</p> <p>• Holarctic, Indo-Malayan, Afrotropical, and Neotropical Regions.</p> <p>• Typically moist areas with dense ground cover, from sea level to elevations of about 4000 m.</p> <p>• 25 genera, 448 species, 628 taxa.</p> <p>• 11 species Critically Endangered, 34 species Endangered, 24 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0288744FD0AAA9F15F9FB2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A02A8746FF0FA9121499FE19.text	3D474A54A02A8746FF0FA9121499FE19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex alpinus Schinz 1837	<div><p>1.</p> <p>Alpine Shrew</p> <p>Sorex alpinus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne alpine / German: Alpenspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana alpina</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex alpinus Schinz, 1837,</p> <p>St.</p> <p>Gotthard Pass, Canton Uri, Switzerland.</p> <p>Structural specifics of nDNA and mtDNA indicate that S. alpinus lacks related species and is an ancient relict species. Sorex mirabilis, which is another relict Palearctic species, is the closest to S. alpinus by several morphological characteristics including structure of glans penis. Sorex alpinus is isolated in a separate subgenus, Homalurus named by E. Schulze in 1890, but some researchers question this. Three subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.a.alpinusSchinz,1837—SEFrance,Switzerland,NItaly,C&amp;SGermany,SWCzechRepublic,Austria,Slovenia,NWHungary,Croatia,BosniaandHerzegovina,Serbia,Montenegro,andNAlbania.</p> <p>S.a.hercynicusG.S.Miller,1909—NGermany(Harz);possiblyextinct.</p> <p>S. a. tatricus Kratochvil &amp; Rosicky, 1952 — N &amp; E Czech Republic, Slovakia, S Poland, W Ukraine, NE Hungary, and Romania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 62-77 mm, tail 60-75 mm, hindfoot 12-17 mm; weight 5-5—11-5 g (immatures 5-5-7-7 g). The Alpine Shrew is physically similar to the Common Shrew (S. araneus) and the Eurasian Pygmy Shrew (S. minutus), but its long tail and darker fur make it distinguishable from them. Pelage color is monotonous from dark gray, sometimes with weak brown shade, to ash-black; color of dorsal, lateral, and ventral sides of body is practically the same. Tail length is 100% of head-body length, and tail is covered with short hard hairs that do not form brush at tip oftail. Tail is sharply bicolored, color of dorsum above and on sides and almost white below. Back surface of paws is very light, contrasting sharply with dark color of body. In sexually mature individuals,tail losesits hairs and becomes practically naked. Dental formula for all species of Sorex is 1 3/2,C1/0,P3/1,M 3/3 (x2) = 32. Chromosomal complementof the Alpine Shrew has 2n = 56 (more rarely 54 or 58) and FN = 68, with 10 metacentric and 44 acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosomeis large submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is small acrocentric.</p> <p>Habitat. Usually highlands with sparse tree and shrub vegetation but also forested slopes with stony places orat least separately lying stones used as shelters. The Alpine Shrew is less common in cluttered forests, where it uses trunks offallen trees and other woody debris to hide. It sometimes inhabits man-made stonewalls, up to 1m high, built to demarcate fields. It only occurs in habitats with high or moderate humidity, but xeromorphic biotopes are avoided even in the presence of stony places.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Alpine Shrew includes various invertebrates, dominated by species of relatively large sizes. Earthworms, mollusks, and myriapods are consumed as food more often than insects. Insects such as carabid beetles, earwigs, and dipteran larvae are also eaten.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding of the Alpine Shrew occurs in May—October. Overwintering individuals are usually involved in reproduction and then die, being incapable of surviving another winter. Female young-of-the-year sometimes reproduce. Litters usually have 4-7 young. Meanlitter size was 4-7 young in Austria and 5-8 young in Czech Republic.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Daily activity pattern has not been specially studied in the Alpine Shrew, but it probably is multiphasic, like in other species of Sorex. Relatively short sleeping periods alternate with activity periods; the latter are longer at night than in the daytime. The Alpine Shrew is terrestrial and well adapted for dwelling among stones. Its tail is very long. Captive individuals have been observed climbing while using their tail as support, allowing them to climb higher than other species of Sorex.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Territorial behavior of the Alpine Shrew has not been studied, but indirect evidence suggests it is territorial and solitary.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Alpine Shrew is a European endemic and relict species, a conclusion supported by lack of genetically related forms among existing shrews. Strict habitat selectivity leads to fragmentation ofits distribution (e.g. Dinaric Alpine region is isolated from Tatra Carpathian region). Isolation primarily involves marginal populations and facilitates their extinction. Isolated populations in the Pyrenees (Spain) and a population of the Harz (Germany) are presumably extinct. Last records of Pyrenean and Harz populations date back to the beginning and the second one-half of the 20" century, respectively.</p> <p>Bibliography. Benes (1970), Cabrera (1914), Dolgov (1985), Klenovéek et al. (2013), Kuvikova (1986), Lapini (2009), Murariu &amp; Benedek (2005), Schulze (1890), Spitzenberger (1978, 1990a), Starcova et al. (2016), Zaitsev et al. (2014), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A02A8746FF0FA9121499FE19	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A02A8746FAF6A96A1A69F693.text	3D474A54A02A8746FAF6A96A1A69F693.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex mirabilis Ognev 1937	<div><p>2.</p> <p>Ussuri Shrew</p> <p>Sorex mwrabilis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de I'Oussouri / German: Ussuri-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Ussuri</p> <p>Other common names: Giant Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex mirabilis Ognev, 1937,</p> <p>Russian Far East (Primorsky Krai, Valley of Kishinka River), Russia.</p> <p>Sorex mirabilis lacks related species based on mtDNA and nDNA analyses. It is an ancient relict species, and S. alpinus is its closest relative based on several morphological characteristics, including structure of glans penis. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.m.mirabilisOgnev,1937—SRussianFarEast(PrimorskyKrai).</p> <p>S. m. kutcheruki Stroganov, 1956 — Korean Peninsula.</p> <p>Also present in NE China (Heilongjiang andJilin), but subspecies involved not known.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 74-97 mm,tail 63-72 mm, hindfoot 16-18 mm; weight 11-14-2 g. The Ussuri Shrew is the largest of all Palearctic red-toothed shrews. Tail reaches 85% of head—body length. Tail is unicolored, with dramatic hair loss by early winter. Pelage is unicolor, varying from dim gray in juveniles to brown tinted smoky gray in adults. Belly is sometimes lighter than dorsum. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 66. X-chromosome and Y-chromosome are subtelocentric.</p> <p>Habitat. Exclusively primary broad-leaved and mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forests. The Ussuri Shrew avoids secondary forests and other habitats with low tree densities.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Ussuri Shrew can eat up to 28-7 g of food/day, or twice its body weight. Earthworms are a basic component of the diet and account for more than 80% of the total food consumed. Myriapods, lamellicorn beetle larvae, and vegetable-eating millipedes were found in gastric contents, being absent from diets of other shrew species.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding season of the Ussuri Shrew lasts from June to the first one-half of October. A female has at least two litters/season; cases of female young-of-the-year reproducing are unknown. Oddly, not a single adult male has been captured since studies of the Ussuri Shrew began. There are only 2-4 embryos/pregnant female, and embryo resorption is a common event.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Periods of rest and activity alternate many times during the day, as in most species of shrews. The Ussuri Shrew differs from other species of shrews in being especially active at night, especially in the second one-half of the night. The Ussuri Shrew is a good digger and spends a lot of time in lower layers of the soil horizon.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Ussuri Shrews are solitary.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Ussuri Shrew is vulnerable on the China Red List and the Red List of Primorsky Krai, Russia. The Ussuri Shrew is the least abundant of the Palearctic shrews; no more than 50 individuals have been captured since studies began.</p> <p>Bibliography. Han Sang-Hoon et al. (2000), Hoffmann &amp; Lunde (2008), Ivanitskaya et al. (1986), Nesterenko (1999), Okhotina (1974, 1984), Won Chang-Man &amp; Smith (1999).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A02A8746FAF6A96A1A69F693	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A02A8747FA09A2F5169FFB0D.text	3D474A54A02A8747FA09A2F5169FFB0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex excelsus G. M. Allen 1923	<div><p>3.</p> <p>Chinese Highland Shrew</p> <p>Sorex excelsus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne des sommets / German: Chinesische Hochland-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de tierras altas de China</p> <p>Other common names: Highland Shrew, Lofty Shrew, Yunnan Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex excelsus G. M. Allen, 1923,</p> <p>“ summit of Ho-shan [= Xue Shan], Pei-tai [= Baishuitai], thirty miles [= 48 km] south of Chung-tien [= Zhongdian], Yunnan, China, altitude 13,000 feet [= 3962 m].”</p> <p>Sorex excelsus has been recognized as valid species relative to S. asperand S. tundrenss. A recent molecular study strongly supported S. excelsus as a clade well embedded in S. bedfordiae, making the later paraphyletic.</p> <p>Examination of holotypes of S. excelsus and S. b. gomphus from Yunnan found that skulls differed, indicating S. excelsus was a valid species, and taxonomic revision of S. bedfordiae was warranted. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SE Qinghai, SE Tibet (= Xizang), W Sichuan (W of the Yalong River), and NW Yunnan, China. Specific status of specimens from Nepal assigned to this species cannot be confirmed.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 60-68 mm, tail 50-61 mm, hindfoot 13-16 mm; weight 5-10 g. Condylo-incisive lengths are 18-7-19-9 mm, and tooth rows are 7-5—8-7 mm. The Chinese Highland Shrew is medium-sized. Pelage is obviously bicolored. Dorsum is grayish brown, and venteris silvery gray. Tail is bicolored, brown above, and lighter below. Rostrum is long and attenuated at apex. Braincase is well domed in shape. There are five upper unicuspids,first two unicuspids are of similar sizes, and third and fourth unicuspids are similar in size but smaller than second. Apex and talon (posterior cusp) of upper incisor are low. Fifth upper unicuspid is much lower than the others and is barely visible in lateral view of the skull. Coronoid process on mandible is high.</p> <p>Habitat. Broadleaf and coniferous forests and alpine rhododendron habitats at elevations of 2000-4000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Chinese Highland Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Most Chinese Highland Shrews were captured at night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There are no data regarding population size or density of the Chinese Highland Shrew, butitis common in museum collections in China. Its distribution overlapped with many conservation areas in China, so the overall population is unlikely to be declining.</p> <p>Bibliography. Allen (1923), Chen Shunde et al. (2015), Hoffmann (1987), Smith &amp; Yan Xie (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A02A8747FA09A2F5169FFB0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A02B8747FF17A0231480F900.text	3D474A54A02B8747FF17A0231480F900.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex bedfordiae Thomas 1911	<div><p>5.</p> <p>Lesser Striped Shrew</p> <p>Sorex bedfordiae</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Bedford / German: Kleine Streifenspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafa listada menor</p> <p>Other common names: Lesser Stripe-backed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex bedfordiae Thomas, 1911,</p> <p>“ Omi-san, Sze-chwan [= China, Sichuan].”</p> <p>Sorex bedfordiae is closely related to but distinct from S. ¢ylindricauda, which is supported by morphological and molecular evidence. Subspecies S. cylindricauda nepalensis from Nepal has been reassigned into S. bedfordiae. A recent molecular study supported S. excelsus as a clade well-embedded in S. bedfordiae, making S. bedfordiae paraphyletic. Examination of subspecies gomphus and nepalensis found differences in their skulls, suggesting need for taxonomic revision among these taxa. Here, S. bedfordiae is included in the S. bedfordiae group, which is defined as also including S. mirabilis, S. excelsus, and S. cylindricaudus, although S. mirabilis may not be part ofthis clade and further studies are needed. Subspecies wardi includes fumeolus as a synonym. Four subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.b.bedfordiaeThomas,1911—WSichuanandNEYunnan,China.</p> <p>S.b.gomphusG.M.Allen,1923—mostofYunnan,China,andadjacentMyanmar.</p> <p>S.b.nepalensisWeigel,1969—Nepal;recordsfromSTibet(=Xizang),China,mightbethissubspecies.</p> <p>S. b. wardi Thomas, 1911 — Gansu, Shaanxi, Chongqing, and W Hubei, China; distribution limits between subspecies bedfordiae and wardi are not clear.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 55-77 mm, tail 42-66 mm, hindfoot 11-15 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 17-6-19 mm, and tooth rows are 7-1-7-8 mm. The Lesser Striped Shrew is morphologically similar to the Greater Striped Shrew (S. ¢ylindricauda) but smaller and with relatively shorter tail. It has black dorsal stripe that is less conspicuous than in the Greater Striped Shrew, and it also exhibits variable intensity among geographical populations. Dorsum is dark brown, venteris lighter with white hairs, and they are not sharply bicolored. Tail is unicolored and naked. Braincase is dome-shaped and high. Rostrum is long and narrow, most obvious in subspecies nepalensis. Rostrum of subspecies gomphus gradually tapers in premaxillary region, but rostrum of nepalensis is parallel-sided. There are five upper unicuspids, and first to fourth gradually decrease in size and height. Fifth unicuspid is obviously lower but larger than the fourth. Chromosomal complement has a 2n = 24/25 and FN = 46/48 because of the present of a B-chromosome.</p> <p>Habitat. Broadleaf and coniferous forests and alpine rhododendron habitats at elevations of 2000-4270 m in China and 3300-4400 m in Nepal.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Lesser Striped Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Most Lesser Striped Shrews were captured at nighttime. They are terrestrial, and no arboreal behavior has been observed in captive individuals.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Lesser Striped Shrew has a large distribution in south-western mountains of China. It also inhabits a wide range of elevations and different habitats, so its overall population is unlikely to be declining rapidly.</p> <p>Bibliography. Allen (1923), Anthony (1941), Chen Shunde et al. (2014), Hoffmann (1987), Motokawa et al. (2009), Thomas (1911¢, 1912).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A02B8747FF17A0231480F900	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A02B8747FF2CAE7B1768F4E5.text	3D474A54A02B8747FF2CAE7B1768F4E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex cylindricauda Milne-Edwards 1872	<div><p>4.</p> <p>Greater Striped Shrew</p> <p>Sorex cylindricauda</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Sichuan / German: Rickenstreifen-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafia listada mayor</p> <p>Other common names: Greater Stripe-backed Shrew, Stripe-backed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex cylindricauda Milne-Edwards in David, 1872,</p> <p>Moupin (= Baoxing), Sichuan, China.</p> <p>Sorex cylindricauda is closely related to but distinct from S. bedfordiae. It used to include a subspecies from Nepal, S. cylindricauda nepalensis, that has been reassigned into S. bedfordiae. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan, China; distribution should be treated with caution because of its similarity with S. bedfordiae. Only voucher specimens from N &amp; W Sichuan have been examined.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 54-77 mm, tail 55-62 mm, hindfoot 12-5-16 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive length averages 17-5 mm, and tooth row averages 8:75 mm. The Greater Striped Shrew is medium-sized, morphologically similar to the Lesser Striped Shrew (S. bedfordiae) but larger and with relatively longertail. Dorsum is cinnamon-brown, and venter is dark gray-brown. Conspicuous dark stripe runs down spine from neck to rump. Tail is equal to head-body length or slightly shorter. There are five upper unicuspids; first, second, and third upper unicuspids are about equal in size; and fourth and fifth decrease in size gradually. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 50.</p> <p>Habitat. Broadleaf and coniferous forests and alpine rhododendron habitats at elevations of¢.3000 m. The Greater Striped Shrew is syntopically distributed with the Lesser Striped Shrew in the western Sichuan mountains.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Greater Striped Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Greater Striped Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Unlike the Lesser Striped Shrew, the Greater Striped Shrew has a much smaller and disjunct distribution, and it might be moresensitive to climate change and resulting habitat loss. Nevertheless,it occurs in many protected areas, so its overall population is unlikely to be declining.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chen Shunde et al. (2012), Hoffmann (1987), Motokawa et al. (2009), Smith &amp; Yan Xie (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A02B8747FF2CAE7B1768F4E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A02B8747FA16AC0114BEF26F.text	3D474A54A02B8747FA16AC0114BEF26F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex raddei Satunin 1895	<div><p>0.</p> <p>Radde’s Shrew</p> <p>Sorex raddei</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Radde / German: Radde-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafa de Radde</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex raddei Satunin, 1895,</p> <p>near Kutaisi, Georgia.</p> <p>Sorex raddei is a relict species. Sorex roboratus, another relict species, is most closely related to S. raddei based on mtDNA. Because of their distinct placement within Sorex, both S. raddei and S. roboratus are included in the S. raddei group here. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S European Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and NE Turkey.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 70-80 mm (immatures 57-70 mm), tail 43-54 mm; weight 9-2-13 g (immatures 6-7-8 g). Tail is up to 70-75% of head-body length, unicolored, and dark on all sides. Pelage is unicolored. In juveniles, back and sides are brown, and belly is slightly lighter. In adults, pelage is darker, and brown tints are weaker. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FN = 68, with 16 pairs of metacentric and submetacentric autosomes and one pair of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome and Y-chromosome are acrocentric.</p> <p>Habitat. Prefers wet forests with creeks or small rivers and outcrops and typically mountain broad-leaved, especially beech, forests at elevations of 450-2400 m. Radde’s Shrew also lives in coniferous—broad-leaved forests and is less often found in birch forests of the subalpine belt and meadows at upper forest boundaries. It rarely occurs in houses and is never found in dry foothills and plains, xeromorphic oak forests, and bushes.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Beetles were most often found in gastric contents of Radde’s Shrews; earthworms and seeds of various trees are also common.</p> <p>Breeding. Pregnant Radde’s Shrews can usually be found in mid-April, and breeding ends in early October. A pregnant female usually has 2-8 embryos (average five). Female young-of-the-year relatively rarely reproduce. Winter reproduction was observed near the Black Sea coast.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Activity peaks of Radde’s Shrews are at night and twilight, but individuals are occasionally active in morning and daytime.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Radde’s Shrew often dominates shrew communities in mountain broad-leaved forests. Nevertheless,it is relatively rare at the northern border of its distribution and in localities with substantial damage to primary mountain forests. It is consequently on the Red List in Georgia and Karachay-Cherkessia, Russia.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dolgov (1985), Krystufek &amp; Vohralik (2001), Sokolov &amp; Tembotov (1989), Strokov (1957), Zaitsev et al. (2014), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A02B8747FA16AC0114BEF26F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A02C8740FF0FA7EE1847F50A.text	3D474A54A02C8740FF0FA7EE1847F50A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex minutissimus Zimmermann 1780	<div><p>8.</p> <p>Eurasian Least Shrew</p> <p>Sorex munutissimus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne minuscule / German: Knirpsspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana minima de Eurasia</p> <p>Other common names: Least Shrew, Least Siberian Shrew, Lesser Pygmy Shrew, Miniscule Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex minutissimus Zimmermann, 1780, Mariinsk (= Kiiskoe), (Kemerovo Region), bank of Kiya River, Siberia, Russia.</p> <p>Data from karyotypes and mtDNA, and nDNA sequences place S. minutissimus in the S. minutissimus group, although this group may be better included under the S. minutus group; further studies of all Sorex taxa are needed. An isolated population on the eastern slope of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, in the Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan provinces of China, needs further investigation to confirm that it belongs to this species. Eleven subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.m.minutissimusZimmermann,1780—WSiberianPlain.</p> <p>S.m.abnormisStroganov,1949—NKazakhstanandW&amp;CAltai.</p> <p>S. m.barabensisStroganov,1956—forest-steppeandsteppeofWSiberia.</p> <p>S. m.caudataYudin,1964—KuznetskAlatau,Salair,andNWAltai.</p> <p>S. m.karelicusStroganov,1949—FennoscandiaandKarelia(Russia).</p> <p>S. m.neglectusOgnev,1921—EastEuropeanPlain.</p> <p>S. m.stroganoviYudin,1964—TuvaandSEAltaiMts.</p> <p>S. m.tscherskitOgnev,1913—lowlandoftheKhankaLake,PrimorskyKrai,RussianFarEast.</p> <p>S. m.tschuktschorumStroganov,1949—ESiberiaandChuckchiandKamchatkapeninsulas.</p> <p>S.m.ussuriensisOgnev,1921—Sikhote-AlinMts,PrimorskyKrai,RussianFarEast.</p> <p>S. m. yukonicus Dokuchaev, 1997 — Alaska.</p> <p>Also present in W Kazakhstan, Mongolia, NE China, Korean Peninsula, Japan (Hokkaido), and most of Russian Far East, but subspecies involved not known.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 30-53 mm, tail 17-33 mm, hindfoot 7-9 mm; weight 1-4-4 g. Pregnant females can weigh more than 3 g. The Eurasian Least Shrew is one of the smallest species of Sorex. Rostrum is very short blunt. Tail is no longer than 50% of headbody length and is covered with rare long hairs that stick out;it is bicolored, with indistinct boundary between dark upper and light lower sides. Pelage is bicolored, usually without distinct demarcation; back is grayish brown; and belly is light gray. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 74 in Finland and 2n = 42 and FN = 74 in Siberia and Hokkaido (Japan). X-chromosome is large acrocentric, and Y-chromosome is small acrocentric.</p> <p>Habitat. Eurytopic, often in ecotones, such as edges of forests, borderlines between bogs and forests, etc. The Eurasian Least Shrew is often found in habitats unsuitable for other species of shrew, such as raised bogs, rock slides devoid of vegetation, sand dunes, and sea shores, avoiding rich habitats, such as floodplains.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diets of Eurasian Least Shrew include mostly small beetles (adults) and arachnids in Karelia, small beetles (leaf beats most commonly) in western Siberia, and similar foods in Yenisei taiga. Arachnids and myriapods prevail in the diet in Primorsky Krai. Myriapods, arachnids, and adult small beetles were main foods on Hokkaido, with lepidopteran larvae and adults often eaten in sand dunes. Common feature of diets from different regions is that they do not include earthworms and dipteran larvae, that is, prey dig out ofsoil.</p> <p>Breeding. In western Siberia, breeding of the Eurasian Least Shrew lasts from May to mid-August, and average numbers of embryos/female are 4-5. Breeding season is longer in most other Siberian regions and is the longest on Hokkaido from late March to mid-autumn, with four embryos found in the only pregnant female captured there. Embryo numbers/female are 4-9 in north-eastern regions of European Russia. Cases of female young-of-the-year reproducing were observed; e.g. a young female with eight embryos was captured in northern Yakutia (= Sakha Republic), and two young females with well-developed breasts were captured in northern regions of European Russia. A female has at least two litters/season.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Daily activity of the Eurasian Least Shrew is multiphasic; activity periods occur mostly (up to 60%) during the day in Primorsky Krai.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Eurasian Least Shrew’s distribution is the widest in the genus Sorex, but abundance is typically low throughout the distribution. It is usually one of the least abundant in the shrew community. The Eurasian Least Shrew is on 18 regional Red Lists in Russia.</p> <p>Bibliography. Anufriev et al. (1994), Churchfield &amp; Sheftel (1994), Churchfield et al. (1999), Dokuchaev (1997a), Dolgov (1985), Grigoriev &amp; Bashilov (1988), Gureev (1979), Ivanter &amp; Makarov (2001), Nesterenko (1999), Ohdachi, Ishibashi et al. (2009), Ohdachi, Yoshizawa et al. (2012), Okhotina (1974), Sheftel &amp; Hanski (2002), Sheftel et al. (2017), Sulkava (1990a), Volpert &amp; Shadrina (2002), Yudin (1962), Zaitsev et al. (2014), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A02C8740FF0FA7EE1847F50A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A02C8740FFF6AA5C1163F3A1.text	3D474A54A02C8740FFF6AA5C1163F3A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex roboratus Hollister 1913	<div><p>7.</p> <p>Flat-skulled Shrew</p> <p>Sorex roboratus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne forte / German: Flachkopf-Rotzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de craneo aplastado</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex roboratus Hollister, 1913,</p> <p>“Tapucha [Near Teletskoye Lake)], Altai Mountains, Siberia,” Russia.</p> <p>Sorex roboratus is a relict species. Sorex raddei, another relict species, is its closest relative based mtDNA. Because of their distinct placement within Sorex, both S. roboratus and S. raddei are included in the S. raddei group here. The caecutiens group is close by karyotype structure. Five subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.r.roboratusHollister,1913—Altai-Sayanregion.</p> <p>S.r.jakutensisDukelsky,1928—W&amp;CSiberiaandSYakutia(=SakhaRepublic).</p> <p>S.r.platycraniusOgnev,1921—PrimorskyKrai(SRussianFarEast).</p> <p>S.r.thomasiOgnev,1921—TransbaikaliaandNMongolia.</p> <p>S. r. vir G. M. Allen, 1914 — NE part of range (Yana, Indigirka, and Kolyma river basins).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 58-86 mm, tail 30-48 mm, hindfoot 12-15-5 mm; weight 7-15-5 g (immatures 7-10-5 g). Tail of the Flat-skulled Shrew is 40-60% of head-body length, and injuveniles,it is covered with relatively long hairs that form distinct tuft at tip. Long and rather narrow head is a key feature; braincase is substantially less elevated than in other species of Sorex. Pelage is bicolored; light gray color of belly does not extend to sides. Back varies from light brown to dark brown among different subspecies. Juveniles and overwintering individuals are only slightly different in color. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 42 and FN = 70, with 13 pairs of metacentric and submetacentric autosomes and seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is medium-sized subtelocentric, and Y-chromosome is small subtelocentric.</p> <p>Habitat. Various habitats in different regions. In the Altai-Sayan Mountains, the Flatskulled Shrew prefers dark coniferous forests and avoids xeromorphic and open habitats. In central Yeniseitaiga,it is uncommon in forests of Yenisei high floodplains and totally absent from watershed habitats where the Common Shrew (S. araneus) is abundant. In northern Yenisei taiga and forest tundra, where the Common Shrew is absent, the Flat-skulled Shrew lives in floodplain and watershed habitats and is quite abundant but subdominant in the shrew community. In northern Yakutia, the Flat-skulled Shrew is comparatively abundant and is found even in the tundra zone. Habitats generally occupied in Yakutia are about the same as in northern Krasnoyarsk Krai; i.e. it lives in taiga watershed habitats and prefers floodplain biotopes (high and low floodplains). It should be noted that wet sedge meadows are also occupied in Yakutia and similar habitats on the Russky and Popov islands (Peter the Great Gulf, Sea ofJapan) and in the western Khentii Mountains (northern Mongolia). Anthropogenic meadows alternating with bushes are occupied in the Olekma River valley in southern Yakutia. In Primorsky Krai, Flatskulled Shrews avoid Sikhote-Alin dark coniferous—broad-leaved forests, where the Long-clawed Shrew (S. unguiculatus) is abundant and occupies forest-steppe habitats; the same habitats are preferred in Primorsky Krai and avoided in southern Siberia. Choice of habitats by the Flat-skulled Shrew is diverse probably because it avoids habitats occupied by other, ecologically similar species.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diets of Flatskulled Shrews differ among different regions. Earthworms are often the main component of the diet. Their occurrence in gastric contents ranges from 60% to 95%, while the second and third most common components differ among regions. Common secondary components are bugs and spiders in the central Yenisei region, coleopterans and dipterans in central and southern Yakutia, and coleopterans on the Gydan Peninsula. Diets in the eastern Sayan Mountains and Amur Region are dominated by coleopterans, followed by caterpillars.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding of the Flat-skulled Shrew occurs in May-September, and females produce 2-3 litters/season. Male and female young-of-the-year regularly reproduce in central Yakutia, but not female young-of-the-year in the Russian Far East. Mean number of embryos/female is 9-1 in the Kolyma River drainage area, 7-4 in the Altai Mountains, 8-2 in Amur Region, four in Primorsky Krai, and 8-1 embryos/pregnant female in northern Yenisei taiga. Only one pregnant female with eleven embryos was captured in Yenisei forest-tundra.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Flatskulled Shrew is on the regional Red Lists of Magadan Region and Chukotka Autonomous District. It is not abundant throughout most ofits distribution, but it is occasionally subdominant in the shrew community, as is the case in furspruce (black) taiga of Altai foothills and northern Yenisei taiga.</p> <p>Bibliography. Churchfield &amp; Sheftel (1994), Dokuchaev (1990), Dolgov (1985), Hoffmann &amp; Lunde (2008), Nesterenko (1999), Okhotina (1984), Revin (1989), Sheftel (1983, 2005), Volpert &amp; Shadrina (2002), Yudin (1962, 1989), Yudin et al. (1979), Zaitsev et al. (2014), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A02C8740FFF6AA5C1163F3A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A02C8741FAF6A002112EFBC8.text	3D474A54A02C8741FAF6A002112EFBC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex hosonoi Imaizumi 1954	<div><p>9.</p> <p>Azumi Shrew</p> <p>Sorex hosonoi</p> <p>French: Musaraigne d'Hosono / German: Azumi-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Azumi</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex hosonoi Imaizumi, 1954,</p> <p>foot of Mt. Gaki, ¢. 900 m, Maneki, Kitaazumi District, Tokiwa village, Nagano Prefecture, Central Honshu, Japan.</p> <p>Sorex hosonoi 1s sister to S. minutissimus based on molecular studies. It used to include subspecies shiroumanus based on a single specimen that was from the same district, but hardly any difference can be observed between the two forms. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Restricted to middle and high mountains in C Honshu, Japan.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c.54-6-58-3 mm, tail 42-55-5 mm, hindfoot 10-5-12:5 mm; weight 2-7-5-5 g. Condylo-incisive length averages 16-3 mm, and tooth row averages 6-5 mm. The Azumi Shrew is similar to the Shinto Shrew (S. shinto) but smaller and characterized by relatively longer tail. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 42 and FNa = 66.</p> <p>Habitat. Grasslands, shrublands, and coniferous forests in subalpine to alpine zone at elevations of 900-3000 m. The Azumi Shrew is rarely found at low elevations. It is more common at microhabitats near rocky streams and waterfalls.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding season of the Azumi Shrew on Mt Hakusan, Ishikawa Prefecture, occurs in July-September. Up to six embryos have been reported.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Azumi Shrews are terrestrial, being well adapted for running and also good atjumping and climbing. In captivity, they have been observed sleeping on a 10cm high branch. Most individuals were captured at twilight and night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although the Azumi Shrew has a limited distribution, most of its natural habitats are well protected. It is syntopically distributed with, but less common than, the Shinto Shrew; competition does not seem to be a threat to natural populations.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abe (1967), Imaizumi (1954), Ohdachi et al. (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A02C8741FAF6A002112EFBC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A02D8741FA29AAFA1A36F26C.text	3D474A54A02D8741FA29AAFA1A36F26C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex caecutiens Laxmann 1788	<div><p>11.</p> <p>Laxmann’s Shrew</p> <p>Sorex caecutiens</p> <p>French: Musaraigne lapone / German: Maskenspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Laxmann</p> <p>Other common names: Masked Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex caecutiens Laxmann, 1788,</p> <p>south-west shore of Lake Baikal, Siberia, Russia.</p> <p>Evidence from mtDNA and nDNA sequences classifies S. caecutiens in the caecutiens group. Eight subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.c.caecutiensLaxmann,1788—C&amp;ESiberia,fromtherightbankoftheYeniseiRivertotheLowerTunguskaandC&amp;SYakutia(=SakhaRepublic),andSSiberianMts(fromAltaiEtotheTransbaikalianridgesandWAmurRegion).</p> <p>S.c.annexusThomas,1907—KoreanPeninsula.</p> <p>S.c.koreniG.M.Allen,1914—Ntaigaandforest-tundrafromthePechoraRiverEtotheChukchiPeninsula.</p> <p>S.c.kunashirensisHutterer&amp;Zaitsev,2004—KunashirIandpossiblyHokkaido(Japan).</p> <p>S.c.laponicusMelander,1942—Fennoscandia,KolaPeninsula,andNtaigaofEuropeanRussiaEtothePechoraRiver.</p> <p>S.c.macropygmaeusG.S.Miller,1901—EAmurRegion,KhabarovskKrai,PrimorskyKrai,ShantarIs,MagadanRegion,andKamchatkaPeninsula.</p> <p>S.c.pleskeOgnev,1921—SforestsofEEuropefromPolandEtotheUralMts,middleandStaigaandforeststeppeofWSiberiaEtotheYeniseiRiver,andforest-steppeofKazakhstan.</p> <p>S. c. saevus Thomas, 1907 — Sakhalin 1.</p> <p>Also present in NW &amp; NE China and Mongolia, but subspecies involved not known.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 50-73 mm, tail 28-45 mm, hindfoot 10-12 mm; weight 4-12-5 g (immatures 4-7 g). Body weight of young-of-the-year is almost 50% of that of overwintering adults. Overwintering individuals have brown back, reddish sides, and grayish belly, often pale yellow. In juveniles, grayish brown back gradually changes to light gray belly. Tail is sharply bicolored, being the same color as back in juveniles and substantially lighter than back in overwintering adults—a good feature for species identification. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 42 and FN = 70 (Chukchi population FN = 72 and Hokkaido population FN = 66), with 14 pairs of metacentric and submetacentric autosomes and six pairs of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is large acrocentric, and Y-chromosome is small subtelocentric.</p> <p>Habitat. Siberian forests with pronounced moss cover. Laxmann’s Shrew is the most abundant species of Sorex in such habitats. It is often found in shrub (southern) tundra in the north and inhabits old broad-leaved forests without grasses and mosses in the southern European part of the distribution. It is comparatively rare in wooded steppe zone. Laxmann’s Shrew is often dominant or subdominant in the shrew community in the Siberian part of the distribution and is relatively rare in the European part.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diets of Laxmann’s Shrews consist primarily of spiders, centipedes, caterpillars, larvae, and adult beetles. Proportions of food items vary in different parts of the distribution. For example, adult beetles are preferentially consumed in Karelia and beetle larvae in central Yakutia, while beetles are not major components of diets in central Siberia and the Russian Far East. Consumption of plant material dramatically increases in autumn, winter, and spring; e.g. proportion of larch seeds in gastric contents reaches 73% from the region of the Omolon River, a tributary of the Kolyma River.</p> <p>Breeding. Mating of LLaxmann’s Shrew occurs from late April or early May to September in most regions. Females can produce up to fourlitters/season. Numbers of embryos/female are 1-12, averaging 5-7 in most of the distribution; however, a higher number of embryos is seen in northern regions (e.g. 8-6 in Kolyma River Basin). Female young-of-the-year often reproduce, but male young-of-the-year rarely do.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Laxmann’s Shrew has a multiphasic daily activity pattern, like other shrews. Relatively short periods of rest alternate with activity phases. Longest activity phases are observed at night in summer and shift to morning hours in autumn and winter.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Laxmann’s Shrew is solitary. Juveniles start settling in the second one-half of summer and establish their territories in winter. In spring, territories are maintained by most females and usually left by males. Females increase sizes of their territories in spring by adding neighboring territories that had belonged to males. Females bring up their offspring in these territories in summer. Adult males lack their own territories and move over large areas, which include territories of several females. Experiments with multiple species of shrews in one cage showed that Laxmann’s Shrews were less aggressive and more tolerant of each other than Common Shrews (S. araneus).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bekenov et al. (1985), Churchfield &amp; Sheftel (1994), Churchfield et al. (1999), Dokuchaev (1990), Hutterer &amp; Zaitsev (2004), Ivanter &amp; Makarov (2001), Kalinin et al. (1998), Ohdachi (1992, 1994, 1995), Ohdachi &amp; Maekawa (1990), Ohdachi et al. (2009), Okhotina (1974, 1991), Shchipanov et al. (1998), Sulkava (1990b), Volpert &amp; Shadrina (2002), Zaitsev et al. (2014), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A02D8741FA29AAFA1A36F26C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A02D8741FF25AF3C1B96FE94.text	3D474A54A02D8741FF25AF3C1B96FE94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex gracillimus Thomas 1907	<div><p>10.</p> <p>Slender Shrew</p> <p>Sorex gracillimus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne gracile / German: Schlanke Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana esbelta</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex minutus gracillimus Thomas, 1907, “ Dariné, 25 miles [= 40 km] N.W. Korsakoff [= Korsakov], Saghalien [= Sakhalin Island],” Russia.</p> <p>Evidence from mtDNA and nDNA sequences classifies S. gracillimus in the S. minutissimus group, although this group may be better included under the S. minutus group; further studies of all Sorex taxa are needed. Three subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.g.gracillimusThomas,1907—SakhalinandKunashirIs.</p> <p>S.g.grantiOkhotina,1991—SKurilIs(HabomaiandShikotan).</p> <p>S. g. minor Okhotina, 1991 — Russian Far East (from S Magadan S to Primorsky Krai), NE China, and North Korea.</p> <p>Also present on Hokkaido and many small offshore islands, N Japan, but subspecies involved not known.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 45-66 mm (immatures 45-52 mm), tail 36-49 mm, hindfoot 10-11 mm; weight 2-5-5-3 g (immatures 2-5-3-8 g). Tail of the Slender Shrew is usually longer than 75% of head-body length. Pelage is bicolored. Back varies from light brown in juveniles to dark brown in adults. Sides are slightly lighter than back. Belly is silver-gray to gray. In juveniles, dark back gradually changes to the lighter color of sides and belly, and light color of belly extends onto sides. In adults, contrast between back and belly colors is greater. Tail is sharply bicolored; tuft at tip oftail is dark. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FN = 62, with 13 pairs of metacentric autosomes and four pairs of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome and Y-chromosome are acrocentric.</p> <p>Habitat. Various habitats. Floodplain biotopes are exclusively occupied in the Sea of Okhotsk region in northern part of the distribution, old riverside larch stands being the most preferred. Young small-leaved forests are preferred on southern Sakhalin, and old dark coniferous forests and anthropogenic meadows and fields are avoided. Coniferous broadleaved forests on lower slopes of mountains are preferred in Primorsky Krai, and open regions of the forest-steppe zone are avoided. The Slender Shrew is more often found in bamboo groves and forb meadows on Kunashir and Shikotan islands. In Hokkaido, it occurs in many habitat types but is more dominant in wetlands and higher places.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Spiders and myriapods predominate in the diet of Slender Shrews in southern Primorsky Krai. Those two groups, caterpillars, harvestmen, and adult beetles predominate in diets on Hokkaido. Earthworms were almost never found in diets of Slender Shrews. Proportions of seeds in diets increase in autumn.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding season of the Slender Shrew occurs in April-October or even November on Hokkaido; females produce two litters/season, rarely three. Young-of-theyear rarely reproduce, as findings from a major part of Primorsky Krai and Hokkaido confirmed. Only two captures of pregnant young-of-the-year were reported from Zeya (Amur Region) and Lazovsky (Primorsky Krai) nature reserves. Numbers of embryos/ female are 1-8, and mean numbers of embryos are very similar in different geographical localities (e.g. 5-6 on Sakhalin and 5-8 on Hokkaido).</p> <p>Activity patterns. Activity of the Slender Shrew is basically nocturnal, with two peaks of higher activity after sunset and before sunrise. The Slender Shrew is terrestrial and moves mostly on the ground’s surface. It can dig soil but does not construct a tunnel system byitself.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Average home range of the Slender Shrew is 259-4 m? on northern Hokkaido. Slender Shrews are solitary.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Slender Shrew is common but often subdominant in the shrew community, being the second or third most abundant; it is rarely dominant. Abundance of the Slender Shrew decreases at the periphery of its distribution, and it becomes rare, being therefore on Regional Red Lists in Amur and Magadan regions.</p> <p>Bibliography. Andreev et al. (2006), Churchfield et al. (1999), Nesterenko (1999), Ohdachi (1992, 1994, 1995), Ohdachi &amp; Maekawa (1990), Okhotina (1974, 1991), Reimers &amp; Voronov (1970), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A02D8741FF25AF3C1B96FE94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A02E8742FF0BA36D1871FA26.text	3D474A54A02E8742FF0BA36D1871FA26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex isodon Turov 1924	<div><p>13.</p> <p>Taiga Shrew</p> <p>Sorex isodon</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de la taiga / German: Taigaspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de taiga</p> <p>Other common names: Even-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex isodon Turov, 1924, basin of Barguzin River, Buryatia, Siberia, Russia.</p> <p>Evidence from mtDNA and nDNA sequences classifies S. isodon in the caecutiens group. Six subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.i.isodonTurov,1924—fromYeniseiRiverBasininES.i.EtoKamchatkaPeninsula.</p> <p>S.i.gravestGoodwin,1933—RussianFarEast.</p> <p>S.i.montanusSkalon&amp;Raevsky,1940—AltaiMts.</p> <p>S.i.princepsSkalon&amp;Raevsky,1940—WS.i.</p> <p>S.i.ruthenusStroganov,1936—N&amp;EEurope(NSweden,NNorway,Finland,Russia,NEBelarus,andSumyregioninNEUkraine).</p> <p>S. i. sachalinensis Okhotina, 1984 — Sakhalin I.</p> <p>Also present in N Mongolia (Khentii Mts), NE China, and Korean Peninsula, but subspecies involved not known.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 54-86 mm, tail 37-55 mm, hindfoot 13-15 mm; weight 6-1-16-3 g. Tail of the Taiga Shrew is usually longer than 50% of head-body length;it is bicolored but sometimes only at base, with dark unicolored distal part. Pelage is almost unicolored. In juveniles, back is brown to dark brown, and belly is somewhat lighter. There is no distinct border between back, sides, and belly colors. Adults are darker, up to black-brown, with no difference in color between back and belly. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 42 and FN = 70, with 14 pairs of metacentric and submetacentric autosomes and six pairs of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is large acrocentric, and Y-chromosome is small subtelocentric.</p> <p>Habitat. Various habitats. The Taiga Shrew uses dark coniferous forests with substantial litter, such as cedar,fir, and spruce mountain forests, in southern Siberia. It often dominates shrew communities in fir-spruce forests with well-developed tall grasses. In the north, it prefers spruce—fir forests of riverine terraces in the north but is rarely subdominant even in these habitats. It is low in abundance and is found mostly in floodplain meadows and floodplain alder groves in the European part of the distribution. The Taiga Shrew is rare in foreststeppe and forest-tundra regions outside the forest zone and avoids tundra communities.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Earthworms and dipteran larvae found by digging through litter are the most common dietary components of the Taiga Shrew in almost all regions. Spiders and caterpillars are often present in gastric contents in southern Yakutia (= Sakha Republic) and Karelia, beetle larvae only in Karelia, and myriapods in Primorsky Krai. Adult beetles are not major parts of diets in any region.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of the Taiga Shrew starts 15-17 days later than in other species of shrews in the Magadan Region, southern Yakutia, central Siberia, and Karelia. A female produces up to three litters/breeding season, which ends in September. One to eleven embryos (average 7-6) were observed in pregnant females. Number of embryos/female can decrease during the breeding season and might be higher in northern regions than southern regions.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Daily activity of the Taiga Shrew is multiphasic. Activity observed in the Russian Far East was the lowest compared with activities of other, even larger, species of Sorex. Daytime and nighttime activity periods are about the same duration.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Although Taiga Shrews are solitary and have their own home ranges, sometimes home ranges of individuals agglomerate in the favorable habitats. Individual home ranges are 1200-2600 m? for overwintering males and 700-1400 m* for immature males in Karelia.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Taiga Shrew is common and dominates shrew communities in mountain dark conifer forests of southern Siberia. It is low in abundance in the European part of its distribution and is consequently on several Regional Red Lists (Karelia, Novgorod, and Ryazan regions).</p> <p>Bibliography. Bekenov et al. (1985), Bobretsov (2016), Churchfield &amp; Sheftel (1994), Churchfield et al. (1999), Dokuchaev (1990), Gureev (1979), Ivanter(1975), Ivanter &amp; Makarov (2001), Kalinin et al. (1998), Mishta (2011), Nesterenko (1999), Okhotina (1974, 1984), Revin (1989), Shchipanov et al. (1998), Sheftel (1983), Sulkava (1990c), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A02E8742FF0BA36D1871FA26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A02E8742FF0EAA5E10CEF818.text	3D474A54A02E8742FF0EAA5E10CEF818.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex shinto Thomas 1905	<div><p>12.</p> <p>Shinto Shrew</p> <p>Sorex shinto</p> <p>French: Musaraigne shinto / German: Shinto-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana sintoista</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex shinto Thomas, 1905,</p> <p>“ Makado, N. Hondo,” Japan.</p> <p>Sorex shinto was recognized as a subspecies of S. caecutiens. These two taxa, together with S. sinalis, are closely related based on molecular phylogenetic studies, but species boundaries are not entirely clear. Nominotypical subspecies shinto includes chouei as a synonym. Three subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.s.shintoThomas,1905—middleandhighmountainareasfromNtoCHonshu,Japan.</p> <p>S.s.sadonisYoshiyuki&amp;Imaizumi,1986—NSadoIandlowlandtohighmountainsinWcoastofHonshu,Japan.Geneticallynotdistinguishablefromsubspeciesshintoandmaybearecentinsularcolonization.</p> <p>S. s. shikokensis Abe, 1967 — Ishizuchi and Tsurugi Mts, Shikoku, Japan.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 51-72:5 mm, tail 44-57 mm, hindfoot 11-4-13-6 mm; weight 4-1-6-2 g. Condylo-incisive lengths are 16-5-18-1 mm, and tooth rows are 3-9— 4-4 mm. The Shinto Shrew is similar to Laxmann’s Shrew (S. caecutiens), but its body and craniodental sizes are smaller. It is similar to the Azumi Shrew (8. hosonoz) but has a relatively shortertail. When syntopic, the Shinto Shrew is usually larger than the Azumi Shrew. Dorsum of the Shinto Shrew is grayish brown. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 42 and FNa = 66. The Shinto Shrew is genetically close to Laxmann’s Shrew.</p> <p>Habitat. Grasslands, shrublands, and coniferous forests in subalpine to alpine zone. On Honshu, the Shinto Shrew occurs near sea level in northern Honshu up to elevations of ¢.1200 m on Mount Honshu. In Sado Island, it was captured at ¢.300 m. On Shikoku Island,it is recorded from near the sea level to up to 900 m. In Nagano Prefecture of Honshu Island, it is syntopically distributed with the Azumi Shrew.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Female Shinto Shrews have been reported with 1-6 embryos. One to six embryos of nominotypical shinto from Honshu have been recorded in May-June. Subspecies sadonis had 4-6 embryos in March and May.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Most Shinto Shrews were captured at night, but at elevations as high as 2800 m in Nagano; they are active during the day in November. The Shinto Shrew is terrestrial and well adapted to running on the ground.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Shinto Shrew is currently considered to be common. Most ofits natural habitat in Japan is likely well protected.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abe (1967), Ohdachi et al. (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A02E8742FF0EAA5E10CEF818	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A02E8743FA0DAD6F116FFDD5.text	3D474A54A02E8743FA0DAD6F116FFDD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex unguiculatus Dobson 1890	<div><p>14.</p> <p>Long-clawed Shrew</p> <p>Sorex unguiculatus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne a longues griffes / German: AmurLangkrallen-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de unas largas</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex unguiculatus Dobson, 1890,</p> <p>“ Saghalien Island [= Sakhalin Island]; Nikolajewsk, at the mouth of the Amur River,” Russia.</p> <p>Evidence from mtDNA and nDNA sequences classifies S. unguiculatus in the caecutiens group. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. NE China (N Inner Mongolia [= Nei Mongol]), S Russian Far East, S Kuril Is, and N Japan (Hokkaido), including many small offshore islands;it possibly occurs in North Korea.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 70-91 mm,tail 40-55 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm; weight 6-9-15 g. Pregnant Long-clawed Shrews can weigh more than 17 g. Itis one of the largest species of Sorex. Tail is bicolored and usually longer than 50% of head-body length. Pelage is bicolored. Back varies from brown in juveniles to dark brown in overwintering adults. Dark color of back gradually changes to brown on sides. Belly varies from reddish tinted dark gray in juveniles to intensely gray or grayish brown in overwintering adults. Demarcation between sides and belly colors is indistinct. The Long-clawed Shrew has broad forepaws with well-developed claws up to 5 mm, which are appreciably longer than in other red-toothed shrews. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 42 and FN = 70 on Hokkaido, with 14 pairs of metacentric and submetacentric autosomes and six pairs of acrocentric autosomes, and FN = 68 in the Russian Far East, with 13 pairs of metacentric and submetacentric autosomes and seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosomeis large acrocentric, and Y-chromosome is small acrocentric.</p> <p>Habitat. Rich broad-leaved and cedar-broad-leaved forests. The Long-clawed Shrew is almost completely distributed in such forests. It is occasionally found in floodplain forests but is absent from forest-steppe habitats. A substantial litter layer is an important habitat component.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Earthworms are the main component of the diet of the Longclawed Shrew throughout its distribution. The second most common components are myriapods in Primorsky Krai and mollusks and caterpillars on Hokkaido.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding season of the Long-clawed Shrew starts in April (earlier than in other species of Sorex) and usually ends in September in Primorsky Krai and November on Hokkaido. Juveniles start living independently in late May. Females have 2-3 litters/season; up to four litters/season are possible in island populations. Litters have 3-6 young (average 5-2) in Primorsky Krai, 1-9 young (average 5-3) on Kunashir, and 4-8 young (average 5-6) on Hokkaido. Female young-of-the-year rarely reproduce.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Multiphasic activity by the Long-clawed Shrew is generally low, accounting for ¢.8 hours/day. Peak activity was observed in the beginning and end of the night on Hokkaido and after sunrise in the morning in Primorsky Krai.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization..ong-clawed Shrews are rather territorial, just after becoming independent; females are more territorial than males. Home ranges of males are larger than those of females; mean home range of seven resident individuals was 188-3 m®.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Longclawed Shrew often dominates shrew communities and is more abundant than all other coexisting species of shrews combined. It is rather rare at the western periphery of its distribution and is on the Red List in Amur Region.</p> <p>Bibliography. Churchfield et al. (1999), Grigoriev (1992), Han Sang-Hoon et al. (2000), Hoffmann &amp; Lunde (2008), Inoue (1988, 1991), Nesterenko (1999), Ohdachi (1992, 1994, 1995), Ohdachi &amp; Maekawa (1990), Ohdachi et al. (2009), Okhotina (1974, 1984), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A02E8743FA0DAD6F116FFDD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A02F8743FF28AC2615BDF7D7.text	3D474A54A02F8743FF28AC2615BDF7D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex araneus Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>16.</p> <p>Common Shrew</p> <p>Sorex araneus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne carrelet / German: \Waldspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana bicolor</p> <p>Other common names: Eurasian Shrew, European Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758,</p> <p>“ Europe.”</p> <p>Sorex araneus has an interesting cytogenetic characteristic, a triplet of sex chromosomes that consists of one X-chromosome and two Y-chromosomes (Y, and Y,). A few more species of red-toothed shrews that also have such a triplet of sex chromosomes are similar in structure of nDNA and mtD-NA. They are usually combined into the araneus group. Robertsonian chromosome polymorphism is very common in S. araneus, with 76 chromosome races recognized so far. Each race has its own parapatric distribution. Such a high degree of parapatric chromosomal races is a unique characteristic of S. araneus. About 50 different forms have been described, but only two can be ranked as subspecies. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.a.araneusLinnaeus,1758—fromGreatBritainEthroughalmostallcountriesofcontinentalEuropetoCSiberia;alsoisolatedpopulationsinthePyrenees,C(Auvergne)&amp;SEFrance,andNItaly.</p> <p>S. a. tomensis Ognev, 1921 — C &amp; E Siberia E to SW Yakutia (= S.a. Republic).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 56-82 mm, tail 37-52 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm; weight 5-14-5 g (immatures 5-10 g). Subspecies tomensis is bigger than the nominotypical araneus. Adult fur of the Common Shrew is trichromatic. Back is dark brown to almost black; sides are pale brownish, often with well-defined rusty hue; and belly is light grayish to lead gray. Demarcation of sides is distinct. Young are lighter than adults, and contrasts are less obvious: back varies from brown to dark brown,sides are slightly lighter, and belly is silvery gray to light gray. Tail is sharply bicolored. Karyotypes vary from 2n = 20 to 2n = 33. X-chromosome is large metacentric, and Y-chromosome and Y,chromosome are acrocentric. In the race with 2n = 20 (only females), all 18 autosomes are metacentric. In the race with 2n = 33 (males only), there are six metacentric and 24 acrocentric autosomes. Such variability developed because some acrocentric chromosomes could fuse into metacentric. The opposite process is also possible, when metacentric chromosomes fission to acrocentric and later fused into other combinations. This is the base for development of different chromosome races.</p> <p>Habitat. Forests with predominance of deciduous species and grass cover, reforestations after fire logging, and less often broad-leaved forests. Density of the Common Shrew can be high in grassy meadows not used for haymaking and grassy marshes, but such open places are usually just temporary habitats. During summer, numbers of Common Shrews can be higher in open places than in forests. They avoid dark coniferous forests with moss cover and moss swamps. Exceptions are populations at the border of the distribution where Common Shrews occupy only limited habitats usually associated with river floodplains.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Common Shrew includes a wide variety of food items compared with other congeneric species, presumably permitting high local densities. The Common Shrew eats adult and larval beetles, among which ground beetles (Carabidae), staphylines (Staphylinidae), and snapping beetle (Elateridae) are predominant. Common shrews prefer larvae of ground beetles and snapping beetle and adult staphylines. Earthworms (Lumbricidae), mollusks, arachnids (Arachnidae), and dipteran insects (Diptera) are also eaten. Diet composition differs among regions. Remains of vertebrates are rare in stomach contents of Common Shrews; frogs occur more often than mammals. Under experimental conditions the Common Shrew easily consumed small frogs. In winter, diet mainly consists of plants, primarily seeds from trees, spruce in particular.</p> <p>Breeding. Ovulation of the Common Shrew is induced by copulation. Gestation lasts 24-25 days, and lactation lasts 19-20 days. Litters have 1-12 young, most often 6-7 young. Breeding occurs during the entire snow-free period. A female has up to three litters/season. Young-of-the-year can participate in breeding but not each year and mainly during conditions of low density or at the periphery of the distribution.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Common Shrew has polyphasic daily activity, with maximum activity at night (during summer). In autumn and winter, activity peaks in morning.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Common Shrews are solitary, and they do not occur in pairs even during breeding. Sexual relationships are typically promiscuous. They have home ranges with no overlap among core areas. In experimental conditions, it was shown that individuals were more aggressive toward conspecifics than other species of shrews. One hectare can be occupied by up to 80 individuals, but typical densities are 20-30 ind/ha. In the Netherlands, home ranges were 400-450 m? in summer and 500-600 m* in winter. In spring, males leave winter home ranges and explore their surroundings in search of females, which are ready to reproduce. Females usually stay on their winter ranges and only slightly increase their area of occupancy at the expense of areas left by males. As young appear, they gradually colonize suitable territories, and by the end of summer, they push overwintered females that have finished reproducing from their territories. Older individuals cannot survive a second winter because their teeth are practically ground down, and second winter molt is not supported genetically for red-toothed shrews. The Common Shrew is the most numerous species of shrew in Palearctic and thus has a significant role in circulating organic material in an ecosystem; they recycle the equivalent of 100 times their biomass per year.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Common Shrew is one of the most numerous and eurytopic species of shrews, and it is usually more abundant than the other species of Sorex that it coexists with.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bekenov et al. (1985), Buchalczyk (1972), Churchfield (1990), Churchfield &amp; Sheftel (1994), Crowcroft (1957), Hausser et al. (1990), lvanter &amp; Makarov (2001), Kalinin et al. (1998), Michielsen (1966), Moraleva &amp; Telitzina (1994), Pavlova et al. (2017), Searle (1984), Shchipanov et al. (1998), Sheftel (2005), Sheftel et al. (2018), Yudin (1962), Zablotskaya (1957), Zaitsev et al. (2014).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A02F8743FF28AC2615BDF7D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A02F8743FF2BA93E11EBF8E0.text	3D474A54A02F8743FF2BA93E11EBF8E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex sinalis Thomas 1912	<div><p>15.</p> <p>Chinese Shrew</p> <p>Sorex sinalis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Chine / German: Chinesische Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de China</p> <p>Other common names: Dusky Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex sinalis Thomas, 1912,</p> <p>“ 45 miles [= 72 km] S.E. of Feng-siang-fu, Shensi [= Shaanxi, China]. 10,500" [= 3200 m].”</p> <p>Sorex sinalis is problematic taxonomically because of lack of study. It might be closely related to S. isodon or S. caecutiens based on similar cranial morphology. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Mountains of S Gansu, S Shaanxi, and W Sichuan, China; distribution might extend into Tibet (= Xizang). Its distribution might be overestimated.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 64-85 mm, tail 49-68 mm, hindfoot 13-17 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 20-4-21-6 mm, and tooth rows are 8-:9-9-6 mm. The Chinese Shrew is large, with longtail. It is generally uniformly grayish brown; dorsum is hazel, and slightly lighter than venter that is drab-brown. Rostrum is long, and braincase is narrow. There is a small tine on middle medial surface offirst incisors. Pigmentation on teeth is light.</p> <p>Habitat. High-elevation rocky and mossy habitat at elevations of 2700-3000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Chinese Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Like most species of shrews from China, the Chinese Shrew has never been appropriately studied. There is no information regarding its population size or natural history.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hoffmann (1987), Smith &amp; Yan Xie (2008), Thomas (1912).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A02F8743FF2BA93E11EBF8E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A02F874CFA2DA33416FDFE40.text	3D474A54A02F874CFA2DA33416FDFE40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex granarius (G. S. Miller 1910)	<div><p>17.</p> <p>Iberian Shrew</p> <p>Sorex granarius</p> <p>French: Musaraigne ibérique / German: |berische Waldspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana ibérica</p> <p>Other common names: Lagranja Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex araneus granarius G. S. Miller, 1910,</p> <p>“ La Granja, Segovia, Spain.”</p> <p>Evidence from mtDNA and nDNA sequences classifies S. granarius in the araneus group. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it is found in N Portugal (N of Tagus River) and NW &amp; C Spain (Galicia, W Leon, and NW Zamora provinces, and Central System range).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 63-72 mm (immatures), tail 38-44 mm, ear 5-3-7-4 mm, hindfoot 11-12-5 mm; weight 4-5-8 g (immatures). The Iberian Shrew is medium-sized. Tail is bicolored (sepia above and dark ocher below), slightly exceeding 50% of head-body length. Pelage is generally tricolored. Back is sepia to dark brown, lighter on flanks, and belly is yellowish gray. Juveniles are paler and lack noticeable contrast between dorsum and flanks. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36/37 and FN = 38-40. X-chromosomeis large metacentric, Y-chromosome is small acrocentric, Y,chromosome 1s medium-sized acrocentric, and the 34-36 autosomes are acrocentric. The Iberian Shrew is the only species in the araneus group with all acrocentric autosomes.</p> <p>Habitat. Banks of rivers and creeks in mountains of central Spain from sea level up to elevations of ¢.2000 m. The Iberian Shrew is also found in grassy flatlands on the Atlantic shore. Because such habitats are uncommon in the region, the Iberian Shrew has a sporadic distribution.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Two pregnant Iberian Shrew females had four and six embryos (April and June) respectively. In Portugal breeding occurs in spring and summer, gestation lasts 18-21 days, and there are 5-7 embryos/pregnant female. Individuals mature at their second year and rarely survive after their second autumn.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last.</p> <p>Bibliography. Garcia-Perea et al. (1997), Hausser (1990b), Lépez-Fuster (2007), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A02F874CFA2DA33416FDFE40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A020874CFFF5A940138AF7F3.text	3D474A54A020874CFFF5A940138AF7F3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex antinori Bonaparte 1840	<div><p>18.</p> <p>Valais Shrew</p> <p>Sorex antinorn</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Valais / German: Valais-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Valais</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex antinori Bonaparte, 1840, no type locality given. Restricted by E. von Lehmann in 1963 to Porlezza, Lago di Lugano, Lombardia, northern Italy. Initially, S. antinori was considered as one of the chromosomal races of S. araneus (Valais race), but it is karyologically, morphologically, biochemically, and genetically distinct from all other chromosomal races. Therefore, chromosome race Valais of S. araneus herein is elevated to specific status, and the name S. antinorii is applied. Evidence from mtDNA and nDNA sequences classifies S. antinori in the araneus group. The taxon S. arunchi, previously recognized as a distinct species in north-eastern Italy, is included under S. antinorii based on recent genetic data showing that they are synonymous. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Switzerland, SE France, and Italy.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 55-82 mm (immatures 55-77 mm), tail 40-55 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm; weight 5-7-13 g (immatures 5-7-8-7 g). Greater weights are possible for pregnant Valais Shrews. Pelage is tricolored. Back varies from light brown to dark brown, sides are red tinted brownish, and belly is light gray. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 24/25 and FN = 40. Trivalent of sex chromosomes consists of a large metacentric X-chromosome, small acrocentric Y-chromosome, and medium-sized acrocentric Y,chromosome. There are 14 metacentric and eight acrocentric autosomes.</p> <p>Habitat. Mountain coniferous—broad-leaved forests of the Alps and Apennines.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Valais Shrew is similar to that of the Common Shrew (S. araneus), with which it is parapatrically distributed. Earthworms, mollusks, harvestmen (shepherd spiders), spiders, beetles, and dipteran larvae are eaten in equal proportions.</p> <p>Breeding. A female Valais Shrew produces 2-3 litters/breeding season. Litters have 5-7 young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Valais Shrew is common wherever it lives, but it is poorly known. More data are required to assess its conservation status.</p> <p>Bibliography. Basset et al. (2006), Brinner et al. (2002), Hausser et al. (1990), von Lehmann (1963), Sheftel et al. (2018), Yannic et al. (2012).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A020874CFFF5A940138AF7F3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A020874CFFF0A3111B13FD33.text	3D474A54A020874CFFF0A3111B13FD33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex coronatus Millet 1828	<div><p>19.</p> <p>Crowned Shrew</p> <p>Sorex coronatus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne couronnée / German: Schabrackenspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Millet</p> <p>Other common names: Millet's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex coronatus Millet, 1828,</p> <p>Blou, Maine-et-Loire, France.</p> <p>Evidence from mtDNA and nDNA sequences classifies S. coronatus in the araneus group. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. N Spain, France, Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, and Jersey I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 68-80 mm (immatures 68-74 mm), tail 37-46 mm; weight 6-5-11-8 g (immatures 6-5-7 g).</p> <p>The Crowned Shrew is medium to large in size. Tail is bicolored and only slightly longer than 50% of head-body length. Pelage is bicolored. Back varies from brown in juveniles to dark brown in adults. Mantle is distinct in adults, and dark back contrasts with light gray sides and belly. Contrast is absent in juveniles, and dark color of back gradually merges into light color of belly. In regions of sympatry with the Common Shrew (S. araneus), the Crowned Shrew is smaller and shows greater contrasts in color. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 22/23 and FN = 44. Trivalent of sex chromosomes consists of large metacentric X-chromosome, small acrocentric Y-chromosome, and medium-sized acrocentric Y-chromosome. There are 20 metacentric autosomes.</p> <p>Habitat. Highland coniferous—broad-leaved forests and plain broad-leaved forests.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. High occurrence of gastropods in gastric contents is typical of the diet of the Crowned Shrew. Larval and adult beetles, spiders, and aphids are often eaten.</p> <p>Breeding. Three pregnant Crowned Shrews with four, four, and five embryos were captured in northern Spain in May—August; four pregnant females with four,five,five, and seven embryos were captured in western Germany in March-September.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Total daily activity period of the Crowned Shrew is somewhat longer than in the Common Shrew, shows no seasonal variation, and is evenly distributed between day and night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Sociability tests showed more social and demonstrative behavioral elements in the Crowned Shrew than in the Common Shrew. Ritualized aggression was more common than direct aggression in intraspecific tests. Field observations showed that male Crowned Shrews stay in home ranges of nursing females, but they do not help to rear young. This behavior is far from true monogamy butstill differs from promiscuity, which is typical of the Common Shrew and several other species of Sorex.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Crowned Shrew is common or abundant in all regions of its distribution except the northern periphery.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cantoni (1993), Genoud (1984), Hausser (1978, 1990a), Sheftel et al. (2018).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A020874CFFF0A3111B13FD33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A020874CFAFEA85C1AA2F5FC.text	3D474A54A020874CFAFEA85C1AA2F5FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex satunin (Ognev 1921)	<div><p>20.</p> <p>Caucasian Shrew</p> <p>Sorex satunin</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Satunin / German: Kaukasus-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana del Caucaso</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex araneus satunini Ognev, 1921,</p> <p>Goele, Kars, Turkey.</p> <p>Evidence from mtDNA and nDNA sequences classifies S. satunini in the araneus group. A possible separate subspecies lives in the Central Caucasus, but currently lacks a valid name. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.s.satuniniOgnev,1921—Transcaucasia(Georgia,Armenia,andAzerbaijan)andNTurkey.</p> <p>S. s. stavropolica Sokolov &amp; Tembotov, 1989 — Ciscaucasia (S European Russia).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 57-81 mm (immatures 57-72 mm), tail 38-44 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm; weight 5-5—11-5 g (immatures 5-5-7-5 g). Tail of the Caucasian Shrew is bicolored and only slightly longer than 50% of head-body length. Pelageis usually bicolored and occasionally tricolored. Back varies from grayish brown in juveniles to dark brown in adults, belly is light gray, and sides are reddish. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 24-25 and FN = 46, with ten pairs of metacentric and one pair of acrocentric autosomes. Trivalent of sex chromosomes consists of large metacentric X-chromosome, small acrocentric Y-chromosome, and medium-sized acrocentric Y,chromosome.</p> <p>Habitat. Various habitats and most abundant in subalpine meadows with substantial grass cover of the western Caucasus from sea level to elevations of ¢.2600 m. Abundance of the Caucasian Shrew is lower in subalpine meadows of the Lesser Caucasus and Dagestan where conditions are more arid. High abundance in wet forest habitats is achieved only in the absence of Radde’s Shrew (S. raddei). The Caucasian Shrew is most often found in river valleys in Armenia and is common in juniper-covered stone fields in Turkey.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Various insects (both adults and larvae), earthworms, mollusks, and small frogs were readily eaten by Caucasian Shrews in laboratory conditions. Feeding behavior is generally similar to that of the Common Shrew (S. araneus).</p> <p>Breeding. Pregnant Caucasian Shrews become detectable in April. Numbers of embryos/female are 4-8 (average six). Two litters are usually born in a season, in May and June; a few females can have a third litter. Young-of-the-year do not regularly reproduce.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Because traps were mostly visited at night, daily activity peaks of the Caucasian Shrew were assumed to occur predominantly at night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Caucasian Shrew is common in the Caucasian region and dominates shrew communities in some regions.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bannikova &amp; Lebedev (2010), Bukhnikashvili (2004), Dolgov (1985), KryStufek &amp; Vohralik (2001), Satunin (1915), Sokolov &amp; Tembotov (1989), Zaitsev et al. (2014), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A020874CFAFEA85C1AA2F5FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A020874DFAF5A10916EFF736.text	3D474A54A020874DFAF5A10916EFF736.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex daphaenodon Thomas 1907	<div><p>21.</p> <p>Siberian Large-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Sorex daphaenodon</p> <p>French: Musaraigne a dents foncées / German: Sibirische GroRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes grandes de Siberia</p> <p>Other common names: Large-toothed Siberian Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex daphaenodon Thomas, 1907,</p> <p>“ Dariné, 25 miles [= 40 km] N.W. of Korsakoft [= Korsakov], Saghalien [= Sakhalin Island],” Russia.</p> <p>Evidence from mtDNA and nDNA sequences classifies S. daphaenodon in the araneus group. Four subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.d.daphaenodonThomas,1907—RussianFarEast(KhabarovskKrai,AmurRegion,andSakhalinI).</p> <p>S.d.oriiKuroda,1933—ParamushirI(NKurilIs).</p> <p>S.d.sanguinidensG.M.Allen,1914—C&amp;ESiberiaandChukchiandKamchatkapeninsulasStoNAmurRegion.</p> <p>S. d. scaloni Ognev, 1933 — W Siberia.</p> <p>Also present in N Mongolia, NE China, S Russian Far East (Primorsky Krai), and NE North Korea, but subspecies involved not known. Descriptive notes. Head-body 54-78 mm, tail 25-39 mm, hindfoot 10-13 mm; weight 6-10-3 g. Tail of the Siberian Large-toothed Shrew is relatively short and very rarely exceeds 50% of head-body length. Its base is bicolored, and it is dark on its distal part. Pelageis bicolored. Back is brown to dark brown in young individuals and black-brown to almost black in adults. Sides are slightly lighter than back. Belly is dark gray. Demarcation in color of sides and belly is always clear. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 26/27 in Krasnoyarsk Krai and 2n = 28/29 in vicinities of the Lake Baikal, Russian Far East, and Mongolia and FN = 46 everywhere. Trivalent of sex chromosomes consists of large metacentric X-chromosome, small acrocentric Y-chromosome, and medium-sized acrocentric Y-chromosome. There are 16-18 metacentric and 8-10 acrocentric autosomes.</p> <p>Habitat. The Siberian Large-toothed Shrew prefers well-moistened meadow habitats in floodplains. It almost never dominates shrew communities and is often low in abundance. Shrub floodplains are often inhabited, but forest habitats and subalpine meadows are avoided. It is not found in mountains other than the Transbaikal and the Khentii highlands (northern Mongolia) where wet valley meadows and shrubs are main habitats. There are only a few regions where the Siberian Large-toothed Shrew is common, including Baraba steppe (southern western Siberia), Selenga River delta (Baikal Basin), Khankan lowland (the lowland near Khanka Lake), Omolon River floodplain (Kolyma River Basin), middle reach of the Lena River, and valley of the Epoo River in western Khentii (northern Mongolia).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Insects are more abundant than earthworms in diets of Siberian Large-toothed Shrews, and coleopterans are the most common insect component. Food items vary in different regions, seasons, and even months. For example, earthworm percentagesin gastric contents increased from 11:1% in July to 35-5% in August in north-western Asia (Magadan Region and Chukchi Peninsula). Seasonal variations were even greater; e.g. earthworms were absent in winter diets that included vertebrate tissues (occurrence 26%), not detected in June-September. Species of Homoptera were most often found in winter diets. Larch seeds were always observed (incidence 100%) in diets in September, being released at a peak rate during this month. Dipterans and caterpillars are more often found in summer diets in central Yakutia (= Sakha Republic), in contrast to north-eastern Asia. Low proportion of arachnids in the diet is common ofall regions and is probably typical of the Siberian Large-toothed Shrew.</p> <p>Breeding. Juvenile Siberian Large-toothed Shrews first appear in the second one-half ofJune; similar periods were observed in southern and central Yakutia and Chukchi Peninsula. Reproduction stops in mid-September, after females have two,rarely three, litters. Young-of-the-year rarely reproduced in the region of the Omolon River (Kolyma River Basin), but male young-of-the-year participated in reproduction in central Yakutia in some years. Reproductive rate is relatively high and seems to increase northward. For example, number of embryos/female was 6-5 in the middle reach of the Lena River, 7-7 in the Kolyma River region, and 7-9 in the Omolon River region.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Siberian Large-toothed Shrew is not abundant throughoutits distribution. It has decreased in abundance in the western part ofits distribution and western and central Siberia over the past decade.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dokuchaev (1990), Glotov et al. (1978), Nesterenko (1999), Revin (1989), Sheftel (1983), Shvetsov (1977), Volpert &amp; Shadrina (2002), Yudin (1975, 1989), Yudin et al. (1976), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A020874DFAF5A10916EFF736	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A021874DFF26A25B1A9EFE47.text	3D474A54A021874DFF26A25B1A9EFE47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex cansulus Thomas 1912	<div><p>22.</p> <p>Gansu Shrew</p> <p>Sorex cansulus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Gansu / German: Gansu-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Gansu</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex cansulus Thomas, 1912,</p> <p>“ 46 miles [= 74 km] S.E. of Tao-chou [= Lingtan]. 9800-10,000" [= 2987-3048 m],” Gansu, north-western China.</p> <p>S. cansulus is only known from the type series. It was originally considered to be closely related to S. caecutiens but was found morphologically more similar to, and perhaps an allospecies of, S. tundrensis. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only by three specimens from two localities in S Gansu, China; its distribution might extend into N Sichuan, but a record from Tibet (= Xizang) is unlikely to be true.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 62-64 mm, tail 38-43 mm, hindfoot 12 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 18-5—19 mm, and tooth row averages 8 mm. The Gansu Shrew is small. Dorsum is grayish brown, similar to Laxmann’s Shrew (S. caecutiens), and venter is drab or broccoli-brown. Hands and feet are brownish white. Tail is dark brown above and lighter below. Rostrum is relatively short and wide, especially compared with Laxmann’s Shrew. Rostrum, size and shape of unicuspids are similar to those of Laxmann’s Shrew. Maximum width across upper second molars is 4-6 mm.</p> <p>Habitat. Broadleaf forests at elevations of ¢.3000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Gansu Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Gansu Shrew was previously considered Critically Endangered. There is no new information since the original description in 1912.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hoffmann (1987), Smith &amp; Yan Xie (2008), Thomas (1912).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A021874DFF26A25B1A9EFE47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A021874EFA20A94B175FFCB2.text	3D474A54A021874EFA20A94B175FFCB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex tundrensis Merriam 1900	<div><p>23.</p> <p>Tundra Shrew</p> <p>Sorex tundrensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de la toundra / German: Tundra-Rotzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafia de tundra</p> <p>Other common names: Holarctic Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex tundrensis Merriam, 1900,</p> <p>“ St. Michaels, Alaska,” USA.</p> <p>Sorex tundrensis is currently included in the subgenus Sorex and is closely related to S. asper, which is close to the araneus group based on karyotype and mtDNA and nDNA sequencing. Ten subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.t.tundrensisMerriam,1900—Alaskaincluding S.t. Lawrence and Kodiak Is (USA) and N &amp; W Yukon, extreme NE British Columbia, and N Northwest Territories (NW Canada).</p> <p>S.t.baikalensisOgnev,1913—TransbaikaliaandtheadjacentstepperegionofNMongolia(KhentiiMts);thissubspeciesmayalsooccurintheforest-steppeofNMongoliatoLakeKhuvsgul.</p> <p>S.t.borealisKastschenko,1905—ESiberiantundrafromYeniseiGulfEtoChukchiPeninsula(ERussia).</p> <p>S.t.buxtoniJ.A.Allen,1903—ESiberiantaigafromVilyuyRiverBasinEtoOkhotskSeacoast(ERussia).</p> <p>S.t.parvicaudatusOkhotina,1976—MoneronI,CSeaofJapan.</p> <p>S.t.petschoraeOgnev,1921—UralMtsandWSiberiaEtoYeniseiRiver(CRussia).</p> <p>S.t.schnitnikoviOgnev,1921—C&amp;SAltaiandmountainsofEKazakhstan(Tarbagatai,Saur,andDzungarianAlatau)andNWChina(Xinjiang).</p> <p>S.t.sibiriensisOgnev,1921—W&amp;CSiberia,KuznetskAlatau,NEAltai,SayanMts,andTuva(SCRussia).</p> <p>S.t.stroganoviYudin,1979—PrimorskyKrai(SRussianFarEast);thissubspeciesmayalsooccurinNEChinaandAmurRegion(ERussia).</p> <p>S. t. transrypheus S.t., 1956 — W Siberia (C Russia) and N Kazakhstan.</p> <p>Subspecific distribution in various parts of the range is uncertain.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 61-86 mm (immatures 52-70 mm), tail 20-38 mm (immatures 34-44 mm), ear 7-8 mm, hindfoot 13-15 mm; weight 8-11-5 g (immatures 4-8-7-5 g). The Tundra Shrew is medium-sized, with striking color. Pelage is generally bicolored in the Palearctic (deep brown to nearly black on back and whitish on sides and venter). Pelage is generally more noticeably tricolored during the summer and more bicolored during the winter. Summer pelage is dark brown to nearly black dorsally, lighter brown along the sides, and whitish ventrally, while winter pelage is more uniformly colored deep reddish brown to brown dorsally and whitish ventrally. Feet are dark; ears are short and barely extend past fur. Tail is ¢.50% of head-body length and sharply bicolored, dark brown above and lighter below. Tooth ridges (except for on unicuspids as in other species in the Sorex subgenus) are pigmented dark red, and there are five unicuspids that get smaller from first to fifth, with first two being significantly larger than last three, while last three gradually get smaller until the diminutive fifth. Chromosomal complementis extremely variable: 2n = 31-41 and FN = 56-60 in Siberia, 2n = 32 or 33 and FN = 58 in the Yukon; and 2n = 32 or 33 and FN = 62 in Alaska. This variation results from Robertsonian translocations effecting five autosomal chromosomes. Trivalent of sex chromosomes consists of large metacentric X-chromosome, small acrocentric Y-chromosome, and medium-sized acrocentric Y,chromosome.</p> <p>Habitat. Large variety of alpine, subalpine, and arctic habitats, shrublands, and meadows, often dominated by small trees and shrubs such as willow and birch, generally preferring open bush habitats. The Tundra Shrew is more efficient at colonizing tundra and steppe habitats than other species of shrews. It prefers to live in floodplain regions throughout taiga, avoiding forests, and in open areas between forests.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Because Tundra Shrews live in various habitats, food items differ greatly among different geographical regions. For example, earthworms account for substantial proportions of diets in tundra, spiders and insects (commonly beetles) in taiga, and grasshoppers in steppe regions. Plant items are often included in diets, especially in winter; berries are eaten in southern regions of the distribution in Kazakhstan and pore fungi (Favolaschia, Mycenaceae) on Chukchi Peninsula.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding of the Tundra Shrew generally occurs from late winter until early summer. Breeding season usually starts in May, and firstjuveniles appear by mid-June. Reproduction lasts until late August, and lactating females can be captured in early September. Up to 100% of female young-of-the-year reproduce in northern populations in someyears, and this distinguishes Tundra Shrew from other species of Sorex. A female has up to three litters in a breeding season. Reproductive rate can be extremely high in northern populations: 15 embryos were observed in single females in Yenisei forest-tundra, and mean number of embryos/female was 10-7 on Chukchi Peninsula. In southern regions, mean number of embryos/female is far lower: 5-7 in the Dzungarian Alatau and five in central Yeniseitaiga. Litters have 1-3 young on the Moneron Island where most females have only one litter in a breeding season.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Tundra Shrews are active day and night and are primarily terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Tundra Shrew is probably most similar to the Common Shrew (S. araneus) in its general ecology. It is solitary except when breeding and rearing young.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Tundra Shrew is wide ranging and found in many different habitat types, although it might be threatened by effects of global climate change because it is found at higher latitudes. Tundra Shrews often dominate shrew communities in forest-steppe and forest-tundra regions and are sometimes the only shrew in the community of small mammals. It is on the Red Lists of Magadan and Sakhalin regions. In the latter case, this pertains to the subspecies parvicaudatus that lives only on Moneron Island.</p> <p>Bibliography. Andreev et al. (2006), Bannikova et al. (2010), Bekenov et al. (1985), Bobretsov et al. (2008), Churchfield &amp; Sheftel (1994), George (1988), Hope et al. (2011), Jackson (1928), Junge &amp; Hoffmann (1981), Junge et al. (1983), Lukéadova et al. (1996), Moraleva (1987), Nesterenko (1999), Okhotina (1984), Sheftel (1983), Volpert &amp; Shadrina (2002), Volobouev (1989), Volpert &amp; Shadrina (2002), Yudin (1989), Zaitsev et al. (2014).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A021874EFA20A94B175FFCB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A022874EFF08A8D21316F612.text	3D474A54A022874EFF08A8D21316F612.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex asper Thomas 1914	<div><p>24.</p> <p>Tian Shan Shrew</p> <p>Sorex asper</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Tian Shan / German: Tian-Shan-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Tian Shan</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex asper Thomas, 1914,</p> <p>“Tekes Valley,” Tian Shan, Xinjiang, China.</p> <p>Evidence from mtDNA and nDNA sequences classifies S. asper in the tundrensis group; S. tundrensis, which also belongs in the araneus group, is closest to S. asper genetically and morphologically. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to Tian Shan in SE Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and NW China (Xinjiang).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 65-77 mm, tail 34-45 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm; weight 6-10-3 g. Pelage of the Tian Shan Shrew is bicolored. Back is dark, varying from grayish brown in juveniles to dark brown or light brown in adults. Sides are lighter than back, and belly varies from grayish white to slate gray and often has pale yellow shade. There is no clear demarcation between sides and belly colors. Tail is bicolored. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32-33 and FN = 58. There are six acrocentric and 24 metacentric autosomes. Trivalent of sex chromosomes consists of large metacentric X-chromosome, small acrocentric Y-chromosome, and medium-sized acrocentric Y,chromosome.</p> <p>Habitat. Spruce forest variants, occasionally juniper habitats, regenerating clearings, larch and pine artificial stands, and wet alpine meadows up to elevations of ¢.3000 m. The Tian Shan Shrew prefers habitats in debris-strewn spruce forests with pronounced undergrowth, grass, and large stones and river valleys and avoids dry habitats. The Tian Shan Shrew is a common and often abundant species in favorable habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diets of the Tian Shan Shrew consists of up to 60% beetles and always include earthworms. Spruce seeds account for up to 15-30% ofgastric contents in winter. In laboratory conditions, the Tian Shan Shrew regularly cached food.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding season of the Tian Shan Shrew started in the second one-half of March in Kyrgyzstan and mid-April in Kazakhstan. Females had two litters/year, one in late April or early May and the other in July. Numbers of embryos were 1-8, averaging 6-1 in Kazakhstan and 5-3 in Kyrgyzstan. Few female young-of-the-year regularly reproduced.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although the distribution of the Tian Shan Shrew is small, it is often abundant.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bekenov et al. (1985), Hoffmann &amp; Lunde (2008), Yanushevich et al. (1972), Zaitsev et al. (2014), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A022874EFF08A8D21316F612	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A022874EFF04A1731BCAFD2B.text	3D474A54A022874EFF04A1731BCAFD2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex samniticus Altobello 1926	<div><p>25.</p> <p>Apennine Shrew</p> <p>Sorex samniticus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne des Apennins / German: |talienische Waldspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Apeninos</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex samniticus Altobello, 1926,</p> <p>Molise, Campobasso Province, Italy.</p> <p>Evidence from mtDNA and nDNA sequences classifies S. samniticus close to the S. araneus and S. tundrensis groups, being sister to both clades and is here included in the monotypic S. samniticus group. This is supported by their differing karyotype structure. Thus, S. samniticus lacks a sex chromosome trivalent and has only one Y-chromosome. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to Italy.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 68-78 mm, tail 33-45 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm; weight 6-5-10 g. The Apennine Shrew is large. Tail is short, usually no longer than 50% of head-body length. Pelage is unicolored. Back and belly are brownish chestnut, but belly is somewhat lighter. There is no distinct demarcation between back and belly colors. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 52 and FN = 52, with 25 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome and Y-chromosome are acrocentric. Up to two supernumerary B-microchromosomes are occasionally found in the karyotype.</p> <p>Habitat. Stream valleys and bogs or along fences and roadbeds in low mountains up to elevations of 1160 m but not higher. The Apennine Shrew avoids arid habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Two lactating Apennine Shrews were captured on May, and two pregnant females with three and six embryos were caught in June. Earliest date of capture of an independently livingjuvenile was May.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Abundance of the Apennine Shrew is low everywhere.</p> <p>Bibliography. Fumagalli et al. (1996), Graf et al. (1979), Hausser (1990c), Mortelliti et al. (2007).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A022874EFF04A1731BCAFD2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A022874FFA0DA862177DFE6C.text	3D474A54A022874FFA0DA862177DFE6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex arcticus Kerr 1792	<div><p>26.</p> <p>Arctic Shrew</p> <p>Sorex arcticus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne nordique / German: Arktische Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafa del Artico</p> <p>Other common names: Black-backed Shrew, Saddle-back Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex arcticus Kerr, 1792,</p> <p>“ Hudson Bay ” Ontario, Canada.</p> <p>Sorex arcticus is currently included in the arcticus group in the subgenus Sorex along with S. maritimensis, which was originally included in S. arcticus as a subspecies. Additional research is needed to validate subspecies. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.a.arcticusKerr,1792—Canada,fromCYukonEtoEQuebecandStoNWNorthDakota,USA.</p> <p>S. a. laricorum H. H. T. Jackson, 1925 — NC USA (most of North Dakota, NE South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and NW Michigan).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 68-89 mm, tail 36-48 mm, ear 7-8 mm, hindfoot 13— 16 mm; weight 5-13 g. The Arctic Shrew is medium-sized. Pelageis tricolored, being dark brown to black on back, pale dusky brown on sides, and whitish on belly; dorsum, sides, and venter are sharply demarcated from each other. Pelage is paler in summer and darker and thicker in winter. Feet are dark; ears are short and barely extend past fur. Tail is ¢.50% of head-body length and indistinctly bicolored, being dark brown above and lighter below.Juveniles are significantly darker, with brown venter and sides. Tooth ridges (except for on unicuspids as in other members of the subgenus Sorex) are pigmented dark red, and there are five unicuspids gradually getting smaller from first to fifth, which is significantly smaller than the fourth. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28 (females) or 29 (males) and FN = 38.</p> <p>Habitat. Grass-sedge marshes, wet meadows, and various other moist areas in boreal forests; less common butstill present in tamarack-spruce bogs and cedar swamps. The Arctic Shrew seems to compete with the Masked Shrew (S. cinereus) where they are sympatric, and as the population of one species increases, the other decreases.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diets of Arctic Shrews consist almost exclusively of various insects, but larval larch sawflies (Pristiphora erichsonii) tend to be a major component seasonally, making up ¢.70% of diets in August-November. They rely on various other insects, including grasshoppers, throughoutthe rest of the year when food is scarce, becoming more opportunistic. They feed primarily terrestrially but will occasionally climb branches and shrubs tojump on prey from above. Two subadults were seen attacking grasshoppers by climbing up branches to jump on them in the morning when temperatures were low (6°C) and grasshoppers were sluggish; 33 of 37 attacks were successful. They occasionally eat various aquatic insect larvae because they reside close to streams and bogs. Captive individuals ate dead voles,fly pupae, and mealworms. Estimated minimal metabolic rate is 4-7 kcal/day.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of Artic Shrews occurs February—August in Wisconsin but becomes more restricted in northern regions, although they generally breed from midwinter to mid-summer. They are promiscuous, and males abandon their home ranges during the breeding season to mate with as many females as possible. Gestation lasts c.3 weeks, and lactation lasts c.4 weeks. Litters have 4-9 young (average seven), and females average c.3 litters/year. First young generally start appearing in traps in July, and young born earlier in the season can breed in the same season they were born. Maximum longevity is c.18 months, which might be shorter than other species of Sorex.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Arctic Shrews are active throughout the day; they are least active from 06:00 h to 10:00 h and most active throughout the night. They switch between activity and resting throughout the day and generally sleep during rest periods. They are terrestrial and use vision to hunt and navigate. They build small globular nests aboveground but under logs, rocks, or other large objects with space under them.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Arctic Shrews are solitary except when mating and rearing young (which is done only by the female). During the first month of life, mortality rate is ¢.50% and about one-seventh of all mortality occurs in the first month after young leave the nest. About 80% of mortality occurs before young reach sexual maturity, with only 15-20% breeding in the next season. Densities were estimated at 8-6 ind/ha in October in Wisconsin and 4-1-5-1 ind/ha in July and 7-3-7-8 ind/ha in September in south-eastern Manitoba; they generally are 1-4 ind/ ha. Home ranges have been recorded at c.1 ha, although this varies throughout the year and probably over their distribution.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Arctic Shrew has a wide distribution, is considered common, and seems to face no major conservation threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (1983), Buckner (1964, 1966, 1970), Cassola (2016k), Clough (1963), Fumagalli et al. (1996), Jackson (1928), Junge &amp; Hoffmann (1981), Junge et al. (1983), Kirkland &amp; Schmidt (1996), Kozlovsky (1971), Perry et al. (2004), Volobouev (1989), Volobouev &amp; van Zyll de Jong (1988), van Zyll de Jong (1983).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A022874FFA0DA862177DFE6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A023874FFF12AAA51333F86C.text	3D474A54A023874FFF12AAA51333F86C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex maritimensis R. W. Smith 1939	<div><p>27.</p> <p>Maritime Shrew</p> <p>Sorex maritimensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne des Maritimes / German: Nova-Scotia-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana maritima</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex arcticus maritimensis R. W. Smith, 1939,</p> <p>“ Wolfville, Kings County, Nova Scotia,” Canada.</p> <p>Sorex maritimensis is currently included in the arcticus group in the subgenus Sorex with S. arcticus, of which it was originally included as a subspecies. Sorex arcticus and S. maritimensis might have had a common ancestor c.2-4 million years ago. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, SE Canada.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 60-72 mm, tail 37-42 mm, ear 7-8 mm, hindfoot 13-14 mm; weight 7-8 g. The Maritime Shrew is medium-sized. Pelage is tricolored, with dark brown back, yellowish brown sides, and yellowish gray venter; dorsum,sides, and venter are sharply demarcated from each other. Feet are dark; ears are short and barely extend past fur. Tail is ¢.60% of head-body length and indistinctly bicolored, being dark brown above and lighter below. Tooth ridges (except on unicuspids as in other members of the subgenus Sorex) are pigmented dark red, and there are five unicuspids gradually getting smaller from first to fifth, which is significantly smaller than the fourth. The Maritime Shrew has smaller and flatter skull, less tapered rostrum, and more noticeably arched maxillary tooth row than in the Arctic Shrew (S. arcticus). Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28 (females) or 29 (males) and FN = 34.</p> <p>Habitat. Edges of freshwater swamps and marshes overgrown with tangles of grasses and rushes.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Maritime Shrew is poorly known, is considered rare, and has a relatively fragmented and small distribution that is vulnerable to changes caused from global warming (e.g. increased flooding).</p> <p>Bibliography. Perry et al. (2004), Smith (1939), Stewart et al. (2002), Volobouev &amp; van Zyll de Jong (1988), van Zyll de Jong (1983).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A023874FFF12AAA51333F86C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A023874FFF16AC9B1406F8DB.text	3D474A54A023874FFF16AC9B1406F8DB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex minutus Linnaeus 1766	<div><p>28.</p> <p>Eurasian Pygmy Shrew</p> <p>Sorex minutus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne pygmée / German: Zwergspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana enana de Eurasia</p> <p>Other common names: Pygmy Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex minutus Linnaeus, 1766,</p> <p>“Sibiria.” Restricted by I. Ya. Pavlinov and O. L. Rossolimo in 1987 to Krasnoyarsk, Siberia, Russia.</p> <p>Evidence from mtDNA and nDNA sequencesclassifies S. minutus in the minutus group. Six subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.m.minutusLinnaeus,1766—fromIrelandandtheBritishIsEthroughmostofEuropeandSiberiatoSWYakutia(=SakhaRepublic).</p> <p>S.m.beckiLehmann,1963—Alps.</p> <p>S.m.carpetanusRey,1971—IberianPeninsula.</p> <p>S.m.gymnurusChaworth-Musters,1932—SBalkanPeninsula.</p> <p>S.m.heptapotamicusStroganov,1956—ETianShan,KalbinskyAltai,andDzungarianAlatau.</p> <p>S. m. lucanius G. S. Miller, 1909 — Italian Peninsula.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 40-64 mm,tail 33-45 mm, hindfoot 9-12 mm; weight 2-6-7 g. Tail of the Eurasian Pygmy Shrew is 70-75% of head-body length; tails of most subspecies are noticeably narrowed at bases and covered with long hairs that lie tight against skin and form distincttufts at tips. Pelage is bicolored. In juveniles, back is brownish gray, and belly is light gray. Dark back color often extends far onto sides; border between back and belly is not sharp. In adults, brown to dark brown pelage of back is more intense. Belly of adults is darker than in juveniles, sometimes with pale yellowish tint. Tail is sharply bicolored. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 42 and FN = 56, with seven pairs of metacentric and 13 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. Xchromosome is large acrocentric, and Y-chromosomeis small acrocentric. Populations with other chromosome numbers are found on Baltic islands: e.g. n = 40 on Oland and n = 36 on Gotland.</p> <p>Habitat. Forest-tundra, taiga, broad-leaved forests, forest-steppe, and steppe. The Eurasian Pygmy Shrew might also occur in grassy bogs, wet meadows, deciduous forests, dry pine stands, desolated waste grounds with sagebrush, and even sandy dunes. Coniferous forests with moss-covered floors and moss bogs are avoided.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Food items of Eurasian Pygmy Shrews are collected on the ground and are very similar in geographically distant regions. For example, spiders and adult beetles are the most common components of gastric contents of Eurasian Pygmy Shrews in southern England, central Siberia, and all other regions; third most common components are woodlice in England and myriapods in Siberia. Similar data were obtained in Karelia, with the only difference that myriapods were a minor component of the diet. Proportion of acridoids in the diet is higher in open habitats. In Trans-Ili Alatau (Tian Shan), larval fungus gnats (Sciaroidea) and mushrooms are often found in gastric contents in periods of intense eruption of mushrooms; spruce seeds dramatically increase up to 36% of gastric contents in winter. Earthworms and dipteran larvae are absent in diets of Eurasian Pygmy Shrews.</p> <p>Breeding. Pregnancy of the Eurasian Pygmy Shrew lasts ¢.25 days. Number of embryos/female is 1-9 (average 5-6). Productivity is higher in northern regions of the distribution, but reliable data from these regions are scarce.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Eurasian Pygmy Shrews have two daily activity peaks in England: one during evening twilight and the other after sunrise. Morning peak is higher than the evening peak. An opposite pattern is observed for the Common Shrew (S. araneus) coexisting with the Eurasian Pygmy Shrew. In Poland, activity is the highest in daytime in spring and prior to and after sunset in winter.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Eurasian Pygmy Shrew is solitary. There is almost no overlap between core areas of home ranges of different individuals. In Holland, home ranges were 900-1850 m? in winter and 530-800 m? in summer. Home ranges of small-sized Eurasian Pygmy Shrews are almost twice as large as those of larger Common Shrews. Life span of the Eurasian Pygmy Shrew does not exceed 15 months because individuals cannotlive through a second winter.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Eurasian Pygmy Shrew is common in most of its distribution but is rarely dominant. Its dominance is sometimes observed after a depression of the multispecies shrew community, possibly because the Eurasian Pygmy Shrew reproduces faster than dominant species. As a result, long-term population dynamics of the Eurasian Pygmy Shrew are sometimes in antiphase to that of the Common Shrew when they are sympatric. Highest abundance of the Eurasian Pygmy Shrew occurs in the European part of its distribution, especially in Ireland and certain Baltic islands where it is the only species of Sorex. Abundance is decreasing in eastern parts of the distribution, and the Eurasian Pygmy Shrew is on the Local Red List in Yakutia.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bekenov et al. (1985), Buchalczyk (1972), Churchfield (1990), Churchfield &amp; Sheftel (1994), Crowcroft (1957), Fredga et al. (1995), Hutterer (1990), Ivanter &amp; Makarov (2001), Mascheretti et al. (2003), Michielsen (1966), Moskvitina (1973), Pavlinov &amp; Rossolimo (1987), Sheftel (1989), Yanushevich et al. (1972), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A023874FFF16AC9B1406F8DB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0238748FA1AAC2F1024FDE9.text	3D474A54A0238748FA1AAC2F1024FDE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex volnuchini Ognev 1921	<div><p>29.</p> <p>Caucasian Pygmy Shrew</p> <p>Sorex volnuchini</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Volnuchin / German: Kaukasus-Zwergspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana enana del C4ucaso</p> <p>Other common names: \Volnuchin's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex volnuchini Ognev, 1921,</p> <p>Kisha River, Adygea Republic (north-east ern Caucasus), Russia.</p> <p>Widely used subspecies name colchica changed for gender agreement. Evidence from mtDNA and nDNA sequences classifies S. volnuchiniin the minutus group. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.v.volnuchiniOgnev,1921—SEuropeanRussia(Ciscaucasia),ETranscaucasia,andNWIran(TalyshMts).</p> <p>S. v. colchicus Sokolov &amp; Tembotov, 1989 — N Turkey and W Caucasus (Georgia).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 43-74 mm,tail 33-50 mm, hindfoot 10-13 mm; weight 2-9 g. Size of the Caucasian Pygmy Shrew increases from north to south. Tail is 70-75% of head-body length and sharply bicolored. Pelageis bicolored. Back varies from pale tinted brownish olive in juveniles to dark brown in adults. Sides are slightly lighter with yellowish tint, and belly is light gray. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 40 and FN = 60, with nine pairs of metacentric and ten pairs of acrocentric autosomes. Xchromosome is large metacentric, and Y-chromosome is small acrocentric.</p> <p>Habitat. Various forests to meadows in the northern Caucasus. As climate becomes more arid in central and eastern Caucasus, range of habitats of the Caucasian Pygmy Shrew appreciably narrows, and near-water habitats are mostly occupied. In Ciscaucasia, abundance is not high even in wet biotopes, possibly because the competing species, Guldenstadt’s White-Toothed Shrew (Crocidura gueldenstaedtii), is very abundant. Preferred habitats of the Caucasian Pygmy Shrew in Turkey are humid forests (beech, fir, and spruce), with rhododendron shrubs and rocks.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Caucasian Pygmy Shrew has not been studied specially, but coleopterans and caterpillars prevailed in gastric contents of several shrews examined.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of the Caucasian Pygmy Shrew starts in late March or early April and ends in late July or early August; females presumably have two litters/season. Litters have 2-8 young (average six). Male and female young-of-the-year can reproduce.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Round-the-clock activity is characteristic of the Caucasian Pygmy Shrew, peaking during the darkness hours.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Caucasian Pygmy Shrew is common and even abundant in some regions. Nevertheless,its abundance is low in certain regions, and it is on the Regional Red List in Kabardino-Balkar Republic.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bukhnikashvili (2004), Karami et al. (2008), KryStufek &amp; Vohralik (2001), Sokolov &amp; Tembotov (1989), Zaitsev et al. (2014), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0238748FA1AAC2F1024FDE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0248748FF0AA91B16C6F88B.text	3D474A54A0248748FF0AA91B16C6F88B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex buchariensis Ognev 1921	<div><p>30.</p> <p>Buchara Shrew</p> <p>Sorex buchariensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Pamir / German: Buchara-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Buchara</p> <p>Other common names: Pamir Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex buchariensis Ognev, 1921,</p> <p>Davan-su River Valley, Pamir Mountains (= Montane Buhkara), Tajikistan.</p> <p>Evidence from mtDNA and nDNA sequences classifies S. buchariensis in the minutus group. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to Pamir-Alay mountain system in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 55-69 mm, tail 42-50 mm; weight 3-6-8-2 g (immatures 3-6—4-8 g). Tail of the Buchara Shrew is indistinctly bicolored. Pelage is bicolored. Back is relatively light from sandy-brown to light brown, belly is light gray, and border between them is graduated. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 40 and FN = 60, with nine pairs of metacentric and submetacentric autosomes and ten pairs of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is large metacentric, and Y-chromosome is small acrocentric.</p> <p>Habitat. High-elevation birch and poplar forests, and less often juniper forests, on slopes with rich grass cover. In Uzbekistan, Buchara Shrews can also live in alpine meadow slopes with sparse bushes.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diets of Buchara Shrews contain insects, mostly small beetles and arachnids.</p> <p>Breeding. One pregnant Buchara Shrew had seven embryos, and two young were captured in July-August.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Buchara Shrew has a small distribution that needs to be carefully monitored.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dolgov (1985), lvanitskaya et al. (1977), Tchernyshev (1956), Zaitsev et al. (2014).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0248748FF0AA91B16C6F88B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0248748FA0CAA521AE0FA6F.text	3D474A54A0248748FA0CAA521AE0FA6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex planiceps G. S. Miller 1911	<div><p>32.</p> <p>Kashmir Shrew</p> <p>Sorex planiceps</p> <p>French: Musaraigne a téte plate / German: KaschmirZwergspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Kachemira</p> <p>Other common names: Kashmir Pygmy Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex planiceps G. S. Miller, 1911,</p> <p>“ Dachin, Khistwar, Kashmir (altitude, 9000 feet [= 2743 m]).”</p> <p>Sorex planiceps is in the minutus group. Its taxonomic status is still controversial, and it is sometimes considered a synonym or subspecies of S. thibetanus. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. NE Pakistan, NW India, and SW Tibet (= Xizang), China.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 57-74 mm, tail 40-47 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 16-7-17-1 mm, and tooth rows are 7-7-5 mm. The Kashmir Shrew is small and similar to the Eurasian Pygmy Shrew (S. minutus) and the Tibetan Shrew (S. thibetanus) but larger. Dorsum of the Kashmir Shrew is brown, shading gradually into grayish on venter. Feet are light, and tail is bicolored, brown above, and light gray to white below. Skull is flatter than the Tibetan Shrew. Second upper unicuspid is smaller than first and third.</p> <p>Habitat. Coniferous forest and alpine rocky habitats at elevations of 2280-3970 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Kashmir Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Distribution, abundance, and population trend of the Kashmir Shrew are unknown.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hoffmann (1987 1996), Miller (1911), Smith &amp; Yan Xie (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0248748FA0CAA521AE0FA6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0248748FF06AC8716AFF260.text	3D474A54A0248748FF06AC8716AFF260.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex thibetanus (Kastschenko 1905)	<div><p>31.</p> <p>Tibetan Shrew</p> <p>Sorex thibetanus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Tibet / German: Tibet-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Tibet</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex minutus thibetanus Kastschenko, 1905,</p> <p>“ Tsaidam [= Qaidam],”</p> <p>Haixi Prefecture, Qinghai Province, China. S. thibetanus is sometimes considered conspecific with other taxa from the southern and eastern Himalaya-Tibet Plateau including S. buchariensis and S. planiceps. Species boundary of S. thibetanusis not entirely clear. Several specimens from Nepal were temporarily assigned to this species by R. S. Hoff mann, but whether they belong to S. thibetanus, and whetherall geographic populations from southern China are conspecific remains unclarified. Sorex kozlovi is considered a subspecies here. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.t.thibetanusKastschenko,1905—Qinghai-TibetanPlateau,mainlyknownfromhighlandofQinghaiandSGansu,CChina;twospecimensrecordedfromDolpaandJumladistrictsofWNepal.</p> <p>S. t. kozlovi S.t., 1952 — highland of SE Qinghai, E Tibet (= Xizang), and N Sichuan, SW China.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 41-64 mm, tail 32-54 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 15-8-17-3 mm, and tooth rows are 6-5-7-5 mm. The Tibetan Shrew is similar to but larger than the Eurasian Pygmy Shrew (S. minutus). Dorsum of the Tibetan Shrew is grayish brown. Tail is covered with dense hair and tuft of hair at tip. Bases of upper unicuspids are shorter than height of tooth crown.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist coniferous forest and shrubs at elevations of 2000-4000 m. Habitats used by the Tibetan Shrew include spruce, willow, juniper, and Sibiraea (Rosaceae) shrubs.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Tibetan Shrew is distributed at high elevations without anthropogenic activities. Its population presumably is not declining.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dolgov &amp; Hoffmann (1977), Hoffmann (1996), Smith &amp; Yan Xie (2008), Stroganov (1952).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0248748FF06AC8716AFF260	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0248749FA08AE9816CAFB0E.text	3D474A54A0248749FA08AE9816CAFB0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex trowbridgii Baird 1858	<div><p>33.</p> <p>Trowbridge’s Shrew</p> <p>Sorex trowbridgu</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Trowbridge / German: Trowbridge-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Trowbridge</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex trowbridgii Baird, 1858,</p> <p>“ Astoria [Clatsop Co.], Oregon.”</p> <p>Placement of S. trowbridgui is currently uncertain, but itis included as the only member of the trowbridgii group, which seems to be a separate lineage of Sorex close to the saussurei group. It is not currently assigned to either of the recognized subgenera but might require a new subgenus to hold it and the other unplaced groups (merriami group, saussurei group, salvini group, and veraepacis group). Five subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.t.trowbridgiiBaird,1858—SWBritishColumbia(SWCanada),WWashington,WOregon,andNWCalifornia(USA).</p> <p>S.t.destructioniScheffer&amp;Dalquest,1942—DestructionI,offNWWashington(NWUSA).</p> <p>S.t.humboldtensisH.H.T.Jackson,1922—NWCalifornia(WUSA).</p> <p>S.t.mariposaeGrinnell,1913—SCOregon,N&amp;CCalifornia,andWCNevada(WUSA).</p> <p>S. t. montereyensis Merriam, 1895 — W California (W USA).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 57-75 mm, tail 50-64 mm, hindfoot 13-16 mm; weight 4-6 g. Trowbridge’s Shrew is relatively small. Dorsum varies considerably between gray, grayish brown, and dark charcoal-gray, and venter is generally about the same color of dorsum but slightly paler and grayer. Pelage is grayer in winter and browner in summer. Feet are whitish; ears are short and barely extend past fur. Tail is ¢.85% of headbody length and sharply bicolored (unlike most other species of Sorex), being dark brown above and lighter below. There are five unicuspids, and teeth are pigmented dark red; third and fifth unicuspids are significantly smaller than first, second, and fourth. Chromosomal complement is rather variable and has 2n = 31-42, FN = 56-60.</p> <p>Habitat. Various habitats with abundant ground litter or vegetation, including dry and moist mature forests, forested canyons and ravines, swampy woods, riparian fringe areas, chaparral (near southern California), and even logged forest with sufficient ground cover at elevations up to 1820 m. On Destruction Island, Washington, USA, Trowbridge’s Shrew is found in deep rank grass near salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis, Rosaceae) thickets. It is often associated with conifer forests dominated by Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinaceae).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Trowbridge’s Shrew feeds on various small invertebrates and seeds, along with other plant material and fungi on occasion. Unlike most other species of shrews, Trowbridge’s Shrews eat large amounts of vegetation and are considered feeding generalists. Their prey generally includes various insects (Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera), arachnids, centipedes, earthworms, snails, and Planaria flatworms. Seeds of conifers are generally eaten, including those from Pseudotsuga, Picea, and Pinus, those from Abies are sometimes eaten but not when the other three are abundant. Trowbridge’s Shrews also eat hypogeous Endogonaceae fungi. In captivity, they have been known to hoard seeds by burying them in a different area; in the wild, this would disperse seeds for the trees. Seeds and other vegetation are fed on more commonly in winter. Non-breeding individuals eat c.1-43 g of food/g of body mass/day, and breeding individuals eat c.0-91 g of food/g of body mass/day.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of Trowbridge’s Shrew tends to occur from late winter until late spring or early summer: March-May in Washington, February until early June in Nevada, and February—June in California. Breeding season is longer in southern parts of the distribution. Litters have 3-6 young, and in warmer areas, sexual maturity is reached at younger ages. Trowbridge’s Shrews only live ¢.18 months.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Trowbridge’s Shrews are active day and night, but they are more active during periods of darkness. They sleep often during 24hours and are active for c.39% of this time. Bursts of activity are generally short and occur about every hour throughout the day and night. Breeding shrews are generally more active but eat significantly less because they spend more time looking for mates.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Trowbridge’s Shrews are solitary when not breeding or rearing young. They burrow more often than many other species of shrews in North America to find hypogeal prey and bury seeds under organic matter or leaf litter. Overall population size in autumn is generally twice that of the population size in spring.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Trowbridge’s Shrews are common throughout the relatively wide distribution and do not seem to have any identifiable threats. Logging can either have a positive or negative affect on overall abundance, so they seem to be resilient. They might be locally threatened by domestic cats that are known to kill them but do not eat them, possibly because of their pungent smell.</p> <p>Bibliography. Brown (1974), Carraway (1987), Cassola (2016s), Esteva et al. (2010), George (1989), Ivanitskaya (1994), Jackson (1928), Jameson (1955), Junge &amp; Hoffmann (1981), Rust (1978), Terry (1981).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0248749FA08AE9816CAFB0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0258749FF12AE0F13CFF41A.text	3D474A54A0258749FF12AE0F13CFF41A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex arizonae Diersing & Hoffmeister 1977	<div><p>34.</p> <p>Arizona Shrew</p> <p>Sorex arizonae</p> <p>French: Musaraigne d/Arizona / German: Arizona-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Arizona</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex arizonae Diersing &amp; Hoffmeister, 1977,</p> <p>“ extreme upper end of Miller Canyon, 10 mi [= 16 km] S, 4-75 mi [= 7-64 km] E Fort Huachuca, Cochise Co., Arizona.” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 31-43°N, longitude 110-24°W.”</p> <p>Sorex arizonae 1s included in the merriami group in an unnamed subgenus of Sorex. It is externally very similar to S. merriami, but genetic data have not yet been analyzed to determine its species status. Nevertheless,it is cranially distinguished from S. merriami and is retained as a distinct species. Among and within populations of S. arizonae, there is considerable genetic diversity. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from only five localities in SE Arizona and SW New Mexico (SW USA), and W Chihuahua (NW Mexico).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 50-73 mm, tail 37-46 mm, ear 7 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm; weight 2-5 g. The Arizona Shrew is smallto medium-sized, externally similar to Merriam’s Shrew (S. merriami) although it is slightly larger. Dorsum is pale graybrown, and venteris whitish. Feet are whitish; ears are small and rounded but relatively conspicuous. Tail is ¢.60% of head-body length and indistinctly bicolored, pale brown above and whitish below. There are five unicuspids, third is greater than or equal to the size of fourth, and there is dark red pigmentation on tips of some teeth. Incisors have small interdenticular space in contrast to Merriam’s Shrew that has no space. Upper incisors also have small pigmented tine on medial edge.</p> <p>Habitat. Dense vegetation around water sources on forested slopes dominated by oak, pines, maples, sycamores, walnuts, or a combination of these at elevations of 1500-2600 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Arizona Shrews seem to reproduce from late July until October, and pregnant females with well-developed embryos were captured in October.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Arizona Shrew seems relatively abundant where it occurs, but it has a limited distribution and might be threatened by localized habitat disturbances. It might have a wider distribution than is currently known, but additional studies are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (2007, 2014g), Diersing &amp; Hoffmeister (1977), Maldonado et al. (2015), Ortega et al. (2005), Simons &amp; Hoffmeister (2003), Simons &amp; Van Pelt (1999), Simons et al. (1990), Woodman, Matson &amp; Castro-Arellano (2016).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0258749FF12AE0F13CFF41A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0258749FF10A773143BF896.text	3D474A54A0258749FF10A773143BF896.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex merriami Dobson 1890	<div><p>35.</p> <p>Merriam’s Shrew</p> <p>Sorex merriami</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Merriam / German: Merriam-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Merriam</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex merriami Dobson, 1890,</p> <p>“ Fort Custer [=Hardin, Big Horn Co.], Montana.”</p> <p>Sorex merriami is included in the merriami group in an unnamed subgenus of Sorex along with S. arizonae. Fossils of S. merriami have been recorded from Moonshiner and Middle Butte caves in south-eastern Idaho with remains of S. monticolus, S. nanus, and S. haydeni. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Extreme SW Canada (extreme S British Columbia) and W USA (E Washington, E Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, SW North Dakota, W South Dakota, W Nebraska, Nevada, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 48-69 mm, tail 30-42 mm, ear 7 mm, hindfoot 11-14 mm; weight 3-7 g. Merriam’s Shrew is small, externally similar to the Arizona Shrew (S. arizonae) although it is slightly smaller. Dorsum is pale gray-brown, and venter is whitish. Feet are whitish; ears are small and rounded but relatively conspicuous. Tail is ¢.60% of head-body length and indistinctly bicolored, being pale brown above and whitish below. There are five unicuspids, third is greater than or equal to the size of the fourth, and there is dark red pigmentation on tips of some teeth. Unlike the Arizona Shrew, Merriam’s Shrew does not have interdenticular spaces or tines.</p> <p>Habitat. Various grassland and shrubland habitats such as sagebrush scrub, pinyon-Juniper woodland, mountain mahogany shrublands, spruce-aspen woodlands (in New Mexico), and mixed woodlands. Unlike most shrews, Merriam’s Shrew generally uses drier habitats with fewer moist areas.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Merriam’s Shrews feed primarily on invertebrates and caterpillars, making up large proportion of diets during warmer months. Stomach samples of eleven specimens contained spiders, adult and larval beetles, cave crickets, larval lepidopterans, and ichneumonid wasps, indicating that they forage on the ground and possibly arboreally (as indicated by wasps and larval lepidopterans).</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of Merriam’s Shrews seems to occur primarily in March—-October because pregnant and lactating females have been captured in March, April, July, and October.Litters have 5-7 young, based on three records.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Merriam’s Shrews are active day and night. They often use runways and burrows of microtine rodents and other small rodents to move around and nest.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Merriam’s Shrews are solitary except when breeding and rearing young.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Merriam’s Shrew has a very large distribution, but grasslands and shrublands that they rely on throughout the distribution are being converted to agriculture or altered by overgrazing.</p> <p>Bibliography. Armstrong &amp; Jones (1971), Benedict et al. (1999), Benson &amp; Bond (1939), Brown (1967), Cassola (20160), Diersing &amp; Hoffmeister (1977), George (1988), Hafner &amp; Stahlecker (2002), Johnson &amp; Clanton (1954), Lindsay &amp; Perry (1977), Mullican (1986), Mullican &amp; Carraway (1990), Shaughnessy &amp; Woodman (2015), Verts &amp; Carraway (1988).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0258749FF10A773143BF896	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A025874AFA14ACFB11A7FDF7.text	3D474A54A025874AFA14ACFB11A7FDF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex altoensis (Carraway 2007)	<div><p>36.</p> <p>Alto Shrew</p> <p>Sorex altoensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Carraway / German: Alto-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de altitud</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex veraecrucis altoensis Carraway, 2007,</p> <p>“ Volcan de Fuego, 9800 ft. [= 2987 my], Jalisco, latitude 19-55°N, longitude 103-63°W.”</p> <p>Sorex altoensis was originally described as a subspecies of S. veraecrucis and was later included in S. salvini. Exact placement of S. altoensis is currently unresolved because it is morphologically most similar to S. saussurei, which it was included in before it was described in 2007. Sorex altoensis is recognized as a distinct species in the saussurei group because some populations attributed to it (under the name S. veraecrucis by M. Esteva and colleagues in 2010) clustered genetically closest to S. saussurei. Sorex altoensis is also morphologically distinguishable from S. veraecrucis, S. salvini, and S. saussurei. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Sierra Madre Occidental and Sierra Madre Oriental, connecting S of the mountains, including Durango, Jalisco, Colima, Guanajuato, Michoacan, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, Querétaro, Hidalgo, México, Puebla, Distrito Federal, Morelos, Guerrero, and Oaxaca (Mexico).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 60-76 mm, tail 38-54 mm, ear 9-5 mm, hindfoot 12— 14 mm; weight 6 g. The Alto Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is medium brown, and venteris grayish blond/white. Tail is 60-70% of head-body length, shorter than that of the Veracruz Shrew (S. veraecrucis) and is uniformly medium brown. Lowerfirst incisors have shallow interdenticular spaces and are pigmented in one section. There are five unicuspids, first and second being large, third being barely smaller than fourth, and fifth being minute. Teeth are pigmented dark red.</p> <p>Habitat. High-elevation pine-oak-juniper woodlands, yellow pine and alder woodlands, or moist montane canyons with pine and oak or Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinaceae) and juniper woodlands with shrubby understories of Baccharis and Senecio (Asteraceae) at elevations of 2100-3650 m. Alto Shrews have also been recorded in high-elevation corn and oat fields.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. A female Alto Shrew with two embryos was collected in August.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The [UCN Red List. The Alto Shrew has a wide distribution and seems to adapt well to agriculture, although localized deforestation might be a threat. The Veracruz Shrew, in which it was previously included, waslisted as Least Concern, which might apply to the Alto Shrew because its distribution makes up most of the distribution previously allocated to the Veracruz Shrew.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (2007, 2014k), Esteva et al. (2010), Woodman et al. (2012).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A025874AFA14ACFB11A7FDF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A026874AFFF2A60B17E4F9CC.text	3D474A54A026874AFFF2A60B17E4F9CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex cristobalensis (Jackson 1925)	<div><p>39.</p> <p>San Cristobal Shrew</p> <p>Sorex cristobalensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de San Cristobal / German: San-Cristobal-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de San Cristobal</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex saussurei cristobalensis H. H. T. Jackson, 1925,</p> <p>“San Cristobal, altitude 8,400 feet [= 2560 m |, State of Chiapas, Mexico.” Restricted by L.. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 16-75°N, longitude 92.63°W.”</p> <p>Sorex cristobalensis was described as a subspecies of S. saussurei and then was recognized as a subspecies of S. veraecrucis. Recently, S. cristobalensis was recognized as a separate species following morphometric studies that aligned populations attributed to it with other members of the salvini group. Genetic studies by N. Esteva and colleagues in 2010 also support this because specimens now attributed to S. cristobalensis (then considered S. veraecrucis) clustered with some specimens of S. salvini (then considered S. saussurer). Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from three localities in Chiapas, SE Mexico.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 60-69-5 mm, tail 46-5-49 mm, hindfoot 13-14 mm; weight 6 g. The San Cristobal Shrew is relatively small. Dorsum is medium brown, hips and rump are light brown, and venteris light red brownish gray. Tail is ¢.80% of head-body length and slightly bicolored, medium brown above and slightly paler below. It has deep interdenticular space on lower first incisors that are pigmented in two sections. There are five unicuspids,first and second are large, third is barely taller than fourth, and fifth is minute. Teeth are pigmented dark red.</p> <p>Habitat. Upper highland moist forests at elevations of ¢.1900-2500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The San Cristobal Shrew is known from few specimens in three localities, although its distribution might be wider. Nothing is known aboutits threats, and additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (2007, 2014k), Esteva et al. (2010), Matson &amp; Ordénez-Garza (2017), Woodman et al. (2012).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A026874AFFF2A60B17E4F9CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A026874AFAF9AD3A1523F4B1.text	3D474A54A026874AFAF9AD3A1523F4B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex mccarthyi Matson & Ordonez-Garza 2017	<div><p>40.</p> <p>McCarthy's Shrew</p> <p>Sorex mccarthyi</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de McCarthy / German: McCarthy-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de McCarthy</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex mccarthyi Matson &amp; Ordonez-Garza, 2017,</p> <p>“ approximately 11 km SW Gracias, 2560 m, Campamento El Naranjo, Parque Nacional Celaque, Lempira, Honduras, latitude 14° 33" N, longitude 88° 40° W.”</p> <p>Sorex mccarthyi was only recently described and is included in the salvini group in an unnamed subgenus of Sorex. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from Cerro Celaque, WC Honduras.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 59-5 mm, tail 51-5 mm, ear 7-5 mm, hindfoot 13 mm; weight 4-2 g. McCarthy's Shrew is relatively small. Dorsum and venter are dark reddish brown. Tail is ¢.87% of head-body length and barely bicolored, being reddish brown above and slightly paler below. Lowerfirst incisor has one pigmented denticle, and unicuspid toothrow is short relative to skull width and depth compared with the San Cristobal Shrew (S. cristobalensis), Salvin’s Shrew (S. salvini), and Sclater’s Shrew (S. sclateri). There are five unicuspids, first and second are large, third is barely smaller than fourth, and fifth is minute. Teeth are pigmented dark red.</p> <p>Habitat. High montane cloud forest at an elevation of 2560 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. McCarthy's Shrew was only recently described based on a specimen collected in 1995. Additional studies are needed to assess its threats, but it is found in Celaque National Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Matson &amp; Ordénez-Garza (2017).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A026874AFAF9AD3A1523F4B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A026874AFFF5A9141623F902.text	3D474A54A026874AFFF5A9141623F902.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex mediopua Carraway 2007	<div><p>37.</p> <p>Jalisco Shrew</p> <p>Sorex mediopua</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Jalisco / German: Jalisco-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Jalisco</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex mediopua Carraway, 2007,</p> <p>“ 12 mi [= 19 km] SW Cd. Guzman, 10000 ft. [= 3048 m], Jalisco, latitude 19-56°N,longitude 103-61°W.”</p> <p>Sorex mediopua was originally included in S. saussurer but was recently described as a distinct species based on morphological data, although their taxonomic and geographical limits are currently uncertain. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Jalisco, Michoacan, Méxicoand Guerrero, WC Mexico.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 61-75-5 mm, tail 38-49 mm, ear 8 mm, hindfoot 12-15 mm; weight 6 g. The Jalisco Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is medium brown, and venter is grayish white. Tail is ¢.60% of head-body length and unicolored medium brown. It has five unicuspids,fifth is minute, and third is slightly smaller than fourth. Teeth are pigmented dark red, including first lower incisor, which is one section of and in a long strip on the anterio-medial edge.</p> <p>Habitat. High-elevation woodlands and moist montane canyons of pine-oak, pine-oakjuniper, or firjuniper forests at elevations of 1875-3048 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Jalisco Shrew was only recently described and seems to be threatened by deforestation.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (2007, 2014h), Guevara et al. (2015), Matson, Woodman etal. (2017a).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A026874AFFF5A9141623F902	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A026874AFFF6AC0A10D7F305.text	3D474A54A026874AFFF6AC0A10D7F305.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex saussurei Merriam 1892	<div><p>38.</p> <p>Saussure’s Shrew</p> <p>Sorex saussurei</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de De Saussure / German: Saussure-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Saussure</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex saussurei Merriam, 1892,</p> <p>“ Sierra de Colima, Jalisco, Mexico (alttude 8,000 feet [= 2438 m]),” but the type specimen tag has “Sierra Nevado,Jalisco.” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 19-55°N, longitude 103-63°W.”</p> <p>Sorex saussurei seems to be closely related to S. mediopua, which it previously included. The saussurei group (also including S. altoensis and S. mediopua) is included in an unnamed subgenus of Sorex along with the trowbridgii group, the merriami group, the salvini group, and the veraepacis group and seems to be most closely related to the salvini group and the trowbridgii group. Sorex saussurei previously included S. salvini, S. mccarthyi, and S. madrensis before all three were recognized as distinct species in Guatemala; it also variously included S. emarginatus, S. veraepacis, S. altoensis, S. mediopua, and S. cristobalensis. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Jalisco, Colima, Michoacan, México, Distrito Federal, Morelos and Puebla, SC Mexico.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 65-77 mm, tail 43-60 mm, ear 5 mm, hindfoot 14-16 mm; weight 6 g. Saussure’s Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is medium brown, and venter is grayish white. Tail is ¢.65% of head-body length and slightly bicolored, medium brown above and lighter below. Feet are light; ears are small and rounded. It has well-pigmented tines on their upper incisors; pigmentation on teeth is dark red. There are five unicuspids, third is a little smaller than fourth, and fifth is minute.</p> <p>Habitat. High-elevation moist forests and corn and oat fields at elevations of 2100-3650 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Saussure’s Shrew is relatively widespread but might be threatened by deforestation in specific areas.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (2007, 2014j), Cervantes et al. (2008), Cuaron et al. (2017), Esteva et al. (2010), Matson &amp; Ordoénez-Garza (2017), Woodman et al. (2012).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A026874AFFF6AC0A10D7F305	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A026874BFAFAA0D316D0FA63.text	3D474A54A026874BFAFAA0D316D0FA63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex salvini Merriam 1897	<div><p>41.</p> <p>Salvin’s Shrew</p> <p>Sorex salvini</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Salvin / German: Salvini-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Salvin</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex salvini Merriam, 1897,</p> <p>“ Calel, Totonicapan [sic], Guatemala (alt., 10200 ft. = 3100 meters).”</p> <p>Sorex salvini has generally been included in S. saussurei until recently. In 2010, genetic studies showed that individuals of S. saussurei (now S. salvini) clustered with specimens of S. veraecrucis (now S. cristobalensis), indicating that S. saussurei was in need of revision. Two approaches were taken; the first was to lump S. veraecrucis with those populations of S. saussurei and call the species S. salvini because it had priority, but this would still have caused S. veraecrucis to be paraphyletic because specimens representing true S. veraecrucis clustered in a whole different subgenus. In 2017, morphological data supported splitting S. salvini from S. saussurei and S. cristobalensis from S. veraecrucis, which is followed here. The salvini group includes S. cristobalensis, S. mecarthyi, S. salvin, S. sclateri, and S. stizodon and is closest to the saussurei group, both of which are included in an unnamed subgenus within Sorex. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Highlands of Huehuetenango, Quetzaltenango, Totonicapan, and Alta Verapaz departments, W &amp; C Guatemala.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 68 mm, tail 45 mm, ear 7 mm, hindfoot 14 mm; weight 7 g. Salvin’s Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is grayish brown (some specimens are more chocolate brown), and venter is about the same color. Tail is 66% of head-body length and slightly bicolored, being grayish brown above and slightly lighter below. Salvin’s Shrew has a short mandible, long tooth row, and shorter rostrum compared with the San Cristobal Shrew (S. cristobalensis) and McCarthy’s Shrew (S. mccarthyi). There are five unicuspids, first and second are large, third is barely taller than or sometimes equal in size to fourth, and fifth is minute. Teeth are pigmented dark red.</p> <p>Habitat. Broad-leaved and coniferous cloud forests at elevations of 2040-2950 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Salvin’s Shrew seems to have a relatively fragmented highland distribution that might be threatened by deforestation in the long run. Not much is known about Salvin’s Shrew, and additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Esteva et al. (2010), Matson &amp; Ordénez-Garza (2017), Woodman et al. (2012).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A026874BFAFAA0D316D0FA63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A027874BFF2AAEA114B3FC65.text	3D474A54A027874BFF2AAEA114B3FC65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex sclateri Merriam 1897	<div><p>42.</p> <p>Sclater’s Shrew</p> <p>Sorex sclateri</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Sclater / German: Sclater-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Sclater</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex sclateri Merriam, 1897,</p> <p>“ Tumbala, Chiapas, Mexico (alt., 5000 ft. [= 1524 m]).” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 17-3°N, longitude 92.32°W.”</p> <p>Sorex sclateri is included in the salvini group in an unnamed subgenus of Sorex based on morphometric data. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from two localities in N &amp; E Chiapas, SE Mexico.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 68-73 mm, tail 52-53 mm, ear 5-7 mm, hindfoot 15-16 mm; weight 7 g. Sclater’s Shrew is mediums-sized and the largest species in the salvini group. Dorsum is dark brown, and venteris slightly paler. Tail is ¢.75% of head-body length and slightly bicolored, being dark brown above and slightly paler below. Sclater’s Shrew has longer mandible and relatively less inflated cranium than other species in the salvini group. There are five unicuspids,first and second are large, third is barely taller than or sometimes equal in size to fourth, and fifth is minute. Teeth are pigmented dark red.</p> <p>Habitat. Tropical montane cloud forest at elevations of ¢.1700 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Sclater’s Shrew is known from only two small and very distant localities and is largely threatened by habitat destruction due to urbanization and agricultural expansion. In the past ten years, 15-22% of the region has been subject to habitat loss. Extent of occurrence is less than 100 km?,</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (2007), Cuarén &amp; de Grammont (2008), Esteva et al. (2010), Matson &amp; Ordénez-Garza (2017), Woodman et al. (2012).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A027874BFF2AAEA114B3FC65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A027874BFA29A8A21585F770.text	3D474A54A027874BFA29A8A21585F770.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex stizodon Merriam 1895	<div><p>43.</p> <p>Pale-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Sorex stizodon</p> <p>Funda Musaıaıgne à dents pôles Goımııı Helııhnspıtznıaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes pélidos</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex stizodon Merriam, 1895,</p> <p>“ San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico.” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 16-75°N, longitude 92-63°W.”</p> <p>Sorex stizodon is included in the salvini group in an unnamed subgenus of Sorex based on morphometric data. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from Reserva Ecologica Huitepec, C Chiapas, SE Mexico.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 66 mm, tail 41 mm, ear 6-8 mm, hindfoot 12-13-5 mm; weight 7 g. The Pale-toothed Shrew is relatively small. Dorsum is rusty brown to reddish brown, and venter is slightly paler. Tail is ¢.62% of head-body length and uniformly reddish brown. Cranium is relatively inflated, and teeth are unusually pigmented for the genus Sorex because they are pale light orange or yellowish rather than dark red in other species of Sorex. There are five unicuspids,first and second are large, third is smaller than fourth, and fifth is minute.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist montane pine-oak cloud forests at elevations of ¢.2700 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Pale-toothed Shrew is found only in one location in a protected area (Reserva Ecologica Huitepec), its known extent of occurrence is less than 100 km? and it seems to be threatened by habitat loss from agricultural expansion and general deforestation.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (2007), Cuarén, de Grammont, Matson &amp; Woodman (2008), Esteva et al. (2010), Matson &amp; Ordoénez-Garza (2017), Woodman et al. (2012).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A027874BFA29A8A21585F770	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A03A8756FFF7ADC61325F3CD.text	3D474A54A03A8756FFF7ADC61325F3CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex (Matson & McCarthy 2005) barrai	<div><p>45.</p> <p>Ibarra’s Shrew</p> <p>Sorex barrai</p> <p>French: Musaraigne d'Ibarra / German: |barra-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Ibarra</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex veraepacis ibarrar Matson &amp; McCarthy, 2005,</p> <p>“ Guatemala, Departamento El Progreso, Municipio San Augustin Acasaguastlan [sic], Reserva Biosfera Sierra de las Minas, Cerro Pinalon, Camino de las Torres, 2700 m; 15°04’54” N, 89°55°50” W.”</p> <p>Sorex ibarrai was recently described as a subspecies of S. veraepacis, but recent morphometric studies justify its status as a distinct species in the S. veraepacis group and an unnamed subgenus of Sorex. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, and El Progreso departments, C Guatemala.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 71-79 mm, tail 38-66 mm, ear 4-10 mm, hindfoot 14-21 mm; weight 6-135 g. Ibarra’s Shrew is medium-sized, but it is the largest and darkest member of the S. veraepacis group. Dorsum is dark blackish brown, and venter is slightly paler. Tail is 50-80% of head—body length and slightly bicolored, being dark blackish brown above and slightly paler below. Braincase is less inflated, and mandible is shorter relative to skull than in the Verapaz Shrew (S. veraepacis). Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, first and second are largest, third is smaller than or equalto fourth, and fifth is very small.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist cloud forests dominated by Persea (Lauraceae), Quercus (Fagaceae), Cyathea (Cyatheaceae), Podocarpus (Podocarpaceae), and various conifers at elevations of 1475-2800 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of Ibarra’s Shrew occurs year-round but is most common during wet season (April-July).</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Ibarra’s Shrew has a small distribution and might be affected by deforestation and general habitat loss, although very little is known and additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (2007), Matson (2008), Matson &amp; McCarthy (2005), Matson &amp; Ordénez-Garza (2017), Woodman et al. (2012).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A03A8756FFF7ADC61325F3CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A03A8756FFFEAA5E16D8F9CD.text	3D474A54A03A8756FFFEAA5E16D8F9CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex chiapensis (Jackson 1925)	<div><p>44.</p> <p>Chiapan Shrew</p> <p>Sorex chiapensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Chiapas / German: Chiapas-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Chiapas</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex veraepacis chiapensis H. H. T. Jackson, 1925,</p> <p>“ San Cristobal, altitude 9,500 feet [= 2896 m], State of Chiapas, Mexico.” Restricted by L.. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 16-75°N, longitude 92-63°W.”</p> <p>Sorex chiapensis has generally been included within S. veraepacis, although recent morphometric studies have identified S. chiapensis as a separate species from S. veraepacis. Sorex chiapensis is in the S. veraepacis group and an unnamed subgenus of Sorex. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Highlands of E Chiapas, SE Mexico, and W Guatemala.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 61-75 mm, tail 44-51 mm, hindfoot 14-15 mm; weight 6 g. The Chiapan Shrew is medium-sized but small compared with other members of the S. veraepacis group. Dorsum is gray to gray-brown, and venteris slightly lighter. Tail is ¢.70% of head-body length and either unicolored or slightly bicolored, being the same as dorsal color. Skull is small compared with other Guatemalan species of Sorex, and mandible is shorter, skull is flatter, and rostrum is wider than in the Sierra Shrew (S. madrensis). Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids,first and second are largest, third is usually smaller than fourth, and fifth is very small.</p> <p>Habitat. Pine-oak cloud forests at elevations of 3030-3160 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. A lactating Chiapan Shrew was captured in July.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Chiapan Shrew has a relatively small distribution and might be threatened by localized habitat destruction from logging although more research is needed. Its habitat in Guatemala has been heavily logged.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (2007, 2014l), Matson &amp; Ordénez-Garza (2017), Woodman et al. (2012).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A03A8756FFFEAA5E16D8F9CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A03A8756FAE2AA531879F932.text	3D474A54A03A8756FAE2AA531879F932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex macrodon Merriam 1895	<div><p>46.</p> <p>Mexican Large-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Sorex macrodon</p> <p>French: Musaraigne a grandes dents / German: Mexikanische GroRzahn-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes grandes de México</p> <p>Other common names: Large-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex macrodon Merriam, 1895,</p> <p>“ Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico (altitude, 4,200 feet [= 1280 m]).” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 18-85°N, longitude 97-08°W.”</p> <p>Sorex macrodon is closely related to S. veraecrucis and the S. veraecrucis group, which is included in an unnamed subgenus of Sorex. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. NE Puebla, CW Veracruz, and N Oaxaca, EC Mexico.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 79-84 mm, tail 49-52 mm, ear 5—7 mm, hindfoot 14-15-5 mm; weight 9-8-11-3 g. The Mexican Large-toothed Shrew is relatively large, similar in size to the somewhat larger Ibarra’s Shrew (S. ibarrai). Dorsum is very dark brown, and venter is slightly paler. Tail is ¢.60% of head-body length and uniformly dark brown. Skull is massive compared with related species, and nostrils and face are wide. I, has three denticles, pigmentation in one section, and deep interdentiular space. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, first and second are largest, third is usually smaller than fourth, and fifth is very small.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane cloud forests dominated by pine and oak at elevations of 1200-2600 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Mexican Large-toothed Shrew probably consists of small invertebrates and vertebrate carrion.</p> <p>Breeding. A lactating Mexican Large-toothed Shrew was captured in April.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Extent of occurrence of the Mexican Large-toothed Shrew is less than 20,000 km?®. It is known from fewer than ten locations and is threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation from agricultural and urban expansion.</p> <p>Bibliography. Avila (2014b), Carraway (2007), Castro-Arellano, de Grammont et al. (2008), Esteva et al. (2010).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A03A8756FAE2AA531879F932	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A03A8756FAF8AC5215DFF3D6.text	3D474A54A03A8756FAF8AC5215DFF3D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex madrensis Matson & Ordonez-Garza 2017	<div><p>47.</p> <p>Sierra Shrew</p> <p>Sorex madrensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Guatemala / German: Sierra-Madre-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Sierra Madre</p> <p>Other common names: Guatemalan Sierra Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex madrensis Matson &amp; Ordonez-Garza, 2017,</p> <p>“ approximately 5 km ENE Cabrican, Bosque Ojo de Agua, 3100 m, Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, latitude 15° 05’ N, longitude 91° 36° W.”</p> <p>Populations now attributed to S. madrensis have been included in S. veraepacis chiapensis (now a separate species) until S. madrensis was described as a separate species in 2017. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Sierra Madre in highlands of SW Guatemala.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 61-78 mm, tail 43-57 mm, ear 7 mm, hindfoot 14— 15 mm; weight 7 g. The Sierra Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is light gray, and venter is slightly paler. Tail is ¢.60-70% of head-body length and unicolored light gray. Cranium is inflated, mandible is long and deep, and rostrum is long compared with the Chiapan Shrew (S. chiapensis). Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, first and second are largest, third is usually smaller than fourth, and fifth is very small.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist montane cloud forests with deep leaf litter at elevations of 2300-3100 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Four female Sierra Shrews captured in July were lactating.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Sierra Shrew is known from 32 specimensat the type locality and might be threatened by habitat destruction. Little is known of its natural history, and additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Matson &amp; Ordénez-Garza (2017).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A03A8756FAF8AC5215DFF3D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A03B8757FF2DA7E61A5AF6DD.text	3D474A54A03B8757FF2DA7E61A5AF6DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex dispar Batchelder 1911	<div><p>50.</p> <p>Rock Shrew</p> <p>Sorex dispar</p> <p>French: Musaraigne a longue queue / German: Langschwanzspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafna de cola larga</p> <p>Other common names: Long-tailed Shrew; Gaspé Shrew (gaspensis)</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex dispar Batchelder, 1911,</p> <p>“ Beede’s [= Keene Heights], Essex county, New York,” USA.</p> <p>Sorex dispar is the only member of the S. dispar group and is in subgenus Otisorex. Sorex dispar has a basal position to the rest of Otisorex. Although S. gaspensis was previously recognized as a distinct species based on morphology, recent studies have found that S. gaspensis represents the northern limit of a cline from south to north within S. dispar and is considered a subspecies of S. dispar here. Genetic data also support this view because there was not clear genetic distinction between S. gaspensis and S. dispar. Subspecies are based primarily on morphology, but they might not be valid genetically. Three subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.d.disparBatchelder,1911—AppalachianMtsfromextremeSEQuebec(Canada)andMaineStoPennsylvania(NEUSA).</p> <p>S.d.blitchiSchwartz,1956—AppalachianMtsfromNWestVirginiaandWMarylandStoETennessee,WNorthCarolina,andNEGeorgia(ECUSA).</p> <p>S. d. gaspensis Anthony &amp; Goodwin, 1924 — Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec, New Brunswick, N Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton I (SE Canada).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 48-79 mm, tail 46-67 mm, hindfoot 11-15 mm; weight 2-8 g. The Rock Shrew is small to medium-sized. There is a cline in size from south to north, with individuals in the south being larger than individuals in the north. Dorsum is slate-gray, and venteris slightly paler gray, and northern individuals are slightly lighter. Feet are pale; ears are small and rounded. Tail is long at 80-100% of head— body length, well furred, and indistinctly bicolored, being dark gray above and lighter below. Teeth are skinnier than in other species of Sorex, and incisors are procumbent. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids,first and second are largest and nearly equal in size, third is slightly larger than fourth and both are smaller than first and second, and fifth is minute.</p> <p>Habitat. Evergreen or deciduous forested mountain habitats in rocky areas and deep crevices between rocks (including artificially made concrete and rock piles).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Rock Shrew generally contains invertebrates such as centipedes, insects (including beetles), and spiders, and some plant material has been found in stomach contents. Centipedes seem to be primary prey.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding of the Rock Shrew seems to occur from late April until August. About two litters can be produced each year, and litters have 2-6 young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Despite its long tail and long digits for gripping, the Rock Shrew is subterranean in nature and spends much ofits time traversing through spaces between rocks and within crevices 30-60 cm below the surface.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Rock Shrews are solitary unless breeding or rearing young. Very little is known oftheir habits and population dynamics because they are difficult to capture or observe while moving under rocks and soil rather than aboveground.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Rock Shrew has a very wide distribution and might be more common than what is indicated by trapping efforts. There do not seem to be any major threats affecting the Rock Shrew, but general habitat destruction mightaffect it long term.</p> <p>Bibliography. Conaway &amp; Pfitzer (1952), French &amp; Kirkland (1983), Huggins &amp; Kennedy (1989), Kirkland (1981, 1986), Kirkland &amp; Schmidt (1982), Kirkland &amp; Van Deusen (1979), Laerm et al. (1997), Linzey &amp; Linzey (1973), NatureServe (Whittaker et al.) (2016), Rhymer et al. (2004), Richmond &amp; Grimm (1950), Scott (1987), Starrett (1954), Whitaker &amp; French (1984), Woolaver et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A03B8757FF2DA7E61A5AF6DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A03B8757FF20AA5D16D0F979.text	3D474A54A03B8757FF20AA5D16D0F979.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex mutabilis (Merriam 1898)	<div><p>48.</p> <p>Mutable Shrew</p> <p>Sorex mutabilis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne variable / German: Variable Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafia mudable</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex saussurei mutabilis Merriam, 1898,</p> <p>“ Reyes [= Cerca de Cuicatlan], Oaxaca, Mexico.” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 17-22°N, longitude 96-83°W.”</p> <p>Sorex mutabilis is generally included as a subspecies of S. veraepacis but is recognized here as a distinct species. In a genetic study by M. Esteva and colleagues in 2010, specimens attributed to S. mutabilis did not cluster with other S. veraepacis, indicating thatthey are distinct species, although more focused studies involving S. mutabilis are needed to verify this. Distributional limits between S. mutabilis and S. ixtlanensis are currently uncertain. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Guerrero and Oaxaca, S Mexico.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 61-76 mm, tail 48-61 mm, hindfoot 13-16 mm; weight 6 g. The Mutable Shrew is medium-sized,similar to the Verapaz Shrew (S. veraepacis). Dorsum is dark reddish brown, and venter is lighter reddish brown. Tail is ¢.80% of head-body length and uniformly dark reddish brown. Median tines of I' are well pigmented, and I is pigmented in three sections. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids,first and second are largest, third is usually smaller than fourth, and fifth is very small.</p> <p>Habitat. Pine-oak cloud forests with deep leaflitter at elevations of ¢.700-3000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Until being named a distinct species here, the Mutable Shrew was included in the Verapaz Shrew (S. ver aepacis), which is classified as Least Concern. The Mutable Shrew might be at risk from localized habitat destruction, but additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (2007, 2014l), Esteva et al. (2010), Matson &amp; Ordénez-Garza (2017).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A03B8757FF20AA5D16D0F979	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A03B8757FF2BAD8E161DF3A0.text	3D474A54A03B8757FF2BAD8E161DF3A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex veraepacis Alston 1877	<div><p>49.</p> <p>Verapaz Shrew</p> <p>Sorex veraepacis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Verapaz / German: Verapaz-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musaraia de Verapaz</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex verae-pacis Alston, 1877,</p> <p>“ Coban (Vera Paz [= Alta Verapaz Department]), Guatemala.”</p> <p>S. wveraepacis usually includes S. barra, S. chiapensis, and S. mutabilis, although recent genetic and morphometric studies have validated these forms as distinct species. Nevertheless additional morphometric studies are needed to validate S. mutabilis and additional genetic studies are needed to validate S. ibarrai and S. chiapensis. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Huehuetenango Department, E to around Coban, Alta Verapaz Department, W &amp; C Guatemala.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 67-78 mm, tail 45-57 mm, ear 5 mm, hindfoot 14— 16 mm; weight 6 g. The Verapaz Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is blackish brown, and venteris slightly paler. Tail is ¢.70% of head-body length and is essentially unicolored blackish brown. Braincase is slightly more inflated, and mandible and rostrum are longer than in Ibarra’s Shrew (S. ibarrai). Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, first and second are largest,third is usually smaller than fourth, and fifth is very small.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane cloud forests with deep leaflitter at elevations of 2680-3350 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of the Verapaz Shrew seems to be common during wet season.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. This assessment includes populations now attributed to Ibarra’s Shrew, the Chiapan Shrew (S. chiapensis), and the Mutable Shrew (S. mutabilis). Distribution of the Verapaz Shrew is relatively restricted, and it is threatened by habitat loss from agricultural and urban expansion.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (2007), Esteva et al. (2010), Matson &amp; Ordéfez-Garza (2017).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A03B8757FF2BAD8E161DF3A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A03B8750FA12A22A129FF662.text	3D474A54A03B8750FA12A22A129FF662.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex fumeus G. S. Miller 1895	<div><p>51.</p> <p>Smoky Shrew</p> <p>Sorex fumeus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne fuligineuse / German: Rauchfarbene Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafia ahumada</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex fumeus G. S. Miller, 1895,</p> <p>“ Peterboro [Madison Co.], N. Y. [= New York],” USA.</p> <p>Sorexfumeus is in the S. oreopolus group and subgenus Ofisorex along with S. tenellus, S. nanus, S. oreopolus, S. orizabae, and S. ventralis. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.f.fumeusG.S.Miller,1895—SECanada(SOntarioandSQuebec)andEUSA(NEMinnesota,NewEngland,exceptmostofMaine,NVermont,andNNewHamnsire,SIndiana,Ohio,Pennsylvania,WestVirginia,Maryland,WNewJersey,Kentucky,N&amp;WVirginia,ETennessee,WNorthCarolina,NEGeorgia,andNWSouthCarolina).</p> <p>S. f. umbrosus H. H. T. Jackson, 1917 — SE Canada (SE Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia) and NE USA (NE New York, N Vermont, N New Hampshire, and most of Maine).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 59-75 mm, tail 43-53 mm, hindfoot 12-15 mm; weight 5-9 g. The Smoky Shrew is medium-sized. In summer, dorsum is grayish brown, and venter is pale brown. In winter, dorsum is dark gray to nearly blackish, and venteris pale gray. In southern part of the distribution, Smoky Shrews can have dark dorsal stripe that extends onto forelimbs and lightersides. Feet are whitish; ears are small and rounded but relatively conspicuous. Tail is ¢.75% of head-body length, well furred, and bicolored, being grayish brown above and lighter below. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids,first and second are largest and nearly equal in size, third is slightly larger than fourth, and both are smaller than first and second, and fifth is minute. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 66 and FN = 98.</p> <p>Habitat. Mostly damp areas in various conifer and hardwood forest habitats, being most common in deciduous forests. Smoky Shrews are often associated with mosscovered logs and rocks, deep leaf litter, thick vegetation, and stream edge habitats. In Canada, they have been reported from swamps and bogs, rocky slopes, and grassy areas surrounded by forest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diets of Smoky Shrews consist of various small invertebrates and small amounts of vegetation. In North Carolina, diets contained centipedes (36:5%), earthworms (19%), adult lepidopterans (19-5%), adult scarabaeids (10%), and various other insect larvae and sowbugs. Individually, centipedes seem to make up the largest proportion oftheir diet, along with various larval and adult insects. Earthworms also make up a large part of diets, indicating that they will often dig to find food and forage hypogeally. Fungus (Endogone) and snails have also been reported in diets on occasion. In captivity, individuals were maintained on small snails, beetles, small earthworms, mouse meat, centipedes, spiders, and sowbugs. Overall, Smoky Shrews are generalists and might also feed on carrion (as indicated by feeding on mouse meat in captivity). They do not seem to be able to kill other small mammals such as mice; however, when a Smoky Shrew was placed in the same enclosure as a deermouse (Peromyscus sp.), it attempted to kill it but gave up after several attempts.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of the Smoky Shrew occurs from late March until early October (generally from spring until late summer/early autumn); breeding begins later in northern regions, such as Maine where it starts in late April or early May. Female reproductive organs mature later in the season than males. Like all temperate shrews, Smoky Shrews overwinter as immatures and loose significant weight beforehand, quickly gaining it back in spring before reproducing. Litters have 2-8 young (average c.5-5). Pregnant females are generally found in April-September, and lactating females have been found as late as early October. Gestation lasts c.3 weeks, and as many as three litters can be produced in a season. Smoky Shrews only live c.14-17 months.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Although Smoky Shrews are active day and night, but they are more active throughout the night. They seem to forage epigeally on the surface and hypogeally under the surface, which might allow them to coexist with competing Rock Shrews (S. dispar) in certain regions. Nests of Smoky Shrews are spherical (¢.23 cm in diameter); located in hollow logs, within tunnels, or under debris on forest floors (10.2-22.9 cm underground); and lined with animal fur and plant material.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. To forage and move around, Smoky Shrews use pre-existing tunnels underground and runways aboveground. They rarely create their own tunnels and runways, generally using those created by other small mammals. They are solitary except when breeding and rearing young; males abandon their home ranges, while females expand theirs during the breeding season; and males promiscuously breed with many females and competing with other males. Densities vary throughout the year and among populations. Densities up to 143 ind/ha have been reported, but ¢.2 ind/ha is more common. In good habitat in New York, densities were 62-124 ind/ha, which is exceptionally high because densities are 12-15 ind/ha in other regions. Densities are highest just after the breeding season and decrease as older individuals die during autumn and winter.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Smoky Shrew has a wide distribution and no major threats. It seems to benefit from habitat modification because it expanded westward after coniferous forests were deforested and replaced by deciduous regrowth.</p> <p>Bibliography. Blair (1940), Bole (1939), Bole &amp; Moulthrop (1942), Brannon (2000), Buckner (1957), Burt (1940), Caldwell et al. (1981), Cassola (2016m), Hamilton (1940), Jannett &amp; Oehlenschlager (1994), Meylan (1968a), Owen (1984), Sipe &amp; Browne (2004), Whitaker &amp; Cudmore (1986), Whitaker &amp; French (1984), Whitaker et al. (1975).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A03B8750FA12A22A129FF662	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A03C8750FAFDA8FB17B2F447.text	3D474A54A03C8750FAFDA8FB17B2F447.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex nanus Merriam 1895	<div><p>53.</p> <p>Dwarf Shrew</p> <p>Sorex nanus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne naine / German: \Westamerikanische Zwergspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana enana</p> <p>Other common names: Rocky Mountain Dwarf Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex tenellus nanus Merriam, 1895,</p> <p>“ Estes Park [Larimer Co.], Colorado,” USA.</p> <p>Sorex nanus is closest to S. tenellus, and both are in the S. oreopolus group and subgenus Otisorex. Although S. tenellus and S. nanus are similar and once considered conspecific, they are morphologically distinguishable and distinct based on allozyme frequencies. They seem to have only recently diverged, but their specific status needs additional assessment with genetic nd morphometric data. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. WC USA from Montana S through Wyoming, SW South Dakota, extreme NW Nebraska, Utah, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico; probably SE Idaho as well.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 50-60 mm, tail 27-45 mm, hindfoot 10-11 mm; weight 2-4 g. The Dwarf Shrew is very small, similar to the Inyo Shrew (S. tenellus) but smaller in size with proportionally shortertail. Dorsal pelage is pale gray, with brownish wash; venteris silvery gray. Winter pelageis lighter than summer pelage. Feet are pale; ears are rounded and small. Tail is ¢.60-75% of head-body length and bicolored, being pale brown above and paler below, with small blackish tuft at tip. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids,third is smaller than first, second, and fourth, and fifth is significantly smaller than the rest.</p> <p>Habitat. Various alpine habitats including rocky areas of alpine tundra, sedge marshes, subalpine meadows, dry brushy slopes,arid shortgrass prairies, dry stubble fields, and pinyon-juniper woodlands. Dwarf Shrews most often occur in high-elevation open areas, although they occasionally occur in subalpine coniferous forests.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Dwarf Shrews primarily eat rock-dwelling small invertebrates (worms,snails, centipedes, insects, spiders), especially soft-bodied spiders and insects. They also eat carcasses of small vertebrates (e.g. mice and other shrews), salamanders, and some plant material on rare occasions. They are known to cache extra prey to eat later.</p> <p>Breeding. Although breeding season of Dwarf Shrews is not completely known, they seem to begin breeding in June because first litter is generally produced in late July or early August. Dwarf Shrews might breed earlier and have more offspring at lower elevations. Two litters, sometimes three, are produced each year, with second appearing around late August or early September. Litters have 4-8 young (average c.6-5).</p> <p>Activity patterns. Dwarf Shrews seem to be active day and nightlike other shrews.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Dwarf Shrews are solitary except when breeding and rearing young.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Dwarf Shrew has a wide distribution and does not seem to have any major threats; however, because of their high-elevation lifestyle, they might be affected by global climate change. They have been considered rare, although this could be due to difficulty in capturing them.</p> <p>Bibliography. Backlund (1995), Berna (1990), Brown (1967), Cassola (2016p), Clark &amp; Stromberg (1987), George (1988, 1990), Hafner &amp; Stahlecker (2002), Hoffmann &amp; Owen (1980), MacCracken et al. (1985), Thompson (1977).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A03C8750FAFDA8FB17B2F447	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A03C8750FFF6A2A41A66FC97.text	3D474A54A03C8750FFF6A2A41A66FC97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex tenellus Merriam 1895	<div><p>52.</p> <p>Inyo Shrew</p> <p>Sorex tenellus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne d’Inyo / German: Inyo-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Inyo</p> <p>Other common names: Great Basin Dwarf Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex tenellus Merriam, 1895,</p> <p>“ summit of Alabama Hills near Lone Pine, Owens Valley [Inyo Co.], Calif[ornia].” USA.</p> <p>Sorex tenellus is closest to S. nanus, and both are in the S. oreopolus group and subgenus Otisorex. Although S. tenellus and S. nanus are similar and once considered conspecific, they are morphologically distinguishable and distinct based on allozyme frequencies. They seem to have only recently diverged, buttheir specific status needs additional assessment with genetic and morphometric data. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Great Basin in EC California and SW Nevada as well as an isolated record from WC Utah (SW USA).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 48-74 mm,tail 36-48 mm, hindfoot 11-12 mm; weight 3-4 g. The Inyo Shrew is very small and similar to the Dwarf Shrew (S. nanus), although it is larger on average with a longertail and slightly lighter pelage. Dorsum is pale gray, with brownish wash, but it is sometimes reddish; venteris silvery gray. Winter pelage is lighter than summer pelage. Feet are pale; ears are rounded and small. Tail is ¢.60-75% of head-body length and bicolored, being pale brown above and paler below, with small blackish tuft at tip. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids,third is smaller than first, second, and fourth, and fifth is significantly smaller than the rest.</p> <p>Habitat. Riparian habitats and bottoms of canyons in mountainous regions.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Inyo Shrews probably eat small invertebrates including wind-borne insects that are swept up to high elevations by winds, worms, mollusks, and centipedes.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although there are no major threats affecting the Inyo Shrew,its distribution is relatively small, andlittle is known ofits ecology. Additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cassola (2016r), George (1988), Hoffmann &amp; Owen (1980), Rickart, Heaney &amp; Hoffmann (2004), Rickart, Robson et al. (2017), Shohfi et al. (2006), Williams (1984).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A03C8750FFF6A2A41A66FC97	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A03C8751FAFAA7421707FB03.text	3D474A54A03C8751FAFAA7421707FB03.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex oreopolus Merriam 1892	<div><p>54.</p> <p>Mexican Long-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Sorex oreopolus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne fantéme / German: Vulkan-Langschwanzspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de cola larga de México</p> <p>Other common names: \/olcano Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex oreopolus Merriam, 1892,</p> <p>“ Sierra de Colima, Jalisco, Mexico (altitude, 10,000 feet [= 3048 m]).” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 19-55°N, longitude 103-63°W.”</p> <p>Sorex oreopolus is in the S. oreopolus group along with S. fumeus, S. tenellus, S. nanus, S. orizabae, and S. ventralis. The S. oreopolus group seemsto be closestto the S. veraecrucis group and in subgenus Otisorex. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Jalisco, México, Distrito Federal, Morelos, Tlaxcala, and Puebla, EC &amp; SC Mexico.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 53-66 mm, tail 35-46 mm, ear 5-7 mm, hindfoot 12-5-14 mm; weight 5 g. The Mexican Long-tailed Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is dark brown, and venter is grayish brown. Tail is c.60-70% of head-body length and slightly bicolored, being dark brown above and slightly lighter below. I' has median tine located above pigmentation, and I, has two denticles, deep interdenticular space, pigmentation on one section, and long strip of pigmentation on anteromedial edge. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, third is smaller than first, second, and fourth, andfifth is significantly smaller than the rest. Teeth are pigmented dark red.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane pine-oak-fir forests and tussock grasslands at elevations of ¢.2500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Mexican Long-tailed Shrew is found in Iztaccthuatl-Popocatépetl National Park and is threatened by deforestation outside the Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Alvarez-Castaneda et al. (2017a), Carraway (2007), Castro-Arellano (2014b), Esteva et al. (2010).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A03C8751FAFAA7421707FB03	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A03D8751FF26AE0516D4F52B.text	3D474A54A03D8751FF26AE0516D4F52B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex orizabae Merriam 1895	<div><p>55.</p> <p>Orizaba Long-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Sorex orizabae</p> <p>French: Musaraigne d'Orizaba / German: Orizaba-Langschwanzspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de cola larga de Orizaba</p> <p>Other common names: Orizaba Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex orizabae Merriam, 1895,</p> <p>“ Mount Orizaba, State of Puebla, Mexico (altitude, 9,500 feet [= 2896 m]).” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 19-02°N, longitude 97-27°W.”</p> <p>Sorex orizabae was included in S. oreopolus as a subspecies until it was recognized recently as a distinct species. It is in the S. oreopolus group and subgenus Otisorex.</p> <p>Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Michoacan, México, Distrito Federal, Morelos, Tlaxcala, Puebla, and Veracruz, SC Mexico.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 54-71 mm, tail 33-43 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm; weight 6 g. The Orizaba Long-tailed Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is grizzled brown (due to white banding on hairs), and venteris considerably lighter brown. Tail is ¢.60% of head-body length and bicolored, being brown above and lighter below. I, has three denticles, deep interdenticular spaces, pigment on two sections of tooth, and long strip of pigmentation on anteromedial edge of tooth. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, third is smaller than first, second, and fourth, and fifth is significantly smaller than the rest.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane valleys bordering pine forests and talus slopes above tree line at elevations of 2060-4175 m. The Orizaba Long-tailed Shrew also occurs in secondary and disturbed habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Orizaba Long-tailed Shrew has no major threats but has a relatively restricted distribution. It is apparently tolerant to some degree of habitat modification.</p> <p>Bibliography. Alvarez-Castaneda et al. (2017b), Carraway (2007, 2014i), Esteva et al. (2010).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A03D8751FF26AE0516D4F52B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A03D8751FF2BA058153EFBE9.text	3D474A54A03D8751FF2BA058153EFBE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex ventralis Merriam 1895	<div><p>56.</p> <p>Chestnut-bellied Shrew</p> <p>Sorex ventralis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne a ventre brun / German: Kastanienbauch-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafa de vientre castano</p> <p>Other common names: San Felipe Long-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex obscurus ventralis Merriam, 1895,</p> <p>“ Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, Mexico (altitude, 10,000 feet [= 3048 m]).” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 16-28°N, longitude 97-74°W.”</p> <p>Sorex ventralis is in the S. oreopolus group and subgenus Otisorex. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. México E through Distrito Federal and Tlaxcala to Puebla, and SW to Oaxaca, C &amp; S Mexico.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 61-69 mm, tail 36-43 mm, ear 5-7 mm, hindfoot 13 mm; weight 5 g. The Chestnutbellied Shrew is relatively small. Dorsum is chestnut brown to dark blackish brown, and venter is barely lighter. Tail is ¢.60% of head-body length and bicolored, similar to the body. I' has pigmented median tine. I, has two denticles, shallow interdenticular space, pigment on one section, and long strip of pigmentation on anteromedial edge of tooth. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, third is smaller than first, second, and fourth, and fifth is significantly smaller than the rest.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane pine-fir-oak forests and adjacent meadows at elevations of 2760 3000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Chestnut-bellied Shrew is common, has a large distribution, and occurs in multiple protect ed areas including Los Volcanes Biosphere Reserve. It seems to be locally threatened by deforestation from urban and agricultural expansion.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (2007), Castro-Arellano &amp; Ceballos (2014c), Ceballos &amp; Oliva (2006), Esteva et al. (2010), Matson, Woodman et al. (2017b).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A03D8751FF2BA058153EFBE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A03D8751FA25AF251B18F5C0.text	3D474A54A03D8751FA25AF251B18F5C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex veraecrucis (H. H. T. Jackson 1925)	<div><p>57.</p> <p>Veracruz Shrew</p> <p>Sorex veraecrucis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Veracruz / German: Veracruz-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Veracruz</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex saussurei veraecrucis H. H. T. Jackson, 1925,</p> <p>“ Xico, altitude 6,000 feet [= 1829 m], State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 19-42°N, longitude 97-0°W.”</p> <p>Sorex veraecrucis is included in the S. veraecrucis group along with S. ixtlanensis based on recent genetic data that placed them sister to each other and close to the S. oreopolus group. Sorex veraecrucis previously included S. altoensis and S. cristobalensis, although both are considered distinct species based primarily on genetic data, because S. altoensis was closer to S. saussurei and S. cristobalensis was closer to S. salvini, both of which are in an unnamed subgenus of Sorex. Additional research is needed to clarify taxonomic status of subspecies. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.v.veraecrucisH.H.T.Jackson,1925—WC&amp;SVeracruz,EPuebla,andN&amp;COaxaca,EC&amp;SCMexico.</p> <p>S. v. oaxacae H. H. T. Jackson, 1925 — S Oaxaca, SC Mexico.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—-body 46-72 mm, tail 45-75 mm, hindfoot 12-16 mm; weight 6 g. The Veracruz Shrew is a small- to medium-sized. Dorsum is medium grayish brown, and venteris grayish white or grayish blond. Tail ranges from 70% (in oaxacae) to 120-140% (in veraecrucis) of head-body length and is uniformly medium brown. I1 has either deep (oaxacae) or shallow (veraecrucis) interdenticular space. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, first and second are largest, third is usually smaller than fourth, and fifth is very small.</p> <p>Habitat. High-elevation (1600-3000 m) temperate forest and corn/oatfields.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Veracruz Shrew is relatively common with a wide distribution, although there is not much information available aboutits ecology, and localized threats are unknown.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (2007), Esteva et al. (2010), Matson &amp; Ordénez-Garza (2017).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A03D8751FA25AF251B18F5C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A03D8752FA2FA1C110A6FC61.text	3D474A54A03D8752FA2FA1C110A6FC61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex ixtlanensis Carraway 2007	<div><p>5 8.</p> <p>Ixtlan Shrew</p> <p>Sorex ixtlanensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne d'Ixtlan / German: Ixtlan-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafna de Ixtlan</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex ixtlanensis Carraway, 2007,</p> <p>“N slope Cerro Pélon, 31-6 kms. S (by road) <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-25.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -25.0/lat 36.0)">Vista Hermosa</a>, 2650 m., Oaxaca, latitude 17- 36°N, longitude 95- 25°W.”</p> <p>Sorex ixtlanensis was only described as a distinct species in 2007 based on morphological data, which was validated by M. Esteva and colleagues in 2010 based on genetic data that demonstrated its close relationship with S. veraecrucis. It is in the S. veraecrucis group and subgenus Otisorex.</p> <p>Distributional limits between S. ixtlanensis and S. mutabilis are currently unresolved. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Guerrero and Oaxaca, SC Mexico.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 66-77 mm,tail 45-67 mm, hindfoot 14-16 mm; weight 6 g. The Ixtlan Shrew is medium-sized, similar to the Mutable Shrew (S. mutabilis). Dorsum is reddish brown, and venteris lighter reddish brown. Tail is 65-85% of headbody length and unicolored reddish brown. I, has long strip of pigment at anteromedial edge. It can be distinguished from the Mutable Shrew by median tines above pigment on body of I' and presence of pigment on I, on one section. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids,first and second are largest, third is usually smaller than fourth, and fifth is very small.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane conifer and pine-oak forests with deep leaf litter at elevations of 1900-3000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Ixtlan Shrew was only recently described and is known from a relatively small distribution that is not fully resolved. More research is needed to make a proper assessment, but it is threatened by deforestation.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (2007, 2014i), Esteva et al. (2010).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A03D8752FA2FA1C110A6FC61	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A03E8752FF09A11F14BDF7A5.text	3D474A54A03E8752FF09A11F14BDF7A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex longirostris Bachman 1837	<div><p>60.</p> <p>South-eastern Shrew</p> <p>Sorex longirostris</p> <p>French: Musaraigne a long nez / German: Langschnauzen-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana suroriental</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex longirostris Bachman, 1837,</p> <p>“swamps of Santee [River],” South Carolina. Restricted by H. H. T. Jackson in 1928 to “ Hume Plantation, swamps of the Santee River [Cat Island, mouth of the Santee River], S[outh]. C[arolina].”</p> <p>Sorex longirostris is in the S. cinereus group and subgenus Otisorex. It seems to be closest to S. cinereus phylogenetically with one study finding that specimens of S. longirostris were nested within S. cinereus closest to specimens from eastern populations, although S. cinereus might represent multiple species. Subspecies fisheri might be a distinct species based on its largersize, although additional studies are needed to validate this. Three subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.llongurostrisBachman,1837—fromEOklahomaEtoNMarylandandfromNIIlinoisandNIndianaStoNFlorida(EUSA).</p> <p>.</p> <p>S.l.eionisJ.A.Davis,1957—N&amp;CFlorida(SEUSA).</p> <p>S. l. fisheri Merriam, 1895 — Dismal Swamps of SE Virginia and NE North Carolina (EC USA).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 44-57 mm, tail 39-44 mm, hindfoot 9-11 mm; weight 2-6 g. The South-eastern Shrew is small, with short rostrum compared with most other congeners, despite its binomial name longirostris meaning “long nosed.” Subspecies etonis and fisheri are ¢.20% larger than nominate longirostris. Dorsum is reddish brown, and venteris pale buffy gray. Tops of feet are pale. Tails are ¢.75-90% of head-body length, narrow, and bicolored, being dark above and lighter below. There are five unicuspids, gradually getting slightly smaller from first to fourth, with third usually a bit smaller than or equal to fourth and fifth minute compared with other four. Teeth are pigmented dark red, being lighter than in the Masked Shrew (S. cinereus), and skull is smaller and shorter with broader and shorter rostrum. Skull of fisher: is longer and relatively narrower than in nominate longirostris, and eionis is intermediate between the other two subspecies. Palate is broad and short.</p> <p>Habitat. Various moist habitats, including swamps, marshes, and bogs, and upland shrublands and woodlands, generally around rivers and other wet areas with dense ground cover, from sea level to elevations of c.762 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. South-eastern Shrews primarily eat small invertebrates, especially spiders, caterpillars, slugs, snails, crickets, beetles, and centipedes. They also eat small amounts of vegetation. They forage epigeally, reflected by their diets by large proportions of epigeal prey (spiders, ground-dwelling insects, etc.). Most important food items seem to be spiders, lepidopteran larvae, crickets, adult beetles, and harvestmen, which is very similar to the diets of the Masked Shrew with which South-eastern Shrews might compete. In captivity, they have been reported feeding on flesh of a cotton rat (Sigmodon sp.) and a House Mouse (Mus musculus); they might feed on carrion in the wild.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of the South-eastern Shrew seems to occur from March until early October, with most pregnant females encountered in April. Young generally start appearing in May. Litters generally have 1-6 young (average c.4 young), but subspecies fisheri apparently haslitters with 6-10 young and can produce two or more litters during a breeding season. Some females have been reported to breed within the season they were born. They can live c.18-19 months, generally not surviving more than one winter, although individuals born very late in the breeding season might survive two winters.</p> <p>Activity patterns. South-eastern Shrews are active day and night but are most active at night. Nests are built under rotten logs and other large objects and are constructed with leaves and other vegetation.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The South-eastern Shrew is primarily solitary except when breeding and rearing young. Nevertheless, there are reports of several adults sharing a single nest outside the breeding season (November). Southeastern Shrews might show some level of sociality similar to that of the North American Least Shrew (Cryptotis parvus), although additional studies are needed. Echolocation frequency of the South-eastern Shrew was recorded at 22 kHz. Densities are 30-44 ind/ha in Alabama.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Southeastern Shrew is common and widespread and faces no major threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cassola (2016n), Erdle &amp; Pagels (1995), French (1980a, 1980b, 1984), Hope et al. (2012), Jackson (1928), Jones et al. (1991), Junge &amp; Hoffmann (1981), Lucas &amp; Hoffman (2015), Pagels et al. (1982), Rose (1980), Taylor &amp; Wilkinson (1988).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A03E8752FF09A11F14BDF7A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A03E8752FF0DA8A61373F5E9.text	3D474A54A03E8752FF0DA8A61373F5E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex rohweri R. L.. Rausch, Feagin & V. R. Rausch 2007	<div><p>59.</p> <p>Olympic Shrew</p> <p>Sorex rohweri</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Rohwer / German: RohwerSpitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Olympic</p> <p>Other common names: Rohwer's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex rohwer: R. L.. Rausch, Feagin &amp; V. R. Rausch, 2007,</p> <p>“ Olympic <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-122.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -122.95/lat 47.85)">Peninsula</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-122.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -122.95/lat 47.85)">Washington State</a>, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-122.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -122.95/lat 47.85)">Quilcene</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-122.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -122.95/lat 47.85)">Penny Creek</a>, at lat. 47°51’ N, long. 122°57W.”</p> <p>Sorex rohweri was only recently described as a distinct species from S. cinereus (which it was originally misidentified as) and is in the S. cinereus group and subgenus Ofisorex. S. rohweri seems to represent a basal lineage in the S. cinereus group (¢.870.000 years ago) and probably diverged early in the evolutionary history of the group. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SW Canada (SW British Columbia) and NW USA (W Washington and NW Oregon).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 47-69 mm, tail 37-49 mm, hindfoot 10-13 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Olympic Shrew is small to mediumsized and externally similar to the Masked Shrew (S. cinereus). Dorsum is dark brown, and venter is slightly lighter. Tail averages 78% (63-100%) of head-body length and is uniformly dark brown. Teeth are pigmented dark red and are typically paler than in the Masked Shrew and Vagrant Shrew (S. vagrans). Upper incisors of the Olympic Shrew have wider interdenticular space (being more V-shaped) than in the Masked Shrew. There are five unicuspids, gradually getting slightly smaller from first to fourth, with fifth being minute compared with the other four.</p> <p>Habitat. Primarily lowland mature stands in temperate moist forests from sea level up to elevations of ¢.700 m. Olympic Shrews are also occasionally found in areas in which forests have been cleared or degraded.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Olympic Shrew has a relatively wide distribution and can be found in disturbed habitats, indicating that it is tolerant of human activity. Very little is known of its ecology.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cassola (2017a), Hope et al. (2012), Nagorsen &amp; Panter (2009), Rausch et al. (2007), Woodman &amp; Fisher (2016).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A03E8752FF0DA8A61373F5E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A03E8753FAF3A3EF1BFFFA43.text	3D474A54A03E8753FAF3A3EF1BFFFA43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex cinereus (Kerr 1792)	<div><p>61.</p> <p>Masked Shrew</p> <p>Sorex cinereus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne cendrée / German: Amerikanische Maskenspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana ceniza</p> <p>Other common names: Cinereus Shrew, Common Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex arcticus cinereus Kerr, 1792,</p> <p>Fort Severn, Ontario, Canada.</p> <p>Sorex cinereus is in the S. cinereus group and subgenus Otisorex. The S. cinereus group contains S. rohweri, S. longirostris, S. cinereus, S. fontinalis, S. lyelli, S. emarginatus, S. millet, S. preblei, S. hayden, S. pribilofensis, S. ugyunak, S. portenkoi, S. jacksoni, S. camtschaticus, and S. leucogaster. S. fontinalis has generally been considered a subspecies of S. cinereus but is considered a separate species here because the two species apparently overlap in distribution in Pennsylvania without interbreeding, although genetic data are needed to supportits species status. Recently, some Pacific Northwest populations have been described as a new species, S. rohweri, based on morphometric and genetic data. Sorex longipilis and S. milleri are included in S. cinereus genetically, but S. cinereus might represent multiple species. Recent genetic data have found various clades in S. cinereus from the Midwest, West, Southwest, Southeast, and East; S. longirostris being closest to the East clade; and S. milleri being closest to the Midwest clade. Sorex miller: might represent a relict population of S. cinereus, although morphometric data show that S. milleriis distinct; additional research is needed. Morphological data placed S. cinereus close to S. haydeni and S. fontinalis, although genetic data have not supported this. Two populations from south-western USA were closer to various other species, one from the central Rocky Mountains being closer to S. lyelli and the Beringian clade, while the other from northern Arizona and New Mexico was closer to S. haydeni and S. preblei. Subspecies acadicus is now considered a junior synonym of nominotypical cinereus based on recent morphometric studies. Subspecies here do not currently represent distributions of major clades in S. cinereus. Seven subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.c.cinereusKerr,1792—N&amp;EAlaskaE&amp;SthroughmuchofCanada(includingNewfoundland,NovaS.c.,andPrinceEdwardI)intothecontinentalUSAasfarSas NCNewMexicoandNGeorgia.</p> <p>S. c. hollister: H. H. T. Jackson, 1925 —-W &amp; C Alaska (USA).</p> <p>S.c.lesueuriiDuvernoy,1842—NIllinoisEtotheSportionofMichiganandStoS Indiana(NEUSA).</p> <p>S.c.miscixBangs,1899—LabradorandNEQuebec(ECanada).</p> <p>S.c.magriculusGreen,1932—SNewJersey(NEUSA).</p> <p>S.c.ohionensisBole&amp;Moulthrop,1942—N&amp;CMichigan,Ohio,andEPennsylvania(NEUSA).</p> <p>S. c. streatori Merriam, 1895 — SE Alaska to SW British Columbia along the full Pacific coast of W Canada.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 42-67 mm, tail 29-50 mm, hindfoot 10-5-13 mm; weight 2-5-6 g. The Masked Shrew is relatively small, similar to the South-eastern Shrew (S. longirostris) and the Maryland Shrew (S. fontinalis). Dorsum is dark brown, sometimes with darker dorsal line and paler sides, and their entire body is grayer in winter. Venter is distinctly paler than dorsum, being grayish brown with silvery tinge. Tail is c.65-80% of head-body length, narrow, and distinctly bicolored, being dark brown above and nearly white below; tip has distinct black tuft of hair 2-3 mm long, unlike the Prairie Shrew (S. haydeni) that has brown tip on tail. There are five unicuspids,first four are approximately the same size, becoming slightly smaller from first to fourth, and fifth is significantly smaller butstill visible in tooth row; some individuals have a third unicuspid that is smaller than fourth, especially in subspecies ohionensis. Teeth are pigmented dark red, being darker than that of the South-eastern Shrew. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 66 and FN = 70.</p> <p>Habitat. Wide variety of habitats including arid grasslands, woodlands, marshlands, and tundra. The Masked Shrew is a habitat generalist in temperate and polar regions and is often one of the most common shrews and small mammals in an area. Although Masked Shrews can be found in more arid habitats, they often require areas with moisture and are captured at highest densities in grass-sedge marshes, willow-alder fens, heath moss bogs, various swamp habitats, and some shrublands and prairies and are less common in xeric and tundra habitats although they are still present. When sympatric with the Prairie Shrew, Masked Shrews stay more in forested and woodland habitats, and Prairie Shrews stay in open grassland habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Masked Shrews feed often and voraciously like most other species of shrews, only being able to survive for a few hours without food because of their high metabolic rate. A captive individual (3-6 g in weight) feeding on liver ate c.11-7 g of food/day over a seven-day period, which indicated that c.3-3 times their own body weight must be eaten each day. Otherstudies with captive individuals feeding on liver found values of 1-3-3-8 g/day, indicating that they more often eat about their weight in food. Masked Shrews eat various small invertebrates and vertebrates, including adult and larval insects, centipedes,snails, slugs, worms, sowbugs, spiders, harvestmen, salamanders, possibly carrion, seeds on occasion, and small amounts of Endogone fungus. Based on data from the eastern USA and Nova Scotia, beetles and various insect larvae usually made up the largest proportion of diets of Masked Shrews (65-3%), while small vertebrates (including salamanders; 7-1%), centipedes (6-8%) worms (4-3%), mollusks (1-4%), and sowbugs (12%) made up smaller proportions of diets. Many insect larvae are eaten, especially beetles, moths, and flies, although adult forms of insects are also eaten on occasion, especially beetles. Earthworms do not make up a very significant proportion of their diets, indicating foraging is more epigeal than hypogeal because their diets consist largely of epigeal prey (e.g. beetles). Nevertheless, captive individuals are known to investigate small holes and burrows and will pull worms out if they are found. When foraging, Masked Shrews generally rummage through leaf litter and vegetation, often disappearing under the cover. Food is occasionally cached in side compartments in tunnels.</p> <p>,</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding of Masked Shrews primarily occurs in March-September, although there have been reports of births throughout the year including mid-winter in Nova Scotia. Pregnant females have been reported from early April until August. Females can breed 1-6 times/season, which is abnormally high for shrews, and some young can breed in the same season they are born, although they more often breed the following year. Gestation lasts c.18 days, and litters generally have 2-10 young (average 6-7 young but 4-9 in some regions). Newborns average 0-28 g and are 12-14 mm from crown to rump. Young are weaned at c.3 weeks, and sexual maturity is reached at ¢.20-26 days old, looking adult-like at c.20 days old and leaving the nest at ¢.27 days old. Caravanning has been observed after young are able to leave the nest, althoughit only lasts c.5 days. Young adults often start appearing outside the nest in June and stop appearing in about September, although there are reports from before June and after September. Masked Shrews generally do not live longer than 19 months, although some individuals have been reported to live up to 30 months, surviving for two breed-Ing seasons.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Activity of Masked Shrews occurs day and night in short bouts of foraging and other activity, with longer periods of rest between them; they are usually most active throughout the night. During rest periods, their metabolic rate is depressed, and they often sleep. They are also most active during moist weather and with increased cloud cover and rain. Nests are generally found under rotten logs, rocks, or human structures and consist of balls of woven dry grass ¢.4—6 cm in diameter, with openings c¢.2-3 cm in diameter. Leaves and plastic have been used to line nests, and there are often exit tunnels attached to the nest.</p> <p>|</p> <p>63.</p> <p>Mount Lyell Shrew</p> <p>Sorex lyellz</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Masked Shrews use aboveground runways and narrow underground tunnels (c.2 cm in diameter) to get around and will excavate their own tunnels or use tunnels created by other small mammals. They are territorial and generally solitary when not breeding or rearing young, although four adult individuals have been found sharing a tunnel system, indicating that they might be somewhat gregarious in winter and during breeding. Males generally abandon their home ranges during breeding to travel and find females, and females retain and expand their home ranges. Home ranges generally decrease in size as density increases. Densities vary throughout the year and by location ranging from 2-5-27 ind/ ha in Ohio (7-6-10 ind/ha in white cedar and black spruce forests) and 2-13 ind/ ha in Pennsylvania. In a seven-year study, densities were 1-23 ind/ha in south-eastern Manitoba, being lowest in spring and highest in late summer/early autumn, correlated with when juveniles/subadults enter the population. Mortality rates are high: c.80% of young die before reaching sexual maturity, and ¢.50% of the surviving shrews die during the next five months. At high densities, some individuals call to each other, then meet to have a short territorial dispute before running away from each other and then calling again after several minutes. These calls have been observed over relatively large areas of c.900 m?. Like most temperate species of shrews, body mass decreases during winter and rapidly increases in spring.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Masked Shrew has a very wide distribution and faces no major threats, being able to survive in highly disturbed habitats. Fossil record shows that it once occurred as far south as north-eastern Mexico. It is one of the most common species of small mammals throughout its distribution and is common around agricultural settlements and even some urban areas. Effects of the bacterial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis have been noted for the Masked Shrew; when it is used, males in a population decreased due to emigration, but they were not negatively affected by the application.</p> <p>Bibliography. Anderson (1981), Bellocq &amp; Smith (1994), Bellocq et al. (1992), Blossom (1932), Brown (1967), Cassola (20161), Demboski &amp; Cook (2003), Forsyth (1976), French (1984), George (1988), Hope et al. (2012), Innes et al. (1990), Ivanitskaya &amp; Kozlovsky (1985), Kirkland (1976, 1977a, 1977b), Merritt (1995), Moore (1949), Morrison et al. (1959), Pruitt (1954), Stewart et al. (1993), Vickery &amp; Bider (1978), Whitaker (2004), Whitaker &amp; Schmeltz (1973), Woodman (2018), van Zyll de Jong (1980), van Zyll de Jong &amp; Kirkland (1989).</p> <p>62.</p> <p>Maryland Shrew</p> <p>Sorex fontinalis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Maryland / German: Maryland-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Maryland</p> <p>Other common names: Eastern Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex fontinalis Hollister, 1911,</p> <p>“ Cold Spring Swamp, near Beltsville [Prince George Co.], Maryland,” USA.</p> <p>Sorex fontinalis is in the S. cinereus group and subgenus Otisorex. Sorex fontinalis has variously been included in S. cinereus as a subspecies, although it does seem to over-lap in distribution without interbreeding. Morphologically, S. fontinalis is nearly identical to S. cinereus, and genetic data are needed to determine if S. fontinalis is really a distinct species or a subspecies of S. cinereus. Sorex fontinalis could be hybrid between S. cinereus and S. longirostris, although this has not been studied. Sorex fontinalis is retained as a distinct species here due to uncertain taxonomic relationships. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SE Pennsylvania, extreme W New Jersey, NE West Virginia, N Maryland and N Delaware (NE USA).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 51-58 mm, tail 27-39 mm, hindfoot 10-13 mm; weight 2:3-4-5 g. The Maryland Shrew is small, externally similar to the Masked Shrew (S. ¢inereus), but it is significantly smaller with shortertail, shorter skull, shorter and broader rostrum, and shorter unicuspid tooth row, making it somewhat more similar to the South-eastern Shrew (S. longirostris). Dorsum of the Maryland Shrew is dark brown, and venteris significantly lighter grayish brown. Tail is relatively short compared with related species (c.65% of head-body length), narrow, and distinctly bicolored, being dark brown above and lighter below. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids,first four are about the same size, becoming slightly smaller from first to fourth, and fifth is significantly smaller but still visible in tooth row.</p> <p>Habitat. Mature lowland forest, mid-slope oak forest, ridge oak and black gum forest, and oak regrowth from clearing. The Maryland Shrew has also been collected in meadows, hedgerows, and other forest types.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Maryland Shrew has a very small distribution, and there is uncertainty about whetherit should be recognized as a species or not. Additional research is needed to thoroughly assess its conservation status, although it seems to be tolerant to human activity.</p> <p>Bibliography. George (1988), Kirkland (1977a, 1985), Whitaker &amp; Hamilton (1998), van Zyll de Jong &amp; Kirkland (1989).</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Lyell / German: Mount-Lyell-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Monte Lyell</p> <p>Other common names: Lyell Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex tenellus lyelli Merriam, 1902,</p> <p>“ Mt. Lyell, Tuolumne Co., Califonia,” USA.</p> <p>Sorex lyelli is in the S. cinereus group and subgenus Ofisorex; it is closest to a population of S. cinereus from the central Rocky Mountains that might represent a distinct species and the Beringian clade. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. EC Sierra Nevada, EC California (WC USA).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 50-68 mm, tail 39-44 mm, hindfoot 11-12 mm; is 4-6 g. The Mount Lyell Shrew is relatively small. Dorsum is pale grayish brown,sides are gray, and venter is grayish white. Feet are whitish. Tail is ¢.60-80% of head-body length, narrow, and distinctly bicolored, being pale grayish brown above and whiter below. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids,fifth is minute, and third is larger than fourth.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane dry sagebrush steppe and wetlands at elevations of 2100-3630 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Mount Lyell Shrew has a restricted distribution in and surrounding Yosemite National Park. Its habitat is rather remote and unaltered by humans, and it seems to be relatively common in its small distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Demboski &amp; Cook (2003), Epanchin &amp; Engilis (2009), Grinnell (1933), Hope et al. (2012), Nature-Serve (2017), Williams (1984).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A03E8753FAF3A3EF1BFFFA43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A030875CFFF5AED713D6F500.text	3D474A54A030875CFFF5AED713D6F500.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex emarginatus Jackson 1925	<div><p>64.</p> <p>Zacatecas Shrew</p> <p>Sorex emarginatus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de la Sierra Madre / German: Zacatecas-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Zacatecas</p> <p>Other common names: Jackson's Shrew, Sierra Madre Long-tailed Shrew, Zacatecas Long-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex emarginatus H. H. T. Jack- son, 1925,</p> <p>“ Sierra Madre near Bolanos, altitude 7,600 feet [= 2316 m], State of Jalisco, Mexico.” Restricted by L. N. Car- raway in 2007 to “latitude 21-68°N, longitude 103-78°W.”</p> <p>S. emarginatus is in the S. cinereus group and subgenus Otisorex. It is closest to (and possibly conspecific with) S. milleri and the south-western lineage in S. cinereus. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Durango, Zacatecas, and Jalisco, WC Mexico.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 50-63 mm, tail 38-44 mm, ear 5—7 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm; weight 5-6-5 g. The Zacatecas Shrew is small. Dorsum is dark grayish brown, venter is paler grayish brown, and hips and rump are more medium brown. Tail is c.65-75% of head-body length, narrow, and distinctly bicolored, being dark brown above and lighter below. I, has pigment in one section and in long strip at anteromedial edge. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, third is greater than or equal to fourth, and fifth is minute.</p> <p>Habitat. Cold temperate forests near tops of mountain ranges at elevations of 1830-3660 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Zacatecas Shrews probably feed on various small invertebrates and possibly carrion and plant material.</p> <p>Breeding. Lactating Zacatecas Shrews have been captured in July-August.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Its relatively small distribution and deforestation from urban and agricultural expansion seem to be the largest threats facing the Zacatecas Shrew.</p> <p>Bibliography. Avila (2014a), Carraway (2007), Esteva et al. (2010), Hope et al. (2012), Matson, de Grammont &amp; Castro-Arellano (2017).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A030875CFFF5AED713D6F500	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A030875CFFF6A0011A8BFAE7.text	3D474A54A030875CFFF6A0011A8BFAE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex millers H. H. T. Jackson 1947	<div><p>65.</p> <p>Carmen Mountain Shrew</p> <p>Sorex mulleri</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Miller / German: MillerSpitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Carmen</p> <p>Other common names: Miller's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex millers H. H. T. Jackson, 1947,</p> <p>“ Madera Camp, altitude 8,000 feet [= 2438 m], Carmen Mountains, Coahuila, Mexico.” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 29-0°N, longitude 102-34°W.”</p> <p>Sorex milleri is in the S. cinereus group and subgenus Otisorex. It is closest to S. emarginatus, which it might be conspecific with, and the south-western lineage in S. cinereus. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SE Coahuila and W Nuevo Leon as well as a disjunct population in NW Coahuila, NE Mexico.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 51-58 mm, tail 37-44 mm, ear 5-7 mm, hindfoot 11-12 mm; weight 2:9—4-8 g. The Carmen Mountain Shrew is small, similar to the Zacatecas Shrew (S. emarginatus). Dorsum is light brown, and venter is noticeably whiter. Tail is long, narrow, and distinctly bicolored, being light brown above and whiter below. Skull is small and delicate in structure. I, has long strip of pigmentation on anteromedial edge. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, third is smaller than fourth, and fifth is minute.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist montane woodlands of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinaceae), pine, and aspen or scrub pinon pine at elevations of 2400-3700 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Carmen Mountain Shrew probably eats primarily small invertebrates.</p> <p>Breeding. Lactating Carmen Mountain Shrews have been captured in July, and a female with six young was found in a nest in October.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Nests of Carmen Mountain Shrews have been reported to be ¢.10 cm in diameter, with c.19mm diameter entrances, located in old tunnels of Botta’s Pocket Gopher (Thomomys bottae). They were made of loosely put together grass masses, with pine needles, bits of bark, and oak leaves at the bottom, and one nest had several small feathers in it.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Extent of occurrence of the Carmen Mountain Shrew is less than 20,000 km®. It is threatened by deforestation, mining, and overgrazing across its small distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (2007), Castro-Arellano &amp; Ceballos (2014b), Delgadillo et al. (2005), Esteva et al. (2010), Hope et al. (2012), Matson, Woodman, Castro-Arellano &amp; de Grammont (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A030875CFFF6A0011A8BFAE7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A030875CFAF9AE24142DF3F5.text	3D474A54A030875CFAF9AE24142DF3F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex preblei Jackson 1922	<div><p>66.</p> <p>Preble’s Shrew</p> <p>Sorex preblei</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Preble / German: Preble-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Preble</p> <p>Other common names: Malheur Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex preblei H. H. T. Jackson, 1922,</p> <p>“ Jordan Valley, altitude 4,200 feet [= 1280 m], Malheur County, Oregon,” USA.</p> <p>Sorex preblei is in the S. cinereus group and subgenus Otisorex. It seems to be sister to a clade including the Beringian clade, S. haydeni, and the south-western lineage in S. cinereus. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from scattered records in the Columbia Plateau and N Great Plains of SC British Columbia (SE Canada), N &amp; SE Washington, Oregon, WC Idaho, Montana, NE California, N Nevada, W Wyoming, and N Utah, although these populations are probably connected and additional collecting efforts are needed.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 44-57 mm, tail 28-38 mm, hindfoot 9-11 mm; weight 2-4 g. Preble’s Shrew is very small. Dorsum is grayish brown, with paler sides, and venteris silvery white. Feet are pale buffy, and tail is comparatively short, narrow, and bicolored, being brown above and whitish below. I' has deep interdenticular space. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, fifth is the smallest, and third is generally greater than or equal to fourth.</p> <p>Habitat. Primarily arid sagebrush and sagebrush-steppe habitats but also conifer forests, dry bunchgrass habitats, other grassland habitats, and near marshes and wetlands at elevations of 1280-2750 m. Although primarily collected in sagebrush habitats, Preble’s Shrew is probably associated with dry open habitats in general.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet of Preble’s Shrew probably consists of soft-bodied invertebrates.</p> <p>Breeding. Pregnant females and reproductive males have been captured in June-July in Oregon. Litters have 3-6 young (average 4-4). Female Preble’s Shrews probably have multiple litters each year.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Preble’s Shrew is rarely collected and known from relatively few scattered specimens over a wide distribution, which might be much larger and more connected than what is currently known; collecting efforts using pitfall traps are needed. Fossils are known from the Pleistocene of southern New Mexico.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (1995), Carraway &amp; Verts (1999), Cassola (2016q), Cornely et al. (1992), Demboski &amp; Cook (2003), Gitzen et al. (2009), Hoffmann &amp; Fisher (1978), Hoffmann et al. (1969), Hope et al. (2012), Junge &amp; Hoffmann (1981), Long &amp; Hoffmann (1992), Nagorsen et al. (2001), Ports &amp; George (1990), Tomasi &amp; Hoffmann (1984), Williams (1984).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A030875CFAF9AE24142DF3F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A030875DFAFBA7081054F9CD.text	3D474A54A030875DFAFBA7081054F9CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex haydeni Baird 1857	<div><p>67.</p> <p>Prairie Shrew</p> <p>Sorex haydeni</p> <p>French: Musaraigne des steppes / German: Prariespitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de pradera</p> <p>Other common names: Hayden's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex hayden: Baird, 1858,</p> <p>“ Fort Union, Nebraska [later Fort Buford, now Mondak, Montana, near Buford, Williams Co., North Dakota],” USA.</p> <p>Sorex haydeni is in the S. cinereus group and subgenus Otisorex. It is closest to the southwestern population of S. cinereus (which might represent S. haydeni), together sister</p> <p>to the Beringian clade. Specific status of S. haydeni has recently been questioned because there is evidence of introgression between it and S. cinereus in Minnesota, but genetic data support it as a distinct species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SC Canada (C &amp; S Saskatchewan and S Manitoba) and NC USA (from NE Montana, North Dakota, and NW Minnesota S to N Kansas, N Missouri, and W Mlinois).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 47-67 mm,tail 30-41 mm, hindfoot 10-12 mm; weight 2-5 g. The Prairie Shrew is small to medium in size, with brown dorsum,slightly paler sides, and whitish venter that is occasionally washed with yellow. Feet are pale. Tail is relatively short, narrow, and clearly bicolored, being brown above and whiter below; tail is tipped with brown hair tuft unlike in the Masked Shrew (S. cinereus) that has black tuft. Teeth are dark red. There are five unicuspids, fifth is minute, and first through fourth get slightly smaller from front to back. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 64 and FN = 66.</p> <p>Habitat. Most commonly wet prairies and grasslands. The Prairie Shrew has been recorded occasionally in dry conifer forests but generally does not leave open grassland habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Prairie Shrews primarily eat small soft-bodied invertebrates.</p> <p>Breeding. Litters of Prairie Shrews apparently have 4-10 young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Prairie Shrews are probably active day and night, with more activity at night. They apparently make bulbous birdlike nests under logs and rocks.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Prairie Shrew is probably most similar to the Masked Shrew, but few specific studies have been conducted.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There are no major threats to the wide-ranging Prairie Shrew, but additional research is needed. Fossils have been recorded from Moonshiner and Middle Butte caves in Idaho.</p> <p>Bibliography. Banfield (1974), Bee et al. (1981), Brunet et al. (2002), Demboski &amp; Cook (2003), Frey &amp; Moore (1990), Hope et al. (2012), Junge &amp; Hoffmann (1981), Mullican &amp; Carraway (1990), Stewart et al. (1993), Volobouev &amp; van Zyll de Jong (1994).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A030875DFAFBA7081054F9CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A031875DFF25AD3A1A2BFE89.text	3D474A54A031875DFF25AD3A1A2BFE89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex pribilofensis Merriam 1895	<div><p>68.</p> <p>Pribilof Island Shrew</p> <p>Sorex pribilofensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne des Pribilof / German: Pribilof-Rotzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Pribilof</p> <p>Other common names: Pribilof Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex pribilofensis Merriam, 1895,</p> <p>“ St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea,” Alaska, USA.</p> <p>Sorex pribilofensis is in the S. cinereus group and subgenus Otisorex. It is included in the Beringian clade with S. ugyunak, S. portenkoi, S. jacksomi, S. camtschaticus, and S. leucogaster, although all six species could represent one wide-ranging species based on genetic information. Nevertheless, they are retained as distinct here until addi-</p> <p>tional research is conducted. Sorex pribilofensis has generally been known as S. hydrodromus Dobson, 1889, which has priority; however, the type specimen is from Unalaska Island where no shrews have been recorded recently, indicating that the type locality was in error. The type specimen of S. hydrodromus also had a skull that was more typical of the generally Palearctic S. araneus group. Because of the uncertainty behind the type specimen identity and locality of S. hydrodromus, the name S. pribilofensis is applied to shrews on Pribilof Island. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. St. Paul I, Pribilof Is, off W Alaska, USA.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 59-67 mm, tail 31-32 mm, hindfoot 13 mm; weight 4-6 g. The Pribilof Island Shrew is medium-sized, similar to the Barren Ground Shrew (S. ugyunak). Dorsum is grayish brown, and sides and venter are whitish or yellowish white. Tail is relatively short, narrow, and bicolored, being brown above and whitish below. Teeth are dark red. There are five unicuspids,fifth is minute, and first through fourth get slightly smaller from front to back.</p> <p>Habitat. Most common in dune and grass-umbel habitats in maritime tundra, less common in forb and mixed habitats, and absent in upland habitats or areas with large amounts of Carex (Cyperaceae).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Pribilof Island Shrews primarily eat small soft-bodied invertebrates, and stomach samples have contained remains of beetles.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Pribilof Island Shrews are found at high densities throughout most of the island; population is ¢.10,000 individuals, although additional studies are needed to clarify this.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Pribilof Island Shrews are restricted to a single island but are found at relatively high densities. They could occur on Unalaska Island, but surveys are needed. There are no impending threats, but as boat traffic increases between the island and the mainland, chances for the Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus) to be introduced increase. There is also projected development on the island, which could threaten the Pribilof Island Shrew because of the limited available habitat.</p> <p>Bibliography. Byrd &amp; Norvell (1988, 1993), Demboski &amp; Cook (2003), Fay &amp; Sease (1985), Hope et al. (2012), Jackson (1928), Preble (1923), Woodman, Reid &amp; Matson (2008a).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A031875DFF25AD3A1A2BFE89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A031875DFA2BAAFE14B8F838.text	3D474A54A031875DFA2BAAFE14B8F838.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex ugyunak (Anderson & Rand 1945)	<div><p>69.</p> <p>Barren Ground Shrew</p> <p>Sorex ugyunak</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Beaufort / German: Kanadische Tundraspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafna de tierras aridas</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex cinereus ugyunak R. M. An- derson &amp; Rand, 1945,</p> <p>“ Tuktuk (Tuktuyak- tok), northeast side of Mackenzie River delta, south of Toker Point, Mackenzie District, Northwest Territories, Canada.”</p> <p>Sorex ugyunak is in the S. cinereus group and subgenus Otisorex. It is included in the Beringian clade along with S. pribilofensis, S. portenkor, S. jackson, S. camtschaticus, and S. leucogaster; all six species might repre-::: sent one wide-ranging species based on</p> <p>genetic information, but they are retained as distinct here until additional research is undertaken. S. ugyunak has been included in S. cinereus, but genetic and morphological evidence supports its recognition as a distinct species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. N Alaska (USA), N Yukon, N Northwest Territories, Nunavut, extreme NE Saskatchewan, and NW Manitoba (N Canada).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 47-70 mm, tail 32-37 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm; weight 4-5 g. The Barren Ground Shrew is small to medium-sized, with striking pelage. Dorsum is dark brown—darker than in the Pribilof Island Shrew (S. pribilofensis) but lighter than in the Saint Lawrence Island Shrew (S. jacksoni); venter and lower sides are whitish with brownish tone; and distinctive line separates dorsum and sides. Tailis relatively short, narrow, and bicolored, being light brown above and whitish below, with brown or buffy tuft of hair at tip. Juvenile Barren Ground Shrews are more uniformly colored than adults. Teeth are dark red. There are five unicuspid,fifth is minute, and first through fourth get slightly smaller from front to back. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 60 and FN = 62.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist tundra, with shrubby willows and birch, and sedge and grass meadows.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Barren Ground Shrew is widespread with no major threats and is considered relatively common throughout its distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cassola (2016t), Demboski &amp; Cook (2003), Hope et al. (2012), Ivanitskaya &amp; Kozlovsky (1985), van Zyll de Jong (1982, 1991).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A031875DFA2BAAFE14B8F838	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A031875EFA2EA3421049FE8C.text	3D474A54A031875EFA2EA3421049FE8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex portenkoi Stroganov 1956	<div><p>70.</p> <p>Portenko’s Shrew</p> <p>Sorex portenkoi</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Portenko / German: Portenko-Rotzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Portenko</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex portenkoi Stroganov, 1956,</p> <p>Anadyr River, shore of Anadyr estuary, Chukchi Peninsula, Russia.</p> <p>Evidence retrieved from karyotype com- position and mtDNA and nDNA sequenc- es classify S. portenkoi in the S. cinereus group and subgenus Ofisorex. Species in subgenus Otisorex mostly occur in North America. Palearctic species in subgenus Otisorex (S. camtschaticus, S. portenkoi, and S. leucogaster) are virtually identical in</p> <p>mtDNA and nDNA structures. Sorex portenkoi is sometimes considered as a Palearctic subspecies of S. jacksoni. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to Chukchi Peninsula, Russia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 53-60 mm, tail 25-36 mm; weight 3-7 g (one specimen). Portenko’s Shrew is small. Tail is relatively short and rarely exceeds 50% of the head-body length. Pelage is tricolored, dark brown dorsum has distinct boundary with light brown sides, and venteris light gray. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 60 and FN = 62, with 29 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is large submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is small submetacentric.</p> <p>Habitat. Tundra zone in open tundra habitats of seashore valleys, dwarf Arctic birch stands,riverside willow shrubs, alder thickets, and dwarf pine stands. Portenko’s Shrew prefers well-developed moss cover, tussocks, and plant litter accumulations at water’s edge.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Adult and larval small insects and spiders were found in gastric contents of Portenko’s Shrews.</p> <p>Breeding. One young-of-the-year female Portenko’s Shrew was captured on 3 September that had reproduced, and her breasts were reduced.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Portenko’s Shrew dominates the shrew community on the Chukotka Peninsula and is common throughoutits distribution, except in western periphery of the distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Andreev et al. (2006), Demboski &amp; Cook (2003), Dokuchaev (1997b), Ivanitskaya &amp; Kozlovsky (1985), Stroganov (1957), Yudin (1989).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A031875EFA2EA3421049FE8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A032875EFFF6A3E814A1FDE8.text	3D474A54A032875EFFF6A3E814A1FDE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex camischaticus Yudin 1972	<div><p>72.</p> <p>Kamchatka Shrew</p> <p>Sorex camischaticus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Kamtchatka / German: Kamschatka-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Kamchatka</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex camtschatica [sic] Yudin, 1972,</p> <p>Kambalnaya Gulf, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia.</p> <p>Widely used specific name camischatica has been changed for gender agreement. Evi- dence from mtDNA and nDNA sequences classifies S. camtschaticus in the S. cinereus group and subgenus Ofisorex, which occurs mostly in North America. Palearctic species of Otisorex (S. camischaticus, S. portenkoi, and S. leucogaster) are virtually iden-</p> <p>tical in mtDNA and nDNA structures. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to NE Russian Far East (Magadan Region and Kamchatka Krai).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 50-68 mm,tail 43-54 mm; weight 3-7-6 g. Tail of the Kamchatka Shrew is up to 85% of head-body length. Pelage is tricolored, which is particularly distinct in juveniles. Dorsum is dark brown, sides are grayish brown, and venteris gray. Pelage contrast is less distinct in juveniles. Tail is bicolored, dark brown above, and gray below.</p> <p>Habitat. Deciduousvalley forests with well-developed grasses and substantiallitter layer in Kamchatka and exclusively floodplain forests outside the peninsula. The Kamchatka Shrew is common, but it is often a subdominant one-third in abundance in the shrew community on Kamchatka and is extremely rare on the north coast of the Sea of Okhotsk.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Kamchatka Shrew consists mainly of larval and adult small beetles, lepidopteran larvae and pupae, dipteran larvae, spiders, and rarely small earthworms and myriapods.</p> <p>Breeding. Overwintering female Kamchatka Shrews produce up to three litters/year, with 3-11 young/litter. Few female young-of-the-year reproduce. Breeding season lasts five months and ends in late September.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Daily activity patterns of Kamchatka Shrew are probably similar to those of other species, such as Laxmann’s Shrew (S. caecutiens).</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Kamchatka Shrew has a small distribution that could affect its conservation status.</p> <p>Bibliography. Andreev et al. (2006).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A032875EFFF6A3E814A1FDE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A032875EFFF5AAFE16D9F79A.text	3D474A54A032875EFFF5AAFE16D9F79A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex jacksoni Hall & Gilmore 1932	<div><p>71.</p> <p>Saint Lawrence Island Shrew</p> <p>Sorex jacksoni</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Saint Lawrence / German: St. Lawrence-Rotzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de San Lorenzo</p> <p>Other common names: Saint Lawrence Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex jacksoni Hall &amp; Gilmore, 1932,</p> <p>“ Sevoonga, 2 miles [= 3- 2 km] east of North Cape, St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea, Alaska,” USA.</p> <p>Sorexjacksoni is in the S. cinereus group and subgenus Otisorex. It is included in the Beringian clade with S. pribilofensis, S. portenkoi, S. ugyunak, S. camtschaticus, and S. leucogaster, all six species might represent one wide-ranging species based on genetic information, but they are retained here.</p> <p>Sorex jacksoni previously included S. portenkoi, S. ugyunak, and S. leucogaster, although they have been variously placed as distinct species and conspecifics. There is little genetic distance among all species in the Beringian clade, and there are no significant differences between karyotypes of S. jacksoni and mainland S. cinereus, although genetic studies show that the Beringian clade is notsister to S. cinereus butis closest to S. lyelli, S. haydeni, and S. preblei. Because of conflicting genetic, morphological, and karyological studies, all six species of the Beringian clade are considered distinct until additional research is conducted. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. St. Lawrence I, off W Alaska (USA).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 62-71 mm, tail 32-37 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm; weight 4-5 g. The Saint Lawrence Island Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is very dark brown, and sides and venter are whitish, with brownish hue. Tail is relatively short, narrow, and distinctly bicolored, being pale brown above and whitish below. Teeth are dark red. There are five unicuspids,fifth is minute, and first through fourth get slightly smaller from front to back. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 66 and FN = 70.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist maritime tundra, including boggy areas, fell-field habitats, and mesic tundra habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Saint Lawrence Island Shrew has a restricted distribution on a single island butis considered relatively common. It is often found in human settlements and can even find its way into places were dried or frozen meatis stored.</p> <p>Bibliography. Demboski &amp; Cook (2003), Hoffmann &amp; Peterson (1967), Hope et al. (2012), lvanitskaya &amp; Kozlovsky (1985), Naylor &amp; Roach (2016f), Rausch &amp; Rausch (1995), van Zyll de Jong (1982, 1991).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A032875EFFF5AAFE16D9F79A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A032875EFAF9A91E1590F83A.text	3D474A54A032875EFAF9A91E1590F83A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex leucogaster Kuroda 1933	<div><p>73.</p> <p>Paramushir Shrew</p> <p>Sorex leucogaster</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Paramouchir / German: ParamuschirSpitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Paramushir</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex leucogaster Kuroda, 1933,</p> <p>Paramushir Island, Russia. Restricted by J. R. Ellerman and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott in 1951 to “ Nasauki, Amamu-shiru, 200 ft. [= 61 m], North Kurile Islands.”</p> <p>Evidence from mtDNA and nDNA sequences classifies S. leucogaster in the Sorex cinereus group and subgenus Otisorex, which occur mostly in North America. Palearctic species of Otisorex (S. camtschaticus, S. portenkoi, and S. leucogaster) are virtu-</p> <p>ally identical in mtDNA and nDNA structures. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to Paramushir I, N Kuril Is, Russia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 49-65 mm, tail 38-46 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Tail of the Paramushir Shrew is up to 78% of head-body length. Pelage is tricolored, with distinct mantle in juveniles. Dorsum is dark brown, sides are pale gray, and venteris light gray. Adults are virtually bicolored and have particularly distinct mantle, with sharp border between dark brown dorsum and light gray (whitish) sides and venter. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 66 and FN = 70, with 31 pairs of acrocentric and one pair of subtelocentric autosomes. X-chromosomeis large submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is small acrocentric.</p> <p>Habitat. Riverside bush habitat.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Female young-of-the-year are involved in reproduction, eleven embryos were detected in a pregnant female, and lactation was observed in two of three reproducing females caught in the end of August.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Paramushir Shrew is less abundant than other species of shrews on Paramushir.</p> <p>Bibliography. Andreev et al. (2006), Bannikova &amp; Lebedev (2012), Ellerman &amp; Morrison-Scott (1951), Ivanitskaya &amp; Kozlovsky (1985), Okhotina (1977), Yudin (1971).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A032875EFAF9A91E1590F83A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A032875FFAFBA34B1660F9F5.text	3D474A54A032875FFAFBA34B1660F9F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex hoyi Baird 1857	<div><p>74.</p> <p>American Pygmy Shrew</p> <p>Sorex hoyi</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Hoy / German: Amerikanische Zwergspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana enana de América</p> <p>Other common names: Pygmy Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex hoyi Baird, 1858,</p> <p>Racine, Wisconsin, USA.</p> <p>Sorex hoy is in the monotypic S. hoy: group and subgenus Otisorex. It is sister to a clade including the S. vagrans group, the S. palustris group, the S. sonomae group, and the S. monticola group. Sorex h. thompsoni has been considered a separate species, but it is recognized as a subspecies here. Sorex hoyi has also been included in the genus Microsorex, but phylogenetic and</p> <p>morphological studies place it firmly in Sorex. Six subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.h.hoy:Baird,1858—CanadafromBritishColumbiaandNorthwestTerritoriestoNewfoundlandandNW&amp;NCUSA(RockyMtsofNEWashington,NIdaho,andNMontana,andfromNENorthDakotaStoIowa).</p> <p>S.h.alnorumPreble,1902—fromEManitobaEtoWNewfoundlandandQuebecsurroundingtheHudsonBayinNECanada.</p> <p>S.h.eximiusOsgood,1901—AlaskaandNWCanada(atleastinYukon).</p> <p>S.h.montanusBrown,1966—SEWyomingandNCColorado,WCUSA.</p> <p>S.h.thompson:Baird,1858—NEUSAfromSWisconsinEtoMaineandSECanadainNewBrunswick,NovaScotia,andPrinceEdwardandCapeBretonIs.</p> <p>S. h. winnemana Preble, 1910 — EC USA from SE Pennsylvania S to NE Georgia and W to S Illinois.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 52-70 mm, tail 28-37 mm, hindfoot 10-12 mm; weight 1-7 g. The American Pygmy Shrew is relatively small but larger in northern parts of its distribution and smallest in the southern parts. Dorsum is coppery brown in summer and grayish brown in winter. Feet are pale. Tails are relatively short, narrow, and bicolored, being dark brown above and whiter below, with distinct tuft at tip. Teeth are dark reddish. There are five unicuspids, but only three are visible in lateral view because third, and fifth are minute. Provisionally, chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FN = 72, although additional research is needed to verify this.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist forest and grassland habitats including woodlands, boreal forests, marshlands, bogs, and riparian areas from sea level to elevations of ¢.1640 m. American Pygmy Shrews are generally not found in dry areas, buy they are occasionally found in them.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. American Pygmy Shrews primarily eat small invertebrates including various adult and larval insects (primarily beetles, lepidopterans, and flies), sowbugs, and spiders. Unlike many other species of shrews, earthworms and mollusks do not make up major proportions of their diets, possibly because they are too small to tackle such prey. In captivity, they have been known to attack grasshoppers, crickets, and various larval and adult flies and eat carrion. American Pygmy Shrews also eat seeds of jack pine (Pinus banksiana, Pinaceae) when food is scarce, and they might cache them.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of the American Pygmy Shrew seems to occur mostly in January-March, although pregnant and lactating females occasionally are recorded throughout much of the rest of the year, indicating that reproduction occurs yearround but most often in winter. Litters apparently have 5-6 young. The American Pygmy Shrew seems to be rather unique among Holarctic shrews because they can reproduce year-round, but additional research is needed on aspects of reproduction.</p> <p>Activity patterns. American Pygmy Shrews are active throughout the day and yearround, using runways to move across the surface when foraging or tunnels under snow in winter. They dig tunnels or use those of other small mammals that no longer use them. Throughout the day, they spend much of their time resting with short bouts of activity to forage. Although they are widespread,little is known of its ecology, and additional research is needed.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. American Pygmy Shrews are probably similar to other Holarctic shrews in being territorial and solitary except during breeding and rearing of young. Densities have been estimated at 0-5—1-2 ind/ha.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The American Pygmy Shrew has a very wide distribution, and it faces no major threats. Southern populations, however, might be threatened by urban and agricultural expansion; they are considered relatively rare.</p> <p>Bibliography. Demboski &amp; Cook (2003), Feldhamer et al. (1993), Foresman (1999), Jung et al. (2007), Long (1974), Mengak et al. (1987), Whitaker &amp; Cudmore (1986), Whitaker &amp; French (1984).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A032875FFAFBA34B1660F9F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A033875FFF25AD171BB2F5A7.text	3D474A54A033875FFF25AD171BB2F5A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex vagrans Baird 1858	<div><p>75.</p> <p>Vagrant Shrew</p> <p>Sorex vagrans</p> <p>French: Musaraigne errante / German: \Wanderspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana errante</p> <p>Other common names: Salt Marsh Shrew, Wandering Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex vagrans Baird, 1858,</p> <p>“ Shoalwater Bay, W.T. [= Willapa Bay, Pa- cific Co., Washington],” USA.</p> <p>Sorex vagrans is in the S. vagrans group and subgenus Otisorex along with S. ornatus. The S. vagrans group is sister to a clade including the S. palustris group, the S. sonomae group, and the S. monticolus group. Sorex orizabae has been included in S. vagrans but is considered a distinct species here. Three subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.v.vagransBaird,1858—SBritishColumbia(includingVancouverI)andextremeSWAlberta(SWCanada),Washington,Oregon,Idaho,WMontana,extremeWWyomying,N&amp;CCalifornia,N&amp;CNevada,andN&amp;WCUtah(WUSA).</p> <p>S.v.halicoetesGrinnell,1913—SantaClaraCounty,WCCalifornia(SWUSA).</p> <p>S. v. paludivagus von Bloeker, 1939 — Monterey County, WC California (SW USA).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 56-71 mm, tail 32-50 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm; weight 3-9 g. The Vagrant Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is dull brown to grayish brown, and venter is grayish. Tail is relatively short, narrow, and either unicolored dull brown or slightly bicolored, being slightly paler below. Teeth are pigmented dark red, and pigmentation on I' occurs to the point where teeth meet, while pigmented tines are positioned above level of pigmentation on incisors. There are five unicuspids, third is smaller than fourth, and fifth is minute. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 54 and FN = 58-64.</p> <p>Habitat. Most commonly open moist areas, with few trees and dense ground cover, from sea level to elevations of ¢.2100 m. Vagrant Shrews often prefer lower elevations, and in British Columbia, they are usually below 400 m. The Vagrant Shrew has been recorded in a variety of habitats, including alpine tundra, bunchgrass, wet meadows, grassy meadows, riparian zones, swamps, bogs, forest openings, and coniferous forests. They are less likely to be found in dense forests and are most common in grassy meadows, forest openings, and marshes, including salt marshes in California. They commonly colonize disturbed areas, such as cleared deciduous forests and burned forests.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Vagrant Shrew primarily eats small invertebrates but also some plant material, seeds, and fungi. In Oregon, they eat (in descending order by volume) earthworms, spiders,crickets, caterpillars, moths, slugs, snails, June beetles and their larvae, ladybird beetles, centipedes, ants, Endogone fungi, flower parts, seeds, other vegetation, craneflies, harvestmen, aphids, moth cocoons, hemipterans, grasshoppers, bees, wasps, and other unidentified insects and insect larvae. They forage on the ground and often dig to find prey afterit is detected using scent. Seeds of trees of the pine family (e.g. Pseudotsuga, Pinus, Picea, and Abies) are eaten, but seeds of Abies are eaten less often than the rest. Fruit and seeds of some flowering plants are also eaten, along with flowers in small quantities. In captivity, a Vagrant Shrew ate an average of 10-9 g (4-2-12-3 g) of food/ day or c.1-7 times its body weight. When attacking, Vagrant Shrews rapidly bite their prey until they are dead and then tear them apart and eat them. They seem to also feed on carrion because captive individuals have been maintained partially on carcasses of other small mammals. Vagrant Shrews occasionally eat small vertebrates, including salamanders. They cache food in times of hardship.</p> <p>Breeding. Female Vagrant Shrews become reproductive in January when their uterine horns begin to increase in width; males’ testes begin to enlarge in February and remain enlarged until about August or September. Breeding can occur throughout spring until early autumn, although peak reproductive activity (births and conception) occurs in April-June. Reproduction of subspecies halicoetes occurs in February—June, peaking in April, but a few litters can be born in September. Gestation lasts ¢.21 days, and litters have 1-8 young (average c.6). Females can breed up to three times/season, and some young born early in the season can breed later in the season they were born. Very few individuals live for a second breeding season. Mortality for young is very high, ranging from 55% to 60% in the first three weeks oflife. In one study, 17% of young died in the first two days of life and 49% died in the first two weeks. Young are born hairless, weighing 0-35-0-5 g, but they quickly grow dorsal pelage by their second week. They rapidly grow in mass for the first four weeks, reaching 5-6 g. They are weaned at 16-25 days old and can stay in the nest for as long as five weeks after birth.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Vagrant Shrews are active day and night, with no major peaks in activity, but periods of activity are longer throughout the night. Activity generally lasts c.5-10 minutes and is followed by a slightly longer rest period. Activity peaks more noticeably shortly after nightfall, around dawn, and in late afternoon in spring and around midnight in summer. When foraging, Vagrant Shrewsstick their noses around leaf litter and occasionally stand on their hindfeet and twitch their noses around. They often climb twigs to find their more arboreal and flying prey and use their tails in semi-prehensile ways. They also use a basic form of echolocation when foraging, emitting low-intensity but high-frequency chirps when moving around, which seems to be useful for basic navigation but inefficient for finding prey items. There are three types of nests: natal nest, resting nest, and cold-weather nest. Natal nests are dome shaped, made of dead leaves, grass, and moss and lined with fine grass or mammalian hair; they are created before a female gives birth; they can be 6-24 cm across and 2-3 cm deep; and dome shapes are generally lost as young grow. Resting nests are shallow depressions on the ground c.2—-8 cm across and are used for bouts of resting between foraging. Cold-weather nests are very similar to natal nests, although they are more rounded and oval shaped and are generally smaller. They are constructed before winter starts and used throughout the season.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Vagrant Shrews are solitary and relatively aggressive toward intruders, often resulting in territorial feuds. Although they are very territorial, when an intruder is noticed, the defending shrew will make high-pitched aggressive chirps and charge the intruder multiple times. The intruder generally backs down, but if it does not, a fight occurs. Home ranges vary throughout the year, being largest during breeding season. Male home ranges are often more expansive than females and encompass home ranges of multiple females; during winter, their home ranges become smaller and do not overlap. In British Columbia, home ranges averaged 4343 m*for males and 2233 m?* for females; during non-breeding season, home range for both sexes averaged 1039 m®. In Washington, home ranges averaged 316 m*in April-May, 235 m?® in July-August, and 130 m? in November. Densities range from 25-8 ind/ha in late autumn and early winter to 58-2 ind/ha in summer. Nearly all individuals in winter are young that were born in the most recent breeding season; older individuals have usually died off by this point. Few individuals survive long enough to breed for more than one season. To avoid breeding with different species, odor might be used to distinguish whether an individual is of the same species or not; e.g. between Vagrant Shrews and the Montane Shrew (S. monticolus).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Vagrant Shrew is very widespread and common, and there are no major threats currently affecting it. Nevertheless, subspecies halicoetes and paludivagus might be threatened because of their small distributions, and halicoetes has been regarded as a species of special concern in California.</p> <p>Bibliography. Brown (1974), Buchler (1976), Carraway (1989, 2007), Clothier (1955), Demboski &amp; Cook (2001), Eisenberg (1964), Gillihan &amp; Foresman (2004), Hawes (1976, 1977), Hennings &amp; Hoffmann (1977), Johnston &amp; Rudd (1957), Junge &amp; Hoffmann (1981), Matson et al. (2016), Newman (1976), Whitaker et al. (1983).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A033875FFF25AD171BB2F5A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0338758FA2CA1ED16BEF521.text	3D474A54A0338758FA2CA1ED16BEF521.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex ornatus Merriam 1895	<div><p>76.</p> <p>Ornate Shrew</p> <p>Sorex ornatus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne ornée / German: Schonspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana ornada</p> <p>Other common names: Suisun Shrew (sinuosus), Tule Shrew (juncensis)</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex ornatus Merriam, 1895,</p> <p>“ San Emigdio Canyon, Mount Pinos [Kern Co.], California].,” USA. Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 34-98°N, longitude 119-18°W.”</p> <p>Sorex ornatus is in the S. vagrans group and is the closest relative to S. vagrans. There are three major genetic clades in S. ornatus: Northern, Central, and Southern. Of these, the Northern clade clustered with specimens of S. vagrans, indicating possi-</p> <p>ble hybridization or they are conspecifics. Subspecies juncensis named by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman in 1909 from marshes of San Quintin in northern Baja California was originally thought to be extinct after not being captured for 90 years, although a recent study has confirmed the speciesis still present in the San Quintin plains.</p> <p>Subspecies juncensis and sinuosus have been variously recognized as distinct species, although they are retained as subspecies here. Nine subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.o.ornatusMerriam,1895—SCalifornia(SWUSA)andNBajaCalifornia(NWMexico).</p> <p>S.o.californicusMerriam,1895—CCalifornia(SWUSA).</p> <p>S.o.juncensisNelson&amp;Goldman,1909—SanQuintinplains,BajaCalifornia(NWMexico)..0.lagunaeNelson&amp;Goldman,1909—StipofBajaCaliforniaSur(WMexico).nnn.0.relictusGrinnell,1932—aroundBuenaVistaLakeinSWCalifornia(SWUSA)..0.salariusvonBloeker,1939—WCCalifornia(SWUSA).Ln.0.salicornicusvonBloeker,1932—coastalSWCalifornia(SWUSA)..0.sinuosusGrinnell,1913—islandsandtidalmarshlandsinSanPabloandSuisunbays,WCCalifornia(SWUSA).</p> <p>S. o. willetti von Bloeker, 1942 — Santa Catalina I off SW California (SW USA).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 45-70 mm,tail 31-40 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm; weight 3-7 g. The Ornate Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is grayish brown to dark brown, often with reddish or grayish overtone, and venteris a lighter more silvery gray. Melanism has been reported. Tail is relatively short, nearly naked, and slightly bicolored, being brown above and lighter below. Teeth are pigmented reddish. There are five unicuspids, third is smaller than fourth, and fifth is minute. I' has medial tine within the pigmentation, and they have deep interdenticular spaces. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 54 and FN = 76.</p> <p>Habitat. Mostly brackish and freshwater marsh and swamp habitats but also chaparral, grassy hillsides, landlocked regions (primarily subspecies ornatus) and adjacent woodlands, and coastal (juncensis, salarius, salicornicus, sinuosus) and riparian (lagunae, ornatus, relictus) areas, from sea level to elevations of ¢.2000 m. The Ornate Shrew prefers wet areas in marshes and swamps or in dense vegetation surrounding rivers, lakes, and ponds.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Ornate Shrew primarily eats small invertebrates in leaf litter.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of the Ornate Shrew seems to occur from late February until early October in San Francisco Bay (USA), although most breeding happens earlier and later in the season (through May and in late summer), decreasing in late spring to mid-summer. Some young born early in the season can reach sexual maturity later in summer and breed same season they were born. Embryo counts are 4-6/female. Ornate Shrews generally live to 14-16 months, rarely longer.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Activity of Ornate Shrews varies throughout the year, but they are mostly active at night and are less active during the day. Nocturnal activity is highest during the breeding season. Within an hour, 8-12 periods of activity have been observed ranging in length from a few seconds to ten minutes, with longer periods of rest in between. Ornate Shrews use tunnel systems to move around, rarely building their own burrows and using tunnel systems of other subterranean small mammals. They spend most oftheir time in burrows during the day and come out of burrows and forage on the ground at night. Torpor was observed in captive Ornate Shrews when food was scarce and lasted for a minute or so up to an hour, being induced by starvation.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Ornate Shrews are primarily solitary and highly territorial, but if food is plentiful, they are more capable of coexisting with others (at least in captivity). Captive shrews kept together rarely fought if food was abundant, but after food became scarce, they would fight and attempt to kill each other. Densities vary widely throughout the year and are highest in summer and lowest in winter. In ideal habitats, densities have been recorded at 111 ind/ha.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Ornate Shrew was once very common and widespread, although recent agricultural expansion and urban development have resulted in destruction or alteration of much of its coastal salt marsh and freshwater swamp and marsh habitats. The “Tule Shrew” (subspecies juncensis) was previously thought to be extinct since it was not recorded in 90 years, although a recent specimen was captured. However, the marshland habitat in that region has been largely destroyed and the subspecies is now found in coastal vegetation in San Quintin. Nevertheless, in regions away from the coast, Ornate Shrews are still relatively common. They are protected by Mexican legislation and occur in multiple protected areas, including Sierra de San Pedro Martir National Park in Mexico.</p> <p>Bibliography. Alvarez-Castafneda, Matson et al. (2016), Camargo &amp; Alvarez-Castafieda (2018), Carraway (2007), Esteva et al. (2010), Hays &amp; Lidicker (2000), Maldonado, Hertel &amp; Vila (2004), Maldonado,Vila &amp; Wayne (2001), Nelson &amp; Goldman (1909), Newman &amp; Rudd (1978a, 1978b), Owen &amp; Hoffmann (1983), Tobon (2014b).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0338758FA2CA1ED16BEF521	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0348758FF0FA05A1417F260.text	3D474A54A0348758FF0FA05A1417F260.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex palustris J. Richardson 1828	<div><p>77.</p> <p>American Water Shrew</p> <p>Sorex palustris</p> <p>French: Musaraigne palustre / German: Amerikanische Wasserspitzmaus / Spanish: Musgano americano</p> <p>Other common names: Vater Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex palustris J. Richardson, 1828,</p> <p>“ Marshy places, from Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Mountains,” Canada.</p> <p>Sorex palustris is in the S. palustris group and subgenus Otisorex along with S. albibarbis, S. alaskanus, S. navigator, and S. bendiri. It previously included S. albibarbis and S. navigator as subspecies, but genetic and morphological data support both as distinct species, although additional studies are needed to morphologically distinguish</p> <p>S. albibarbis. Sorex palustris is sister to S. albibarbis, and S. navigator is sister to S. bendi-</p> <p>rii. The S. palustris group is closely related to the S. montanus group and the S. sonomae group, but their exact relationships are uncertain. Distributional limits between S. palustris, S. navigator, and S. albibarbis are still very uncertain, and because of this, much of the ecological data cannot be reliably attributed to any of the three species. Thus, all ecological data for S. albibarbis, S. navigator, and S. palustris are presented under S. palustris here. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.p.palustris|.Richardson,1828—fromEBritishColumbiaandSNorthwestTerritoriesEtoCOntario(Canada)andStoNorthDakotaandMinnesota(NCUSA).</p> <p>S. p. hydrobadistes H. H. T.Jackson, 1926 — from E South Dakota E to Michigan (NC USA).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 62-98 mm, tail 58-71 mm, hindfoot 17-21 mm; weight 8:7-20 g. The American Water Shrew is a large semi-aquatic shrew. Pelage is highly variable; dorsum is generally blackish brown and occasionally flecked with white, giving grizzled appearance. Venter is silvery white to buffy brown. Occasionally, there is a nearly all blackish form, with lighter throat and chest, although this is rare. Feet are large and broad, and hindfeet are partially webbed and have small white hairs protruding on their sides. Tail is long, somewhat laterally flattened, and bicolored, dark blackish brown above and lighter below, with small tip of fur at end. Skull hasrelatively shorter unicuspid toothrow, largerfirst unicuspid, and shorter rostrum compared with the Western Water Shrew (S. navigator). Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, third is smaller than fourth, and fifth is much smaller.</p> <p>Habitat. Around streams, ponds, lakes, swamps, marshes, and bogs. American Water Shrews are most common around small streams with dense overhanging riparian vegetation. Although they are most commonly associated with water, individuals have been captured far from water sources, probably dispersing individuals. They are often associated with areas with at least 75% ground cover, providing protection while foraging. American Water Shrews are often associated with North American Beavers (Castor canadensis) because their dams create more marsh edge habitat with moving water and moist humus.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. American Water Shrews eat a large variety ofterrestrial and aquatic prey. Slugs and earthworms make up large proportions of their diets, along with plant material, Endogone fungi, aquatic insect larvae (stoneflies, mayflies, caddisflies, etc.), and otherterrestrial insects. They are also known to eat carrion of dead mice and will take small fish, tadpoles, and larval California giant salamanders (Dicamptodon ensatus). In hatchery ponds, they occasionally eat fish eggs. When food is plentiful, they will cache it in their tunnels, sometimes defecating on it to stop others from taking it.</p> <p>Breeding. Testicular enlargement in male American Water Shrews occurs in December or January; ovarian activity has been recorded as early as January. Reproduction occurs from February until about August in Montana, although breeding season probably varies by region. Females generally have 2-3 litters/year, and few individuals breed in the same year they are born, although it does occur in some individuals born earlier in the season. Litters have 3-10 young based on embryo counts. Females have postpartum estrus.</p> <p>Activity patterns. American Water Shrews are semi-aquatic. They are active day and night, although activity is highest during sunset and sunrise. Throughout the day, they have 1-5hour rhythms during which they spend 30 minutes active and 57 minutes sleeping. Active periods are spent foraging for food and exploring surroundings on land and in water. They are very capable swimmers and use their hindlegs to propel themselves through the water. They are also able to walk on water for short periods of time using the air bubbles trapped under hairs on their hindfeet, although mechanisms behind this need to be better studied. They forage underwater by poking and probing rocks and crevices on bottoms of streams. American Water Shrews seem to use their sense of touch and smell to find prey, but sight might also be important. Because a layer of air surrounds them while swimming, they float easily, which makes it difficult for them to stay underwater. Their fur also starts to get wet after a few minutes, and because of this, they come ashore and dry themselves off after each dive. They dry their fur with their hindfeet for ¢.10-30 seconds before entering the water again. On land, American Water Shrews use regular trails and tunnels to get around and get into the water and might sometimes block entrances to tunnels with sticks or dirt. Tunnels of deermice (Peromyscus sp.) are often used instead of creating their own. American Water Shrews build nests near banks of streams or ponds. Nests are constructed in tunnels, in logs, or under logs, and are formed by collected grasses and other vegetation, forming a depression, and stitching walls together with the mouth to form a somewhat dome-shaped nest.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. American Water Shrews are largely solitary and protect elongated territories along stream or pond edges from conspecifics. Home ranges are relatively small and have been estimated at 0-2-0-3 ha. When two American Water Shrews meet each other, a brief and sometimes intense fight occurs. Generally, however, one shrew backs down after the initial threat, although when neither shrew backs down, fighting is inevitable. Fights generally begin with both shrews emitting high-frequency squeaks c¢.3-5 cm apart. If neither backs down, they will rise onto their hindlegs and lash out with forefeet. If they continue to fight, they will end up in a tight ball, scratching and biting at each other until one gives up and runs away. The winner chases the loser away and is more likely to attack another shrew it meets; the loser is generally wearier about picking fights thereafter.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. American Water Shrews are overall not threatened, but localized water pollution and habitat destruction are detrimental because they rely so heavily on aquatic environments.</p> <p>Bibliography. Beneski &amp; Stinson (1987), Catania (2006), George (1988), Gusztak &amp; Campbell (2004), Himes &amp; Kenagy (2010), Hope et al. (2014), Mycroft et al. (2011), Nagorsen et al. (2017), Sorenson (1962), Whitaker &amp; Schmeltz (1973).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0348758FF0FA05A1417F260	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0358759FF29A2FC15F1FCDC.text	3D474A54A0358759FF29A2FC15F1FCDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex alaskanus (Merriam 1900)	<div><p>79.</p> <p>Glacier Bay Water Shrew</p> <p>Sorex alaskanus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Glacier Bay / German: Alaska-\Wasserspitzmaus / Spanish: Musgaro de los Glaciares</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex navigator alaskanus Merriam, 1900,</p> <p>“ Point Gustavus, Glacier Bay, Alaska,” USA.</p> <p>Sorex alaskanus is in the S. palustris group and subgenus Otisorex. It is occasionally in- cluded in S. palustris, although there have been no recent studies to determine its specific status, and based on skulls from the type series, S. alaskanus is distinguishable from S. palustris and S. navigator. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Flats around Gustavus and Bartlett coves in SE Alaska.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 80-88 mm, tail 65-72 mm, hindfoot 18:5-19 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Glacier Bay Water Shrew is large, externally similar to the American Water Shrew (S. palustris). Dorsum pelage is dark blackish brown, and venter is paler silvery gray. Feet are large and broad, and hindfeet are partially webbed and have small white hairs protruding on their sides. Tail is long, somewhat laterally flattened, and bicolored, being dark blackish brown above and lighter below, with small tip of fur at end. Glacier Bay Water Shrews are smaller than other water shrews in the S. palustris group and have more ridged skulls. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, third is smaller than fourth, and fifth is much smaller.</p> <p>Habitat. Probably wet areas such as bogs, marshes, and streams,similarly to the American Water Shrew.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Glacier Bay Water Shrews are semi-aquatic.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Glacier Bay Water Shrew is apparently only known from a few specimens collected in 1899 and 1970 from a very restricted locality, although it might have a larger distribution than currently known. Itis found in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, but urban development might threaten it outside the Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Beneski &amp; Stinson (1987), Hope et al. (2014), Hutterer (2005b), Mycroft et al. (2011), Nagorsen et al. (2017), Woodman, Reid &amp; Matson (2008b).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0358759FF29A2FC15F1FCDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0358759FA2FA8301AAAF3EB.text	3D474A54A0358759FA2FA8301AAAF3EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex albibarbis (Cope 1862)	<div><p>80.</p> <p>Eastern Water Shrew</p> <p>Sorex albibarbis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Cope / German: Ostliche Wasserspitzmaus / Spanish: Musgafo oriental</p> <p>Taxonomy. Neosorex albibarbis Cope, 1862,</p> <p>“Profile Lake, in the Franconia Mountains [Grafton Co.], New Hampshire,” USA. Sorex albibarbis is in the S. palustris group and subgenus Ofisorex; it is sister to S. palustris, of which it was previously included as a subspecies of. Although not all subspecies have been sampled, S. albibarbis is genetically distinguishable from S. palustris along with S. navigator. Additional studies are needed to distinguish S. albibarbis from</p> <p>the other two water shrews morphologically. Distributional limits between S. albibarbis and S. palustris are still very uncertain. Because ofthis confusion,all ecological data for S. albibarbis, S. navigator, and S. palustris are listed under S. palustris here. Five subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.a.albibarbisCope,1862—fromE&amp;SQuebec(ECanada)StoMaryland(NEUSA).</p> <p>S.a.gloveralleniH.H.T.Jackson,1926—NewBrunswickandNovaScotia(SECanada).</p> <p>S.a.labradorensisBurt,1938—LabradorandNEQuebec(NECanada).</p> <p>S.a.punctulatusHooper,1942—AppalachianMtsfromSPennsylvaniaStoTennessee(EUSA).</p> <p>S. a. turner: D. H. Johnson, 1951 — N Quebec (NE Canada).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. There are no specific measurements available. The Eastern Water Shrew is a large species of semi-aquatic shrew, very similar to the American Water Shrew (8 S. palustris) in dimensions, but additional studies are needed to identify morphological differentiation between them. Pelage is highly variable; dorsum is generally blackish brown and occasionally flecked with white, giving it grizzled appearance. Venteris silvery white to buffy brown. Occasionally, there is a nearly all blackish form, with lighter throat and chest, although this is rare. Feet are large and broad, and hindfeet are partially webbed and have small white hairs protruding on their sides. Tail is long, somewhat laterally flattened, and bicolored, being dark blackish brown above and lighter below, with small tip of fur at end. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, third is smaller than fourth, and fifth is much smaller.</p> <p>Habitat. Around streams, ponds, lakes, swamps, marshes, and bogs. Eastern Water Shrews are most common around small streams with dense overhanging riparian vegetation. Although they are most commonly associated with water, individuals have been captured far from water sources, which probably represents dispersing individuals. It has been noted that the Appalachian populations of subspecies punctulatus are found in more pristine unaltered habitat exclusively.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diets of the Eastern Water Shrew are probably similar to the American Water Shrew.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of the Eastern Water Shrew is probably similar to the American Water Shrew.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Eastern Water Shrews are semi-aquatic, with activity patterns probably similar to those of the American Water Shrew.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Eastern Water Shrews are probably similar to the American Water Shrew.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The [UCN Red List. American Water Shrews are not threatened overall, but localized water pollution and habitat destruction are detrimental because they rely so heavily on aquatic environments.</p> <p>Bibliography. Beneski &amp; Stinson (1987), Catania (2006), Gusztak &amp; Campbell (2004), Hope et al. (2014), Mycroft et al. (2011), Nagorsen et al. (2017), Pagels et al. (1998), Sorenson (1962).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0358759FA2FA8301AAAF3EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0358759FF25AA5B11D1F68B.text	3D474A54A0358759FF25AA5B11D1F68B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex navigator (Baird 1858)	<div><p>78.</p> <p>Western Water Shrew</p> <p>Sorex navigator</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Washington / German: Westliche Wasserspitzmaus / Spanish: Musgano occidental</p> <p>Taxonomy. Neosorex navigator Baird, 1858,</p> <p>“ Fort Vancouver, W. T. [= Washington Territory],” Washington, USA.</p> <p>Sorex navigator is in the S. palustris group and subgenus Ofisorex; it is sister to S. bendiru. It was previously included in S. palustris, although genetic and morphometric studies have justified its distinct status. There is apparent hybridization between it and S. palustris where their distributions meet in Alberta and British Columbia. Distribu-</p> <p>tional limits between the two species are uncertain, and additional studies are needed. Distributional limits between S. palustris and S. navigator are still very uncertain, and because of this, much of the ecological data cannot be reliably attributed to one species. Thus, all ecological data for S. albibarbis, S. navigator, and S. palustris are presented under S. palustris here. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.n.navigatorBaird,1858—NorthAmericanCordilleraandWesternCoastalRegionsinSAlaska,WCanada,andWUSA;specificdistributionuncertain.</p> <p>S. n. brooksi R. M. Anderson, 1934 — Vancouver I (SW Canada).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 56-85 mm, tail 62-79 mm, hindfoot 17-20-5 mm; weight 6-5-21-5 g. The Western Water Shrew is a large semi-aquatic shrew, very similar to the American Water Shrew (S. palustris), although it is smaller in size on average and has a longertail. Pelage is highly variable; dorsum is generally blackish brown and occasionally flecked with white, giving it grizzled appearance. Venteris silvery white to buffy brown. Occasionally, there is a nearly all blackish form, with lighter throat and chest, although this is rare. Feet are large and broad, and hindfeet are partially webbed and have small white hairs protruding on their sides. Tail is long, somewhat laterally flattened, and bicolored, being dark blackish brown above and lighter below, with small tip of fur at end. Skull has relatively longer unicuspid toothrow, smaller first unicuspid, and longer rostrum compared with the American Water Shrew. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, third is smaller than fourth, and fifth is much smaller.</p> <p>Habitat. Around streams, ponds, lakes, swamps, marshes, and bogs. Western Water Shrews are most common around small, fast-moving streams surrounded by dense overhanging riparian vegetation and rocks. Although they are most commonly associated with water, individuals have been captured far from water sources, which probably represents dispersing individuals.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diets of Western Water Shrews are probably similar to those of the American Water Shrew.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of the Western Water Shrew is probably similar to that of the American Water Shrew.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Western Water Shrews are semi-aquatic, with activity patterns probably similar to those of the American Water Shrew.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Western Water Shrew is probably similar to the American Water Shrew.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Western Water Shrew is common and widespread, butit is threatened by localized habitat destruction and water pollution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Beneski &amp; Stinson (1987), Brown (1967), Catania (2006), Conaway (1952), Conaway &amp; Pfitzer (1952), Cook et al. (1997), Craig et al. (2001), Gusztak &amp; Campbell (2004), Himes &amp; Kenagy (2010), Hope et al. (2014), Mycroft et al. (2011), Nagorsen et al. (2017), Sorenson (1962).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0358759FF25AA5B11D1F68B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A035875AFA10A7181660F8B3.text	3D474A54A035875AFA10A7181660F8B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex bendirii (Merriam 1884)	<div><p>81.</p> <p>Marsh Shrew</p> <p>Sorex bendirii</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Bendire / German: Pazifische Sumpfspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de marisma</p> <p>Other common names: Pacific Water Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Atophyrax bendirii Merriam, 1884, “ about a mile from Williamson's River, and some eighteen miles southeast of Fort Klamath,” Klamath County, Oregon, USA.</p> <p>Sorex bendirii is in the S. palustris group and subgenus Otisorex; it is sister to S. navigator. Three subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.b.bendiriiMerriam,1884—SWBritishColumbia(SWCanada)SthroughSW&amp;CWashingtonandWCOregontoNWCalifornia(NWUSA).</p> <p>S.b.albiventerMerriam,1895—OlympicPeninsulainNWWashington(NWUSA).</p> <p>S. b. palmer: Merriam, 1895 — W Oregon and extreme NW California (NW USA).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 70-101 mm, tail 60-80 mm, hindfoot 18-23 mm; weight</p> <p>10-21 g. The Marsh Shrew is eesil to the American Water Shrew (S. palustris). Dorsum is very dark blackish, occasionally with scattered pale hairs throughout. Venteris about the same but slightly lighter. Feet are large and dark and have some hair on their sides but not fringed or white as in the American Water Shrew. Tail is long, not tufted at end, and naked looking, being dark blackish throughout or occasionally slightly lighter below. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, fourth is smaller than third, and fifth is much smaller. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 54 and FN = 70.</p> <p>Habitat. Riparian habitats, most often in marshes, swamps, and near streams, ponds, and lakes. The Marsh Shrew is generally found near water in coniferous or mixed old growth forests with plenty offallen logs to build nests under.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Marsh Shrews eat earthworms, sowbugs, spiders, centipedes, termites, and other soft-bodied arthropods on land and aquatic arthropods underwater. They forage equally well on land and underwater, where they probe rocks and crevices with their snouts. When food is plentiful, they cache food for later use.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of the Marsh Shrew occurs from January until late August, with most young born in March. Gestation lasts c.3 weeks, and litters have 3—4 young. Few individuals survive to reproduce for more than one season because older individuals die off during winter.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Marsh Shrews are active throughout the day and year-round. They can swim underwater using their hindlimbs for propulsion and can even run on water for 3-5 seconds using air bubbles that get trapped under fur on their feet. They are very buoyant underwater because a layer of air surrounds them.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Marsh Shrews are solitary when not breeding and rearing young.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Habitat of the Marsh Shrew in some regions is decreasing due to urbanization and habitat fragmentation, although it is still relatively common.</p> <p>Bibliography. Brown (1974), Cassola (2016u), Galindo-Leal &amp; Zuleta (1997), Hope et al. (2014), Mycroft et al. (2011), Nagorsen (1996), Nagorsen et al. (2017), O'Neill et al. (2005), Pattie (1969, 1973).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A035875AFA10A7181660F8B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A036875AFFF2ACDF11EAF302.text	3D474A54A036875AFFF2ACDF11EAF302.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex bairdi Merriam 1895	<div><p>82.</p> <p>Baird’s Shrew</p> <p>Sorex bardi</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Baird / German: Baird-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Baird</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex bairdi Merriam, 1895,</p> <p>USA, “ Astoria [Clatsop Co.], Oregon,” USA.</p> <p>Sorex bairdi is in the S. sonomae group and subgenus Otisorex. Whether S. bairdishould be included as a subspecies or synonym of S. pacificus or retained as a separate species is up for debate because genetic data show that the two are not very distinct based on mtDNA. Nevertheless, they are retained as separate species here because of their dis-</p> <p>tinctive morphologies. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.b.bairdiMerriam,1895—coastalNW&amp;WOregon(NWUSA).</p> <p>S. b. permiliensis H. H. T. Jackson, 1918 — inland NW Oregon (NW USA).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 58-81 mm,tail 45-61 mm, hindfoot 13-16 mm; weight 5-11 g. Baird’s Shrew is relatively large. Dorsum is dark reddish brown or blackish brown, and venter is grayish brown. Top offeet are pale. Tailis relatively long, narrow, nearly naked, and slightly bicolored, being dark reddish/blackish brown above and slightly lighter below. Upper incisors have very small tines within pigment of a tooth and have large medial tines, less conspicuous than in the Montane Shrew (S. monticolus). Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, and third, and fifth are significantly smaller than fourth.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist conifer forests with dense ground cover.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Baird's Shrew eats small invertebrates.</p> <p>Breeding. Litters of Baird’s Shrew have 4-7 young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Baird's Shrews are active day and night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Baird’s Shrew is apparently common in its relatively restricted distribution, and there are no major threats currently affecting it.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (1990), Cassola (2016v), Demboski &amp; Cook (2001).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A036875AFFF2ACDF11EAF302	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A036875AFF09A60315AFF7F5.text	3D474A54A036875AFF09A60315AFF7F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex pacificus Coues 1877	<div><p>83.</p> <p>Pacific Shrew</p> <p>Sorex pacificus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Pacifique / German: Pazifische Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana del Pacifico</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex pacificus Coues, 1877,</p> <p>“ Fort Umpqua [mouth of Umpqua River, Douglas Co.], Oregon,” USA.</p> <p>Sorex pacificus is in the S. sonomae group and subgenus Ofisorex. Whether S. bard: should be included as a subspecies or synonym of S. pacificus or retained as a separate species is up for debate because genetic data show that the two are not very distinct based on mtDNA. Nevertheless, they are retained as separate species here</p> <p>because of their distinctive morphologies. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.p.pacificusCoues,1877—CoastRangeofWOregon(NWUSA).</p> <p>S. p. cascadensis Carraway, 1990 — Cascade Range of W Oregon (NW USA).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 76-97 mm,tail 51-68 mm, hindfoot 15-18 mm; weight 7-16 g. The Pacific Shrew is relatively large. Dorsum is rich reddish brown to dark brown, and venter is orangish brown and slightly paler than dorsum. Feet are pale brown. Tail is long, narrow, nearly naked, and slightly bicolored, being pale brown above and slightly lighter below. I' lack tines and have no medial tines but do have small protuberances, unlike in the Fog Shrew (S. sonomae). Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, third is smaller than fourth, and fifth is minute. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 54 and FN = 62.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist wooded areas with fallen logs and dense vegetative ground cover and thickly vegetated riparian habitats. Pacific Shrews avoid open areas that are occupied by Vagrant Shrews (S. vagrans).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Pacific Shrews feed largely on various invertebrates, but their diets can include insects (large and small bodied species of Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera, both adults and larvae), slugs, snails, earthworms, centipedes, vegetable matter, fungi, and some small vertebrates such as salamanders.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproductive activity of the Pacific Shrew occurs in February—November; males become sexually active in February and females in March. Females can produce more than one litter/year, possibly up to three. Litters have 2-6 young, usually 4-5 young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Pacific Shrew is surprisingly inactive during the day and will spend the day resting and periodically waking up to eat cached food. Foraging occurs throughout the night; they might forage during the day when food cachesare low, but this has yet to be confirmed. Pacific Shrews create latrines near their nests to deposit fecal matter.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Pacific Shrews are solitary.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Pacific Shrew is relatively common, but it has a restricted distribution in Oregon. It is found in multiple protected areas, including Crater Lake National Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (1985, 1988, 1990), Demboski &amp; Cook (2001), Hammerson (2016), Maser &amp; Hooven (1974), Verts &amp; Carraway (1988), Whitaker &amp; Maser (1976).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A036875AFF09A60315AFF7F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A036875BFAF6A31211FCFDA5.text	3D474A54A036875BFAF6A31211FCFDA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex sonomae (H. H. T. Jackson 1921)	<div><p>84.</p> <p>Fog Shrew</p> <p>Sorex sonomae</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Sonoma / German: Nebelspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Sonoma</p> <p>Other common names: Sonoma Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex pacificus sonomae H. H. T. Jackson, 1921,</p> <p>“ Sonoma County side of Gualala River, Gualala, California,” USA.</p> <p>Sorex sonomae is in the S. sonomae group along with S. pacificus and S. bairdi and sub- genus Otisorex. The S. sonomae group 1s sister to the S. monticolus group and includes northern populations of S. monticolus, sister to S. sonomae. Continued taxonomic revision is needed to resolve paraphyly of S. monticolus with respect to the S. sonomae</p> <p>group and exact placement of S. sonomae, which is either sister to the S. palustris group and the Coastal S. monticolus + S. pacificus / S. bairdi clade, or closer to S. pacificus, S. bairdi, and the Coastal S. monticolus. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.s.sonomaeH.H.T.Jackson,1921—WCOregonStoWCCalifornia(WUSA).</p> <p>S. s. tenelliodus Carraway, 1990 — NW &amp; SC Oregon (NW USA).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 67-89 mm, tail 49-68 mm, hindfoot 15-17 mm; weight 7-14 g. The Fog Shrew is large, very similar to the Pacific Shrew (S. pacificus) and only distinguishable based on cranial and dental characteristics. Dorsum is rich reddish brown to dark brown, and venter is orangish brown,slightly paler than dorsum. Feet are pale brown. Tail is long, narrow, nearly naked, and slightly bicolored, being pale brown above and slightly lighter below. I' lack tines and have no median tines or protuberances (which is found in the Pacific Shrew). Teeth are pigmented dark reddish. There are five unicuspids, third is smaller than fourth, and fifth is minute.</p> <p>Habitat. Generally moist wooded areas with dense ground cover, such as chaparral, coastal coniferous forests, and marshy regions.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Fog Shrews feed on various small invertebrates, such as insects, snails, slugs, earthworms, and centipedes; some plant and fungal material; and possibly small vertebrates.</p> <p>Breeding. Pregnant Fog Shrews have been recorded in March-September in California, and litters apparently have 2-6 young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Fog Shrew is probably similar to the Pacific Shrew.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fog Shrews are solitary.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Fog Shrew is widespread and has no major threats currently facing it, although little is known of its ecology. Additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (1985, 1988, 1990), Demboski &amp; Cook (2001).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A036875BFAF6A31211FCFDA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A037875BFF10A3C41AD7F3EA.text	3D474A54A037875BFF10A3C41AD7F3EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex monticolus Merriam 1890	<div><p>86.</p> <p>Montane Shrew</p> <p>Sorex monticolus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne sombre / German: Dunkle Rotzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafa de montana</p> <p>Other common names: Dusky Shrew, Mountain Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex monticolus Merriam, 1890, “ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-108.96&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -108.96/lat 33.7)">San Francisco Mountain</a>, Arizona. Altitude 3,500 meters (11,500 feet),” Coconino County, Arizona, USA. Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 33.70°N, longitude 108.96°W.”</p> <p>Widely used subspecific name longicaudus has been changed as the original name longicauda is a noun and thus invariable. Sorex monticolusis in the S. monticolus group along with S. neomexicanus and subgenus</p> <p>Otisorex. Sorex neomexicanus might be a synonym or subspecies of S. monticolus based on genetic data, although morphometric data support its specific status and it is recognized as distinct here until additional research is conducted. Sorex monticolus itself is largely paraphyletic because populations tend to fall into three major clades: Northern, Southern, and Coastal. Northern and Southern clades often group together with S. neomexicanus, and the Coastal clade is closest to S. pacificus and S. bairdi. Additional research is needed to resolve this paraphyly. Subspecific taxonomyis clearly in need of future research. Fourteen subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.m.monticolusMerriam,1890—C&amp;EArizonaandWNewMexico(SWUSA)StoDurango(WMexico).</p> <p>S.m.alascensisMerriam,1895—W&amp;SAlaskaincludingmanyoffshoreIs(USA).</p> <p>S.m.calvertensisCowan,1941—CalvertIoffWBritishColumbia(WCanada).</p> <p>S.m.elassodonOsgood,1901—QueenCharlotteIsoffWBritishColumbia(WCanada)andSAlaska(USA).</p> <p>S.m.insularisCowan,1941—S.m.IintheBardswellGroupoffWBritishColumbia(WCanada).</p> <p>S.m.isolatusH.H.T.Jackson,1922—VancouverI(SWCanada).</p> <p>S.m.longicaudaMerriam,1895—coastalSAlaska(USA)andWCBritishColumbia(WCanada).</p> <p>S.m.malitiosusH.H.T.Jackson,1919—WarrenIoffSAlaska(USA).</p> <p>S.m.obscurusMerriam,1895—NAlaskathroughWCanada(includingNWSaskatchewan)andWUSAfromNWashingtonandMontanaStoNewMexico(includingtheECaliforniaMts).</p> <p>S.m.parvidensH.H.T.Jackson,1921—SCalifornia(SWUSA).</p> <p>S.m.prevostensisOsgood,1901—Prevost(Kunghit)IintheQueenCharlotteIsoffWBritishColumbia(SWCanada).</p> <p>S.m.setosusElliot,1899—NWWashington(NWUSA)andtheSWcoastofBritishColumbia(SWCanada).</p> <p>S.m.shumaginensisMerriam,1900—PopofIintheShumaginIsoffSAlaska(USA).</p> <p>S. m. soperi R. M. Anderson &amp; Rand, 1945 — C Saskatchewan and SW Manitoba (SC Canada).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 53-76 mm, tail 42-61 mm, hindfoot 11-16 mm; weight 4-10 g. The Montane Shrew is medium-sized and hard to distinguish from the Vagrant Shrew (8. vagrans). Dorsum is brown to dark brown, occasionally with reddish tinge. Venter is buffy brown to grayish and is paler than dorsum. Tail is long, narrow, tipped with fur at end, and distinctly bicolored, being brown above and lighter below. Upper incisors are well pigmented and have pigmented tines; these teeth also have three denticles and wide interdenticular spaces. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, third is smaller than fourth, and fifth is minute.</p> <p>Habitat. Mostly alpine and boreal forests and coastal coniferous forests, associated with moist areas such as around streams or near bogs, being largely associated with riparian zones. In Mexico, Montane Shrews are found in montane pine-oak forests and can be found in spruce-fir and fir-larch forests in some regions. They typically are not found in open regions because of competition with Vagrant Shrews, but they are occasionally found in grassy meadows surrounded by forest. They are occasionally found in alpine tundra and sphagnum bogs.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Seventy-seven to 99% of diets of Montane Shrews consist of various small invertebrates and conifer seeds, although fungi, lichens, and other plant material have also been recorded in diets. Soft-bodied invertebrates (earthworms, snails, slugs, etc.) and insect larvae make up significant proportion of diets, and maximum size of prey is ¢.30 mm. Foraging occurs along the ground by rummaging through leaf litter until prey is located.</p> <p>Breeding. Male Montane Shrews start to become reproductively active in mid-winter, and females become reproductively active around March. Although timing of reproduction can vary widely throughout a population, young are generally born in spring and summer. Litters have 2-9 young (average 6-4 young), and gestation lasts c.21 days. Females have postpartum estrus. Young are weaned at c¢.3 weeks old. Females can have 3—4 litters/season but do not generally survive to a second breeding season. Some young born early can breed in the same season they were born. Most individuals do not live past 16 months.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Montane Shrews are active throughout the day and year, but they can be more active at night similarly to other northern shrews. Nests are composed of dried grass and are spherical, being about the size of a human's fist. They use tunnels and runways to get around quickly. They might use echolocation to get around similarly to the Vagrant Shrew, although this has yet to be investigated.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Montane Shrews are solitary and highly territorial. Males have significantly larger home ranges during the breeding season (4020 m?in British Columbia) than females (1227 m? in British Columbia) because males drastically expand their home ranges to breed with as many females as possible. Densities and population size vary largely throughout the year, being highest during the breeding season and lowestjust before it because older adults die off in autumn after breeding and younger individuals overwinter to the next breeding season. Densities have been recorded at 12 ind/ha in autumn.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Montane Shrew is widespread and common, although it might be affected by local deforestation and urban development in some regions.</p> <p>Bibliography. Alexander (1996), Carraway (2007), Demboski &amp; Cook (2001), Esteva et al. (2010), Hawes (1976, 1977), Ingles (1960), Smith &amp; Belk (1996), Terry (1981), Tobon (2014a).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A037875BFF10A3C41AD7F3EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A037875BFF2CA9E91682F7CE.text	3D474A54A037875BFF2CA9E91682F7CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sorex neomexicanus (Bailey 1913)	<div><p>85.</p> <p>New Mexico Shrew</p> <p>Sorex neomexicanus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Nouveau-Mexique / German: New-Mexico-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafia de Nuevo México</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex obscurus neomexicanus Bailey, 1913,</p> <p>“ Cloudcroft, New Mexico (alt. 9000 feet [= 2743 m]), in the Sacramento Mountains,” USA.</p> <p>Sorex neomexicanus is in the S. monticolus group along with S. monticolus and subgenus Otisorex. Sorex neomexicanus is morphologically distinct from S. monticolus but is nested within it genetically. Additional morphometric and genetic studies are needed to fully resolve whether S. neomexi-</p> <p>canus 1s a valid species or subspecies of S. monticolus. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Capitan and Sacramento Mts in SC New Mexico (SW USA); possibly extends also E to the Pecos River.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 67-8 mm, tail 43-8 mm, hindfoot 13-3 mm (measurements are averages). No specific data are available for body weight. The New Mexican Shrew is medium-sized, very similar to the Montane Shrew (S. monticolus). Dorsum is drab dark brown, with less red than in the Montane Shrew (obscurus), and venter is brownish gray. Tail is relatively long, narrow, and bicolored, being brown above and paler below with small tuft of hair at tip. The New Mexican Shrew is distinguished from the Montane Shrew (obscurus) by its unicuspid tooth row and palatal breadth between first unicuspids. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, third is smaller than fourth, and fifth is minute.</p> <p>Habitat. Open areas surrounded by coniferous forests in sheltered canyons.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Virtually nothing is known of the rare and geographically restricted New Mexican Shrew, and additional research is needed to determine its taxonomic and conservation status.</p> <p>Bibliography. Alexander (1996), Demboski &amp; Cook (2001), NatureServe (Hammerson) et al. (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A037875BFF2CA9E91682F7CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0098765FFF2A1881874F753.text	3D474A54A0098765FFF2A1881874F753.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis magnus (Merriam 1895)	<div><p>88.</p> <p>Big Mexican Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis magnus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne d'Oaxaca / German: Grote Mexikanische Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de México grande</p> <p>Other common names: Big Small-eared Shrew, Big Mexican Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina magna Merriam, 1895,</p> <p>“ Totontepec, Oaxaca (altitude, 6,800 feet [= 2073 m]),” Mexico. Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 17-22°N, longitude 95-98°W.”</p> <p>In concordance with Opinion 2164 of the International Code of Zoological Nomen- clature in 2006, Cryptotis is considered to be masculine, and all species epithets in the genus are altered to be masculine if</p> <p>necessary. L. Guevara and F. A. Cervantes in 2014 found that C. magnus is in the C. mexicanus group and sister to C. phillipsu, which togetheraresister to a clade containing C. nelsoni, C. mexicanus, and C. obscurus. J. R. Choate in 1970 considered C. magnus a relict species due to its less developed foot anatomy (less fossorial) and relict distribution. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. NC Oaxaca (SC Mexico).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.86-88 mm, tail 37-53 mm, hindfoot 1617-5 mm; weight 7 g. The Big Mexican Small-eared Shrew is large, with relatively large teeth for its body size. Pelage is longer in winter than summer, and fur is more drab in color near end of each season but stays the same color between seasons (although venter is apparently paler in winter). Dorsum is uniform black, with interspersed paler hairs, giving somewhat peppered appearance. Venteris slightly lighter than dorsum because some hairs have buffy tips. Feet are not as semi-fossorially specialized as in other species of Cryptotis, being elongated with abruptly recurved claws. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Tail is relatively long for the genus (c.52% of head-body length), covered with short hair, and black. Skull is very large, with angular braincase and elongated and broad rostrum. Teeth are large in proportion to body size. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids, with very small lingual tubercles.</p> <p>Habitat. Cloud forests and wet conifer-oak forests at elevations of 1300-3000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Big Mexican Small-eared Shrew probably feeds on large insects, as indicated by its larger size and bulbous teeth.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding of the Big Mexican Small-eared Shrew probably occurs year-round, although there can be peaks or cycles during wet and dry seasons. Females with three embryos and males with prominent testicles have been captured in May—-October.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Big Mexican Small-eared Shrews are probably nocturnal and might be less fossorial than other shrews in the C. mexicanus group because their feet are not as specialized for fossorial living. Individuals have been captured on runways.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List (as C. magna). The Big Mexican Small-eared Shrew has a restricted distribution and is considered relatively rare. Deforestation is the greatest threat; as much as 72% of its distribution has become unsuitable due to agricultural and urban expansion. Although a small part of its northern distribution is in the Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Biosphere Reserve, most ofits distribution is unprotected. Additional research is needed on ecology of the Big Mexican Small-eared Shrew.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Carraway (2007), Choate (1970), Cuarén, de Grammont &amp; Woodman (2008), Guevara &amp; Cervantes (2014), Hutterer (2005b), ICZN (2006), Lopez &amp; Zarza (2014), Robertson &amp; Rickart (1975).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0098765FFF2A1881874F753	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0098765FFFBA94D1035F57E.text	3D474A54A0098765FFFBA94D1035F57E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis nelsoni (Merriam 1895)	<div><p>87.</p> <p>Nelson’s Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis nelsoni</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Nelson / German: Nelson-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de Nelson</p> <p>Other common names: Nelson's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina nelsoni Merriam, 1895,</p> <p>“ Volcano of Tuxtla, Vera Cruz, Mexico (altitude, 4,800 feet [= 1219 m]).” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 18-55°N, longitude 95-22°W.”</p> <p>Cryptotis nelsoni was included in C. mexicanusbyJ. R. Choate in 1970 and E. R. Hall in 1981 but was recognized as a distinct species by N. Woodman and R. M. Timm in 2000. Cryptotis nelsoni is included in the C. mexicanus group along with C. magnus,</p> <p>C. mexicanus, C. obscurus, and C. phillipsii. L.. Guevara and F. A. Cervantes in 2014 found that C. nelsoni wassister to a clade including C. mexicanus and C. obscurus, with C. phillipsii and C. magnus being sister to a clade containing C. nelsoni, C. mexicanus, and C. obscurus. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Volcan San Martin, Veracruz (EC Mexico).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 72-79 mm, tail 22-33 mm, ear 2-3 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm; weight 3-8 g. Ear length is not included for species of Cryptotis because of the ambiguity of measurements taken for only a few species, where some authors reference them as “0 mm.” Most species of Cryptotis have ear lengths of 4-8 mm, usually averaging c¢.6 mm, but ears are not easily measured or seen because they are barely visible under fur (sometimes ears are visible when looking directly at the front of the face), hence the common name “small-eared shrew.” Nelson’s Small-eared Shrew is medium-sized, similar to the Small Mexican Small-eared Shrew (Cryptotis mexicanus) but slightly darker. Dorsum is sooty brown, and venteris slightly paler. Feet are short and lighter than dorsum; ears are hidden under fur. Tail is short (28-44% of headbody length), well furred, and sooty brown. Skull is larger and heavier than that of the Small Mexican Small-eared Shrew, with larger and flatter braincase and broader interpterygoid fossa. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids. Dental formula for all members ofthis genusis13/1,C1/1,P 2/1, M 3/3 (x2) = 30.</p> <p>Habitat. Evergreen tropical rainforests on slopes of Volcan San Martin at elevations of 1460-1525 m (possibly 1000-2550 m). Soil in the area consists largely of soot and ash, and forest floor consists of leaflitter and seedlings, being dominated by Astrocaryum mexicanum (Arecaceae). Forests mostly contain figs (Ficus tecolutensis, Moraceae), laurel (Nectandra ambigens, Lauraceae), elm (Ulmus mexicana, Ulmaceae), and cork (Omphalea oleifera, Euphorbiaceae).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Nelson's Small-eared Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red Last. Nelson’s Small-eared Shrew has a very restricted and endemic distribution and had been unrecorded since the original twelve specimens were collected in 1894 by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Cervantes and Guevara relocated it nearits type locality 109 years later in 2003. Nelson’s Small-eared Shrew is threatened by logging, cattle grazing, induced fires, and agricultural development. About 90% of the type locality has been deforested, and current annual rate of deforestation is 6-2%. Virtually nothing is known about Nelson’s Small-eared Shrew, and additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Carraway (2007), Ceballos &amp; Arroyo-Cabrales (2014a), Cervantes &amp; Guevara (2010), Choate (1970), Guevara &amp; Cervantes (2014), Hall (1981), Hutterer (2005b), Woodman (2005), VWoodman &amp; Timm (1999, 2000), Woodman etal. (2010).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0098765FFFBA94D1035F57E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0098766FAF5A3A910A0F839.text	3D474A54A0098766FAF5A3A910A0F839.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis mexicanus (Coues 1877)	<div><p>89.</p> <p>Small Mexican Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis mexicanus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Mexique / German: Kleine Mexikanische Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de México pequena</p> <p>Other common names: Mexican Short-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina (Soriciscus) mexicana Coues, 1877,</p> <p>“ Xalapa [= Jalapa], Mexico.” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 19-51°N, longitude 96-91°W.”</p> <p>Widely used specific name mexicana has been changed for gender agreement. L. Guevara and F. A. Cervantes in 2014 found that C. mexicanus is included in the C. mexicanus group along with C. obscurus, C. nelsoni, C. phallipsii, and C. magnus and issister to C. obscurus, with C. nelsoni sister to them</p> <p>both. J. R. Choate in 1970 and E. R. Hall in 1981 included C. nelsoni, C. obscurus, and C. peregrinus in C. mexicanus, although N. Woodman and R. M. Timm in 2000 validated their status as separate species using genetic and morphometric data. A. B. Baird and colleagues in 2018 found that the C. mexicanus group was sister to a clade including the C. nigrescens group, C. parvus group, C. goldmani group, and C. goodwini group. In a 2018 genetic study by H. Zeballos and others describing C. evaristoi, representatives of the C. thomasi group were found to be close to the C. mexicanus group (C. evaristoi, C. montivagus, and C. niausa), although P. A. Moreno in 2017 found that various representatives of the C. thomasi group were sister to the C. nigrescens group. Additional sampling is needed to clarify these relationships. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SW San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, E Puebla, WC Veracruz, NC &amp; E Oaxaca, and W Chiapas (SC Mexico).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 55-88 mm,tail 20-34 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm; weight 6-10 g. The Small Mexican Small-eared Shrew is variably sized but generally small. Dorsum is dark brown or dark reddish brown and slightly lighter on venter; hairs on dorsum have dark tips instead of white or buffy tips on venter. Summer pelage is grayer and drabber than winter pelage. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible underfur. Tail is short (c.37% of head-body length), covered with short hair, and black. Teeth are slightly less pigmented than those of the Grizzled Small-eared Shrew (C. obscurus), and skull is smaller than that of Nelson’s Small-eared Shrew (C. nelsoni). Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Damp grassy areas bordering streams or orchards in humid montane tropical forests, preferring primary forests, at elevations of 520-2600 m. Small Mexican Small-eared Shrews are common in temperate cloud forests, cold and wet pine/oak forests, and forest edge habitats. They occasionally are found near agricultural fields and other disturbed habitats, although thisis less common.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Small Mexican Short-eared Shrew is primarily carnivorous, feeding on insects, earthworms, other invertebrates, and small vertebrates such as lizards.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of the Small Mexican Short-eared Shrew seems to occur yearround, and litters typically have three young. Nests are spherical, 50-120 mm in diameter, and lined with leaves and dried grasses. They are usually built under logs, rocks, or other objects.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Small Mexican Short-eared Shrews are nocturnal and diurnal; they are semi-fossorial and agile diggers with specialized forefeet for digging.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as C. mexicana). The Small Mexican Short-eared Shrew has a relatively wide distribution and can be common although it is potentially threatened by deforestation and pesticide use. In 2005,it was estimated that 58% of habitat in its distribution was notsuitable due to urban and agricultural expansion.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Carraway (2007), Cassola (2016j), Castro-Arellano &amp; Ceballos (2014), Choate (1970, 1973), Guevara (2017), Guevara &amp; Cervantes (2014a), Hall (1981), Hutterer (2005b), Moreno (2017), Reid (2009), Woodman &amp; Timm (2000), Zeballos et al. (2018).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0098766FAF5A3A910A0F839	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A00A8766FF13A3421BBFFCB7.text	3D474A54A00A8766FF13A3421BBFFCB7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis obscurus (Merriam 1895)	<div><p>90.</p> <p>Grizzled Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis obscurus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne obscure / German: Grauhaarige Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafa de orejas pequenas canosa</p> <p>Other common names: Grizzled Mexican Small-eared Shrew, Grizzled Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina obscura Merriam, 1895,</p> <p>“ Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico (altitude, 8,500 feet [= 2591 m]).” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 20-08°N, longitude 98-37°W.”</p> <p>Widely used specific name obscura has been changed for gender agreement L. Guevara and F. A. Cervantes in 2014 found that C. obscurus was in the C. mexicanus group along with C. mexicanus, C. nelsoni, C. phillipsii, and C. magnus and sister</p> <p>to C. mexicanus, with C. nelsoni sister to them both. Cryptotis obscurus was included in C. mexicanus by J. R. Choate (in 1970) and E. R. Hall in 1981 but was recognized as a distinct species by N. Woodman and R. M. Timm in 2000. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SW Tamaulipas, SE San Luis Potosi, NE Querétaro, Hidalgo, extreme WC Veracruz, and WC México (C Mexico).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 56-75 mm, tail 20-32 mm, hindfoot 13 mm; weight 3-10 g. The Grizzled Small-eared Shrew is small, with uniquely grizzled pelage, being significantly smaller and having darker tooth pigmentation than the related Small Mexican Small-eared Shrew (C. mexicanus). Dorsum is dark grizzled silvery gray, with some individuals having reddish hue (paler and redder than the Small Mexican Smalleared Shrew). Venteris silvery gray, with brown-tipped fur, and is completely silver for distal one-fourth of venter. Tail is relatively long (c.40% head-body length), covered with short hair, and slightly bicolored, being silvery gray above and slightly lighter below. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Skull has bulbous zygomatic process, and I' has two denticles and deep interdenticular space. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Dense, wet temperate and subtropical cloud forest populated with pine and oak, with thick herbaceous undergrowth and leaflitter, at elevations of 1040-2500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Grizzled Short-eared Shrew is insectivorous/carnivorous, feeding primarily on insects and other invertebrates.</p> <p>Breeding. Pregnant Grizzled Short-eared Shrews have been reported from early June to August; reproductive males have been captured in mid-August. In Hidalgo, two females with two embryos each were collected in August; another female with three embryos was captured in July.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Grizzled Short-eared Shrews are probably nocturnal and semi-fossorial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as C. obscura). Grizzled Small-eared Shrews are considered relatively common and are found in various protected areas. Nevertheless, they have a fragmented distribution, and their overall population seems to be decreasing, which might warrant reclassification as Near Threatened. The Mexican Official Regulation considers the Grizzled Smalleared Shrew as rare.</p> <p>Bibliography. Arroyo-Cabrales &amp; Ceballos (2014), Baird et al. (2018), Carraway (2007), Choate (1970), Guevara &amp; Cervantes (2014), Hall (1981), Hutterer (2005b), Roach &amp; Naylor (2016), Woodman &amp; Timm (2000).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A00A8766FF13A3421BBFFCB7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A00A8766FA10A8D01443F665.text	3D474A54A00A8766FA10A8D01443F665.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis phillipsii (Schaldach 1966)	<div><p>91.</p> <p>Phillips’s Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis phillipsii</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Phillips / German: Phillips-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de Phillips</p> <p>Other common names: Phillips's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Notiosorex (Xenosorex) phillipsii Schaldach, 1966,</p> <p>“ Rio Molino, 3 kilom- eters SW. San Miguel Suchixtepec, alti- tude 2250 m, southern Oaxaca, México.” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 16-06°N, longitude 96-49°W.”</p> <p>L. Guevara and F. A. Cervantes in 2014 found that C. phillipsic was included in the C. mexicanus group with C. mexicanus, C. nelsoni, C. obscurus, and C. magnus and sister to C. magnus. Cryptotis phillipsii was</p> <p>included in C. mexicanus by J. R. Choate in 1970 and E. R. Hall in 1981 but was recognized as a distinct species by N. Woodman and R. M. Timm in 2000. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Sierra de Miahuatlan, SC Oaxaca (SC Mexico).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 58-78 mm, tail 23-36 mm, hindfoot 11 mm; weight 6-5-10 g. Phillips’s Small-eared Shrew is small to medium-sized. Dorsum is dark gray, washed with silver, giving a frosted appearance. Venter is slightly lighter silvery gray, being completely silver on distal one-fourth of venter. Tail is relatively long (c.45% head-body length), covered with short hair, and slightly bicolored, being dark gray above. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. I' has two denticles and deep interdenticular spaces, and zygomatic processes extend posteriorly and ventro-laterally to below occlusal surface of teeth and are sharply pointed. Fourth unicuspid is very small and absent in some individuals, being obscured in lateral view of skull. Teeth are reddish, and there are four (or three) unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist humid cloud forests at elevations of 1060-2600 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Phillips’s Small-eared Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Phillips’s Small-eared Shrew has a restricted distribution, and at lower elevations,it is threatened by overgrazing and deforestation.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Carraway (2007), Ceballos &amp; Arroyo-Cabrales (2014c), Choate (1970), Guevara &amp; Cervantes (2014), Hall (1981), Hutterer (2005b), Woodman &amp; Timm (2000), Woodman, Alvarez-Castafieda et al. (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A00A8766FA10A8D01443F665	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A00A8767FA1AA2A0167DFC88.text	3D474A54A00A8767FA1AA2A0167DFC88.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis brachyonyx Woodman 2003	<div><p>92.</p> <p>Eastern Cordillera Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis brachyonyx</p> <p>French: Musaraigne a griffes courtes / German: Ostliche Kordilleren-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafia de orejas pequenas de la Cordillera oriental</p> <p>Other common names: Eastern Cordillera Small-footed Shrew, Short-clawed Colombian Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis brachyonyx Woodman, 2003,</p> <p>“ COLOMBIA: Department of Cundinamarca: ‘ La Selva, near Bogota.”</p> <p>Cryptotis brachyonyx is in the C. nigrescens group based on morphology and is probably closest to C. colombianus, although genetic data are needed to clarify its position. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. W slopes of the C portion of the E Andes Range (C Colombia).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. There are no measurements available other than hindfoot at 12 mm. The Eastern Cordillera Small-eared Shrew is smallto medium-sized, with relatively short tail, short foreclaws, and small feet. Dorsum is dark brown, with gray-based and brown-tipped hairs. Venterisslightly lighter buffy brown, with gray-based hairs. Feet are small and slim with tiny claws, and dusky in color. Tail is relatively long, covered with short hair, and dark brown. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Skull has narrow palate, minute postero-lingual cuspules of anterior three unicuspids, shallow to moderately</p> <p>deep lower sigmoid notch of mandible, and minute (but present) entoconid of M°. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Probably pre-montane moist and wet forests, lower montane and montane moist forests, and montane wet forests on the Cordillera Oriental at elevations of c.1300-2715 m. Habitat in which the four known specimens of the Eastern Cordillera Small-eared Shrew were collected is uncertain.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Eastern Cordillera Small-eared Shrew is only known from four individuals in a restricted locality, and it is possibly extinct or exceptionally rare. Additional research is needed to investigate its ecology, taxonomy, and current distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hutterer (2005b), Woodman (2003, 2008a), Woodman &amp; Péfaur (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A00A8767FA1AA2A0167DFC88	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A00B8767FFF6A8FD1390F5E9.text	3D474A54A00B8767FFF6A8FD1390F5E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis colombiana Woodman & Timm 1993	<div><p>93.</p> <p>Colombian Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis colombianus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Colombie / German: Kolumbien-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de Colombia</p> <p>Other common names: Colombian Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis colombiana Woodman &amp; Timm, 1993,</p> <p>“Colombia; Central Cordillera; Antioquia Dept., Sonson; 15 km E of Rio Negrito; 1750 m.” Corrected by N. Woodman and J. E. Péfaur in 2008 to “ Rio Negrito, 15 km E of Sonson, Antioquia, Colombia.”</p> <p>Widely used specific name colombiana has been changed for gender agreement. Cryptotis colombianus is in the C. nigrescens group based on humerus morphology and</p> <p>might be closest to C. brachyonyx, although genetic data are needed to clarify these relationships. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. C Andes Range in Antioquia and Caldas departments (C Colombia).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 60-76 mm,tail 27-34 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Colombian Small-eared Shrew is a smallto mid-sized. Dorsum is dark brown, with gray underfur. Venteris slightly paler buffy brown, with gray underfur. Feet are small and slim, with tiny claws, and dusky in color. Tail is very short (c.36% of head-body length), covered with short hair, and dark brown. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Skull has broad rostrum, palate, and interorbital area, narrow zygomatic plate, crowded tooth row, bulbous and non-recessed dentition, simple M?, and broad coronoid process thatjoins horizontal ramus at about a right angle. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. ower moist montane cloud forests and near pine plantations, disturbed forests, and agriculturalfields at elevations of 1750-2800 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as C. colombiana). There are no major threats to Colombian Small-eared Shrews, and they can withstand some habitat destruction and alteration, although their distribution is restricted and experiences high rates of habitat loss. Virtually nothing is known ofits ecology, and additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hutterer (2005b), Woodman (1996, 2003, 2017a), Woodman &amp; Péfaur (2008), Woodman &amp; Timm (1993), Woodman et al. (2003).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A00B8767FFF6A8FD1390F5E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A00B8767FF0DA1141877FC94.text	3D474A54A00B8767FF0DA1141877FC94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis hondurensis Woodman & Timm 1992	<div><p>94.</p> <p>Honduran Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis hondurensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Honduras / German: Honduras-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de Honduras</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis hondurensis Woodman &amp; Timm, 1992,</p> <p>“ Honduras: Francisco Morazan Department; 12 km WNW of El Zamorano, W slope of Cerro Uyuca [= Cerro Oyuca; ca. 14°05’N, 87°06’'W], 1680 m.”</p> <p>Cryptotis hondurensis is in the C. nigrescens group based on morphology, although genetic data are needed to clarify its position. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from three localities in Francisco Morazan Department E of Tegucigalpa (S Honduras).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 55-64 mm, tail 27-29 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Honduran Small-eared Shrew is small. Dorsum is dark blackish brown, and venter is paler dark brown. Feet are small and slim, with tiny claws, and dusky in color. Tail is long (c.42-53% of head-body length), dark brown, covered with short hair, and tapered to a point. Eyes are diminutive, and</p> <p>ears are small and barely visible under fur. Skull has long and wide rostrum, wide zygomatic plate, complex M?nearly perpendicular conformation of coronoid process junction with horizontal ramus, and short and broad articular process. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Highland pine, mixed pine, and oak forests at elevations of ¢.1700 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Honduran Small-eared Shrew is known from few specimens at three localities, including within La Tigra National Park, although its distribution is probably more extensive. Deforestation and pesticide use might be major threats, but additional research on threats, taxonomy, and ecology is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Choate (1970), Hutterer (2005b), Reid (2009), Woodman &amp; Matson (2008), Woodman &amp; Timm (1992).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A00B8767FF0DA1141877FC94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A00B8767FAFBA8F01515F66F.text	3D474A54A00B8767FAFBA8F01515F66F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis merus Goldman 1912	<div><p>95.</p> <p>Darien Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis merus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Darien / German: Darién-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de Darien</p> <p>Other common names: Darien Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis merus Goldman, 1912,</p> <p>“ from near head of Rio Limon (altitude 4,500 feet [= 1372 m]), Mount Pirri, east- ern Panama.”</p> <p>Cryptotis merus was previously included in C. nigrescens but was validated as a distinct species by N. Woodman and R. M. Timm in 1993. It is included in the C. nigrescens group based on morphology, although genetic data are needed to clarify its position. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Highlands along border of E Panama and NW Colombia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 66-73 mm, tail 24-31 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Darien Small-eared Shrew is mid-sized. Dorsum is dark glossy blackish brown, and venteris slightly paler dusky gray. Feet are small and slim, with tiny claws, and dusky in color. Tail is short (c.40% of head-body length), covered with short hair, and blackish brown. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Skull has minute or absent foramen of tympanic process of petromastoid and large fourth unicuspid. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Pre-montane rainforest and lower montane rainforest life zones, including dense cloud forests with abundant epiphytes, at elevations of 1400-1500 m. Darien Small-eared Shrews were trapped under logs on steep banks of streams.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List (as C. mera). The Darien Small-eared Shrew has a very restricted distribution and is threatened mostly by deforestation and pesticides. It is found in the Darién National Park in Panama and can be common. Virtually nothing is known ofits natural history, and additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Choate (1970), Hutterer (2005b), Reid (2009), Woodman &amp; Péfaur (2008), Woodman &amp; Timm (1993), Woodman, Samudio &amp; Pino (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A00B8767FAFBA8F01515F66F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A00B8760FAF6A2991741FB02.text	3D474A54A00B8760FAF6A2991741FB02.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis nigrescens (J. A. Allen 1895)	<div><p>96.</p> <p>Blackish Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis nigrescens</p> <p>French: Musaraigne noire / German: Schwarzliche Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas negruzca</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina (Soriciscus) nigrescens J. A. Allen, 1895,</p> <p>“ San Isidro (San José [Province]), Costa Rica.”</p> <p>Cryptotis nigrescens is in the C. nigrescens group and previously included many of the currently recognized species of Neotropical Cryptotis as synonyms or subspecies. A. B. Baird and colleagues in 2018 found that C. nigrescens was basal to the rest of the sequenced species in the C. nigrescens group (C. lacandonensis, C. mayen-</p> <p>sis, and a paraphyletic C. merriami) and determined that the C. nigrescens group was sister to a clade including the C. parvus group, C. goldmani group, and C. goodwini group, with the C. mexicanus group being the most basal lineage in Cryplotis. The C. nigrescens group also includes C. brachyonyx, C. colombianus, C. hondurensis, C. merus, C. lacandonensis, C. mayensis, and C. merriami, but in another recent study by H. Zeballos and colleagues in 2018, C. niausa was sister to the C. nigrescens group even though it was morphologically in the C. thomas: group. In the same study, the C. thomasi group was sister to the C. nigrescens group, although additional sampling from all species in both groupsis needed to clarify these relationships. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Highlands of Costa Rica and W Panama.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 55-83 mm, tail 19-37 mm, hindfoot 13-14 mm; weight 5-8 g. The Blackish Small-eared Shrew is mid-sized to large, with relatively short and broad snout. Dorsum is dark brownish black, occasionally sprinkled with paler hairs, and venter is slightly paler charcoal gray. Feet are small and slim, with tiny claws, and dusky in color. Tail is short (c.40% of head-body length), covered with short hair, and blackish. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Typical of the C. nigrescens group, anterior border of coronoid process joins horizontal ramus of mandible at high angle, anterior element of ectoloph of M' is about equal in size to posterior element, and unicuspids are typically large in lateral view of skull, with straight or convex postero-ventral margins. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Cool evergreen forests, forest edges, and occasionally drier open woodlands on the Pacific slopes at elevations of 800-2900 m (above 800 m in Costa Rica and above 1000 m in Panama). In some areas, the Blackish Small-eared Shrew is found in pastures and other open areas.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Probably insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. Litters of the Blackish Small-eared Shrew have 1-3 young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Probably nocturnal and a strong digger.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Blackish Small-eared Shrew is apparently common and found in multiple protected areas with no major threats, although its distribution is relatively small and very little is known ofits natural history.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Choate (1970), Guevara &amp; Cervantes (2014), He et al. (2015), Hutterer (2005b), Moreno (2017), Naylor &amp; Roach (2016¢), Reid (2009), Woodman (2011a, 2011b), Woodman &amp; Gaffney (2014), Woodman &amp; Morgan (2005), Woodman &amp; Péfaur (2008), Woodman &amp; Timm (1993), Zeballos et al. (2018).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A00B8760FAF6A2991741FB02	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A00C8760FF2FAE0716CBF438.text	3D474A54A00C8760FF2FAE0716CBF438.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis lacandonensis Guevara 2014	<div><p>97.</p> <p>Lacandona Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis lacandonensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Lacandona / German: Lacandona-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de Lacandona</p> <p>Other common names: Lacandona Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis lacandonensis Guevara et al., 2014,</p> <p>“ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-90.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -90.96667/lat 16.9)">Yaxchilan Archaeological Site</a>, 90-m elevation, municipality of Ocosingo, Chiapas, Mexico (... 16°54’N, 90°58'W).”</p> <p>L. Guevara and colleagues in 2014 determined that C. lacandonensis was sister to C. mayensis. Holotype and paratype were originally labeled C. griseoventris when they were collected in 1999 and 1998, respectively. This conclusion was also reached by A. B. Baird and colleagues in 2018; they</p> <p>concluded that C. lacandonensis was in the C. nigrescens group. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Lacandona Rainforest, Chiapas (SE Mexico); it might also be found in adjacent Guatemala or throughout the Usumacinta-Lacantin rivers plains.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 78-81 mm, tail 33-35 mm, hindfoot 11-9 mm; weight 6 g. The Lacandona Small-eared Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is dark blackish gray, and venteris slightly paler blackish gray. Feet are small and slim, with tiny claws, and dusky in color. Tail is short (c.42-43% of head-body length), covered with short hair, and blackish. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barley visible under fur. Skull is relatively large and long, with slender dentation (not bulbous); fourth unicuspid (U4) is aligned with tooth row and completely visible in labial view of rostrum; complex M?* has well-developed and pigmented protocone, paracrista, and conspicuous paracone; well-developed mesostyle, postcentrocrista, and metacone. Humerus is longer than what is typical for the Yucatan Small-eared Shrew (C. mayensis) and Merriam’s Small-eared Shrew (C. merriami). Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. [Lowland tropical rainforests dominated by trees greater than 40 m in height on floodplains of the Lacantin-Usumacinta rivers at an elevation of ¢.90 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Lacandona Smalleared Shrew was only recently recognized as a distinct species and has a very restricted known distribution; it might be rare because it is known from only two specimens. Virtually nothing is known ofits natural history, and additional research is needed to understand its threats, taxonomy, and ecology.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Guevara, Sanchez-Cordero et al. (2014), He Kai et al. (2015).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A00C8760FF2FAE0716CBF438	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A00C8760FF13A74E14DCF8DC.text	3D474A54A00C8760FF13A74E14DCF8DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis mayensis (Merriam 1901)	<div><p>98.</p> <p>Yucatan Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis mayensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne des Mayas / German: Yucatan-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de Yucatan</p> <p>Other common names: Maya Small-eared Shrew, Yucatan Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina mayensis Merriam, 1901,</p> <p>“ Maya ruin at Chichenitza, Yucatan ”, Mexico. Restricted by LL. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 20-67°N, longitude 88-57°W.”</p> <p>Cryptotis mayensis was previously included in C. nigrescens, but N. Woodman and R. M. Timm in 1993 validated its specific status. It is part of the C. nigrescens group, and L. Guevara and colleagues in 2014 and A. B. Baird and colleagues in 2018 determined that C. mayensis was sister to C. lacandonensis. Another recent study by H. Zeballos and</p> <p>colleagues in 2018 placed C. mayensis close to C. merriami and found that C. nigrescens and C. niausa were close to this group. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Yucatan Peninsula in SE Mexico, NE Guatemala, and N Belize; collected in owl pellets in Guerrero (SC Mexico).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 61-90 mm, tail 24-33 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm; weight 4-6 g. The Yucatan Small-eared</p> <p>Shrew is mid-sized to large, with short fur. Dorsum is paler silvery gray or dark silvery gray, light compared with other species in the C. nigrescens group. Venteris lighter silvery gray than dorsum. Feet are small and slim, with tiny claws, and dusky in color. Tail is very short (c.33% of head-body length), covered with short hair, and silvery gray. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Skull is relatively short; fourth unicuspid is completely visible in lateral view; they have sharply pointed zygomatic processes that extend dorso-laterally at level of alveoli of M? and M? (similar to that of species of Sorex). Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Lowland dry scrub, deciduous forests, and seasonally dry evergreen forests from sea level to elevations of ¢.650 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Yucatan Small-eared Shrews are carnivorous, primarily eating snails, insects, and earthworms.</p> <p>Breeding. Litters of the Yucatan Small-eared Shrew have 2-6 young; neonates weigh c.0-3 g at birth.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Yucatan Small-eared Shrews are terrestrial and probably nocturnal. They burrow through understory litter. When in danger, they expel an unpleasant smelling liquid from their anal glands.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Yucatan Small-eared Shrews are solitary; males and females only come together during estrus.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Yucatan Small-eared Shrew has a relatively wide distribution, is locally common, and found in various protected areas including Maya Biosphere Reserve. Very little is known of its ecology, and it is mainly known from owl pellets and mummified at archaeological sites. Additional research is needed to understand its natural history.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Carraway (2005, 2007), Carre6én &amp; Ceballos (2014a), Choate (1970), Cuarén et al. (2016), Guevara, Sanchez-Cordero et al. (2014), He Kai et al. (2015), Hutterer (2005b), Moreno (2017), Reid (2009), Woodman (1995), Woodman &amp; Morgan (2005), Woodman &amp; Timm (1993), Woodman et al. (2012), Zeballos et al. (2018).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A00C8760FF13A74E14DCF8DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A00C8761FA11AC281010FDE9.text	3D474A54A00C8761FA11AC281010FDE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis merriami (Choate 1970)	<div><p>99.</p> <p>Merriam’s Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis merriami</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Choate / German: Merriam-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de Merriam</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis nigrescens merriami Choate, 1970,</p> <p>“ Jacaltenango, 5400 ft. [= 1646 m], Huehuetenango, Guatemala.” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 15-67°N, longitude 91-73°W.”</p> <p>J. R. Choate in 1970 originally described C. merriami as a subspecies of C. nigrescens, but N. Woodman and R. M. Timm in 1993 validated its specific status. Itis in the C. nigrescens group; A. B. Baird and colleagues in 2018 determined that C. merriami is par-</p> <p>aphyletic, with some Guatemalan and Honduran specimens being closerto a clade including C. mayensis and C. lacandonensis and other Guatemalan specimens basalto this clade, indicating that C. merriami represents at least two species. Taxonomy requires reassessment. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Highlands of SE Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, NW Nicaragua, and NW Costa Rica.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 65-76 mm,tail 24-33 mm, hindfoot 11-14 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Merriam’s Small-eared Shrew is small. Dorsum is blackish medium gray to blackish brown. Venter is paler gray to grayish brown. Feet are small and slim, with tiny claws, and dusky in color. Tail is very short (¢.32-50% of head-body length), covered with short hair, and slightly bicolored, being dark blackish brown above and paler below. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Skull is similar to the Yucatan Small-eared Shrew (C. mayensis) but can be distinguished by fourth unicuspid that is obscured or notvisible in lateral view of skull. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Evergreen, broadleaf, and pine-oak forests and agriculturalfields near forests at elevations of 600-1720 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Merriam’s Small-eared Shrew is carnivorous, feeding on insects and other invertebrates.</p> <p>Breeding. Pregnant and lactating Merriam’s Small-eared Shrews have been captured in July; a pregnant female had three embryos.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Merriam’s Small-eared Shrew has a relatively wide distribution and is found in various protected</p> <p>areas, although it is considered rare and locally threatened by deforestation and pesticide use. Virtually nothing is known ofits natural history; additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Carraway (2007), Carre6n &amp; Ceballos (2014b), Choate (1970), Guevara, Sanchez-Cordero et al. (2014), He et al. (2015), Hutterer (2005b), Moreno (2017), Reid (2009), Woodman (1995), Woodman &amp; Morgan (2005), Woodman &amp; Timm (1993), Woodman, Matson, Cuar6n &amp; de Grammont (2016a), Woodman, Matson, McCarthy et al. (2012).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A00C8761FA11AC281010FDE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A00D8761FFF7A91F134AF3C1.text	3D474A54A00D8761FFF7A91F134AF3C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis berlandieri (Baird 1858)	<div><p>100.</p> <p>Berlandier’s Least Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis berlandieri</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Berlandier / German: Berlandier-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana minima de Berlandier</p> <p>Other common names: Berlandier's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina berlandieri Baird, 1858,</p> <p>“ Matamoras [= Matamoros],” Tamaulipas, Mexico. Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 25-91°N, longitude 97-5°W.”</p> <p>Cryptotis berlandieri has generally been considered a subspecies of C. parvus but here is recognized as a distinct species in the C. parvus group, although somewhat tentatively based primarily on limited morphological and genetic data. L. Gue-</p> <p>vara and F. A. Cervantes in 2014 found that C. berlandieri wassister to C. pueblensis with small genetic distance, indicating that these two species might be conspecific. In the same study, C. parvus wassister to the clade containing the two species with large genetic distance similar to that of other related species of Cryptotis, although they were all retained as subspecies of C. parvus with mention of their possible specific status. Boundary between C. berlandieri and C. parvus is somewhat uncertain. Traditional distribution of C. berlandieri includes southern Texas, but S. J. Hutchinson in 2010 found that Texan and north-eastern Mexican populations were morphometrically similar to C. parvus based on seven cranial measurements. He also concluded that C. berlandier: was better treated as a subspecies of C. parvus, but no specimens representing the species were tested genetically, and additional morphometric studies are needed to validate this. Additional research with more specimens is needed to validate the true relationship and distribution of C. berlandieri and the entire C. parvus group, but until additional studies are conducted, C. berlandieri is considered a distinct species, distributed in southern Texas and northern to central Mexico. Pleistocene fossil remains of this species have been found in south-eastern Chihuahua. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S Texas (SC USA) and Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, Nayarit, Jalisco, Guanajuato, and Michoacan (Mexico).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.53-70 mm, tail 17 mm (tail length from holotype), hindfoot 10-12 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Berlandier’s Least Shrew is the smallest member of the C. parvus group. Dorsum is light to medium brown, and venter is medium silver gray, with white hair tips, being more silvery distally. Forefeet are relatively broad, with short broad claws; feet are small and dusky in color. Tail is short (less than 45% of head-body length), covered with short hair, brown above, and slightly lighter below. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Berlandier’s Least Shrew can be distinguished from the Puebla Least Shrew (C. pueblensis) and the Mexican Least Shrew (C. soricinus) by its lighter dorsum and silvery venter. Unlike other least shrews (C. parvus group), fourth unicuspid of Berlandier’s Least Shrew can be either somewhat obscured or completely visible in lateral view of skull. Skull is typical of other least shrews (detailed under the North American Least Shrew, C. parvus). Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Various habitats, including rocky grass fields near marshes, mesic woodlands, tropical deciduousforests, humid tropical forests, and agriculturalfields, with occasional records from fish hatcheries and pastures, from sea level to elevations of ¢.2750 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Berlandier’s Least Shrew is carnivorous, feeding on a variety of invertebrates and, on occasion, vertebrates.</p> <p>Breeding. In Michoacan, a lactating Berlandier’s Least Shrew was captured in June; a female with four young was captured in a nest in April; and two pregnant females, one with three embryos and another with six embryos, were captured in July and May, respectively.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Berlandier’s Least Shrew is semi-fossorial and probably most active throughout the night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Berlandier’s Least Shrews are probably as social as the North American Least Shrew.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Berlandier’s Least Shrew has a large distribution and seems to adapt well to habitat degradation, although very little is known ofits ecology and threats; additional studies are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (2007), Castro-Arellano (2014a), Choate (1970), Hutchinson (2010), Guevara &amp; Cervantes (2014).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A00D8761FFF7A91F134AF3C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A00D8761FF0FA7C714A2F902.text	3D474A54A00D8761FF0FA7C714A2F902.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis orophilus (J. A. Allen 1895)	<div><p>101.</p> <p>Central American Least Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis orophilus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne d'lrazu / German: Mittelamerika-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana minima de Centroameérica</p> <p>Other common names: Central American Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina (Soriciscus) orophila J. A. Allen, 1895,</p> <p>“ Volcan de Irazu,”</p> <p>Cartago Province, Costa Rica.</p> <p>Widely used specific name orophila has been changed for gender agreement. Cryptotis orophilus has traditionally been included in C. parvus, but N. Woodman suggested that C. orophilus was a distinct species, which was followed by R. Hutterer in 2005. Itis in the C. parvus group, and A. B. Baird and colleagues in 2018 determined that C. orophilus issister to C. tropicalis, with C. parvus sister to this clade. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. W Honduras, extreme NE El</p> <p>Salvador, Nicaragua, and S to C Costa Rica.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 48-77 mm, tail 17-24 mm, hindfoot 11 mm; weight c.3-10 g. The Central American Least Shrew is a smallto medium-sized. Dorsum is dark brown, fading to smoky gray venter. Juvenile pelage reported to be peppered gray. Forefeet are relatively broad, with long broad claws; feet are small and dusky in color. Tail is very short (c.29-38% of head-body length), covered with short hair, and dusky brown above and slightly lighter below. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Skull has relatively long rostrum, with flatter braincase than in the Honduran Small-eared Shrew (C. hondurensis). Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Marshes and various wooded habitats at elevations of 1150-1985 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Central American Least Shrew is carnivorous/insectivorous, feeding primarily on insect larvae, centipedes, and earthworms.</p> <p>Breeding. A pregnant Central American Least Shrew with three embryos was captured in October.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Central American Least Shrews are mainly nocturnal but can be active sporadically day and night. They are terrestrial, making tiny runways or using existing larger runways of rodents.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information for this species, but the Central American Least Shrew is probably similar to the North American Least Shrew (C. parvus).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List (as C. orophila). Very little specific information is known of the Central American Least Shrew, but it has a relatively small distribution and might be threatened by urban and agricultural development and pesticide use. Additional studies are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Choate (1970), Guevara, Lorenzo et al. (2014), Hutterer (2005b), Reid (2009), Whitaker (1974), Woodman (2008b).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A00D8761FF0FA7C714A2F902	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A00D8762FAF4AC051864F83B.text	3D474A54A00D8762FAF4AC051864F83B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis parvus (Say 1823)	<div><p>102.</p> <p>North American Least Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis parvus</p> <p>French: Petite Musaraigne / German: Nordamerika-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana minima de Norteameérica</p> <p>Other common names: American Least Shrew, Least Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex parvus Say, 1823,</p> <p>“Engineer cantonment.” Identified by J. K. Jones, Jr. in 1964 as “ Washington County, Nebraska, about five miles [= 8 km] north of the Douglas-Washington county line at a place approximately two miles [= 3 km] east of the presentvillage of Ft. Calhoun. ”</p> <p>Cryptotis parvus is in the C. parvus group with C. berlandieri, C. soricinus, C. pueblensis, C. tropicalis, and C. orophilus, all of which used to be subspecies of C. parvus. N.</p> <p>Woodman suggested recognizing C. orophilus and C. tropicalis as distinct species, which were first recognized as distinct by R. Hutterer in 2005, and C. tropicalis was then validated by L. N. Carraway in 2007. A. B. Baird and colleagues in 2018 determined that C. parvus was sister to a clade including C. orophilus and C. tropicalis and established that the C. parvus group was sister to a clade including the C. goodwini group and the C. goldmani group. P. A. Moreno in 2017 found that the C. parvus group wassister to all other species of Cryptotis; additional sampling from all groups is needed to clarify these relationships. Specific status of C. berlandieri, C. soricinus, C. pueblenss, and subspecies floridanus is somewhat controversial. Cryptotis berlandier: and C. pueblensis are recognized as species based primarily on their distinct morphology and limited genetic data presented by L. Guevara and F. A. Cervantes in 2014, in which C. parvus wassister to a clade including C. berlandieri and C. pueblensis. Cryptotis soricinus has not been included in any genetic studies, but its population is morphologically distinct and has a disjunct distribution. Subspecies floridanus might be a distinct species, as indicated in S. J. Hutchinson in 2010 based on morphometrics (seven cranial measurements) and limited genetic data, but additional research is needed to validate this and their distributions because specimens from Tennessee and Ohio clustered with Florida and southern Georgia specimens of floridanus, while some specimens from Florida clustered with other C. parvus. In the same study, specimens of C. berlandieri in southern Texas and north-eastern Mexico were morphometrically similar to C. parvus, and the species was regarded as a subspecies of C. parvus, although no genetic studies were conducted on these specimens and the morphometrics were based on only a few variables. Hutchinson in 2010 also found that there might be at least two, if not three, major clades in C. parvus that are separated by the Mississippi River (eastern and western). The third possible clade is a southern clade that was found only in northern Florida. Genetic analyses by Baird and colleagues in 2018 also supported these two</p> <p>major clades; their specimens from east and west of the Mississippi River had high genetic distances. Taxonomy presented here for the C. parvus group is very tentative, and additional studies are needed. Subspecies might represent distinct species, and there might be more subspecies in what is currently considered the nominate subspecies parvus. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C.p.parvusSay,1823—C&amp;EUSAandSWCanadafromSWWyomingandCColoradoEtoNewYork,andfromCWisconsin,CMichigan,andSEOntarioStoTexasandFlorida.</p> <p>C. p. flonidanus Merriam, 1895 — NE Ohio, NW Tennessee, S Georgia, and N &amp; S Florida; distributional limits are uncertain.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 52-68 mm, tail 13-23 mm, hindfoot 10-12 mm; weight 3-10 g. The North American Least Shrew is small, with fine, dense, short, and somewhat velvety fur. Dorsum is dull grayish brown to dark brown (nearly black) and varies between seasons, being browner in summer and grayer in winter. Venter is grayish brown to silvery gray. Forefeet are relatively broad, with short broad claws; feet are small and dusky in color. Tail is short (less than 45% of head-body length), covered with short hair, brown above, and slightly lighter below. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Skull of least shrews has incomplete zygomatic arch, short rostrum, and slender rather than bulbous dentition; zygomatic processes extend posteriorly and ventro-laterally to below occlusal surface of teeth; and fourth unicuspid is tiny and obscured in lateral view of the skull. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids. Various species of mites (c.10 species; e.g. Orycteroxenus soricis, Dermacarus hypudaer, Androlaelapsfahrenholzi, and Eulaelaps stabularis), fleas (c.5 species; e.g. Corrodopsylla hamiltoni, Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes, Peromyscopsylla scotti, and Epitedia wenmanni), and chiggers (c.b species; e.g. Eutrombicula alfreddugesi, Neotrombicula sylvilagi, Euschongastia jonesi, and Pseudoschongastia farneri) have been recorded from the North American Least Shrew. The most commonly occurring species are O. soricis (a hypopial or migratory stage form), Androlaelaps jahrenholzi, Protomyobia clapareder, Hirstwonyssus talpae, Blarinobia cryptotis, Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes, and Corrodopsylla hamiltoni. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 52 and FN = 50 (in Texas).</p> <p>Habitat. Generally grassy, weedy, and brushy areas, including grasslands, brushlands and forest clearings from sea level to elevations of ¢.905 m (relatively low elevation compared with most other species of Cryptotis). Areas with large amounts of ground cover are favored, and in more southern parts of its distribution, the North American Least Shrew can be more common in wooded areas, although this is fairly rare. Some specimens have been captured in pine and pine-oak forests, wetlands, and agricultural fields.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. North American Least Shrews are primarily carnivorous but somewhat omnivorous, eating a large variety of insects (various adult and larval beetles, lepidopterans, dipterans, and ornithopterans), arthropods (spiders, centipedes,etc.), earthworms, mollusks (snails, slugs), small vertebrates (frogs, lizards), and occasionally some plant material. They are voracious feeders, pouncing and biting heads of grasshoppers and crickets, attaching knees of northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens) until they are immobilized, biting tails of lizards until they are detached before consuming them, and biting randomly on other invertebrates until they die. For larger grasshoppers and crickets, they might open up the abdomen and feed only on internal organs, and they might bite at their legs to immobilize them. North American Least Shrews must feed often to maintain their high metabolic rate. Two captive individuals consumed 3-5-8-1 g of food/day (average 5-5 g/day), and they drank often. Another captive individual that weighed c.4-7 g ate ¢.3-6 g of food/day. In Indiana, North American Least Shrews enter beehives to feed on the brood, giving them the local name “bee mole.” They have been reported to feed on the snail Melampus lineatus on Chincoteague Island, Virginia, although they rarely feed on snails on the mainland. Stomach contents of individuals in New York included earthworm fragments, adult beetles, and centipedes along with unidentifiable well-chewed insect parts. Similarly, stomach contents of North American Least Shrews from Illinois contained earthworms, insects, and other unidentifiable arthropods. In Indiana, stomach contents of 109 individuals included large amounts of various adult and larval insects, spiders, earthworms,snails, and slugs and smaller amounts of mites, fungal spores, and plant material. The five most frequent foods found in stomach contents of those 109 individuals were lepidopteran larvae (29-4%), earthworms (15:6%), spiders (11%), crickets and grasshopper internal organs (7-3%), and coleopteran larvae (7-3%). Food is often eaten on the spot, although North American Least Shrews will occasionally store food in burrows for later use. In one study on captive individuals, females killed and hoarded more prey than males, and for both sexes, various prey was stored differently (e.g. mealworms away from the nest and crickets near the nest).</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of the North American Least Shrew occurs in March-November in northern populations but can occur year-round in southern populations. Copulation generally occurs all in one day, although it can take two days in some cases. Gestation lasts 21-23 days, and litters have 2-7 young. Young weigh c.0-3 g at birth. Young caravan attached to their mother for aboutthe first 10-11 days oflife, after which they stop latching onto the female but continue to follow her closely until ¢.21-23 days old. Weaning takes place at ¢.21-22 days old, and adult weight is reached at ¢.30 days old. Females can immediately breed again after giving birth. There have been reports of females killing their own young after birth. North American Least Shrews have lived up to 21 months in captivity, although they probably only live c.1 year in the wild. Nests are built aboveground in secluded areas, such as underlogs, rocks, dense brush, or any other concealing object, and usually consist of depressions or bare ground covered in dried leaves and grasses. Nests are 75-180 mm in diameter and vary significantly in size depending on numbers of individuals sharing them.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The North American Least Shrew is active throughout the day and night, although activity peaks at night. It is terrestrial and semi-fossorial, using runways, building or stealing burrows, and creating nests in secluded areas aboveground. Much ofits time is spent frantically scurrying around searching for food and sleeping, which occurs more often when food is abundant. North American Least Shrews make expansive networks of runways, which are short and thin in width, and they might use runways of larger shrews and mice. Burrows that are either dug manually or stolen from other burrowing mammals. Burrows are less extensive than runways and can be up to 200 mm underground; they are also sometimes used to store food forlater use, especially when food is scarce. Runways and burrows can connect or lead to nests and can be extensive and complex, spreading from the nest. Fecal matter is generally dropped in piles near nestsites; piles can be nearly as large as the nest itself if the nest has been used for a long time (one record fecal pile was ¢.100 mm in diameter and 12 mm tall).</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Unusually, the North American Least Shrew is more social and less aggressive toward conspecifics than other soricine shrews. They are very cooperative, building burrow and runway systems and nests together, and they feed and sleep together most of the time. Many individuals can occupy a single nest (up to 31 have been reported) and will sleep together in a large huddle, which seems to be an adaptation to keep warm during colder seasons. Fights between individuals have never been recorded, and individuals are very mutualistic; there have been observations of multiple individuals feeding peacefully on the same food item. North American Least Shrews seem to rely more heavily on smell than sight when moving around and possibly also sound at the ultrasonic level, possibly using echolocation to navigate. They regularly make clicking and chirping sounds when exploring, and when young are separated from their mothers, they may make twittering sounds in an attempt to alert their mothers. When navigating, they make consistent ultrasonic pulses that might be used in echolocation. There are few estimates of densities and home ranges because North American Least Shrews are so hard to capture and follow. In Indiana, densities of at least 1-7 ind/ha (with a high of 4-9 ind/ha) were recorded, and home ranges were estimated at 0-17 ha for a male and 0-23 ha for a female.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as C. parva). The North American Least Shrew has the widest and most northern distribution in the genus and is considered very common but hard to find. There are no major threats, and it seems to adapt well to human habitation and habitat degradation. North American Least Shrews are often used as model organisms because they are easy to maintain and breed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Broadbooks (1952), Carraway (2007), Castro-Arellano (2014a), Choate (1970), Conaway (1958), Formanowicz et al. (1989), Genoways et al. (1977), Guevara &amp; Cervantes (2014), Hall (1981), Hutchinson (2010), Hutterer (2005b), ICZN (2006), Jalili &amp; Thomas (2001), Jones (1964), Merritt &amp; Zegers (2014), Mock (1982), Mock &amp; Conaway (1976), Moreno (2017), Reid (2006, 2009), Siemers et al. (2006), Whitaker (1974), Woodman (1993), Woodman &amp; Morgan (2005), Woodman, Matson, Cuarén &amp; de Grammont (2016b).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A00D8762FAF4AC051864F83B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A00E8763FA2EA34D169FFC93.text	3D474A54A00E8763FA2EA34D169FFC93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis pueblensis (H. H. T. Jackson 1933)	<div><p>103.</p> <p>Puebla Least Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis pueblensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Puebla / German: Puebla-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana minima de Puebla</p> <p>Other common names: Puebla Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis pergracilis pueblensis H. H. T. Jackson, 1933,</p> <p>“ Huachinango, altitude 5000 feet [= 1524 m], State of Puebla, Mexico.” Restricted by L. N. Car- raway in 2007 to “latitude 20-18°N, longitude 98-05°W.”</p> <p>Cryptotis pueblensis traditionally was considered a subspecies of C. parvus but is now recognized as a distinct species in the C. parvus group, somewhat tentatively, based primarily on limited morphologi-</p> <p>cal and genetic data. L.. Guevara and F. A. Cervantes in 2014 found that C. pueblensis was sister to C. berlandier: with small genetic distance, indicating that these two species might be conspecific. In the same study, C. parvus was sister to the clade containing the two species with large genetic distance similar to that of other related species in the genus, but they were all retained as subspecies of C. parvus, with mention of their possible specific status. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, Hidalgo, Puebla, Oaxaca, Tabasco, and Chiapas (EC &amp; S Mexico).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.51-77 mm, tail 22 mm (from holotype), hindfoot 10-13 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Puebla Least Shrew is small. Dorsum is medium to dark brown, and venteris pale to medium brown. Forefeet are relatively broad, with short broad claws; feet are small and dusky in color. Tail is short (less than 45% of head-body length), covered with short hair, brown above, and slightly lighter below. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. The Puebla Least Shrew is distinguished from Berlandier’s Least Shrew (C. berlandter) by their darker ventral colors and from the Mexican Least Shrew (C. soricinus) by breadth across M* and M” (3-8—4-1 mm). It can also be distinguished from the Tropical Least Shrew (C. tropicalis) by its darker ventral color and generally smaller size. Skull is typical of other least shrews. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Rocky outcrops associated with moist meadows, sawgrass (Cladium, Cyperaceae), or dense brush, elephant’s ear (Colocasia esculenta, Araceae) with other succulent</p> <p>vegetation near streams, and rock walls overgrown with grass and brush between fields of coffee, at elevations of 30-2300 m (typically mid-elevations). There are some records of Puebla Least Shrews from sandy banks of rivers and arid coastal plains.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Puebla Least Shrews are carnivorous/insectivorous, feeding on a variety of invertebrates and occasionally vertebrates.</p> <p>Breeding. Lactating Puebla Least Shrews have been captured in Oaxaca in August and Veracruz in October, although breeding probably occurs year-round.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Puebla Least Shrew is semi-fossorial and most active at night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information for this species, but Puebla Least Shrews might be more social than most shrews, similar to the North American Least Shrew (C. parvus).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Puebla Least Shrew has a relatively wide distribution and seems to have no major threats throughout its distribution. Little is known ofits ecology, and additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (2007), Castro-Arellano (2014a), Choate (1970), Guevara &amp; Cervantes (2014).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A00E8763FA2EA34D169FFC93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A00F8763FAFFAFDA1B07F3FF.text	3D474A54A00F8763FAFFAFDA1B07F3FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis alticola (Merriam 1895)	<div><p>106.</p> <p>Popocatepetl Broad-clawed Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis alticola</p> <p>French: Musaraigne alticole / German: Popocatepetl-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de unas anchas de Popocatépet!</p> <p>Other common names: Central Mexican Broad-clawed Shrew, Central Mexican Shrew, Popocatepetl Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina alticola Merriam, 1895,</p> <p>“ Mount Popocatepetl, Mexico (altitude, 11,500 feet [= 3505 m]).” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 19-05°N, longitude 98-63°W.”</p> <p>Cryptotis alticola was considered a subspecies of C. goldmani until N. Woodman and R. M. Timm in 1999 recognized it as a distinct species. L. Guevara and F. A. Cervantes in 2014 and A. B. Baird and colleagues in 2018 found that C. alticola was</p> <p>in the C. goldmani group with C. goldmani and C. peregrinus, and it was the most basal of the group. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. C Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt of Jalisco, Colima, Michoacan, Mexico, Distrito Federal, Morelos, Hidalgo, and Puebla (SC Mexico).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 69-87 mm,tail 24-36 mm, hindfoot 11-16 mm; weight 8-16 g. The Popocatepetl Broad-clawed Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is light to medium grayish brown (hairs with silver bases, brown middles, and gray tips), and venter is dark gray, with white-tipped hairs. Feet are relatively long and broad, with long wide claws; posterior part of legs is lighter than anterior part. Tail is short (c.33% of headbody length), covered with short hair, and same color as body. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Zygomatic processes extend posteriorly and ventro-laterally to below occlusal surface of teeth; zygomatic processis also sharply pointed compared with Goldman’s Broad-clawed Shrew (C. goldmani); fourth unicuspid is partial obscured or not visible when viewing skull laterally; and I, has two denticles and deep interdenticular space. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Generally temperate rainforests with dense underbrush, specifically in temperate pine, pine-oak, and pine-fir forests, and bunchgrass meadows, at elevations of 2460-4400 m. Popocatepet]l Broad-clawed Shrews have also been recorded from disturbed pine forests in Michoacan.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Popocatepetl Broad-clawed Shrew is carnivorous, feeding on various invertebrates including insects and earthworms.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of the Popocatepetl Broad-clawed Shrew apparently occurs year-round, and litters have 3-6 young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Popocatepetl Broad-clawed Shrews are semi-fossorial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Popocatepetl Broad-clawed Shrew has a relatively wide distribution and has been found in degraded habitats, indicating that it is tolerant of disturbance. Very little is known of its ecology, and additional research is needed to understand natural history, taxonomy, and threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Carraway (2007), Ceballos &amp; Carre6n (2014), Choate (1970), Guevara &amp; Cervantes (2014), Hutterer (2005b), Woodman &amp; Timm (1999), Woodman, Matson et al. (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A00F8763FAFFAFDA1B07F3FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A00F8763FFFAA8F411DCF640.text	3D474A54A00F8763FFFAA8F411DCF640.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis soricinus (Merriam 1895)	<div><p>104.</p> <p>Mexican Least Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis soricinus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne soricine / German: Mexiko-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana minima de México</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina soricina Merriam, 1895,</p> <p>“ Tlalpam [= Tlalpan], Valley of Mexico (altitude, 7,600 feet [= 2317 m]),” Mexico. Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 19-26°N, longitude 99-15°W.”</p> <p>Cryptotis soricinus traditionally has been considered a subspecies of C. parvus but is now recognized as a distinct species in the C. parvus group, somewhat tentatively, based primarily on limited morphological data. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Distrito Federal and México (C Mexico).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.65-69 mm, tail 23-5 mm (holotype), hindfoot 12-12:5 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Mexican Least Shrew is small, similar to the North American Least Shrew (C. parvus). Dorsum is very dark brown, and venter is lighter brown. Forefeet are relatively broad, with short broad claws; feet are small and dusky in color. Tail is short (¢.34% of head-body length), covered with short hair, and brown above and slightly lighter below. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. The Mexican Least Shrew is distinguished from Berlandier’s Least Shrew (C. berlandieri) by its light brown venter and from the Puebla Least Shrew (C. pueblensis) by breadth across M* and M* (3-8—4-1 mm). Skull is typical of other least shrews. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Primarily livestock pastures with dense herbaceous cover and sometimes pine and pine-oak forests at elevations of 1250-2350 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information for this species, but the Mexican Least Shrew might be ecologically similar to the North American Least Shrew.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Mexican Least Shrew has a very restricted distribution (32,000 km?®) but does not seem to have any major threats; it is common in livestock pastures, implying it can withstand some habitat degradation. Additional research on ecology, threats, and taxonomy are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Carraway (2007), Castro-Arellano (2014a), Choate (1970).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A00F8763FFFAA8F411DCF640	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A00F8763FFF7A145149DFBAC.text	3D474A54A00F8763FFF7A145149DFBAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis tropicalis (Merriam 1895)	<div><p>105.</p> <p>Tropical Least Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis tropicalis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne des Tropiques / German: Tropische Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana minima tropical</p> <p>Other common names: Tropical Shrew, Tropical Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina tropicalis Merriam, 1895,</p> <p>“ Coban, Guatemala (altitude about 4,400 feet [= 1341 m]).” Restricted by L. N. Carraway to “latitude 15-48°N, longi- tude 90-37°W.”</p> <p>Cryptotis tropicalis traditionally has been in- cluded in C. parvus, but N. Woodman suggested that C. orophilus is a distinct species, followed by R. Hutterer in 2005 and L. N. Carraway in 2007. It is in the C. parvus group, and A. B. Baird and colleagues in</p> <p>2018 determined that C. tropicalis wassister to C. orophilus, with C. parvus sister to this clade. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Highlands of E Chiapas (SE Mexico), Guatemala, Belize, W Honduras, and NW El Salvador.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 70-71 mm, tail 26-29 mm, hindfoot 12-13 mm; weight c.6-7 g. The Tropical Least Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum has dark brown hairs, tipped with dark reddish brown, and venter is lighter, with blond-tipped hairs. Forefeet are relatively broad, with long broad claws; feet are dusky in color. Tail is short (c.40% of</p> <p>head-body length), covered with short hair, and slightly bicolored, being dark brown above and lighter below. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Area between condylar process is shallowly emarginated (notched); I' has deep interdenticular spaces, with two denticles; fourth unicuspid is obscured or not visible in lateral view; upper condylar facet is tipped dorsally at labial edge relative to lower condylar facet; and zygomatic process is sharply pointed, extending posteriorly and ventro-laterally until below occlusal surface ofteeth. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Primarily tropical rainforests at elevations of 1110-1400 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Tropical Least Shrew is carnivorous/insectivorous, feeding primarily on insects and other invertebrates.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information for this species, but the Tropical Least Shrew is probably most similar ecologically to the North American Least Shrew (C. parvus).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Virtually nothing is known of the natural history of the Tropical Least Shrew, and additional research is needed. Urban and agricultural expansion and pesticide use might be major threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Carraway (2007, 2014b), Choate (1970), Hutterer (2005b), Reid (2009), Whitaker (1974), Woodman (2011a).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A00F8763FFF7A145149DFBAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A00F876CFAF8A7081086F935.text	3D474A54A00F876CFAF8A7081086F935.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis goldmani (Merriam 1895)	<div><p>107.</p> <p>Goldman’s Broad-clawed Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis goldmani</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Goldman / German: Goldman-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de unas anchas de Goldman</p> <p>Other common names: Goldman's Shrew, Goldman's Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina mexicana goldmani Merriam, 1895,</p> <p>“ mountains near Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico (altitude, 10,000 feet [= 3048 m]).” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 17-51°N, longitude 99-54°W.”</p> <p>Cryptotis goldmani was included as a subspecies of C. alticola until N. Woodman and R. M. Timm in 1999 recognized it as distinct. L. Guevara and F. A. Cervantes in 2014 and A. B. Baird and colleagues in 2018 found that C. goldmani was in the C. goldmani group, with C. alticola and C. peregrinus, and sister to C. peregrinus. Baird and colleagues in 2018 also found that the C. goldmani group was sister to the C. goodwini group (although with relatively</p> <p>low confidence). Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C.g.goldmaniMerriam,1895—OmiltemiareaofGuerrero(SCMexico).</p> <p>C. g. machetes Merriam, 1895 — Oaxaca (SC Mexico); probably Chiapas.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 63-84 mm, tail 26-36 mm, hindfoot 12:5-15 mm; weight 5-14 g. Goldman’s Broad-clawed Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is dark brown, and venteris lighter, with venter hairs white-tipped (goldmani) or blond-tipped (machetes). Feet are relatively long and broad, with long wide claws; posterior part oflegs is lighter than anterior part. Tail is short (¢.33% of head-body length), covered with short hair, and is slightly bicolored, being darker above than below. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Zygomatic processes extend posteriorly and ventro-laterally to below occlusal surface of teeth; zygomatic process is also elliptical, unlike the Popocatepetl Broad-clawed Shrew (C. alticola); fourth unicuspid partial obscured or not visible when viewing skull laterally; and I, has two denticles and deep interdenticular space. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Wet highland pine-oak and fir forests and less commonly dry lowland forests at elevations of 1550-3000 m in Guerrero and 2250-3200 m in Oaxaca.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Probably carnivorous/insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Goldman's Broad-clawed Shrew is semi-fossorial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Goldman's Broad-clawed Shrew has a relatively wide distribution and seems to be common, although it might be threatened by deforestation and agricultural and urban development.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Carraway (2007, 2014a), Cassola (2016i), Choate (1970), Guevara &amp; Cervantes (2014), Hutterer (2005b), Woodman &amp; Timm (1999).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A00F876CFAF8A7081086F935	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A000876CFA24ACC91582F30F.text	3D474A54A000876CFA24ACC91582F30F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis cavatorculus Woodman 2015	<div><p>110.</p> <p>Santa Barbara Broad-clawed Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis cavatorculus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Santa Barbara / German: Santa-Barbara-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de unas anchas de Santa Barbara</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis cavatorculus Woodman, 2015, “ above El Cedral, ca. 1900 m (ca. 14°54’N, 88°06’W), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.1/lat 14.9)">Parque Nacional de Santa Barbara</a>, Santa Barbara Dept., Honduras.”</p> <p>Cryptotis cavatorculus is in the C. goodwini group based primarily on morphology, but genetic data are needed to determine its exact relationships; specimens now attributed to it were originally labeled as C. goodwini. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Montana de Santa Barbara in Santa Barbara Department (WC Honduras).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Tail 32 mm, hindfoot 13 mm; there are no other measurements available. The Santa Barbara Broad-clawed Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is dark brown, with hairs that have silvery gray bases and brown tips. Venter is slightly paler dark brown than dorsum. Feet are relatively long and broad, with long wide claws. Tail is short (medium-sized for the genus), covered with short hair, and blackish brown. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Skull is short with narrow braincase; rostrum is relatively short; interorbital region is proportionately narrow; fourth unicuspid is somewhat large; and fourth unicuspid is partially visible in lateral view. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Wet cloud forest at an elevation of 1900 m (holotype).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Santa Barbara Broadclawed Shrew is only known from a single specimen, and nothing is known ofits threats or natural history.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Woodman (2015a).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A000876CFA24ACC91582F30F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A000876CFA26AA511ADDF8BD.text	3D474A54A000876CFA26AA511ADDF8BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis gracilis G. S. Miller 1911	<div><p>109.</p> <p>Talamancan Broad-clawed Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis gracilis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Talamanca / German: Talamancan-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafna de ufas anchas de Talamanca</p> <p>Other common names: Talamancan Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis gracilis G. S. Miller, 1911,</p> <p>“ head of Lani River, near base of Pico Blanco, Talamanca, Costa Rica. Alti- tude about 6,000 feet [= 1829 m].”</p> <p>Cryptotis gracilis is in the C. goodwini group. It was regarded as a relict species by J. R. Choate in 1970 and was found to be basal to all other species in the C. goodwini group by A. B. Baird and colleagues in 2018. P. A. Moreno in 2017 found that a specimen of C. gracilis was more nested in</p> <p>the C. thomasi group,sister to a clade including C. equatoris and C. osgoodi, but additional sampling is needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Highlands from NC Costa Rica S to W Panama.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 60-79 mm,tail 30-41 mm, hindfoot 13-15 mm; weight 5-10 g. The Talamancan Broad-clawed Shrew is small to medium-sized. Dorsum is dark blackish brown, and venter is slightly lighter charcoal gray. Feet are relatively long and broad, with long wide claws. Tail is relatively long (¢.50% of head—body length), covered with short hair, and blackish brown. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Skull is unusually narrow and elongated; fourth unicuspid is partially visible in lateral view; incisors and unicuspids are similar to those of the Big Mexican Small-eared Shrew (C. magnus). Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Highland oak forests and paramo at elevations of 1800-3400 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Talamancan Broad-clawed Shrew probably eats various insects and other invertebrates.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding ofthe Talamancan Broad-clawed Shrew might occur year-round, and litters have 1-4 young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Talamancan Broad-clawed Shrew has a relatively restricted distribution and is found in various nature reserves and natural parks. Major threats are deforestation and possibly habitat loss from agricultural and urban development.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Choate (1970), Hutterer (2005b), Matson, Woodman, Reid &amp; Pino (2008), Moreno (2017), Reid (2009), Woodman &amp; Timm (1992, 1999, 2000).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A000876CFA26AA511ADDF8BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A000876CFF20AC51136BF26A.text	3D474A54A000876CFF20AC51136BF26A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis peregrinus Merriam 1895	<div><p>108.</p> <p>Oaxacan Broad-clawed Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis peregrinus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne pelerine / German: Oaxaca-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de unas anchas de Oaxaca</p> <p>Other common names: Mexican Mountain Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina mexicana peregrina Merriam, 1895,</p> <p>“ mountains 15 miles [= 24 km] west ofcity of Oaxaca, Mexico (al- titude, 9,500 feet [= 2896 m]).” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 16-89°N, longitude 96-88°W.”</p> <p>Cryptotis peregrinus was considered a subspecies of C. mexicanus until N. Woodman and R. M. Timm in 1999 recognized it as a distinct species. L. Guevara and F. A. Cervantes in 2014 and A. B. Baird and col-</p> <p>leagues in 2018 found that C. peregrinus was in the C. goldmani group, with C. goldmani and C. alticola, and sister to C. goldmani. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Sierra de Cuatro Venados and Sierra Yucuyagua, W &amp; C Oaxaca (SC Mexico).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 66-78 mm, tail 24-33 mm, hindfoot 12 mm (average); weight 3-5 g. The Oaxacan Broad-clawed Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is dark brown, and venteris lighter brown, being externally very similar to Goldman’s Broadclawed Shrew (C. goldmani). Feet are relatively long and broad, with long wide claws. Tail is short (¢.33% of head-body length), covered with short hair, and slightly bicolored, being darker above than below. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Zygomatic processes extend posteriorly and ventro-laterally to below occlusal surface of teeth; zygomatic plate is narrower than in other species in the C. goldmani group; fourth unicuspid is partial obscured or notvisible when viewing skull laterally; and I, has two denticles and deep interdenticular space. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Wet meadow in cloud forest at an elevation of 2860 m (type locality).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Oaxacan Broad-clawed Shrew probably eats invertebrates.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List (as C. peregnna). The Oaxacan Broad-clawed Shrew has a restricted distribution and is probably most threatened by deforestation. It is known only from relatively few older specimens, and recent surveys have failed to collect new specimens.</p> <p>Bibliography. Alvarez-Castarieda, Cuarén &amp; de Grammont(2016), Baird etal. (2018), Carraway (2007), Ceballos &amp; Arroyo-Cabrales (2014b), Choate (1970), Guevara &amp; Cervantes (2014), Hutterer (2005b), Woodman &amp; Timm (1999, 2000).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A000876CFF20AC51136BF26A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A000876DFA2AA67810ECFA39.text	3D474A54A000876DFA2AA67810ECFA39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis celaque Woodman 2015	<div><p>111.</p> <p>Celaque Broad-clawed Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis celaque</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Celaque / German: Celague-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de uias anchas de Celaque</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis celaque Woodman, 2015, “ Campamento Don Tomas, 2075 m, Celaque National Park, ca. 11 km SW of Gracias, Lempira Dept., Honduras.”</p> <p>A. B. Baird and colleagues in 2018 determined that C. celaque was sister to C. mccarthyi and in the C. goodwini group. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Celaque National Park in Lempira Department (WC Honduras).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 67-80 mm,</p> <p>tail 24-30 mm, hindfoot 12-19 mm; weight 7-11 g. The Celaque Broad-clawed Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is very dark blackish brown, with hairs that have silvery gray bases and dark brown tips. Venter is slightly paler dark brown than dorsum. Feet are relatively long and broad, with long wide claws. Tail is short (36% of head—body length), covered with short hair, and blackish brown. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Skull is short with narrow braincase; rostrum is relatively long; interorbital region and zygomatic plate are proportionately broad; fourth unicuspid is somewhat large; and fourth unicuspid is partially visible in lateral view; and palate is relatively broad. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Subtropical lower montane moist forests at elevations of 1430-2560 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. All female Celaque Broad-clawed Shrews captured in January, February, and October were not reproductively active.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The [UCN Red List. Celaque Broad-clawed Shrews are found in the Celaque National Park and seem to have a restricted distribution, but additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Woodman (2015a).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A000876DFA2AA67810ECFA39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A001876DFFF3AD4F1752F37C.text	3D474A54A001876DFFF3AD4F1752F37C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis griseoventris H. H. T. Jackson 1933	<div><p>112.</p> <p>Dark Mexican Broad-clawed Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis griseoventris</p> <p>French: Musaraigne a ventre gris / German: Dunkle Mexiko-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de unas anchas de México</p> <p>Other common names: Dark Mexican Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis griseoventris H. H. T. Jackson, 1933, “ San Cristobal [= San Cristobal de las Casas], altitude 9500 feet [= 2896 m], State of Chiapas, Mexico.”</p> <p>Cryptotis griseoventris is in the C. goodwini group based on morphological data, but genetic data are needed to validate this. Based on forefoot morphology, C. griseoventris is closest to C. goodwini. Populations now attributed to C. mam were previously attributed to this species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Highlands of Los Altos de Chiapas, C Chiapas (SE Mexico); possibly also Las Margaritas, E Chiapas, although these specimens might be attributed to Merriam’s Small-eared Shrew (C. merriamz).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 73-85 mm, tail 27-32 mm, hindfoot 14-16 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Dark Mexican Broad-clawed Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is very dark brownish gray, and venter is slightly lighter dark brownish gray. Feet are relatively long and broad, with long wide claws. Tail is very short (37% of head-body length), covered with short hair, and slightly bicolored, being dark brownish gray above and slightly lighter below. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Skull has medium-large to elliptic zygomatic arch compared with least shrews (C. parvus group); fourth unicuspid is partially obscured or notvisible in lateral view; and I has relatively deep interdenticular spaces. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Pineand fir-dominated forests and oak-dominated cloud forests at elevations above 2600 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Dark Mexican Broad-clawed Shrew has a very restricted and fragmented distribution in the Chiapan Highlands, with a 75% deforestation rate. It is found in a 100ha protected area, Reserva Ecologica Huitepec.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Carraway (2007), Choate (1970), Guevara, Lorenzo et al. (2014), Hutterer (2005b), Reid (2009), Roach &amp; Naylor (2017a), Woodman (2010, 2011b), Woodman &amp; Stephens (2010), Woodman &amp;Timm (1999).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A001876DFFF3AD4F1752F37C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A001876DFAF4AD391573F3CE.text	3D474A54A001876DFAF4AD391573F3CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis lacertosus Woodman 2010	<div><p>114.</p> <p>Muscular Broad-clawed Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis lacertosus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne armée / German: Robuste Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de unas anchas musculosa</p> <p>Other common names: Strong-armed Broad-clawed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis lacertosus Woodman, 2010,</p> <p>“ a north-facing slope with abundant downed trees and mosses in a relatively closed-canopy cloud forest dominated by oaks, pines, and firs; 5 km SW San Mateo Ixtatan, 3,110 m, Huehuetenango, Guatemala.”</p> <p>Cryptotis lacertosus is in the C. goodwini group and sister to a clade including C. mam, C. goodwini, and C. oreoryctes. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Highlands of Sierra de los</p> <p>Cuchumatanes around San Mateo Ixtatan (W Guatemala).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 75-87 mm, tail 24-30 mm, hindfoot 12-15 mm; weight 10-17 g. The Muscular Broad-clawed Shrew is bulky and large, with robust and sharply curved humerus, very broad forefeet, and extremely long and broad foreclaws. Dorsum is dark blackish brown (silver hairs with dark brown tips), and venteris dark grayish brown,slightly lighter than dorsum. Feet are relatively long and broad, with long wide claws. Tail is very short (34% of head-body length), covered with short hair, and slightly bicolored, being dark brownish gray above and slightly lighter below. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Unicuspid row is long; zygomatic plate is relatively long; and fourth unicuspid is partially visible in lateral view of the skull. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Subtropical montane wet forests at elevations of 2680-3110 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information for this species, but the Muscular Broad-clawed Shrew is most likely semi-fossorial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Muscular Broad-clawed Shrew has a highly restricted distribution, and virtually nothing is known aboutit due to its recent discovery; additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Guevara &amp; Cervantes (2014), Guevara, Lorenzo et al. (2014), Roach &amp; Naylor (2017b), Woodman (2010, 2011b, 2015a).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A001876DFAF4AD391573F3CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A001876DFFF2A78915F0F9CC.text	3D474A54A001876DFFF2A78915F0F9CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis mccarthy Woodman 2015	<div><p>113.</p> <p>Omoa Broad-clawed Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis mccarthyi</p> <p>French: Musaraigne d'Omoa / German: Omoa-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de unas anchas de Omoa</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis mccarthy Woodman, 2015,</p> <p>“at 1500-1620 m; ca. 0-3 km SW of the Visitors Center, Cusuco National Park, Cortés Dept., Honduras.”</p> <p>Cryptotis mccarthy: is in the C. goodwini group and sister to C. celaque, which together are sister to all other species in the group except C. gracilis —the most basal species in the group. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Highlands of Sierra de Omoa of Cortés Department, possibly W into Santa Barbara Department (NW Honduras).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 72-84 mm, tail 21-27 mm, hindfoot 12-15 mm; weight 7-13 g. The Omoa Broad-clawed Shrew is</p> <p>medium-sized. Dorsum is dark brownish black (individual hairs silvery gray with dark brown tips), and venter is slightly paler dark grayish brown. Feet are relatively long and broad, with long wide claws. Tail is very short (30% of head-body length), covered with short hair, and slightly bicolored, being dark brownish gray above and slightly lighter below. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Skull is short, has proportionally broader zygomatic arch, and narrower braincase compared with Goodwin’s Broad-clawed Shrew (C. goodwini) and the Highland Broad-clawed Shrew (C. oreoryctes); relatively longer rostrum than in Goodwin’s Broad-clawed Shrew and the Honduran Broad-clawed Shrew (C. magnimana); unicuspid row is relatively short but is longer than in the Honduran Broad-clawed Shrew; and fourth unicuspid is small and partially obscured or not visible in lateral view. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist microhabitats in subtropical wet forests at elevations of 1500-1620 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. A lactating Omoa Broad-clawed Shrew was recorded in December, although other females collected in December and February were not reproductively active.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The [UCN Red List. The Omoa Broad-clawed Shrew is most likely restricted to Sierra de Omoa, probably occurring in the Cusuco National Park. It is potentially at risk of habitat destruction, although additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Woodman (2015a).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A001876DFFF2A78915F0F9CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A001876EFAF7A73911DCF8E5.text	3D474A54A001876EFAF7A73911DCF8E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis magnimana (Woodman & Timm 1999)	<div><p>115.</p> <p>Honduran Broad-Clawed Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis magnimana</p> <p>French: Musaraigne a grandes pattes / German: GroRpfoten-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de unas anchas de Honduras</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis goodwini magnimana Woodman &amp; Timm, 1999,</p> <p>“ 2-5 km N, 1-6 km E Cerro San Juanillo [14°30’N, 87°53’W], <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-87.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -87.88333/lat 14.5)">Reserva Biologica Cordillera de Montecillos</a>, Comayagua Department, Honduras, 1730 m.”</p> <p>The epithet magnimana cannot become “magnimanus” for gender agreement, because magnimana is not an adjectival Latin form and does not end in a Latin adjective. Cryptotis magnimana is in the C. goodwini group and was previously included as a subspecies by original designation and later a synonym of C. goodwini; it is now recognized as a distinct species based on morphometric studies. It has not been included in any phylogenetic studies butis</p> <p>distinct based on morphometrics, although additional research is needed to confirm its specific status. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from Cordillera de Montecillos in Comayagua Department (W Honduras).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 80 mm, tail 25 mm, hindfoot 14 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Honduran Broad-clawed Shrew is medium-sized and smaller than Goodwin’s Broad-clawed Shrew (C. goodwini), with broad forefeet and claws. Dorsum of the Honduran Broad-clawed Shrew is dark brown, and hairs are individually silver, with brown to pale brown tips. Venter is slightly lighter brownish olive. Feet are relatively long and broad, with long wide claws. Tailis very short (31% of head-body length), dark brown, and covered with short hair. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Tooth and maxillary unicuspid row are short compared with Goodwin’s Broad-clawed Shrew, the Highland Broad-clawed Shrew (C. oreoryctes), and the Mam Broad-clawed Shrew (C. mam), and skull is smaller than in the Highland Broad-clawed Shrew and Goodwin’s Broad-clawed Shrew. The Honduran Broad-clawed Shrew also has short palate compared with the Highland Broad-clawed Shrew. Fourth unicuspid is partially visible in lateral view of skull. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Mixed pine and broadleaf forest at an elevation of 1730 m (holotype).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Honduran Broad-Clawed Shrew is only known from a single specimen found dead in the Reserva Biologica Cordillera de Montecillos. It might be threatened, but additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Woodman (2011b, 2015a), Woodman &amp; Timm (1999).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A001876EFAF7A73911DCF8E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A002876EFA2FAAB91A22F4E4.text	3D474A54A002876EFA2FAAB91A22F4E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis goodwini Jackson 1933	<div><p>117.</p> <p>Goodwin’s Broad-clawed Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis goodwini</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Goodwin / German: Goodwin-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de unas anchas de Goodwin</p> <p>Other common names: Goodwin's Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis goodwini H. H. T. Jackson, 1933, “Calel, altitude 10200 feet [= 3109 m], Guatemala.”</p> <p>Cryptotis goodwini is in the C. goodwini group, which includes C. goodwini, C. mam, C. mag- nimana, C. lacertosus, C. mccarthy, C. griseoventris, C. celaque, C. cavatorculus, and C. gracilis. The C. goodwini group is sister to the C. goldmani group, and the C. parvus group 1s sister to this clade. A specimen identified as C. goodwini from Chiapas, Mexico, clus-</p> <p>tered with specimens of C. mam in a phylogenetic study by A. B. Baird and colleagues in 2018, although additional sampling is needed to determine phylogenetic placement of this species. Cryptotis magnimana was previously included as a subspecies of C. goodwini, and populations now attributed to C. cavatorculus, C. mccarthyi, C. celaque, C. lacertosus and C. oreoryctes were previously included in C. goodwini. As currently recognized, C. goodwini probably still represents a complex of species; additional research is needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Currently known from highlands of Chiapas (SE Mexico), Guatemala, and NW El Salvador; distributional limits are somewhat uncertain and the map provided is tentative.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 75-94 mm, tail 25-34 mm, hindfoot 14-17 mm; weight 16-19 g. Goodwin’s Broad-clawed Shrew is mediumto very large-sized, with broad forefeet and claws. Dorsum is dark brown, and venter is lighter olive brown, mixed with gray. Feet are relatively long and broad, with long wide claws. Tail is very short (¢.35% of head-body length), dark brown, and covered with short hair. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Coccidian parasites Eimeria hondurensis and Eimeria whitakeri and the tick Ixodes guatemalensis have been recorded from Goodwin's Broad-clawed Shrew. Fourth unicuspid is aligned with unicuspid row and is usually partially obscured or not visible in lateral view of skull. Humerus is robust butless so than that of the Highland Broad-clawed Shrew (C. oreoryctes). Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. High montane forests and cloud forests dominated by pine and oak with many epiphytes, occasionally with cypress (Cupressus, Cupressaceae), fir (Abies, Pinaceae), or alder (Alnus, Betulaceae), generally at elevations of 1200-3350 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but Goodwin’s Broad-clawed Shrew probably eats small invertebrates.</p> <p>Breeding. Lactating Goodwin’s Broad-clawed Shrew have been captured in July and December, and pregnant females have been captured in April and July. One female had two embryos and the other had three embryos in July, and another female had two embryos in April.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Goodwin's Broad-clawed Shrew is semi-fossorial and possibly primarily nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Goodwin's Broad-clawed Shrew is relatively wide-ranging and common, being found in various protected areas (e.g. Montecristo National Park in El Salvador, El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve in Mexico, and Sierra de las Minas Biosphere Reserve in Guatemala). There are limited data pertaining to its ecology. Deforestation seems to be the largest threat, particularly because rates of habitat loss in highlands of Chiapas, Mexico, have reached nearly 40% in recent years. Additional research on ecology and threats of Goodwin's Broad-clawed Shrew are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Choate &amp; Fleharty (1974), Cuarén &amp; de Grammont (2017), Guevara &amp; Cer vantes (2014), Guevara, Lorenzo et al. (2014), Reid (2009), Woodman (2010, 2011a, 2011b, 2015a), Woodman &amp; Stephens (2010), Woodman &amp; Timm (1999), Woodman et al. (2012).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A002876EFA2FAAB91A22F4E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A002876EFF2BAC221BA5FE40.text	3D474A54A002876EFF2BAC221BA5FE40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis mam Woodman 2010	<div><p>116.</p> <p>Mam Broad-clawed Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis mam</p> <p>French: Musaraigne mam / German: Mam-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de unas anchas maya</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis mam Woodman, 2010,</p> <p>“at approximately 10,000 feet [= 3048 m] in cloud forest dominated by cypress, fir, and pine on the upper reaches of a spurlike ridge above Todos Santos Cuchumatan [approximately 15°36'N, 91°37°'W], Huehuetenango, Guatemala.”</p> <p>Cryptotis mam 1s in the C. goodwini group and seems to be closely related to C. goodwini because one specimen clustered within C. mam in a recent phylogenetic study.</p> <p>Cryptotis mam and C. goodwini were sisters to C. oreoryctes in the same study. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Sierra de los Cuchumatanes in Huehuetenango Department, possibly also adjacent Quiché Department (W Honduras).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 64-81 mm,tail 22-32 mm, hindfoot 11-16 mm; weight 7-11 g. The Mam Broad-clawed Shrew is mediumto large-sized, similar to Goodwin’s Broad-clawed Shrew (C. goodwini). Dorsum of the Mam Broad-clawed Shrew is dark brown, with silver hair grading to narrow pale brown band and dark brown tip. Venter is paler tawny brown. Feet are relatively short compared with other broad-clawed shrews, with wide metacarpals, but they are still broad, with long wide claws, including relatively wide middle digit. Tail is short (38% of head-body length), dark brown, and covered with short hair. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Upper unicuspid row is not crowded; fourth unicuspid is typically aligned and partially visible in labial view of rostrum; protoconal basin of M' is reduced relative to the hypoconal basin; and entoconid of M,is absent. Humerusis broad, with elongated processes. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Subtropical montane wet forests of giant cypress (Cupressus, Cupressaceae), firs, and pines at elevations of 2740-3350 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Mam Broad-clawed Shrews are known to eat earthworms, insects, and plant material; earthworms are most consistently found in their diets, indicating a hypogeallifestyle that is supported by their broad forefeet. Stomach content of one specimen contained pieces of an earthworm and intestines contained beetles, plant cells, and some fungal hyphae, although much of these items were probably incidental.</p> <p>Breeding. One lactating Mam Broad-clawed Shrew was captured in July.</p> <p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information for this species, but the Mam Broadclawed Shrew is probably semi-fossorial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Distribution of the Mam Broad-clawed Shrew is relatively limited, and it is considered rare. Additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Guevara, Lorenzo et al. (2014), Roach &amp; Naylor (2017c), Woodman (2010, 2011b, 2015a).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A002876EFF2BAC221BA5FE40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A002876FFA2CA02112A1F9CF.text	3D474A54A002876FFA2CA02112A1F9CF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis oreoryctes Woodman 2011	<div><p>118.</p> <p>Highland Broad-clawed Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis oreoryctes</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Chelema / German: Alta-Verapaz-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de unas anchas de tierras altas</p> <p>Other common names: Yalijux Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis oreoryctes Woodman, 2011,</p> <p>“ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-90.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.383333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -90.066666/lat 15.383333)">Chelemha Cloud Forest Reserve</a> (c. 15°23’N, 90°04'W), ¢. 2090 m.a.m.s.l., Alta Verapaz, Guatemala.”</p> <p>Cryptotis oreoryctes is in the C. goodwini group, and genetic studies place it as sister to C. mam and a single specimen of C. goodwini. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Chelemha Cloud Forest Reserve (C Guatemala).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 77-86 mm, tail 22-34 mm, hindfoot 11-12 mm; weight 10-15 g. The Highland Broad-clawed Shrew is large, with broad claws and forefeet. Dorsum is dark brownish black (individual hair silvery grading to dark brown tip), and venter is paler dark brown. Feet are relatively long and broad, with long wide</p> <p>claws. Tail is very short (36% of head—body length), dark brown, and covered with short hair. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. The Highland Broad-clawed Shrew is distinguished from other species in the C. goodwine group by its darker pelage, large body size, somewhat longer tail, moderately broad palate, lack of foramen in sinus cavity, distinct foramen on tympanic process of one or both postmastoids, relatively low</p> <p>coronoid process of mandible, vestigial entoconid of M, being sometimes present, broad metacarpal and phalanges of third ray of forefeet, long metacarpal of third ray, longer and broader foreclaws than in some species, and its long, broad humerus, with prominent teres tubercle and medial and lateral epicondyles, although not as massive as that of the Muscular Broad-clawed Shrew (C. lacertosus). Fourth unicuspid on the Highland Broad-clawed Shrew is partially visible in lateral view, as in other species of the C. goodwini group. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. High subtropical montane rain/cloud forests dominated by oak and pine at elevations above 2000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Three pregnant Highland Broad-clawed Shrews were captured in January with 2-3 embryos.</p> <p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Highland Broad-clawed Shrew is probably semi-fossorial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Highland Broadclawed Shrew was only known from specimens from the 19" century until recently when it was discovered in the Chelemha Cloud Forest Reserve. It has a restricted distribution, and very little is known of its ecology and threats, although habitat destruction might be a major threat.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baird et al. (2018), Guevara, Lorenzo et al. (2014), Woodman (2011a, 2011b, 2015a), Woodman etal. (2012).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A002876FFA2CA02112A1F9CF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A003876FFAF1AD6A1467F26F.text	3D474A54A003876FFAF1AD6A1467F26F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis aroensus Quiroga- Carmona & Molinari 2012	<div><p>121.</p> <p>Aroa Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryplotis aroensus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne d’Aroa / German: Aroa-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de Aroa</p> <p>Other common names: Sierra de Aroa Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis aroensis Quiroga- Carmona &amp; Molinari, 2012,</p> <p>“ Las Cumaraguas Sector, Sierra de Aroa, Municipio Cocorote, Estado Yaracuy, Venezuela (10°22°02-6”N, 68°49°20-4’'W), elevation 1730 m.”</p> <p>Cryptotis aroensis has not been included in any phylogenetic studies but is morphologically in the C. thomas: group. Morphometric data indicated that C. aroensis is sis- ter to C. venezuelensis. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Highlands of Sierra de Aroa (NW Venezuela). Descriptive notes. Head—body 77-81 mm, tail 34-40 mm, hindfoot 13-15 mm; weight 10-12 g. The Aroa Small-eared Shrew is large. Pelage is long, luxurious, and grayish brown, being lighter and duller ventrally. Forefeet are somewhat enlarged and robust, with long pointed claws. Tail is relatively long (46% of head-body length), unicolored brownish, and covered with short hairs. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Fourth unicuspid is labially placed and visible in lateral view of skull; M? is complex and nearly as wide as M?; and bicuspulate lower incisors each have poorly developed and almost imperceptible anterior cusp, separated from posterior cusp by shallow anterior notch. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. High tropical wet montane cloud forest at elevations of ¢.1730 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. A captive Aroa Small-eared Shrew consumed many invertebrates and two small geckos (Gonatodes falconensis and Thecadactylus rapicauda), but it did not have a preference for any particular prey. Individuals forage by sniffing substrate and air repeatedly, while moving about leaflitter on the ground’s surface. Prey is initially attacked with a bite, but if prey is not immobilized, chasing ensues, resulting in the individual violently biting the prey item. Prey is consumed head first, by tearing and chewing, but does not involve use of forelimbs, which is common in other species of shrew. Prey was consumed in 3-5 minutes, depending on its size.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Based on observations of a captive individual, Aroa Small-eared Shrews seem to have a terrestrial lifestyle and epigeal foraging habits and are active often and rest every three hours by hiding haphazardly underleaflitter.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Aroa Small-eared Shrew was only recently described and is currently only known from a few specimens and limited ecological studies. Its distribution is limited and remote, and habitat destruction and global warming might be major threats in the near future, especially because large areas of the Sierra de Aroa have been deforested for cattle grazing and agriculture below elevations of 1500 m.</p> <p>Bibliography. Garcia, Delgado-Jaramillo &amp; Machado (2014), Garcia, Machado et al. (2017), Quiroga-Carmona &amp; Molinari (2012).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A003876FFAF1AD6A1467F26F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A003876FFF0EA6501A92FA1D.text	3D474A54A003876FFF0EA6501A92FA1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis endersi Setzer 1950	<div><p>120.</p> <p>Enders’s Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis endersi</p> <p>French: Musaraigne d'Enders / German: Enders-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de Enders</p> <p>Other common names: Enders’s Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis endersi Setzer, 1950,</p> <p>“ Cylindro, Province of Chiriqui, Panama.”</p> <p>Cryptotis endersi is in the C. thomas: group based on morphology, although no specimens have been included in a phylogenetic study. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Highlands of W Panama.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 81 mm, tail 49 mm, hindfoot 15 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Enders’s Small-eared Shrew is large, with relatively</p> <p>long tail. Pelage is long; dorsum is dark blackish brown; and venter is somewhat lighter charcoal gray. Forefeet are somewhat slender than in other species of the C. thomasi group and have long pointed claws. Tail is very long for the genus (49-60% of headbody length), unicolored brownish, and covered with short hairs. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Fourth unicuspid is in line with unicuspid tooth row and is clearly visible in lateral view of skull. Braincase is larger than in the sympatric Talamancan Broad-clawed Shrew (C. gracilis). Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Probably wet montane evergreen forests, recorded at elevations of 1200-1850 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Enders’s Small-eared Shrew is apparently rare (only known from subadult type specimen and single adult specimen collected in 1980) and has a restricted distribution that is threatened by deforestation and urban/agricultural development. Virtually nothing is known of its ecology, and additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Pine et al. (2002), Reid (2009), Reid et al. (2008), Setzer (1950).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A003876FFF0EA6501A92FA1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A003876FFF0CAD391065F32A.text	3D474A54A003876FFF0CAD391065F32A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis monteverdensis Woodman & Timm 2017	<div><p>119.</p> <p>Monteverde Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis monteverdensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Monteverde / German: Monteverde-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de Monteverde</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis monteverdensis Woodman &amp; Timm, 2017,</p> <p>“ Costa Rica, Puntarenas Province, Monteverde, Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, in ‘cloud forest at [the continental] divide’ (ca. 10° 18" N, 84° 47° W); the highest elevations in the 1973 reserve, including the continental divide, are at ca. 1550 m.”</p> <p>Cryptotis monteverdensis is in the C. thomas: group based on morphology, but genetic data are needed to support this. It and</p> <p>C. endersi are the only two species of the C. thomasi group found outside South America. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Near Monteverde in the Tilaran Highlands of NW Costa Rica.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 80 mm, tail 46 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Monteverde Small-eared Shrew is large. The single known specimen is preserved in fluid, and exact color of pelage might have been altered from the original color. Dorsum of type specimen is dark blackish brown andslightly paler ventrally. Forefeet are somewhat enlarged and robust, with long pointed claws. Tail is very long (58% of head-body length), unicolored brownish, and covered with short hairs. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Fourth unicuspid is aligned with unicuspid tooth row and is visible in lateral view of skull. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Lower montane wet forest at an elevation of 1550 m. The Monteverde Smalleared Shrew is probably restricted to highest elevations of the Tilaran Highlands.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Monteverde Smalleared Shrew is only known from a single damaged specimen collected in 1973 and probably has a very restricted distribution, although the area in which the type specimen was collected has multiple nature reserves and protected areas. Additional studies are certainly needed to fully understand distribution, ecology, taxonomy, and threats of the Monteverde Small-eared Shrew.</p> <p>Bibliography. Woodman &amp; Timm (2017).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A003876FFF0CAD391065F32A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0048768FAF9A9651BC9F876.text	3D474A54A0048768FAF9A9651BC9F876.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis perijensis Quiroga-Carmona & Woodman 2015	<div><p>127.</p> <p>Perija Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryplotis perijensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de la Perija / German: Perija-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de Perija</p> <p>Other common names: Perija Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis perijensis Quiroga-Carmona &amp; Woodman, 2015,</p> <p>“ near Finca el Suspiro, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.95/lat 10.35)">Departamento del Cesar</a>, Colombia, 2,000 m (10°21’N, 72°57'W).”</p> <p>Cryptotis perijensis is in the C. thomasi group based on morphology, but genetic data are needed to validate this. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. N half of the Sierra de Perija in NE Colombia and NW Venezuela.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 68 mm,tail 36 mm, hindfoot 14 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Perija Small-eared Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is dark gray, with lead gray luster, and venter is slightly paler. Forefeet are somewhat enlarged and robust, with long pointed claws. Tail is long (53% of head-body length), unicolored brownish, and covered with short hairs. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and hidden under fur. Zygomatic plate is narrow, interorbital region is broad, and posterior palate is broad. Fourth unicuspid is not in line with unicuspid row and is large, being easily visible in lateral view of skull. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Paramo/subparamo at elevations of 2000-3200 m. The Perija Small-eared Shrew is probably found in cloud forests at higher elevations.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Perija Small-eared Shrew is currently only known from three specimens: a damaged skull from Colombia collected in 1989, a specimen from Colombia collected in 2006, and a specimen from Venezuela collected in 2009. It has a restricted distribution and seems relatively rare; its ecology is virtually unknown, so additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Quiroga-Carmona &amp; DoNascimiento (2016), Quiroga-Carmona &amp; Woodman (2015).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0048768FAF9A9651BC9F876	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0048768FFF1A33317E4FE26.text	3D474A54A0048768FFF1A33317E4FE26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis tamensis Woodman 2002	<div><p>126.</p> <p>Tama Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis tamensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Tama / German: Tama-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de Tama</p> <p>Other common names: Tama Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis tamensis Woodman, 2002, “ VENEZUELA: State of Tachira: Buena Vista, 7°27’N, 72°26’W, 2415 m; near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.433334/lat 7.45)">Páramo de Tama</a>; 35 km S, 22 km W of San Cristobal.”</p> <p>Cryptotis tamensis is in the C. thomas: group based on morphology, but genetic data are needed to validate this. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Tama highlands in SE Norte de Santander and NE Santander departments (NE Colombia) and W Tachira State (NW Venezuela); it might have a more extensive distribution.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 79-87 mm, tail 34-38 mm, hindfoot 15 mm; weight 10-15 g. The Tama Small-eared Shrew is large. Pelage is chocolate brown above and slightly paler olive brown below. Forefeet are somewhat enlarged and robust, with long pointed claws. Tail is relatively long (42% of head-body length), unicolored brownish, and covered with short hairs. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and hidden under fur. Zygomatic plate is broad; interorbital region is narrow; and fourth unicuspid is reduced but still easily visible in lateral view of skull. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Lower to high-montane wet cloud forests at elevations of 2385-3330 m. Tama Small-eared Shrews have been found in disturbed cloud forests and agricultural fields.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. A lactating Tama Small-eared Shrew and two pregnant females (one with one embryo and the other with two) were captured in March.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although the Tama Small-eared Shrew has a relatively limited distribution, there are no major</p> <p>current threats to its habitat, and it is found in El Tama National Park in Venezuela. Deforestation could be a major threat to the Tama Small-eared Shrew if it progresses as it is in surrounding regions.</p> <p>Bibliography. Quiroga-Carmona &amp; DoNascimiento (2016), Woodman (2002, 2017b), Woodman &amp; Péfaur (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0048768FFF1A33317E4FE26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0048769FAFAAC94133FFE41.text	3D474A54A0048769FAFAAC94133FFE41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis medellinius Thomas 1921	<div><p>128.</p> <p>Medellin Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis medellinius</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Medellin / German: Medellin-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de Medellin</p> <p>Other common names: Medellin Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis medellinius Thomas, 1921,</p> <p>“ San Pedro, 30 km. north of Medellin,” Antioquia, Colombia.</p> <p>Cryptotis medellinius is in the C. thomas: group based on morphology, but it has not been included in any phylogenetic studies. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. N tip of W Andes and N onehalf of C Andes of WC Colombia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 77-98 mm, tail 29-46 mm, hindfoot 15 mm; weight 15-5-17 g. The Medellin Small-eared Shrew is very large. Dorsum is dark brownish, with lighter brownish gray venter. Forefeet are somewhat enlarged and robust, with long pointed claws. Tail is relatively long (47% of head-body length), unicolored brownish, and covered with short hairs. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Compared with Thomas’s Small-eared Shrew (C. thomasi), the Medellin Small-eared Shrew has slightly broader rostrum, more inflated braincase, broader palate, more bulbous upper dentition, higher coronoid process, and absent entoconid in talonid of M,. Fourth unicuspid is small and barely visible in lateral view of skull. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Andean lower to high-montane rainforests at elevations of 2000-3800 m. The Medellin Small-eared Shrew has been found in areas dominated by Alnus acuminata (Betulaceae) and Pinus (Pinaceae) and can apparently be found in primary and secondary habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. lactating Medellin Small-eared Shrews have been captured in February, and a pregnant female with two embryos was captured in October.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as C. medellinia). The Medellin Small-eared Shrew has a relatively restricted distribution but is apparently somewhat resistant to habitat degradation in small amounts and is not</p> <p>currently facing major threats. It has been found in various nature reserves, including San Sebastian-La Castellana Reserve.</p> <p>Bibliography. Naylor &amp; Roach (2016a), Vivar et al. (1997), Woodman (2002), Woodman &amp; Péfaur (2008), Woodman et al. (2003).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0048769FAFAAC94133FFE41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0058769FF2EA25F146BFD5E.text	3D474A54A0058769FF2EA25F146BFD5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis equatoris (Thomas 1912)	<div><p>130.</p> <p>Ecuadorean Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis equatoris</p> <p>French: Musaraigne d'Equateur / German: EcuadorKleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de Ecuador</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina equatoris Thomas, 1912, “ Sinche, Guabanda [= Guaranda], 4000 m,” Bolivar, Ecuador.</p> <p>Cryptotis equatoris is in the C. thomasi group based on morphology, but it has not been included in any phylogenetic studies. C. osgoodi was previously included as a synonym or subspecies of C. equatoris but is now recognized as a distinct species based on morphometrics. It probably represents a species complex, and additional</p> <p>research is needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. W foothills of Andes of N &amp; C Ecuador.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 56-81 mm, tail 29-34 mm, hindfoot 12-15 mm; weight 6-10 g. The Ecuadorean Small-eared Shrew is medium-sized, with relatively long tail (much longer than Osgood’s Small-eared Shrew, C. osgoodi). Dorsum is dark blackish brown, and venter is somewhat paler. Forefeet are somewhat more slender than in other species of the C. thomasi group and have long pointed claws. Tail is relatively long (49% of head-body length), unicolored brownish, and covered with short hairs. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Fourth unicuspid is relatively large (although shorter than in Osgood’s Small-eared Shrew) and visible in lateral view of skull. Zygomatic plate is wide, and palatal bone is broad compared with in Osgood’s Small-eared Shrew. Teeth are reddish and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Apparently wet montane tropical forest and paramo at elevations of 1675 4055 m. There are reports of the Ecuadorean Small-eared Shrew in pastureland and secondary habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Ecuadorean Small-eared Shrew ranges from uncommon to frequently captured, although its distribution is relatively small and might be more restricted if it turns out to be a species complex. It is apparently tolerant of habitat modification.</p> <p>Bibliography. Lee et al. (2008), Moreno &amp; Albuja (2014), Vivar et al. (1997), Woodman (2016), Woodman &amp; Péfaur (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0058769FF2EA25F146BFD5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0058769FA2FA9B61BF4F6BE.text	3D474A54A0058769FA2FA9B61BF4F6BE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis osgoodi (Stone 1914)	<div><p>131.</p> <p>Osgood’s Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis osgoodi</p> <p>French: Musaraigne d'Osgood / German: Osgood-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de Osgood</p> <p>Other common names: Osgood's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina osgoodi Stone, 1914,</p> <p>“ Hacienda Garzon, Mt. Pichincha, 10,500 ft. [= 3200 m] altitude,” Pichincha, Ecuador.</p> <p>Cryptotis osgoodi is currently in the C. thoma- si group based on morphology and genetic data, and it is sister to C. equatoris based on recent phylogenetic studies. C. osgoodi is usually included as a subspecies of C. equatoris, although it was recognized as a distinct species based on morphometric</p> <p>studies. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Andes of NC Ecuador.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 54-83 mm,tail 24-35 mm, hindfoot 12-15 mm; weight 6-13 g. Osgood’s Small-eared Shrew is small to medium-sized, with long tail but shorter than that of the Ecuadorean Small-eared Shrew (C. equatoris). Dorsum is dark blackish brown, and venter is somewhat paler. Forefeet are somewhat more slender than in other species of the C. thomasi group and have long pointed claws. Tail is relatively long (c.40% of head-body length), unicolored brownish, and covered with short hairs. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Fourth unicuspid is relatively large and visible in lateral view of skull. Zygomatic plate is narrow, and palatal bone is also narrow compared with the Ecuadorean Small-eared Shrew. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Apparently wet montane tropical forest and paramo at elevations of 1700-3700 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Virtually nothing is known of the ecology and threats of Osgood’s Small-eared Shrew, but it is known from a relatively wide distribution compared with other species of Cryptotis. Osgood’s Small-eared Shrew might be threatened by habitat destruction from deforestation for agricultural expansion, but if it is similar to the Ecuadorean Small-eared Shrew, it might be resillent in degraded regions.</p> <p>Bibliography. Moreno (2017), Moreno &amp; Albuja (2014), Vivar et al. (1997), Zeballos et al. (2018).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0058769FA2FA9B61BF4F6BE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0058769FF2AA946170FF737.text	3D474A54A0058769FF2AA946170FF737.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis squamipes (J. A. Allen 1912)	<div><p>129.</p> <p>Western Colombian Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis squamipes</p> <p>French: Musaraigne a écailles / German: Westliche Kolumbien-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafa de orejas pequenas de Colombia occidental</p> <p>Other common names: Cali Shrew, Cali Small-eared Shrew, Scaly-footed Shrew, Scaly-footed Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina (Cryptotis) squamipes J. A. Allen, 1912,</p> <p>“ crest ofWestern Andes (alt. 10,340 ft. [= 3152 m]), 40 miles [= 64 km] west of Popayan, Cauca, Colombia.”</p> <p>Cryptotis squamipes is in the C. thomasi group based on morphology, but genetic data are needed to validate this view. It most likely represents a species complex of at least three species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. W &amp; C Andes ranges of SW Colombia and NC Ecuador.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 86 mm, tail 42 mm, hindfoot 18 mm (type specimen). No specific data are available for body weight. The Western Colombian Small-eared Shrew is large, with apparently large hindfeet that are often taken as exceptionally scaly, although type specimen apparently had deformed claws that might have affected other aspects of how scaly or haired the feet were. Dorsum is blackish or dark brown and slightly lighter ventrally. Forefeet are somewhat enlarged and robust, with long pointed claws. Tail is relatively long (49% of head—body length), unicolored brownish, and covered with short hairs. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and hidden under fur. Anterior edge of zygomatic plate is located between posterior edge of M' and anterior edge of M*, and posterior edge is above parastyle-mesostyle of M2. Posterior edge of palate is narrow, and M’ is complex. Lower incisors are bicuspulates, with wide postero-ventral edge of crown. Postero-lingual cuspules are usually absent from anterior three unicuspids. Fourth unicuspid is reduced and usually not visible in lateral view of skull. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Probably mostly lower montane wet cloud forests at elevations of 1500-3375 m. Western Colombian Small-eared Shrews have been recorded from primary and secondary forests and deforested areas of grass around pine plantations.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Western Colombian Small-eared Shrew is poorly known and understudied, being known from only a few specimens. Nevertheless, it has a relatively wide distribution compared with other species of Neotropical shrews. Because it has been found in degraded habitats, it is probably relatively resilient, and it faces no known major threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Quiroga-Carmona &amp; DoNascimiento (2016), Naylor &amp; Roach (2016d), Woodman &amp; Péfaur (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0058769FF2AA946170FF737	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A005876AFA13A2D7115CFBF3.text	3D474A54A005876AFA13A2D7115CFBF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis montivagus (Anthony 1921)	<div><p>132.</p> <p>Wandering Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis montivagus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne dAnthony / German: Wandernde Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas errante</p> <p>Other common names: Grizzled Ecuadorean Shrew, Wandering Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina montivaga Anthony, 1921, “ Bestion, Prov. del Azuay, Ecuador.”</p> <p>Widely used specific name montivaga has been changed for gender agreement. Cryptotis montivagus is in the C. thomas: group based on morphology, but molecu- lar data found that C. montivagus, C. evaristor, and C. niausa were closely related to the C. mexicanus group. In another recent study by H. Zeballos and colleagues in 2018, however, the C. thomas: group was</p> <p>found to be close to the C. nigrescens group, with C. montivagus sister to a clade containing C. gracilis, C. osgoodi, and C. equatoris. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Andes of Chimborazo, Azuay, and Loja provinces in C &amp; S Ecuador and Piura Department in NW Peru.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 65-86 mm, tail 22-38 mm, hindfoot 12-17 mm (Ecuador) or head-body 73-99,tail 25-35, hindfoot 14-16 (Peru); weight 9-16-5 g. The Wandering Small-eared Shrew is medium to large in size. Peruvian specimens are overall larger than Ecuadorean specimens. Dorsum is light grayish brown, and venter is slightly paler grayish brown. Forefeet are somewhat enlarged and robust, with long pointed claws. Tail is short (37% of head-body length), unicolored brownish, and covered with short hairs. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and hidden underfur.</p> <p>Fourth unicuspid is in line with unicuspid tooth row and visible in lateral view of skull. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Wet montane forests dominated by Podocarpus (Podocarpaceae) and Ocotea (Lauraceae) or Polylepis (Rosaceae) at elevations of 2500-3800 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Stomach contents of some Wandering Small-eared Shrews contained beetles, spiders, caterpillars, and possibly arthropod larvae.</p> <p>Breeding. A pregnant Wandering Small-eared Shrew with two embryos was recorded in August; lactating females have been recorded in July-August.</p> <p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information for this species, but based on their diet, the Wandering Small-eared Shrew might be an epigeal forager, making it terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as C. montivaga). The Wandering Small-eared Shrew is described as uncommon but with a possible stable population trend, although additional studies are needed. It is found in a region with high rates of habitat loss due to deforestation but seems tolerant to some habitat degradation. Current status of critical habitat is presently uncertain.</p> <p>Bibliography. Barnett (1992, 1999), Moreno (2017), Moreno &amp; Albuja (2014), Naylor &amp; Roach (2016b), Vivar et al. (1997), Woodman &amp; Péfaur (2008), Zeballos et al. (2018).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A005876AFA13A2D7115CFBF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A006876AFF0EA18D155EF9AF.text	3D474A54A006876AFF0EA18D155EF9AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis evaristor Zeballos 2018	<div><p>134.</p> <p>Evaristo’s Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis evaristor</p> <p>French: Musaraigne d'Evaristo / German: Evaristo-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de Evaristo</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis evaristoi Zeballos et al., 2018,</p> <p>“ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-12.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -12.0/lat -5.2)">Miraflores</a>, San Ignacio, Cajamarca, Peru (5° 12’ S and 79° 12° W) at 2,800 m above sea level.”</p> <p>Cryptotis evaristoi is in the C. thomas: group based primarily on its morphology and distribution. Molecular data places it close to C. montivagus and C. niausa in the C. thomasi</p> <p>group and also close to the C. mexicanus group. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Tabaconas Namballe National Sanctuary in NW Peru.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 70-96 mm, tail 29-37 mm, hindfoot 14-17 mm; weight 11-16 g. Evaristo’s Small-eared Shrew is very large. Dorsum is dark grayish brown, venter is paler brown, and individual hairs are silvery gray with lighter tips. Forefeet are somewhat enlarged and robust, with long pointed claws. Tail is short (40% of head-body length), unicolored brownish, and covered with short hairs. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and barely visible under fur. Evaristo’s Small-eared Shrew is distinguished from other species of Cryptotis byits inflated cranium in dorsal view being more rounded to hexagonal, fronto-occipital suture being rounded to triangular in shape, narrow nasal with wide opening, anterior border of nasal not having spine-shaped process, and pterygoid fossa being wider and shorter. Secondary cusp of upper incisors is very reduced and about one-third the size of anterior cusp; interorbital parallel in dorsal view and not convergent; fourth unicuspid is not in line with other unicuspids; posterior border of lower incisor reaches anterior border of P*; optic foramen partially visible in lateral view of skull; and fourth unicuspid is small and usually visible in labial view. Teeth are reddish and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Piramo and montane wet forest at elevations of 2700-3280 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Evaristo’s Small-eared Shrew is the most recently described species of Cryptotis and is known from only a few specimensin a restricted area, including Tabaconas Namballe National Sanctuary. Although little is known aboutits ecology, Evaristo’s Small-eared Shrew might not face major threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Zeballos et al. (2018).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A006876AFF0EA18D155EF9AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A006876AFFF2AF141198F57B.text	3D474A54A006876AFFF2AF141198F57B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis niausa Moreno & Albuja 2014	<div><p>133.</p> <p>Blind Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis miausa</p> <p>French: Musaraigne aveugle / German: Blinde Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas ciega</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis niausa Moreno &amp; Albuja, 2014,</p> <p>“ ECUADOR: provincia de Napo: canton Quijos: Papallacta (Paramos de La Virgen), 00°20°49-2”S, 78°12°0"W, 3700 m, a 64 km al oriente de la ciudad de Quito.”</p> <p>Cryptotis niausa is in the C. thomasi group based on morphology, but molecular data found that C. niausa, C. evaristoi, and C. montivagus were closely related to either the C. mexicanus group or the C. nigrescens</p> <p>group. It is provisionally retained in the C. thomasi group until sampling of more species within all three groups has been completed. Pleistocene fossils representing this species have been found in Ecuador. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Andes of NC Ecuador.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 54-93 mm, tail 30—41 mm, hindfoot 13-17 mm; weight 12-17 g. The Blind Small-eared Shrew is large, with grayish brown dorsum and slightly lighter venter; there is slight yellowish tinge along throat and chest. Forefeet are somewhat enlarged and robust, with long pointed claws. Tail is short (c.41% of head—body length), unicolored brownish, and covered with short hairs. Eyes are diminutive, and they are not actually blind but named after the native name for the species, “nausa ucucha,” meaning “blind mouse” in the Kichwa language. Ears are small and hidden under fur. Fourth unicuspid is small, and unicuspid row is relatively short and narrow. Posterior border of palatal is usually quite separated from M’. Zygomatic plate is narrow relative to length of skull. Protocone of P* is not very conspicuous. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Paramo shrubland and sometimes surrounding montane wet forests at elevations of 2800-3900 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Blind Small-eared Shrew has a restricted distribution but is found in the Cayambe-Coca Ecological Reserve and surrounding areas and seems to be moderately common and more widespread than other species of Cryptotis. Additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Moreno (2017), Moreno &amp; Albuja (2014), Zeballos et al. (2018).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A006876AFFF2AF141198F57B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A006876AFAF1ADD9155FF418.text	3D474A54A006876AFAF1ADD9155FF418.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptotis peruviensis Vivar, Pacheco & Valqui 1997	<div><p>135.</p> <p>Peruvian Small-eared Shrew</p> <p>Cryptotis peruviensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Pérou / German: Peru-Kleinohrspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de orejas pequenas de Peru</p> <p>Taxonomy. Cryptotis peruviensis Vivar, Pacheco &amp; Valqui, 1997,</p> <p>“Peru, Department Cajamarca, Las Ashitas, 3150 m, about 42 km W ofJaén (05°42’S, 79°08'W).”</p> <p>Cryptotis peruviensisis in the C. thomasi group based on morphology, but genetic data are needed to validate this. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. W &amp; E Andesslopes of N Peru.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 63-73 mm, tail 31-35 mm, hindfoot 14 mm; weight 9 g. The Peruvian Small-eared Shrew is</p> <p>medium-sized. Dorsum is dark grayish brown, and venteris slightly paler. Forefeet are somewhat enlarged and robust, with long pointed claws. Tail is relatively long (48% of head-body length), unicolored brownish, and covered with short hairs. Eyes are diminutive, and ears are small and hidden under fur. Nasal opening is broad, rostrum is long and narrow, braincase is narrow, dentition is bulbous, and anterior process of petromastoid is low and moderately wide to narrow. Fourth unicuspid is small and barely visible in lateral view of skull. Teeth are reddish, and there are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Cold, humid elfin cloud forests with shrubby trees at elevations of 2050-3150 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Peruvian Small-eared Shrew is currently known from only two specimens collected in 1980 and 1992; neither specimen was collected in a protected area. It might be found in the Tabaconas Namballe National Sanctuary and Cutervo National Park. Additional research is needed to investigate ecology and threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Moreno (2017), Moreno &amp; Albuja (2014), Vivar et al. (1997), Woodman (2008c), Woodman &amp; Péfaur (2008), Zeballos et al. (2018).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A006876AFAF1ADD9155FF418	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0188774FFFBAAF41AD1FAB9.text	3D474A54A0188774FFFBAAF41AD1FAB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blarina hulophaga (Elliot 1899)	<div><p>136.</p> <p>Elliot’s Short-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Blarina hulophaga</p> <p>French: Musaraigne d'Elliot / German: Elliot-Kurzschwanzspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana colicorta de Elliot</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina brevicauda hulophaga Elliot, 1899,</p> <p>“ Dougherty, Indian Territory,” Murray County, Oklahoma, USA.</p> <p>Original spelling “hulophaga” was amend- ed to “hylophaga” by D. G. Elliot in 1905, but this correction was unjustified and thus represents a junior synonym. Blarina hulophaga was described as a subspecies of B. brevicaudus and included under B. carolinensis until S. B. George and colleagues in 1981 recognized it as a distinct species.</p> <p>S. V. Brant and G. Orti in 2002 determined that B. hulophaga was sister to a clade including B. brevicaudus and B. carolinensis. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>B.h.hulophagaElliot,1899—NEColorado,SNebraska,Kansas,Missouri,SIllinois,Oklahoma,Arkansas,NETexas,andNLouisiana(ECUSA);exactdistributionallimitsareuncertain.</p> <p>B. h. plumbea W. B. Davis, 1941 — Bastrop and Aransas counties, SE Texas (S USA).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 72-96 mm, tail 19-27 mm, hindfoot 10-19 mm; weight 8-16 g. Elliot's Short-tailed Shrew is large and robust, similar to the larger Northern Short-tailed Shrew (B. brevicaudus). Pelage is short, soft, velvety, and considerably molelike, being shorter and slightly paler in summer. Dorsal pelage ranges from plumbeous gray (more common in plumbea) to brown or black (more common in hulophaga), generally with silvery tinge. Juveniles have shorter and fuzzier pelage, which can be hard to distinguish from adults in summer. Ventral pelage is somewhat paler gray, shorter, and denser than dorsal pelage. There is a bare patch of lightly colored skin around diminutive eyes; eyes can be so underdeveloped that eyelids cannot be opened. Ears are very small and completely concealed by fur; vibrissae are long and white. Tail is less than 30% of head-body length, hairy, and similar in color to dorsum, with small tuft at end. Feet are short and broad with long claws and paler than rest of body. Characteristic of the genus, Elliot's Short-tailed Shrew hasfive unicuspid teeth and significantly larger and angular skull than other shrews, being most readily distinguished from the Southern Short-tailed Shrew (B. carolinensis) by its largersize and from both the Southern Short-tailed Shrew and Northern Short-tailed Shrew by having a greater angle of I, from horizontal ramus and its unique karyotype. All species of Blarina also have reddish teeth from iron deposits in their teeth. Females have three pairs of inguinal mammae. About 29 species of parasites have been recorded from Elliot's Short-tailed Shrew, including two trematodes (e.g. Brachylaima and Panopistus), at least three nematodes (e.g. Longistriata), and 24 arthropod ectoparasites (e.g. Geomylichus, Neotrombicula, Mycoptes, Corrodopsylla, Glycyphagus, Androlaelaps, Olistrophorus, Blarinobia, Pygmephorus, Stenoponia, etc.), many of which are shared with other species of Blarina. They are reportedly somewhat venomous, being able to subdue prey withit, although these reports are somewhat dubious. Dental formula for all species of Blarninais I %3/1,C1/1, P3/1,M 3/3 (x2) = 32. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 52 and FN = 60-62.</p> <p>Habitat. Variety of habitats, including mature oak/elm floodplain forests, other wooded floodplain communities (often found under decaying logs), woody ravines, grassy pastures near wooded areas, rocky grasslands, and dry grasslands. Elliot’s Short-tailed Shrews are generally found in moist areas with adequate soil or significant ground cover from fallen leaves in which to build extensive burrows. In Colorado, they have been collected in drier environments, with sandy substrates and dense vegetation. Burned and grazed areas are avoided, and when controlled burns are used, their abundance is negatively impacted.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Elliot's Short-tailed Shrews are primarily insectivorous, feeding on insects, snails, millipedes, earthworms, and grubs; they eat some plant material, fungi, and North American Deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus) to a lesser extent. Beetles generally make up the largest proportion oftheir diet, up to 50-:3% in Kansas, while other insects were up to 11:3%, spiders 7-3%, and slugs 21-2%. This contrasts with Northern Shorttailed Shrew and Southern Short-tailed Shrew that more commonly feed on earthworms and fungi, respectively. Elliot's Short-tailed Shrew might be similar to congeners in that it has similar venom that can be used to subdue prey, although this is unconfirmed. No hoarding behavior has been observed as in the Northern Short-tailed Shrew.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding of Elliot’s Short-tailed Shrew generally occurs from early spring to late summer and in February—October in Arkansas. Gestation lasts 21-22 days, and litters have 4-8 young. Up to three litters can be produced per season, although 1-2 seems most common. Lactating females have been recorded as late as September. Young are weaned after about a month and fully furred. After young are weaned, all maternal care ceases. They usually live 8-24 months.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Elliot's Short-tailed Shrew is semi-fossorial and nocturnal/crepuscular, with peaks in activity occurring at dawn and dusk in all seasons. During active hours, they only rest for short bouts between feeding and moving. They do not hibernate but do molt between seasons. Tunnel runway systems are expansive and network across an area. They might create these runways themselves or use runways of moles or voles. Nests are built in tunnel systems and are a ¢.20 cm spherical chamber, lined with grass, plantfibers, or dry leaves.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Elliot’s Short-tailed Shrews are primarily solitary except when breeding or rearing young. Home ranges are 0-06-0-55 ha and vary between males (0-26 ha) and females (0-14 ha). They seem to be most abundant in autumn and least abundant in spring. Over the span of six and eight weeks, individual shrews reportedly traveled 270 m and 280 m, respectively. Similar to its congeners, Elliot's Short-tailed Shrews use echolocation by emitting ultrasonic clicks to navigate, and they have rudimentary senses of sight and smell.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Elliot's Short-tailed Shrew is common and widespread with no major threats, although it is considered rare with a limited distribution in Texas. Research into composition and potential uses of their venomous saliva is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baumgardner et al. (1992), Brant &amp; Orti (2002), Cassola (2016h), Elliot (1899, 1905), George, Choate &amp; Genoways (1981), George, Genoways et al. (1982), Hall (1981), Hutterer (2005b), Jones et al. (1984), Reid (2006), Reilly et al. (2005), Ritzi et al. (2005), Thompson et al. (2011).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0188774FFFBAAF41AD1FAB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0188775FAF9AECA15B8F3A2.text	3D474A54A0188775FAF9AECA15B8F3A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blarina brevicaudus (Say 1823)	<div><p>137.</p> <p>Northern Short-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Blarina brevicaudus</p> <p>French: Grande Musaraigne / German: Nordliche Kurzschwanzspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana colicorta septentrional</p> <p>Other common names: Giant Mole Shrew, Short-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex brevicaudus Say, 1823,</p> <p>“ Engineer cantonment... west bank of the Missouri [River], about half a mile [= 0-8 km] above Fort Lisa, five miles [= 8 km] below Council Bluff, and three miles above the mouth of Boyer’s River,” Nebraska, USA. Restricted by J. K. Jones, Jr. in 1964 to “ Washington County, Nebraska, about five miles [= 8 km] north of the Douglas-Washington county line at a place approximately two miles [= 3 -2 km] east of the present village of Ft. Calhoun.”</p> <p>Widely used specific name brevicauda is replaced with the original epithet brevicaudus because it is not a Latin adjective, does not require change for gender agreement, and remains valid. Blarina brevicaudus was considered conspecific with B. hulophaga and B. carolinensis by E. R. Hall in 1981, and telmalestes was regarded as a distinct species in the same publication. Blarina hulophaga and B. carolinensis were subsequently recognized as distinct species by S. B. George and colleagues in 1986 and most other publications, while telmalestes has generally been regarded as a subspecies of B. brevicaudus, which was followed by R. Hutterer in 2005. C. A.Jones and colleagues in 1984 speculated that shermani (then recognized as a subspecies of B. carolinensis) would either be a subspecies of B. brevicaudus or a distinct species, and R. A. Benedict and colleagues in 2006 recognized B. shermani as a distinct species based on morphometrics (being substantially smaller than B. brevicaudus) and the species allopatric distribution, which is followed here although genetic data are needed to confirm this. S. V. Brant and G. Orti in 2002 found that B. brevicaudus was genetically sister to B. carolinensis, with B. hulophaga basal to them both. Brant and Orti in 2003 found that B. brevicaudus consists of two genetic lineages (eastern and western) separated by the Mississippi River, which apparently corresponds with recognized subspecific distributions. Additional investigation into subspecific arrangement of B. brevicaudus is needed. Eleven subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>B.b.brevicaudusSay,1823—SWOntarioandextremeSEManitoba(Canada)andmostofNorthDakota,SouthDakota,Minnesota,WWisconsin,Nebraska,Iowa,WIllinois,N&amp;EKansas,Missouri,NEOklahoma,andNArkansas(USA).</p> <p>B. b. aloga Bangs, 1902 — Martha’s Vineyard I, off SE Massachusetts (USA).</p> <p>On following pages: 138. Southern Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina carolinensis); 139. Everglades Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina peninsulae); 140. Sherman's Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina sherman); 141. Sichuan Short-tailed Shrew (Blarinella quadraticauda); 142. Burmese Short-tailed Shrew (Blarinella ward); 143. Indochinese Short-tailed Shrew (Blarinella griselda); 144. Chinese Mole Shrew (Anourosorex squamipes); 145. Taiwanese Mole Shrew (Anourosorex yamashinai); 146. Assam Mole Shrew (Anourosorex assamensis); 147. Giant Mole Shrew (Anourosorex schmidi); 148. Desert Gray Shrew (Notiosorex crawford); 149. Cockrum'’s Gray Shrew (Notiosorex cockrumi); 150. Large-eared Gray Shrew (Notiosorex evotis); 151. Villa's Gray Shrew (Notiosorex villa); 152. Mexican Shrew (Megasorex gigas); 153. Taiwanese Brown-toothed Shrew (Episoriculus fumidus); 154. Arboreal Brown-toothed Shrew (Episoriculus macrurus); 155. Bailey's Brown-toothed Shrew (Episoriculus baileyi); 156. Long-tailed Brown-toothed Shrew (Episoriculus leucops); 157. Hodgson's Brown-toothed Shrew (Episoriculus caudatus); 158. Sichuan Brown-toothed Shrew (Episoriculus sacratus); 159. Hidden Brown-toothed Shrew (Episoriculus umbrinus); 160. Nepalese Brown-toothed Shrew (Episoriculus soluensis); 161. Himalayan Shrew (Soriculus nigrescens); 162. De Winton's Brown-toothed Shrew (Chodsigoa hypsibia); 163. Pygmy Brown-toothed Shrew (Chodsigoa parva); 164. Smith's Brown-toothed Shrew (Chodsigoa smithii); 165. Salenski's Brown-toothed Shrew (Chodsigoa salenski)); 166. Dusky Brown-toothed Shrew (Chodsigoa furva); 167. Lesser Taiwanese Brown-toothed Shrew (Chodsigoa sodalis); 168. Van Sung'’s Brown-toothed Shrew (Chodsigoa caovansunga); 169. Hoffmann’s Brown-toothed Shrew (Chodsigoa hoffmanni); 170. Lowe's Brown-toothed Shrew (Chodsigoa parca); 171. Bornean Water Shrew (Chimarrogale phaeura); 172. Sumatran Water Shrew (Chimarrogale sumatrana); 173. Malayan Water Shrew (Chimarrogale hantu); 174. Chinese Water Shrew (Chimarrogale styani); 175. Himalayan Water Shrew (Chimarrogale himalayica); 176. Leander’s Water Shrew (Chimarrogale leander); 177. Japanese Water Shrew (Chimarrogale platycephala); 178. Elegant Water Shrew (Nectogale elegans); 179. Mediterranean Water Shrew (Neomys anomalus); 180. Transcaucasian Water Shrew (Neomys teres); 181. Eurasian Water Shrew (Neomys fodiens).</p> <p>B.b.angustaR.M.Anderson,1943—SEQuebecandNNewBrunswick(Canada).</p> <p>B.b.churchiBole&amp;Moulthrop,1942—SEKentucky,SWVirginia,ETennessee,andWNorthCarolina(USA).</p> <p>B.b.compactaBangs,1902—NantucketI,offSEMassachusetts(USA).</p> <p>B.b.hooperiBole&amp;Moulthrop,1942—extremeSEQuebec(Canada)andNVermont(USA).</p> <p>B.b.kirtlandiBole&amp;Moulthrop,1942—EWisconsin,Michigan,EIllinois,Indiana,Ohio,extremeSWNewYork,Pennsylvania,WestVirginia,Maryland,Delaware,mostofVirginia,Kentucky,Tennessee,WNorthCarolina,WSouthCarolina,NAlabama,andNGeorgia(USA).</p> <p>B.b.manitobensisR.M.Anderson,1947—C&amp;SESaskatchewanandSManitoba(Canada),andNNorthDakota(USA).</p> <p>B.b.pallidaR.W.Smith,1940—NMaine(USA)andC&amp;SNewBrunswickandNovaScotia(Canada).</p> <p>B.b.talpoidesGapper,1830—S&amp;SEOntarioandSQuebec(Canada),andfromNewEnglandStoNewYorkandNewJersey(USA).</p> <p>B. b. telmalestes Merriam, 1895 — SE Virginia and extreme NE North Carolina (USA).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 90-114 mm,tail 17-32 mm, hindfoot 13-16 mm; weight 11-30 g. The Northern Short-tailed Shrew is the largest species of Blarina and the largest shrew in the Americas. Snout is pointed but shorter and wider than in other species of shrews. There is little to no secondary sexual dimorphism. Pelage is short, soft, and considerably mole-like in winter and shorter and slightly paler in summer. Dorsal pelage is silvery dark slate gray in winter and paler silvery gray in summer, although its pelage can range from silvery to black. Juveniles have shorter and fuzzier pelage, which can be hard to distinguish from adults in summer. Ventral pelage is a somewhat paler gray, shorter, and denser than dorsal pelage. There is a bare patch of lightly colored skin around diminutive eyes. Albinos have been recorded. Ears are very small and completely concealed by fur; vibrissae are long and white. Tail is less than 30% of head-body length, hairy, and similar in color to dorsal pelage, being faintly bicolored in adults with small tuft at end. Feet are short and broad, with long claws, and are paler than rest of body. Characteristic of the genus, the Northern Short-tailed Shrew has five unicuspid teeth and significantly larger and angular skull than other shrews. All species of Blarina also have reddish teeth from iron deposits in their teeth. All five species are difficult to tell apart, but the Northern Short-tailed Shrew is larger than all the other species and has unique karyotype. The Northern Short-tailed Shrew is one of the few venomous mammals, having submaxillary glands at base of lower incisors that secrete venomous saliva that flows through grooves between two teeth when the individual bites. The toxins in the venom are so far known to include the blarinatoxin (BLTX), a 253 amino acid (aa) peptide; blarinasin, a 252 aa peptide; and soricidin, a 54 aa peptide. BLTX and blarinasin have kallikrein-like proteolytic activity similar to that of lizard venom while soricidin is a paralytic oligopeptide that can block nerve impulses by inhibiting calcium channels. Females have three pairs of inguinal mammae. More than 144 species of endoparasites and ectoparasites have been named from the Northern Short-tailed Shrew, including at least two lice, two leptinid beetles, one cuterebrid fly, 25 fleas, 34 ticks and mites, and many nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48-50 and FN = 52.</p> <p>Habitat. Typically, hardwood deciduous forests with deep leaflitter and around edges of ponds and streams but also coniferous forests, open grass and sedge fields, farmhouses, and marshlands. The Northern Short-tailed Shrew is considered a habitat generalist, and it is most notably associated with food availability, while avoiding areas with extreme temperatures and moisture, although moist areas seem preferred. The more northern populations (southern Quebec) have been reported in mature deciduous or coniferous forests and less commonly in fields with tall grasses or sedges. It is occasionally found near homes or shelters and agricultural fields. In dry deciduous forests,it seeks out wetter microhabitats. In eastern Tennessee,it readily inhabits areas with few shrubs, dense overstory, hard ground, and high density of stumps and logs, which are much more specific habitat requirements than those of other populations. In south-eastern Virginia and north-eastern North Carolina (subspecies telmalestes), it inhabits marshy habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Northern Short-tailed Shrews are primarily insectivorous, although they are considerably omnivorous and will even eat vertebrates. Earthworms and millipedes are major parts of their diets, along with other arthropods (sowbugs, arachnids, various larval insects, centipedes), various plant material, snails, vertebrates, and fungi (e.g. Endogone) on rare occasions. Vertebrate prey largely consists of mice and voles, although there are reports of preying on other shrews (Sorex), snakes (Thamnophis and Nerodia), young Snowshoe Hares (Lepus americanus), and slimy salamanders (Plethodon glutinosus). To subdue prey, they bite it and hold on while injecting their venom, which paralyzes most invertebrates and small vertebrates and might even kill them. Venom may be fatal to other conspecific shrews, but more research is needed to confirm this. A captive Northern Short-tailed Shrew placed in an enclosure with a vole bit the base of the vole’s skull behind the ears, gnawed at the base of the skull, and roughly dragged the vole around the cage as the vole attempted to escape; the vole died after eleven minutes. Food hoarding occurs relatively often, especially in autumn, winter, and occasionally summer. Insects and earthworms are usually stored alive but paralyzed by venom so for shrew can come back later and consume the prey. During winter, they consume c.43% more food than in summer, which makes hoarding a crucial adaptation for survival over winter. In a study of captive individuals, Northern Short-tailed Shrews cached 86-6% of food they killed, eating ¢.9-4% immediately. The other 3-9% waskilled and subsequently left uneaten. They might also visit bird feeders and take seeds during winter when food is scarce.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of Northern Short-tailed Shrews occurs from early February to September with two major peaks, one in spring and the other in late summer and early autumn; however, females in estrus can be encountered in as earlyJanuary, and reproductive males have been recorded as late as mid-October. During copulation,a pairis locked together while the female remains active and drags the male behind her. This can last up to 25 minutes (average c.5 minutes). Ovulation is induced by copulation, which takes at leastsix copulations/day and generally occurs 55-71 hoursafter initial copulation. Gestation lasts 21-22 days, and litters have 3-8 young (average c.4-5). Females usually have two litters/season but can have as many as three. Young are weaned by 25 days old, begin to become sexually active at ¢.50 days old, and generally breed at c.65 days old. Females lose all maternal instinct after young are weaned, and young then disperse. Individuals born in spring mature faster than individuals born in autumn, which enables more productive breeding seasons because young born in spring might reproduce within the same season. Most individuals do not survive more than a year, with the oldest captive individual being a male that lived 33 months. Females move their young by dragging them in their mouth or by a behavior similar to caravanning, although caravanning was only recorded for a female with one juvenile. Females generally become more active when pregnant and lactating and will constrict entrances to their nests after young are born.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Northern Short-tailed Shrews are semi-fossorial and primarily nocturnal, being active throughout the night and into early morning, apparently being most active in early morning and night in summer and earlier in evening in winter. They are only active for c.16% of a 24hour day, and they are active for an average of 4-5 minutes at a time, with bouts ofresting in between activity. They spend the rest of their time resting or sleeping in their nests. They do not spend much time on the surface, preferring to move about their tunnels, but they have been known to climb trees and bird feeders. They do not hibernate but do molt between seasons. Tunnels are usually within the top 10 cm ofsoil but can be as deep as 50 cm. Tunnels are used as runways, and they will dig through rotten logs and use runways of voles and moles instead of making their own. Northern Short-tailed Shrews can dig c.2-5 cm/minute but will stop to take short naps regularly during digging. These runway tunnel systems can be very extensive and honeycomb across an expansive area. In areas with a lot ofleaf litter, burrows can be just under it, and in winter, burrows can extend into snow. Nests are connected to the tunnel system and spherical, ¢.20 cm in diameter, generally lined with vegetation or rarely fur from other mammals such as voles. When sleeping, Northern Short-tailed Shrews usually curl up with their noses and paws tucked undertheir bellies and are restless, twitching while sleeping and changing positions and yawning often. Feces are usually deposited rather neatly outside entrances of nests or on sides of runways but rarely in nests. In captivity, fecal matter was deposited in corners of cages.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Northern Short-tailed Shrew is widespread and abundant. Densities are highly variable and fluctuate readily. Population crashes take place that take several years to recover from. Densities are 1-6-121 ind/ha depending on the region and whether a population crash has occurred, but they usually are 5-30 ind/ha. Home ranges average c.2-5 ha, and an individual's home range usually overlaps with at least one if not many other shrews. Northern Short-tailed Shrews are primarily solitary and non-migratory, only associating with others when mating and rearing young. In captivity, however, when they are housed with familiar individuals, they will sleep in a large pile and constantly attempt to move toward the bottom of the pile. Females and young individuals are less aggressive than males and older individuals. Northern Short-tailed Shrews are mildly territorial, but when captive shrews are put together, one shrew generally ends up eating the other. To defend their territory, they can show aggressive displays and vocalize, and they might also use scent glands to mark theirterritories, although scent marking has not been confirmed. They produce a musky odor from scent glands that might deter predators. In winter, mortality rates can be up to 90%. The Northern Short-tailed Shrew uses echolocation to explore its environment, using ultrasonic clicks to distinguish items and navigate around objects. Echolocation and touch are the main navigational senses, making up for poor vision and underdeveloped sense of smell. Ultrasonic clicks are 30-50 kHz.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Northern Short-tailed Shrew is abundant, widespread, and well studied, with no major threats throughout its distribution. Studies found that large concentrations of DDT had bioaccumulated in their bodies because of their predatory nature, but this is no longer a threat because DDT is no longer used in large quantities; other toxins might be of concern. Northern Short-tailed Shrews are somewhatsensitive to habitat destruction such as forest clearing, and populations have dramatically decreased after forests were cut. Venom poses no major threat to humans, and if bitten, the area will swell and be considerably painful for a few days. Nevertheless, this venom might have some potential applications, such as reducing epithelial cancers by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) within epithelial cells, which is done by inhibiting TRPV6 calcium channels. It might also be used to detect TRPV6rich tumors using shorter peptides derived from soricidin.</p> <p>Bibliography. Benedict et al. (2006), Bowen et al. (2013), Brandt &amp; McCay (2005), Brant &amp; Orti (2002, 2003), Cassola (2016f), Dimond &amp; Sherburne (1969), Ellis et al. (1978), George et al. (1986), Getz (1989), Hall (1981), Hutterer (2005b), Jones, C.A. et al. (1984), Jones, J.K. (1964), Kurta (1995), Liu Cuicui et al. (2014), Martin (1980, 1981a, 1981b, 1982, 1983, 1984), Merritt (1986), Pearson (1947), Platt (1976), Randolph (1973, 1980), Reid (2006), Robinson &amp; Brodie (1982), Tomasi (1978).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0188775FAF9AECA15B8F3A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0198776FA13A7EE17A1FAE2.text	3D474A54A0198776FA13A7EE17A1FAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blarina carolinensis (Bachman 1837)	<div><p>138.</p> <p>Southern Short-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Blarina carolinensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Caroline / German: Stdliche Kurzschwanzspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana colicorta meridional</p> <p>Other common names: Carolina Short-eared Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex carolinensis Bachman, 1837,</p> <p>“ upper and maritime districts of South Carolina,”</p> <p>USA.</p> <p>Blarina carolinensis was included as a subspecies of B. brevicaudus by E. R. Hall in 1981 and included B. hulophaga as a subspecies until S. B. George and colleagues in 1981 recognized it as a distinct species. S. V. Brant and G. Orti in 2002 found that B. carolinensis was sister to B. brevicaudus, with B. hulophaga being sister to the clade. R. A. Benedict and colleagues revised the taxonomy of Blarina in Florida and determined that B. shermani was a distinct species but placed B. peninsulae as a subspecies of B. carolinensis, based primarily on morphometric data. Although B. peninsulaeis not significantly different from B. carolinensis morphologically and might hybridize in northern Florida, B. peninsulae has a unique karyotype. Additional genetic studies are needed to clarify its specific status, although Brant and Orti did include two specimens from the distribution of B. peninsulae that clustered within the eastern clade of B. carolinensis, but their specific status was not mentioned. Blarina peninsulae is recognized as a distinct species here until genetic studies clarify its status. There are two major clades in B. carolinensis on either side of the Mississippi River (eastern and western) that correspond to recognized subspecies. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>B.c.carolinensisBachman,1837—SEUSA,EoftheMississippiRiver(SIllinois,WKentucky,WTennessee,Mississippi,SELouisiana,SAlabama,SGeorgia,NFlorida,SouthCarolina,ENorthCarolina,andSEVirginia).</p> <p>B. c. minima Lowery, 1943 — SE USA, W of the Mississippi River (SE Missouri, Arkansas, most of Louisiana, and E Texas).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 69-80 mm, tail 12-26 mm, hindfoot 10-13 mm; weight 5-13 g. The Southern Short-tailed Shrew is large and robust, but it is significantly smaller than the Northern Short-tailed Shrew (B. brevicaudus) and Elliot’s Short-tailed Shrew (B. hulophaga). There seems to be a clinal increase in size from south to north in western populations. Pelage is short, soft, velvety, and mole-like. Dorsal pelage is slate grayish black or brown, with silvery tinge; ventral pelage is slightly paler. There is a bare patch of lightly colored skin around diminutive eyes. Ears are very small and completely concealed by fur; vibrissae are long and white. Tail is less than 30% of head-body length, hairy, and similar in color to dorsal pelage, with small tuft at end. Feet are short and broad, with long claws, and are paler than rest of body. Hindfeet are darker than forefeet. Females have three pairs of inguinal mammae. Characteristic of the genus, the Northern Short-tailed Shrew has five unicuspid teeth and significantly larger and angular skull than other shrews. All species of Blarina also have reddish teeth from iron deposits within their teeth. They can be differentiated from the Northern Short-tailed Shrew by height of the coronoid process, which is typically less than 6 mm, and length of mandibular tooth row, which is usually less than 6-5 mm. Southern Short-tailed Shrews might also have venomous saliva similar to the Northern Short-tailed Shrew. More than 89 species of parasites have been recorded from the Southern Short-tailed Shrew, including cestodes (Cryptocotylepis), trematodes (Brachylaima, Brachylecithum, and Panopistus), nematodes (Capillaria, Longistriata, Physaloptera, and Porrocaecum), thorny headed worms (Centrorhynchus), mites (Androlaelaps, Asiochirus, Bakerdania, Blarinobia, Comatacarus, Cyrtolaelaps, Euschoengastia, Glycyphagus, Protolaelaps, Prowichmannia, Xenoryctes, etc.) fleas (Ctenophthalmus, Doratopsylla, and Stenoponia), ticks (Dermacentor), and beetles (Leptinus). Chromosomal complement has 2n = 46 and FN = 44-45, but it was reported to be 2n = 31-41 and FN = 41-45 in western Tennessee and northern Mississippi.</p> <p>Habitat. Variety of moist and upland habitats such as moist deciduous woods, brushy areas, pine woodland and forest, mixed oak/pine/juniper woods, grassy regions, and densely wooded floodplains. Southern Short-tailed Shrews can also be found in disturbed habitats such as strip-mined regions, abandoned agricultural fields, and areas disturbed by tornadoes. They are most commonly found in moist environments, with deep leaflitter and rotting logs in which they regularly build nests, but they can be abundant in dry habitats in some regions.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Southern Short-tailed Shrew is omnivorous, primarily eating arthropods, mollusks, and fungi. One study found that they ate slugs and snails (18:5%), hypogeous fungi (Endogone and related genera; 16-3%), earthworms (14-8%), beetles (9-6%), and beetle larvae (5-8%) in upper coastal plain of South Carolina. In xeric pine forests of North Carolina, they ate centipedes (22-:3%), hypogeous fungi (14:6%), fly larvae (12:3%), spiders (10%), and flies (9-1%). In Tennessee, beetles, ants, and slugs were most abundantin the diet. On Cumberland Island off the coast of Georgia, they ate introduced terrestrial amphipods (7Talitroides topitotum; 21-8%), beetle larvae (12-4%), centipedes (11:8%), earthworms (9-1%), moth larvae (8:6%), and spiders (7-4%), and fungi made up only 3-:8% of the diet. They might eat small amounts of plant material and small mammals, but there are no reports of this. Although venom and hoarding has not been recorded, they might have a venom similar to the Northern Short-tailed Shrew, which is used to subdue prey and potentially hoard paralyzed prey.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding of the Southern Short-tailed Shrew occurs from February or March to November in most of its distribution, but a lactating female was captured in southwestern Alabama in late December, indicating a longer and possibly year-round breeding season at southern latitudes. There are peaks in reproductive activity in spring and late summer/early autumn. Gestation probably lasts 21-30 days. Litters have 2-6 young (average c.3-9) across its distribution, but averages of 3-7 young in March—July and 4-2 young in September—November in South Carolina have been reported. Southern Shorttailed Shrews can breed multiple times each season and after c.60 days of age; young born early in the season can breed in the same year they were born.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Southern Short-tailed Shrews are semi-fossorial and primarily nocturnal. They are captured more frequently at night in summer and during the day in winter, probably due to cooler temperatures at night in summer and warmer temperatures during day in winter. They build extensive tunnels in topsoil and deep leaflitter. Nests are built 30 cm belowground under logs or even within rotting logs. Nests usually are filled with roots and grass.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Southern Short-tailed Shrew is solitary except when breeding and rearing young. Population size and abundance fluctuate among seasons and years, peaking following spring and autumn when reproductive activity is at its highest. In southern Illinois, densities peaked at 57 ind/ha in late summer and early autumn, gradually decreasing in winter, and rate of capture was higher with increased humidity and decreased precipitation. Densities in South Carolina were 1-2-2-2 ind/ha in winter and early spring and 6-3 ind/ha in late summer and early autumn—all of which are significantly smaller estimates than those found in southern Illinois. In South Carolina, home ranges of seven individuals averaged 0-96 ha.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Southern Short-tailed Shrew is common and widespread with no major threats. Densities can be affected by drought and habitat destruction, but they are generally considered resilient in disturbed habitats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Benedict et al. (2006), Brant &amp; Orti (2002), Cassola (2016g), Genoways &amp; Choate (1998), George, Choate &amp; Genoways (1981), George, Genoways et al. (1982), Hall (1981), Hutterer (2005b), Jones et al. (1984), McCay (2001), Reid (2006), Whitaker &amp; Ruckdeschel (2006), Whitaker et al. (1994), Whittaker &amp; Feldhamer (2000, 2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0198776FA13A7EE17A1FAE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A01A8777FAFEAE251184FDFB.text	3D474A54A01A8777FAFEAE251184FDFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blarina peninsulae (Merriam 1895)	<div><p>139.</p> <p>Everglades Short-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Blarina peninsulae</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Floride / German: Everglades-Kurzschwanzspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana colicorta de Everglades</p> <p>Other common names: Florida Short-tailed Shrew, Peninsular Short-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina carolinensis peninsulae Merriam, 1895,</p> <p>“ Miami River, Dade County, Fla. [= Florida],” USA.</p> <p>Blarina peninsulae has generally been considered a subspecies of B. carolinensis but was considered a distinct species by R. Hutterer in 2005 based on its distinct karyotype and morphology and presence of a contact zone with B. carolinensis. R. A. Benedict and colleagues in 2006 found relatively small morphometric differences</p> <p>between the two species and evidence of intergradation, prompting them to recognize B. peninsulae as a subspecies of B. carolinensis again. The same study also identified two possible hybrids between B. peninsulae and B. sherman. S. V. Brant and G. Orti in 2002 included two specimens from the distribution of B. peninsulae that clustered in the eastern clade of B. carolinensis, but their specific status was not mentioned. Blarina peninsulae is recognized here as a distinct species based on its distinct karyotype until genetic studies are more extensively implemented to confirm its specific or subspecific status. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. NE, C &amp; S Florida except the C Everglades region (SE USA); possibly extreme SE Georgia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 66-76 mm, tail 18-26 mm, hindfoot 11-14 mm; weight 5-13 g. The Everglades Short-tailed Shrew is large, similar to the Southern Short-tailed Shrew (B. carolinensis) but averages slightly larger in size and cranial measurements than Southern Short-tailed Shrews from northern Florida. Pelage of the Everglades Short-tailed Shrew is short, soft, velvety, and mole-like. Dorsal pelage is slate grayish black, with silvery tinge; ventral pelage is slightly paler. There is a bare patch oflightly colored skin around diminutive eyes. Ears are very small and completely concealed by fur; vibrissae are long and white. Tail is less than 30% of head-body length, hairy, and similar in color to dorsal pelage, with small tuft at end. Feet are short and broad, with long claws, and are paler than rest of body. Hindfeet are darker than forefeet. Females have three pairs of inguinal mammae. Characteristic of the genus, the Everglades Short-tailed Shrew has five unicuspid teeth and significantly larger and angular skull than other shrews. All species of Blarina also have reddish teeth from iron deposits in their teeth. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50-52 and FN = 52.</p> <p>Habitat. Variety of moist wetland habitats, including moist deciduous forests, grassy areas, swamplands, and floodplains.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Similar to the Northern Short-tailed Shrew (B. brevicaudus), the Everglades Short-tailed Shrew eats arthropods, mollusks, earthworms, and fungi but also caterpillars and turtle eggs. Its ability to kill and consume young mice of small species has also been confirmed, indicating that they might have venomous saliva similar to the Southern Short-tailed Shrew.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding of the Everglades Short-tailed Shrew occurs in March—November, and litters have c.4 young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Everglades Short-tailed Shrews are nocturnal and semi-fossorial, creating expansive burrow systems.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Everglades Short-tailed Shrew is probably solitary, except when breeding and rearing young.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. It previously was included under the Southern Short-tailed Shrew (B. carolinensis) that is classified as Least Concern. The Everglades Short-tailed Shrew has a limited distribution but is considered very common and found in numerous nature reserves including Everglades National Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Benedict et al. (2006), Brant &amp; Orti (2002), Genoways &amp; Choate (1998), George et al. (1982), Hall (1981), Hutterer (2005b), Jones et al. (1984), McCay (2001), Punzo (2003a).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A01A8777FAFEAE251184FDFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A01B8777FF26A9171776F7AA.text	3D474A54A01B8777FF26A9171776F7AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blarina shermani (Hamilton 1955)	<div><p>140.</p> <p>Sherman’s Short-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Blarina shermani</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Sherman / German: Sherman-Kurzschwanzspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafa colicorta de Sherman</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarina brevicauda shermani Hamilton, 1955,</p> <p>“ two miles north of Fort Myers, Lee County, Florida,” USA.</p> <p>Blarina sherman: is usually included as a subspecies of B. carolinensis, but R. A. Benedict and colleagues in 2006 recognized it as a distinct species based primarily on morphometrics. The same study also identified possible hybrids between B. shermani and B. peninsulae. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Just N of Fort Myers S to near</p> <p>Royal Palm, SW coast of Florida (SE USA).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 78-91 mm, tail 22-25 mm, hindfoot 13-5-15 mm; weight 11-1-17 g. Sherman’s Short-tailed Shrew is large, similar to the Southern Shorttailed Shrew (B. carolinensis) and the Everglades Short-tailed Shrew (B. peninsulae), but itis larger and slightly darker than both species. Pelage is short, soft, velvety, and molelike. Dorsal pelage is slate grayish black, with silvery tinge; ventral pelage is slightly paler. There is a bare patch of lightly colored skin around diminutive eyes. Ears are very small and completely concealed by fur; vibrissae are long and white. Tail is less than 30% of head-body length, hairy, and similar in color to dorsal pelage, with small tuft at end. Feet are short and broad, with long claws, and are paler than rest of body. Hindfeet are darker than forefeet. Females have three pairs of inguinal mammae. Characteristic of the genus, Sherman’s Short-tailed Shrew has five unicuspid teeth and significantly larger and angular skull than other shrews. All species of Blarina also have reddish teeth from iron deposits in their teeth.</p> <p>Habitat. Grassy areas surrounding marshes and basins and mesic flatwood habitat.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Sherman’s Short-tailed Shrews are probably nocturnal and semi-fossorial, creating extensive tunnels or using tunnels of moles.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Sherman’s Short-tailed Shrew has a very restricted distribution and was considered possibly extinctforyears, although it is presumably common throughout its small distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Benedict et al. (2006), Brant &amp; Orti (2002), Hall (1981), Hamilton (1955), Jones et al. (1984).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A01B8777FF26A9171776F7AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A01B8777FF2EA2E81811FBC9.text	3D474A54A01B8777FF2EA2E81811FBC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blarinella quadraticauda (Milne-Edwards 1872)	<div><p>141.</p> <p>Sichuan Short-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Blarinella quadraticauda</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Moupin / German: Sichuan-Kurzschwanzspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafna colicorta de Sichuan</p> <p>Other common names: Asiatic Short-tailed Shrew, Chinese Short-tailed Shrew, Northern Short-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex quadraticauda Milne-Ed- wards, 1872,</p> <p>“ Moupin [= Baoxing], Thibet oriental,” Sichuan, western China.</p> <p>Blarinella quadraticauda is the type spe- cies of the genus that was established in 1911. Blarinella used to include two subspecies, griselda and wardi, which are now recognized as full species. Taxonomy of the genusis problematic because animals assigned to the genus were found in two highly divergent evolutionary lineages,</p> <p>indicating existence of cryptic species/genus. Relationship between B. quadraticauda and B. griselda is also debated, and it is likely than more than one species is masquerading as B. gniselda. Distributional limits and whether it is sympatrically distributed with B. griselda is unclear; distribution might be limited to the west of the Min River. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from W Sichuan Mts in SW China.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 65-81 mm, tail 40-60 mm, hindfoot 13-16 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 21-21-7 mm, and tooth rows are 8-4-8-9 mm. The Sichuan Short-tailed Shrew is the largest species of Blarinella and has the longesttail. Dorsal and ventral fur are uniform dark brown,</p> <p>without any gray-brown highlight. Tail and dorsal surfaces offeet are dark as or darker than that of dorsal pelage. Claws are large, and forefeet are inconspicuously larger than hindfeet. Skull is robust, and braincase is high. Most teeth are heavily pigmented, which is most obvious on upper incisors. Apex of upper incisor is robust and darkbrown or nearly black. It has five upper unicuspids, second upper unicuspid is subequal to first and is conspicuously larger than third. There are three upper unicuspids visible in lateral view in most specimens. Dental formula for all species of Blarinella is 13/1, C1/1,P3/1,M 3/3 (2) =32.</p> <p>Habitat. Damp broad-leaved and conifer forests at elevations of 1600-3500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Sichuan Short-tailed Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Sichuan Short-tailed Shrew is semi-fossorial and a good digger. Most individuals were captured at night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Extent and quality of its forest habitat are probably declining. Major threats include deforestation due to logging, agriculture, and urban development. The Sichuan Short-tailed Shrew is present in many conservation areas, and overall population is probably not rapidly declining.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bannikova etal. (2017), Chen Shunde et al. (2012), Jiang Xuelong et al. (2003), Thomas (1911¢).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A01B8777FF2EA2E81811FBC9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A01B8777FA29AF3A1AD0F5C8.text	3D474A54A01B8777FA29AF3A1AD0F5C8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blarinella wardi Thomas 1915	<div><p>142.</p> <p>Burmese Short-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Blarinella wardi</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Ward / German: Burma-Kurzschwanzspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafa colicorta de Birmania</p> <p>Other common names: Southern Short-tailed Shrew, Ward's Short-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarinella wardi Thomas, 1915,</p> <p>“ Hpimaw, Upper Burma [= Myanmar], about 26° N., 98° 35" E. Alt. 8000’ [= 2400 m] -</p> <p>Blarinella wardi was included in B. quadraticauda as a subspecies. Species boundary between B. wardi and B. griselda is not entirely clear. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. NE y Myanmar and SW China (NW &amp; W Yunnan).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 60-69 mm, tail 32-43 mm, hindfoot 10-5-13 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 18:5-19-9 mm, tooth rows are 6-9-8 mm. The Burmese Short-tailed Shrew is the smallest of the short-tailed shrews. It is similar to the Indochinese Short-tailed Shrew (B. griselda) but smaller and with narrower skull and braincase. Cranial breadth of B. wardi is usually smaller than 8-7 mm, whereas in B. quadraticauda is usually greater than 9-3 mm and in B. griselda is 8-:5-9-6 mm. Most teeth are heavily pigmented, which is most obvious on upperincisors. It has five upper unicuspids, third upper unicuspid is greatly reduced, and fourth is subequal to three-fourths the height of third.</p> <p>Habitat. Forests, including openings and edges. The Burmese Short-tailed Shrew was found as high as 2400 m in northern Myanmar and is most common at elevations of 1600-3000 m in southern China.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Burmese Short-tailed Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Burmese Short-tailed Shrews are semi-fossorial and good diggers. Specimens were captured at night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. In northern Myanmar (= Burma), the Burmese Short-tailed Shrew is threatened by deforestation. In China, it is probably not declining because its distribution only slightly overlaps with human settlements.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chen Shunde et al. (2012), Jiang Xuelong et al. (2003).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A01B8777FA29AF3A1AD0F5C8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A01B8770FA13A13D162EFBCA.text	3D474A54A01B8770FA13A13D162EFBCA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blarinella griselda Thomas 1912	<div><p>143.</p> <p>Indochinese Short-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Blarinella griselda</p> <p>French: Musaraigne griselda / German: Indochina-Kurzschwanzspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafa colicorta de Indochina</p> <p>Taxonomy. Blarinella griselda Thomas, 1912,</p> <p>“42 miles [= 68 km] S.E. of Tao-chou [Gansu, northwestern China]. 10,000’ [= 3048 m].”</p> <p>Blarinella griselda was included in B. quad- raticauda as a subspecies. Taxonomy of B. gniselda is problematic, and there are probably undescribed species. All information is based on current taxonomy. Species boundary between B. wardi and B. gniselda is not entirely clear. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. C &amp; SW China (Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Hubei, Yunnan, and Guizhou) and N Vietnam.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 52-74 mm, tail 31-42 mm, hindfoot 8-5-14 mm; weight 8 g. Condylo-incisive lengths are 19-20-9 mm, and tooth rows are 7-8-8:7 mm. The Indochinese Short-tailed Shrew is similar to the Sichuan Short-tailed Shrew (B. quadraticauda) but smaller and with relatively shorter tail. Dorsal pelage</p> <p>is mousey gray, and ventral pelage is paler. Most teeth are heavily pigmented, which is most obvious on upper incisors. Skull is robust, and braincase is high. It has five upper unicuspids, and second upper unicuspid is intermediate in size between first and third. Number of upper unicuspids visible in lateral view is four in most specimens.</p> <p>Habitat. Forested habitats at elevations of 1300-3300 m. The Indochinese Short-tailed Shrew has been caught in broad-leaved, conifer, and bamboo forests but never in anthropogenic habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Indochinese Short-tailed Shrew is insectivorous. In captivity, it prefers raw meat rather than mealworms.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Most Indochinese Short-tailed Shrews were captured at night. They are semi-fossorial and good diggers. In captivity, they usually dig holes for resting.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Indochinese Short-tiled Shrew is aggressive and attacks small mammals, including conspecifics.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Indochinese Short-tailed Shrew has a wide distribution. Anthropogenic activities including deforestation could affectits distribution at lower elevations, resulting in future populations decline.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bannikova et al. (2017), Chen Shunde et al. (2012), Jiang Xuelong et al. (2003).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A01B8770FA13A13D162EFBCA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A01C8770FFF2AEC81586FE95.text	3D474A54A01C8770FFF2AEC81586FE95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anourosorex squamipes Milne-Edwards 1872	<div><p>144.</p> <p>Chinese Mole Shrew</p> <p>Anourosorex squamaipes</p> <p>French: Musaraigne taupe / German: Maulwurfspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana topo de China</p> <p>Other common names: Chinese Short-tailed Shrew, Mole Shrew, Sichuan Burrowing Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Anourosorex squamipes Milne- Edwards, 1872,</p> <p>probably Moupin (= Baox- ing), Sichuan, China.</p> <p>Anourosorex squamipes is the type species of the genus, which was considered mono- typic until recently. Anourosorex squamipes used to include assamensis, schmidi, and yamashinai as subspecies, all of which are currently recognized as full species based on karyotypic differences between yamashinai and squamipes and morpho-</p> <p>logical differences among assamensis, squamipes, and yamashinai. The forms capito and capnias are considered synonyms, both of which were collected in Yunnan, China. Anourosorex squamipes is sister to A. yamashinai. Specimens from Mizoram and Assam in India that were assigned to A. squamipes are obviously A. assamensis, which means that A. squamipes is not distributed in India. It is unclear where the distributional boundary is, especially between A. assamensis and A. squamipes. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Widely distributed in C &amp; S China (from S Gansu S to Guangdong), adjacent N &amp; E Myanmar, N Laos, N Vietnam, and N Thailand.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 74-110 mm, tail 8-19 mm, hindfoot 11-16 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 23-3-26-5 mm, and upper tooth rows are 10-7-12:6 mm. The Chinese Mole Shrew is medium-sized, characterized by small eyes and short tail. It resembles a shrew mole in external appearance but with smaller claws. Body fur is dense and lax. Dorsal pelage is black or dark grayish brown, and ventral pelage is slightly paler. Eyes are small. External ears are completely reduced, and only slim openings can be traced. Forefeet have lengthened claws. Tail is short and dark brown. It has a two upper unicuspids, and first is longer than second. Upper P*and M' are quadrangle, and M* is usually triangular. Upper M? is much reduced. Cusps of teeth are unpigmented. It has very strong smell. Dental formula for all species of Anourosorexis13/2, C0/0,P 1/1, M 3/3 (x2) = 26. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FNa = 92.</p> <p>Habitat. Various habitats including broad-leaved, conifer, bamboo forests, subalpine shrubs, and grassland at elevations of 300-4000 m. The Chinese Mole Shrew is well adapted to anthropogenic habitats including farms, plantations, gardens, and parks.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Chinese Mole Shrew is insectivorous, foraging on a wide variety of invertebrates. Examination of stomach contents found earthworms, insects, insect larvae, spiders, and frogs. Captive individuals ate raw meat, eels, fish, and occasionally oatmeal.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding of the Chinese Mole Shrew in south-western China occurs in April-October. Litters have 3-5 young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Most Chinese Mole Shrews were trapped during dusk and at night. It is terrestrial and semi-fossorial, moving on the ground and frequently using tunnels.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Chinese Mole Shrew is among the most common species of shrews in China. It is considered a pest in Sichuan, because populations can be large in farmland. It is known to be a host of hantavirus. Population size is highly variable but unlikely to be declining overall.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hutterer (1985, 2005), Kawada et al. (2014), Mandal &amp; Das (1969), Mandal et al. (1995), Motokawa &amp; Lin Liangkong (2002), Motokawa et al. (2004).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A01C8770FFF2AEC81586FE95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A01C8770FAF5AAF414CBF81A.text	3D474A54A01C8770FAF5AAF414CBF81A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anourosorex yamashinai (Kuroda 1935)	<div><p>145.</p> <p>Taiwanese Mole Shrew</p> <p>Anourosorex yamashinai</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Yamashina / German: Taiwan-Maulwurfspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana topo de Taiwan</p> <p>Taxonomy. Anourosorex squamipes yamashinai Kuroda, 1935,</p> <p>“ Taiheizan, Tathoku-siu, 5500 feet [= 1676 m], northern Formosa [= Taiwan],” China.</p> <p>Anourosorex yamashinai was included in A. squamipes as a subspecies and was elevated to a full species based on a different karyotype. It is sister to A. squamipes. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to Taiwan I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 51-98 mm,</p> <p>tail 7-12-6 mm, hindfoot 13-16 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 23-5-25-8 mm, and upper tooth rows are 10-3—11-7 mm. The Taiwanese Mole Shrew is medium-sized, characterized by small eyes and shorttail. It is similar to the Chinese Mole Shrew (A. squamipes) but smaller. Dorsal and ventral pelage is black, and feet and tail are white. Middle ear has ossicles and is more similar to a talpid mole rather than a terrestrial shrew. Skull and mandible are robust, and mastoid and condylar processes are well developed. It has two upper unicuspids,first is long, and second is much reduced. Upper P*, M', and M” are quadrangle. Cusps of teeth are unpigmented. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50 and FNa = 96.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist microhabitats in subtropical, mixed deciduous, and coniferous forest; alpine tundra; agricultural fields; riparian woodlands; and dwarf bamboo at elevations of 300-3000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Taiwanese Mole Shrew is insectivorous. It is a generalist and eats a wide variety of invertebrates including insects, oligochaetes, and Gastropoda. Larval and adult insects are major prey.</p> <p>Breeding. Recorded littersizes of the Taiwanese Mole Shrew are 2-4 young. Breeding occurs in wet seasons in Taiwan (May-September).</p> <p>Activity patterns. Most Taiwanese Mole Shrews were trapped during dusk and at night. They are semi-fossorial and favor dense vegetational cover and suitable conditions for burrowing.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Taiwanese Mole Shrew presumably has a large overall population, and habitats in mountains of Taiwan are well protected with limited anthropogenic activities.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hutterer (2005b), Koyabu et al. (2017), Motokawa &amp; Lin Liangkong (2002), Motokawa et al. (2004), Yu Hontsen (1993).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A01C8770FAF5AAF414CBF81A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A01C8770FAF6A3731530F26C.text	3D474A54A01C8770FAF6A3731530F26C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anurosorex assamensis J. Anderson 1875	<div><p>146.</p> <p>Assam Mole Shrew</p> <p>Anourosorex assamensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne dAssam / German: Assam-Maulwurfspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana topo de Assam</p> <p>Taxonomy. Anurosorex [sic] assamensis J. Anderson, 1875,</p> <p>“ Subsasugu, Assam,” India.</p> <p>Anourosorex assamensis had been included in A. squamipes as a subspecies until re- cently, but it is larger and has a different karyotype. Animals from Mizoram were originally reported as A. squamipes but are obviously A. assamensis based on their larger sizes. Distributional boundary between A. assamensis and A. squamipes is unclear.</p> <p>Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SW China (Shannan in extreme SE Tibet [= Xizang]), NE India, and adjacent WC Myanmar (Tedim).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 85-119 mm, tail 10-15 mm, hindfoot 14-20 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 25-2-28 mm, and tooth row is 11:4-13 mm. Pelage is uniformly black, and feet and tail are white. The Assam Mole Shrew is similar to the Chinese Mole Shrew (A. squamipes) but larger. Skull and mandible are robust. It has two upper unicuspids, first one is long, and second is much reduced. Upper P*, M' and M? are obviously quadrangle. Cusps of teeth are unpigmented. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50 and FNa = 96.</p> <p>Habitat. Usually damp forests at elevations of 1500-3100 m. The Assam Mole Shrew has been captured in anthropogenic habitats such as villages and in sewage lines.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Assam Mole Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Assam Mole Shrew is a semi-fossorial species.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population size of the Assam Mole Shrew is unknown, but because it can use anthropogenic habitats,its population is unlikely to be declining.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hutterer (2005b), Kawada et al. (2014), Mandal &amp; Das (1969), Mandal et al. (1995), Motokawa &amp; Lin Liangkong (2002), Motokawa et al. (2004).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A01C8770FAF6A3731530F26C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A01D8771FF2AAA5016CDF9A8.text	3D474A54A01D8771FF2AAA5016CDF9A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anourosorex schmidi Peter 1963	<div><p>147.</p> <p>Giant Mole Shrew</p> <p>Anourosorex schmidi</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Schmid / German: Riesenmaulwurfspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana topo gigante</p> <p>Taxonomy. Anourosorex schmidi Peter, 1963,</p> <p>“ Bomdi La [= Bomdila]... a I'altitude de 2.700 m.”</p> <p>Sovereignty over the borderland between China (South Tibet) and India (Arunachal Pradesh, formerly North East Frontier Agency) has been disputed since the early 1990s. The type locality “Bomdi La,” located in this area, did not reflect the ongoing controversy. Anourosorex schmidi was included in A. squamipes as a subspecies until re-</p> <p>cently and is represented by three specimens. Its specific status is suspicious. It probably has a close relationship with A. assamensis if the two are not conspecific. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only by the holotype, one specimen from Gomchu, Bhutan, and one specimen from Sikkim, NE India; distribution limits are unclear.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. There are no specific measurements available. The Giant Mole Shrew was described as similar to the other species of Anourosorex and different from the other species by its longer skull. Condylo-incisive lengths are 29-1-30-5 mm. Long skull is the only criterion distinguishing it from the other species. The second largest species is the Assam Mole Shrew (A. assamensis), which has a condylo-incisive length no longer than 28 mm. Cusps of teeth of the Giant Mole Shrew are unpigmented. It has two upper unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Subtropical and tropical montane forests at elevations of 1500-3100 m on south-eastern slopes of the Himalayas.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Giant Mole Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Giant Mole Shrew is semi-fossorial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Giant Mole Shrew is known from only a few specimens.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hutterer (2005b), Motokawa &amp; Lin Liangkong (2002), Motokawa et al. (2004).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A01D8771FF2AAA5016CDF9A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A01D8771FF28ACE91B79F8E1.text	3D474A54A01D8771FF28ACE91B79F8E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notiosorex crawfordi (Coues 1877)	<div><p>148.</p> <p>Desert Gray Shrew</p> <p>Notiosorex crawfordi</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Crawford / German: Graue Wistenspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana gris de desierto</p> <p>Other common names: Crawford's Desert Shrew, Crawford's Gray Shrew, Crawford's Shrew, Desert Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex (Notiosorex) crawford: Coues, 1877,</p> <p>“ Fort Bliss, New Mexico, or vicinity.” Restricted by L.. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 31-8°N, longitude 106-4°W.”</p> <p>Notiosorex is sister to Megasorex, both of which are the only living genera of Notiosoricini. All species of Notiosorex were included in N. crawford: until revisions in 2000 and 2003. Geographical boundaries are currently unresolved within all four species in the genus, and additional ge-</p> <p>netic and morphometric work throughout distributions of all species is needed. Possible subspecific taxonomy requires assessment. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SW &amp; SC USA (from S California E to extreme W Arkansas and from SE Colorado and Utah S to Texas) and N &amp; C Mexico (Baja California Peninsula, including San Martin I, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, N Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, E Jalisco, and Hidalgo).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 53-68 mm,tail 25-35 mm, ear 7-9 mm, hindfoot 9-12 mm; weight 3-6-3 g. The Desert Gray Shrew is a small species of desert shrew. Dorsum varies from light grayish brown to very dark grayish brown (nearly black), and venteris white or pale gray. Feet are broad, with relatively short claws. Tail is ¢.33% of head-body length, unicolored pale gray or slightly bicolored, and covered with very short hairs. Ears are long and conspicuous, being the same color as dorsal pelage externally and pinkish internally; eyes are small but large compared with other shrews; and snoutis pink with dark line on ridge extending to tip of rostrum. Females have three inguinal mammae. Extension of roof of glenoid fossa forms prominent ridge on lateral side of cranium, distinguishing it from the Large-eared Gray Shrew (N. evotis); paroccipital processes lie against exoccipitals and are small; coronoid processes are slender relative to their height; and length of middle foreclaw is longer than in Cockrum’s Gray Shrew (N. cockrumi). There are three unicuspids, and teeth are entirely white, with no pigmentation,as in all species of Notiosorex. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FN = 94 (Arizona, although this might represent Cockrum’s Gray Shrew) or 2n = 68 and FN = 102 (Texas).</p> <p>Habitat. Usually arid regions with adequate cover from sea level up to 2600 m (in Arizona) and 2317 m (in Zacatecas). Desert Gray Shrews are typically found in desert</p> <p>shrub habitats dominated by mesquite, agave, cholla, and oak brush, although they have been captured in riparian woodlands, pinyon-juniper and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa, Pinaceae) woodlands, and grassy or gravelly desert washes. They can be found in a variety of other arid habitats, including deserts, semiarid grasslands with scattered cactus and yucca, chaparral slopes (in California and Baja California), alluvial fans, sagebrush, gullies,juniper woodlands,riparian associations, and village dumps.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Desert Gray Shrew has a variable diet of small to medium-sized invertebrates including mealworms, cutworms, cockroaches, crickets, earwigs, sowbugs, moths, beetles, and centipedes. Moth, beetles, earwigs, crickets, cockroaches, and sowbugs seem to make up larger proportions of their diets based on captive individuals. They will feed on carrion of vertebrates when given the opportunity, small mammals (although not living rodents), birds, and lizards. They feed epigeally and attack prey voraciously, generally immobilizing them by tearing off limbs and biting heads. Coprophagy has been reported.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproductive activity of the Desert Gray Shrew seems to be most common throughout spring and summer and has been recorded in April-November in the southwestern USA. Length of gestation is unknown, butlitters generally have 3-5 young. Newborns are naked and blind, with undeveloped ears and rudimentary digits without claws. Young leave nests at ¢.40 days old, and wear is evident on their teeth by ¢.90 days old.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Desert Gray Shrews can be found day and night, foraging with bouts of rest, but they tend to be found more commonly at night. They are primarily epigeal, foraging aboveground with little to no digging. They often build nests in secluded areas under rocks or logs in depressions in the ground, and they can even use other animals’ nests after they have been abandoned. Runways are rarely developed in association with nests, and runways of other desert rodents are often used. Nests commonly have two side openings and are made of unshredded plant materials. Feces are dropped strategically on high places to convey territories.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Desert Gray Shrews are much more tolerant of conspecifics than other species of shrews and can be caged together with little conflict when food is abundant; fighting can occur during food shortages in the wild. Most activities occur in territories, although the extent that they are protected and their general size are unknown. Relative abundances are 1-26 captures/100 trap nights in Arizona.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Desert Gray Shrew has a wide distribution, including disturbed habitats. It is found in various protected areas and is common throughout its distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Armstrong &amp; Jones (1972b), Baker et al. (2003), Carraway (2007, 2010, 2014d), Carraway &amp;Timm (2000), Coulombe &amp; Banta (1964), Duncan &amp; Corman (1991), Hoffmeister &amp; Goodpaster (1962), McAliley et al. (2007), Punzo (2003b), Schulz et al. (1970), Simons et al. (1990), Timm et al. (2016).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A01D8771FF28ACE91B79F8E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A01D8772FA2CAC261367FDAF.text	3D474A54A01D8772FA2CAC261367FDAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notiosorex cockrumi R. J. Baker, O'Neill & McAliley 2003	<div><p>149.</p> <p>Cockrum’s Gray Shrew</p> <p>Notiosorex cockrumi</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Cockrum / German: Cockrum-Wistenspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana gris de Cockrum</p> <p>Other common names: Cockrum'’s Desert Shrew, Cockrum'’s Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Notiosorex cockrumi R. J. Baker, O’Neill &amp; McAliley, 2003,</p> <p>“ Arizona, Cochise County, Leslie Canyon National Wildlife Refuge, T21S, R28E Section NE 4 20, Elevation 4460 [m].” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 31-60°N, longitude 109-53°W.”</p> <p>Notiosorex cockrumi seems to be closest to N. crawfordi. It has primarily been distinguished from N. crawfordi by genetic data, and exact distribution of both species is</p> <p>currently unknown. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SE Arizona (SW USA) S to C Sonora (NW Mexico).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 52-61 mm, tail 19-27 mm, ear 7-9 mm, hindfoot 9-11 mm; weight 3-6-3 g. Cockrum’s Gray Shrew is small and externally nearly identical to the Desert Gray Shrew (N. crawfordi) and other species of Notiosorex exceptit has shorter middle foreclaw and differentiating cranial characteristics. Dorsum is light grayish, and venter is white or pale gray. Feet are broad, with relatively short claws. Tail is ¢.33% of head-body length, unicolored pale gray, and covered in very short hairs. Ears are long and conspicuous, being same color as dorsal pelage externally and pinkish internally; eyes are small but large compared with other shrews; and snout is pink with dark line on ridge extending to tip of rostrum. Females have three inguinal mammae. Unlike the Large-eared Gray Shrew (N. evotis), Cockrum’s Gray Shrew has an extension of roof of glenoid fossa that forms prominent ridge on lateral side of cranium. Cockrum’s Gray Shrew is intermediate in size between the Desert Gray Shrew and the Large-eared Gray Shrew. It can be distinguished from the Desert Gray Shrew and Villa’s Gray Shrew (N. villai) byits total length and from the Large-eared Gray Shrew and Villa’s Gray Shrew by condylo-basal length (15:8-16-5 mm), breadth across M*-M?* (4:6—4-9 mm), and length of 1,-M, (4:6—4-8 mm). It can also be separated from the Large-eared Shrew by its cranial breadth (8-2-9 mm), coronoid process height (4-4-3 mm), and articular condyle height (2:7-3 mm). There are three unicuspids, and teeth are entirely white with no pigmentation,as in all species of Notiosorex. Dental formula for all species of Notiosorexis13/2,C1/0,P1/1,M 3/3 = 28.</p> <p>Habitat. Desert shrub habitats dominated by mesquite, agave, cholla, and oak brush at elevations of 677-1195 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Cockrum’s Gray Shrew is very poorly known but has a relatively wide distribution with no major threats. Additional studies are needed on this rather cryptic species.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baker et al. (2003), Carraway (2007, 2014c), Carraway &amp; Timm (2000), McAliley et al. (2007), Timm et al. (2017).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A01D8772FA2CAC261367FDAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A01E8772FAFCAF841B88F4E1.text	3D474A54A01E8772FAFCAF841B88F4E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megasorex gigas (Merriam 1897)	<div><p>152.</p> <p>Mexican Shrew</p> <p>Megasorex gigas</p> <p>French: Musaraigne géante / German: Mexikanische Wistenspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana gigante de Mexico</p> <p>Other common names: Merriam's Desert Shrew, Mexican Giant Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Notiosorex gigas Merriam, 1897,</p> <p>“ Mts. at Milpillas, near San Sebastian, Jalisco, Mexico.” Restricted by L.. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude 22-12°N, longitude 104-11°W.”</p> <p>This species is monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. N Nayarit S to W Oaxaca (W Mexico).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 69-84 mm, tail 32-49 mm, ear 9-15 mm, hindfoot 12-16 mm; weight 9-12 g. The Mexican Shrew is relatively large. Dorsum is light grayish brown, with barely lighter venter. There are reports of some specimens with white spots on back either at shoulder or rear. Feet are stout, with long gripping finger and dark pinkish. Tail is ratlike and relatively bare, being somewhat longer than sympatric species (40-60% of head-body length) and dark blackish brown. Snout is long and dark pinkish, with dark brown median ridge extending to tip. Ears are longer than most sympatric species and similar in color to dorsal pelage; eyes are small. Like its relatives in Notiosorex, there is no pigmentation on the teeth; M,, M,, and P, have straight edges; molars are tightly put together, bulky, and unexcavated posteriorly. There are three unicuspids, with third being one-half the size of second. Dental formulais 13/2, C1/0,P 1/1, M 3/8=28.</p> <p>Habitat. Primarily highland wet scrubland, pine-oak forests, cloud forests, and coffee fields at elevations of 80-1800 m. Mexican Shrews are rarely captured in lowland regions and are often associated with damp areas under logs and rocks with dense vegetation.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. A lactating Mexican Shrew was captured in June 1964.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Mexican Shrews have been captured day and night but are most often captured at night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although the Mexican Shrew may be resilient and is found in multiple protected areas including Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, it might be threatened by habitat loss from urban and agricultural expansion, especially because 68% of its habitat had been developed and was unsuitable by 2005. It is listed as threatened in Mexico, mostly because of its rarity and few specimens.</p> <p>Bibliography. Armstrong &amp; Jones (1972a), Carraway (2007), Ceballos &amp; Mendoza (2014), Davis (1957).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A01E8772FAFCAF841B88F4E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A01E8772FFFEA9D912E5F6BC.text	3D474A54A01E8772FFFEA9D912E5F6BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notiosorex evolis (Coues 1877)	<div><p>150.</p> <p>Large-eared Gray Shrew</p> <p>Notiosorex evolis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne a oreilles longues / German: GroRohrWiistenspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana gris de orejas largas</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex (Notiosorex) evotis Coues, 1877,</p> <p>“ Mazatlan [Sinaloa], Mexico.” Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “lati- tude 23-21°N, longitude 106-42°W.”</p> <p>Notiosorex evotis was previously included in N. crawford: but was recognized as a distinct species based primarily on morphometrics. Distributional limits of all species of Notiosorex are still somewhat unknown; additional sampling is needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, and Michoacan (W Mexico).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 54-73 mm, tail 23-32 mm, ear 7-9 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm; weight 5-6-3 g. The Large-eared Gray Shrew is the largest of the four species of Notiosorex. Dorsum is light grayish brown, and venter is white or pale gray. Feet are broad, with relatively short claws. Tail is ¢.33% of head-body length, unicolored pale gray, and covered with very short hairs. Ears are long and conspicuous, being the same color as dorsal pelage externally and pinkish internally; eyes are small but large compared with other shrews; and snout is pink with dark line on ridge extending to tip of rostrum. Females have three inguinal mammae. Paroccipitals are low set and extend at an oblique angle from cranium; coronoid processes are broad relative to their height; prominent lateral ridge on cranium is formed by extension of roof of glenoid fossa; and zygomatic plate is wider and relatively longer than in other species of Notiosorex. There are three unicuspids, and teeth are entirely white with no pigmentation, as in all species of Notiosorex.</p> <p>Habitat. Wide variety of dry arid habitats, including fallow fields bordered by scattered cacti, thornbush, and mesquite, and shrublands from sea level to elevations of ¢.550 m. Large-eared Gray Shrews can be found in damp microhabitats within dry ecosystems, such as under rocky ledges, rocks, and logs.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. A pregnant Large-eared Gray Shrew with five embryos was captured in July 1962.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Largeeared Gray Shrew has a relatively wide distribution encompassing multiple protected areas and seems common, although it is somewhat threatened by conversion of mesquite areas into agriculturalfields.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baker et al. (2003), Carraway (2007, 2014e), Carraway &amp; Timm (2000), Castro-Arellano et al. (2016).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A01E8772FFFEA9D912E5F6BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A01E8772FFF5A2CB14C0FC4F.text	3D474A54A01E8772FFF5A2CB14C0FC4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notiosorex villai Carraway & Timm 2000	<div><p>151.</p> <p>Villa’s Gray Shrew</p> <p>Notiosorex villai</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Villa / German: Villa-Wiistenspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana gris de Villa</p> <p>Other common names: Villa's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Notiosorex villai Carraway &amp; Timm, 2000,</p> <p>“ Jaumave, Tamaulipas, Mexico, 2400 ft. [= 732 m].”</p> <p>Notiosorex villai was previously included in N. crawfordi but was described as a distinct species based primarily on morphometrics. Distributional limits of all species of Notiosorex are still somewhat unknown; additional sampling is needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from three localities in SW Tamaulipas (NE Mexico); it</p> <p>potentially occurs in a wider distribution, but additional studies are needed.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 59-62 mm, tail 28-31 mm, ear 7-9 mm, hindfoot 11-11-5 mm; weight 5-6-3 g. Villa’s Gray Shrew is small and externally very similar to other species of Notiosorex. Dorsum is light grayish brown, and venteris white or pale gray. Feet are broad, with relatively short claws. Tail is ¢.33% of head-body length, unicolored dark grayish brown, and covered with very short hairs. Ears are long and conspicuous, being the same color as dorsal pelage externally and pinkish internally; eyes are small but large compared with other shrews; and snout is pink with dark line on ridge extending to tip of rostrum. Females have three inguinal mammae. There is no prominent ridge on lateral side of cranium as in other species of Notiosorex; paroccipital processes lie against exoccipitals; coronoid processes are slender relative to their height (as in the Desert Gray Shrew, N. crawfordi); and zygomatic plate is narrower than in the Large-eared Gray Shrew (NN. evotis) and the Desert Gray Shrew. There are three unicuspids, and teeth are entirely white with no pigmentation, as in all species of Notiosorex.</p> <p>Habitat. Pine-oak forests, tropical forests, and riparian forests at elevations of 580-1340 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Two lactating Villa’s Gray Shrews were captured in July 1953.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Villa's Gray Shrew is known from only three localities in two isolated mountain valleys and from relatively few specimens. It is most threatened by overgrazing and agricultural expansion; it might be found in El Cielo Biosphere Reserve in Tamaulipas, but this is uncertain.</p> <p>Bibliography. Alvarez (1963), Baker et al. (2003), Carraway (2007, 2014f), Carraway &amp; Timm (2000), Castro-Arellano, Timm et al. (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A01E8772FFF5A2CB14C0FC4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A01E8773FAF8A7321398F8E2.text	3D474A54A01E8773FAF8A7321398F8E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episoriculus fumidus (Thomas 1913)	<div><p>153.</p> <p>Taiwanese Brown-toothed</p> <p>Shrew Episoriculus fumidus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Taiwan / German: Taiwan-Braunzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes marrones de Taiwan</p> <p>Other common names: Taiwan Brown-toothed Shrew, Taiwanese Red-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Soriculus fumidus Thomas, 1913,</p> <p>“ Mt. Arizan [= Alishan], Central Formosa [= Taiwan, China]. Alt. 8000’ [= 2438 m].”</p> <p>Chodsigoa sodalis was once listed as a synonym of E. fumidus, but it has been now confirmed as a different species. They are sympatric at some high altitude localities, although C. sodalis is extremely rare. Episoriculus fumidus is morphological similar to mainland congeneric species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to Taiwan I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 53-71 mm, tail 37-52 mm, hindfoot 11-14-5 mm; weight 5-7-7-8 g. Condylo-incisive lengths are 17-8-19 mm, and tooth rows are 7-5-8 mm. The Taiwanese Brown-toothed Shrew is medium-sized, with tail shorter than head-body length. Dorsum is smoky blackish, and venter is lighter. Skull is similar to that of the other species of Episoriculus from mainland. Braincase is very dome-shaped and high. Ascending ramus of mandible is broad. Apex of I' is short, and talon (posterior cusp) is low. Upper unicuspids gradually reduce from first to third, and fourth is highly reduced. Talon of I' and first upper unicuspid are equally low. Dental formula for all species of Episoriculus is 1 3/2,GC1/0,P2/1,M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 64 and FN = 116.</p> <p>Habitat. Various montane habitats including broad-leaved, conifer, and bamboo forests; subalpine shrubs; and orchards at elevations of 1000-3600 m. Taiwanese Browntoothed Shrews favor microhabitats with dense ground cover and more fallen logs in conifer forest and avoid rocky forests with open ground surface.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Taiwanese Brown-toothed Shrew is insectivorous, eating a wide variety of invertebrates (mainly arthropods) and oligochaetes. Major prey includes larval and adult insects.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding of the Taiwanese Brown-toothed Shrew occurs in the dry season (April-June). Litters have 2—4 young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Taiwanese Brown-toothed Shrew is semi-arboreal and highly adapted to running and jumping. It has been captured by traps in trees 1-2 m high.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Taiwanese Brown-toothed Shrew is common in Taiwan and widely distributed through the Central Pangean Mountains. Its overall population is large and unlikely declining based on its high capture rate and occurrence in anthropogenic habitat.</p> <p>Bibliography. He et al. (2010), Lin Liangkong &amp; Motokawa (2014), Motokawa et al. (1997), Smith &amp; Yan Xie (2008), Yu Hontsen (1993).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A01E8773FAF8A7321398F8E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A01F8773FA26AA5F1BCDF896.text	3D474A54A01F8773FA26AA5F1BCDF896.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episoriculus baileyi (Thomas 1914)	<div><p>155.</p> <p>Bailey's Brown-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Episoriculus baileyi</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Bailey / German: Bailey-Braunzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes marrones de Bailey</p> <p>Other common names: Bailey's Long-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Soriculus baileyi Thomas, 1914,</p> <p>“ Tsu River. Alt. 7,500’ [= 2286 m].”</p> <p>Sovereignty over the borderland between China (South Tibet) and India (Arunachal Pradesh, formerly North East Frontier Agency) has been disputed since the early 1990s. The type locality “Tsu River,” located in this area, did not reflect this ongoing controversy. Episoriculus baileyi was considered a subspecies of E. leucops until recently. Taxonomic relationship between these</p> <p>two taxa remains suspicious. Distributional boundary between E. baileyi and E. leucops is not clear because they were considered conspecific until recently. Population from Yunnan, China, was assigned to baileyi but are indeed E. leucops. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SW China (S Tibet [= Xizang]), NE India, N Myanmar, and N Vietnam.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 63-81 mm, tail 60-76 mm, ear 7-10 mm, hindfoot 13-14-5 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 19-20-6 mm, and tooth rows are 8-1-9-3 mm. Bailey's Brown-toothed Shrew is large. Tail is 85-100% of head-body length and covered with short hair along its entire length. Dorsum is dark brown or dark slay-gray, washed blackish, and venter is light brown. Tympanic rings are large. Ascending ramus of mandible is high. I' is highly developed and robust. It has four upper unicuspids. Upper unicuspids are crowded with developed cingula, extend more longitudinally and less transversely, and are longer than in the other species of Episoriculus. First upper unicuspid is low and only slightly higher than talon (posterior cusp) of upper incisor.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane forested habitats at elevations of 1567-2682 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Bailey's Brown-toothed Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Bailey's Brown-toothed Shrew is terrestrial and expected to move on the ground.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Bailey’s Brown-toothed Shrew was considered conspecific with the Long-tailed Brown-toothed Shrew (E. leucops) that is classified as Least Concern. Distribution of Bailey's Brown-toothed Shrew is large, and those in northern India and Tibetan Plateau are probably well protected. Population in northern Myanmar (= Burma) might be threatened by deforestation.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hoffmann (1985), Motokawa &amp; Lin Liangkong (2005), Smith &amp; Yan Xie (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A01F8773FA26AA5F1BCDF896	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A01F8773FA2AACF01AD8F26F.text	3D474A54A01F8773FA2AACF01AD8F26F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episoriculus leucops (Horsfield 1855)	<div><p>156.</p> <p>Long-tailed Brown-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Episoriculus leucops</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Népal / German: Langschwanz-Braunzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes marrones de cola larga</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex leucops Horsfield, 1855,</p> <p>Nepal.</p> <p>Episoriculus leucops used to include E. bai- ley: as a subspecies, whichis recognized as distinct species. Species boundary of these two taxa still needs to be tested. Population from south-western China was assigned to baileyi previously but is identified as E. leucops based on morphological and molecular evidence. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SW China (S Tibet [= Xizang| and W Yunnan) and Nepal; it might occur in SW Sichuan.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 53-76 mm, tail 58-82-5 mm, hindfoot 12-17 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 19-1-20 mm, and tooth rows are 8-:2-8-6 mm. The Long-tailed Brown-toothed Shrew is the largest species of Episoriculus. Its entire body is covered with uniform dark brown hair. Tail length is similar to head-body length. Braincase is dome-shaped and high. It is very similar to Bailey’s Brown-toothed Shrew (E. baileyi), with smaller upper incisors and smaller tympanic ring. It has four upper unicuspids. First upper unicuspid is high and obviously higher than talon (posterior cusp) of I'.</p> <p>Habitat. Broad-leaved evergreen forests, rhododendron forests, and moist conifer forest at elevations of 1800-3500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Long-tailed Brown-toothed Shrew is insectivorous. It was reported to eat earthworms.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Most Long-tailed Brown-toothed Shrews were trapped at night. Based on its external morphology, it was inferred to be semi-fossorial and semi-arboreal, but this has not been confirmed.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Distribution of the Long-tailed Brown-toothed Shrew is large, and specimens have been recorded from many conservation areas. Overall population is unlikely to be declining.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hoffmann (1985), Motokawa &amp; Lin Liangkong (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A01F8773FA2AACF01AD8F26F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A01F8773FF26AC2D176AF26A.text	3D474A54A01F8773FF26AC2D176AF26A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episoriculus macrurus (Blanford 1888)	<div><p>154.</p> <p>Arboreal Brown-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Episoriculus macrurus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Blanford / German: Kleine Braunzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes marrones arbérea</p> <p>Other common names: Long-tailed Mountain Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Soriculus macrurus Blanford, 1888,</p> <p>Darjeeling, India.</p> <p>Episoriculus macrurus was once placed in E. leucops but has now been supported as a valid species by several morphological, genetic, and karyotypic studies. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>E.m.macrurusBlanford,1888—SWChina(STibet[=Xizang]),NNepal,andNEIndia(DarjeelingdistrictinWestBengalandSikkim).</p> <p>E. m. irene Thomas, 1911 — SW China (SE Tibet, Sichuan, and Yunnan), adjacent NE India, N Myanmar, and NW Vietnam.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 48-73 mm, tail 76-101 mm, hindfoot 13-5-18 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 16-8—18-5 mm, and tooth rows are 7-1-7-7 mm. The Arboreal Brown-toothed Shrew is small, with tail usually ¢.50% of head-body length. Body and limbs are slender. Dorsum is yellowish gray, and venter is dirty white. Braincase is very dome-shaped. Rostrum is short and shorter than in other species of Episoriculus. Upper unicuspids are quadrangle and wider than longer. First unicuspid is high and obviously higher than talon (posterior cusp) of upper incisor.</p> <p>Habitat. Various montane habitats including broad-leaved, conifer, bamboo, and rhododendron forests. The Arboreal Brown-toothed Shrew can be sympatric with the Long-tailed Brown-toothed Shrew (E. leucops) and Hodgson’s Brown-toothed Shrew (E. caudatus).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Arboreal Brown-toothed Shrew is insectivorous. Captive individuals show great interest in flying insects such as moths.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Arboreal Brown-toothed Shrew is a nocturnal species. It is semiarboreal, good at running, and adapted to climbing.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Arboreal Brown-toothed Shrew has a broad distribution in southern Himalaya and Hengduan Mountains. Its overall population is probably large.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abramovet al. (2013), He et al. (2010), Hoffmann (1985), Motokawa &amp; Lin Liangkong (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A01F8773FF26AC2D176AF26A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A010877CFFF7AA501016F9A2.text	3D474A54A010877CFFF7AA501016F9A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episoriculus caudatus (Horsfield 1851)	<div><p>157.</p> <p>Hodgson’s Brown-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Episoriculus caudatus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Hodgson / German: Hodgson-Braunzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes marrones de Hodgson</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex caudatus Horsfield, 1851,</p> <p>“ Sikim and Darjeling, Upper India.”</p> <p>Episoriculus caudatus used to include sa- cratus and umbrinus as subspecies and in- clude soluensis as a synonym, all of which are considered distinct species based on different karyotypes. Morphological and distributional boundaries have not been established. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. N India, Nepal, and SW China (8S Tibet [= Xizang]).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 52-70 mm, tail 46-65 mm, ear 5-9 mm, hindfoot 10-16 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 16-7-18-8 mm, and tooth rows are 7-4-8 mm. Hodgson’s Brown-toothed Shrew is medium-sized. Morphological boundary is not entirely clear between Hodgson’s Browntoothed Shrew and the Nepalese Brown-toothed Shrew (E. soluensis). Braincase is very dome-shaped and high. It has four upper unicuspids, and fourth upper unicuspid is highly reduced. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 60 and FN = 118.</p> <p>Habitat. Broad-leaved evergreen forests, rhododendron forests, and moist conifer forest at midto high elevations.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Hodgson’s Brown-toothed Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Hodgson’s Brown-toothed Shrew has a large distribution, and habitats in the Himalayan regions are probably well protected.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abe (1977), Hoffmann (1985), Motokawa &amp; Lin Liangkong (2005), Motokawa, Harada et al. (2008), Motokawa, Wu Yi &amp; Harada (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A010877CFFF7AA501016F9A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A010877CFFF0ADE41633F3A2.text	3D474A54A010877CFFF0ADE41633F3A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episoriculus sacratus (Thomas 1911)	<div><p>158.</p> <p>Sichuan Brown-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Episoriculus sacratus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de I'Emei / German: Sichuan-Braunzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes marrones de Sichuan</p> <p>Other common names: Chinese Brown-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Soriculus sacratus Thomas, 1911,</p> <p>Omi-san (= Mount Emei), western Sichuan, south-western China.</p> <p>Episoriculus sacratus was included as a sub- species of E. caudatus but elevated to a distinct species based on its unique karyotype. Examination of species boundary is warranted. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to W Sichuan Mts, SW China.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 58-74 mm,</p> <p>tail 48-69 mm, hindfoot 13-16 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 17-1-18-4 mm, and tooth rows are 7-5-8 mm. Dorsal pelage of the Sichuan Brown-toothed Shrew is slate-gray to dark brown, and ventral pelage is smoky gray. Tail is similar in length to head-body and bicolored, being brown above and glossy whitish below. Skull is similar to that of Hodgson’s Brown-toothed Shrew (E. caudatus) but smaller. Braincase is very dome-shaped and high. Coronoid process of ascending ramus is moderately long and broad. Talon (posterior cusp) of upper incisor very low and lower than first unicuspid. It has four upper unicuspids, first three are similar in size, and fourth is highly reduced. Tips of teeth are pigmented light brown or red. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FN = 108.</p> <p>Habitat. Broad-leaved evergreen forests, rhododendron forests, and moist conifer forest at elevations of 1700-3500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Sichuan Brown-toothed Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Sichuan Brown-toothed Shrews were trapped at night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Sichuan Browntoothed Shrew was previously considered part of Hodgson’s Brown-toothed Shrew, which is classified as Least Concern. Distribution of the Sichuan Brown-toothed Shrew is small and limited in montane habitats in western Sichuan. Population size seems to be large and stable based on high rates of successful trapping recently and in the past.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hoffmann (1985), Motokawa &amp; Lin Liangkong (2005), Motokawa et al. (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A010877CFFF0ADE41633F3A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A010877CFAF5AD3D184DF494.text	3D474A54A010877CFAF5AD3D184DF494.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episoriculus soluensis (Gruber 1969)	<div><p>160.</p> <p>Nepalese Brown-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Episoriculus soluensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Solu / German: Nepal-Braunzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes marrones de Nepal</p> <p>Other common names: Solu Long-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Soriculus caudatus soluensis Gruber, 1969,</p> <p>Ringmo, Solukhumbu District, Nepal, 2700 m.</p> <p>Episoriculus soluensis used to be included in E. caudatus as a synonym. It was recognized as a full species based on its distinct karyotype. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from Nepal and NE India (Sikkim). Distributional limits remain unclarified because it recently has been elevated to full species.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 62-66 mm, tail 49-56 mm, hindfoot 11-8-12-7 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 18-4 mm, and mandible length is 11-11-6 mm. Dorsum of the Nepalese Brown-toothed Shrew is dark brown, and venter is yellowish brown. Tail length is shorter than head-body length. Braincase is very dome-shaped and high. Coronoid process of ascending ramus is moderately developed. Talon (posterior cusp) of upper incisor and first upper unicuspid are low and similar in height. Tips of teeth are pigmented light brown or red. It has four upper unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 74 and FN = 126.</p> <p>Habitat. Mountain habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Nepalese Brown-toothed Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Population trend and distributional boundary of the Nepalese Brown-toothed Shrew are unclear and require additional research.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hoffmann (1985), Jenkins (2013), Motokawa &amp; Lin Liangkong (2005), Motokawa et al. (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A010877CFAF5AD3D184DF494	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A010877CFFF2A7E01BA6F9C8.text	3D474A54A010877CFFF2A7E01BA6F9C8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episoriculus umbrinus (G. S. Miller 1923)	<div><p>159.</p> <p>Hidden Brown-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Episoriculus umbrinus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne ombrée / German: Saluen-Braunzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes marrones ocultadiza</p> <p>Taxonomy. Soriculus caudatus umbrinus G. M. Allen, 1923,</p> <p>“Mu-cheng, Yunnan Province, China, Salween River drainage, 7000 feet [= 2132 m].”</p> <p>Episoriculus umbrinus was included in E. caudatus as a subspecies. It was elevated to a distinct species because all other synonyms and subspecies were elevated to full species based on distinct karyotypes. Species boundary is not entirely clear, and there is no known diagnostic characteristic. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SW China (SE Tibet [= Xizang] and Yunnan), NE India, N Myanmar, and extreme N Vietnam.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 44-74 mm, tail 42-58 mm, hindfoot 10-14 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 16-8-18-5 mm. Entire body of the Hidden Brown-toothed Shrew is covered with uniform dark brown hair. Tail length is similar to head-body length. Dorsum is seal-brown, and venter is only slightly paler than dorsum. Skull is very dome-shaped and high. Rostrum is short. Tympanic ring is small. Coronoid process of ascending ramus is high and broad. Apex of upper incisoris short and projects anteriorly, and talon (posterior cusp) is low and lower than first unicuspid. Tips of teeth are pigmented light brown or red. There are four upper unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Broad-leaved evergreen, rhododendron, and conifer forest at elevations of 1800-3500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Hidden Brown-toothed Shrew is insectivorous. Captive individuals eat raw meat and insects (rarely oatmeal) and drink water frequently.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Most Hidden Brown-toothed Shrews were trapped at night. They run on the ground. Captive individuals do not climb.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Hidden Browntoothed Shrew was previously considered part of Hodgson’s Brown-toothed Shrew (E. caudatus) that is classified as Least Concern. The Hidden Brown-toothed Shrew is common, and overall population seems large, considering large number of specimens in museums and high rates of trapping in the field.</p> <p>Bibliography. Allen (1923), Hoffmann (1985), Motokawa &amp; Lin Liangkong (2005), Motokawa et al. (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A010877CFFF2A7E01BA6F9C8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A010877DFAF7A73C16AEF95E.text	3D474A54A010877DFAF7A73C16AEF95E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Soriculus nigrescens (Gray 1910)	<div><p>161.</p> <p>Himalayan Shrew</p> <p>Soriculus nigrescens</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de |'Himalaya / German: Sikkim-GrofRRklauenspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana del Himalaya</p> <p>Other common names: Sikkim Large-clawed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Corsira nigrescens Gray, 1842,</p> <p>“ India.”</p> <p>Soriculus is currently monotypic. Episoriculus and Chodsigoa were included in Soriculus as subgenera but are generally accepted as full genera. Notably, although Soriculus</p> <p>is monotypic, it might still contain undescribed species based on molecular studies. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.n.nigrescensGray,1842—NW&amp;NEIndia(Uttarakhand,WestBengal,andSikkim)andNepal.</p> <p>S. n. minor Dobson, 1890 — Bhutan, NE India, SW China (S Tibet [= Xizang] and NW Yunnan, W of the Salween River), and adjacent N Myanmar.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 70-94 mm, tail 32-50 mm, hindfoot 12-17 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 19-7-23-8 mm, and tooth rows are 8:8-10-7 mm. Dorsum of the Himalayan Shrew is dust in color. Forefeet and claws are enlarged and larger than hindfeet, indicating digging ability. Tail is ¢.50% of head—body length. Ears are small and hidden under fur. Skull is bony, and braincase is low. Low talon (posterior cusp) of I' and first upper unicuspid are similar in height. Second upper unicuspid is the largest. M, is tiny. Pigmentation on teeth is very light and,if present, only occurs on tips of teeth. Dental formula is I 3/2, C1/0,P2/1,M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 64 and FNa = 86 + XY for specimens from Gandaki, Nepal.</p> <p>Habitat. Mixed deciduous-coniferous forest, conifer-rhododendron forest, above timberline in alpine zone, and open rocky areas at elevations of 1000-4300 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Himalayan Shrew primarily contains insects (beetles, flies, and bees) and earthworms.</p> <p>Breeding. The Himalayan Shrew reportedly has two breeding seasons, a primary one in June-July and a secondary one in August-October. Litters have 3-9 young (average six in spring and 4-5 in autumn).</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Himalayan Shrew occurs aboveground and underground. Based on its morphology, it is semi-fossorial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. In South Asia, major threats faced by the Himalayan Shrew are habitat loss due to agricultural expansion and human settlements. It is known from a few specimens in south-western China, but population size is likely large in Nepal, based on large collections in museums.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hoffmann (1985), Motokawa (2003a), Motokawa et al. (2008), Smith &amp; Yan Xie (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A010877DFAF7A73C16AEF95E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A011877DFF29ACF31B82FDF3.text	3D474A54A011877DFF29ACF31B82FDF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chodsigoa hypsibia (de Winton 1899)	<div><p>162.</p> <p>De Winton’s Brown-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Chodsigoa hypsibia</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de De Winton / German: De Winton-Braunzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes marrones de De Winton</p> <p>Other common names: De Winton's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Soriculus hypsibius de Winton, 1899,</p> <p>“ Yang-liu-pa,” Sichuan, China.</p> <p>Chodsigoa hypsibia includes beresowskii and lamula as synonyms; the latter was sug- gested as conspecific with C. hypsibia in a comprehensive study. Chodsigoa hypsibia comprises a cryptic lineage from its southernmost distribution. Subspecies boundary is unclear and requires additional research. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C.h.hypsibiadeWinton,1899—C&amp;SC.h.(SEQinghai,SGansu,SShaanxi,ETibet[=Xizang],Sichuan,NYunnan,andSAnhui),inmiddletohighelevationalmountainsSofHuangHe.</p> <p>C. h. larvarum Thomas, 1911 — known only from two localities in Shanxi (Luya Shan) and Hebei, N C.h.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 62-86 mm, tail 56-73 mm, hindfoot 13-18 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 19-22-6 mm, and tooth rows are 7-8-9-4 mm. Dorsal pelage of De Winton’s Brown-toothed Shrew is slate-gray, and venter is brownish gray. Tail is shorter than head-body length and not sharply bicolored. Tuft of slightly longer hair occurs on tip oftail. Rostrum gradually narrows in premaxillary region. Skull is low, and braincase is markedly flattened. Specimens assigned to taxon lamula represent extreme examples toward low braincase that is only 4-2 mm high. De Winton’s Brown-toothed Shrew has three upper unicuspids. Molecular evidence found southernmost population as a cryptic lineage that is morphologically indistinguishable. De Winton’s Brown-toothed Shrew is closely related to the Pygmy Brown-toothed Shrew (C. parva), which is much smaller. Dental formula for all species of Chodsigoais13/2,C1/0,P1/1,M 3/3 (x2) = 28.</p> <p>Habitat. Cultivated farmland, shrubland, and deciduous broad-leaved and coniferous forests at elevations of 1200-3500 m. In each specific region of the distribution, De Winton’s Shrews occupy narrow elevational ranges.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. De Winton’s Brown-toothed Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. De Winton’s Brown-toothed Shrew has a large distribution across a wide range of elevations and seems to have some tolerance for habitat modification.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chen Zhongzheng et al. (2017), Hoffmann (1985), Jiang Xuelong &amp; Hooffman (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A011877DFF29ACF31B82FDF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A011877DFA2FA9151A09F90E.text	3D474A54A011877DFA2FA9151A09F90E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chodsigoa parva (G. M. Allen 1923)	<div><p>163.</p> <p>Pygmy Brown-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Chodsigoa parva</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Lijiang / German: Yunnan-Braunzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes marrones pigmea</p> <p>Other common names: Pygmy Red-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chodsigoa hypsibia parva G. M. Allen, 1923, “ Li-chiang, Ssu-san-chong [= Likiang Range], Yunnan [China], 9000 feet altitude [= 2743 m].”</p> <p>Chodsigoa parva was sometimes confused with lamula that is recognized here as a synonym of C. hypsibia. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SW China (W Sichuan and Yunnan); distributional limits are unclear.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 47-64 mm, tail 41-52 mm, hindfoot 10-12 mm. No</p> <p>specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 15-1-16-2 mm, and tooth rows are 6-1-6-7 mm. The Pygmy Brown-toothed Shrew is the smallest species of Chodsigoa. It is proportionally similar to De Winton’s Brown-toothed Shrew (C. hypsibia). Dorsal pelage is dark gray, and ventral pelage is slightly paler gray. Tail is shorter than head-body length. Small tuft of hair occurs attip of tail. Skull is small, and braincase is flattened. There are three upper unicuspids that slightly overlap.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist mountainous broad-leaved forest at elevations of 1800-3500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List (based on outdated taxonomy). The Pygmy Brown-toothed Shrew has a wide distribution, and local populations in Yunnan are large and unlikely to be declining.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chen Zhongzheng et al. (2017), Hoffmann (1985).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A011877DFA2FA9151A09F90E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A011877DFA2DAC071B03F350.text	3D474A54A011877DFA2DAC071B03F350.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chodsigoa smithii Thomas 1911	<div><p>164.</p> <p>Smith’s Brown-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Chodsigoa smithii</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Smith / German: Smith-Braunzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes marrones de Smith</p> <p>Other common names: Smith's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chodsigoa smithii Thomas, 1911,</p> <p>“ Ta-tsien-lu [= Kangding],” Sichuan, China.</p> <p>Chodsigoa smithii used to include C. parca and C furva as synonyms, both of which are supported as full species. C. smithii is supported as a sister species of C. furva, as C. salenskii and C. smithii were recorded from the same mountain and because they are the largest two species of the genus; these two species probably have a close re-</p> <p>lationship if they are not conspecific. C. salenskii is only represented by the holotype and, therefore, it is difficult to verify this hypothesis. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. C &amp; SW China (S Shaanxi, Sichuan, E Yunnan, and Guizhou).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 76-84 mm,tail 93-110 mm, hindfoot 16-20 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 21-5-23 mm, and tooth rows are 9-10-2 mm. Smith’s Brown-toothed Shrew is the second largest species of Chodsigoa. Dorsum and venter are generally dark gray. Tail is longer than head-body length, not sharply bicolored, covered with short hair, and naked at tip. There are three upper unicuspids. Rostrum is narrow and sharply narrowed in front.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane broad-leaved forests at elevations of 900-3000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Most Smith’s Brown-toothed Shrews were captured at night. Long tail and large hindfeet suggest that it is an agile climber.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red Lust. It is suspected that Smith’s Brown-toothed Shrew will lose 30% ofits habitats in the next ten years. Most ofits distribution is likely in montane areas, and it is found in several conservation areas.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chen Zhongzheng et al. (2017), Hoffmann (1985), Smith &amp; Yan Xie (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A011877DFA2DAC071B03F350	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A011877EFA13A7B5116BFA8E.text	3D474A54A011877EFA13A7B5116BFA8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chodsigoa salenskii (Kastschenko 1907)	<div><p>165.</p> <p>Salenski’s Brown-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Chodsigoa salenskii</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Salenski / German: Salenski-Braunzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes marrones de Salenski</p> <p>Other common names: Salenski's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Soriculus (Chodsigoa) salenskii Kastschenko, 1907,</p> <p>“ Lun-ngan’-fu [= Li- angfu],” Sichuan, China.</p> <p>Chodsigoa salenskii is suspected to be conspecific with C. smithii because it is known by the single holotype specimen and C. smithu has been collected from its type locality. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality in N Sichuan, C China.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 78 mm, tail</p> <p>110 mm, hindfoot 22 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Salenski’s Brown-toothed Shrew is the largest species of Chodsigoa based on skin of the type specimen (skull missing). It is similar to Smith’s Brown-toothed Shrew (C. smithii) but characterized by larger hindfeet.</p> <p>Habitat. Type specimen was collected in a mountainous area at an elevation of 2750 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List, because there are continuing doubts on its taxonomic validity and distribution, as well as the absence of information on its population status and ecological requirements. Salenski’s Brown-toothed Shrew is known only from the holotype. It occurs in Wolong Nature Reserve, but it is not known if it is present in any additional protected areas. Further studies are needed on the taxonomy, distribution, abundance, natural history, and threats to this species. In China,it has been regionally classified as Endangered.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chen Zhongzheng et al. (2017), Hoffmann (1985).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A011877EFA13A7B5116BFA8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A012877EFAF7AFBE1BB6F54B.text	3D474A54A012877EFAF7AFBE1BB6F54B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chodsigoa caovansunga Lunde, Musser & Nguyen Truong Son 2003	<div><p>168.</p> <p>Van Sung’s Brown-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Chodsigoa caovansunga</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Cao Van Sung / German: Van Sung-Braunzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes marrones de Van Sung</p> <p>Other common names: Van Sung’s Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chodsigoa caovansunga Lunde, Musser &amp; Nguyen Truong Son, 2003,</p> <p>Mt. Tay Con Linh II, 1500 m (22°45’27"N, 104°49°49”E), Cao Bo Commune, Vi Xuyen District, Ha Giang Province, Vietnam.</p> <p>This species is monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from two localities in SW China (S Yunnan) and N Vietnam (Ha Giang Province); it might have a broader range in S Yunnan and N Vietnam.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 58-74 mm, tail 51-83 mm, hindfoot 14-16 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 17-3—-18-8 mm, and tooth rows are 7-6-8-1 mm. Dorsal pelage of Van Sung’s Brown-toothed Shrew is dark brownish gray, and ventral pelage is paler. Tail is longer than or equal to head-body length,is distinctly bicolored, and has a naked tip. Braincase is very dome-shaped. Rostrum is short and narrow and gradually tapers in premaxillary region. Mandible is stout, with robust coronoid process. The sole specimen from China is larger than those from Vietnam, although they are genetically related to each other. There are three upper unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane forest at elevations of 1300-2000 m in northern Vietnam and ravine rainforest at 350 m in Yunnan, China.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Van Sung’s Brown-toothed Shrew has been only described recently and less than a dozen specimens from two localities are known. Habitat is probably decreasing due to deforestation and agriculture. It is not known if Van Sung’s Brown-toothed Shrew can adapt to anthropogenic habitat.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chen Zhongzheng et al. (2017), He, Deng Ke &amp; Jiang Xuelong (2012), Lunde et al. (2003).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A012877EFAF7AFBE1BB6F54B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A012877EFFF3AE8711B2F481.text	3D474A54A012877EFFF3AE8711B2F481.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chodsigoa furva (Anthony 1941)	<div><p>166.</p> <p>Dusky Brown-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Chodsigoa furva</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Birmanie / German: Dunkle Braunzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes marrones oscura</p> <p>Other common names: Dark Brown-toothed Shrew, Dusky Long-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chodsigoa smithii furva Anthony, 1941,</p> <p>“Imaw Bum, northern Burma [= My- anmar]. Altitude 9,000 feet [= 2743 m].”</p> <p>Chodsigoa furva was recognized as a subspecies of C. parca but was supported as a valid species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from only a few localities in in SW China (NW Yunnan) and adjacent N Myanmar; distribution limits are unclear.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 69-75 mm, tail 84-87 mm, hindfoot 16-18 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 20-2-21-1 mm, and tooth rows are 8-6-9-2 mm. Dorsal pelage of the Dusky Brown-toothed Shrew is dark gray, and ventral pelage is slighter paler. Tail is not sharply bicolored, and no tuft of longer hair occurs on tip oftail. Rostrum is sharply narrowed in premaxillary region. Braincase is very dome-shaped. Zygomatic plate is narrow. The Dusky Brown-toothed Shrew is sister species of Smith’s Brown-toothed Shrew (C. smithit), but its body and skull are relatively smaller than the latter. There are three upper unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Captured at elevations higher than 2000 m. The Dusky Brown-toothed Shrew is presumably a high-elevation inhabitant, adapted to relatively cool environments. It was “trapped in a damp, oozy spot under logs and rocks next to small mountain stream.” Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Dusky Brown-toothed Shrew was considered as part of Lowe’s Brown-toothed Shrew (C. parca), which is classified as Least Concern. The Dusky Brown-toothed Shrew is one of the least known species of shrews. Few specimens are known in scientific collections, and all are from three mountains. It might be threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation in northern Myanmar (= Burma).</p> <p>Bibliography. Anthony (1941), Chen Zhongzheng et al. (2017), Hoffmann (1985).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A012877EFFF3AE8711B2F481	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A012877EFF0CA0871AC0FB49.text	3D474A54A012877EFF0CA0871AC0FB49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chodsigoa sodalis Thomas 1913	<div><p>167.</p> <p>Lesser Taiwanese Brown-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Chodsigoa sodalis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne sociable / German: Kleine Taiwan-Braunzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes marrones de Taiwan menor</p> <p>Other common names: Koshun Shrew, Lesser Taiwanese Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chodsigoa sodalis Thomas, 1913,</p> <p>“ Mt. Arizan, Central Formosa [= Taiwan, China]. Alt. 8000" [= 2438 m].”</p> <p>Chodsigoa sodalis has been confused with Episoriculus fumidus, another endemic in Taiwan. Distinct specific status has been supported by morphological and molecular studies. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to C Taiwan Mts.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 65-71 mm, tail 64-73 mm, hindfoot 13-5-15 mm.; weight 4-2-5-6 g. Condylo-incisive lengths are 18-18-4 mm, and tooth rows are 7-6-8:3 mm. The Lesser Taiwanese Brown-toothed Shrew is the sole insular representative of Chodsigoa. Dorsal pelage is dark gray, and ventral pelage is slightly paler. Tail is solid brown, and its length about equal to head-body length. Skull is robust, with dome-shaped braincase; rostrum narrows gradually. There are three upper unicuspids. P*~M?* have more concave posterior margins, which is the generic characteristic of Chodsigoa. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 88.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane broad-leaved forests at elevations of 600-2500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Lesser Taiwanese Brown-toothed Shrew is the least known shrew in Taiwan, known only from a dozen specimens.</p> <p>Bibliography. Lin Liangkong &amp; Motokawa (2014), Motokawa et al. (1997).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A012877EFF0CA0871AC0FB49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A012877FFAF6A1BC1664FC1E.text	3D474A54A012877FFAF6A1BC1664FC1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chodsigoa Chen Zhongzheng et al 2017	<div><p>169.</p> <p>Hoffmann’s Brown-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Chodsigoa hoffmanni</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Hoffmann / German: Hoffmann-Braunzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes marrones de Hoffman</p> <p>Other common names: Hoffmann's Long-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chodsigoa hoffmanni Chen Zhongzheng et al, 2017,</p> <p>“ The eastern slope of the Ailao Mountain (24-590 N, 101-508 E), 2600 m a.s.l.), Shuangbai, Chuxiong, Yunnan, China.”</p> <p>Chodsigoa hoffmanni was previously recognized as a geographical population of C. parca. It is sister to C. parca. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from Wuliang Shan and Ailao Shan, Yunnan, SW China, and Mt. Tay Con Linh II, N Vietnam.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 58-75 mm,tail 74-88 mm, hindfoot 14-17 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 18:3-19-6 mm, and tooth rows are 7-6-8-3 mm. Hoffmann’s Brown-toothed Shrew is similar to Lowe’s Browntoothed Shrew (C. parca) but smaller. Dorsal pelage is slate-gray, and ventral pelageis paler slate-gray. Dorsal surface oftail is pigmented brown, and ventral surface is paler. Tip of tail is white, with tuft of slightly longer hair. Braincase is dome-shaped and high. Rostrum is short and gradually tapers in premaxillary region. There are three upper unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Evergreen broad-leaved forests at elevations of 1500-2600 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Most Hoffmann’s Brown-toothed Shrews were captured at night. They are well adapted to running and jumping. Captive individuals do not show any arboreal behavior.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The [UCN Red List. Hoffmann’s Browntoothed Shrew might be threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation in northern Vietnam. In south-western China,it occurs in protected areas.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chen Zhongzheng etal. (2017), Hoffmann (1985), Lunde et al. (2003).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A012877FFAF6A1BC1664FC1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A013877FFF29A0D41577FB2D.text	3D474A54A013877FFF29A0D41577FB2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chimarrogale phaeura Thomas 1898	<div><p>171.</p> <p>Bornean Water Shrew</p> <p>Chimarrogale phaeura</p> <p>French: Chimarrogale de Bornéo / German: Borneo-Wasserspitzmaus / Spanish: Musgano de Borneo</p> <p>Other common names: Borneo Water Shrew, Sunda Water Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chimarrogale phaeura Thomas, 1898,</p> <p>“ Saiap, Mount Kina Balu,” Sabah, Malaysia.</p> <p>Chimarrogale phaeura was included in a different genus, Crossogale, but this is not sufficiently supported. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from three mountain ranges (Mt Kinabalu, Crocker Range, and Mt Trus Madi) of Sabah State in N Borneo; it may be distributed in S Borneo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 91-110 mm, tail 81-95 mm, hindfoot 19-26 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 25-1-27-4 mm, and tooth rows are 11:4-11-9 mm. Tail is uniformly dark brown ventrally, back has</p> <p>silver guard hairs, and sides of feet are covered with distinctive, short, stiff hairs. Medial tines (internal accessory notch) of upper incisors are well developed so that apexes (tips) are separated, and talons (posterior cusps) of these teeth are well developed. Braincase is not excessively broadened or flattened as in the Himalayan Water Shrew (C. himalayica). There are three upper unicuspids. Cusps of teeth are unpigmented. Dental formula for all</p> <p>species of Chimarrogaleis13/2,C1/0,P1/1,M 3/3 (x2) = 28.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist habitats in montane forest and near streams in tropical forests and marshland habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Bornean Water Shrew primarily contains invertebrates.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Bornean Water Shrews are semi-aquatic. They are presumably similar to the other species of Chimarrogale, swimming in rivers and streams and moving along their banks to higher ground.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Bornean Water Shrew has a small known distribution of less than 5000 km*and occurs in restricted habitat, which is currently under threat from anthropogenic activities, especially logging.</p> <p>Bibliography. Thomas (1898, 1921).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A013877FFF29A0D41577FB2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A013877FFA2CAE5A15F7F52C.text	3D474A54A013877FFA2CAE5A15F7F52C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chimarrogale sumatrana (Thomas 1921)	<div><p>172.</p> <p>Sumatran Water Shrew</p> <p>Chimarrogale sumatrana</p> <p>French: Chimarrogale de Sumatra / German: Sumatra-Wasserspitzmaus / Spanish: Musgano de Sumatra</p> <p>Other common names: Sumatra \Water Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crossogale sumatrana Thomas, 1921,</p> <p>“ Pager Alam, Padang Highlands,” Sumatra, Indonesia.</p> <p>Chimarrogale sumatrana used to be included in a different genus, Crossogale with C. phaeura, but this is not sufficiently supported. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from Padang Highlands of S Sumatra.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 112-115 mm, tail 90-95 mm, hindfoot 20-25 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 14-1-14-2 mm, and tooth rows are 13-13-4 mm. The Sumatran Water Shrew is known from two specimens. Fur is similar to the other species of Chimarrogale but lighter. Dorsal pelage is sooty gray and gradually becomes paler on venter. Guard hair piles on rump. Tail is uniformly dark brown, and underpart is covered with brown hair. Skull is similar to that of the Bornean Water Shrew (C. phaeura) exceptit is larger and heavier. Medial tines of upper incisors are well developed so that apexes are separated, and talons (posterior cusp) of these teeth are well developed. Cusps of teeth are unpigmented. There are three upper unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Presumably streams in montane forests at elevations of 500-1600 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diets of the Sumatran Water Shrew primarily consist of benthic organisms, including insects, aquatic larvae, crustaceans, and small fish.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Sumatran Water Shrew has physical adaptations for aquatic life and is semi-aquatic. It is presumably similar to the other species of Chimarrogale, swimming in rivers and streams and moving along their banks to higher ground.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Sumatran Water Shrew creates burrows, with the entrance usually located within the stream.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Additional research is needed to understand ecology and conservation status of the Sumatran Water Shrew.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hoffmann (1987), Thomas (1921).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A013877FFA2CAE5A15F7F52C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A013877FFF2BAF6C1102F57C.text	3D474A54A013877FFF2BAF6C1102F57C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chodsigoa parca G. M. Allen 1923	<div><p>170.</p> <p>Lowe’s Brown-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Chodsigoa parca</p> <p>French: Musaraigne étriquée / German: Lowe-Braunzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes marrones de Lowe</p> <p>Other common names: Lowe's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chodsigoa smithii parca G. M. Allen, 1923,</p> <p>“Ho-mu-shu Pass [= Hong- mushu, Baoshan], western Yunnan, Chi- na, 8000 feet [= 2438 m].”</p> <p>Chodsigoa parca used to include furva as a subspecies, which has been re-elevated to full species. Chodsigoa parca has been split into two species, and eastern populations were recognized as a new species, C. hoffmanmni. Taxonomic status of subspecies lowei needs to be reassessed. Two subspecies</p> <p>recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C.p.parcaG.M.Allen,1923—SWChina(Yunnan),NE&amp;EMyanmar,andNThailand,WoftheMekongRiver.</p> <p>C. p. lower Osgood, 1932 — known only from the type locality in Chapa (= Sa Pa), Lao Cai Province, NW Vietnam.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 62-77 mm, tail 77-99 mm, hindfoot 15-18 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 20-1-20-9 mm, and tooth rows are 8-6-9 mm. Lowe’s Brown-toothed Shrew is similar to Hoffmann’s Brown-toothed Shrew (C. hoffmanni) but larger. Dorsal pelageis slate-gray, and ventral pelageis palerslate-gray. Tail is longer than head-body length and bicolored; its dorsal surface is brown, and ventral surface is creamy white. Tuft of slightly longer hair occurs on tip oftail. Braincase is dome-shaped. Rostrum tapers gradually in premaxillary region. There are three upper unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist forests at elevations of 1500-3000 m. In western Yunnan, Lowe’s Browntoothed Shrew is most common at elevations of 2400-2600 m in evergreen broadleaved forest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Most Lowe’s Brown-toothed Shrews were captured at night. It is well adapted for running and jumping.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. In northern Myanmar (= Burma), Lowe’s Brown-toothed Shrew is threatened by deforestation. Presumably, populations are not declining in south-western China and northern Thailand.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chen Zhongzheng et al. (2017), Hoffmann (1985).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A013877FFF2BAF6C1102F57C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0138778FA2DA05D1118FABC.text	3D474A54A0138778FA2DA05D1118FABC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chimarrogale hantu Harrison 1958	<div><p>173.</p> <p>Malayan Water Shrew</p> <p>Chimarrogale hantu</p> <p>French: Chimarrogale de Malaisie / German: Malayische Wasserspitzmaus / Spanish: Musgano de Malasia</p> <p>Other common names: Asiatic Water Shrew, Hantu \Water Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chimarrogale hantu J. 1. Harrison, 1958,</p> <p>“ banks of a stream at low altitude (under 1,000 ft. [= 305 m]) in the Ulu Langat Forest Reserve, Selangor, Malaya, about 20 km. east of Kuala Lumpur.”</p> <p>This species is monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to Peninsular Malaysia (Kedah, Perak, Kelantan, Pahang, and Selangorstates).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 85-121 mm, tail 86-102 mm, hindfoot 20-22 mm; weight 28-8-36 g. Condylo-incisive Tengths are 25-3-27-2 mm, and tooth rows are 11-7-12-6 mm.</p> <p>Dorsal pelage of the Malayan Water Shrew is uniform dark gray to black, with silvery guard hair that is most conspicuous over hindquarters. Tail is uniformly grayish brown to dark brown, and underpart is covered with brown hair. Feet are brown, and toes are partially webbed. Fringe of whitish hair occurs along margins of forefeet and hindfeet and on toes. Skull is bony, and braincase is low and broad. Development of medial tines of upper incisors is variable. Cusps of teeth are unpigmented. There are three upper unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Wetlands and forest streams at elevations of 300-1676 m. Malayan Water Shrews also use riverbanks for resting, foraging, and nesting.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Based on stomach contents, the Malayan Water Shrew has a diverse diet of aquatic and terrestrial mollusks, freshwater prawns, millipedes and centipedes, earthworms, mole crickets, fish, frogs, larval caecilian, and possibly crabs. In captivity, it eats snails, cockroaches, and suckling mice.</p> <p>Breeding. Based on data from two individuals, breeding season starts in May or earlier, and numbers of embryos are 2-3/female.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Malayan Water Shrew is semi-aquatic. It has occasionally been caught in fish traps, so it must be able to dive to depths of c.0-6 m. Captive individuals are active in the morning, afternoon, and evening and are found in nests at dusk; it might be active at night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Malayan Water Shrews are highly sensitive to disturbance by intruders in their habitat including rats, small carnivores, and snakes. Nests are usually among rocks and boulders above banks of streams and have small entrances.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Malayan Water Shrew occurs in not much more than 20,000 km?, which is heavily affected by human activities such as agriculture, plantations, and logging. Presumably, extent and quality of its habitat are declining.</p> <p>Bibliography. Harrison (1958), Hoffmann (1987), Lim et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0138778FA2DA05D1118FABC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0148778FFF1A07C15BEF9FE.text	3D474A54A0148778FFF1A07C15BEF9FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chimarrogale himalayica (Gray 1842)	<div><p>175.</p> <p>Himalayan Water Shrew</p> <p>Chimarrogale himalayica</p> <p>French: Chimarrogale de I'Himalaya / German: Himalaya-Wasserspitzmaus / Spanish: Musgano del Himalaya</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crossopus himalayicus Gray, 1842,</p> <p>“ India.”</p> <p>Chimarrogale himalayica used to include leander as a synonym, which has been recognized as a valid species, and is characterized by high intraspecific genetic diversity but conservative craniodental morphology, so it could still contain undescribed species. Distributional boundary between subspecies himalayica and C. leander is entirely unclear; distribution of himalayica in</p> <p>China might be limited to the south-west. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C.h.himalayicaGray,1842—widelydistributedinmiddletohighmountainsinSHimalaya(NW&amp;NEIndia,Nepal,andBhutan),SWC.h.(SETibet[=Xizang],Sichuan,Yunnan,andprobablyGuizhouandGuangxi),NMyanmar,Laos,andN&amp;CVietnam.</p> <p>C. h. varennei Thomas, 1927 — S Vietnam (Kon Tum, Dak Lak, and Lam Dong provinces).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 96-129 mm, tail 62-98 mm, hindfoot 19-26 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 26-28-1 mm, and tooth rows are 11:2-12-8 mm. Dorsal pelage of the Himalayan Water Shrew is black, ventral surface is ash gray, and color changes gradually from dorsum to venter. Dorsum has scattered white-tipped guard hairs, especially on lateral sides and rump. Fringe of whitish hairs occurs along margins of forefeet and hindfeet and toes. Tail is bicolored, being blackish brown above and white below, covered by white hair. Ventral keel is present on tail. Braincase is bony, flattened, and enlarged in lateral view. There are three upper unicuspids. I' has long and robust apex and low talon (posterior cusp) that is obviously lower than first upper unicuspid. Cusps of teeth are unpigmented.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane moderately swift rivers and clear fastflowing streams running through broad-leaved and premontane conifer forests at elevations of 610-3048 m. The Himalayan Water Shrew is sympatrically distributed with the Elegant Water Shrew (N. elegans) in south-western China but at different elevations.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Himalayan Water Shrews have been recorded foraging for aquatic invertebrates.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Himalayan Water Shrew is semi-aquatic. It is presumably similar to the other species of Chimarrogale, swimming in rivers and streams and moving along their banks to higher ground. Most individuals were captured at night, and they have never been observed swimming during the day.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (including C. himalayica and C. leander). In south-western China, the Himalayan Water Shrew occurs in several protected areas. The speciesis harvested for local medical purposes.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hoffmann (1987), Yuan Shouli et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0148778FFF1A07C15BEF9FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0148778FAF9AD0B1AC3F334.text	3D474A54A0148778FAF9AD0B1AC3F334.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chimarrogale leander Thomas 1902	<div><p>176.</p> <p>Leander’s Water Shrew</p> <p>Chimarrogale leander</p> <p>French: Chimarrogale de Taiwan / German: Taiwan-Wasserspitzmaus / Spanish: Musgano de Taiwan</p> <p>Other common names: Taiwanese Water Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chimarrogale leander Thomas, 1902,</p> <p>“ Kuatun [= Guadun], N.W. Fokien [= Fujian Province, China]. Altitude 1200 m.”</p> <p>Chimarrogale leander used to be considered a synonym of C. himalayica but is now considered a distinct species based on molecular evidence. Distributional boundary between C. leanderand C. himalayica is stl unclear. Chimarrogale leander is presumably distributed in northern and eastern Chi-</p> <p>na, leaving C. himalayica in south-western China. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. C &amp; E China and Taiwan I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 80-130 mm, tail 81-101 mm, hindfoot 21-26 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 24-7-25-9 mm, and tooth rows are 10-9-11-5 mm. Leander’s Water Shrews on the mainland are overall smaller than those on Taiwan Island. Its external morphology is similar to the Himalayan Water Shrew (C. himalayica), except pelage is less blackish gray. Tail is bicolored, being black above and white below. Venteris slate-gray. Braincase is flattened and broad. Coronoid process of mandible is slenderer than in the Himalayan Water Shrew. Leander’s Water Shrew has three upper unicuspids. I' has long and robust apex and low talon (posterior cusp) that is much lower than first upper unicuspid. Cusps of teeth are unpigmented.</p> <p>Habitat. Clean streams with fine vegetation coverage on banks. Leander’s Water Shrew is sensitive to pollution. In Taiwan, its distribution is limited to northern and central mountains at elevations of 300-2200 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet of Leander’s Water Shrew probably contains invertebrates including crabs, shrimp, larval and adult insects, tadpoles, earthworms, and fish. Stomach contents from one individual contained remains of Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, and Araneae but not fish or amphibians.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Leander’s Water Shrews is semi-aquatic and is adapted to swim and dive based on captive observations. It is active day and night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Leander’s Water Shrew is considered a protected species in Taiwan, and most ofits habitat area has been well protected. Its status on the mainland is largely unknown.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hoffmann (1987), Thomas (1902a), Yuan Shouli et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0148778FAF9AD0B1AC3F334	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0148778FFF5AEC911B1F50F.text	3D474A54A0148778FFF5AEC911B1F50F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chimarrogale styani de Winton 1899	<div><p>174.</p> <p>Chinese Water Shrew</p> <p>Chimarrogale styani</p> <p>French: Chimarrogale de Chine / German: Chinesische Wasserspitzmaus / Spanish: Musgano de China</p> <p>Other common names: Styan's Water Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Chimarrogale styani de Winton, 1899,</p> <p>“ Yang-liu-pa [= Yangliu ba, Pingwu], N.W. Sechuen [= Sichuan],” China.</p> <p>Chimarrogale styani is sometimes confused with C. himalayica but is supported as a distinct species by morphological and molecular evidence. In south-western China, the Chinese Water Shrew is sympatric with C. himalayica and perhaps Nectogale elegans. It is unclear whether they are syntopically distributed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. WC &amp; SW China (SE Qinghai, S Gansu, SW Shaanxi, SE Tibet [= Xizang], W Sichuan, and NW Yunnan) and N Myanmar.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 96-108 mm, tail 61-85 mm, hindfoot 20-23 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 23-6-24-8 mm, and tooth rows are 10-1-10-6 mm. The Chinese Water Shrew is similar to the Himalayan Water Shrew (C. himalayica) but smaller, and there is no overlap in most skull measurements. Tail is obviously shorter than head-body length. Tail is bicolored and covered with white hair below. Ventral pelage is slate-black and covered with guard hairs that increase in length and number on rump. Dorsal and ventral pelage is obviously bicolored. All underparts including sides of face are white washed with yellow. Forefeet and hindfeet are white. Cusps of teeth are unpigmented.</p> <p>Habitat. Cool mountain streams at elevations of 1700-3500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Chinese Water Shrews are semi-aquatic.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Chinese Water Shrew has a wide distribution, but little is known aboutits ecology and conservation status.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hoffmann (1987), Smith &amp; Yan Xie (2008), Yuan Shouli et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0148778FFF5AEC911B1F50F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0148779FAF5A65610EFF8BE.text	3D474A54A0148779FAF5A65610EFF8BE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chimarrogale platycephala (Temminck 1842)	<div><p>177.</p> <p>Japanese Water Shrew</p> <p>Chimarrogale platycephala</p> <p>French: Chimarrogale du Japon / German: Japanische Wasserspitzmaus / Spanish: Musgano de Japon</p> <p>Other common names: Flat-headed Water Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex platycephalus Temminck, 1842,</p> <p>near Nagasaki and Bungo, Kyushu, Japan.</p> <p>Widely used specific name platycephalus has been changed for gender agreement. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to Japan, widely distributed on Honshu and Kyushu. No recent records of extant distribution but fossil records found on Shikoku.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 112-135 mm, tail 82-110 mm, hindfoot 23-28 mm; weight 37-55 g. Condylo-incisive lengths are 25-28-4 mm, and tooth rows are 12-12-8 mm. The Japanese Water Shrew is the largest species of Chimarrogale, with long tail but shorter than head-body length. In summer, dorsal pelage is grayish black, venter is mouse gray to olive buff; in winter, dorsal pelage is blackish brown, and venter is whitish. Dorsal and lateral pelage is scattered with guard hairs, especially on rump. Tail is bicolored, being blackish brown above and white below. Braincase is flattened and broad, being flattened and enlarged in lateral view. Tips of teeth are usually unpigmented but sometimes covered with pale brown pigment. There are three upper unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 52 and FNa = 100.</p> <p>Habitat. Swift streams or riversides in mountain forests. The Japanese Water Shrew prefers habitats with abundant shelter on riverbanks such as boulders, large rocks or logs with underside cavities orslits, and water-eroded cavities. It occurs at elevations of under 100 m to at least 1000 m, but are most common at 500-1000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Japanese Water Shrew includes aquatic insects, small fish, frogs, salamanders, snails, crayfish, crabs, earthworms, leeches, and spiders.</p> <p>Breeding. The Japanese Water Shrew has two breeding seasons: February—June and October-December. Average number of embryos is 4-2/female (range 1-6). A breeding nest constructed underground with broadleaves has been reported. Longevity is more than three years based on a field survey and examination of museum specimens.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Japanese Water Shrew is active day and night. It has been reported that it has multiple activity cycles in a day. It is adapted to swim and dive; it uses riverbanks to move up streams and rivers.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Based on trapping data, home ranges were 300-600 m in length along a stream orriver.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Most habitats important to the Japanese Water Shrew have been preserved and protected. It is sometimes considered as a pest at fish farms in mountain areas. Typhoons and resulting flooding and habitat loss can be serious threats to this species.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abe (2003), Ohdachi et al. (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0148779FAF5A65610EFF8BE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0158779FF29A3161BBAFD7C.text	3D474A54A0158779FF29A3161BBAFD7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nectogale elegans Milne-Edwards 1870	<div><p>178.</p> <p>Elegant Water Shrew</p> <p>Nectogale elegans</p> <p>French: Nectogale élégant / German: Gebirgsbachspitzmaus / Spanish: Musgano elegante</p> <p>Other common names: \Veb-footed Water Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Nectogale elegans Milne-Edwards, 1870,</p> <p>Moupin (= Baoxing), Sichuan, China.</p> <p>Nectogale elegans includes sikhimensis from Sikkim as a synonym. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Himalayas including E Nepal, NE India, and Bhutan, C &amp; W China (Shaanxi, Sichuan, SE Tibet [= Xizang], and Yunnan), and N Myanmar.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 99-125 mm, tail 96-115 mm, hindfoot 23-32 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 23-9-27-1 mm, and tooth rows are 10-6-12-2 mm. Dorsal pelage is nearly black, with scattered whitetipped guard hairs especially on rump. Ventral pelage is white. Dorsum and venter are sharply bicolored. Forefeet and hindfeet are webbed to bases of terminal phalanges, and their edges have fringes of stiff flattened hairs. Disk-like pads on forefeet and hindfeet serve as adhesive disks for climbing. Tail is equipped with one dorsal, two ventral, and two lateral keels of short stiff hairs. Eyes are very small, c.1 mm in diameter, and covered by skin. External ears are completely reduced so that only slim openings can be traced. Breadth of skull is larger than species of Chimarrogale, Neomys, and Sorex, and braincaseis flattened. Morphology of male reproductive tract is not specialized and similar to those of species of Suncus and Crocidura. Cusps of teeth are unpigmented. There are three upper unicuspids. Dental formulais13/2,C1/0,P1/1,M 3/3 (x2) = 28.</p> <p>Habitat. Cold streams and rivers at middle to high elevations (1500-3900 m). Where the Elegant Water Shrew and the Himalayan Water Shrew (Chimarrogale himalayica) are sympatrically distributed in south-western China, the Elegant Water Shrew tends to inhabit lower elevations.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Elegant Water Shrews have been recorded foraging for aquatic invertebrates and small fish. It is assumed that they feed on terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates and fish.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Elegant Water Shrew is active day and night. It is semi-aquatic and has been observed walking along the water’s edge; it is especially good at swimming and diving into water.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Elegant Water Shrew has a wide distribution. There are no data regarding population size and trends or conservation threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hoffmann (1987), Hutterer (1985), Smith &amp; Yan Xie (2008), de Winton &amp; Styan (1899).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0158779FF29A3161BBAFD7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A015877AFA2EA8D41776FDF6.text	3D474A54A015877AFA2EA8D41776FDF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neomys anomalus Cabrera 1907	<div><p>179.</p> <p>Mediterranean Water Shrew</p> <p>Neomys anomalus</p> <p>French: Crossope de Miller / German: Sumpfspitzmaus / Spanish: Musgano de Cabrera</p> <p>Other common names: Iberian Water Shrew, Miller's Water Shrew, Southern Water Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Neomys anomalus Cabrera, 1907,</p> <p>“ San Martin de la Vega (province of Madrid, on the Jarama River,” Spain.</p> <p>Six subspecies are recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>N.a.anomalusCabrera,1907—IberianPeninsula.</p> <p>N.a.jostiV.Martino&amp;E.Martino,1940—BalkanPeninsula.</p> <p>N.a.milleriMottaz,1907—Alps.</p> <p>N.a.mokrzeckiiE.Martino&amp;V.Martino,1917—Crimea.</p> <p>N.a.rhenanusLehmann,1976—SGermany.</p> <p>N. a. soricoides Ognev, 1921 — E Poland, S Belarus, and W Russia. Also known from W, SC &amp; E Europe, Turkey, and Iran, but subspecies involved not known.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 68-85 mm, tail 46-56 mm, hindfoot 14-8-18-3 mm; weight 9-5-13-5 g. No specific data are available for body weight, but pregnant females can weigh up to 20 g. The Mediterranean Water Shrew is large for the family Soricidae, but it is the smallest species of Neomys. Tail usually exceeds 65% of head-body length. Swimming borders on feet and keel on tail are formed of long stiff hairs but are not as developed as in the other species of Neomys. Pelage is dense and short. Back and sides are dark brown or black; belly is light gray, sometimes with pale yellow or brownish tint. Small light spot behind eye is distinct. Tail is bicolored;its upper part and underside are the same color as back and belly. Dental formula for species of Neomysis 13/2, C 1/0,P2/1,M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 52 and FN = 98. Xchromosome is large subtelocentric, Y-chromosome is small subtelocentric. There are 44 metacentric and submetacentric autosomes and six acrocentric autosomes.</p> <p>Habitat. Often floodplain habitats and banks of small rivers and creeks flowing through deciduousforests and riverside marshes up to elevations of ¢.2100 m in mountainous areas. The Mediterranean Water Shrew is the most terrestrial species of Neomys and thus capable of living far from water bodies. It can be found in irrigated gardens. In northern regions of the distribution,it is often displaced from favorable near-water habitats by the Eurasian Water Shrew (NN. fodiens), which is better adapted to water activities. In southern regions, many water bodies dry up by mid-summer, and ability to live far from water provides competitive advantage to the Mediterranean Water Shrew.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Mediterranean Water Shrew eats terrestrial and water invertebrates, but the latter accounts for a smaller part of the diet. Earthworms, arachnids, adult dipterans, and adult beetles (most commonly carabids) are preferred among terrestrial invertebrates; isopods (Asselus), caddis worms, soldier fly larvae, and horsefly larvae are preferred water invertebrates. Water and terrestrial mollusks were often found in gastric contents. The Mediterranean Water Shrew does not dive to hunt water invertebrates in localities where it lives in sympatry with Eurasian Water Shrews; however, diving is used as a foraging method in Portugal, where other species of Neomys are absent. Prey is immobilized when bitten because saliva enzymes exert a paralytic effect.</p> <p>Breeding. Independent juvenile Mediterranean Water Shrews become detectable in late May, and the latest capture of a lactating female was on 30 October. A female produces up to three litters in a breeding season in Austria. Youth-of-the-year are extensively involved in reproduction. Productivity is generally higher than in most other species of shrews. Pregnant females have 5-13 embryos; highest numbers of embryos were twelve in Poland and Austria and 13 in Italy.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Mediterranean Water Shrew is semi-aquatic and active almost around the clock; activity at night is somewhat higher than activity during the day.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Mediterranean Water Shrews can live in groups with a high degree of tolerance toward each other. Although aggressive behavior is observed occasionally, it does not prevent several individuals from feeding together. Immigrants can easilyjoin in an established group. Social system is essentially open and non-hierarchical.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Distribution of the Mediterranean Water Shrew has many isolated areas, some of which are merely individual capture sites. Many such sites have been identified in the past 20-30 years. So many isolated areas of occurrence over a large distribution suggests that</p> <p>the Mediterranean Water Shrew is a relict species. It is rare or at low densities almost throughout its entire distribution, and it is on the Red List in Ukraine and regional Red Lists of Voronezh and Tambov regions (Russia).</p> <p>Bibliography. Baltiauskas &amp; Balgiauskiené (2012), Bal¢iauskas et al. (2016), Borodin (2013), Churchfield &amp; Rychlik (2006), Esmaeili et al. (2008), Kashtalian (2005), Krushinska &amp; Rychlik (1994), Krystufek &amp; Vohralik (2001), Lay (1967), Rychlik (1998), Sitnikova &amp; Mishta (2008), Spitzenberger (1990b), Tapisso et al. (2013), Zima et al. (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A015877AFA2EA8D41776FDF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A016877AFF0FA1971B2EF46F.text	3D474A54A016877AFF0FA1971B2EF46F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neomys fodiens (Pennant 1771)	<div><p>181.</p> <p>Eurasian Water Shrew</p> <p>Neomys fodiens</p> <p>French: Crossope aquatique / German: \Wasserspitzmaus / Spanish: Musgano patiblanco</p> <p>Other common names: Northern Water Shrew, Water Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex fodiens Pennant, 1771,</p> <p>Berlin, Germany.</p> <p>Subspecies niethammeri in north-western Spain is morphologically distinct from other populations and may warrant species status. Further taxonomic research is needed. Four subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>N.f.fodiensPennant,1771—fromAtlanticcoastofcontinentalEuropeEtoObRiverandAltaisteppes(WSiberia).</p> <p>N.f.bicolorG.Shaw,1791—GreatBritain.</p> <p>N.f.niethammeriBuhler,1963—NSpain.</p> <p>N. f. orientis Thomas, 1914 — from Ob River and Altai steppes (W Siberia) E to Pacific coast.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 75-103 mm,tail 58-73 mm, hindfoot 16-21 mm; weight 8-5-25 g. The Eurasian Water Shrew is large. Keel occurs along entire length oftail, and swimming borders on feet are well formed with long stiff hairs. Tail is usually longer than 65% of head-body length. Pelage is relatively short. Back and sides are black-brown or black, sometimes with weak grayish tint. Belly is silvery gray, sometimes with brownish tint. White spot behind eye is commonly distinct. Dark spot is occasionally found on chest and chin, varying in shape and size. Tail is bicolored, with dark color of back above contrasting with silvery gray of belly below. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 52 and FN = 98. X-chromosomeis large subtelocentric, Y-chromosome is small subtelocentric. There are 44 metacentric and submetacentric autosomes and SIX acrocentric autosomes.</p> <p>Habitat. Forest zone and foreststeppe and forest-tundra neighboring subzones. The Eurasian Water Shrew avoids extended wooded areas, especially coniferous forests with well-developed moss layer. It inhabits banks of streams and stagnant waters; riverside meadows with quiet pools or other regions of low water velocity are preferred. It is occasionally found far from the water, usually at sites with tall grasses, especially in desolated vegetable gardens or settlements.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Eurasian Water Shrew eats terrestrial and water invertebrates, the latter prevailing in the diet. Isopods (Asellus), caddis worms, and larvae of various dipterans are most common dietary components among water invertebrates. Earthworms, mollusks, and various beetles are preferred among terrestrial invertebrates. Vertebrates (fish fry, tadpoles, and young frogs) are regularly found in diets, but their overall contribution is insignificant. The Eurasian Water Shrew dives to catch water invertebrates, occasionally reaching depths of 50-70 cm. Saliva enzymes exert a paralytic effect and serve to immobilize prey.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding season of the Eurasian Water Shrew lasts throughout the warm period of the year (e.g. April-September in England), but most young are born in summer. Gestation averages 20 days; litters usually have 5-8 young, although captures of pregnant females with 15 embryos are known. Nests are built in hollows between plant roots, driftwood along banks, and rodent burrows. Nests are constructed with plant debris. There is evidence that longevity can occasionally reach 19 months in the wild (i.e. capable of overwintering twice). This feature distinguishes the Eurasian Water Shrew from other shrews, such as those of the genus Sorex. Nevertheless, such cases seem to be extremely rare because long-term observations of many marked Eurasian Water Shrews in southern England showed that they all died after the end of a breeding season and first overwintering. Eurasian Water Shrews can live up to 3-4 years in laboratory conditions.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Eurasian Water Shrew is semi-aquatic. Activity occurs almost around the clock, most often peaking during dark hours. Maximal activity is observed before sunrise and after sunset. Time spent in nests in winter is generally longer than In summer.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Eurasian Water Shrew is solitary and promiscuous. Shifting home ranges are characteristic ofits spatial organization; i.e. home range of an individual shifts during its life following a shift in vital resources, such as when the water’s edge moves as a water body dries out.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Eurasian Water Shrew is generally low in abundance, although it is common in favorable habitats and is occasionally codominant in the community of small mammals in Barabinsk Lowland in western Siberia. The Eurasian Water Shrew is on the Red Lists of Latvia, Kyrgyzstan, and 17 regions of the Russian Federation.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aloise et al. (2005), Cantoni (1993), Churchfield (1984a, 1984b, 1990), Dehnel (1950), Kalyakin (1985), Kowalski &amp; Rychlik (2018), Lopez-Fuster et al. (1990), Maksimov (1959), Nesterenko (1999), Okhotina (1984), Reimers &amp; Voronov (1963), Revin (1989), Rychlik (1998), Sheftel (1983), Spitzenberger (1990c), Volpert &amp; Danilov (1999), Won Chang-Man &amp; Smith (1999), Yanushevich et al. (1972), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A016877AFF0FA1971B2EF46F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A016877AFFF7A91F10B9F571.text	3D474A54A016877AFFF7A91F10B9F571.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neomys teres G. S. Miller 1908	<div><p>180.</p> <p>Transcaucasian Water</p> <p>Shrew Neomys teres French: Crossope du Caucase / German: Kaukasische Bachspitzmaus / Spanish: Musgano del Caucaso</p> <p>Taxonomy. Neomys teres G. S. Miller, 1908,</p> <p>“ edge of brook in mountains (altitude 7000 feet [= 2134 m]) 25 miles [= 40 km] north of Erzeroum [= Erzurum, Erzurum Province], Turkey.”</p> <p>Neomys teres is ecologically close and very similar in appearance to N. fodiens, although genetically equidistant from N. anomalus and N. fodiens. Subspecific taxonomy needs verification. Four subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>N. t. teres G. S. Miller, 1908 — Turkey.</p> <p>N. t. balkaricus Ognev, 1926 — Ciscaucasia.</p> <p>N. t. leptodactylus Satunin, 1914 — Transcaucasia.</p> <p>N. t. schelkounikovi Satunin, 1913 — Greater Caucasus.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 83-101 mm, tail 58-73 mm, hindfoot 18-2-22-1 mm; weight 11-28 g. The Transcaucasian Water Shrew is very large, larger than any other modern species of Neomys. Keel on tail is well developed and occupies about 50% oftail’s length distally. Swimming borders ofstiff hairs on feet are quite well developed. Tail is usually longer than 65% of head-body length. Pelage is longer and denser compared with other species of Neomys. Eyes are hidden in fur. Upper parts of body are blackbrown, with weak ash or silvery gray tint. Belly is light gray, sometimes with pale yellow or grayish brown tint. Light spot behind eyeis poorly seen. Tail varies from bicolored to light unicolored. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 52 and FN = 98. X-chromosome is medium-sized submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is small metacentric. There are 44 metacentric and submetacentric autosomes and 3 acrocentric autosomes.</p> <p>Habitat. Banks of small rivers and creeks in mixed and coniferous forest belts of mountains or alpine meadows at elevations up to 2500 m. Habitats with rank near-water vegetation are preferred, while habitats near large rivers are avoided, especially when banks are barren of vegetation. In Turkey, the Transcaucasian Water Shrew is occasionally found along irrigation channels and ditches into fields and orchards.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Gastric contents of Transcaucasian Water Shrews were examined in Armenia, and terrestrial invertebrates were higher in biomass than water invertebrates, accounting for 21% oftotal biomass. More common terrestrial invertebrates included earthworms, adult beetles, adult dipterans, spiders, and harvestmen; caterpillars prevailed in gastric contents of two individuals. Isopods (Asellus), freshwater shrimp, and caddis worms were most prevalent among water invertebrates. Vertebrate tissues were not found in stomachs. The Transcaucasian Water Shrew might be capable of immobilizing its prey, like other species of Neomys, but studies to verify this are lacking.</p> <p>Breeding. Young Transcaucasian Water Shrews are born in May-August. Litters have 2-9 young (average six).</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Transcaucasian Water Shrew is semi-aquatic. Activity periods occur mostly at night or twilight in summer and shift to daytime in winter when individuals are active in the morning and afternoon.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population sizes are not high, but the Transcaucasian Water Shrew is common.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bannikova &amp; Kramerov (2005), Churchfield et al. (2006), Krystufek &amp; Vohralik (2001), Sokolov &amp; Tembotov (1989), Zaitsev et al. (2014), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A016877AFFF7A91F10B9F571	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0688704FFFFA94A13A2F696.text	3D474A54A0688704FFFFA94A13A2F696.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palawanosorex muscorum Hutterer, Balete, Giarla, Heaney & Esselstyn 2018	<div><p>182.</p> <p>Palawan Moss Shrew</p> <p>Palawanosorex muscorum</p> <p>French: Pachyure des mousses / German: Palawan-Moosspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de musgo de Palawan</p> <p>Taxonomy. Palawanosorex muscorum Hutterer et al, 2018,</p> <p>“ Philippine Islands, Palawan Island, Palawan Province, Rizal Municipality, 2 km W, 0-7 km S Mt. Man- talingahan peak, 1,750 m, 8-81301°N, 117-66313°E.”</p> <p>Time-calibrated phylogenetic analysis by R. Hutterer and colleagues in 2018 estimated divergence between Palawanosorex and its closest known relatives at c.10 million years ago. Closest relatives are Ruwen-</p> <p>zorisorex and Scutisorex on one side and Feroculus and Suncus murinus on the otherside. Palawanosorex muscorum co-occurs with Crocidura palawanensis. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from higher elevations of Mt Mantalingahan, Palawan I, Philippines.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 84-99 mm, tail 53-68 mm, ear 8-11 mm, hindfoot 17-20 mm (including claw) and 15-2-17-5 mm (excluding claw); weight 16-24 g. There is no clear difference in size between sexes. The Palawan Moss Shrew is large, with rather short tail (average 65% of head-body length). Tail is thick, blackish, and covered with only very short hairs. Dorsal and ventral surfaces are covered by long and blackish fur. Forefeet and hindfeet are broad, with long claws. Interdigital ventral surfaces of forefeet and hindfeet are smooth, crossed by only a few wrinkles. Skull is slender and pointed. Dorsal suture is open or covered by a very thin bone layer in 65% of examined specimens, often accompanied by pair of closed foramina. Four pairs of upper unicuspids, and I' is small with pronounced second cusp. Articular facet is weak and small. In two of 21 skulls, one upper M' has an additional small third cusp between protocone and hypocone. Greatest lengths of skulls are 23-8-25-3 mm, and condylo-incisive lengths are 23.825 2 mm. Dental formulais13/2,C1/0,P2/1,M 3/3 (x2) = 30.</p> <p>Habitat. Mature montane forest with canopies 7-10 m high and heath forest with canopies only 2-3 m high at elevations of 1550-1950. Ground cover has sedges, ferns, orchids, pitcher plants, and viney bamboo; leaf litter is continuous and moderately thick; and moss is abundant on the ground and up to 2 m on tree trunks. At 1750 m, vegetation is similar, but nearly all brushy, heath-like forest with canopies 1-3 m high and abundant moss. At 1950 m, there is low heath forest, a few emergent plants reaching 5 m high, but mosttrees are 2-3 m tall. Moss covers many of tree trunks, and nearly the entire forest floor is covered by moss.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Palawan Moss Shrew apparently eats mainly earthworms.</p> <p>Breeding. Seven of twelve female Palawan Moss Shrew had enlarged nipples. Three pairs of inguinal teats were present and equally spaced. An adult female captured in earlyJuly carried a single embryo.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Palawan Moss Shrews mainly have been captured at night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Palawan Moss Shrew is rather common on Mount Mantalingahan,its only known place of occurrence.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hutterer et al. (2018).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0688704FFFFA94A13A2F696	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0688704FFF5A13B1424F8BC.text	3D474A54A0688704FFF5A13B1424F8BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Solisorex pearsoni Thomas 1924	<div><p>183.</p> <p>Pearson’s Long-clawed Shrew</p> <p>Solisorex pearsoni</p> <p>French: Pachyure de Pearson / German: Pearson-Langkrallenspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de unas largas de Pearson</p> <p>Other common names: Pearson's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Solisorex pearsoni Thomas, 1924,</p> <p>near Nuwara Eliya, Hakgala, Central Province, Sri Lanka.</p> <p>Taxonomic position of S. pearsoni is unresolved. Recent genetic studies have placed it as sister to the rest of the subfamily Crocidurinae. It has been traditionally recognized</p> <p>as close to Feroculus, which is similar morphologically, although more authoritative genetic evaluation is needed to determine placement of both genera. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. C highlands of Sri Lanka.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 120-130 mm, tail 60-70 mm, ear 14-16 mm, hindfoot 23-25 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Pearson’s Longclawed Shrew is a large semi-fossorial shrew (larger than Kelaart’s Long-clawed Shrew, Feroculus feroculus), with soft, glossy, and fine fur thatis less velvety than typical shrews. Dorsum is dark grayish brown, and venter is paler grayish brown; individual hairs are light at tips. Ears are small, covered with fur similar to dorsum in color, and barely extend past fur; vibrissae are long and numerous; and eyes are small. Forefeet are large, brown, and equipped with long broad claws. Tail is ¢.50% of head-body length, covered with short hairs (without long hairs sticking out as in other crocidurines), and slightly bicolored, being dark brown above and slightly lighter below. Lower incisors have smooth cutting edge (similar to species of Suncus); skull is bulky; braincase is smooth and swollen; and teeth are large and heavy, with simple molars and well-developed anterior incisors. There are only three unicuspids, which is the lowest number of unicuspids in Soricidae, and teeth are all unpigmented white. Third unicuspid is unique in being slightly bicuspid. Dental formula for all species of Solisorex is13/1, C1/1,P1/1.M 3/3 (x2) = 28.</p> <p>Habitat. Wet patana (upland plain) grasslands in primary evergreen forests at elevations of 950-2310 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but Pearson’s Long-clawed Shrew is probably carnivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Pearson’s Long-clawed Shrew seems to be semi-fossorial based on its long claws.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Pearson’s Long-clawed Shrew has a very limited distribution on Sri Lanka, and its habitat is diminishing because of general habitatloss,fires, and cardamom plantations. It has been recorded from Knuckles Forest Reserve and Hakgala Strict Nature Reserve. Although considered rare and cryptic,it is relatively common within its small distribution. Virtually nothing is known ofthis unique lineage, and additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Goonatilake et al. (2008c), Meegaskumbura (2007), Meegaskumbura et al. (2014), Menike et al. (2012), Phillips (1980).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0688704FFF5A13B1424F8BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0688705FAFFA3161353FA42.text	3D474A54A0688705FAFFA3161353FA42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Feroculus feroculus (Kelaart 1850)	<div><p>184.</p> <p>Kelaart’s Long-clawed Shrew</p> <p>Feroculus feroculus</p> <p>French: Pachyure de Kelaart / German: Kelaart-Langkrallenspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de unas largas de Kelaart</p> <p>Other common names: Kelaart's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex feroculus Kelaart, 1850,</p> <p>Nuwara Eliya, central mountains at 6000 ft. (= 1829 m), Sri Lanka.</p> <p>Similar to Solisorex, phylogenetic position of Feroculus is uncertain, and a recent phy- logenetic study placed it in Suncus sister to a clade including S. dayi, S. murinus, and S. stoliczkanus, although morphologically Feroculus has an uncanny resemblance to Sylvisorex. In 1997, a population was discovered in southern India that was one of the</p> <p>first records of the species outside of Sri Lanka, although its presence in the Palni Hills of southern India was mentioned by W. T. Blanford in 1888. These disjunct populations potentially represent distinct species, although no taxonomic studies have been performed on either Feroculus or Solisorex in recent times. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. C highlands of Sri Lanka and the Western Ghats of S India.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 98-118 mm, tail 65-73 mm, ear 8-10 mm, hindfoot 19-20 mm. Nospecific data are available for body weight. Kelaart’s Long-clawed Shrew is a large (smaller than Pearson’s Long-clawed Shrew, Solisorex pearsoni) and unique</p> <p>semi-fossorial shrew, with thick soft glossy pelage. Indian specimens are smaller, with proportionally longer tails. Dorsum is dark slate or ashy blackish brown (appearing somewhat bluish), and venter is a little lighter than dorsum. Chin and lowerlip are pale gray. Tail is ¢.50-65% of head-body length,fully furred with scattered long hairs, dark brown, and with white tip. Ears are short and barely go past fur; eyes are small. Forefeet are very long and nearly white, and they have long broad claws that are reddish, becoming white at tip. Hindfeet are medium gray and also have long claws. Incisors have two lobes on cutting edges that incline forward (two lobed similar to Sylvisorex). Skull is narrow and not inflated. Dental formula is 13/2, C1/0,P 2/1,M 3/3 (x2) = 30. There are four unicuspids, with fourth being the smallest, and there is no pigmentation on white teeth.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane forests, swamps, and marshes at elevations of 1850-2400 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Kelaart’s Long-clawed Shrew is probably carnivorous. A captive individual fed voraciously on earthworms. Stomach contents of one specimen contained only vegetable material, which wasstrange for a shrew. Trapped specimens were attracted to meat and coconut.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Kelaart’s Long-clawed Shrew is semi-fossorial based on its long claws.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Extent of occurrence of Kelaart’s Long-clawed Shrew is probably less than 5000 km? and area of occupancy is probably less than 500 km?®. Its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in extent and quality of its montane habitat. Kelaart’s Long-clawed Shrews have been found in Eravikulam National Park in Kerala (India) and Horton Plains National Park (Sri Lanka). They are largely threatened by agricultural and urban development that can potentially disturb or destroy restricted habitat. Virtually nothing is known ofthis unique lineage, and additional studies are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Blanford (1888), Meegaskumbura et al. (2014), Molur et al. (2008b), Phillips (1980), Pradhan et al. (1997).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0688705FAFFA3161353FA42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0698705FF25AD8915EEF9C1.text	3D474A54A0698705FF25AD8915EEF9C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus etruscus (Savi 1822)	<div><p>185.</p> <p>Etruscan Shrew</p> <p>Suncus etruscus</p> <p>French: Pachyure étrusque / German: Wimperspitzmaus / Spanish: Musaranita</p> <p>Other common names: Common Dwarf Shrew, Etruscan Dwarf Shrew, Pygmy White-toothed Shrew, Savi's Dwarf Shrew, Savi's Pygmy Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex etruscus Savi, 1822,</p> <p>Pisa, Italy.</p> <p>Analysis of mtDNA and nDNA showed that S. etruscus separated from the common trunk of white-toothed shrews (Crocidura) and Asian representatives of the genus Suncus earlier than they differentiated into two genera; i.e. S. etruscus could not be attributed to any of these genera and should be defined as a separate genus. Its distribution is one of the largest of all species of</p> <p>shrews, but it is not continuous and represented by isolated areas. Distances between these areas can be up to several hundred kilometers. There are also many sporadic captures outside of the known areas of its distribution. During the last two decades, aboutten such captures were described. Because of presence of such an extended and fragmented distribution, a very large number of subspecies should be expected, but systematics of subspecies is underdeveloped. There are ¢.20 synonyms, but it is unclear how many of them are subspecies. Some forms that were described as subspecies are now considered species. Additional research is needed to clarify subspecific taxonomy. Seven subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.e.etruscusSavi,1822—EuropeandCaucasus;thissubspeciesprobablyalsoinTurkey(scatteredrecordsinW,N&amp;SC).</p> <p>S.e.bactrianusStroganov,1958—Tajikistan.</p> <p>S.e.madagascariensisCoquerel,1848—Madagascar.</p> <p>S.e.micronyxBlyth,1855—Himalayas.</p> <p>S.e.nanulaStroganov,1941—Uzbekistan.</p> <p>S.e.nudipesBlyth,1855—NEIndia.</p> <p>S. e. perrottetti Duvernoy, 1842 — S India. Also known from Tenerife I, many Mediterranean Is, North Africa, Arabia, Socotra I, and Central and South-east Asia, but subspecies involved not known.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 33-50 mm, tail 21-30 mm, ear 4-6-2 mm, hindfoot 7-7-5 mm; weight 1-2-2.7 g. The Etruscan Shrew is one of the smallest living mammals. Tail is usually longer than 60% of head-body length and weakly bicolored. Fur is short and soft, with no clear color border between belly and back. Back is smoky gray, with pale tone, and belly issilvery gray. Dental formula for all species of Suncusis 13/2,C1/0,P2/1,M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 42 and FN = 74 (southern France) with 15 pairs of metacentric (submetacentric) autosomes and five pairs of acrocentric autosomes and FN = 78 (India) with 18 pairs of metacentric</p> <p>(submetacentric) autosomes and two pairs of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is medium-sized acrocentric.</p> <p>Habitat. [Lowlands and lower belts of mountain ranges. Due to its small size, the Etruscan Shrew is more often found in owls’ pellets than in pitfall traps. It probably prefers xeromorphic shrub thickets, vineyards, gardens, and tugai thickets (riparian forest or woodland associated with fluvial and floodplain areas in arid climates). It is much less common in dry steppes and semideserts and avoids wet habitats. The Etruscan Shrew sometimes occurs inside buildings. Data about occupation of gardens, xeromorphic forests, and vineyards are usually based on analysis of contents of owl pellets; use of open places comes from trapping data. Thus, it could be that Etruscan Shrews prefer open landscape, and xeromorphic forests and thickets are places of rest for birds of prey where they leave their pellets. Remains of Etruscan Shrew are most often found in pellets of common barn-owls (7yto alba) in Europe and northern long-eared owls (Asio otus) in Uzbekistan.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Stomach contents from three Etruscan Shrews contained small beetles and spiders. Under experimental conditions, they attacked all invertebrates except those that were large and used chemical protection (e.g. some species of hemipterans) and avoided plant material.</p> <p>Breeding. Nests of Etruscan Shrews are situated in rodent holes, under heaps of brushwood, and in crevices between stones. Gestation lasts 27-28 days, and litters have 2-6 young. Newborns are naked and blind and average 0-2 g. Young are weaned at 19-21 days old. Females can have up to six litters during theirlife and breeding occurs only after their first winter. Very few individuals probably survive to breed after a second winter in the wild.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Etruscan Shrew is active mainly at night, with peak of mobility during dawn. Cold temperatures and food shortages can cause torpor.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Etruscan Shrew is solitary and aggressive outside the breeding season. Territoriality is established by vocalizations and fights.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Etruscan Shrew is very rare or infrequent throughout its distribution. It is listed in the regional Kazakhstan Red Book.</p> <p>Bibliography. Alekseev &amp; Sheftel (2017), Aswathanarayana et al. (1987), Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), Fons (1974), Kahmann &amp; Altner (1956), Krystufek &amp; Vohralik (2001), Meylan (1968b), Molur et al. (2005), Omar etal. (2011), Spitzenberger (1990d), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0698705FF25AD8915EEF9C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0698706FA29ADC5163EFCE4.text	3D474A54A0698706FA29ADC5163EFCE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus fellowesgordoni W. W. A. Phillips 1932	<div><p>186.</p> <p>Sri Lankan Shrew</p> <p>Suncus fellowesgordoni</p> <p>French: Pachyure de Fellowes-Gordon / German: Sri-Lanka-Wimperspitzmaus / Spanish: Musaraia pigmea de Sri Lanka</p> <p>Other common names: Ceylon Pygmy Shrew, Gordon's Pygmy Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Suncus fellowesgordoni W. W. A. Phillips, 1932,</p> <p>West Haputale Estate (6000 ft. [= 1829 m]), Ohiya, Central Province, Sri Lanka.</p> <p>Initially, S. fellowesgordoni was believed to belong to S. perrottetii named by J. L. Duvernoy in 1842 (now in S. etruscus) due to its similarity in size. Later, S. fellowesgordoni was recognized as a distinct species, based on its larger size. Most subsequent authors considered it a sub-</p> <p>species or synonym of S. etruscus. W. W. A. Phillips in 1980 listed Podihik kura by P. E. P. Deraniyagala in 1958 under S. fellowesgordoni. R. Hutterer in 1993 and 2005 recognized S. fellowesgordoni as a distinct species and assigned Podihik to S. etruscus. Suncus is now known to be paraphyletic, with African Suncus falling with Sylvisorex in a separate clade, distinct from Eurasian species of Suncus. In a phylogenetic study by S. Meegaskumbura and others in 2012, S. fellowesgordoni was closely related to S. etruscus from Sri Lanka, India, and Europe. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from C highlands of Sri Lanka.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 44-58 mm,tail 33-5-38 mm, ear 5-6-8 mm, hindfoot 9-6-11 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Females are usually slightly smaller than males. The Sri Lankan Shrew is small. Tail is 72-80% of head-body length and is not thickened at base but rather mouse-like, slender, and scarcely tapering with few hairs at base. Dorsum is glossy chocolate brown to blackish brown; venter is dark gray, with silvery sheen. Throatis gray; snout, ears, and forefeet are pink. Hindfeet are dusky above and lighter below. Tail is dark above and light below. Long whiskers are silvery gray. Subadults are generally darker than adults, almost black dorsally. The Sri Lankan Shrew differs from the Etruscan Shrew (S. etruscus), also from Sri Lanka, in thatit is markedly darker, and external dimensions, except ear length, are larger. Skull is also larger in all measurements, and the Sri Lankan Shrew has two denticulations on upper edge of 1, lacking in the Etruscan Shrew. P. D. Jenkins and colleagues in 1998 demonstrated that this Sri Lankan endemic shrew shares many “primitive” characteristics with Day’s Shrew (S. dayi) and some species of Sylvisorex but also synapomorphies with Suncus. Condylo-basal lengths are 12-7-13-6 mm.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane forests and wet patana (upland plain) grasslands at elevations of 1000-1828 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Sri Lankan Shrew contains small earthworms, crabs, and insects.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Sri Lankan Shrews are terrestrial and diurnal/nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Sri Lankan Shrew appears to live under low herbage and dead leaves in scrub jungle and forests. One individual was found among loose silt and leaves in a field drain, and another under a large stone.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Sri Lankan Shrew has a restricted distribution (less than 5000 km?) and small area of occupancy (less than 500 km?). Its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in extent and quality ofits habitat. Other threats include fire and conversion of suitable habitat to plantations of cardamom and tea. It occurs in Knuckles Forest Reserve in Central Province of Sri Lanka. Ecological and population studies are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), Deraniyagala (1958), Duvernoy (1842), Eisenberg &amp; McKay (1970), Ellerman &amp; Morrison-Scott (1966), Goonatilake et al. (2008a), Hutterer (1993, 2005b), Jenkins et al. (1998), Meegaskumbura et al. (2012), Molur et al. (2005), Phillips (1932, 1980).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0698706FA29ADC5163EFCE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A06A8706FFF4A1E51842F8E2.text	3D474A54A06A8706FFF4A1E51842F8E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus hosei (Thomas 1893)	<div><p>188.</p> <p>Bornean Pygmy Shrew</p> <p>Suncus hosei</p> <p>French: Pachyure de Hose / German: Borneo-Wimperspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana pigmea de Borneo</p> <p>Other common names: Hose's Pygmy Shrew, Hose's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura (Pachyura) hosel Thomas, 1893,</p> <p>“ Bakong River, Baram, East Sarawak,” Malaysia.</p> <p>Suncus hosei was originally described under the generic name Crocidura (Pachyura), and F. N. Chasen in 1940 reclassified it in Suncus. J. R. Ellerman and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott in 1951 considered it a geographical form of S. etruscus. R. Hutterer in 2005 split it to a distinct species based on its morphology. Future molecular stud-</p> <p>ies are needed to testpe ofits status as a distinct species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Restricted to Borneo; probably widespread, although just known from a few scattered localities in N Borneo: Sabah (Kinabalu Park, Crocker Range, and Sepilok), Sarawak (Bakong River, Mulu, and Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary), and</p> <p>Brunei (Belalong). Future field studies in Kalimantan (Indonesia) will likely expand its range.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 53-59 mm, tail 20-28 mm, hindfoot 8-6—10 mm; weight 2-5 g. The Bornean Pygmy Shrew is very small, and its furis short, crisp, and velvety. Dorsum is deep smoky gray, finely grizzled with whitish; venter is rather paler; and ears, feet, and tail are dark brown. Tail is very short, slender, and closely haired, with a few longish hairs usually scattered among shorter ones. Anterior part of first incisor is short and thick; posterior cusp is about equal in size to one of the two posterior unicuspids. First unicuspid is large,its tip reaching same level as first incisor and tip of large premolar; second and third unicuspids are about equal in size, with second slightly longer but slenderer than third; and fourth is well developed, with its tip just visible externally and about equal in height to basal process of large premolar and about one-half the height of third. Anterior lower incisoris long and slender, without denticulations; second lower unicuspid is just higher than anterior cusp of large premolar. Its largersize, shorter tail, less flattened skull, and presence of an accessory cusp on anterior side of first unicuspid seem also to distinguish it from other pygmy shrews. Regarding other sympatric shrews, the Bornean Pygmy Shrew can be externally identified byits small size (less than 60 mm), which sets it apart from all species except the Neglected White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura cf. neglecta), which it can be distinguished from byits shorter tail that is always less than 50% of head-body length, while tail of the Sunda White-toothed Shrew is ¢.70% of head-body length.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary lowland dipterocarp forest and secondary forest. The Bornean Pygmy Shrew is distributed at elevations from sea level up to 800 m. It is probably rare higher than 550 m because it has not been captured during intensive shrew surveys in Sabah at that elevations and at 900 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Bornean Pygmy Shrew is insectivorous, although it might eat carcasses when available because it is attracted by salted fish bait.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Little is known about spatial ecology of the Bornean Pygmy Shrew, but given the low number of records,it is clearly less abundant or more patchily distributed than the syntopic Bornean White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura foetida).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There is an absence of recent information on extent of occurrence, status, and ecological requirements of the Bornean Pygmy Shrew.</p> <p>Bibliography. Camacho-Sanchez &amp; Hinckley (2016), Charles (1996), Chasen (1940), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Ellerman &amp; Morrison-Scott (1951), Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016b), Hawkins et al. (2018), Hinckley et al. (2016), Hutterer (2005b), Medway (1965), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Thomas (1893), Tingga et al. (2011), Yasuma et al. (2003).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A06A8706FFF4A1E51842F8E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A06A8706FFFEA82210BBF5A0.text	3D474A54A06A8706FFFEA82210BBF5A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus malayanus (Kloss 1917)	<div><p>187.</p> <p>Malayan Pygmy Shrew</p> <p>Suncus malayanus</p> <p>French: Pachyure de Malaisie / German: Malaya-Wimperspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana pigmea de Malasia</p> <p>Taxonomy. Pachyura malayana Kloss, 1917,</p> <p>“ Bang Nara, Patani, Peninsular Siam [= Thailand].”</p> <p>Suncus malayanus was first described in Pachyura, which was preoccupied by a ge- nus of beetles. Formerly, malayanus was included in etruscus; however, they clearly differ in ecological and morphological characteristics, which is why R. Hutterer in 2005 classified malayanus as a separate species. A phylogenetic study with mitochon-</p> <p>drial gene sequences by H. Omar and colleagues in 2011 supported its distinct status but placed it in close relationship with etruscus from Europe and Sri Lanka. There are relatively high genetic distances between different samples of malayanus, which might indicate that elevation has been a significant influence in limiting gene flow among populations. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Peninsular Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 37-51 mm, tail 22-34 mm, ear 4-4—6-5 mm, hindfoot 6-7-8-2 mm; weight 1-1-2-4 g. Pelage of the Malayan Pygmy Shrew is blackish bister dorsally and more grayish with brown ventrally. Hairs have pale glistening tips. Some long pale hairs are scattered over body, hindlegs, and tail. Tail is relatively long with sparse dark fur above and short, paler, and dense hair below. Bristle hairs of tail are 12-24 mm long. Large ears and feet are blackish, and forefeet are lighter and more naked than hindfeet. There are three small upper unicuspids. Skull is flattened. Greatest lengths ofskulls are 13-5-14-7 mm.</p> <p>Habitat. Various forest habitats up to elevations of 1465 m. In lowlands of Ulu Gombak and Bukit Rengit, Malayan Pygmy Shrews inhabit extensive secondary evergreen forests. In Cameron Highlands, they occur in montane forests enclosed by tea plantations. At Bang Nara, they were located in tall dipterocarp forests.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Fragments of arthropod exoskeleton in stomach samples of Malayan Pygmy Shrews indicate a predominantly insectivorous diet.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Malayan Pygmy Shrew seems to be widespread on the Thai-Malay Peninsula. Population trends and threats are unknown. It seems dependent on forest structure; therefore, forest clearing to create plantations and harvest wood are problematic. It is unclear if the Malayan Pygmy Shrew occurs in any protected areas. Additional studies are needed to better understand its conservation status.</p> <p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Correia (2016a), Davison (1984), Francis (2008), Hutterer (2005b), Kloss (1917a), Medway (1978), Omar (2012), Omaret al. (2011).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A06A8706FFFEA82210BBF5A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A06A8707FAFFAC24175EFE90.text	3D474A54A06A8707FAFFAC24175EFE90.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus zeylanicus Phillips 1928	<div><p>189.</p> <p>Jungle Shrew</p> <p>Suncus zeylanicus</p> <p>French: Pachyure du Sri Lanka / German: Ceylon-Moschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de jungla</p> <p>Other common names: Ceylon Jungle Shrew, Sri Lankan Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Suncus zeylanicus W. W. A. Phillips, 1928,</p> <p>“ Gonagamma Estate, Kitulgala, in the south western foothills of the cen- tral mountain cluster, Ceylon [= Sri Lan- ka], 900 feet [= 275 m].”</p> <p>Suncus zeylanicus is known from only a few specimens and is sympatric with S. murinus and S. montanus. Despite similarities in size and skull morphology to S. montanus, S. Meegaskumbura and colleagues in 2010 considered it distinct. Subsequent study of</p> <p>hair anatomy by U. Menike and colleagues in 2012 revealed that the two species are clearly distinguishable. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Recorded from the type locality and two other localities in Sabaragamuwa Province, in Central Province, and an unconfirmed record from Western Province, Sri Lanka.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 114 mm and 108 mm, tail 97 mm and 92 mm, ear 13 mm and 10 mm, hindfoot 20 mm and 20 mm (measurements from the type specimen and one other specimen). No specific data are available for body weight. The Jungle Shrew is medium-sized, with short, soft pelage, being dark steely gray dorsally and slightly lighter ventrally; individual hairs are darker at bases and lighter at tips. Tail is 85% of head-body length, being gray dorsally and lighter ventrally, with long bristle hairs scattered overits entire length and short hairs more numerous toward tip.</p> <p>Habitat. Rainforests with low undergrowth on hills at elevations of 150-1068 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Stomach contents of the type specimen contained Coleoptera.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Jungle Shrews are assumed to be nocturnal and crepuscular but might be active intermittently day and night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Ceylon pit viper (Trimeresurus trigonocephalus) is a known predator of the Jungle Shrew.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Jungle Shrew occupies less than 500 km?, its distribution is severely fragmented, and extent of its forest habitat is continuing to decline. Meegaskumbura and colleagues in 2010 failed to catch any Jungle Shrews during intensive trapping at the type locality of Kitugala and in Sinharaja rainforest, in contrast to success catching other species of Suncus.</p> <p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Goonatilake et al. (2008b), Meegaskumbura et al. (2010), Menike et al. (2012), Molur et al. (2005), Phillips (1928, 1980), Wijesinghe &amp; Brooke (2005), Yapa &amp; Ratnavira (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A06A8707FAFFAC24175EFE90	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A06B8707FA25A9B31A06F26D.text	3D474A54A06B8707FA25A9B31A06F26D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus montanus (Kelaart 1850)	<div><p>191.</p> <p>Sr1 Lankan Highland Shrew</p> <p>Suncus montanus</p> <p>French: Pachyure des montagnes / German: Hochland-Moschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de tierras altas de Sri Lanka</p> <p>Other common names: Asian Highland Shrew, Black Shrew-mouse, Hill Shrew, Montane Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex montanus Kelaart, 1850,</p> <p>Pidurutalagala, Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka.</p> <p>G. B. Corbet and J. E. Hill in 1992 regarded S. montanus as a distinct species from S. murinus and questioned the conspecific status of the Indian S. niger and the Sri Lankan S. montanus. R. Hutterer in 2005 considered that S. montanus niger represented a distinct subspecies. In a study of mitochondrial genes, S. Meegaskumbura and C. J. Schneider</p> <p>in 2008 concluded that S. montanus from Sri Lanka was a separate species from S. niger from India and that S. montanus and S. murinus were sister taxa. Subsequently, Meegaskumbura and colleagues in 2010 studied several different populations of §. montanus and S. murinus from Sri Lanka in an analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial genes and morphometric data. Much earlier in 1980, W. W. A. Phillips had reported that interbreeding was known to occur in Sri Lanka between S. montanus (at that time considered to be a subspecies, S. murinus montanus) and other subspecies of S. murinus, and indeed, Meegaskumbura and colleagues found that two populations showed possible hybridization between S. montanus and S. murinus kandianus. Their combined analysis of all nuclear and mitochondrial genes provided high support for S. montanus and S. murinus kandianus as sisters, separate from a clade of the other subspecies of S. murinus from Sri Lanka. An additional study of mitochondrial genes by S. D. Ohdachi and colleagues in 2016 also concluded that S. montanus wassister to a clade of S. murinus from Sri Lanka (from three different locations in Kandy) and that this clade (S. murinus kandianus—S. montanus complex) formed a sister to clades of the majority of S. murinus from many Asian and other locations including two separate clades from Sri Lanka. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Recorded from few localities in Central and Sabaragamuwa provinces, including Sinharaja Forest, Sri Lanka.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 72-106 mm, tail 46-71 mm, ear 7-13 mm, hindfoot 14-19 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Sri Lankan Highland Shrew is medium-sized, with short, soft pelage, being dark brown to blackish brown dorsally and slightly lighter ventrally; some specimens have slight rufous tinge. Tailis 52-80% of head-body length and dark brown, with long bristle hairs scattered over most of its length.</p> <p>Habitat. Highland montane forest and tropical rainforests in low hills, in undergrowth, rotting logs and leaves, vegetation bordering streams, and only rarely human dwellings close to forests, at elevations of 150-2524 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Captive Sri Lankan Highland Shrews ate a wide variety of insects including beetles, cockroaches, grasshoppers and large moths and also worms, bird eggs, lizard eggs, seeds, coconut, small snakes, and a young mouse (Mus). Food is held down by forefeet while biting off pieces. It has been speculated that shrews found half eaten after being caught in deadfall traps overnight had been cannibalized or eaten by other species of shrews.</p> <p>Breeding. Wild-caught pregnant Sri Lankan Highland Shrews with two fetuses were found in early December,late June, and earlyJuly. Young are reportedly born in nests of dead leaves and grass in rough chambers at ends of short burrows, usually under a tree stump or boulder among low vegetation. During the breeding season, basal part of tail becomes markedly swollen, and lateral glands become enlarged and produce distinctive musky odor.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Sri Lankan Highland Shrew is principally but not exclusively nocturnal. Individuals trapped at night were dead before morning, suggesting the need for frequent activity to feed regularly.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Sri Lankan Highland Shrew occurs in restricted and fragmented locations, and there is ongoing decline in area and quality of habitat due to anthropogenic activities. Nevertheless, the Sri Lankan Highland Shrew needs to be reassessed following recognition of the Nilgiri Highland Shrew (i.e. Indian S. niger) as a separate species.</p> <p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Hutterer (2005b), Meegaskumbura &amp; Schneider (2008), Meegaskumbura et al. (2010), Menike et al. (2012), Molur, Nameer &amp; Goonatilake (2008a), Molur, Srinivasulu et al. (2005), Ohdachi et al. (2016), Phillips (1928, 1980), Yapa &amp; Ratnavira (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A06B8707FA25A9B31A06F26D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A06B8707FF21AAF01A1CFD5E.text	3D474A54A06B8707FF21AAF01A1CFD5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus murinus (Linnaeus 1766)	<div><p>190.</p> <p>Asian House Shrew</p> <p>Suncus murinus</p> <p>French: Pachyure musquée / German: Moschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana casera de Asia</p> <p>Other common names: Asian Musk Shrew, Gray Musk Shrew, House Shrew, Indian Musk Shrew, Musk Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex murinus Linnaeus, 1766,</p> <p>“ Java,” Indonesia.</p> <p>Many subspecies and forms have been described within S. murinus, with ¢.59 synonyms. Except that S. montanus from Sri Lanka consists of distinct species of S. murinus from genetic and morphological evidences, no subspecies of S. murinus are recognized here. Suncus murinus is believed to have originally been distributed in southern and South-east Asia and</p> <p>introduced by humans to south-eastern and eastern Asian islands, Arabia, and eastern Africa. In original and introduced distributions, S. murinus shows extensive morphological variation in body size and pelage color, both geographically and individually. Molecular phylogeographic study based on mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene indicated that specimens of S. murinus from Japan (Ryukyu Islands), China, Vietnam, and Indonesia formed a monophyletic group with less genetic variation; those from Sri [Lanka and Myanmar consisted ofat least four different groups each (including S. montanus); and those from Pakistan consists of two distinct groups. In Arabia and Africa, mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene showed that specimens of S. murinus from Zanzibar Island and south-western Iran had almost the same haplotypes; those from Réunion Island were clearly different from those from Madagascar and Grande Comore and were closely related to the phylogroup consisting of one Sri Lankan group and east and south-eastern Asian specimens. Karyotype also differs geographically: 2n = 40 in Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Philippines; 2n = 35-40 in Malaysia; 2n = 30-40 in India; and 2n = 32 in Sri Lanka. Divergence and dispersal history in original and introduced distributions should be reevaluated with additional morphological and genetic studies. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Originally distributed throughout the Indo-Malayan Region and S China, including Taiwan, Hainan, and Sri Lanka (only original range shaded in the map). Possible human-mediate introduced range in Maldives, islands of Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Philippines, Japan (Kyushu and Ryukyu Is), Guam, Palau, and New Guinea. Introduced in historical times into East Africa (Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania), Pemba and Zanzibar (Unguja) Is, Madagascar, Comoro Is, Mauritius, Réunion I, and into coastal Arabia (in the vicinity of seaports in Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Oman).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 90-160 mm, tail 45-110 mm, hindfoot 16-26 mm; weight 23-5-147-3 g. Greater lengths of skulls are 28:6-35 mm. The Asian House Shrew is large, and its body size is highly variable individually and geographically. Males are larger than females, but extent of sexual dimorphism differs geographically. Tail is relatively short and very thick at its base and tapers to fine point; it is covered with short and long silvery white hairs. Eyes are very small. Pelage is short, fine, and dense, varying in color individually and geographically: grayish white, grayish brown, dark gray, and blackish gray. Cases of albino-like individuals were reported from Japan. Females have three pairs of inguinal mammae. Pair of cutaneous scent glandsissituated behind shoulder in both sexes, but more developed in males than females. Skull is strong and heavy and has long and narrow rostrum and long interorbital region. I' is robust. Loss of P? and I’ occurs, varying geographically.</p> <p>Habitat. Various habitats near villages, towns, and cities: houses, buildings, gardens, rice fields, agriculture fields, livestock farms, grain warehouses, drains. The Asian House Shrew is mostly a commensal of humans but sometimes found in forests, scrublands, grasslands, and riverbanks. It might prefer humid condition but is found in relatively arid areas.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Asian House Shrew is omnivorous and feeds on various items such as insects (particularly crickets and cockroaches), other invertebrates, fruits, human food items, vertebrates (frogs and snakes), and plant materials.</p> <p>Breeding. Asian House Shrews are monogamous. Before breeding, females construct nests in crevices or under piles of rubbish in some little-frequented storeroom. Breeding season varies geographically: seasonally or throughout the year, and one peak or two peaks per year, probably depending on monsoon season and temperature. Gestation usually lasts 30-31 days, and litters have 1-8 young. Lactation lasts c.14 days, and weaning occurs at 15-20 days. Young starts to grow visible body fur within a few days after birth and are fully furred by the tenth day. Eyes do not open until 14-15 days old. Caravanning behavior is observed 1-3 weeks after birth, where a train or caravan is formed by holding firmly with their mouths onto the tail or hindquarters of their mother or littermate. Presumably, when the mother encounters something edible, she indicated this to the clinging young that break the caravan and fall upon the food. In the wild, the Asian House Shrew generally does not live beyond one year.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Asian House Shrew usually is active at night and often produces a high-pitched squeak.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home ranges average 3190 m* for males and 614 m” for females in Taiwan and 2556 m* for males in Japan (Ryukyu Islands). The Asian House Shrew has a strong, musky odor; and it is considered solitary and intolerant of conspecifics. Vocal sounds are associated with aggressive behavior and other communications.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Ahmed et al. (2009), Choudhury (2016), Duplantier (2013), Garbutt (2007), Harrison &amp; Bates (1991), Heaney et al. (2016), Hutterer (2005b), Hutterer &amp; Tranier (1990), Jiang Xuelong &amp; Hoffmann (2013), Jogahara, Koyasu et al. (2007), Jogahara, Oda et al. (2008), Jogahara, Ogura et al. (2008), Lin Liangkong &amp; Motokawa (2014), Long (2003), Meegaskumbura et al. (2010), Motokawa (2009), Nakamoto &amp; Nakanishi (2013), Natori &amp; Shigehara (1997), Ohdachi et al. (2016), Rickart (2003), Roberts (1997), Srinivasulu &amp; Srinivasulu (2012), Yamagata et al. (1995), Yapa &amp; Ratnavira (2013), Yosida (1982).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A06B8707FF21AAF01A1CFD5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A06C8700FAF9A8511B2EF5A3.text	3D474A54A06C8700FAF9A8511B2EF5A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus dayi (Dobson 1888)	<div><p>194.</p> <p>Day’s Shrew</p> <p>Suncus dayi</p> <p>French: Pachyure de Day / German: Day-Wimperspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Day</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura dayi Dobson, 1888,</p> <p>“ Madras Presidency, [southern] India.”</p> <p>Electrophoretic studies by M. Ruedi and colleagues in 1996 and P. D. Jenkins and colleagues in 1998 found that S. day, which is sympatric with S. niger and S. murinus in the Nilgiri Hills, is distinct from both species and that morphological similarities to the African Sylvisorex were likely to be an example of convergent evolution. An analysis of the 16s rRNA gene</p> <p>by S. Quérouil and colleagues in 2001 showed S. dayas sister to African S. megalurus, which up to that point had been regarded as a species of Sylvisorex. In their phylogeny based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes, S. Dubey and colleagues in 2007 and 2008 confirmed earlier findings that S. day: forms a clade separate from S. niger (samples from Indian specimens under the name of S. montanus) and S. murinus. Furthermore, Dubey and colleagues in 2008 concluded that the S. murinus + S. [niger] + S. stoliczkanus + S. dayi clade was distinct from S. etruscus and all were distinct from a clade of African species of Suncus and Sylvisorex. In an analysis of mitochondrial genes by S. Meegaskumbura and C. J. Schneider in 2008, S. day: was distinct from a clade of S. murinus + S. montanus + S. niger + S. stoliczkanus. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Highlands of S India; in Tamil Nadu it has been recorded from several localities in the Nilgiri Hills and there is an historical record from the Palni (= Palani) Hills; in Kerala it is recorded from the historical type locality of Thrissur and also the Erivakulam National Park.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 70-78 mm, tail 60-88 mm, ear 11-12 mm, hindfoot 16-17 mm; weight 8-10 g. Pelage of Day’s Shrew is dark brown, being slightly paler ventrally, and bases of hair are gray. Tail is 81-121% of head-body length, with short hair and few long bristle hairs at base.</p> <p>Habitat. Tropical montane evergreen forest and grassland at elevations of 1500-2500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Day’s Shrews are said to be nocturnal and active at dusk but might be intermittently active during the day.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Day’s Shrew has an area of occupancy ofless than 500 km?, it is currently known from few locations, and there is continued decline in extent and quality ofits habitat. Hill forest habitats of Palani Hills and Nilgiri Hills are isolated from each other by lowlands of secondary forests, with anthropogenic activity, cleared cultivated land, and scrublands.</p> <p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Dobson (1888), Dubey, Salamin, Ohdachi et al. (2007), Dubey, Salamin, Ruedi et al. (2008), Hutterer (2005b), Jenkins et al. (1998), Meegaskumbura &amp; Schneider (2008), Molur (2016b), Molur et al. (2005), Pradhan (2009), Quérouil et al. (2001), Ruedi et al. (1996), Shankar (2003).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A06C8700FAF9A8511B2EF5A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A06C8700FFFAAA5011F0F77B.text	3D474A54A06C8700FFFAAA5011F0F77B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus niger (Horsfield 1851)	<div><p>192.</p> <p>Nilgir1 Highland Shrew</p> <p>Suncus niger</p> <p>French: Pachyure de Horsfield / German: Nilgiri-Moschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de tierras altas de Nilgiri</p> <p>Other common names: South Indian Highland Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex niger Horsfield, 1851,</p> <p>“ Madras,” India.</p> <p>G. B. Corbet and J. E. Hill in 1992 ex pressed doubt about the conspecific status of the Indian S. niger and the Sri Lankan S. montanus, including it in the synonymy of S. montanus but questioning if it might be a distinct species. M. Ruedi and colleagues in 1996 found that specimens of S. niger (under the name of S. montanus) and S. murinus from Nilgiri Hills, where</p> <p>the two species are sympatric but not syntopic, were distinct based on protein electrophoresis. R. Hutterer in 2005 considered niger as a distinct subspecies of S. montanus. In their phylogeny based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes, S. Dubey and colleagues in 2007 and 2008 used samples of S. niger (as S. montanus) from the Nilgiri Hills. In 2008, they showed that S. [niger] and S. stoliczkanus formed a clade that was sister to S. murinus and that this clade was distinct from S. day:. In their analysis of mitochondrial genes, S. Meegaskumbura and C. J. Schneider in 2008 concluded that S. niger from Southern India represented a species distinct from S. montanus from Sri Lanka. They also found that S. nigerand S. stoliczkanus from Nepal were sister species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Highlands of S India; recorded from a few disjunct localities in Karnataka and Kerala and from several localities in the Nilgiri and the Palni (= Palani) hills, Tamil Nadu.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 74-114 mm, tail 54-86 mm, ear 7-14 mm, hindfoot 14-21 mm; weight 13-24 g. The Nilgiri Highland Shrew is medium-sized, with short, soft pelage, being dark brown dorsally and slightly lighter ventrally. Tail is 51-93% of head-body length, brown above, and slightly paler below, with long bristle hairs over most of its length.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary and secondary forest, montane semi-evergreen forests, montane rainforest, and highland marshes at elevations of 1050-2440 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Nilgiri Highland Shrews are said to be crepuscular but might be active intermittently night and day.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Nilgiri Highland Shrew was considered as conspecific with the Sri Lankan Highland Shrew (S. montanus). In the 2008 assessment of the Sri Lankan Highland Shrew, the Indian and Sri Lankan populations were classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List because of restricted areas of occupancy, fragmented locations, and continuing decline in area and quality of habitat due to anthropogenic activities.</p> <p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Dubey, Salamin, Ohdachi et al. (2007), Dubey, Salamin, Ruedi et al. (2008), Hutterer (2005b), Meegaskumbura &amp; Schneider (2008), Molur, Nameer &amp; Goonatilake (2008a), Molur, Srinivasulu et al. (2005), Pradhan (2009), Quérouil et al. (2001), Ruedi et al. (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A06C8700FFFAAA5011F0F77B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A06C8700FFF6A394187CFD34.text	3D474A54A06C8700FFF6A394187CFD34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus stoliczkanus (Anderson 1877)	<div><p>193.</p> <p>Anderson’s Shrew</p> <p>Suncus stoliczkanus</p> <p>French: Pachyure d Anderson / German: Stoliczka-\Wimperspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Anderson</p> <p>Other common names: Yellow-throated Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura (P[achyura].) stoliczkana J. Anderson, 1877,</p> <p>Bombay [= Mum- bai], India.</p> <p>S. Dubey and colleagues in 2008, in their analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genes, showed that samples of S. stolicz- kanus from Nepal formed a clade with S. niger (under the name of S. montanus), which wassister to S. murinus and that this clade was distinct from S. day:i. In their study of mitochondrial genes, S. Meegas-</p> <p>kumbura and C. J. Schneider in 2008 found that S. stoliczkanus from Nepal and S. niger from southern India were sister species and separate from a clade of S. montanus from Sri Lanka and S. murinus. S. D. Ohdachi and colleagues in 2016 also showed that S. stoliczkanus wassister to the S. murinus / S. montanus complex. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Widespread but recorded from relatively few locations in Pakistan, India, and Nepal.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 50-85 mm, tail 32-55 mm, ear 6-12 mm, hindfoot 9-15 mm; weight 8-15 g. Pelage of Anderson’s Shrew is short, dense, soft, and variable in color; dorsum is pale silvery gray, often with rufous wash; and venter is buffy or grayish brown, slightly paler than dorsum. Pelage color varies somewhat depending on location, being paler in mesic regions. Tail is 51-95% of head-body length, with scattering of long pale bristle hairs overits length.</p> <p>Habitat. Various habitats including arid country, plains, grasslands, and open forests interspersed with scrub, near water courses, paddy fields, riverine areas, and gardens, at elevations up to 500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. A lactating Anderson’s Shrew was caught in Sindh in January, and breeding might occur during all but the coldest months of the year.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Anderson’s Shrews are assumed to be nocturnal but might be active intermittently day and night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Anderson's Shrew has been recorded from few locations but over a wide distribution. It occurs in several protected areas. It appears to tolerate some habitat disturbance but might be locally threatened by anthropogenic activities.</p> <p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), Hutterer (2005b), Jenkins (2013), Meegaskumbura &amp; Schneider (2008), Molur (2016a), Molur et al. (2005), Ohdachi et al. (2016), Pradhan (2009), Roberts (1997).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A06C8700FFF6A394187CFD34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A06C8701FAFAA1E01156F95A.text	3D474A54A06C8701FAFAA1E01156F95A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus mertensi Kock 1974	<div><p>195.</p> <p>Flores Shrew</p> <p>Suncus mertensi</p> <p>French: Pachyure de Florés / German: Flores-Wimperspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Flores</p> <p>Other common names: Flores Pygmy Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Suncus mertensi Kock, 1974,</p> <p>Rana Mese (near Ruteng), Flores, Indonesia</p> <p>Originally, specimens from Flores were together with some shrews from the oth- er Lesser Sunda Islands and erroneously classified as Crocidura monticola, without detailed research of taxonomical characteristics. D. Kock in 1974 identified the Flores specimens as a new species, S. mertensi, with similarities to the other</p> <p>long-tailed species S. dayi and S. megalurus. P. D. Jenkins and others in 1998 discussed a possible relationship between long-tailed species of Suncus and the granti-group of the African genus Sylvisorex, given some similarities in cranial characteristics. This has been tested in several morphological and biochemical studies with S. dayi, but</p> <p>genetic results did not support this proposed relationship. Therefore, similarities are probably based on a convergent adaptation to climbing activity. Additional studies are needed to resolve phylogenetic position of mertensi. It probably is a survivor from the late Pleistocene. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality near Lake Rana Mese (altitude c.1200 m) on the W part of Flores I, Indonesia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 62-68 mm, tail 54-62 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Fur of the Flores Shrew is reddish brown to dark brown and shows no noticeable color differences between dorsal and ventral sides. Hair is relatively long. Upper parts and underparts of forefeet and hindfeet and ears are dark. Feet are elongated, with extended wide-ranging phalanges. Tail is unicolored, 83-87% of head-body length, and prehensile, which allows climbing. Tail has limited number of long bristles, with unpigmented tips on basal onehalf. Aboral cusp of first upper incisor is rarely higher than fourth unicuspid. Mandible is slender and elongated. Skull of the Flores Shrew is larger than in the Bornean Pygmy Shrew (S. hosei) and the Malayan Pygmy Shrew (S. malayanus) but smaller than in the Black Shrew (S. ater). Skull of the Flores Shrew has a curved profile caused by conspicuously arched braincase. Condylo-basal lengths are 19-3-19-9 mm.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist montane forests. It is not clear whether the Flores Shrew can adapt to anthropogenic environments.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Long tail and elongated feet of the Flores Shrew probably indicate a scansoriallifestyle.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The population size of the Flores Shrew is unknown but presumed to be decreasing because of habitat loss in a limited distribution ofless than 5000 km?. Human population in the region is high, and montane forests are threatened with illegal wood harvesting, conversion to farmland, and expanding settlements. The Flores Shrew occurs in Ruteng Nature Recreation Park, but there are several conflicts with communities about the borders of the Park. Additional surveys are needed to better understand densities and distribution and to develop conservation projects.</p> <p>Bibliography. Clayton (2016), Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), van der Geer et al. (2010), Hutterer (1985, 2005b), Jenkins et al. (1998), Kock (1974), Mertens (1929, 1936).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A06C8701FAFAA1E01156F95A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A06D8701FF28A7E61B40F937.text	3D474A54A06D8701FF28A7E61B40F937.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus aequatorius (Heller 1912)	<div><p>197.</p> <p>Taita Shrew</p> <p>Suncus aequatorius</p> <p>French: Pachyure des Taita / German: Taita-Wimperspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Taita</p> <p>Other common names: Dodoma Shrew, Taita Dwarf Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Pachyura lixa aequatoria Heller, 1912,</p> <p>Summit of Mt. Sagalla, Taita Hills, Kenya.</p> <p>The seven species of endemically African Suncus seem to be more closely related to Sylvisorex than to other species of Suncus. They might be better placed in Sylvisorex but are retained within Suncus here until additional research is conducted. S. aequatorius has been included in S. lixa but is now generally considered as separate species based on morphology. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only form Mt Sagalla and Chawia Forest in the Taita Hills of SE Kenya; possibly also found in NE Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 53-85 mm, tail 51-67 mm, ear 5-5-9-5 mm, hindfoot 11-2-14 mm; weight 7-5-11 g. The Taita Shrew is small to medium-sized, with soft, smooth, and short fur. Males are usually considerably larger than females. Dorsum is gray (hairs with gray bases and brown tips); venteris paler gray. Head is broad; muzzle is pink, covered with long white clear vibrissae; eyes are small; and ears are large, ovalshaped, nearly barren of hair, and pale (nearly white). Feet have five digits and short conspicuously white claws, and they are covered with short fine white hair. Tail is ¢.78% of head-body length, thin, and covered with dirty whitish fine hair. The Taita Shrew has been primarily differentiated from the Greater Dwarf Shrew (S. lixa) byits overall larger size, longer tail, and pelage color, although additional morphometric studies are needed to determine skull differences. There are four unicuspids, and fourth is very small; teeth are unpigmented white.</p> <p>Habitat. Highly degraded montane forests at elevations of 1500-1600 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Taita Shrew is relatively common in its degraded, highly fragmented, and small distribution. Its extent of occurrence is only ¢.880 km? and all specimens are from two localities occurring in fewer than five locations in the Taita Hills. It seems to be somewhat resilient but is certainly threatened by general habitat destruction and fragmentation throughout its distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dubey, Salamin, Ohdachi et al. (2007), Dubey, Salamin, Ruedi et al. (2008), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Kennerley (2016b), Oguge &amp; Hutterer (2013), Oguge et al. (2004).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A06D8701FF28A7E61B40F937	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A06D8701FF25ADB71049F3AD.text	3D474A54A06D8701FF25ADB71049F3AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus ater Medway 1965	<div><p>196.</p> <p>Black Shrew</p> <p>Suncus ater</p> <p>French: Pachyure noire / German: Kinabalu-Moschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana negra</p> <p>Taxonomy. Suncus ater Medway, 1965,</p> <p>Lumu-Lumu, 5500 ft. (= 1676 m), Gunung (= Mt.) Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.</p> <p>Prior to description of S. ater by Lord Med- way, it was treated under Crocidura foetida by G. M. Allen and H. J. Coolidge in 1940. Phylogenetic relationship is unknown. Additional studies are needed to elucidate its nearest relative and position within Suncus. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the holotype collected on Mt TEN Borneo; it might occur more widely in the Bornean Highlands.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 75 mm, tail 57 mm, ear 8 mm, hindfoot 12 mm (holotype). No specific data are available for body weight. The Black Shrew is uniformly blackish brown dorsally, slightly darker than the Bornean White-toothed Shrew (Crocudura foetida) from the same locality. Underparts are scarcely paler. Scattered long hairs on tail (76% of head-body length) are restricted to basal 1 cm oftail and dark not pale. Body size of the Black Shrew is comparable with the Bornean White-toothed Shrew, but differences in skull dimensions and an extra unicuspid in upper tooth row are distinctive. Fifth tooth is the small unicuspid, characteristic of the genus Suncus. Condylo-basal length is 21-3 mm.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane forest at an elevation of ¢.1676 m (holotype).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The only known location of the Black Shrew was in Kinabalu Park. Additional studies are needed to understand its distribution, abundance, natural history, and threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Allen &amp; Coolidge (1940), Chiozza (2016a), Hutterer (2005b), Medway (1965, 1977), Payne et al. (1985), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A06D8701FF25ADB71049F3AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A06D8702FA29AC5C175FFDF5.text	3D474A54A06D8702FA29AC5C175FFDF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus lixa (Thomas 1898)	<div><p>198.</p> <p>Greater Dwarf Shrew</p> <p>Suncus lixa</p> <p>French: Pachyure cantiniere / German: MittelgroRe Wimperspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana enana mayor</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura (Pachyura) lixa Thomas, 1898,</p> <p>Nyika Plateau, Malawi.</p> <p>In the original combination, the epithet lixa 1s a classical Latin noun and is there- fore invariable. The seven species of en- demically African Suncus seem to be more closely related to Sylvisorex than to other species of Suncus. They might be better placed in Sylvisorex but are retained in Suncus here until additional research is conducted. Suncus lixa previously includ-</p> <p>ed S. aequatorius, although it is recognized here due to its morphological differences, although genetic data have not yet validated this. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Southern Africa in S DR Congo, E Angola, Zambia, SW Tanzania, N Malawi, Zimbabwe, NE Namibia, N Botswana, S Mozambique, Swaziland, and E South Africa.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 52-81 mm, tail 36-51 mm, ear 5-8 mm, hindfoot 12 mm; weight 4-9 g. The Greater Dwarf Shrew is medium-sized, but it is a small shrew in the family. Dorsum is grayish brown; venter is pale gray; and there is no sharp demarcation, with dorsum and venter gradually blending into each other on sides. Head is long and slender, with narrow pointed muzzle; eyes are small; and ears are relatively large and rounded. Feet are generally whitish. Tail is ¢.64% of head-body length, covered with hair, and bicolored, being brown above and whitish or yellow below. Females have three pairs of inguinal mammae. Skull of the Greater Dwarf Shrew is shorter than in the Lesser Dwarf Shrew (S. varilla). There are four unicuspids, and fourth is very small; teeth are unpigmented white.</p> <p>Habitat. Various dry tropical savannas and woodlands, commonly riverine forests, open dry scrub, open grassland, coastal lowland forests, Acacia (Fabaceae) woodlands, and suburban gardens. Greater Dwarf Shrews primarily occur in lowland habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Greater Dwarf Shrews are insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of the Greater Dwarf Shrew probably occurs year-round but has been recorded in wet seasons (January) in South Africa. A lactating female was captured in August in KwaZulu-Natal. Litters have three young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Greater Dwarf Shrews are known to inhabit and build nests in termite mounds. They might go into torpor when food is scarce, similarly to other crocidurines, although this has not been documented.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although the Greater Dwarf Shrew has a relatively wide distribution and it does not seem to face any major threats,it is known from only a few scattered specimens throughoutits distribution and is difficult to catch.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baxter &amp; Dippenaar (2013i), Cassola (2017c), Dubey, Salamin, Ohdachi et al. (2007), Dubey, Salamin, Ruedi et al. (2008), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Taylor (1998), Wirminghaus &amp; Nanni (1989).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A06D8702FA29AC5C175FFDF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A06E8702FFFFA919112CF7F7.text	3D474A54A06E8702FFFFA919112CF7F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus hututsi Kerbis Peterhans & Hutterer 2009	<div><p>199.</p> <p>Hutu-Tutsi Dwarf Shrew</p> <p>Suncus hututsi</p> <p>French: Pachyure des Hutus-Tutsis / German: Hutu-Tutsi-Wimperspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana enana de Hutu-Tutsi</p> <p>Taxonomy. Suncus hututsi Kerbis Peterhans &amp; Hutterer, 2009,</p> <p>“ Burundi, Bubanza Province, Kubutare Colline, Kibira National Park, Ruhondo Forest Block (02°56’S, 29°29°E,, 2040 m).”</p> <p>The seven species of endemically African Suncus seem to be more closely related to Sylvisorex than to other species of Suncus. They might be better placed in Sylvisorex but are retained within Suncus here until additional research is conducted. Mono-</p> <p>typic.</p> <p>Distribution. S Uganda and Burundi, possibly also in E DR Congo and Rwanda.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 44-58 mm, tail 28-33 mm, ear 4-7 mm, hindfoot 8-9 mm; weight 1.7-2-4 g. The Hutu-Tutsi Dwarf Shrew is very small, with very long pelage. Dorsum is blackish gray, and venter is slightly paler. Eyes are tiny, and ears are small and visible in dorsal view of head but hidden under fur otherwise. Tail is mid-length for the genus (c.60% of head-body length), bicolored (dark brown above, slightly paler below), and covered with small bristle hairs. Females have three pairs of inguinal mammae. Skull is small, with short upper tooth row, lightly built mandible, and low coronoid process. I, does not have denticulations. There are four unicuspids, and fourth is very small; teeth are unpigmented white.</p> <p>Habitat. Well-drained closed canopy montane forests and bamboo forests at elevations of 1170-2350 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Stomach contents of Hutu-Tutsi Dwarf Shrews contained spiders and immature and adult Coleoptera.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Hutu-Tutsi Dwarf Shrews are nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Hutu-Tutsi Dwarf Shrew was only recently described and is only found in restricted locations in several nature reserves.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dubey, Salamin, Ohdachi et al. (2007), Dubey, Salamin, Ruedi et al. (2008), Engelbrektsson (2016b), Kerbis Peterhans (2013c), Kerbis Peterhans &amp; Hutterer (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A06E8702FFFFA919112CF7F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A06E8702FFFEA3101A15FBA0.text	3D474A54A06E8702FFFEA3101A15FBA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus infinitestmus (Heller 1912)	<div><p>200.</p> <p>Least Dwarf Shrew</p> <p>Suncus infinitestmus</p> <p>French: Pachyure de Heller / German: Zwergwimperspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana enana minima</p> <p>Taxonomy. Pachyura infinitesima Heller, 1912,</p> <p>Rumruti, 7000 ft. (= 2135 m), Laikipia Plateau, Kenya.</p> <p>The seven species of endemically African Suncus seem to be more closely related to Sylvisorex than to other species of Suncus. They might be better placed in Sylvisorex but are retained in Suncus here until additional research is conducted. Suncus infinitesimus possibly represents a species complex considering its wide and frag-</p> <p>mented distribution that consists of three widely separate clusters. It might be closest genetically to S. remy, which together might be close to S. etruscus or S. varilla, although phylogeny in Suncus is obscure and uncertain. Three names that have been allocated to the three distributional clusters of S. infinitesimus might be valid but require additional research: chriseos in South Africa, infinitesimus in East Africa, and ubanguiensis in Central Africa. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Found in three main clusters in C Cameroon and SW Central African Republic (both are known only from single records), W Kenya, and S &amp; E South Africa and Swaziland; range is probably much more extensive, although it has not been collected readily outside its South African and Kenyan distribution.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 42-62 mm, tail 23-31 mm, ear 3-7 mm, hindfoot 7-9 mm; weight 2-8-3-1 g. The Least Dwarf Shrew is one of the smallest species of shrew. Dorsum is darkish gray brown (hairs dark slate-gray at bases, with white subterminal bands and brown tips), with gray venter (hairs on venter dark slate-gray at bases with white tips); and dorsum and venter fade together on sides. Muzzle is long and narrow, head is slender, eyes are small, and ears large and round. Feet are grayish brown. Tail is ¢.55% of head-body length and bicolored, being brown above and paler below. Skull is shorter than in the Climbing Shrew (S. megalurus). Female Least Dwarf Shrews have three inguinal mammae. There are four unicuspids, and fourth is very small; teeth are unpigmented white.</p> <p>Habitat. Forested and open habitats, including montane grasslands, savannas, mixed bushveld, and primary moist forests at elevations of 1700-2100 m. Least Dwarf Shrews have often been found associated with mounds of the snouted termite (Trinervitermes trinervoides).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Least Dwarf Shrews are presumably insectivorous and are known to eat beetles in captivity.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding of Least Dwarf Shrews involves nose-to-tail chasing, followed by brief copulation.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Least Dwarf Shrews are usually solitary. They shelter in termite mounds that are moist and cool compared with warmer temperatures outside, which reduces metabolic costs of regulating body temperature in warm environments. Least Dwarf Shrews build ball-shaped nests in termite mounds, and they might go into torpor similarly to other species of crocidurines.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Least Dwarf Shrew does not seem to have any major direct threats, although it is considerably rare to catch throughoutits wide but fragmented distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baxter &amp; Dippenaar (2013h), Cassola (2017b), Dubey, Salamin, Ohdachi et al. (2007), Dubey, Salamin, Ruedi et al. (2008), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Lynch (1983), Meester &amp; Lambrechts (1971), Quérouil et al. (2001), Ray &amp; Hutterer (1996), Young &amp; Evans (1993).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A06E8702FFFEA3101A15FBA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A06E8702FAE0AFE5150AF528.text	3D474A54A06E8702FAE0AFE5150AF528.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus remyi Brosset, Dubost & Heim de Balsac 1965	<div><p>201.</p> <p>Remy’s Pygmy Shrew</p> <p>Suncus remyi</p> <p>French: Pachyure de Rémy / German: Remy-Wimperspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana enana de Remy</p> <p>Other common names: Gabon Dwarf Shrew, Remy’s Dwarf Shrew, Remy’s Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Suncus remyi Brosset, Dubost &amp; Heim de Balsac, 1965,</p> <p>Makokou, Gabon.</p> <p>The seven species of endemically African Suncus seem to be more closely related to Sylvisorex than to other species of Suncus. They might be better placed in Sylvisorex but are retained in Suncus here until additional research is conducted. Suncus remyi seems to be closest to S. infinitesimus based on genetic data. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. NE Gabon, NW Republic of</p> <p>the Congo, and SW Central African Republic in WC Africa; possibly also in SW Cameroon.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 42-49 mm, tail 17-21 mm, ear 5-6 mm, hindfoot 6-7 mm; weight 1-5-1-8 g. Remy’s Pygmy Shrew is one of the smallest living shrews and mammals (very similar in size to the Etruscan Shrew, S. etruscus) based on weight and has fine, short, and dense fur. Dorsum of Remy’s Pygmy Shrew is rich reddish brown to rufous brown (hairs gray at bases with rest being reddish brown), and venter is slightly paler than dorsum. Head is long and narrow, with narrow and pointed muzzle; ears are rounded, naked, and conspicuous; and eyes are small. Feet are dark reddish brown, with small claws. Tail is ¢.41% of head-body length, thin, covered with short dark hairs on basal 50-80% of length, and uniformly dark brown. There are four unicuspids, and fourth is very small; teeth are unpigmented white.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary moist rainforest and secondary marshy forest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. A pregnant Remy’s Pygmy Shrew with one embryo was captured in August. Litters seem to have only one young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Remy’s Pygmy Shrew has a relatively small distribution but is found in Minkébé National Park in Gabon. It does not seem to face any major threats other than localized habitat loss and degradation.</p> <p>Bibliography. Brosset (1988), Brosset et al. (1965b), Cassola (2017d), Dubey, Salamin, Ohdachi et al. (2007), Dubey, Salamin, Ruedi et al. (2008), Goodman &amp; Hutterer (2004), Goodman et al. (2001), Happold (20130), Quérouil et al. (2001), Ray &amp; Hutterer (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A06E8702FAE0AFE5150AF528	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A06E8703FAFDA05913DEF728.text	3D474A54A06E8703FAFDA05913DEF728.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus varilla (Thomas 1895)	<div><p>202.</p> <p>Lesser Dwarf Shrew</p> <p>Suncus varilla</p> <p>French: Pachyure des termitiéres / German: Kleine Wimperspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana enana menor</p> <p>Other common names: Termite Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura (Pachyura) varilla Thomas, 1895,</p> <p>East London, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.</p> <p>The seven species of endemically African Suncus seem to be more closely related to Sylvisorex than to other species of Suncus. They might be better placed in Sylvisorex but are retained in Suncus here until additional research is conducted. S. varilla might represent multiple species or subspecies with additional research due to its</p> <p>largely discontinuous distribution. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SE DR Congo and W Tanzania S through E Zambia, W Malawi, W Mozambique, and E Zimbabwe to South Africa and Lesotho, as well as a single isolated record from C Nigeria; most records throughoutits distribution are scattered.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 44-68 mm, tail 25-45 mm, ear 7-9 mm, hindfoot 9-10 mm; weight 6-5 g. The Lesser Dwarf Shrew is very small. Dorsum is grayish chestnut (hairs pale slate-gray at bases, with silvery white subterminal bands and buffy brown tips), and venter is whitish gray (hairs pale slate-gray at bases with broad white to fawn tips). Unlike other African Suncus, dorsum and venter are clearly demarcated. Head is slender; muzzle is long, narrow, and pointed; eyes are small; and ears are conspicuous, rounded, and naked. Feet are white and short, with small claws. Tail is c.60% of head-body length, thin, covered with many long bristle hairs throughout, and bicolored, being brown above and paler below. There are four unicuspids, and fourth is very small; teeth are unpigmented white.</p> <p>Habitat. Various grassland habitats, including suburban gardens, open savanna, and secondary margins of coastal forests. Lesser Dwarf Shrews are often associated with the termite mounds of snouted harvester termites (Trinervitermes trinervoides).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Lesser Dwarf Shrew is insectivorous. Captive individuals ate grasshoppers, crickets, termites, and ox liver.</p> <p>Breeding. The Lesser Dwarf Shrew is thought to be monogamous year-round (65% of adults occurring in pairs) but breeds seasonally relative to dry and wet seasons. Breeding generally occurs during late dry season (August-September) and wet season (October-March). Pregnant females are less common as young are born and cared for. Litters have 2-7 young (average 3-3), and females can have 2-3 litters in their lifetimes. Young stay with their mother for about nine months, which is extremely long for a shrew. Young generally leave their mothers in dry season (about May) and pair with a mate before breeding starts again in August. Caravanning has been recorded. Very few females produce a second litter in the same breeding season (c.18%), although there is postpartum estrus. About 42% of a population can consist ofjuveniles and subadults by the beginning of the wet season in October. Unlike many other shrew life cycles, Lesser Dwarf Shrews do experience major die-offs associated with seasonal breeding, and they are estimated to live 24-30 months.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Lesser Dwarf Shrews seem to be active day and night. Their spherical nests are built in termite mounds, mostly in the center or oriented toward the north or west side of the mound, which is the warmer side, and usually underground. Termite mounds provide a more constant temperature, thus minimizing their thermoregulatory energy costs. Lesser Dwarf Shrews can enter torpor to reduce energy expenditures when food is scarce or other conditions are not favorable.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Densities of Lesser Dwarf Shrews have been estimated at 0-25-8 ind/ha in central Free State Province, South Africa.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Lesser Dwarf Shrew is common throughout much ofits distribution and does not seem to face any major threats, although it might be affected by local habitat degradation in some regions.</p> <p>Bibliography. Ansell (1978), Ansell &amp; Dowsett (1988), Baxter &amp; Dippenaar (2013k), Cassola (2017e), Dubey, Salamin, Ohdachi et al. (2007), Dubey, Salamin, Ruedi et al. (2008), Happold (1987), Lynch (1986, 1990a, 1991, 1994), Taylor (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A06E8703FAFDA05913DEF728	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A06F8703FA25AE3217B7F263.text	3D474A54A06F8703FA25AE3217B7F263.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ruwenzorisorex suncoides (Osgood 1936)	<div><p>204.</p> <p>Rwenzori Shrew</p> <p>Ruwenzorisorex suncoides</p> <p>French: Pachyure du Rwenzori / German: Ruwenzori-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Rwenzori</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sylvisorex suncoides Osgood, 1936,</p> <p>“ Kalongi, western slope of Mount Ruwenzori, Belgain Congo [= DR Congo]. Alt. 7,000 ft. [= 2134 m].”</p> <p>Ruwenzorisorex seems to be close to Sun- cus or possibly Sylvisorex based on genetic data. R. suncoides was originally described as a species of Sylvisorex and was moved to Ruwenzorisorex due to brain morphology and its very distinctive morphology, which is supported now by genetic data. Mono-</p> <p>typic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to the Albertine Rift in E DR Congo, SW Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 84-102 mm, tail 55-70 mm, ear 7-8 mm, hindfoot 16-19 mm; weight 18-23 g. The Rwenzori Shrew is large (larger than any Sylvisorex) and semi-aquatic (the only semi-aquatic Crocidurinae), with woolly, waterrepellent fur. Dorsum is blackish gray, flecked with paler gray; individual hairs have slate-gray bases and brown tips; and there are long pale guard hairs on rump. Venter is slate-gray, with hairs with gray bases and pale gray or brownish tips. Vibrissae are well developed, muzzle is swollen, eyes are very small, and ears are small and do not extend past fur. Feet are like those of terrestrial species, with short claws. Tail is c.40% of head-body length, slightly bicolored (dark above and paler below), and lacking long bristle hairs. Skull is elongated and dorsoventrally compressed, with concave profile in lateral view. There are four unicuspids, and fourth is only a little smaller than third. Lower incisors are smooth and without denticulations. Unlike all other crocidurines, the Rwenzori Shrew shares similarities with aquatic shrews in Nectogalini, including their enlarged medulla oblongata, enlarged foramen magnum, and expanded trigeminal nerve system in muzzle, but they do not have altered tails or feet as in other aquatic species. Dental formulais 13/1, C1/1, P2/1,M 3/3(x2)=30.</p> <p>Habitat. Near clear shallow streams in primary montane moist forests at elevations of 1800-2350 m. Ugandan records of the Rwenzori Shrew come from meandering streams going through Brillantaisia (Acanthaceae) swamps, and Burundi records come from streams surrounded by forests of scattered Syzygium (Myrtaceae), Symphonia (Clusiaceae), Arundinaria bamboo, Cyathea tree ferns, and Tabernaemontana (Apocynaceae).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Rwenzori Shrews have been attracted to animal baits of fish and worms.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Rwenzori Shrew is the only semi-aquatic shrew in Africa.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Rwenzori Shrew has a very restricted distribution (area of occupancy is almost certainly less than 2000 km?) and is rare (only known from ten specimens). It is found in multiple nature reserves, including Rwenzori Mountains National Park and Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest National Park in Uganda and Bururi Nature Reserve and Kibira National Park in Burundi. Its biggest threats seem to be coal mining, logging operations, and conversion of natural habitat for agricultural purposes.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hutterer (1986a), Kerbis Peterhans (2013b, 2016), Meegaskumbura et al. (2014), Quérouil et al. (2001).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A06F8703FA25AE3217B7F263	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A06F8703FF27A25017B2FBA7.text	3D474A54A06F8703FF27A25017B2FBA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus megalurus (Jentink 1888)	<div><p>203.</p> <p>Climbing Shrew</p> <p>Suncus megalurus</p> <p>French: Pachyure grimpeuse / German: Langschwanz-Wimperspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana trepadora</p> <p>Other common names: Climbing Dwarf Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Pachyura megalura Jentink, 1888,</p> <p>Schlieffelinsville, Junk River, Liberia.</p> <p>Widely used specific name megalura has been changed for gender agreement. The seven species of endemically African Suncus seem to be more closely related to Sylvisorex than to other species of Suncus. They might be better placed in Sylvisorex but are retained within Suncus here until additional research is conducted. Suncus</p> <p>megalurus itself was generally included in Sylvisorex until genetic data found it to be closer to species of African Suncus, although more recent phylogenetic studies show that S. megalurus might be more related to some species of Sylvisorex (namely S. olullae) than to African species of Suncus. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Throughout sub-Saharan Africa from Guinea E to W Kenya and S to C Mozambique and C Angola, as well as an isolated region of W Ethiopia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 50-65 mm, tail 82-97 mm, ear 6-10 mm, hindfoot 14-17 mm; weight 3-8 g. The Climbing Shrew is small. Dorsum is grayish, with brown tinge (hairs gray with brown tips); venter is whitish to pale buff (hairs gray with buff or white tips); and fur is soft and moderately dense. Sides can either be similar to dorsal pelage or grayer, fading into ventral pelage. Head is slender; muzzle is long, narrow, and pointed; eyes are small; and ears are relatively large and rounded. Feet are brown, slender, and longer than in other congenerics. Tail is ¢.118% of head-body length, thin, covered with tiny dark bristles, and bicolored, being dark brown above and pale</p> <p>buff below. Females have three inguinal mammae. There are four unicuspids, and fourth is very small; teeth are unpigmented white. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 96.</p> <p>Habitat. Various forest and savanna habitats throughout sub-Saharan Africa, such as lowland and montane tropical moist forests, forest edge, and moist savanna habitats at elevations of 1600-1900 m (uncommonly at higher elevations).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Climbing Shrew is insectivorous and eats various invertebrates including grasshoppers and centipedes.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproductively active female Climbing Shrews have been captured in March, June, August, and November. Litters average 1-8 young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Climbing Shrew is scansorial (evident by its very long tail) and is known to use its tail and hindfeet to hold itself while stretching between branches. A nest in Zimbabwe was spherical, made of broad-leafed grasses, and placed 1 m above the ground in branches of a bush.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No Information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Climbing Shrew is widespread and relatively common throughoutits distribution, with no major threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baxter &amp; Dippenaar (2013]), Churchfield et al. (2004), Dieterlen &amp; Heim de Balsac (1979), Dubey, Salamin, Ohdachi et al. (2007), Dubey, Salamin, Ruedi et al. (2008), Meylan (1975), Quérouil et al. (2001), Vogel (1974).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A06F8703FF27A25017B2FBA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A060870CFFF8A38A14AEFE6E.text	3D474A54A060870CFFF8A38A14AEFE6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sylvisorex akaibet Mukinzi, Hutterer & Barriere 2009	<div><p>206.</p> <p>Akaibe’s Forest Shrew</p> <p>Sylvisorex akaiber</p> <p>French: Pachyure d/Akaibe / German: Akaibe-Waldmoschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de bosque de Akaibe</p> <p>Other common names: Dudu Akaibe's Pygmy Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sylvisorex akaibet Mukinzi, Hutterer &amp; Barriere, 2009, “Masako Forest Re- serve (00°36-304'N 25°15-389’E, 388 m), Kisangani area, Tshopo district, northwestern DR Congo.”</p> <p>This species is monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Right bank of the Congo River in NC DR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 60-73 mm, tail 30-34 mm, ear 6-3-7-9 mm, hindfoot 9.7-11-2 mm; weight 4-5-6-5 g. Akaibe’s Forest Shrew is small to medium-sized. Dorsum is dark brown, and venteris dark grayish brown and relatively indistinct from the dorsum (hairs have cream-colored tips). Lips are paler than dorsum; ridge of nose is covered with dark hair; and ears are small, round, pocketed, and covered with very short hairs. Feet are medium in length, with short claws. Tail is 47-54% of head-body length, proximal 14-22% is covered by scattered long bristle hairs, and it is bicolored, being dark brown above and paler below. Skull is similar to that of the Moon Forest Shrew (S. lunaris) but smaller, and M? is narrow. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland forest at elevations of 388-497 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information aboutthis species, but Akaibe’s Forest Shrews are probably terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Akaibe’s Forest Shrew was only recently described and is known only from a few specimens in</p> <p>a small distribution. It has been recorded in Masako Forest Reserve and is found in secondary habitats, indicating that it is moderately resistant to habitat degradation.</p> <p>Bibliography. Mukinzi et al. (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A060870CFFF8A38A14AEFE6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A060870CFFFDAAF01140F771.text	3D474A54A060870CFFFDAAF01140F771.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sylvisorex johnstoni (Dobson 1888)	<div><p>205.</p> <p>Johnston's Forest Shrew</p> <p>Sylvisorex johnstoni</p> <p>French: Pachyure de Johnston / German: Johnston-Waldmoschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de bosque de Johnston</p> <p>Other common names: Johnston's Shrew, Johnston's Pygmy Shrew, Pygmy Forest Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Myosorex johnstoni Dobson, 1888,</p> <p>Rio del Rey, Cameroon.</p> <p>There is considerable genetic distance be- tween populations of S. johnston: in southern Gabon and eastern DR Congo, indicating that there might be some cryptic species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Found in two disjunct regions: one in WC Africa in S Cameroon, SW Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea (including Bioko I), Gabon, and</p> <p>Republic of the Congo, and the other in EC Africa in EC DR Congo, S Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and NW Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 45-53 mm, tail 25-36 mm, ear 7-9 mm, hindfoot 8-12 mm; weight 2:3-3.5 g. Johnston's Forest Shrew is very small and represents the smallest species of Sylvisorex along with the Volcano Forest Shrew (S. vulcanorum). Dorsum ofJohnston's Forest Shrew is pale brown, and venter is orange; specimens from Bioko Island have reddish brown dorsum and paler venter. Rostrum is short, and ears are covered with short hairs, being moderate in size. Tail is c.50-60% of head-body length and dark above and below, with short and barely visible hairs. There are four unicuspids. Dental formula for all species of Sylvisorexis 13/2, C 1/0, P 2/1, M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 38, which is very small compared with other species of African shrews and shrews in general.</p> <p>Habitat. Disturbed and undisturbed rainforest habitats. Johnston's Forest Shrew is generally associated with primary tropical moist forest. In the western part of its distribution, it is found in lowland forests at elevations of 100-625 m, but in the east,it occurs in montane and mid-elevation forests at 1000-2250 m. It can also be found, less commonly, in marshy forest and riparian forest in Gabon.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. At Mount Doudou, Gabon, reproductive activity ofJohnston’s Forest Shrew occurred year-round.</p> <p>Activity patterns. There is no specific information about this species, but Johnston's Forest Shrews are probably terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Johnston's Shrew is very abundant throughout its distribution and is one of the most abundant species of shrews in small carnivore scats in Gabon.</p> <p>Bibliography. Goodman &amp; Hutterer (2004), Goodman etal. (2001), Hutterer (1986a), Nicolas (2003), Nicolas et al. (2005), Quérouil et al. (2003), Ray &amp; Hutterer (1996, 20139).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A060870CFFFDAAF01140F771	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A060870CFAE1AA9C142FF7F6.text	3D474A54A060870CFAE1AA9C142FF7F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sylvisorex lunaris Thomas 1906	<div><p>207.</p> <p>Moon Forest Shrew</p> <p>Sylvisorex lunaris</p> <p>French: Pachyure de la Lune / German: Mondberg-Waldmoschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de bosque de las Montanas de la Luna</p> <p>Other common names: Crescent Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sylvisorex lunaris Thomas, 1906,</p> <p>Mubuku Valley, 12,000 ft. (= 3810 m), Rwenzori East, Uganda.</p> <p>S. lunaris might represent a species complex of very restricted species, but additional research is needed. Genetic studies have placed it close to S. granti and S. johnstoni. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. EC DR Congo, SW Uganda, W Rwanda, and W Burundi,as well as Idjwi I in Lake Kivu.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 70-93 mm, tail 45-56 mm, ear 7-10 mm, hindfoot 12-16 mm; weight 9-20 g. The Moon Forest Shrew is medium-sized, with soft and dense pelage and a silky sheen. Dorsum is dark grayish brown to medium brown, and venter is brownish gray and paler than dorsum. Feet are dark brown. Tail is ¢.65% of head-body length, narrow, and blackish brown. There are six mammae. First incisors are moderately long and hooked, third molar is medium in size, and braincase is high-domed. There are four unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FN = 80.</p> <p>Habitat. Primarily swamps and secondary bush but also grass-bush, elephant-grass, and gallery woodlands at elevations of 1600-1900 m. Moon Forest Shrews have also been recorded from secondary forest, bamboo forests, and montane swamps at elevations of 1900-3300 m, although they are significantly less common in these habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Pregnant Moon Forest Shrews have been recorded in February, March, June, and July, with 2—4 embryos.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Moon Forest Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Moon Forest Shrew has a small extent of occurrence (probably less than 20,000 km?), a severely fragmented distribution, and a continuing decline in extent and quality of its habitat in the mountains of the Albertine Rift. It is threatened by deforestation, generally resulting from logging operations, and conversion of land to agricultural and other uses. It is presumably present in several protected areas (e.g. Virunga National Park).</p> <p>Bibliography. Geider &amp; Kock (1991), Happold &amp; Dieterlen (2013), Hutterer, Van der Straeten &amp; Verheyen (1987), Stanley &amp; Olson (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A060870CFAE1AA9C142FF7F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A060870DFAFDA31316AFFE97.text	3D474A54A060870DFAFDA31316AFFE97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sylvisorex ollula Thomas 1913	<div><p>208.</p> <p>Greater Forest Shrew</p> <p>Sylvisorex ollula</p> <p>French: Pachyure de Thomas / German: Grof3e Waldmoschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de bosque mayor</p> <p>Other common names: Forest Musk Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sylvisorex ollula Thomas, 1913,</p> <p>Ja River, 2000 feet (= 610 m), Bitye, Cameroon.</p> <p>Genetic studies have found little genetic differentiation among populations of Sylvisorex ollula. It might be closely related to S. konganensis. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SE Nigeria (Obudu Plateau), S Cameroon, SW Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon, as well as one record from SE DR Congo; possibly W Republic of the Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 91-110 mm, tail 59-73 mm, ear 12-17 mm, hindfoot 14-17 mm; weight 18-22 g. The Greater Forest Shrew is one of the largest species of Sylvisorex, along with Corbet’s Forest Shrew (S. corbeti). Pelage of the Greater Forest Shrew is dense and velvety, with a silky sheen; dorsum is medium to dark brown or blackish, with slight reddish tinge; and venteris paler grayish brown to medium brown. Feet are dark brown and sparsely haired. Tail is ¢.57% of head-body length, mostly naked with some bristles on basal 10% oftail, thin, and unicolored blackish brown. Skull isflat, with slightly domed braincase; I' are long and hooked; M? are narrow; and sagittal and occipital crests on braincase are well developed. There are four unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 64.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary lowland tropical moist forest at elevations of 300-700 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Meanlitter size is two young in Belinga-Makokou and 3-5 young in Doudou, Gabon.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Greater Forest Shrew is widespread and relatively common throughoutits distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Brosset (1988), Goodman &amp; Hutterer (2004), Goodman et al. (2001), Hutterer &amp; Montermann (2009), Lasso et al. (1996), O'Brien et al. (2006), Quérouil et al. (2003), Ray &amp; Hutterer (1996, 2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A060870DFAFDA31316AFFE97	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A061870DFF25A6511A21F9F6.text	3D474A54A061870DFF25A6511A21F9F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sylvisorex corbeti Hutterer & Montermann 2009	<div><p>211.</p> <p>Corbet’s Forest Shrew</p> <p>Sylvisorex corbeti</p> <p>French: Pachyure de Corbet / German: Corbet-Waldmoschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de bosque de Corbet</p> <p>Other common names: Corbet’s Pygmy Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sylvisorex corbeti Hutterer &amp; Montermann, 2009,</p> <p><a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.683333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.016667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.683333/lat 7.016667)">forest swamp near Chappa Waddi</a>, (07° 01’ N, 11° 41’ E), 1900 m a.s.l., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.683333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.016667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.683333/lat 7.016667)">Gotel Mountains</a>, south-eastern Nigeria.</p> <p>S. corbeti was only recently described based on specimens previously attributed to S. ollula, which it might be closely related to. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Gotel Mts in SE Nigeria.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 100 mm,</p> <p>tail 64 mm, hindfoot 17 mm without claws and 19 mm with claws; weight 30 g (all measurements from the holotype). Corbet’s Forest Shrew might be the largest species of Sylvisorex, although some specimens of the Greater Forest Shrew (S. ollula) might be larger. It is externally similar to the Greater Forest Shrew. Pelage of Corbet’s Forest Shrew is uniformly blackish brown throughout dorsum, venter, and feet. Tail has no bristle hairs and is ¢.64% of head-body length. Hindfeet are long and narrow, with elongated digits and short claws. Skull is large and robust, with long and wide interorbital region, broad infraorbital bridge, and long tooth row. P* has large parastyl. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Forest swamp at elevations of 1900 m (holotype). Corbet’s Forest Shrew shared this area with rodents such as the Western Vlei Rat (Otomys occidentalis) and the Gotel Mountain Soft-furred Mouse (Praomys obscurus).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Corbet’s Forest Shrew is only known from the holotype and was only recently described. Corbet’s Forest Shrew seems to have a restricted distribution in a remote region, but additional research is needed to fully resolve its conservation status and needs.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dando et al. (2017), Hutterer &amp; Montermann (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A061870DFF25A6511A21F9F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A061870DFF26AD8F1350F328.text	3D474A54A061870DFF26AD8F1350F328.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sylvisorex isabellae (Heim de Balsac 1968)	<div><p>210.</p> <p>Bioko Forest Shrew</p> <p>Sylvisorex isabellae</p> <p>French: Pachyure de Santa Isabel / German: Bioko-Waldmoschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de bosque de Bioko</p> <p>Other common names: Isabella Forest Shrew, Isabella Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sylvisorex morio isabellae Heim de Balsac, 1968, Pic Santa Isabel, Refugium, 2000 m, Fernando Po (= Bioko Island), Equatorial Guinea.</p> <p>There is a population in the Bamenda Highlands of south-western Cameroon that has been attributed to S. isabellae, although it might represent a distinct cryptic species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. N Bioko I and SW Cameroon.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 54-63 mm, tail 54-59 mm, ear 8-9 mm, hindfoot 10-13 mm; weight 5-5-9 g. The Bioko Forest Shrew is small, with soft and dense pelage. Dorsum is dark reddish brown, and venter is generally slightly paler reddish brown, depending on the angle. Feet are brown, with inconspicuous dark brown scales and sparse short dark brown hairs. Tail is 90% of headbody length, blackish brown, and slightly lighter below. Braincase is high-domed, first incisors are long and hooked,first unicuspid is large while second to fourth are smaller and subequal, and third molar is medium in size. There are four unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FN = 50 for the Cameroonian population.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane tropical moist forests and grasslands found above the tree line at elevations of 2000-2400 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Bioko Forest Shrew has a very small extent of occurrence (less than 5000 km?), all individuals are in fewer than five locations, and there is continuing decline in extent and quality ofits habitat. The Bioko Forest Shrew is threatened by habitat loss mainly from logging operations and conversion of land to agricultural uses. Although it is present in Mount Oku Faunal Reserve in the Bamenda Highlands of Cameroon (although its taxonomyis uncertain), there are no conservation plans in place for the Bioko Forest Shrew, and there is urgent need to conserve suitable montane forest habitat, particularly on Bioko Island.</p> <p>Bibliography. Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (2013ah), Hutterer &amp; Howell (2008e), Schlitter et al. (1999).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A061870DFF26AD8F1350F328	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A061870DFF20AAF0134DF97B.text	3D474A54A061870DFF20AAF0134DF97B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sylvisorex oriundus Hollister 1916	<div><p>209.</p> <p>Lesser Forest Shrew</p> <p>Sylvisorex oriundus</p> <p>French: Pachyure bondissante / German: Kleinere Waldmoschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de bosque menor</p> <p>Other common names: Mountain Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sylvisorex oriundus Hollister, 1916,</p> <p>“ Medje, Nava River, Belgian Congo [= DR Congo].”</p> <p>S. oriundus has variously been included in S. ollula but has been considered as a distinct species in most recent taxonomic assessments. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. NE DR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 72 mm, tail 62 mm, ear 8 mm, hindfoot 16 mm (single individual). No specific data are available for body weight. The Lesser Forest Shrew is small. Dorsum is dark olive brown to dark sepia brown, and flanks and venter are paler dark grayish brown. Throatis paler. Hindfeet are relatively long, and feet are pale buffy brown, with blackish ankles. Tail is ¢.86% of head-body length, bicolored (dark brown above, paler below), and thin. Upper first incisor is hooked, and four unicuspids form a graded series in size from largest to smallest. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 64.</p> <p>Habitat. Lowland tropical moist forest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Lesser Forest Shrew is only known from one specimen collected in a region that has become highly fragmented due to logging.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dieterlen &amp; Heim de Balsac (1979), Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016d), Hutterer (2013ai), Mukinzi et al. (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A061870DFF20AAF0134DF97B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A061870DFA2AAD1E1A62F3A7.text	3D474A54A061870DFA2AAD1E1A62F3A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sylvisorex silvanorum Hutterer, Riegert & Sedlacek 2009	<div><p>212.</p> <p>Bamenda Forest Shrew</p> <p>Sylvisorex silvanorum</p> <p>French: Pachyure de Bamenda / German: Bamenda-\Waldmoschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de bosque de Bamenda</p> <p>Other common names: Bamenda Pygmy Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sylvisorex silvanorum Hutterer, Riegert &amp; Sedlacek, 2009, “ near Lake Bambili, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.9166665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.233334/lat 5.9166665)">Mt. Lefo</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.9166665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.233334/lat 5.9166665)">Bafut Ngemba F. R.</a> (5° 55’ N, 10° 14’ E), 1800-1900 m a.s.l., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.9166665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.233334/lat 5.9166665)">Bamenda Highlands</a>, North West Province, Cameroon.”</p> <p>Sylvisorex silvanorum was only recently described, and its relationships in Sylvisorex are uncertain. Another species of Sylvisorex from the Bamenda Highlands possibly awaits description that is currently recog-</p> <p>nized as a population of S. isabellae, which might be related to S. silvanorum. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Bamenda Highlands of SW Cameroon.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 52 mm, tail 44 mm, ear 5 mm, hindfoot 11-5 mm (holotype). No specific data are available for body weight. The Bamenda Forest Shrew is very small. Dorsum is dark brown, and venter is somewhat paler brown near its middle but dark brown elsewhere. Tail is ¢.85% of head-body length and uniformly dark brown, with no long bristle hairs. Skull is short and has rounded braincase, short slender rostrum, relatively broad interorbital constriction, narrow infraorbital bridge, and large lachrymal foramen. I' are small with sharp anterior tips and well-developed talon. There are four unicuspids: first is largest, second and third are one-half the size offirst, and fourth is one-quarter the size of the first. M? is relatively large.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane forest and grasslands surrounding streams and lakes at elevations of 1800-2400 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Bamenda Forest Shrew has a very restricted distribution in a remote region and might be found in Bafut-Ngemba Forest Reserve. It is only known from a few specimens and might have a more extensive distribution. Additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Engelbrektsson (2016c), Hutterer et al. (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A061870DFA2AAD1E1A62F3A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A061870EFA2EA7EF13E6FAB7.text	3D474A54A061870EFA2EA7EF13E6FAB7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sylvisorex pluvialis Hutterer & Schlitter 1996	<div><p>213.</p> <p>Rainforest Shrew</p> <p>Sylvisorex pluvialis</p> <p>French: Pachyure des pluies / German: Korup-Waldmoschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de bosque lluvioso</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sylvisorex pluvialis Hutterer &amp; Schlitter, 1996,</p> <p>Ikenge Research Station, Korup National Park, 160 m (05° 16’ N, 09° 08" E), South West Province, Cameroon.</p> <p>This species is monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from Korup National Park in SW Cameroon and Kongana in SW Central African Republic.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 74 mm, tail 67 mm, ear 8 mm, hindfoot 14 mm; weight 5 g (all measurements from a single individual). The Rainforest Shrew is medium-sized, with soft pelage. Dorsum is grayish brown (paler than other species of Sylvisorex), and venter is whitish gray, with white-tipped hair. Ears are small, rounded, and covered with short hair. Feet are pale compared with dorsum, and digits are slightly elongated. Tail is ¢.90% of head-body length and covered with short dark hair and a few longer bristle hairs. Skull is flat, and I' are comparatively small. There are four unicuspids, and third is large.</p> <p>Habitat. Lowland tropical moist forest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Rainforest Shrew has only been recorded from two localities. It occurs in Korup National Park, although the Park has experienced a large amount of forest loss due to an increase in human pressure and poor management. It might be threatened, but there are not enough data to evaluate its conservation status.</p> <p>Bibliography. Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016e), Happold (2013p), Heim de Balsac (1968b), Hutterer &amp; Schlitter (1996), Ray &amp; Hutterer (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A061870EFA2EA7EF13E6FAB7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A062870EFFFBAED1168EF48D.text	3D474A54A062870EFFFBAED1168EF48D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sylvisorex camerunensis (Heim de Balsac 1968)	<div><p>214.</p> <p>Cameroonian Forest Shrew</p> <p>Sylvisorex camerunensis</p> <p>French: Pachyure du Cameroun / German: Kamerun-Waldmoschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de bosque de Camerun</p> <p>Other common names: Cameroon Forest Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sylvisorex granti camerunensis Heim de Balsac, 1968,</p> <p>L.ake Manengouba, 1800 m, Cameroon.</p> <p>Sylvisorex camerunensis was originally described as a subspecies of S. granti but is now recognized as a distinct species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SE Nigeria (Gotel Mts) and mountains of W Cameroon.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 55-60 mm, tail 55-61 mm, ear 8-10 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm; weight 4-5 g. The Cameroonian Forest Shrew is very small, with soft, dense, and shiny pelage. Dorsum is dark brown (hairs dark gray with dark brown tips), and venter is indistinct, althoughit is slightly paler and sometimes hassilvery sheen (hairs gray with brown tips). Feet are sparsely covered with short dark hair. Ears are rounded, naked, and conspicuous, and eyes are small. Tail is ¢.100% of head-body length,thin, dark brown to black, and covered with many small dark bristle hairs. Skull is small, delicate, and slightly domed; I' are small and not hooked; and M” are large. There are four unicuspids, and incisors and unicuspids are weak.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane tropical moist forests at elevations of ¢.2000 m in Cameroon and farm and grassland habitats at elevations of ¢.2300 m in Nigeria.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Cameroonian Forest Shrew has a small extent of occurrence (c.16,936 km®), severely fragmented distribution, and continuing decline in extent and quality ofits forest habitat. It is threatened by habitat loss from logging, conversion of land to agricultural uses, overgrazing by domestic livestock, and general fragmentation of suitable forest patches. It has been recorded in Mount Oku Faunal Reserve but is only known from a few records.</p> <p>Bibliography. Heim de Balsac (1968b), Hutterer (2013ag), Hutterer, Dieterlen &amp; Nikolaus et al. (1992).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A062870EFFFBAED1168EF48D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A062870EFAFCAE5C1B65F57C.text	3D474A54A062870EFAFCAE5C1B65F57C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sylvisorex konganensis Ray & Hutterer 1996	<div><p>216.</p> <p>Kongana Forest Shrew</p> <p>Sylvisorex konganensis</p> <p>French: Pachyure de la Kongana / German: Kongana-Waldmoschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de bosque de Kongana</p> <p>Other common names: Kongana Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sylvisorex konganensis Ray &amp; Hutterer, 1996,</p> <p>“ unlogged mixed species forest near Kongana Camp (02°47'N, 16°25’E), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.7833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.416666/lat 2.7833333)">Dzanga-Sangha Forest Reserve</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.7833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.416666/lat 2.7833333)">SW Central African Republican</a>.”</p> <p>S. konganensis might be closely related to S. ollula based on rRNA sequences. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SW Central African Republic, N Republic of the Congo, and SW Gabon.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 64 mm, tail 36 mm, ear 8 mm, hindfoot 11-3 mm; weight 3 g. The Kongana Forest Shrew is small. Dorsum is brownish gray, and venter, limbs, tail, and ears are slightly paler. Ears are small, rounded, and covered with short hairs. Feet are pale, with elongated digits. Tail is ¢.56% of head-body length, pale brownish gray, and covered with short bristle hairs and a few longer bristle hairs on its basal one-half. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Apparently limited to patches of mixed and unlogged lowland tropical moist forest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Kongana Forest Shrew occurs in Dzanga-Sangha Forest Reserve in south-western Central African Republic and Moukalaba-Doudou National Park in Gabon. It is probably very rare because it occurred in only 1-:3% of 311 small carnivore scats collected in Dzanga-Sangha and represented only 0-8% of 1350 shrews captured in Ngotto Forest, Central African Republic.</p> <p>Bibliography. Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016c), O'Brien (2009), Ray &amp; Hutterer (1996, 2013h).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A062870EFAFCAE5C1B65F57C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A062870EFFF6A0FE1B80FB2B.text	3D474A54A062870EFFF6A0FE1B80FB2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sylvisorex moro (Gray 1862)	<div><p>215.</p> <p>Mount Cameroon Forest Shrew</p> <p>Sylvisorex moro</p> <p>French: Pachyure morion / German: Kamerunberg-Waldmoschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de bosque del Monte Camerun</p> <p>Other common names: Arrogant Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura morio Gray, 1862,</p> <p>“Camaroon [= Cameroon] Mountains, 7000 feet [= 2134 m] above the level of the sea,” Cameroon.</p> <p>Sylvisorex morio was previously included in S. isabellae, but it is recognized as a distinct species based on morphology and its distinct karyotype. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Mt Cameroon, SW Cameroon.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 61-71 mm, tail 50-59 mm, ear 9-10 mm, hindfoot 12.-5-15 mm; weight 8 g. The Mount Cameroon Forest Shrew is small, with soft and dense</p> <p>pelage. Dorsum is dark rufous brown to black, with silky sheen. Venteris slightly to moderately paler, depending on angle of view, with silky sheen. Ears are short and partially under fur, and feet are brown. Tail is ¢.75%; of head-body ye length and unicolored blackish brown, lacking long bristle hairs. Skull is slender when viewed dorsally, braincase is semi-hexagonal and slightly domed; I' are moderately long and hooked; and M? are wide. There are four</p> <p>unicuspids. Karyotype is 2n = 38.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane tropical moist forests at elevations of 1000—c.2100 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Mount Cameroon Forest Shrew is known from only a single location (Mount Cameroon), with an extent of occurrence ofjust 483 km? and there is continuing decline in extent and quality of its forest habitat. It is threatened by habitat loss, presumably through conversion of land to agricultural uses and some logging operations. It might be common in its small distribution, but additional research is needed to confirm this.</p> <p>Bibliography. Happold &amp; Hutterer (2013b), Kennerley (2016d), Oates et al. (2004), Schlitter et al. (1999).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A062870EFFF6A0FE1B80FB2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A062870FFAF8A189117BFBF3.text	3D474A54A062870FFAF8A189117BFBF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sylvisorex vulcanorum Hutterer & W. N. Verheyen 1985	<div><p>217.</p> <p>Volcano Forest Shrew</p> <p>Sylvisorex vulcanorum</p> <p>French: Pachyure des volcans / German: Vulkan-Waldmoschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de bosque de los Volcanes</p> <p>Other common names: Volcano Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sylvisorex vulcanorum Hutterer &amp; W. N. Verheyen, 1985,</p> <p><a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.46666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.483334/lat -0.46666667)">Karisoke</a> (0°28’S, 29°29'E, 3100 m), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.46666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.483334/lat -0.46666667)">Parc National des Volcans</a>, Rwanda.</p> <p>This species is monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Albertine Rift of EC DR Congo, SW Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 43-56 mm, tail 47-51 mm, ear 6-7 mm, hindfoot 10-11 mm; weight 3-5 g. The Volcano Forest Shrew is the smallest species of Sylvisorex,</p> <p>along with Johnston's Forest Shrew (S. johnstoni). It has soft, fine pelage; dorsum is dark sepia-brown to blackish brown; and venteris slightly grayer than dorsum. Ears are</p> <p>small and slightly concealed by fur. Feet are dark and covered, with small dark brown hairs. Tail is ¢.100% of head-body length, unicolored dark brown, and covered with small black bristles. Braincase is slightly domed; I' are short and slightly hooked; and M? are wide. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Various remnant montane habitats including tropical moist forest, swamps, and areas dominated by bamboo vegetation at elevations of 1780-3100 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Relatively long tail of the Volcano Forest Shrew suggests that it might be partly scansorial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Volcano Forest Shrew has a small extent of occurrence (probably not much greater than 20,000 km*) and a probable decline in extent and quality of its habitat. It is presumably threatened at lower elevations by habitat loss from logging operations and general conversion of land to agricultural and other uses. It is present in some protected areas, including Parc National des Volcans in Rwanda.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hutterer (2013aj), Hutterer &amp; Verheyen (1985), Hutterer, Van der Straeten &amp; Verheyen (1987), Kaleme et al. (2007), Kerbis Peterhans &amp; Hutterer (2008a).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A062870FFAF8A189117BFBF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A063870FFF27AF1716DFF5CA.text	3D474A54A063870FFF27AF1716DFF5CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sylvisorex granti Thomas 1907	<div><p>218.</p> <p>Grant's Forest Shrew</p> <p>Sylvisorex granti</p> <p>French: Pachyure de Grant / German: Grant-Waldmoschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de bosque de Grant</p> <p>Other common names: Grant's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sylvisorex granti Thomas, 1907,</p> <p>Mubuku Valley, 10,000 ft. (= 3048 m), Ruwenzori East, Uganda.</p> <p>Based on morphology, S. granti is considered the most primitive species of Sylvisorex, but genetic data placed it close to S. lunaris. Subspecies might be distinct species. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.g.grant:Thomas,1907—AlbertineRiftofECDRCongo,SWUganda,WRwanda,andNWBurundi.</p> <p>S. g. mundus Osgood, 1910 — EC Uganda, W &amp; SW Kenya, and NE Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 45-65 mm, tail 47-63 mm, ear 6—~10 mm, hindfoot 8-14 mm; weight 3-6 g. Grant’s Forest Shrew is small. Dorsum is blackish, with brownish tinge, and venter is grayish brown and slightly paler than dorsum. Ears are dark gray and covered finely with short hairs, and eyes are very small. Feet are brownish. Tail is ¢.100% of head-body length, nearly naked but covered with very short bristle hairs, and similar in color to dorsum. There are four inguinal mammae. Skull has domed cranium and short muzzle; lower incisors have two marked denticulations; and P have two cusps. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Various montane habitats including montane swamps, tropical moist forest, areas of bamboo, and alpine regions at elevations above 1500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. In eastern DR Congo,six of twelve female Grant’s Forest Shrews collected during wet season (October—January) were pregnant or lactating. In dry season (June-August), only one of two females was pregnant. Litters have 1-2 young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Grant's Forest Shrew might be scansorial as suggested by its long tail.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Grant's Forest Shrew is relatively common and has a wide distribution, although it might be locally threatened by deforestation.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aggundey &amp; Schlitter (1986), Dieterlen (2013e), Grimshaw et al. (1995), Hutterer (2016a), Hutterer, Van der Straeten &amp; Verheyen (1987), Kasangaki et al. (2003), Stanley &amp; Olson (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A063870FFF27AF1716DFF5CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A063870FFF2AA13F1483FBCD.text	3D474A54A063870FFF2AA13F1483FBCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sylvisorex howelli Jenkins 1984	<div><p>219.</p> <p>Howell's Forest Shrew</p> <p>Sylvisorex howelli</p> <p>French: Pachyure de Howell / German: Howell-Waldmoschusspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de bosque de Howell</p> <p>Other common names: Howell's Shrew, Uluguru Forest Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sylvisorex howelli Jenkins, 1984,</p> <p>Morningside, Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania.</p> <p>There is significant genetic distance between the six known populations of S. howelli that might correspond to distinct species or subspecies. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>S.h.howelliJenkins,1984—UluguruMts,ECTanzania.</p> <p>S. h. usambarensis Hutterer, 1986 — Usambara Mts, NE Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 53-72 mm, tail 36-48 mm, ear 7-5-12 mm, hindfoot 9-13 mm; weight 2-5-5 g. Howell's Forest Shrew is small to medium-sized. Dorsum is dark chocolate brown, and venter is paler brown, with conspicuous demarcation between dorsum and venter. Tail is ¢.70% of head-body length; slightly bicolored, being</p> <p>dark brown above and slightly lighter below; and covered with short hairs along entire length and some longer bristle hairs on basal two-thirds of tail. Overall, specimens from the East Usambara Mountains are smaller than specimens from other known populations and have shortest and narrowest skulls, possibly representing a distinct subspecies. Nominate howelli has larger and higher skull, and subspecies usambarensis has smaller and flatter skull. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane tropical moist forests at elevations above ¢.900-1000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. A pregnant Howell's Forest Shrew with two embryos was found in West Usambara Mountains in August.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Howell's Forest Shrews are terrestrial and nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Howell's Forest Shrew is common throughoutits distribution and has a reasonably large extent of occurrence (34,217 km?). Nevertheless,its distribution is fragmented, and there is continuing decline in extent and quality ofits habitat. It is threatened by habitat loss, largely from logging operations and conversion of land to agricultural uses. Within its distribution,it can be the most common species of shrew.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hutterer (1986¢), Jenkins (1984), Kennerley (2016c), Stanley (2013k), Stanley &amp; Olson (2005), Stanley, Kihaule et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A063870FFF2AA13F1483FBCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0638708FA28AE0F1193FBA3.text	3D474A54A0638708FA28AE0F1193FBA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scutisorex somereni (Thomas 1910)	<div><p>220.</p> <p>Armored Hero Shrew</p> <p>Scutisorex somereni</p> <p>French: Pachyure de Someren / German: Panzerspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana acorazada</p> <p>Other common names: Armored Shrew, Hero Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sylvisorex somereni Thomas, 1910,</p> <p>Kyetume, near Kampala, Uganda.</p> <p>Scutisorex might be most closely related to Ruwenzorisorex and Sylvisorex. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. NC &amp; NE DR Congo, C &amp; SW Uganda, W Rwanda, and NW Burundi.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 120-153 mm, tail 76-99 mm, ear 9-16 mm, hindfoot 22-27 mm; weight 42-92 g. The Armored Hero Shrew is one of two species of extremely and uniquely adapted and</p> <p>very large shrews, with large, arched, reinforced, and interlocking spinal columns. Pelage of the Armored Hero Shrew is woolly in texture and longer than in Thor’s Armored Shrew (S. thor). Dorsum is blackish gray, with variably brownish tinge, sometimes with interspersed white-tipped hairs, and venter is about the same color as dorsum. In most adults, fur is stained brownish and yellowish by the yellowish secretions from lateral glands. Muzzle, ears, and feet are blackish brown, and tail is darkly pigmented with short fine blackish hairs. Tail is ¢.63% of head—body length. Skull is large and robust, with very large lamboid crests projecting posteriorly past condyles, which resembles a shield on back of the skull. Low sagittal crest is present in older individuals. Vertebral column is extremely adapted to withstand extreme force, and it has been reported that a full-grown man can stand on the back of an Armored Hero Shrew without harming it at all. Vertebral column consists of seven cervical, 14 thoracic, five sacral, and 10-11 lumbar vertebrae, compared to five lumbar vertebrae in other species of shrews. Cervical vertebrae are similar to other mammalian vertebrae, but mid-thoracic to lumbar vertebrae are extremely modified, being most prevalent in mid-lumbar vertebrae. Vertebrae are thick and have developed spines known as tubercles that originate on sides of vertebrae. Spines face forward and backward and interlock with each other to fortify the spine. Relative to the size of the Armored Hero Shrew,its spine is the strongest of all vertebrate animals. They also have thicker ribs and longer intestinal tracks, although their legs are not similarly adapted for bearing large amounts of weight. Exact purpose for this extreme adaptation is uncertain, although it might use its body to leverage andlift large objects to obtain hard to reach food items; however, there is still a large amount of research to be done on these strangely adapted species. There are four unicuspids. Dental formula for the two species of Scutisorexis 13/2, C 1/0, P 2/1,M 3/3 (x2) = 30.</p> <p>Habitat. [Lowland and montane tropical moist forest at elevations of 400-2500 m. In montane areas, the Armored Hero Shrew is often associated with stream edges. It appears to be a forest-obligate and has been recorded less frequently in secondary lowland forests and montane bamboo habitats. It has not been recorded from open habitats or swamps and marshes, although when collected in Uganda, habitat was stated to be primarily swampy.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Armored Hero Shrew eats a variety of invertebrates, but earthworms and adult and larval insects (Diptera, Coleoptera, Heteroptera, Isoptera, Blattodea, etc.) make up the largest proportions of diets. They also eat spiders, centipedes, millipedes, and species of Acari in relatively high quantities. They eat larger prey than most species of shrew (greater than 30 mm in length), and in Masako Forest, DR Congo, they were the only species of shrew (out of nine species) that ate earthworms. They forage along the ground by waving their nose around and through leaf litter, moving good-sized pebbles, decaying wood, and bark with their incisors. Armored</p> <p>Hero Shrews have proportionally longer intestines than in other species of shrews, perhaps because they need more surface area to absorb more nutrients to support their greatersize.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproductive activity of the Armored Hero Shrew has been recorded in December—-August, although they might breed yearround. Pregnancy rates seem to be highest during wet season (December—April). Numbers of embryos are 1-3/female (average 1-8).</p> <p>Activity patterns. Armored Hero Shrews are terrestrial and are probably active day and night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Although Armored Hero Shrews have only been captured alone, they might be more social than many other species of shrews because they are relatively mild and less aggressive. In captivity, they have been observed very conspicuously marking objects by rubbing up against them with their hindquarters, which might suggestterritoriality contrary to their mild demeanor. Scent marking seems to be important for intraspecific communication, and humans can smell their yellow secretions up to 5 m away.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Armored Hero Shrew has a wide distribution and does not seem to have many major threats other than localized deforestation.</p> <p>Bibliography. Ahmed &amp; Klima (1978), Allen (1917), Cassola (2016w), Churchfield et al. (2007), Cullinane et al. (1998), Dieterlen &amp; Happold (2013), Quérouil et al. (2001), Stanley et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0638708FA28AE0F1193FBA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0648708FFF0A18C1A91FB84.text	3D474A54A0648708FFF0A18C1A91FB84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paracrocidura maxima Heim de Balsac 1959	<div><p>222.</p> <p>Greater Large-headed Shrew</p> <p>Paracrocidura maxima</p> <p>French: Crocidure a téte large / German: GroflRe GroRRkopfspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de cabeza grande mayor</p> <p>Other common names: Greater Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Paracrocidura maxima Heim de Balsac, 1959,</p> <p>Tshibati, DR Congo.</p> <p>Paracrocidura seems to be nested in Crocidura, although its exact relationship to species in this large genus is uncertain, indicating that either Paracrocidura should be included in Crocidura or they should remain separate. At least P. schoutedeni seems to be closest to a clade containing Crocidura goliath and C. batesi, but larger studies with more species are needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. EC DR Congo, SW Uganda, W Rwanda, and NW Burundi.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 80-97 mm, tail 37-48 mm, ear 4-8 mm, hindfoot 14— 16 mm; weight 16-21 g. The Greater Large-headed Shrew is large, with dense and very</p> <p>short pelage and large head with small ears. Dorsum and venter are blackish gray to dark grayish brown. Tail is ¢.53% of head-body length, very fat, and covered by long bristle hairs. Females have two inguinal mammae. Skull has box-shaped braincase in dorsal view, and incisors are spade-like at tips. They have well-developed temporalis muscles. There are three unicuspids. Dental formula for all species of Paracrocidura is 13/2, C1/0,P 1/1, M3/3 (2) =28.</p> <p>Habitat. Primarily montane primary and secondary forests (recorded once in lowland rainforest) at elevations of 1600-2680 m (one record at 850 m).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. A captive Greater Large-headed Shrew gave birth to one young in April. It weighed 1-6 g and was 25 mm in length. Litter size appears to be small.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Greater Large-headed Shrew seems to be rare because only c.19 specimens are currently known, although it might be locally common. Some deforestation has already occurred in lowlands around where it occurs, and it seems to be threatened by habitat loss associated with logging and conversion of land to agriculture. Greater Large-headed Shrews are found in Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest National Park, Rwenzori Mountains National Park, and Kibira National Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hutterer (1986d), Hutterer &amp; Kerbis Peterhans (2008), Hutterer, Van der Straeten &amp; Verheyen (1987), Kasangaki et al. (2003), Kerbis Peterhans (2013a), Quérouil et al. (2001).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0648708FFF0A18C1A91FB84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0648708FAFFAF82151CF50D.text	3D474A54A0648708FAFFAF82151CF50D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paracrocidura schoutedeni Heim de Balsac 1956	<div><p>223.</p> <p>Lesser Large-headed Shrew</p> <p>Paracrocidura schoutedeni</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Schouteden / German: Kleine GroRkopfspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de cabeza grande menor</p> <p>Other common names: Schouteden's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Paracrocidura schoutedeni Heim de Balsac, 1956,</p> <p>“ Tshimbulu [Dibaya], Lubondaie (75 km S. Luluabourg),” Kasai, DR Congo.</p> <p>Paracrocidura seems to be nested in Cro- cidura, although its exact relationship to species in this large genus is uncertain, indicating that either Paracrocidura should be included in Crocidura or they should remain separate. At least P. schoutedeni seems to be closest to a clade containing Croci-</p> <p>dura goliath and C. batesi, but larger studies with more species are needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S Cameroon, SW Central African Republic, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, and SC DR Congo; possibly found in Equatorial Guinea but it has not been recorded from the country.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 65-90 mm, tail 33-38 mm, ear 5-5-8 mm, hindfoot 10-13 mm; weight 7-10 g. The Lesser Large-headed Shrew is small to medium-sized, with dense and short pelage. Dorsum and venter are blackish brown, and ears are a similar color, small, and covered with short, fine gray hairs. Hindfeet are short. Tail is ¢.50% of head-body length, thick, covered with longer bristle hairs, and about the same color as dorsum. Incisors have laterally flattened cutting edge. Tail and possibly hindfeet are shorter than in the other two species of Paracrocidura, and skulls are shorter than in the Greater Large-headed Shrew (P. maxima). There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. [Lowland tropical moist forests at elevations of 110-375 m (in Gabon).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Numbers of embryos are 1-2/female (average 1-7).</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In Ngotto, Central African Republic, capture rates of Lesser Large-headed Shrews changed throughout the year, peaking in May and November.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although the Lesser Large-headed Shrew has a wide distribution and is considered quite common, making up large proportions of shrew communities where it is found, it might be locally threatened by habitat destruction from logging and agricultural expansion.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cassola (2016x), Heim de Balsac (1956b, 1968b), Hutterer (1986d), Lasso et al. (1996), Quérouil et al. (2001), Ray &amp; Hutterer (1996, 2013f).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0648708FAFFAF82151CF50D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0648708FFFAAFEF13A7F644.text	3D474A54A0648708FFFAAFEF13A7F644.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scutisorex thori Stanley, Malekani & Gambalemoke 2013	<div><p>221.</p> <p>Thor’s Hero Shrew</p> <p>Scutisorex thor</p> <p>French: Pachyure de Thor / German: Thor-Panzerspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Thor</p> <p>Taxonomy. Scutisorex thori Stanley, Malekani &amp; Gambalemoke, 2013,</p> <p>“ Baleko, Tshuapa District, Equateur Province, DRC (0-24127° S, 20-8833° E, 358 m.a.s.l.).”</p> <p>This species is monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from Baleko near Tshuapa River, Equateur Province, DR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 146 mm, tail 105 mm, ear 14 mm, hindfoot 24 mm; weight 47 g. Thor’s Hero Shrew is one of two species of extremely and uniquely adapted and very large shrews, with large, arched, reinforced, and interlocking spinal columns. Dorsum is grizzled, with a mix of entirely pale and brown-tipped hairs, and venter consists of pale gray hairs. Hair is shorter and silkier than in the Armored Hero Shrew (S. somereni). Feet have stout curved claws and are covered with short black hairs dorsally. Tail is ¢.72% of headbody length, bicolored, being dark brown dorsally and pale ventrally, and has creamcolored tip with no bristle hairs. Skull is less stout than in the Armored Hero Shrew and is shorter and less broad. Thor’s Hero Shrew has a similar vertebral skeleton to that of the Armored Hero Shrew but has thinner vertebrae, less tubercles, and less lumbar vertebrae (eight instead of 10-11). It also has broader and thicker ribs than in the Armored Hero Shrew. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Seasonally flooded lowland forest at an elevation of 358 m (holotype).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Holotype was a pregnant female with one embryo collected in June.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Thor’s Hero Shrew is only known from the recently collected holotype.</p> <p>Bibliography. Stanley et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0648708FFFAAFEF13A7F644	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0648709FAF5A07B1629FC69.text	3D474A54A0648709FAF5A07B1629FC69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paracrocidura graueri Hutterer 1986	<div><p>224.</p> <p>Grauer’s Large-headed Shrew</p> <p>Paracrocidura graven</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Grauer / German: GrauerGroRkopfspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de cabeza grande de Grauer</p> <p>Other common names: Grauer’'s Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Paracrocidura graueri Hutterer, 1986,</p> <p>Sibatwa, 2000 m, Itombwe Mountains, DR Congo.</p> <p>This species is monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from Sibatwa in the Itombwe Mts of E DR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 83 mm,tail 46 mm, ear 6-4 mm, hindfoot 14-8 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Grauer’s Large-headed Shrew is mediumsized, with large head and dense and short</p> <p>pelage. Dorsum and venter are dark brown. Ears are short but conspicuous because they are not concealed by fur. Feet are pale and covered with very short hair. Tail is ¢.55% of head-body length,thick, covered with long bristle hairs, somewhat paler than dorsum, and unicolored brown. Skull has relatively long braincase, and rostrum is long. First incisors are long and hooked, and third molars are wide. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane forest at 2000 m elevation (holotype).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Grauer’s Large-headed Shrew is only known from the holotype collected in 1908 in the Itombwe Mountains. The region has been widely used for mining, farming, logging, and livestock grazing, and Grauer’s Large-headed Shrew is probably at risk of extinction. Additional sampling is needed to determine if it is still extant.</p> <p>Bibliography. Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016f), Hutterer (1986d, 2013af), Quérouil et al. (2001).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0648709FAF5A07B1629FC69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0658709FF2EAFDC1A3FF8D9.text	3D474A54A0658709FF2EAFDC1A3FF8D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diplomesodon pulchellus (Lichtenstein 1823)	<div><p>225.</p> <p>Piebald Shrew</p> <p>Diplomesodon pulchellus</p> <p>French: Crocidure tachetée / German: Turkestan-Wistenspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafia moteada</p> <p>Other common names: Turkestan Desert Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex pulchellus Lichtenstein, 1823, east bank of Ural River, Kazakhstan.</p> <p>Widely used specific epithet pulchellum has been replaced by the original epithet pulchellus because Diplomesodon and the original species name are masculine and in proper combination. The taxon pulchellus was isolated in a separate monotypic genus based onits specific morphological features, but molecular genetic studies by S. Dubey and colleagues in 2008 based on</p> <p>DNA structure has assigned it to Crocidura. Moreover, D. pulchellus was shown to be closer to the C. suaveolens group than this group is to other groups in the genus Crocidura. The conventional view placing pulchellus in its own monotypic genus Diplomesodon is followed here, despite it being assigned to Crocidura in several modern taxonomic and faunal assessments. This decision is based on both genetic and significant morphological characteristics. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to deserts in extreme SE European Russia, W &amp; S Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 59-74 mm, tail 25-33 mm; weight 6-12 g. The Piebald Shrew is medium-sized and heavily built. Head is very broad, with short rostrum. Tailis usually no longer than 50% of head-body length. Pelageis sharply bicolored. Dorsum is gray or ash-gray, with elongated white spot in central part. Venter,sides, underside of head, sacral region, and tail are white. Two antemolars in upper jaw are distinctive morphological features, while there are 3-5 antemolars in all other shrews. Dental formulais13/2, C0/0,P 1/1, M 3/3 (x2) = 26. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 54. X-chromosome is large metacentric, and Y-chromosome is small acrocentric. There are four pairs of metacentric and submetacentric autosomes and 17 pairs of acrocentric autosomes.</p> <p>Habitat. Mostly fixed and less often semi-fixed desert sands. The Piebald Shrew is highly specialized for living in deserts. Fixed hillocky sands, slopes of hillocks, and hollows between them are preferred, while ridges and tops of hillocks are avoided.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Beetles and their larvae prevail in diets of Piebald Shrews; ants are often eaten. Acridoid grasshoppers and dipterans are eaten less frequently. Mammalian flesh, probably from dead animals, is sometimes found in gastric contents.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of the Piebald Shrew occurs throughout the warm season. Pregnant females were detected first in late March and last in early October in the Lake Balkhash region. Young-of-the-year reproduce; pregnant young-of-the-year were first observed in the second half ofJune. Litters have 4-5 young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Piebald Shrew is active at night and dusk and almost never appears on the ground surface during the day. It leaves its hole at ¢.20:00 h and returns at ¢.05:00 h, having 5-10 activity periods at night. Activity periods average 25 minutes (maximum 80 minutes). Caravanning is typical, like in most species of Crocidura, young grasp the base ofthe tail or rear of its sibling in front, and the first one similarly holds onto the mother.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Piebald Shrewslive in habitats with irregular food distribution, and they can move 2-3 km each night in search of food.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Piebald Shrew is common and sometimes abundant in favorable habitats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bannikova &amp; Lebedev (2012), Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), Gureev (1979), Dubrovskiy et al. (2011), Kuznetsov (1972), Stalmakova (1949), Zaitsev et al. (2014).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0658709FF2EAFDC1A3FF8D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0788714FFF4AAFD161DF7F7.text	3D474A54A0788714FFF4AAFD161DF7F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura malayana H. C. Robison & Kloss 1911	<div><p>226.</p> <p>Malayan White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura malayana</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Malaisie / German: Malaya-Weilszahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Malasia</p> <p>Other common names: Malayan Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura malayana H. C. Robison &amp; Kloss, 1911,</p> <p>Maxwell's Hill, Perak, Malaysia.</p> <p>Closely related to C. negligens. Crocidura malayana was treated as a synonym of C. fuliginosa, but it can be distinguished by a series of morphological characters, and a different karyotype, and they have relatively distant phylogenetic positions on the evolutionary tree. The names aagaardi, aoris, klossi, and major represent size</p> <p>and color variations, and are Ha all synonyms of malayana. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Malay Peninsula, including a number of offshore islands.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 77-102 mm,tail 56-78 mm, hindfoot 13-16 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive length 22-4-24-2 mm, tooth row 10-1-10-8 mm. The Malayan White-toothed Shrew is the largest shrew in the Malay Peninsula. External morphology is not very different from that of the Southeast Asian White-toothed Shrew (C. fuliginosa) and is characterized by seasonal variation in color. Dorsal pelage is dark rusty iron-gray and ventral pelage gray. Bristle hairs on tail extend ¢.50% of its length. Rostrum and palate are broad. Margin of the palatine between pterygoid processes is rounded. Dental formula for all members of this genus is13/2,C1/0,P1/1,M 3/3 (x2) = 28. Mesostyle of M? is simple or slightly notched. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38-40 and FN = 62-69.</p> <p>Habitat. [.owland and montane rainforest at elevations of 50-1500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Malayan White-toothed Shrew is insectivorous. Animals were baited with a mixture of oats, sardine oil, and meat.</p> <p>Breeding. Interbreeding between the Southeast Asian White-toothed Shrew and the Malayan White-toothed Shrew was not observed during a one-month breeding experiment.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Malayan White-toothed Shrew is terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Malayan White-toothed Shrew has an extensive distribution and is the commonest member of its genus in the Malay Peninsula. Its distribution overlaps broadly with human settlement. This species is probably threatened, at least locally, by habitat loss, and human induced habitat degradation.</p> <p>Bibliography. Jenkins (1976), Robinson &amp; Kloss (1911), Ruedi (1995), Ruedi et al. (1990).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0788714FFF4AAFD161DF7F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0788714FFF1A31F1B80F928.text	3D474A54A0788714FFF1A31F1B80F928.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura negligens Robinson & Kloss 1914	<div><p>227.</p> <p>Peninsular White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura negligens</p> <p>French: Crocidure péninsulaire / German: Halbinsel-WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Malaca</p> <p>Other common names: Peninsular Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura negligens H. C. Robinson &amp; Kloss, 1914,</p> <p>Kho Samui, just off Peninsular Thailand.</p> <p>Apparently most closely related to C. ab- scondita of West Java or, more likely, to C. malayana of Peninsular Malaysia. Includes maporensis and tionis as synonyms. Formerly included in C. fuliginosa or in C. attenuata, but differs chromosomally, genetically, and morphologically. Distinction from C. malayana of Peninsular Ma-</p> <p>laysia and C. negligens of Tioman Island rests on slight differences in skull shape and on one diagnostic allozyme locus, and also on shallow (1%) sequence divergence at the cytochrome-b gene; the two might therefore be conspecific, but comprehensive studies focusing on possible areas of sympatry (Pahang) are needed to test the specific status of C. negligens. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Islands off peninsular Thailand (Koh Samui) and Peninsular Malaysia (Tioman, and Mapur); one old specimen from Mt Tahan, Pahang State, Malaysia,</p> <p>might also belong to this species, but no recent confirmation of this taxon on the Malay Peninsula cast doubts about the existence of such a continental population of Peninsular White-toothed Shrew.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 75-92 mm, tail 55-69 mm, ear 8-10 mm, hindfoot 13-5-15-8 mm; weight 9-5—12-5 g. The Peninsular White-toothed Shrew is a medium-sized, grayish brown shrew with a relatively short tail (c.80% of head-body length). Few long bristle hairs present on the proximal 10-20 mm oftail. Dorsal hairs with deep neutral gray bases and brown tips; ventral pelage slightly lighter gray and usually tinged with chestnut. Skull with globose braincase and relatively small dimensions when compared to continental Malayan White-toothed Shrew (C. malayana) or Southeast Asian Whitetoothed Shrew (C. fuliginosa). Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 64, with submetacentric X and Y chromosomes. Chromosomal complementis very similar to that of the Malayan White-toothed Shrew but distinct from the Southeast Asian White-toothed Shrew (2n = 40, FN = 54-58).</p> <p>Habitat. On Tioman Island, the Peninsular White-toothed Shrew has been caught near sea level in anthropogenic prairies of Imperata cylindrica (Poaceae) and along the edges of secondary tropical rainforests.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Peninsular White-toothed Shrews feed on invertebrates; the species has been maintained for a few days in captivity on a diet of grasshoppers and meal worms.</p> <p>Breeding. A pregnant female carried three fetuses and had three pairs of nipples near the cloacal region.</p> <p>Activity patterns. On Tioman Island, the Peninsular White-toothed Shrew was caught during the night during 24hour trapping sessions, suggesting predominantly nocturnal bouts of activity.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Population densities may be locally high in disturbed habitats such as agricultural landscapes on Tioman Island, but there are no data on home range or social organization. Other terrestrial mammals caught in the same habitat included Short-tailed Gymnures (Hylomys suillus), Pacific Rats (Rattus exulans) and Malaysian Field Rats (R. tiomanicus).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List in view of its presumed wide distribution and high degree of tolerance to habitat degradation. However, as recent sightings are restricted to a few small islands with heavy tourist pressure,its status might need to be revised owing to the potential vulnerability ofits habitat in the face of anthropogenic development.</p> <p>Bibliography. Demos et al. (2016), Esselstyn &amp; Brown (2009), Hutterer (2005b), Kloss (1917b), Robinson (1916), Robinson &amp; Kloss (1914), Ruedas (2016), Ruedi (1995), Ruedi &amp; Vogel (1995), Ruedi et al. (1990).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0788714FFF1A31F1B80F928	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0788715FAFAAC511337FA12.text	3D474A54A0788715FAFAAC511337FA12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura nigripes G. S. Miller & Hollister 1921	<div><p>228.</p> <p>Black-footed White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura nigripes</p> <p>French: Crocidure a pattes noires / German: SchwarzfulR-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de pies negros</p> <p>Other common names: Black-footed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura nigripes G. S. Miller &amp; Hollister, 1921,</p> <p>south-west from Tondano Lake, Temboan, north-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia.</p> <p>Unlike the other shrews endemic to Sulawesi, C. mnigripes is phylogenetically unrelated to the “Old Sulawesian” clade and is more closely related to species from the Sunda Shelf, suggesting a relatively recent (perhaps late Pliocene) colonization across the Makassar Strait. Its karyotype,</p> <p>consisting of 38 oy supports such a recent biogeographic origin, as this formula is shared with most other species from the Sunda Shelf, while other Sulawesian Crocidura have a decreased chromosome count (2n = 30-34). Races differ in size and in a single fixed diagnostic locus over the 32 assayed allozyme loci; such a difference might reflect the large geographic distance separating the samples rather than having true taxonomic implications; there is a possible zone of overlap in east-central Sulawesi, supporting animals of intermediate size. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C.n.nigripesG.S.Miller&amp;Hollister,1921—NEpeninsulaofSulawesiandLembehI.</p> <p>C. n. ipara G. S. Miller &amp; Hollister, 1921 — C Sulawesi. Its absence from the S peninsulas should be ascertained by adequate surveys.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 72-86 mm, tail 50-65 mm, ear 6 mm, hindfoot 13-1-15-5 mm; weight 8-12 g. The Black-footed White-toothed Shrew is a medium-sized shrew with dark brown to black pelage, but molting individuals show a browner tinge to the fur, particularly on the throat and upper venter, which can be chestnut in color.</p> <p>Face, ears, feet, and tail also blackish. Tail cylindrical, relatively short (60-80% headbody length) and essentially naked; a few long bristles present only along its basal third. Skull slender with narrow rostral parts and typically parallel tooth rows. Subspecies lipara is distinctly larger, particularly in skull dimensions (mean greatest length of skull 22:9 mm vs. 21-7 mm). Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 56, with submetacentric X and subtelocentric Y chromosomes. Chromosomal complement very similar to those of most other Sundaland Crocidura but differs significantly from those of all other tested species from Sulawesi, stressing a different biogeographic origin of the Black-footed White-toothed Shrew.</p> <p>Habitat. Lowland evergreen to montane rainforests. Known altitudinal range 30-2200 m. The nominate race apparently occurs exclusively in lowland rainforests; race lipara occupies a much broader elevational range of habitats, up to 2200 m, being most abundant at moderate altitudes (800-900 m).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Black-footed White-toothed Shrews feed on invertebrates but no precise data are available.</p> <p>Breeding. In August, several pregnant females carried 1-2 near-term embryos.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Black-footed White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial, being found among leaflitter on the forest floor, near logs or dead trees. They are essentially nocturnal or crepuscular.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Black-footed White-toothed Shrews may be sympatric with all other shrew species present in Sulawesi, but no precise data on their natural history are available.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List in view of its widespread occurrence in Sulawesi and expected large population size, but its relative tolerance of anthropic changes to its habitat is unknown. The Black-footed White-toothed Shrew is locally common as demonstrated by pitfall trapping. It occurs in protected areas such as Lore Lindu National Park and Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), Esselstyn &amp; Brown (2009), Esselstyn et al. (2009), Hutterer (2005b), Lunde (2008), Miller &amp; Hollister (1921), Musser (1987), Ruedi (1995, 1996), Ruedi &amp; Vogel (1995), Ruedi et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0788715FAFAAC511337FA12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0798715FA16AF7F1AE6F264.text	3D474A54A0798715FA16AF7F1AE6F264.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura baluensis Thomas 1898	<div><p>230.</p> <p>Kinabalu White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura baluensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Kinabalu / German: Kinabalu-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Kinabalu</p> <p>Other common names: Kinabalu Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura (Crocidura) baluensis Thomas, 1898,</p> <p>“ Mount Kima Balu [= Gunung Kinabalu],” Sabah, Malaysia.</p> <p>Lord Medway in 1965 and P. D. Jenkins in 1982 considered it a subspecies of C. fuligi- nosa, given that it presents a certain size gradient correlated with altitude. It was later regarded as a distinct species by J. Payne and colleagues in 1985, by G. B. Corbet and J. E. Hill in 1992, and by M. Ruedi in 1995, based on the discrete vari-</p> <p>ation of some diagnostic characters. Future molecular studies will test the validity of this species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Confined to the upper slopes of Mt Kinabalu, although one damaged skull from Sarawak could represent this species. This would extend its range further S to other high mountains of Borneo, butit is unlikely, given the currently negative results in other high mountains of Sabah that have been sampled.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 90-110 mm, tail 62-85 mm, hindfoot 15-2-18-5 mm; weight 13-19 g. The Kinabalu White-toothed Shrew is one of the largest shrews of South-east Asia. It can be externally distinguished from other sympatric shrews by its large size (head-body length more than 90 mm), which sets it apart from all Bornean species other than the Bornean White-toothed Shrew (C. foetida) and Bornean Water Shrew (Chimarrogale phaeura). From the Bornean White-toothed Shrew it can be distinguished by an absolutely and relatively longer hindfoot (usually more than 16 mm) and longer mid-dorsal fur (8-10 mm), coarse scales on the tail, and the faint contrast between blackish, light-tipped dorsal fur and moresilvery ventral parts; the skull is also larger and more robust in the Kinabalu White-toothed Shrew. As compared with the Bornean Water Shrew, the Kinabalu White-toothed Shrew lacks silvery guard hairs on the hindquarters, as well as the fringes of white stiff hairs on the feet.</p> <p>Habitat. Recorded at 1676-3657 m. Due to the general confusion with the Bornean White-toothed Shrew and lack of precision on the original labels, the lower altitudinal limit of the Kinabalu White-toothed Shrew and exact altitudinal segregation between these two species is as yet unclear. Intensive shrew sampling on Mount Kinabalu at 1550 m did not record the Kinabalu White-toothed Shrew. Reported in very damp, thick, tall and mossy forest, but also in areas where trees are low and bushy such as Leptospermum sp. This habitat is replaced at higher elevations by an area of stunted vegetation in which the forest is more open, drier and much less mossy; and at the upper limit of the species, by bush-size trees, rhododendrons, sedges, and some conifers.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Two stomachs had remains of insects such as cockroaches and a cricket. Diet of the Kinabalu White-toothed Shrew might overlap with that of the syntopic Short-tailed Gymnure (Hylomys suillus).</p> <p>Breeding. Little is known about the breeding ecology of the Kinabalu White-toothed Shrew, but a pregnant female was recorded with three embryos which together weighed 2 g.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. This assessment was based on several misconceptions: that it had a wider range that originally thought (but the species has only been confirmed on Mount Kinabalu); that it has been found in a variety of habitats (it has only been recorded in primary montane forest); that it is found within Kinabalu Park; and that it faces no major threats (as with most high mountain endemics,its habitat is threatened by climate change). The Kinabalu White-toothed Shrew was considered vulnerable in previous assessments, and it should remain with that status. In Sabah,it is a protected species.</p> <p>Bibliography. Camacho-Sanchez &amp; Hinckley (2016), Clayton &amp; Kennerley (2016), Coolidge (1940), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Griswold (1939a, 1939b), Hawkins et al. (2018), Hinckley et al. (2016), Jenkins (1982), Lim &amp; Heyneman (1968), Medway (1965), Payne et al. (1985), Ruedi (1995), Thomas (1898).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0798715FA16AF7F1AE6F264	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0798715FF12AD761B3BFC13.text	3D474A54A0798715FF12AD761B3BFC13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura foetida (Peters 1870)	<div><p>229.</p> <p>Bornean White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura foetida</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Bornéo / German: Borneo-Weifdzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Borneo</p> <p>Other common names: Bornean Shrew; Lowland Bornean Shrew (foetida), Mountain Bornean Shrew (doriae), Kelabit Shrew (kelabit)</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura (Crocidura) foetida Peters, 1870,</p> <p>“Benkajang (Borneo).”</p> <p>Although it was originally described as a full species, Lord Medway in 1965 consid- ered it a subspecies of C. fuliginosa. Most mammologists followed this taxonomic change, until in 1995 M. Ruedi considered it a distinct species. An allozyme study showed discrete variation among the different subspecies. Recent mtDNA analysis points toward cryptic diversity in this spe-</p> <p>cies. Three subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C.f.foetidaPeters,1870—probablywidespreadthroughoutthelowlandsofBorneo(recordedfromEastandWestKalimantantoSarawak,andUluTemburonginBrunei),andmightbepresentinBalambanganI(offNBorneo)accordingtothespecimenshairlength(animportantdiagnosticcharacter)butnottootherexternalmeasuresthatmatchwithdoriae.ItmayalsobepresentinthelowlandsofESabah,butnospecimenscapturedinthisareahavebeenmeasured.</p> <p>C.f.doriaePeters,1870—seemstoreplacefoetidainthemountainsofNBorneo.</p> <p>C. f. kelabit Medway, 1965 — restricted to the Kelabit Highlands in NE Sarawak (recorded in Bario Airport wasteland and surrounding forest).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 64-100 mm, tail 54-83 mm, hindfoot 13-4-16 mm; weight 9-2-16 g. The Bornean White-toothed Shrew can be externally distinguished from other sympatric shrews by its large size (head—body more than 60 mm), which sets it apart from all other Bornean species apart from the Kinabalu White-toothed Shrew (C. baluensis), the Bornean Water Shrew (Chimarrogale phaeura), and the Black Shrew (Suncus ater). From the first two of these larger species it can be distinguished by a shorter hindfoot (less than 16 mm) and shorter mid-dorsal fur (less than 8 mm); other diagnostic features are the lack of conspicuous scales on the tail (present in Kinabalu White-toothed Shrew), of silvery guard hairs on the hindquarters, and of fringes of white stiff hairs on the feet (present in Bornean Water Shrew). From the Black Shrew it can be distinguished by skull measurements and dental anatomy: the Bornean White-toothed Shrew has three unicuspids while the Black Shrew has four.</p> <p>Habitat. The Bornean White-toothed Shrew is a generalist species distributed from sea level to 1900 m. It is known to occur in primary dipterocarp and riparian forest, secondary forests, plantations, gardens, wastelands and open grass. It has been recorded around buttress roots, limestone walls, small burrows under old fallen logs, bamboo patches, close to small streams, and in tall grass at the border of trails. It is known to be syntopic with the Bornean Water Shrew (recorded at elevations of 1800 m).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Bornean White-toothed Shrews are insectivorous, although they might feed on carcasses when available, since they are attracted by baits such as salted fish and prawn paste. No studies on feeding behavior have been undertaken as yet.</p> <p>Breeding. A gravid female with three fetuses and six nipples was recorded in mid-September, during the masting season.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Bornean White-toothed Shrew has frequently been captured after rain, both during the day and at night. It roosts underground.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The most abundant shrew in the lowlands of Borneo. Nevertheless, its population densities are much lower than in most Eurasian species: on Balambangan Island at sea level, an individual was captured after 40-50 trap nights; in Poring at 550 m, an individual was caught every 293 trap nights; and in Trus Madi at 900 m, an individual was caught every 582 trap nights. Males have a conspicuous lateral gland that secretes a strong odor; when threatened, it will rub this gland and spread the secretion all over its body.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust, given its wide distribution,its occurrence in protected areas, and its tolerance of habitat modification, and also because it is unlikely to be declining at anything close to the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bennet et al. (1987), Camacho-Sanchez &amp; Hinckley (2016), Cassola (2016y), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Hawkins et al. (2018), Hinckley et al. (2016), Jenkins (1982), Medway (1965), Nor (1996), Payne et al. (1985), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Ruedi (1995, 1996), Wilson et al. (2006), Yasuma et al. (2003).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0798715FF12AD761B3BFC13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A07A8716FFF8AA5A13AFF5F4.text	3D474A54A07A8716FFF8AA5A13AFF5F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura brunnea Jentink 1888	<div><p>231.</p> <p>Thick-tailed White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura brunnea</p> <p>French: Crocidure brune / German: Dickschwanz-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de cola gruesa</p> <p>Other common names: Thick-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura brunnea Jentink, 1888, (probably west) Java, Indonesia.</p> <p>Formerly included in C. fuliginosa from continental South-east Asia, but differs chromosomally, genetically and mor- phologically. Also distinctively different from C. orientalis, but possible introgressive hybridization in central Java (Mount soe suggests that barriers to gene flow between these two sister species are locally incomplete. Both Javan species appear in</p> <p>the same clade together with the large-bodied Sumatran C. lepidura. Includes brevicauda and melanorhyncha as synonyms. Molecular reconstructions based on nDNA and mtDNA show that the two races do not differ substantially. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C. b. brunneaJentink, 1838 — W &amp; C Java. C. b. pudjonica Sody, 1936 — E Java and Bali.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 72-104 mm, tail 42-67 mm, ear 7-10 mm, hindfoot 13-5-17 mm; weight 13-17 g. Medium-sized shrew with dark brown pelage, almost black close to the hair bases but more reddish-brown toward the tips. Lower parts somewhat paler with more pronounced brownish tinge. Tail rather short (clearly shorter than head-body length) and hairy, with numerous bristles appearing along its proximal third. Tail shape conical (enlarged base tapering toward tip), reminiscent of that of the Asian House Shrew (Suncus murinus) but unlike the cylindricaltail of other similarsized Crocidura. Race pudjonica is slightly smaller than nominate. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 56, with submetacentric X and acrocentric Y chromosomes. Chromosomal complement very similar to those of most other Crocidura from the Sunda Shelf, including the Oriental White-toothed Shrew (C. orientalis).</p> <p>Habitat. The Thick-tailed White-toothed Shrew is predominantly a lowland species found from near sea level up to 1500 m; most habitats in the plains are now heavily modified by humans, and recentsightings report it at altitudes of 700-1600 m. At medium altitudes of ¢.1500 m, can be found in sympatry with the similar-sized Oriental White-toothed Shrew, but otherwise they are segregated by altitude.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Thick-tailed White-toothed Shrews feed on invertebrates but no precise data are available.</p> <p>Breeding. Most adult females caught in September at mid-altitude in western Java showed evidence of breeding and were either pregnant (with 1-2 embryos) or lactating. The capture of independent immatures suggests an extended breeding period around this time ofyear.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Terrestrial, occurring in various types of forest and adjacent secondary habitats such as gardens (in Bali).</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Thick-tailed White-toothed Shrew can be relatively common in semi-montane habitats where it co-occurs with a range of other terrestrial insectivores, but no precise data are available.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List in view of its occurrence in all kinds of forest, and secondary habitats with dense ground vegetation such as gardens. Now possibly extirpated from the lowlands ofJava by intensive anthropic modifications of habitats. Its current distribution might therefore be considerably reduced, and new information on status of lowland populations is needed. The Thick-tailed White-toothed Shrew occurs in protected areas such as Mount Gede, Mount Salak, or Mount Slamet.</p> <p>Bibliography. Demos et al. (2016), Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), Esselstyn et al. (2013), Hutterer (2005b), Jenkins (1982), Jentink (1888, 1890, 1910), Kitchener et al. (1994), Lunde et al. (2008), Ruedi (1995, 1996), Ruedi &amp; Vogel (1995), Sody (1936).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A07A8716FFF8AA5A13AFF5F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A07A8716FFF7A11C1BBFF70E.text	3D474A54A07A8716FFF7A11C1BBFF70E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura orientalis Jentink 1890	<div><p>232.</p> <p>Oriental White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura orientalis</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Java / German: Orientalische Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana oriental</p> <p>Other common names: Oriental Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura orientalis Jentink in Weber, 1890,</p> <p>Cibodas, West Java, Indonesia</p> <p>Formerly included in C. fuliginosa of continental South-east Asia, but differs chromosomally, genetically and morphooerwo Morphologically distinct from its sister species C. brunnea, but instances of mitochondrial introgression reported in central Java (Mount Slamet) suggest interspecific barriers to gene flow between</p> <p>these two well-differentiated species may be locally porous. C. orientalis and C. brunnea appear in the same clade, together with the large-bodied Sumatran C. lepidura. Based on a very short fragment of mtDNA, C. trichura is apparently also closely related to C. orientalis. In addition to size, three fixed diagnostic allozyme loci and a genetic distance of 9% measured at the cytochrome-b gene suggest that the two subspecies in the Oriental White-toothed Shrew might have reached the species level; as specimens</p> <p>from the type locality, and those from potential transition areas in central Java, have not yet been evaluated genetically, these taxa remain treated as races meantime. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C. o. orientalisJentink, 1890 — W &amp; C Java (from Mt Salak and Mt Gede E to Mt Slamet). C. o. lawuana Sody, 1936 — E Java (from Mt Lawu E to Mt Bromo and Mt Semeru). Either form might occur in intervening mountains of C Java.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 73-100 mm, tail 62-86 mm, ear 7 mm, hindfoot 14-17-1 mm; weight 9-5-18-2 g. The Oriental White-toothed Shrew is a medium-sized dark brown shrew with long (over 4 mm mid-dorsum), dense fur. Color slightly lighter ventrally; some individuals have a noticeably browner throat. Ears and feet light brown. Tail cylindrical, brown, comparable in length to head-body, essentially naked, except for very short hairs that leave the scales visible. In nominate, the tail is devoid of the bristle hairs typical of other Javan shrews, including the smaller race lawuana. Typical white ring of bare skin around base oftail is present in most Oriental Whitetoothed Shrews. The smaller Javan Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew (C. abscondita), endemic to West Java, has an even longer tail (significantly longer than its head—body length), holding very sparse bristle hairs near its base, and has grayer fur; the similarsized Thick-tailed White-toothed Shrew (C. brunnea) is browner, with a shorter, more conical tail bearing numerous bristles. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 56, with subtelocentric X and submetacentric/metacentric Y chromosomes. Chromosomal complement very similar to those of most other Crocidura from the Sunda Shelf, including the Thick-tailed White-toothed Shrew.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary and secondary montane forests in an altitudinal range of 1500-2700 m. At mid-elevations (¢c.1600 m on Mount Gede), the Oriental White-toothed Shrew occurs in sympatry with two small species (Javan Ghost White-toothed Shrew, C. umbra; and Sunda White-toothed Shrew, C. monticola), one large species (Thicktailed White-toothed Shrew, C. brunnea), and one scansorial species (Javan Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew). May also be found together in the same habitat with the Thicktailed White-toothed Shrew at Mount Ciremai and Mount Slamet, although these two are usually segregated by altitude.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Oriental White-toothed Shrew feeds on invertebrates but no precise data are available.</p> <p>Breeding. In both West and East Java, several pregnant (each carrying a single embryo) and lactating females were caught in September, indicating breeding during this period, but no other specific data are available.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Oriental White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial. Captures around first light and at night, suggest crepuscular and nocturnal activity.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Oriental White-toothed Shrew is a common shrew found in montane forests. Relatively high numbers were trapped in the forest floor in western Java, and in grassy areas surrounding gardens in the Bromo—-Semeru region of EastJava, suggesting small or overlapping territories, but no specific data available.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List in view of its widespread occurrence in montane forests and secondary habitats. The Oriental White-toothed Shrew is found in high densities in gardens, indicating that it can be tolerant of human disturbance. Present in many protected areas. The eastern form lawuana is geographically much more restricted to a few areas in EastJava and may yet prove to be a distinct species.</p> <p>Bibliography. Demos et al. (2016), Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), Eldridge et al. (2014), Esselstyn et al. (2013), Jenkins (1982), Jentink (1890), Hutterer (2005b), Ruedi (1995, 1996), Ruedi &amp; Vogel (1995), Sody (1930).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A07A8716FFF7A11C1BBFF70E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A07A8717FAF9A20713DEFBA7.text	3D474A54A07A8717FAF9A20713DEFBA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura vosmaeri Jentink 1888	<div><p>233.</p> <p>Bangka White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura vosmaeri</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Vosmaer / German: Bangka-\WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Bangka</p> <p>Other common names: Bangka Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura vosmaeri Jentink, 1888,</p> <p>Bangka Island, south-eastern Sumatra, Indonesia.</p> <p>In the past this species has been treated as a possible young specimen of C. fuligi- nosa by P. D. Jenkins in 1982 or assigned to C. fuliginosa by R. Hutterer in 1993; but M. Ruedi in 1995 and Hutterer in 2005 considered it a distinct species, closely related to C. beccarii. Crocidura vosmaeri may represent the lowland counterpart of C. beccarii,</p> <p>in which case it could perhaps be treated as a subspecies; this hypothesis is supported by a recent phylogenetic study by T. C. Demos and others in 2016, in which C. vosmaer: appeared within a clade of Sumatran Crocidura, most closely related to C. beccarii, and more distantly related to C. lepidura, and C. hutanis. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from Bangka I, off SE Sumatra; perhaps also on opposite mainland of Sumatra.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 61-65 mm, tail 37-53 mm, ear 6 mm, hindfoot 11-12 mm; weight 5-8-8-8 g. Condylo-incisive length 19-2-19-7 mm. The Bangka Whitetoothed Shrew is a small lowland shrew with very short pelage (2 mm) thatis beautiful velvet brownish black on the upperparts, and the same color on the underside, where the tips of the hairs have a lighter tinge. The short tail and feet are of similar color to that of the body. Tail has basally a few long hairs. External differences of the Bangka White-toothed Shrew and Beccari’s White-toothed Shrew (C. beccarii) are weak, the</p> <p>former possessing smaller feet and very short pelage. This last character may account for the preference of different habitats: the Bangka White-toothed Shrew is a lowland dweller whereas Beccari’s White-toothed Shrew lives in montane forests up to 2500 m. Skull measurements of the two species overlap in most variables.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland forest. It is not known whether the Bangka White-toothed Shrew can adapt to anthropogenic habitats, such as plantations.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Surveys are needed on mainland Sumatra in order to establish the precise distribution ofthis species, as the Bangka White-toothed Shrew may occur more extensively than currently thought. Forest is being lost on Bangka as a result of logging and also expanding plantations, especially of oil palm, though it is not yet known whether or not this species can survive in these secondary habitats; mining also represents a major threat to habitats on Bangka. This species is not known from any protected areas. Further studies are needed on the taxonomy, distribution, abundance, reproduction and ecology ofthis species. In particular, it is important to determine whether or notit is a valid species.</p> <p>Bibliography. Demos et al. (2016), Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016i), Hutterer (1993, 2005b), Jenkins (1982), Jentink (1888), Ruedi (1995).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A07A8717FAF9A20713DEFBA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A07B8717FF13A6641AA7F6B4.text	3D474A54A07B8717FF13A6641AA7F6B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura beccarii Dobson 1887	<div><p>235.</p> <p>Beccari’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura beccarii</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Beccari / German: Beccari-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Beccari</p> <p>Other common names: Beccari's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura beccarii Dobson, 1887,</p> <p>Mount Singgalang, western Suma- tra, Indonesia.</p> <p>Includes weber: as a synonym. Based on extensive molecular data (both mtDNA and nDNA sequences), most closely re- lated and sister to C. vosmaeri from Bangka Island (off south-east Sumatra). Nuclear DNA nests the latter within the C. beccarii clade. Owing to their close genetic and morphological similarities, the insular</p> <p>form might represent a vicariant subspecies of C. beccarii. One of the individuals of C. beccarii sampled on Mount Singgalang had a distinct mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene haplotype that was closer to the lineage found in another Sumatran shrew, C. hutanis, with no evidence of nuclear hybridization, suggesting historical mitochondrial gene introgression between these closely related species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to mountain ranges of N and W Sumatra.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 56-73 mm, tail 51-62 mm, ear 7 mm, hindfoot 12-13 mm; weight 5-8 g. Beccari’s White-toothed Shrew is one of the smallest shrews in Sumatra. General coloration is dark brown to black, slightly paler and tinged with chestnut below. Tail is slender, about the size of head—body length, cylindrical, and covered with hairs hiding scales; few long bristle hairs present along its basal quarter. Feet are black, unlike in other Sumatran shrews. The slightly larger Hutan White-toothed Shrew (C. hutanis) has more grayish underfur, a relatively shorter tail (c.60-80% of head-body length), longer hindfeet (more than 13 mm) and more robust dentition. Density and length of pelage probably depend on altitude, but it is usually dense and long (c.4 mm at mid-dorsum). The similarsized Bangka White-toothed Shrew (C. vosmaeri) has shorter pelage (2 mm at mid-dorsum) and smaller feet, and lives allopatrically from Beccari’s White-toothed Shrew. The Sumatran White-toothed Shrew (C. neglecta) is also present on Sumatra butis even smaller (under 5 g). Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 56 with subtelocentric X and submetacentric Y chromosomes; it is similar to that of other Crocidura from Sundaland.</p> <p>Habitat. Mostly distributed in primary and secondary montane and submontane tropical forests, at an altitudinal range of 1600-2100 m; there are unconfirmed records at lower altitudes. Beccari’s White-toothed Shrew was captured on the floor of primary and secondary rainforests with sparse ground vegetation.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Beccari’s White-toothed Shrew feeds on invertebrates; remains of grasshoppers and coleopterans found in two stomach contents, but no other precise data are available.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Beccari’s White-toothed Shrew is terrestrial and probably active mainly throughout the night, as in other tropical Crocidura shrews.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Other terrestrial mammals caught in the same habitat included the Sumatran Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew (C. paradoxura) and Sumatran Giant White-toothed Shrew (C. lepidura) and another largebodied insectivore, the Short-tailed Gymnure (Hylomys suillus). No precise data are available for Beccari’s White-toothed Shrew.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List in view of its occurrence in primary and secondary montane forests that are under less pressure from deforestation. It also occurs in well protected areas such as the Gunung Leuser National Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cassola (2016ac), Demos et al. (2016), Dobson (1887), Esselstyn &amp; Brown (2009), Esselstyn et al. (2009), Hutterer (2005b), Jentink (1890), Ruedi (1995), Ruedi &amp; Vogel (1995).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A07B8717FF13A6641AA7F6B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A07B8717FF2CAFEB1366F32D.text	3D474A54A07B8717FF2CAFEB1366F32D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura hutanis Ruedi & Vogel 1995	<div><p>234.</p> <p>Hutan White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura hutanis</p> <p>French: Crocidure des foréts / German: Hutan-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de bosque</p> <p>Other common names: Hutan Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura hutanis Ruedi &amp; Vogel, 1995,</p> <p>Retambe (03° 31° N, 97° 46 E), Alas Valley (300 m), Gunung Leuser National Park, Aceh, northern Sumatra, Indonesia.</p> <p>An early specimen from Sumatra with a damaged skull was mistakenly attributed to brunnea by F. A. Jentink in 1888, although it does not show the characteristics of that species. Much later, in 1995, M. Ruedi examined the skull and noted it was</p> <p>much smaller than Javanese brunnea, and he assigned it to a new form, hutanis. Crocidura hutanis is part of a species complex that also includes beccarii, lepidura, paradoxura, and vosmaeri from Sumatra, and brunnea and orientalis from Java. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. N Sumatra, where it appears to be widespread;it might occur more widely across the island.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 72-83 mm, tail 51-61 mm, ear 7-8 mm, hindfoot 13-3-15 mm; weight 10-12 g. Dorsal pelage short and slate gray at the hair bases but dark brown near the tips. Venteris slightly more grayish or chocolate brown. Naked surfaces at face and feet are dark brown to blackish. The rather short tail is covered by very small scales and some longer bristle hairs, which can reach 30-40% of the tail length. Hindfeet are large. Skull with visible nuchal crests is elongated and slender with a very flat profile. The first incisor is about twice as large as the first incisor of the similarly sized Sumatran Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew (C. paradoxura), whose dentition is also generally more robust than in the Hutan White-toothed Shrew. First upper unicuspid significantly larger than second and third unicuspids. Mandible with relatively short angular process. Greatest length of skull 21-6-23-1 mm. Karyotype polymorphism due to centric fusion 2n = 36-38.</p> <p>Habitat. Mainly known from lowland rainforest at altitudes of 300-600 m. In Gunung Leuser National Park, Hutan White-toothed Shrews were found in a regenerating lowland rainforest with dense undergrowth and scattered rotting tree trunks. Probably parapatric with the mountain species Beccari’s White-toothed Shrew (C. beccarii), but altitudinal segregation remains to be documented.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. At the places where Hutan White-toothed Shrews were caught, there were a large number of grasshoppers that could potentially serve as prey for them. However, detailed investigations are still necessary for the exact determination of the diet.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Hutan White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Relative abundance and population size of the Hutan White-toothed Shrew are unknown, but according to Ruedi in 1995 it could be fairly widespread. The species may be threatened by deforestation, although its adaptability to anthropogenic habitats such as the rapidly expanding oil palm plantations has been poorly studied. The Hutan Whitetoothed Shrew occurs at least in the Gunung Leuser National Park and possibly also in some other protected areas.</p> <p>Bibliography. Demos etal. (2016), Hutterer (2005b), Jentink (1888), Lunde et al. (2017), Ruedi (1995, 1996), Ruedi &amp; Vogel (1995).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A07B8717FF2CAFEB1366F32D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A07B8710FA17A2D016F5F9C0.text	3D474A54A07B8710FA17A2D016F5F9C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura lepidura Lyon 1908	<div><p>236.</p> <p>Sumatran Giant White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura lepidura</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Lyon / German: Sumatra-Weif3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafna gigante de Sumatra</p> <p>Other common names: Sumatran Giant Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura lepidura Lyon, 1908,</p> <p>Kateman River, eastern Sumatra, Indonesia.</p> <p>Formerly included in C. fuliginosa but sep- arated as a Sumatran endemic by M. Rue- di in 1995; this treatment was followed by R. Hutterer in 2005. According to recent phylogenetic studies by J. A. Esselstyn and R. M. Brown in 2009, and T. C. Demos and others o in 2016,it ale is closely related to other Sumatran shrews such as C. hutanis, C. beccari, and C. vosmaeri, and more distantly to</p> <p>the Javanese C. brunnea and C. orientalis. Includes villosa as a synonym. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to Sumatra; it seems widely distributed from upper montane rainforest in W Sumatra to hillsides in E &amp; S Sumatra.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 90-112 mm, tail 60-84 mm, hindfoot 16-7-18-8 mm; weight 13-21-5 g. Condylo-incisive length 23.9-26:4 mm. The Sumatran Giant White-toothed Shrew is the largest shrew in Sumatra, and is only approached in size by the slightly smaller Kinabalu White-toothed Shrew (C. baluensis) of Borneo. Blackish upperparts have relatively stiff, long hairs (7-9 mm on mid-dorsum). Sparse, shining, longer guard hairs give a grizzled appearance to its dorsal pelage. The contrasting midline ventral part is variable in color, from slate gray to chocolate brown.</p> <p>Tail is relatively long, brownish black above, and paler beneath, with short, stiff applied hairs and only a few bristles at the base of the tail. Upper surfaces of foreand hindfeet are brownish. In skull measurements the Sumatran Giant Shrew is larger than any other Sumatran Crocidura. There is a great morphological resemblance between this species and the Kinabalu White-toothed Shrew: apart from slightly smaller skull dimensions and smaller hindfeet, there is hardly any difference between the species, but they may be convergent forms, not closely related. Dentition is strong and robust. Most specimen have a bifid mesostyle on M* (and sometimes M?), a character also found in other Indomalayan shrews. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 37-38 and FN = 54. It shares a polymorphic translocation of two acrocentrics with the Hutan White-toothed Shrew (C. hutanis), also of Sumatra; this is a rather unusual phenomenon in shrews.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary lowland and montane forest. It ranges from sea level up to 2000 m, attaining its maximum abundance in highly degraded forest and cultivated lands at elevations of 1500-1800 m. Trapped at 1500-1800 m in Mount Kerinci area, where revealed to be sympatric with Beccari’s White-toothed Shrew (C. beccarii) and the Sumatran Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew (C. paradoxura), and also with other terrestrial insectivores of the family Galericidae, namely the Shorttailed Gymnure (Hylomys suillus), and the Dwarf Gymnure (H. parvus). The upper distribution range of the Sumatran Giant White-toothed Shrew may be limited by the Dwarf Gymnure, which was most abundant in the moss forest around 3000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List in view ofits wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, and presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. There are no major threats to this adaptable species. Given its wide range, the Sumatran Giant White-toothed Shrew is likely to be present in a number of protected areas.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cassola (2016z), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Demos et al. (2016), Esselstyn &amp; Brown (2009), Hutterer (1993, 2005b), Jenkins (1982), Lyon (1908), Ruedi (1995), Ruedi &amp; Vogel (1995), Ruedi et al. (1994).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A07B8710FA17A2D016F5F9C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A07C8710FAF9A91A1414F556.text	3D474A54A07C8710FAF9A91A1414F556.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura beata G. S. Miller 1910	<div><p>238.</p> <p>Mindanao White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura beata</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Mindanao / German: Mindanao-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Mindanao</p> <p>Other common names: Mindanao Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura beatus G. S. Miller, 1910,</p> <p>Summit of Mount Bliss, 1461 m, Mindanao, Philippines.</p> <p>Widely used specific name beatus has been changed for gender agreement, as beatus is a Latin adjective. In 1987, L.. R. Heaney and colleagues regarded it as a distinct species, including parvacauda as a synonym, and this was followed by R. Hutterer in 1993 and 2005. In contrast, G. B. Corbet and J. E. Hill treated it as part of C. gray: in</p> <p>1992. Phylogenetically, it is related to C. grayi, C. mindorus, C. negrina, and C. panayenss. Genetically distinct populations are found in Samar and Leyte, and eastern, northcentral, western, and southern Mindanao. Further study needed. A specimen from Leyte had the karyotype 2n = 38. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to the Philippines (Samar, Leyte, Maripipi, Biliran, Bohol, Mindanao, and Camiguin Is).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 77 mm (type specimen), tail 52-75 mm, hindfoot 14— 17 mm; weight 9-13 g. Condylo-incisive length 20-215 mm. The Mindanao Whitetoothed Shrew is a small grayish brown shrew, similar to the Luzon White-toothed Shrew (C. grayi), with only a few vibrissae on the basal half of the tail, and these tend to be fine and short (rather than many coarse hairs over most ofits length). Claws on foreand hindfeet are slightly shorter and less robust. Cranium is slightly more elongate and narrow, and the braincase is slightly more inflated. The Mount Malindang White-toothed Shrew (C. grands) is larger, though the degree of difference is currently unknown.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary and secondary forest, and scrubby secondary growth. Most abundant in montane and mossy forest (both primary and secondary). Usually absent outside forest. It appears to be tolerant of some level of disturbance. Elevation range 0-2800 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Mindanao White-toothed Shrews feed on invertebrates, especially earthworms.</p> <p>Breeding. A pregnant female contained a single embryo.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Mindanao White-toothed Shrews are active day and night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Mindanao White-toothed Shrews captured on Leyte, Biliran, and Maripipi were collected on the ground within leaf litter, in runways, or along steep, moss-covered embankments. On Camiguin Island it was most often trapped undertree roots and live vegetation. No individuals were taken in agricultural areas.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List, because it is reasonably widespread, occurring on several islands in the Mindanao Faunal Region, and the higher elevation populations are relatively stable. The lowland populations have already undergone a significant reduction due to deforestation, but these reductions are not at a rate to qualify the species for listing in a threat category. Locally, the Mindanao White-toothed Shrew is threatened by deforestation, especially for agriculture, timber and human settlements. The species occurs in Mount Kitanglad National Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Esselstyn et al. (2009), Heaney (2016), Heaney &amp; Ruedi (1994), Heaney, Balete et al. (1998), Heaney, Dolar et al. (2010), Heaney, Gonzales &amp; Alcala (1987), Heaney, Tabaranza, Balete &amp; Rigertas (2006), Heaney, Tabaranza, Rickart et al. (2006), Hutterer (1993, 2005b), Miller (1910), Rickart (2003), Rickart et al. (1993).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A07C8710FAF9A91A1414F556	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A07C8710FFF6AD3A17A0FDF6.text	3D474A54A07C8710FFF6AD3A17A0FDF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura grandis G. S. Miller 1910	<div><p>237.</p> <p>Mount Malindang White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura grandis</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Malindang / German: Malindang-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Malindang</p> <p>Other common names: Greater Mindanao Shrew, Mount Malindang Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura grandis G. S. Miller, 1910,</p> <p>Grand Malindang Mountain, 6100 ft (= 1859 m), Mindanao, Philippines.</p> <p>In 1992, G. B. Corbet and J. E. Hill treated this form within C. mindorus, but in 1993 and 2005 R. Hutterer listed it as distinct. Crocidura grandis is the only member of Philippine Crocidura, not yet to have been included in a molecular phylogenetic analysis;it is in need of further taxonomic research. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from Mt Malindang on Mindanao I, Philippines.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 100 mm, tail 59 mm, hindfoot 19 mm (all measurements from the type specimen). No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive length is 23-6 mm. The Mount Malindang White-toothed Shrew is a large shrew, with a moderately long tail (59% of head-body length). It is larger than its congener the Mindanao White-toothed Shrew (C. beata), also of Mindanao. In size, it is comparable with other Philippine Shrews, such as the Mindoro White-toothed Shrew (C. mindorus), the Negros White-toothed Shrew (C. negrina), and the Palawan Whitetoothed Shrew(C. palawanensis). Compared to the Mindoro White-toothed Shrew, the tail is thicker with fewer bristle hairs and longer hindfeet; the cranium is more elongate, braincase slightly less globose, interorbital region broader, molars larger (10-1 mm). The Mount Malindang White-toothed Shrew is gray-brown with dark brown feet and tail, similar to the Mindoro White-toothed Shrew. It has a slight slaty tinge all over its pelage.</p> <p>Habitat. Apparently confined to primary forest at medium to high elevations. Not known whetherit adapts to anthropogenic habitats. Nor is it yet confirmed whether or notit co-occurs with the Mindanao White-toothed Shrew.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List, as this species is known only from a few specimens. There were no surveys for this species until 2000, but two recent surveys on Mount Malindang found several specimens (five individuals) which might be this species. Surveys have not found it in surrounding regions or on other mountains on Mindanao, which suggests that the species could be confined to Zamboanga Peninsula, and within the range of Mount Malindang, which is the highest point on the Peninsula. There is insufficient information on habitat, range, and threats. There has been extensive deforestation in the region where the species occurs, and most of the lowland forest has been cleared. The effects of deforestation on this species are not known. It occurs within the Mount Malindang National Park, but the park is not well managed and therefore does not afford this species adequate protection.</p> <p>Bibliography. Boitani et al. (2006), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Heaney &amp; Ruedi (1994), Heaney, Balete et al. (1998), Heaney, Dolar et al. (2010), Heaney, Tabaranza, Rickart et al. (2006), Hutterer (1993, 2005b), Kennerley (2016e), Miller (1910).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A07C8710FFF6AD3A17A0FDF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A07C8711FAF8A1BB138DFA1D.text	3D474A54A07C8711FAF8A1BB138DFA1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura mindorus G. S. Miller 1910	<div><p>239.</p> <p>Mindoro White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura mindorus</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Mindoro / German: Mindoro-WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Mindoro</p> <p>Other common names: Mindoro Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura mindorus G. S. Miller, 1910,</p> <p>Mount Halcon, 1938 m, Mindoro, Philippines.</p> <p>In 1992 G. B. Corbet and J. E. Hill in- cluded C. negrina and C. grandis within C. mindorus, but in 1993 and 2005 R. Hutterer treated them as three distinct species. Previously, the population of Sibuyan Island was assigned to C. mindorus, butit was recently described as the new species C. ninoyi. Phylogenetically the C. mindorus</p> <p>is either basal to a clade consisting of C. ninoyi, C. negrina, and C. panayensis, or part of a basal polytomy with other species from the Philippines. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from high elevations from Mt Halcon, Mindoro I, Philippines.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 91 mm (type specimen), tail 73-78 mm, hindfoot 17-18 mm; weight c.13-5 g. Condylo-incisive length is 22:3-22-6 mm. In color and general appearance, the Mindoro White-toothed Shrew resembles the Luzon White-toothed Shrew (C. grayi), but it is noticeably larger. In contrast to the Sibuyan White-toothed Shrew (C. ninoyi), the Negros White-toothed Shrew (C. negrina), and the Panay Whitetoothed Shrew (C. panayensis), the Mindoro White-toothed Shrew hasa thick tail, with numerous bristle hairs along its entire length. Compared to the Mount Malindang White-toothed Shrew (C. grandis), tail is thinner with fewer long hairs on proximal half, hindfeet shorter and heavily pigmented. Cranium is less elongate, and interorbital region slightly narrower. Compared to the Negros White-toothed Shrew, braincase is more globose, interorbital region broader.</p> <p>Habitat. Little is known about the habitat and ecology of this species, but it may be restricted to high-elevation primary forest. It is known from two specimens taken in 1906 on Mount Halcon at 1920 m, and another taken in 1992 at 1550-1800 m. The other Crocidura on Mindoro is the Luzon White-toothed Shrew, which is common and widespread.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. More surveys are needed on Mindoro to find new information about the species’ populations, habitat preferences, threats, and conservation requirements. It is not known whether or not it occurs in any protected areas. Mindoro has undergone extensive deforestation, but there is some remaining montane forest.</p> <p>Bibliography. Boitani et al. (2006), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Esselstyn &amp; Brown (2009), Esselstyn &amp; Goodman (2010), Esselstyn &amp; Oliveros (2010), Esselstyn, Maher &amp; Brown (2011), Esselstyn, Timm &amp; Brown (2009), Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016g), Heaney &amp; Ruedi (1994), Heaney, Balete et al. (1998), Heaney, Dolar et al. (2010), Hutterer (1993, 2005b), Miller (1910).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A07C8711FAF8A1BB138DFA1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A07D8711FA2FAA5F1548F754.text	3D474A54A07D8711FA2FAA5F1548F754.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura negrina Rabor 1952	<div><p>241.</p> <p>Negros White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura negrina</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Negros / German: Negros-Weizahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Negros</p> <p>Other common names: Negros Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura negrina Rabor, 1952,</p> <p>Dayongan, 1300 m, Cuernos de Negros Mountains, Negros Island, Phillippines.</p> <p>In 1992 G. B. Corbet and J. E. Hill listed this species under C. mindorus, but in 1993 and 2005 R. Hutterer treated it as distinct species. Phylogenetic studies by |. A. Esselstyn and others in 2009 and 2010 recovered this species as sister taxon to C. panayensis and C. ninoyi, and more basal to C. mindorus within a clade of central</p> <p>Philippine Crocidura. Monisgie</p> <p>Distribution. Known only by six specimens from Cuernos de Negros volcanoes, S Negros I, Philippines.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 88 mm (type specimen), tail 63-83 mm, hindfoot 16-18 mm; weight 11-15-5 g. Condylo-incisive length: 22-23 mm. The Negros Whitetoothed Shrew is a medium-sized shrew, closely resembling the Asian House Shrew (Suncus murinus) in external appearance, but much smaller with relatively longer and more slender tail, and much darker pelage than the Mindoro White-toothed Shrew (C. mindorus). Upperparts are blackish brown, tinged with gray. Underside is dark brown with numerous whitish patches that are particularly visible on the belly. Compared to the Mindoro White-toothed Shrew, the Negros White-toothed Shrew has a less globose braincase, narrower interorbital region, slightly broader upper molars, and higher coronoid process.</p> <p>Habitat. Known only from primary or slightly disturbed lowland and montane forest at elevations of 500-1450 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Negros White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial and probably nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List because its extent of known occurrence is less than 5000 km?2, all individuals are in fewer than five locations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. The species might be found in northern Negros as well, but surveys on north have not used the appropriate techniques for catching these shrews. A single specimen was collected in northern Negros in 2009. Even if it occurs more widely, it is thought have an extent of occurrence of less than 5000 km?. Surveys with the right capture techniques should be undertaken for this species on neighboring Panay and Cebu. The Negros Whitetoothed Shrew is not currently known from any protected area, and conservation of the small amount of remaining habitat is urgently needed. Research on its distribution, population, habitat and ecology is also essential.</p> <p>Bibliography. Boitani et al. (2006), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Esselstyn &amp; Brown (2009), Esselstyn &amp; Oliveros (2010), Esselstyn, Maher &amp; Brown (2011), Esselstyn, Timm &amp; Brown (2009), Heaney &amp; Ruedi (1994), Heaney &amp; Tabaranza (2008), Heaney &amp; Utzurrum (1991), Heaney, Balete et al. (1998), Heaney, Dolar et al. (2010), Hutterer (1993, 2005b), Rabor (1952, 1977).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A07D8711FA2FAA5F1548F754	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A07D8711FF29AD69170FF26F.text	3D474A54A07D8711FF29AD69170FF26F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura panayensis Hutterer 2007	<div><p>240.</p> <p>Panay White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura panayensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Panay / German: Panay-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Panay</p> <p>Other common names: Panay Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura panayensis Hutterer, 2007,</p> <p>“The Philippines, Panay, NW peninsula, Sibaliw, Municipality of Buruanga [11° 49-188’ N, 121° 58-064’ E], 450 m.”</p> <p>Previously assigned to C. palawanensis by R. Hutterer in 2002. Specimens have been studied in more detail and are now separated as C. panayensis. According to genetic studies done byJ. A. Esselstyn and colleagues in 2009 and 2010,this speciesis related to C. negrina, C. ninoyi, and C. min-</p> <p>dorus within a central Philippine clade. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from NW peninsula and SW Panay I, Philippines.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 65-74 mm, tail 58-64 mm, hindfoot 14-4-15-4 mm; weight 10-12-5 g. The Panay White-toothed Shrew is a medium-sized shrew, with a long tail (87% of head-body length). It is comparable in size to other Philippine shrews, namely the Mindoro White-toothed Shrew (C. mindorus), the Sibuyan Whitetoothed Shrew (C. ninoyi), the Negros White-toothed Shrew (C. negrina), the Mount Malindang White-toothed Shrew (C. grandis), and the Palawan White-toothed Shrew (C. palawanensis). Upperparts are blackish brown, which graduates toward dusky brown on venter. Tail is covered (about 47%) with long bristles on the proximal half, dusky above and slightly paler on underside. Dorsal part of foreand hindfeet are covered by dark hairs, with lateral surfaces slightly darker brown than the inner surfaces; structure of hindfoot (elongate shape, prominent plantar granulae, strong pigmentation) replicates those of most Philippine Crocidura. Skull large and robust, with a long and wide rostrum. The Panay White-toothed Shrew has a very narrow interorbit, and for this reason it was previously assigned to the Palawan White-toothed Shrew, but that species has a longer tail and lower pilosity, and differences in dental traits. Females have two inguinal nipples.</p> <p>Habitat. Known from the forest floor of primary forest at elevations of 450-480 m in the north-western peninsula of Panay; also present in lightly disturbed forest at elevations of 800-900 m in south-western Panay. Specimens were captured in pitfall buckets put out for frogs.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Panay White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Probably widespread in the mountains of Panay, in primary and secondary forest. In south-western Panay, the Panay White-toothed Shrew appearsto be either uncommon to rare or difficult to capture. Panay has undergone extensive deforestation and surveys of additional montane areas are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Esselstyn &amp; Brown (2009), Esselstyn &amp; Goodman (2010), Esselstyn &amp; Oliveros (2010), Esselstyn, Maher &amp; Brown (2011), Esselstyn, Timm &amp; Brown (2009), Heaney et al. (2010), Hutterer (2002, 2007b).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A07D8711FF29AD69170FF26F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A07D8712FA13A3B5175CFA6B.text	3D474A54A07D8712FA13A3B5175CFA6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura grayi Dobson 1890	<div><p>242.</p> <p>Luzon White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura grayi</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Lugon / German: Luzon-WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Luzén</p> <p>Other common names: Luzon Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura grayi Dobson, 1890,</p> <p>Luzon, Philippines.</p> <p>In 1910, G. S. Miller described a new sub- species (halconus) from Mindoro, but in 1987 L. R. Heaney and colleagues regard- ed it as a junior synonym of C. grayi. This course has been followed in subsequent publications, by Heaney and M. Ruedi in 1994, and R. Hutterer in 2005, pending new evidence. Phylogenetically, C. gray: is most closely related to C. beata from Mind-</p> <p>anao Faunal Region, and to members of the central Philippine clade (mindorus, negnina, panayensis). According to recent phylogenetic results from J. A. Esselstyn, in 2009, 2010, and 2011, C. gray: as currently delimited may include more species-level taxa; this deserves careful study. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. N Philippines, including Luzon, Calayan (Babuyan Group), Mindoro and Catanduanes Is.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.78-85 mm, tail 47-64 mm, ear 8-10 mm, hindfoot 13-17 mm; weight 8:5-10 g. Condylo-incisive length: 18:8-20-7 mm. The Luzon White-toothed Shrew is a small shrew, perhaps the smallest native mammal on Luzon. Fur is dark gray or brown on upperparts,slightly paler ventrally. Basal half of tail has scattered long bristle hairs. Ears are partly hidden within the fur. Superficially similar to shrew mice (Muridae: Archboldomys, Soricomys) of Luzon, but shrew mice have no flexible snout, medium-sized eyes, and incisors separated from the molars by a long gap. Skull is narrow and elongated, narrow rostrum and proportionally small molars. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 58 (Mount Isarog, southern Luzon).</p> <p>Habitat. Common in primary lowland, montane, and mossy forest. It does not occur outside forested areas. Often common in primary and secondary forest and beside trails cleared through forest. Sometimes present in areas with mixed agriculture and regenerating shrubby vegetation at moderate or high elevations, but absent from such areas at low elevations. Elevational range 250-2400 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. [Luzon White-toothed Shrews primarily feed on small invertebrates, including earthworms, insects, and spiders.</p> <p>Breeding. Offive pregnant females, four had one embryo and one had two; average litter size from embryo and placental scar counts is c.1-2.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Terrestrial and both diurnal and nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Luzon White-toothed Shrews rarely occur with Asian House Shrews (Suncus murinus), which tend to be associated with heavy disturbance, but Asian House Shrews are present in mature forest, where the Luzon White-toothed Shrew is absent. When populations are high, individuals can be seen foraging on ground, and their high-pitched squeaks can sometimes be heard. They produce distinct musky odor.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List in view of its relatively wide distribution, and predicted large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. Deforestation has affected the Luzon White-toothed Shrew, especially at lower elevations. Forest has been lost for agriculture, timber extraction, and human settlements. The species occurs in a number of protected areas.</p> <p>Bibliography. Alviola et al. (2011), Balete, Alviola et al. (2011), Balete, Heaney et al. (2013), Boitani etal. (2006), Duya, Alviola et al. (2007), Duya, Duya et al. (2011), Esselstyn &amp; Brown (2009), Esselstyn &amp; Oliveros (2010), Esselstyn, Maher &amp; Brown (2011), Esselstyn, Timm &amp; Brown (2009), Heaney &amp; Ruedi (1994), Heaney &amp; Tabaranza (2016), Heaney, Balete, Dolar et al. (1998), Heaney, Balete &amp; Rickart (2016), Heaney, Balete, Rickart, Utzurrum &amp; Gonzales (1999), Heaney, Balete, Rosell-Ambal et al. (2013), Heaney, Dolar et al. (2010), Heaney, Gonzales &amp; Alcala (1987), Heaney, Gonzales, Utzurrum &amp; Rickart (1991), Hutterer (2005b), Miller (1910), Rickart, Heaney, Balete, Alviola et al. (2013), Rickart, Heaney, Balete &amp; Tabaranza (2011), Rickart, Heaney &amp; Utzurrum (1991).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A07D8712FA13A3B5175CFA6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A07E8712FFF5AE9F1477FDFF.text	3D474A54A07E8712FFF5AE9F1477FDFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura ninoy Esselstyn & Goodman 2010	<div><p>243.</p> <p>Sibuyan White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura ninoyi</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Ninoy / German: Sibuyan-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Sibuyan</p> <p>Other common names: Sibuyan Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura ninoyi Esselstyn &amp; Goodman, 2010,</p> <p>“ Philippine Islands: Romblon Province, Sibuyan Island, 4-5 km S and 4 km E of Magdiwang, NW slope of Mt. Guitinguitin [= Guiting-Guiting], 12-45°N, 122-55°E, 325 m elevation.”</p> <p>First reported as provisionally assignable to C. mindorus pending further studies, the Sibuyan C. cf. mindorus was treated under C. mindorus by L. R. Heaney and colleagues in 1998 and by R. Hutterer in</p> <p>2005. Recent phylogenetic analyses by J. A. Esselstyn and colleagues in 2009 and 2010 revealed C. mindorus (as then recognized) to be diphyletic, leading to its formal description as a distinct species. Phylogenetically, C. ninoyi is closely related to C. negrina, C. panayensis, and C. mindorus. T. C. Giarla and Esselstyn in 2015 found genetic evidence of a second species on Sibuyan; further studies are needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from Mt Guiting-Guiting, Sibuyan I, Philippines.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 84-97 mm, tail 66-75 mm, hindfoot 14-3-16-3 mm; weight 9-5-13-5 g. Condylo-incisive length: 23-4 mm (mean). Pelage is gray-brown and slightly darker above than on the underparts. Tail pigmentation similar to that of pelage. Tail nearly naked with sparse bristle hairs on the proximal half, thus differing from the Negros White-toothed Shrew (C. negrina) and the Panay White-toothed Shrew (C. panayensis). The Mindoro White-toothed Shrew (C. mindorus) has thickertail with bristle hairs throughout its length. Both, foreand hindfeet are narrower with more robust digits than those of the Mindoro White-toothed Shrew. Soles of the feet are moderately pigmented relative to other members of the central Philippines Crocidura clade, with prominent plantar granulae. Skull is dorsoventrally compressed and less globose than in the syntopic Mindoro White-toothed Shrew. Interorbital region is intermediate in breadth and rostrum relatively short compared to other members of the central Philippine Crocidura clade. Upper tooth row is slightly longer than in the Mindoro White-toothed Shrew and the Panay White-toothed Shrew, but similar to the Negros White-toothed Shrew.</p> <p>Habitat. Disturbed lowland forest at ¢.325 m, characterized by a canopy of 20-30 m, few epiphytes, extensive mid-canopy vines, and patchy leaflitter cover; also in undisturbed mossy montane forest at ¢.1325 m, with sections dominated by tall bamboo (8-10 m), extensive epiphytes, few vines and dense leaf-litter and humus cover, on Mount Guiting-Guiting. May occur between these elevations, and also above or below.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Sibuyan White-toothed Shrews feed on the forest floor on invertebrates.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Terrestrial and both diurnal and nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Sibuyan Whitetoothed Shrew is presumably not under threat, although managed mining and logging activities occur on Sibuyan Island. Subsequent to field research that yielded the type series of C. minoyi, about 30% (15,265 ha) of Sibuyan Island was proclaimed a protected area, known as the Mount Guiting-Guiting National Park. Assuming proper</p> <p>management of this park, the known distribution ofthis species is protected. Further research on the distribution and ecology ofthis species is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Boitani et al. (2006), Esselstyn &amp; Brown (2009), Esselstyn &amp; Goodman (2010), Esselstyn &amp; Oliveros (2010), Esselstyn, Maher &amp; Brown (2011), Esselstyn, Timm &amp; Brown (2009), Giarla &amp; Esselstyn (2015), Goodman &amp; Ingle (1993), Heaney &amp; Ruedi (1994), Heaney, Balete et al. (1998), Heaney, Dolar et al. (2010), Hutterer (2005b).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A07E8712FFF5AE9F1477FDFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A07E8713FAFDA90913FCFE27.text	3D474A54A07E8713FAFDA90913FCFE27.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura palawanensis E. H. Taylor 1934	<div><p>244.</p> <p>Palawan White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura palawanensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Palawan / German: Palawan-Weif3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Palawan</p> <p>Other common names: Palawan Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura palawanensis E. H. Taylor, 1934,</p> <p>Sir J. Brooke Point, Palawan, Philippines.</p> <p>Originally described as a species, it was subsumed under C. fuliginosaby G. B. Cor- bet andJ. E. Hill in 1992. Later, it was again listed as distinct species by L. R. Heaney and M. Ruediin 1994, and by R. Hutterer in 2005. Hutterer in 2007 hinted that the population of shrews on Balabac Island at southern end of Palawan group may rep-</p> <p>resent a distinct species. Individuals caught on Dumaran Island, and others caught in the Malampaya Sound (northern Palawan) are smaller than would be expected for C. palawanensis; the identification of these species is currently under study. Recently found syntopic with Palawanosorex muscorum on Mount Mantalingahan. It is unclear whether C. palawanensis consists of one or two species; further studies are needed into the taxonomy of the species. Phylogenetically, related to C. mindorus, C. gray, C. negrina, and C. panayensis, but only distantly related to C. batakorum, and Palawanosorex muscorum, two other shrews from Palawan. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Palawan and Balabac Is, Philippines.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 70-86 mm, tail 76-96 mm, ear 8-11 mm, hindfoot 17-20 mm; weight 8-19-5 g. Condylo-incisive length 21-4-25-4 mm. The Palawan Whitetoothed Shrew is a relatively large shrew, comparable to the Negros White-toothed Shrew (C. negrina) and the Mindoro White-toothed Shrew (C. mindorus). Upperparts are slaty to ash gray. Snout, ears, and tail blackish brown; underparts on throat and thorax are reddish-brown, more grayish on posterior abdomen. The Palawan White-toothed Shrew has a very long tail with long bristle hairs (c.30%). Interdigital surface of foreand hindfeet covered by numerous small granules. Specimens reported from Balabac under the name C. palawanensis have shorter tails (56-70 mm); it is unclear whether they belong to C. palawanensis or are an undescribed species. Compared to the Palawan White-toothed Shrew, the Batak White-toothed Shrew (C. batakorum) is dark brown, smaller (head-body length 63 mm), with a shortertail (43 mm) sparsely covered by bristle hairs proximally, and a similar interdigital morphology. The Palawan Moss Shrew has a stouter body, broader forefeet, longer claws, and a shorttail with short hairs and no bristle hairs. Its interdigital surface is smooth. The Asian House Shrew (Suncus murinus) is much larger, with a thicker, hairier tail. Skull is relatively elongate; the interorbital region is narrow, as in the Panay White-toothed Shrew (C. panayensis).</p> <p>Habitat. Old growth and scrubby secondary forest; type specimen from deep forest near the sea. Common in primary, secondary montane and mossy forest on Mount Mantalingahan (southern Palawan) at elevations of 900-1950 m. Here it was collected syntopically with the Palawan Moss Shrew (Palawanosorex muscorum) at elevations of 1550-1950 m and the Palawan Spiny Rat (Maxomys panglima). It is likely to tolerate a good deal of habitat degradation and may be resistant to habitat fragmentation. Probably not found in agricultural areas, and originally uncommon at lower elevations, with increasing abundance at higher elevations.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Terrestrial and predominantly nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Until recently very poorly known. Recent surveys, using pitfall trapping yielded many specimens. The Palawan Whitetoothed Shrew has been collected only with pitfall trapping, while other methods have not located the species and this was the reason behind the scant records hitherto available for this species. On Dumaran Island, ten individuals were found in 260 pitfall trap/nights in 60 ha of heavily logged forest patch, at elevations of 35-70 m, where the canopy height was 25 m but with dense understory, including some individuals in bamboo shrub, although these individuals have yet to be identified. On Mount Matalingahan,it was captured predominantly on the ground but up to 2 m on tree trunks. The sympatric Palawan Moss Shrew was captured only up to 0-5 m.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List as it has been demonstrated to be commoner than previously realized. Little of the low elevation forest in the region where the Palawan White-toothed Shrew is known to occur remains, due to heavy deforestation, but collection sites suggest thereis a certain tolerance of disturbance. Given its relatively wide range, this species is likely to be present in a number of protected areas, and it is found in Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park. The area is undergoing rapid deforestation. Lowland primary forest was disappearing quickly before a logging ban was placed in the mid-1990s; this has somewhat slowed deforestation rates since then and has allowed regeneration of second-growth forest. The species is reasonably adaptable and seems to be able to survive in some secondary habitats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Boitani et al. (2006), Cassola (2016aa), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Esselstyn &amp; Brown (2009), Esselstyn &amp; Oliveros (2010), Esselstyn, Maher &amp; Brown (2011), Esselstyn, Oliveros et al. (2010), Esselstyn, Timm &amp; Brown (2009), Esselstyn, Widmann &amp; Heaney (2004), Heaney &amp; Ruedi (1994), Heaney, Balete et al. (1998), Heaney, Dolar et al. (2010), Hoogstraal (1951), Hutterer (2005b, 2007), Hutterer et al. (2018), Taylor (1934), Widmann et al. (2004).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A07E8713FAFDA90913FCFE27	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A07F8713FF26A9621174F419.text	3D474A54A07F8713FF26A9621174F419.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura abscondita Esselstyn, Achmadi & Maharadatunkamsi 2014	<div><p>245.</p> <p>Javan Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura abscondita</p> <p>French: Crocidure cachée / German: Java-Langschwanz-Weif3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de cola larga de Java</p> <p>Other common names: Javan Long-tailed Shrew, Mysterious White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura absconditus [sic] Esselstyn, Achmadi &amp; Maharadatunkamsi, 2014,</p> <p>“ Cibodas, Mt. Gede, WestJava, Indonesia (6-74818°S, 106-99388°E, 1,611 m elevation).”</p> <p>Masculine epithet absconditus changed for gender agreement. A long-tailed species similar in morphology to C. paradoxura was reported from Java (Mount Gede-Pangrango) by P. D. Jenkins in 1982 and by M. Ruedi in 1995, under the name C. cf. paradoxura. In their 2013 study J. A. Esselstyn and others incorporated a long-tailed specimen, which fitted the potentially undescribed species of Ruedi and Jenkins. This long-tailed shrew was later confirmed by morphological and genetic studies to be a different species. Phylogenetically, C. abscondita is closely related to C. paradoxura and other species from the Sunda Shelf, Sulawesi, and the Philippines. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from Mount Gede-Pangrango area of West Java.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.73-5 mm, tail 88-3 mm (mean, n = 4), hindfoot 16 mm (n= 1); weight 7-5 g (mean, n = 4). Condylo-incisive length: 19. mm (mean). The Javan Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew is a medium-sized, long-tailed shrew with pale pelage and skin. It is readily distinguished from all otherJavan Crocidura by its body size and tail length. It has a more gracile body than any otherJavan shrew but is similar to the Sumatran Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew (C. paradoxura), which has similar morphology, but the Javan Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew differs in body size,tail length and color, and orientation of the rostrum. It is smaller than the Thick-tailed White-toothed Shrew (C. brunnea) and the Oriental White-toothed Shrew (C. orientalis), slightly smaller than the Sumatran Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew, and substantially larger than the Javan White-toothed Shrew (C. maxi) and the Sunda White-toothed Shrew (C. monticola). The only other long-tailed shrew from the region, besides the Sumatran Long-tailed Whitetoothed Shrew,is the Elongated White-toothed Shrew (C. elongata) from Sulawesi, which is a member of a distantly related clade to the Javan Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew. Pelage and feet are similar in color (gray-brown to white) to the Sumatran Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew, but paler than those of otherJavan Crocidura (dark brown to black and charcoal pelage,tails, and feet). Fur is medium gray at the bases with brown tips on dorsum and gray tips on the venter. Pinnae are large and pale. Forefeet are dorsally white and hindfeet pale gray. Tail bears sparse bristle hairs along the proximal section, and dense, dark brown hairs cover entire length oftail, forming a very small pencil at the terminus. Dorsal side oftail is slightly darker than ventral side. Skull is long and slender. Braincase is rounded, with weak lambdoidal ridges. Rostrum is gracile.</p> <p>Habitat. Tropical montane forest at elevation of ¢.1600 m. On a survey on Mount Gede, at 1600 m, the Javan Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew was captured together with two small shrews—the Javan Ghost White-toothed Shrew (C. umbra) and the Sunda Whitetoothed Shrew—and one large shrew—the Oriental White-toothed Shrew—within the reach of one trapline (c.100 m long).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. According to morphology (long tail, slender body), the Javan Longtailed White-toothed Shrew would be a scansorial species, climbing on low trees and shrubs. It is probably nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Mount Gedeis less than 60 km from one the world’s most populous megacities. The species has a restricted range and is threatened by habitat loss. Recent surveys on other mountains of West and Central Java failed to capture this species. Extensive field surveys are needed to work out a detailed assessment of threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Demos, Achmadi, Giarla et al. (2016), Demos, Achmadi, Handika et al. (2017), Demos, Kerbis Peterhans et al. (2014), Esselstyn, Achmadi &amp; Maharadatunkamsi (2014), Esselstyn, Maharadatunkamsi et al. (2013), Jenkins (1982), Kitchener et al. (1994), Ruedi (1995).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A07F8713FF26A9621174F419	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A07F8713FF29A76014B9FB5E.text	3D474A54A07F8713FF29A76014B9FB5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura gathornei Jenkins 2013	<div><p>246.</p> <p>Gathorne’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura gathornei</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Gathorne / German: Gathorne-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Gathorne</p> <p>Other common names: Gathorne's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura gathornei Jenkins, 2013,</p> <p>“ Phurkia, Kumaon, Uttarakhand, India, 30°14°33"N 79°59'38"E, 10700 feet [3261 m].”</p> <p>This recently described species is known from few specimens and is readily distinguished from the two other smaller species, C. pullata and C. attenuata, recorded from the Himalayan region. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Uttarakhand and from the Kulu Valley, Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh, NW India.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 77-91 mm, tail 57-70 mm, hindfoot 15-16 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Gathorne’s White-toothed Shrew is a large shrew with a relatively long tail (74-85% of head-body length). Dorsal pelage brown, hairs with gray bases and rufous brown tips; ventral pelage gray-brown, hairs with gray bases and bufftips. Tail brown above, slightly paler below and with bristle hairs on ¢.70% of the tail.</p> <p>Habitat. Information on the habitat where these few specimens were caught is imprecise. It includes open ground with long grass and stunted bushes above the tree line in north-west and west Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, bordering on mixed open and well wooded west Himalayan broadleaf forest. Altitude 2743-3353 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The [UCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Jenkins (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A07F8713FF29A76014B9FB5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A07F8713FA29AFB51475F494.text	3D474A54A07F8713FA29AFB51475F494.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura horsfieldii Tomes 1856	<div><p>247.</p> <p>Horsfield’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura horsfieldii</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Horsfield / German: Horsfield-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Horsfield</p> <p>Other common names: Horsfield's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura horsfieldii Tomes, 1856, Sri Lanka.</p> <p>Previously treated as a widely distributed species including many forms from East and South-east Asia as races, including but not limited to indochinensis, wataser, kuro- dai, tadae, and wuchihensis. Now reckoned to be a relict species, forming a distinct lineage in the genus which is not closely related to other Crocidura species, including C. hikmiya and C. miya from Sri Lanka,</p> <p>nor any other species from Asia or Europe. Thus, all its former subspecies from East and South-east Asia have been elevated to full species. The form myoides of Kashmir is currently recognized as a synonym of C. horsfieldii, which is suspicious. Sequence of an unidentified specimen from Araku valley of Andhra Pradesh clearly supports its distribution near the east coast of India, indicating it has a broader distribution in Indian Peninsula than currently known. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from a few disjunct localities in NW, EC &amp; S India (Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir, Araku Valley in Andhra Pradesh, and Mysore in Karnataka), and C &amp; SW Sri Lanka. It is unlikely distributed in Nepal.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 58-68 mm, tail 44-49 mm, ear 6—7 mm, hindfoot 10-11 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive length 16-2-17-2 mm, tooth row 6-8-7-4 mm, breadth of braincase 7-4-7-8 mm. Horsfield’s White-toothed Shrew is a small shrew, the smallest Crocidura species in Sri Lanka. Dorsal pelage is dusky brown and ventrum is dusky gray. One animal from Mysore had a chromosomal complement of 2n = 38 and FN = 48.</p> <p>Habitat. Recorded from moist lowlands, montane areas, and patana grasslands in Sri Lanka, as well as moist tropical forests in India.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Horsfield’s White-toothed Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Horsfield’s White-toothed Shrew is a common species in its favored habitat in Sri Lanka. Little is known aboutthis species in peninsular India. Its distribution and population size warrants further investigation.</p> <p>Bibliography. Jenkins (1976), Lunde et al. (2003), Pearch (2011), Srinivasulu &amp; Srinivasulu (2012), Yapa &amp; Ratnavira (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A07F8713FA29AFB51475F494	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A07F871CFA12A0F310E6FA96.text	3D474A54A07F871CFA12A0F310E6FA96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura hikmiya S. Meegaskumbura et al. 2007	<div><p>248.</p> <p>Sinharaja White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura hikmiya</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Sinharéja / German: Sinharaja-WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafna de Sinharaja</p> <p>Other common names: Sinharaja Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura hikmiya S. Meegaskumbura et al., 2007,</p> <p>“ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=80.416664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.4333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 80.416664/lat 6.4333334)">Kudawa</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=80.416664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.4333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 80.416664/lat 6.4333334)">Sinharaja Forest Reserve</a>, Sri Lanka, 06° 26’N 80° 25’E, 460 m.”</p> <p>Sister species to C. miya, on the basis of mitochondrial analysis, the two forming a separate clade to C. horsfieldii, the other species of Crocidura occurring in Sri Lanka. The two species are distinguished on multivariate morphometrics but are difficult to separate on external measurements, C. hikmiya having a shortertail on average and a longer forefoot, and showing some differences in cranial morphology. C. hikmiya and C. miya do not appear to be sympatric, and, according to S. Meegaskumbura and colleagues in 2007, the records of C. miya at Sinharaja Forest by M. R. Wijesinghe and M. de L. Brooke in 2005 are believed to refer to the subsequently described C. hikmaya. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from two localities in Sinharaja Forest, SW Sri Lanka.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 64-76 mm, tail 71-78 mm, ear 7-9 mm, hindfoot 16— 21 mm; weight 6-5-9 g. Tail ratio is 101-115% to head-body length; tail slender, semi-naked with long bristle hairs over 13-24% of the proximal portion ofits length. Body and tail dark gray-brown dorsally, slightly lighter ventrally; pelage interspersed with long dark guard hairs; individual hairs gray at the bases, with brown tips.</p> <p>Habitat. Secondary forest, at medium to high elevations. Forest around Kudawa (at the western extremity of Sinharaja Forest) is mixed dipterocarp, differing from forest at Morningside (at the eastern extremity of Sinharaja Forest), which is transitional between lowland wet-evergreen and low-elevation tropical montane forest. Altitude range 460-1040 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Sinharaja White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Sinharaja White-toothed Shrew occurs at a single location, the maximum area of occupancy is 110 km?, and the current population is decreasing.</p> <p>Bibliography. Meegaskumbura &amp; Meegaskumbura (2008), Meegaskumbura et al. (2007), Menike et al. (2012), Wijesinghe &amp; Brooke (2005), Yapa &amp; Ratnavira (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A07F871CFA12A0F310E6FA96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A070871CFFFEAEFF137AF3F5.text	3D474A54A070871CFFFEAEFF137AF3F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura miya Phillips 1929	<div><p>249.</p> <p>Sri Lankan White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura miya</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Sri Lanka / German: Sri-Lanka-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Sri Lanka</p> <p>Other common names: Sri Lankan Long-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura miya W. W. A. Phil- lips, 1929,</p> <p>“ Moolgama village, Nilambe district of the Kandyan Hills, near Galaha, Central Province, Ceylon [Sri Lanka] ¢. 3000 feet [= 915 m].”</p> <p>In 2005, R. Hutterer commented that C. miya 1s a very distinctive species resembling C. elongata from Sulawesi or African C. dolichura. This is a sister species to C. hikmiya, distinct from C. horsfieldii, which also occurs in Sri Lanka. According to S.</p> <p>Meegaskumbura and colleagues in 2007, C. miya and C. hikmiya do not appear to occur in sympatry and the records of C. miya at Sinharaja Forest, Sabaragamuwa Province in south-western Sri Lanka by M. R. Wijesinghe and M. de L. Brooke in 2005 are believed to refer to the subsequently described C. hikmiya. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Recorded from several localities in the highlands of Central Province and the Uva Highlands of Uva Province, Sri Lanka.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 65-83 mm, tail 88-100 mm, ear 6-9 mm, hindfoot 15-17 mm; weight 7-7-7-9 g. Pelage of the Sri Lankan White-toothed Shrew is soft; dorsally brown with an admixture of silver, hairs with gray bases and brown or silver tips; ventral pelage gray, hairs with dark gray bases and silvery tips, slightly rufescent. Tail slender (110-155% of head-body length), with a few long bristle hairs near the base. Hindfeet moderately long and slender.</p> <p>Habitat. Confined to high elevations, at 900-1983 m, in tropical montane forest and grasslands.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Sri Lankan White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial. They are assumed to be nocturnal and crepuscular but may be active intermittently during the day.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List because its area of occupancy is less than 500 km? its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality ofits habitat. The population is decreasing. The major threats to the species are deforestation and forestfires.</p> <p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Goonatilake &amp; Molur (2008), Hutterer (2005b), Meegaskumbura et al. (2007), Menike et al. (2012), Molur et al. (2005), Phillips (1929, 1980), Wijesinghe &amp; Brooke (2005), Yapa &amp; Ratnavira (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A070871CFFFEAEFF137AF3F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A070871CFFFEA7111840F86F.text	3D474A54A070871CFFFEA7111840F86F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura watasei Kuroda 1924	<div><p>250.</p> <p>Lesser Ryukyu White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura wataser</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Watase / German: Kleine Ryukyu-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Ryukyu menor</p> <p>Other common names: Lesser Ryukyu Shrew, Watase's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura watasei Kuroda, 1924,</p> <p>Komi, Amami Oshima [Island], Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan.</p> <p>Like the other former subspecies of C. horsfieldii from East and South-east Asia, it has been raised to a full species. Although sympatrically distributed with C. ori in Ryukyu</p> <p>Islands, these two are of different origins. A recent molecular study conducted by S. Dubey and his co-workers in 2008 indicated that C. watasei is a relict species with a close relationship to the South-east Asian Crocidura species complex. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to the Ryukyu Is, including 15 small islands of both the Amami and Okinawa Is; it may be distributed to the other small islands as well.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 54-74 mm,</p> <p>tail 47-60 mm, hindfoot 10-5-12-5 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive length 17-2-18-8 mm, tooth row 7-4-8-3 mm. The Lesser Ryukyu White-toothed Shrew is a small shrew. External morphology is somehow similar to the Lesser White-toothed Shrew (C. suaveolens) but with a longer tail. Summer and winter pelages are slightly different in color: in winter, dorsal pelage is dark brown and ventrum is mouse gray; in summer, dorsal pelage is light brown and ventrum is lighter. No significant morphological sexual dimorphism but age variation was recognized in many external, cranial, and mandibular characters. Tail is greater than 70% of head-body in length and bristle hair is distributed on the proximal half of the tail; tail is indistinctly bicolored. Skull is small and palatal area is broad. It has five upper unicuspids, the first being the largest, and the second slightly smaller than the third. Paracone on the upper premolar is undeveloped. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 26 and FNa = 48.</p> <p>Habitat. Occurs from near sea level to ¢.400 m. In some islands, co-occurs with the Greater Ryukyu White-toothed Shrew (C. oriz). The Lesser Ryukyu White-toothed Shrew occurs in bushes, grassland, and cultivated fields, as well as shrubs in low elevational zones of mountains.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Lesser Ryukyu White-toothed Shrew is insectivorous. Its diet is primarily composed of small insects (Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Plecoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera), spiders, centipedes, and crustaceans. Also reported to feed on small vertebrates, such as geckos and other lizards.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction reportedly occurs throughout the year, and might not be seasonal. Litter size is 1-4 (average 2-5). Mating system is monogamous.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Terrestrial. Known predators include pit vipers (Viperidae), oddtoothed snakes (Colubridae), introduced Small Indian Mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus), introduced Japanese weasels (Mustela itatsi), and feral cats.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There is no serious threat to this species. Although habitat has been reduced during urban expansion since the 1970s, the population appears to be large and stable.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), Hattori et al. (1990), Motokawa et al. (1996), Ohdachi et al. (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A070871CFFFEA7111840F86F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A070871DFAE3ACA7139FFDCB.text	3D474A54A070871DFAE3ACA7139FFDCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura fuliginosa (Blyth 1855)	<div><p>251.</p> <p>Southeast Asian White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura fuliginosa</p> <p>French: Crocidure fuligineuse / German: Studostasien-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Asia suroriental</p> <p>Other common names: Southeast Asian Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex fuliginosus Blyth, 1855,</p> <p>“ Schwe Gyen, Pegu [= Bago],” southern Myanmar.</p> <p>Previously considered to include C. bal- uensis, C. dracula, and C. malayana as races or even synonyms. Considering its broad distribution and the morphological similarity among recognized Crocidura species in this group, this species might still include some hitherto undescribed species. Whether individuals from southern</p> <p>Vietnam and the Malay Peninsula are conspecific with those from the type locality in Myanmar has not been tested. Includes gravida as a synonym. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Widely distributed in South-east Asia (Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, S Vietnam, and Peninsular Malaysia, including offshore islands). Distribution boundary between this species and the Large White-toothed Shrew (C. dracula), especially in Myanmar or whether their distributions overlapped,is not clear.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 75-95 mm, tail 65-84 mm, hindfoot 15-5-17 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive length 21-4-24 mm, tooth row 9-3-10-9 mm. The Southeast Asian White-toothed Shrew is a large shrew with a long tail. Skull is robust and braincase is low. It is similar to the Large White-toothed Shrew but slight smaller. Rostrum and palate are relatively narrow; there is a rectangular base of palate between pterygoid processes. Mesostyle of the upper M? is bifid. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 40 and FN = 54-58.</p> <p>Habitat. Found in a wide variety of habitats including primary and degraded tropical moist forest, open disturbed areas, and possibly some drier habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Southeast Asian White-toothed Shrew is insectivorous. Individuals were baited with a mixture of oats, sardine oil, and meat.</p> <p>Breeding. During a one-month breeding experiment, five female animals gave birth to 1-4 young each.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Excluding the distribution of the Large White-toothed Shrew, the remaining populations of the Southeast Asian White-toothed Shrew still have an extensive distribution and occupy a wide variety of habitats. The Southeast Asian White-toothed Shrew is probably tolerant of anthropic activities, and the population may not be declining.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abramov et al. (2013), Bannikova et al. (2011), Jenkins (1976, 2013), Jenkins et al. (2009), Ruedi (1995), Ruedi et al. (1990).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A070871DFAE3ACA7139FFDCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A071871DFF2BA9301106F66C.text	3D474A54A071871DFF2BA9301106F66C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura dracula Thomas 1912	<div><p>252.</p> <p>Large White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura dracula</p> <p>French: Crocidure dracula / German: GrolRe \WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana grande</p> <p>Other common names: Dracula Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura dracula Thomas, 1912,</p> <p>“ Yunnan (probably near Mong-tz[= Mengzi]),” China.</p> <p>Long considered a synonym of C. fuligi- nosa, but a recent genetic study implies that these two are distinct species, and the distribution of C. fuliginosa may be limited to South-east Asia. Includes praedax from Yunnan as a synonym. The taxonomic status of these forms is not clear and requires further revision. The records of “C. fuligi-</p> <p>nosa’ from Fujian, Guangdong, and south-eastern Tibet (= Xizang) probably refer to a different species. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C.d.draculaThomas,1912—C&amp;SCChina(Sichuan,Yunnan,Chongqing,Guizhou,andGuangxi),NLaos,andNVietnam.</p> <p>C. d. mansumensis Carter, 1942 — known only from the type locality in N Myanmar; range limits unclear because the species has been recognized as a synonym for a long time, probably N Myanmar.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 78-95 mm,tail 65-80 mm, hindfoot 15-18 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive length 22-3-24-9 mm, tooth row 9-7-11-1 mm. The Large White-toothed Shrew is a large shrew with a long tail. Dorsal pelage smoky brown to dark grayish black, gradually merging into dark gray on the ventral surface. Feet are dull whitish. Tail dark brown above and paler below, usually more than 80% of head-body length. Skull is low; rostrum is broad. Second upper unicuspid is slightly smaller than the first and the third. Upper premolar proportionally large, and M* only slightly smaller than upper M1. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 40 and FN = 52.</p> <p>Habitat. Found from low to middle elevations in China and may not be adapted to habitat at elevations higher than 3000 m. Has been captured in hot, dry valleys and foothills.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Large White-toothed Shrew is insectivorous. It was found to forage in garbage heaps in China.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List which lumps the Large White-toothed Shrew and the Southeast Asian White-toothed Shrew (C. fuliginosa), which is classified as Least Concern. Its distribution is highly overlapped with human settlement. The species is probably tolerant of anthropic activities, and the population is probably not declining.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abramov et al. (2013), Bannikova et al. (2011), Carter (1942), Heaney &amp; Timm (1983), Jenkins (2013), Jenkins et al. (2009), Jiang Xuelong &amp; Hoffmann (2001).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A071871DFF2BA9301106F66C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A071871DFF25A2991BD3FA43.text	3D474A54A071871DFF25A2991BD3FA43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura paradoxura Dobson 1886	<div><p>253.</p> <p>Sumatran Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura paradoxura</p> <p>French: Crocidure paradoxale / German: Sumatra-Langschwanz-Weilizahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Sumatra</p> <p>Other common names: Paradox Shrew, Sumatran Long-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura paradoxura Dobson, 1887,</p> <p>“ Sumatra (Mount Singalan [= Singgalang] at an elevations of 2000 metres),” Indonesia.</p> <p>Long known only from the holotype, but in 1995 M. Ruedi reported on two specimens from Sumatra. Previously, another long-tailed shrew, C. cf. paradoxura of Mount Gede-Pangrango (Java), was assigned to this species; in 2014, J. A. Esselstyn and others described this form as</p> <p>the new species C. abscondita. Molecular analyses by T. C. Demos and colleagues in 2016 showed a division of paradoxura into two different clades, possibly representing two separate species; further studies are needed to clarify the status of these clades. C. paradoxura is part of a species complex that also includes beccarii, hutanis, lepidura, and vosmaeri from Sumatra, and brunnea and orientalis from Java. Ruedi in 1995 and R. Hutterer in 2005 listed the form aequicauda as a synonym. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Mountain ranges of N and W Sumatra.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 66-77 mm,tail 80-105 mm, ear 10-10-5 mm, hindfoot</p> <p>15-5—16 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Fur of the Sumatran Longtailed White-toothed Shrew is dense and soft, and the hairs are long (7-8 mm). Dorsal hair is slate to bluish gray at the base and shiny brownish on the tip. At the extremities the pelage color changes more toward ash gray. Ventral pelage is almost completely gray. Forefeet and hindfeet almost naked with cream-colored to pinkish skin. Feet are elongated, and the tail is very long (tail of the holotype 160% of head-body length, but shorter for other specimens), which allows climbing ability. Tail with short brown hair; the long tail hairs typical of the genus are missing. Ears with short, barely visible hair. Skull without neck and sagittal ridges; in profile, the highest point is at the beginning of the braincase. The first incisor is only about half the size of the first incisor of the similarly sized Hutan White-toothed Shrew (C. hutanis). In general, the dentition is also weaker than in the Hutan White-toothed Shrew. Mandible is very slender. Greatest length of skull ¢.21-7 mm.</p> <p>Habitat. Humid mossy montane forest at elevations of 1000-2400 m. It is not clear whether the Sumatran Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew is capable of adapting to anthropogenic environments.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The long tail and the elongated feet are indications of a scansorial lifestyle.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Sumatran Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew is linked to forest habitats and, accordingly, deforestation is a threat, most importantly for agriculture and timber extraction, and with the spread of human settlements; the shrew population is decreasing. However, the species is widespread and can be found in high mountain forests where deforestation is not such a major problem. Within its range are some large protected areas, which should be significant for the conservation of the species.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cassola (2016ab), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Demos et al. (2016), Dobson (1887), Esselstyn et al. (2014), Hutterer (1985, 2005b), Jentink (1888), Robinson &amp; Kloss (1918), Ruedi (1995, 1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A071871DFF25A2991BD3FA43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A071871EFA2FAD4F1282FE12.text	3D474A54A071871EFA2FAD4F1282FE12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura dsinezumi Temminck 1842	<div><p>254.</p> <p>Dsinezumi White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura dsinezuma</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Japon / German: Dsinezumi-Weifl3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Dsinezumi</p> <p>Other common names: Dsinezumi Shrew, Japanese White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura dsinezumi Temminck, 1842,</p> <p>no type locality given. Restricted by H. Abe in 1967 to Kyushu, Japan.</p> <p>Previously considered to include C. orias a subspecies. Closely related to C. tanakae kurodai of Taiwan and C. lasiura of Russia. The forms chisai, intermedia, and okinoshimae were previously treated as its subspecies, but all are indistinguishable based on either morphological or molecular data and are now considered to be junior</p> <p>synonyms. Sorex umbrinus was considered a race of C. dsinezumi butits type locality is unknown, and its taxonomic status has been left unresolved; it might represent an undescribed subspecies. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Originally endemic to Japan, and mainly distributed in Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu; it has been found in other small islands including Sado, Oki Is, Mishima, Okinoshima (Fukuoka Prefecture), Tanegashima, Yakushima, Nakanoshima (Tokara Is), and Izu Is. Introduced to Hokkaido and Jeju I (South Korea).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 61-84 mm, tail 39-54 mm, ear 10-10-5 mm, hindfoot 11-5-15 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive length 16-7-21-6 mm, tooth row 7-:2-9-1 mm. The Dsinezumi White-toothed Shrew is a small shrew and the sole Crocidura species in Kyushu, Honshu, Shikoku, and Hokkaido. Tail is usually shorter than 70% of head—body length, the bristle hair scattering along the basal half of tail. Dorsal pelage is between grayish pale bister and clove brown, and ventrum is between drab and brown in winter; in summer, dorsal pelage is snuff brown or clove brown, and ventrum is buffy brown or hair brown. Skull with broad and robust facial portion; braincase is long and narrow. Upper tooth row short; the first upper unicuspid is twice as long as the third; the second and third upper unicuspids are half as low as the first; third unicuspid slightly larger than, or subequal to the second. Paracone of upper premolar usually not exceeding the line connecting the tips of second and third unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 40 and FNa = 52.</p> <p>Habitat. Occurs from sea level up to 1900 m. Found along riverbanks and waterfronts, and in bushes around cultivated land at low-lying elevations. At middle to high elevations, found along riverbanks, in open grassland, and occasionally in broadleaf forests. It was found sympatrically distributed with Sorex species, and Japanese Shrew Moles (Urotrichus talpoides) in mid-elevational montane areas. Ural owls (Strix uralensis), Japanese mamushi pit vipers (Gloydius), and feral cats are recorded predators.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Dsinezumi White-toothed Shrew is insectivorous. Its diet is primarily composed of small insects (Coleoptera and Hymenoptera), spiders, and centipedes, but also includes crustaceans and earthworms.</p> <p>Breeding. Mating system is unknown. Reproductive season appears to be from April to October, when testis size is developed. Gestation period is 28-9 days on average (26-33) in captivity. Litter size was reported to be 1-5 in the wild, and 1-4 in captivity.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There is no serious threat to this species. Population appears to be large and stable. As it adapts well to cultivated land, the population is unlikely to be declining.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abe (1967), Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), Motokawa (2003b), Ohdachi et al. (2009), Ruedi et al. (1993).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A071871EFA2FAD4F1282FE12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A072871EFFF1A0621B8CF954.text	3D474A54A072871EFFF1A0621B8CF954.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura lasiura Dobson 1890	<div><p>256.</p> <p>Ussuri White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura lasiura</p> <p>French: Crocidure de I'Oussouri / German: Ussuri-WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Ussuri</p> <p>Other common names: Ussuri Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura lasiura Dobson, 1890,</p> <p>“ Manchuria (Ussuri River, a tributary of the Amur), Corea (Fusan).”</p> <p>Evidence retrieved from karyotype composition, and mtDNA and nDNA sequences classify C. lasiura to the Crocidura group that inhabits the Japanese islands, Taiwan, Hainan, and southern China. Several sympatric forms easily distinguishable on size are found in the Russian Far East; they are sometimes regarded as separate</p> <p>species, but until this issue is properly understood, the intraspecific taxonomy of this</p> <p>species cannot be resolved, although several morphologically similar forms have been described in Korea and southern China. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. NE &amp; E China, SE Russian Far East, and Korean Peninsula.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 66-100 mm (immatures 66-83 mm), tail 29-41 mm; weight 8-8-26-7 g (immatures 8-:8-13 g). Pregnant females may weigh up to 26-7 g. Larger sympatric form: head-body 98-111 mm,tail 29-41 mm; weight 40-58 mm. The Ussuri White-toothed Shrew is large and massive. Tail is short, often shorter than 50% of head-body length. Pelage is dark, unicolor. Back is dark brown, belly somewhat lighter; pelage color in juveniles is lighter than in adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 40 and FN = 56; seven pairs of metacentric and submetacentric autosomes, twelve pairs of acrocentric autosomes. Xand Ysubmetacentric chromosomes.</p> <p>Habitat. Found in non-wooded floodplains and waterside habitats; clearings or stream valleys are occupied in forests, whereas coniferous forests with a continuous tree layer are avoided. Agrocenoses are inhabited, to a high abundance in some cases. Both deciduous and mixed forests varying in humidity are inhabited on the Korean Peninsula.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Arachnids (especially harvestmen), ground beetles, caterpillars, and bugs prevail in the diet. The diet may include water organisms: common water beetles, snails, gammarids, and fish fry, which the Ussuri White-toothed Shrew catches in water and eats on shore. Feathers of birds and fur of small mammals were found in 12% of the stomachs examined. Earthworms are eaten comparatively rarely.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding season lasts from early May to early November; season is so long because one age group (young of the year) takes the place of another (overwintering adults) in the process; overwintering females produce two or three litters, then the young ofthe year are involved in reproduction, both females (83%) and males (80%) reaching maturity. A litter includes 6-11 offspring, averaging 8-7 young. In South Korea,litter size is 4-6 young, and reproduction occurs from February to October.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Lifestyle is semi-aquatic. Activity is observed around the clock and is multiphasic; activity periods account for 35% of the day and are irregularly distributed between day and night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Ussurl White-toothed Shrew is abundant and sometimes dominates in the shrew community on the Korean Peninsula and in southern Primorye. In northern parts of the range, the species is uncommon to rare and is on the regional Red List of Amur Region.</p> <p>Bibliography. Churchfield et al. (1999), Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), Jeong Soon-Jeong et al. (2010), Nester enko (1999), Okhotina (1984), Won Chang-Man &amp; Smith (1999), Zaitsev et al. (2014), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A072871EFFF1A0621B8CF954	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A072871EFFFBA96810D5F521.text	3D474A54A072871EFFFBA96810D5F521.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura rapax G. M. Allen 1923	<div><p>255.</p> <p>Chinese White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura rapax</p> <p>French: Crocidure rapace / German: China-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de China</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura rapax G. M. Allen, 1923,</p> <p>Yinpankai, Mekong River, Yunnan, China, Yunnan.</p> <p>Previously included in C. russula, which is mainly distributed in Europe, or C. pullata of the west Himalaya. Currently recognized as a distinct species based on morphometric comparison. The races from Taiwan appear to form a sister group of C. lasiura of South Korea, but the mainland nominate race has not been involved</p> <p>in any molecular study; thus, it remains unclear whether the forms from Hainan, Taiwan and offshore islands are conspecific with the one from mainland China; a comprehensive revision is warranted. Four subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C. r rapax G. M. Allen, 1923 — S China including the mainland (Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, and Guangxi) and Hainan I, adjacent N Myanmar, NE India (Meghalaya, but exact locality not known), and S Vietnam. It might have a larger range than currently recognized.</p> <p>C.r.kurodaiJameson&amp;G.S.Jones,1977—Taiwan1</p> <p>C.r.lutaoensisFangYinping&amp;LeeLingling,2002—GreenI(Lutao),offSETaiwanI.</p> <p>C. r. tadae Tokuda &amp; Kano, 1936 — Orchid I (Lanyu), off SE Taiwan I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Measurements from the mainland: head-body 56-70 mm, tail 38-47 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condyloincisive length 17-5-18-3 mm, tooth row 7-1-8-1 mm. The Chinese White-toothed Shrew is a medium-sized shrew. Animals from Taiwan and Lutao (but not Lanyu) have longer tails (41-59 mm). Dorsal pelage brown, ventral pelage pale gray-brown. Tail length range is 63%—-69% of the head-body;tail is faintly bicolored, brown above, pale below; long bristle hair extends along 50% of proximal portion oftail. Skull with angular superior articular facets, fairly well developed lamboidal crests, and deep, slightly inflated mastoids. Upper incisors hook-like, projecting anteriorly. First upper unicuspid is large and high, twice as long as the second. Protocone of premolar posterior to the paracone in lateral view, posterolingual border rounded and concave such that it exposes a moderately deep crescent of bone. Buccal lophs of M* terminate continuously so that they form a continuous W-shaped loph in unworn dentition. A welldeveloped talonid is present on M,. Posterolingual cuspid absent on P,. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 40 and FN = 56.</p> <p>Habitat. On Taiwan and the offshore islands, it is distributed from sea level to up to 2000 m. It occurs in bamboo groves, secondary broadleaf forest, and conifer forest, as well as orchards, but it prefers conifer forest with higher ground coverage offallen logs, and avoids rocky broad-leaved forest with high proportions of open areas.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Chinese White-toothed Shrew is insectivorous. Diet reported to include Orthoptera (Rhaphidophoridae), Coleoptera (Staphylinidae, Carabidae), Hymenoptera (Formicidae), Dermaptera, Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red Last. Its distribution and abundance in the mainland is not entirely clear. The Chinese White-toothed Shrew presumably has a large population in southern China and Vietnam. Population is likely to be stable in Taiwan.</p> <p>Bibliography. Allen (1923), Fang Yinping &amp; Lee Lingling (2002), Jenkins et al. (2009), Jiang Xuelong &amp; Hoffmann (2001), Lin Liangkong &amp; Motokawa (2014).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A072871EFFFBA96810D5F521	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A072871FFAF9ADB016DBFDCA.text	3D474A54A072871FFAF9ADB016DBFDCA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura attenuata Milne-Edwards 1872	<div><p>257.</p> <p>Asian Gray White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura attenuata</p> <p>French: Crocidure mince / German: Graue WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana gris de Asia</p> <p>Other common names: Gray Shrew, Indochinese Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura attenuata Milne-Edwards, 1872, Moupin (= Baoxing), Szechuan, China.</p> <p>As Asian Crocidura species are morpho- logically very conservative, many forms were confused with C. attenuata or origi- nally included it in. Previously confused with C. fuliginosa (a larger form) and C. hilliana (a distinctive South-east Asian species). Newly recognized species that were originally identified as C. attenuata include</p> <p>C. cranbrooki (endemic to northern Myanmar), C. sokolovi (South Vietnam), C. tanakae (Taiwan Island) and C. trichura (Christmas Island). Race grisescens previously included within C. dracula has been reassigned to C. attenuata. This species probably still comprises unrecognized taxa; revision to include topotype is warranted. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Widely distributed in mainland of C &amp; S China (from SE Tibet [= Xizang] E through S Gansu and Shaanxi to Fujian) and Hainan I, also recorded in Nepal, NE India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. Because many specimens previously identified as C. attenuata have been recognized as distinct species,its distribution range may be overestimated, and its limits are unclear.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 62-91 mm, tail 41-61 mm, hindfoot 11-15 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive length 18-2-21-2 mm, tooth row 8:1-9-4 mm. The Asian Gray White-toothed Shrew is a medium-sized shrew. Dorsal pelage dark grayish brown and gradually blending into the paler, grayer ventral pelage; summer pelage darker. Tail is 60%-76% of head-body length, brown above, slightly paler below, and covered with fine hairs; long bristle hairs are present on the tail along the proximal half. Superior articular facets more angular in dorsal view; mastoid relatively shallow, anterior portion of mastoid elongated. Upper premolar with protocone positioned posteriorly relative to the paracone; posterolingual border of the tooth not so rounded; posterior border of tooth deeply concave. Posterobuccal crest of paracone of M* forming a smooth W-shaped loph in unworn dentition.</p> <p>Habitat. Occurs in diverse habitats, including lowland and montane tropical and subtropical moist forest, bamboo forest, herbaceous vegetation, and scrubland, as well as secondary forest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Asian Gray White-toothed Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Although it is considered a common species widely distributed in southern China and Southeast Asian countries, its population size is far from clear. As several taxa have been recognized as distinct species, its distribution may well be smaller than currently thought.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abramov et al. (2013), Heaney &amp; Timm (1983), Jenkins (2013), Jenkins, Abramov et al. (2013), Jenkins, Lunde &amp; Moncrieff (2009), Jiang Xuelong &amp; Hoffmann (2001), Lunde et al. (2003).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A072871FFAF9ADB016DBFDCA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A073871FFF24A34C1AE5FCE6.text	3D474A54A073871FFF24A34C1AE5FCE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura indochinensis H. C. Robinson & Kloss 1922	<div><p>259.</p> <p>Indochinese White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura indochinensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure d'Indochine / German: Indochina-Weifdzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Indochina</p> <p>Other common names: Indochinese Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura indochinensis H. C. Robinson &amp; Kloss, 1922,</p> <p>Dalat, Langbian Plateau, Vietnam.</p> <p>Previously treated as a synonym of C. hors- fieldii, which was considered far more widespread; many of its former subspecies in East Asia including indochinensis and wuchihensis from China have been elevated to full species. The species boundary between these two is not entirely clear. Several populations from Vietnam which</p> <p>were identified as either indochinensis or wuchihensis have now been recognized as distinct species. C. indochinensis may still include undescribed species, and it is not known whether the populations of southern Vietnam are conspecific with those of southern China. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from SW China (Yunnan and Guizhou), adjacent N &amp; W Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, and S Vietnam. Because both the Indochinese White-toothed Shrew and the Hainan White-toothed Shrew (C. wuchihensis) were identified as Horsfield’s White-toothed Shrew (C. horsfieldiz) until recently, their distribution limits in China are not clear.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 53-61 mm, tail 40-50 mm, hindfoot 10-13 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive length 17-17-6 mm, and tooth row 7-1-7-5 mm. The Indochinese White-toothed Shrew is a moderately small shrew, intermediate in size between the smaller Hainan White-toothed Shrew and the larger Voracious White-toothed Shrew (C. vorax), averaging smaller than the Chinese White-toothed Shrew (C. rapax). Pelage dark brownish gray, darker and grayer than in the Chinese White-toothed Shrew. Tail is slender, 63%-85% of head-body length; few bristles on basal part of the tail. Skull is broader than that of the Hainan Whitetoothed Shrew, the maxillary region is broader, interorbital region averages broader and braincase is broader and longer. Upper incisors do not project anteriorly. Third upper unicuspids smaller than the first and larger than the second.</p> <p>Habitat. In China, the Indochinese White-toothed Shrew inhabits montane broadleaved and coniferous forests at elevations of 1200-2400 m. It occurs in both primary and secondary forests.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Indochinese White-toothed Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There is little information regarding its population. In southern China, it is known to be common in several protected areas. It is not known whether or not it can adapt to anthropogenic habitats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abramov et al. (2013), Heaney &amp; Timm (1983), Jenkins, Abramov et al. (2013), Jenkins, Lunde &amp; Moncrieff (2009), Jiang Xuelong &amp; Hoffmann (2001), Lunde et al. (2003).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A073871FFF24A34C1AE5FCE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A073871FFA29A82B1B8BF701.text	3D474A54A073871FFA29A82B1B8BF701.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura wuchihensis Wang 1966	<div><p>260.</p> <p>Hainan White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura wuchihensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Wuzhi / German: Hainan-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Hainan</p> <p>Other common names: Hainan Island Shrew, Wuchi Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura wuchihensis Wang Sung, 1966,</p> <p>Mount Wuzhi, Hainan Island, China.</p> <p>Previously treated as a race of C. horsfieldii, and one of the forms since elevated to full species rank. The holotype has never been carefully diagnosed, and the name has been applied to animals from mainland China and South-east Asia only because they are of similar size; a comprehensive revision is warranted. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Guangxi and Hainan I (S China) and N &amp; C Vietnam;it probably has a broader distribution than currently known.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 59-65 mm,tail 37-42 mm, hindfoot 10-13 mm; weight 3-5-5 g (specimens from Vietnam). Condylo-basal length 15-5-15-7 mm and cranial breadth 7-8 mm. Condylo-incisive length 15-7-17-1 mm, tooth row 6-8-7-3 mm. The Hainan White-toothed Shrew is a small shrew. Pelage is not obviously bicolor: dorsal pelage is dark gray to grayish brown, and ventralis lighter. Tail is ¢.67% of head-body length, and similar to the pelage in color; bristle hairs extend along 20% of the proximal portion of the tail. Upperside of hindfeet covered with light hair. Skull is narrow and braincase is low. Teeth were described as similar to those of the Taiwan race kuroda: of the Chinese White-toothed Shrew.</p> <p>Habitat. Captured in mid-elevational broadleaf forest, at 1000-1300 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Hainan White-toothed Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There is little information regarding its ecology. It remain unknown whether the populations of South-east Asia and Hainan are conspecific, and whether the species can adapt to anthropogenic habitats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Esselstyn et al. (2009), Jenkins et al. (2013), Lunde et al. (2003), Shaw et al. (1966).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A073871FFA29A82B1B8BF701	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A073871FFF25A9C7118DF847.text	3D474A54A073871FFF25A9C7118DF847.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura zaitsevi Jenkins 2007	<div><p>258.</p> <p>Zaitsev’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura zaitsevi</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Zaitsev / German: Zaitsev-\WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Zaitsev</p> <p>Other common names: Mikhail Zaitsev's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura zaitsevi Jenkins et al., 2007,</p> <p>“ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.083333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.95/lat 15.083333)">Ngoc Linh Mountain</a>, west slope, 1-2 km west of apex, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.083333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.95/lat 15.083333)">Central Highlands</a>, Kon Tun Province, Vietnam, 15°05’ N, 107°57E, altitude 2300 m a.s.l.”</p> <p>Molecular data detected relatively high intraspecific differentiation among localities in central and southern Vietnam. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. C &amp; S Vietnam (Ngoc Linh Mt, Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Bi Doup Nui Ba National Park, Hon Ba Mt and Chu Yang Sin National Park).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 48-58 mm, tail 33-41 mm, hindfoot 8-11 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-basal length 14-8 (14-2-15-3) mm. Zaitsev’'s White-toothed Shrew has a very small body. Tail moderately long; ratio oftail length to head-body is 62-81%. Dorsal pelage is gray with a slightly brownish hue, grading into the slightly paler ventral pelage. Tail is similarly colored to the body, and the ventral surface is slightly paler; bristle hairs are present on the proximal two-thirds of the tail. Skull has a long and moderately narrow rostrum, narrow maxillary region, and relatively broad interorbital region.</p> <p>Habitat. Medium to high montane broadleaf evergreen forest, at 1650-2300 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List because of the lack of information on its population, habitat requirements, or threads faced.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abramov, Dang Ngoc Can et al. (2013), Abramov, Rozhnov &amp; Morozov (2006), Bannikova et al. (2011), Jenkins, Abramov et al. (2007), Jenkins, Lunde &amp; Moncrieff (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A073871FFF25A9C7118DF847	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0738718FA28A20110ABFADB.text	3D474A54A0738718FA28A20110ABFADB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura tenuis (Muller 1840)	<div><p>261.</p> <p>Timor White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura tenuis</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Timor / German: TimorWeil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Timor</p> <p>Other common names: Timor Shrew, Thin Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex tenuis S. Muller, 1840,</p> <p>Timor, Indonesia.</p> <p>In 1982 P. D. Jenkins considered C. tenuis conspecific with C. fuliginosa but stated that present evidence was not sufficient to confirm this. However, R. Hutterer in 1993, M. Ruedi in 1995, and G. B. Corbet and J. E. Hill in 1992 retained it as a separate species. Jenkins in 1982 and Hutterer in 2005 listed the form macklotii as a synonym. According to Ruedi, in 1995, fuligi-</p> <p>nosa is widespread over the South-east Asian mainland and lives no further south than the Cameron Highlands (Peninsular Malaysia), so well separated geographically and unlikely to be conspecific with tenuis. Collection of additional topotypical samples of tenuis would help to resolve the taxonomic issue; phylogenetic comparison is needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to Timor I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 78-84 mm, tail 46-50 mm, hindfoot 14-15-5 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Based only on two specimens (one the type of “mackloti’), the description data are very scanty. According to Jenkins in 1982 both specimens have damaged skulls and are similar in all respects, except color, probably because “macklotii’ has been kept in alcohol. The specimens have short pelage (4-2 mm). The holotype of the Timor White-toothed Shrew is chocolate-brown above, paler below. Tail with short hairs, so that the scales are invisible; no longer bristle hairs</p> <p>on tail, as in other, comparable species. The type of “mackloti” is light shiny brown on upperand underparts but colors probably faded due to storage in alcohol. Tail also hairy with invisible scales, but devoid of bristle hairs. Feet brown. According to Corbet and Hill in 1992 the species resembles the South-east Asian White-toothed Shrew (C. fuliginosa) in size, robust teeth and short tail, but lacks caudal vibrissae (as does in the Oriental White-toothed Shrew, C. orientalis).</p> <p>Habitat. Thought to be found in primary mossy and montane forest. It is not known, whether it is adapted to secondary habitats outside forest. known elevational range 200-3000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List in view of uncertainties regarding its taxonomy, ecology, and occurrence. Known only from two localities, but could occur more widely on the island, especially on higher elevations. Specific surveys of shrews on this island failed to find it, whereas the smaller Javan White-toothed Shrew (C. maxi) appeared relatively common. Threats to the Timor White-toothed Shrew species are unknown. If it is dependent on forest, then threats, especially in the lowlands, would include forest clearing, conversion to agriculture and human-induced fires. Forest on Timor is now restricted to small patches It is not known whether this species is present in any protected areas. Further studies are needed on the taxonomy, distribution, abundance, natural history and threats to this species.</p> <p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016h), Hutterer (1993, 2005b), Jenkins (1982), Jentink (1888), Kitchener et al. (1994), Mller (1840), Ruedi (1995).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0738718FA28A20110ABFADB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0748718FFF6AE211B4AFD5E.text	3D474A54A0748718FFF6AE211B4AFD5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura maxi Sody 1936	<div><p>262.</p> <p>Javan White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura maxi</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Max / German: Java-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Java</p> <p>Other common names: Max's Shrew, Sunda Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura maxi Sody, 1936,</p> <p>East Besuki, East Java, Indonesia.</p> <p>Due to a paucity of museum reference material and overall similar morphology, suggested to be only a subspecies of C. monticola, but new evidence demonstrates that the species differ significantly at multiple DNA markers. Their uncorrected genetic distance measured for the cytochrome-b gene is 15%, which is well beyond the average value for sister species in mammals.</p> <p>Genetic variation measured with allozyme loci across the Lesser Sunda populations indicates relatively low differentiation but significant heterozygosity, suggesting that these insular populations are of ancient origin, not founded recently by a few immigrant individuals. Morphologically similar, but genetically distinct C. uwmbra from western Java erroneously referred to C. maxi but the latter is now restricted to central and eastern Java and the Lesser Sundas. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. C &amp; E Java and Lesser Sunda Is (Bali, Sumbawa, Komodo, Sumba, Flores, Alor, Timor, and Roti); also on Ambon (Moluccas), Kai Besar (Kai Is), and Wokam (Aru Is). The only extant shrew distributed on the Sahul Shelf but it is unclear whether its marginal occurrence is natural or was aided by passive human transportation.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 54-75 mm, tail 44-53 mm, ear 5-5-9-6 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm; weight 4-3-6-9 g. Populations on Flores and Alor are slightly larger and dimorphic, males being larger than females. Distinguished from the small-bodied but allopatric Javan Ghost White-toothed Shrew by gray dorsal and much paler (whitish) ventral pelage, but otherwise similar in external and skull proportions. The Sunda White-toothed Shrew (C. monticola) is smaller, especially for skull dimensions, while all other shrews from Java are larger than the Javan White-toothed Shrew. The Javan White-toothed Shrew and the Sunda White-toothed Shrew occur sympatrically in East Java (Mount Ijen) without any signs of interbreeding. Tail slightly shorter than head-body length, hairy, with dense applied hairs hiding scales, and long bristles present along its proximal half. Skull dimensions larger than those of the Sunda Whitetoothed Shrew, but similar to the allopatrically distributed Javan Ghost White-toothed Shrew. Other, potentially sympatric Crocidura shrews distributed in East Java and the Lesser Sundas are all much larger.</p> <p>Habitat. Altitudinal range 1000-1440 m in Java; from sea level to lower montane forests at 1300 m in the Lesser Sundas. The Javan White-toothed Shrew occurs in a wide range of habitats from grassland and, gardens to lowland riparian or gully rainforest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Javan White-toothed Shrews feed on invertebrates but no precise data are available.</p> <p>Breeding. On Flores, one nest made of Imperata cylindrica (Poaceae) grass contained a family group, with a pair of adults and two young, suggesting that both parents may contribute in raising the family. In the Lesser Sundas several females collected from March through to May were pregnant (1-3 fetuses) or lactating. Further east, pregnant females were also captured in October, suggesting an extended breeding time coinciding with the rainy season. No data are available forJavan populations.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Javan White-toothed Shrews have been found on the ground, under logs.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Considered of Least concern on The IUCN Red List in view of its occurrence in primary forests but also in more disturbed habitats, including gardens, and its widespread distribution. Current status of populations living in the lowlands unknown, butlikely to be negatively affected by widespread deforestation and other anthropogenic changes in the region. Populations living at higher elevations— e.g. on Mount [jen or on Flores—are probably less vulnerable to human interference, butstill live outside well protected areas.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chiozza (2016c), Demos, Achmadi, Giarla et al. (2016), Demos, Achmadi, Handika et al. (2017), Hutterer (2005b), Jenkins (1982), Jentink (1910), Kitchener et al. (1994), Ruedi (1995).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0748718FFF6AE211B4AFD5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0748718FAF9A9B714E4F495.text	3D474A54A0748718FAF9A9B714E4F495.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura umbra Demos 2016	<div><p>263.</p> <p>Javan Ghost White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura umbra</p> <p>French: Crocidure fantdme / German: Gede-WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana fantasma de Java</p> <p>Other common names: Javan Ghost Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura umbra Demos et al., 2016,</p> <p>“ Indonesia, West Java, Mt. Gede, Cibodas, 6 74818°S, 106 99388°E, 1,611 m elevation.”</p> <p>In 2013 and 2014, treated as part of C. maxi byJ. A. Esselstyn and colleagues, but more recent studies led to separation of Mount Gede form as a new, undescribed species, with C. max: restricted to eastern Java and the Lesser Sundas. Phylogenetically, C. umbra is most closely related to C. monti-</p> <p>cola from Mount Iljen (East Java) and both are related to three other allopatric clades of C. monticola and an undescribed Crocidura from Sumatra; this renders C. monticola paraphyletic. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from a small area on Mt Gede-Pangrango, WJava at 1611 m and 1950 m elevation.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 63-71 mm, tail 47-58 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm; weight 5-7-2 g. Condylo-Incisive length 17-2-18-3 mm. The Javan Ghost White-toothed Shrew is a small shrew, with a relatively thick, medium-length tail (c.78% of head— body length). It is smaller than other Crocidura from west and central Java, such as the Thick-tailed White-toothed Shrew (C. brunnea), the Oriental White-toothed Shrew (C. orientalis), and the Javan Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew (C. abscondita). On Mount Gede, where the Javan Ghost White-toothed Shrew and the Sunda Whitetoothed Shrew (C. monticola) are syntopic, the population of Sunda White-toothed Shrew is small sized and there is no overlap between the two species in any craniodental measurements. Averages larger for external and cranial measurements than the Sunda White-toothed Shrew throughout Java. Dorsal pelage is dark brown, with dark gray bases and chocolate-brown tips; ventral pelageis slightly paler. Dorsal surface of the forefeet is pale brown, that of the hindfeet dark brown with scattered white hairs; claws on foreand hindfeet are well developed. Tail is dark brown above and lighter on the ventral side, with bristle hairs along the proximal half. In the Javan White-toothed Shrew (C. maxi), which is similar in size and proportions, upperparts are grayer and underparts paler than in the Javan Ghost White-toothed Shrew. Skull is larger in the Javan Ghost White-toothed Shrew compared to the Sunda White-toothed Shrew, the zygomatic plate somewhat broader, and the braincase less rounded.</p> <p>Habitat. Tropical montane forest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. On Mount Gede (c.1600 m), the Javan Ghost White-toothed Shrew occurs syntopically with at least three other Crocidura species: the Oriental White-toothed Shrew, the Javan Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew, and the Sunda White-toothed Shrew.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Mount Gede is less than 60 km from one the world’s most populous megacities. The species has a restricted range and is threatened by habitat loss. Recent surveys on four other mountains in West, Central, and EastJava did not find the species. Extensive field surveys are needed to permit a detailed assessment of threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Demos, Achmadi, Giarla et al. (2016), Demos, Achmadi, Handika et al. (2017), Demos, Kerbis Peterhans et al. (2014), Esselstyn, Achmadi &amp; Maharadatunkamsi (2014), Esselstyn, Maharadatunkamsi etal. (2013), Kitchener et al. (1994).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0748718FAF9A9B714E4F495	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0748719FAF4A0FE1BA9FE39.text	3D474A54A0748719FAF4A0FE1BA9FE39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura monticola Peters 1870	<div><p>264.</p> <p>Sunda White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura monticola</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Sunda / German: Sunda-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Sonda</p> <p>Other common names: Javan \White-toothed Shrew, Sunda Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura (Crocidura) monticola Peters, 1870,</p> <p>“ Walde des Berges Lawu bei Surakarta aufJava [= forest of Mount Lawu at Surakarta on Java],” Indonesia.</p> <p>Includes bartelsii and minuta as synonyms. Taxonomy still debated and much confusion reigned about which other small Sunda Crocidura should be included or associated with C. monticola. Sometimes associated with C. maxi, but molecular data show that they are not closely related and differ by at least 15% sequence divergence at the cytochrome-b gene, which is largely above usual values of interspecific divergence in mammals. Formerly treated as a widespread species across Sundaland, but similar</p> <p>small-bodied Crocidura from Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, and Sumatra are now treated as distinct species related to C. neglecta. The most recent revision, which is based on new material collected from close to the type locality and a broad sample of other small-bodied shrews, showed that the species is strictly endemic to Java. Extensive mitochondrial and nuclear data, place it phylogenetically closest to C. a A Sa distance about 4%), which occurs syntopically with this species on Mount Gede, with little evidence of interbreeding. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to Java.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 53-70 mm, tail 35-59 mm, ear 4-5 mm, hindfoot 10-13 mm; weight 3-4-6-3 g. The Sunda White-toothed Shrew is the smallest Crocidura from Sundaland, comparable in size only with the Sulawesi Tiny Whitetoothed Shrew (C. levicula) of Sulawesi. Dorsal pelage relatively short (less than 3:5 mm) and gray-brown, but pelage much paler on venter, with whitish tips to the hairs. Ears and feet gray-brown. Tail slightly shorter than head-body length, covered with short applied hairs hiding the scales, and with long, translucent bristles along half of its length. The slightly larger Javan Ghost White-toothed Shrew (C. umbra) and with other small white-toothed shrews, have much more hairytails, and have browner pelage. Skull smaller (length less than 17-5 mm) with relatively narrower braincase (less than 8 mm) and rostrum (greater than 2:2 mm) than any other Javan shrew.</p> <p>Habitat. Found in primary and secondary montane forests throughout the island, where pitfall trapping indicates that it can be relatively common. Altitudinal range 1055-2044 m. Records from loweraltitudes require confirmation due to potential confusion with the Javan White-toothed Shrew.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Sunda White-toothed Shrew feeds on invertebrates but no precise data are available.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No precise data available for the species. In the montane forests of Mount Gede (W Java), occurs sympatrically with at least four other shrews: the larger Oriental White-toothed Shrew (C. orientalis), the Javan Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew (C. abscondita), the Thick-tailed White-toothed Shrew (C. brunnea), and the Javan Ghost White-toothed Shrew. The Sunda Whitetoothed Shrew and the Javan Ghost White-toothed Shrew are apparently segregated on altitude along the slopes of Mount Gede, with an overlap at ¢.1600 m; the Sunda White-toothed Shrew is found mostly below this elevation. In EastJava,it also co-occurs with another slightly larger species, the Javan White-toothed Shrew, on the slopes of Mount [jen. Apart from shrews, other insectivores caught in the same habitats include the Short-tailed Gymnure (Hylomys suillus).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List in view ofits occurrence in primary and secondary montane forests, but since (following taxonomic change) it is now restricted to Java, a heavily populated island with few remnants of intact habitat, its status may require reassessment. Mountain ranges in W Java where it occurs relatively commonly are well protected (e.g. Gede—Pangrango National Park or</p> <p>Mount Halimun Salak National Park), but favorable habitats in East Java (e.g. Mount [jen volcano) offer less protection.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chiozza (2016b), Davison et al. (1982), Demos, Achmadi, Giarla et al. (2016), Demos, Achmadi, Handika et al. (2017), Jenkins (1982), Hutterer (2005b), Omar et al. (2013), Peters (1870), Ruedi (1995).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0748719FAF4A0FE1BA9FE39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0758719FA13A94114A9F72D.text	3D474A54A0758719FA13A94114A9F72D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura neglecta Jentink 1888	<div><p>265.</p> <p>Neglected White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura neglecta</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Sumatra / German: Vergessene WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafna descuidada</p> <p>Other common names: Sumatran White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura neglecta Jentink, 1888,</p> <p>“ Sumatra,” Indonesia.</p> <p>Formerly grouped with other small Cro- cdura (e.g. C. monticola or C. maxi) of Sundaland, but recent phylogenetic reconstructions based on mtDNA and multiple nDNA genes show that they are only distant relatives; these molecular data place neglecta in a distinct clade that is more closely related to Indochinese C. attenuata; this clade comprises other small</p> <p>shrews of uncertain taxonomic status from Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia and variously reported as C. cf. monticola, C. cf. maxi or C. cf. neglecta; they differ by less than 4% sequence divergence at the cytochrome-b gene from Sumatran C. neglecta and may therefore prove conspecific with it. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known definitely from two areas in N &amp;W Sumatra (Mt Tujuh and Bukit Lawan), but if morphologically and genetically similar specimens from Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia prove to be conspecifics, its distribution might be more extensive across the Sundaland.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 54-55 mm, tail 34-41 mm, ear 7-8 mm, hindfoot 9-8— 10-2 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Small-bodied shrew with dark pelage, dorsal hairs tipped with brownish red, underparts somewhatlighter. Hairy feet. Relatively short, hairy, cylindrical tail, with long bristle hairs along its proximal 10 mm.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary and secondary rainforest. Altitudinal range 160-1600 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Feeds on invertebrates but no precise data are available.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List as a separate species from the Sunda White-toothed Shrew (C. monticola), which is classified as Least Concern. Thought to be not threatened because of its supposedly widespread occurrence in the Sundaland. Owing to revised taxonomy, now restricted to northern Sumatra and may be under threat by ongoing destruction ofits forest habitats. It is, however, present in at least two large protected areas (Gunung Leuser and Kerinci-Seblat national parks) but population densities and trends are unknown. Collection of additional specimens is needed to clarify the taxonomic position of similar, small-bodied Crocidura from Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia. If they prove conspecific, the current range of C. neglecta would be considerably more extensive.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chiozza (2016b), Demos et al. (2016), Esselstyn et al. (2013), Hutterer (2005b), Jentink (1888), Omar et al. (2013), Ruedi (1995).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0758719FA13A94114A9F72D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A077871BFAE2A8561AB4F7AF.text	3D474A54A077871BFAE2A8561AB4F7AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura phanluong Jenkins 2010	<div><p>268.</p> <p>Phan Luong White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura phanluong</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Phan Luong / German: Phan-Luong-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Phan Luong</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura phanluong: Jenkins et al., 2010,</p> <p>“ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.966666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.816666/lat 12.966666)">Northern portion of Yok Don National Park</a>, Dak Lak Province, Vietnam, 12° 58’ N, 107° 49’ E,altitude 250 m a.s.1.”</p> <p>Specimens from Binh Chau-Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve in Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province, used in the original description, might represent a distinct species because they form a distinct lineage with molecular data and have a little shortertail. Additional study of its taxonomyis necessary. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. E Cambodia and S Vietnam.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 54-66 mm, tail 40-48 mm, hindfoot 10-12 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-basal lengths are 16-8-18-1 mm. The Phan Luong White-toothed Shrew is small to medium-sized. Tail is 61-83% of head-body length. Dorsal pelage is dark gray, grading into slightly paler ventral pelage. Tail is similarly colored to body and slightly paler below. Bristle hairs on tail are present on proximal two-thirds to three-quartersof tail. External characteristics show geographical variation among localities. Skull has slender rostrum and zygomatic region but broad maxillary region.</p> <p>Habitat. Various habitats including dipterocarp forest, mixed evergreen forest near small stream, bamboo forest, edge of mixed forest near top of a small hill, and steep valley among many large rocks in understory of evergreen hill forest at elevations of 50-480 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abramov et al. (2013), Bannikova etal. (2011), Jenkins et al. (2010).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A077871BFAE2A8561AB4F7AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A077871BFFFFAA5F11D3FA1D.text	3D474A54A077871BFFFFAA5F11D3FA1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura phuquocensis Abramov 2008	<div><p>266.</p> <p>Phu Quoc White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura phuquocensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Phu Quoc / German: Phu-Quoc-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Phu Quoc</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura phuquocensis Abramov et al., 2008,</p> <p>“ Northern part of Phu Quoc Island, 5 km west of Bai Thom Village, near the road Duong Dong-Bai Thom, close to the northern part of Mount Chua area, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam, 10°22°53” N, 104°00°19” E, altitude near 30 m a.s.l.”</p> <p>Molecular data showed that C. phuquocensis forms a distinct lineage. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Phu Quoc I, Kien Giang</p> <p>Province, S Vietnam.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 68-72 mm, tail 49-59 mm, hindfoot 12-12-5 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-basal lengths are 17-6-18-2 mm. The Phu Quoc White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized. Tail is 69-87% of head-body length. Pelage is short and dense, dark gray dorsally and ventrally, with slight brownish hue. Tail is bicolored, dark gray dorsally, and slightly paler below. Bristle hairs are present on basal 60% oftail. Skull has broad and deep rostrum.</p> <p>Habitat. Only known from a dipterocarp forest, near fallen trees at bottom of a mountain, at elevations of 25-40 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abramov, Bannikova &amp; Rozhnov (2012), Abramov, Dang Ngoc Can et al. (2013), Abramov, Jenkins et al. (2008), Abramov, Kalinin &amp; Morozov (2007), Bannikova et al. (2011).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A077871BFFFFAA5F11D3FA1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A077871BFFFAAD6B1B00FD32.text	3D474A54A077871BFFFAAD6B1B00FD32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura tanakae Kuroda 1938	<div><p>267.</p> <p>Taiwanese Gray White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura lanakae</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Tanaka / German: Taiwan-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Taiwan</p> <p>Other common names: Taiwanese Gray Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura tanakae Kuroda, 1938,</p> <p>Shohosha, Horigai, Taichusiu (= Xiaopushe, pulijie, Taichung), Taiwan, China.</p> <p>Crocidura tanakae has been considered a synonym, subspecies, or endemic form of C. attenuata in Taiwan for a long time, but it is supported as a distinct species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. C &amp; S China (Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan,</p> <p>Guangxi, Guangdong, and Taiwan I), Laos, Vietnam, and Batan and Sabtang Is (N Philippines); it probably has a larger distribution in S China and might occur in Cambodia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 69-86 mm,tail 47-63 mm, hindfoot 12-14-5 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 18-4-21-8 mm, and tooth rows are 7-8-9-6 mm. The Taiwanese Gray White-toothed Shrew is mediumsized and morphologically similar to the Asian Gray White-toothed Shrew (S. attenuata) but smaller. Dorsal pelage is pale gray, and venteris slightly lighter. Tail is ¢.68% of head-body length, and bristle hairis distributed on first two-thirds of tail. Uppersides of feet are gray. Hindfootis larger and broader, with rounder thenar (plantar) pad and hypothenar pad, which are located close to each other. Braincase is low. Ascending ramusis robust, and coronoid process is well developed and high. There are three upper unicuspids; second is smallest. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 40 and FN = 56.</p> <p>Habitat. Various habitats including grassland, broadleaf forest, bamboo forest and pasture from the sea level to elevations of ¢.2200 m. The Taiwanese Gray White-toothed Shrew was found sympatrically distributed with the other species of Crocidura.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Taiwanese Gray White-toothed Shrew is insectivorous. In Taiwan, digestive tracts contained a wide variety of invertebrates, oligochaetes, larval and adult insects, and centipedes.</p> <p>Breeding. Pregnant Taiwanese Gray White-toothed Shrews were found in February, March, and August. Litters have 1-3 young. Breeding might not be seasonal in Taiwan.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Taiwanese Gray White-toothed Shrew is considered terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Sex ratio of the Taiwanese Gray White-toothed Shrew is c.1-5:1 (male/female) in Taiwan.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Taiwanese Gray White-toothed Shrew has a wide distribution, new populations are still being discovered, and it is adapted to various habitats. Overall population is unlikely to be declining.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bannikova et al. (2011), Cheng Feng et al. (2017), Fang Yinping et al. (1997), Jenkins et al. (2013), Lin Liangkong &amp; Motokawa (2014), Motokawa, Harada et al. (2001), Yu Hontsen et al. (2001).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A077871BFFFAAD6B1B00FD32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0778724FAF9A3E4118CFD7A.text	3D474A54A0778724FAF9A3E4118CFD7A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura sokolovi Jenkins et al. 2007	<div><p>269.</p> <p>Sokolov White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura sokolouvi</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Sokolov / German: Sokolov-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Sokolov</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura sokoloviJenkins et al., 2007,</p> <p>“ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.083333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.95/lat 15.083333)">Ngoc Linh Mountain, west slope</a>, 1-2 km west of the apex, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.083333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.95/lat 15.083333)">Central Highlands</a>, Kon Tun Province, Vietnam, 15°05’ N, 107°57’ E, altitude 2400 m a.s.l.”</p> <p>Molecular data showed that C. sokolovi forms a distinct lineage. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Ngoc Linh Mt, S Annamite Range, C Vietnam.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 70-78 mm, tail 65—68 mm, hindfoot 14 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-basal lengths are 18-8-20-4 mm. The Sokolov White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized. Tail is 87-93% of head-body length. Pelage is long, dense and soft, being dark gray with grayish hue dorsally and ventrally. Tail is brownish dorsally and somewhat paler ventrally, without distinct differentiation. Bristle hairs on tail are present on less than proximal one-third of tail. Skull is slender, and maxillary region is relatively narrow.</p> <p>Habitat. High montane broadleaf evergreen forest and elfin forest at elevations of 2300-2400 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abramov, Dang Ngoc Can et al. (2013), Abramov, Rozhnov &amp; Morozov (2006), Bannikova et al. (2011), Jenkins, Abramov et al. (2007), Jenkins, Lunde &amp; Moncrieff (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0778724FAF9A3E4118CFD7A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0488724FF25A9971074F7F4.text	3D474A54A0488724FF25A9971074F7F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura cranbrooki Jenkins, Lunde & Moncrieff 2009	<div><p>270.</p> <p>Cranbrook’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura cranbrooki</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Cranbrook / German: Cranbrook-Weizahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Cranbrook</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura cranbrooki Jenkins, Lunde &amp; Moncrieff, 2009,</p> <p>Nam Tamai Valley, 1068 m, N Myanmar.</p> <p>Crocidura cranbrooki was originally identified as a population of C. attenuata before it was identified as a distinct species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. N Myanmar.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 65-86 mm, tail 65-88 mm, hindfoot 14-16 mm. No specific data are available for body weight.</p> <p>Condylo-incisive lengths are 19-9-22-2 mm, and tooth rows are 8:6-9-8 mm. Cranbrook’s White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized and intermediate in size between the larger Southeast Asian White-toothed Shrew (C. fuliginosa) and the smaller Asian Gray White-toothed Shrew (C. attenuata). Dorsal pelage of Cranbrook’s White-toothed Shrew is brown, and ventral pelage is paler, dark gray-brown. Hands and feet are light buff. Tail is long, thin, and 81-108% of head-body length. Bristle hairs occur on proximal 30% oftail. Rostrum is long, and zygomatic plate is broad. Braincase is long and low. I' has large principal cusp. M? is large, with bicuspid mesostyle and broad talon.</p> <p>Habitat. High river valleys and surrounding hills, with temperate broadleaf and mixed forests and tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests at elevations of915-1220 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Cranbrook’s White-toothed Shrew is insectivorous.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Cranbrook’s White-toothed Shrew is considered terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Cranbrook’s White-toothed Shrew has been named only recently, and there is little information regarding its distribution and population size. Species of Crocidura in southeastern Asia are usually tolerant to some degree of anthropogenic activities.</p> <p>Bibliography. Jenkins et al. (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0488724FF25A9971074F7F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0488724FF2AA31B1B04FDF7.text	3D474A54A0488724FF2AA31B1B04FDF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura hilliana Jenkins & A. L. Smith 1995	<div><p>271.</p> <p>Hill's White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura hilliana</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Hill / German: Hill-\WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Hill</p> <p>Other common names: Hill's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura hilliana Jenkins &amp; A. L. Smith, 1995,</p> <p><a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.88333/lat 17.1)">Wat Tham Maho Lan</a>, 575m 17°06’N, 101°53’E, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.88333/lat 17.1)">Ban Nong Hin</a>, 48 km S Loei, Loei Province, NE Thailand.</p> <p>Crocidura hilliana was described based on 19 cranium and mandible specimens recovered from owl pellets. Cranial and dental characteristics are obviously distinctive from other recognized species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from a few localities</p> <p>in C &amp; NE Thailand and Laos.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Tail 45-4 mm, hindfoot 14-3 mm. No other measurements available. Condylo-incisive lengths are 21-23-5 mm, and tooth rows are 8:8-10-2 mm. Hill's White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized. Cranial size is intermediate between that of the Asian Gray White-toothed Shrew (C. attenuata) and the Southeast Asian White-toothed Shrew (C. fuliginosa). Based on a single specimen in fluid, Hill’s White-toothed Shrew is uniformly dark brown, with lighter tail and feet. Bristle hairs on tail occur on ¢.70% of its length. Cranium and mandible are robust. Cranium is angular, particularly in dorsal view. Zygomatic process of maxilla is broad and angular. Interorbital region is long and narrow. I' is robust. Upper unicuspids are overlapping and crowded. First upper unicuspid is large, broad, and about twice as large as second. Talonid of M,is reduced to single cusp. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50 and FN = 66.</p> <p>Habitat. Secondary forests on hills surrounded by farmland (Thailand) and limestone karst, heavily degraded mixed deciduous forests, scrubland, bamboo, rice paddies, and undisturbed semi-evergreen forests (Laos) at elevations of 150-550 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Hill's White-toothed Shrew is poorly known. It is probably tolerant of deforestation and anthropogenic activities because it has been captured in such habitats, and large numbers of skulls recovered from owl pellets indicate it probably has a large overall population in Thailand.</p> <p>Bibliography. Jenkins &amp; Smith (1995), Motokawa &amp; Harada (1998), Smith et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0488724FF2AA31B1B04FDF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0488724FA2EA91B1433F660.text	3D474A54A0488724FA2EA91B1433F660.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura vorax G. M. Allen 1923	<div><p>272.</p> <p>Voracious White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura vorax</p> <p>French: Crocidure vorace / German: Gefrallige Weilzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana voraz</p> <p>Other common names: Voracious Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura vorax G. M. Allen, 1923,</p> <p>“ Li-chiang [= Lijiang], Yunnan, China, taken in timber-line forest on Ssu-Shan (Snow Mountain), 12,000 feet [= 3658 m | altitude.”</p> <p>Crocidura vorax had been considered a subspecies of C. russula (mainly distributed in Europe and North Africa) and synonyms of C. gueldenstaedtii (synonym of C. suaveolens) or C. pullata (West Himalaya). It has been recognized as distinct based on mor-</p> <p>phometric comparisons but only differentiates from C. pullata and other forms from China in discriminant analyses. It has not been included in molecular-based analyses, and its systematic position needs to be reassessed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S China (including S Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Hunan), Thailand, and Laos; it was reported from NE India and Hainan I (China), both of which are suspicious. Its distribution in Vietnam is not supported.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 54-90 mm, tail 41-51 mm, hindfoot 11-14 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 17-7-20-1 mm, and tooth rows are 7-1-8-2 mm. The Voracious White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized. Pelage is pale grayish brown, with narrow gray band below brownish tips of dorsal guard hairs. Tail is sharply bicolored. Bristle hair extends over 80% of proximal part of tail. It is similar to the Asian Gray White-toothed Shrew (C. attenuata) but generally smaller, with more brownish pelage. It is superficially similar to the Chinese Whitetoothed Shrew (C. rapax) but larger. Skull of the Voracious White-toothed Shrew is robust. Upper incisors are obviously long, extending straightly downward. Buccal lophs of M* terminate in a conule separate from mesostylar cusp, so that two separate V-shaped lophs are evident in unworn dentition.</p> <p>Habitat. Presumably wide variety of environmental conditions and habitats but poorly known. Holotype of the Voracious White-toothed Shrew was recorded at an elevation of ¢.3600 m. It was also reported from semi-evergreen forest in a limestone area at low elevations in Laos.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Voracious White-toothed Shrew is considered terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There is little knowledge regarding distribution and population status of the Voracious Whitetoothed Shrew. Nevertheless, 27 specimens have been recovered from owl pellets in Thailand, perhaps suggesting its population size is large. It is unknown if it can adapt to anthropogenic habitats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Allen (1923), Jenkins et al. (2009), Jiang Xuelong &amp; Hoffmann (2001), Robinson et al. (1995), Smith et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0488724FA2EA91B1433F660	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0488725FA2FA29811B4FD86.text	3D474A54A0488725FA2FA29811B4FD86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura sapaensis Jenkins 2013	<div><p>273.</p> <p>Sa Pa White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura sapaensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Sa Pa / German: Sa-Pa-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Sa Pa</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura sapaensis Jenkins et al., 2013,</p> <p>“ Vicinity of Tram Ton Station of Hoang Lien National Park, north slope of Phansipan Mt. area, 6 km west of Sa Pa Town, Sa Pa District, Lao Cai Province, Vietnam, 22°21’'N, 103°46’E, altitude 2200 m above sea level.”</p> <p>Crocidura sapaensis might have been confused with C. wuchihensis or C. indochinensis, but molecular and morphological data support its distinct status. Reidentification</p> <p>of specimens previously reported as the latter two species from Vietnam is necessary to understand correct distribution of C. sapaensis. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Sa Pa district and possibly other adjacent mountains in Lao Cai Province, N Vietnam.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 50-65 mm, tail 37-47 mm. No other measurements or body weight are available. Condylo-basal lengths are 15-16-5 mm. The Sa Pa Whitetoothed Shrew is small. Tail is 62-84% of head-body length. Dorsal pelage is dark grayish brown. Tail is dark gray dorsally and slightly paler below. Skull has rounded and short rostrum and moderately broad interorbital region.</p> <p>Habitat. Various habitats including mixed evergreen forest, forested banks of small</p> <p>streams, open grassy glades, and primary forest with large trees at elevations of 1930-2200 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Pregnant Sa Pa White-toothed Shrews were recorded from May to mid-July, and mean litter size was three young (range 2-4).</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The [UCN Red Last.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abramov et al. (2013), Bannikova et al. (2011), Jenkins et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0488725FA2FA29811B4FD86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0498725FFF9A983174CF5C8.text	3D474A54A0498725FFF9A983174CF5C8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura annamitensis Jenkins, Lunde & Moncrieff 2009	<div><p>274.</p> <p>Annamite White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura annamitensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure annamite / German: Annam-Weiftzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Annamita</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura annamitensis Jenkins, Lunde &amp; Moncrieff, 2009,</p> <p>Huong Son Camp, 920 m, Huong Son District, Ha Tinh Province, Vietnam.</p> <p>Relationship of Crocidura annamitensis to other shrews is unknown; it needs to be included in a phylogenetic study. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Huong Son district, Ha Tinh Province, NC Vietnam, at elevations of</p> <p>920-1240 m; it likely occurs at higher elevations throughout the N Annamite Range and may be expected on bordering Laos.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 49-58 mm, tail 30-33 mm, ear 5-8 mm, hindfoot 9-10 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 15-1-15-4 mm. The Annamite White-toothed Shrew is very small. Its tail is 57-61% of head-body length, similar to the Ke Go White-toothed Shrew (C. kegoensis) but shorter than the 68-77% of the Vietnamese White-toothed Shrew (C. guy). Dorsal pelage is light brown; individual hairs have pale gray bases and pale brown tips. Underparts are grayish buff; individual hairs have grayish brown bases and become buffy toward tips. There is no demarcation between dorsal and ventral color. Tail is dark brown above and pale brown below. Proximal one-half oftail has long pilose hairs. Dorsal surfaces of hands are pale brown, and those on feet are pale buffy brown, with darker lateral pigmentation. Skull is small with narrow rostrum, increasing gradually in breadth through interorbital region and through well-developed braincase such that skull approximates a rather evenly shaped wedge in dorsal view. Skull of the Annamite Whitetoothed Shrew is narrower than that of the Ke Go White-toothed Shrew, which also has a slightly longer braincase.</p> <p>Habitat. Presumably tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. Three species of small shrews—the Annamite White-toothed Shrew, the Taiwanese Gray White-toothed Shrew (C. tanakae), and the Hainan White-toothed Shrew (C. wuchihensis)—occur in Northern Annamite Rainforests Ecoregion 54.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Annamite Whitetoothed Shrew is probably not currently at risk. Northern Annamite Range contains large tracts of intact forest. Biogeographically, it is one of three endemic shrews (Annamite White-toothed Shrew; Sokolov’s White-toothed Shrew, C. sokolovi; and Zaitsev’s White-toothed Shrew, C. zaitsevi) from high-elevation localities in the Annamite Mountain chain that supports other endemic mammals such as the Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) and the Annamite Striped Rabbit (Nesolagus timminsi).</p> <p>Bibliography. Abramov et al. (2013), Jenkins et al. (2009), Lunde et al. (2004), Wikramanayake etal. (2002).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0498725FFF9A983174CF5C8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0498725FFF7A131144AF9FE.text	3D474A54A0498725FFF7A131144AF9FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura guy Jenkins, Lunde, Moncrieff 2009	<div><p>275.</p> <p>Vietnamese White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura guy</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Guy / German: Vietnam-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Vietnam</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura guy Jenkins, Lunde, Moncrieff, 2009,</p> <p>Na Hang Nature Reserve, 300-800 m, Tat Ke Sector, Tuyen Quang Province, Vietnam.</p> <p>Crocidura guy is known only from the type series (four specimens), and its phylogenetic relationships have not been determined. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Tuyen Quang Province, N Vietnam.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 47-53 mm, tail 34-37-5 mm, ear 6-7 mm, hindfoot 9-10 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 15-3-15-4 mm. The Vietnamese White-toothed Shrew is very small, within the same size group as other small shrews from Vietnam (Annamite White-toothed Shrew, C. annamitensis, Ke Go White-toothed Shrew, C. kegoensis; and Zaitsev'’s White-toothed Shrew, C. zaitsevi). Dorsal pelage of the Vietnamese White-toothed</p> <p>Shrew is brownish gray; individual hairs have gray bases and brown tips. Underpart is silvery gray; hairs have gray bases and light gray and buffy gray tips. There is no demarcation between dorsum and venter. Tail is pale brown dorsally, paler ventrally, and moderately stout, with bristle hairs on proximal one-half. Feet are pale brown, with slightly darker stripe on outer lateral surfaces. Food pads are small and rounded. Males have prominent lateral glands, with central part of short brown hair surrounded by longersilvery hair. Skull is moderately broad, and rostrum is deep. Interorbital region is moderately straight, increasing gradually in breath from anterior to posterior. Braincase is narrow to moderately broad, somewhat flat in profile. Compared with other small shrews from Vietnam, Zaitsev’s White-toothed Shrew is grayer above and the Ke Go White-toothed Shrew and the Annamite White-toothed Shrew are browner. Unlike those three species, the Vietnamese White-toothed Shrew is unique in having silvery gray venter. The Hainan White-toothed shrew (C. wuchihensis) might overlap in some measurements, but on average, the Vietnamese White-toothed Shrew is smaller in external and cranial measurements and has shorter skull. Its pelage is considerably darker grayish brown than the Vietnamese White-toothed Shrew. Tail is 68-77% of head-body length and similar in length Zaitsev’s White-toothed Shrew (61-81%) but unlike shorter tail of the Annamite White-toothed Shrew (57-61%) and the Ke Go White-toothed Shrew (c.56%). Females have three pairs of inguinal mammae.</p> <p>Habitat. Forest and land cleared for cultivation in rugged limestone hills in the Viet Bac karst formation at elevations of 300-800 m. Daovantien’s Limestone Rat (Tonkinomys daovantieni) was recently described in this area.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Vietnamese Whitetoothed Shrew is probably not currently at risk. It was found in Na Hang Nature Reserve, which is one of the highest valued biodiversity ecosystems in the world.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abramov etal. (2013), Jenkins, Abramovetal. (2013), Jenkins, Lunde &amp; Moncrieff (2009), Musser et al. (2006).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0498725FFF7A131144AF9FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0498725FAFCAD081419F268.text	3D474A54A0498725FAFCAD081419F268.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura kegoensis Lunde, Musser, & Ziegler 2004	<div><p>276.</p> <p>Ke Go White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura kegoensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Ke Go / German: Ke-Go-WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Ke Go</p> <p>Other common names: Ke Go Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura kegoensis Lunde, Musser, &amp; Ziegler, 2004,</p> <p>“ Ky Anh-Ke Go” (= Ke Go) Nature Reserve, 200 m, Ha Tinh Province, Vietnam.</p> <p>Relationships of C. kegoensis to other shrews is not known; it is only known by the type specimen. First regarded as a possible young individual of C. attenuata. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Ha Tinh Province, NC Vietnam.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 48 mm, tail 27 mm, ear 5 mm, hindfoot 10 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive length is 15-3 mm. The Ke Go White-toothed Shrew is diminutive, with short tail (c.56% of head-body length) and feet and conspicuous blackish mystacial patches on muzzle above upper lips. Dorsal pelage is brownish; individual hairs have gray bases and pale brown or brownish white tips. Ventral pelage is pale grayish brownish; individual hairs have pale gray bases and brownish white tips. There is gradual transition on flanks between upper parts and underparts. Tail is brown above and slightly paler below, sparsely covered with short hairs not visible without magnification. Scattered long pilose hairs cover basal one-half of tail. Hands and feet are pale brown. Ears are dark brown. Face has distinct patches of blackish brown skin and dark brown fur extending along muzzle, in contrast with pale brown fur of head. The only species from the region that is similar to the Ke Go White-toothed Shrew is the Hainan White-toothed Shrew (C. wuchihensis), but the Ke Go White-toothed Shrew is smaller in all dimensions, lacks dark muzzle markings, and has paler ears and feet. Skull is small, with short and broad rostrum, and braincase is broad and flattened. Large upper premolar has deeply curved indentation on posterior edge. Molars have deep notches on inner side.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary lowland forest on slope near dry streambed among roots of a large tree.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Ke Go Whitetoothed Shrew is probably not threatened. There are still remnant lowland forests in Ke Go Nature Reserve. Large mammals are rare there due to hunting pressure, but small mammals can survive there. Ke Go is one of the last lowland rainforests in Vietnam. Illegal logging, poaching, and oil development threaten this area.</p> <p>Bibliography. Abramov et al. (2013), Feiler (1999), Feiler et al. (2008), Francis (2008), Jenkins et al. (2009), Lunde et al. (2004).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0498725FAFCAD081419F268	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A04A8726FF2BADE413C6F26D.text	3D474A54A04A8726FF2BADE413C6F26D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura andamanensis G. S. Miller 1902	<div><p>278.</p> <p>Andaman White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura andamanensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure des Andaman / German: Andamanen-Weilzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Andaman</p> <p>Other common names: Andaman Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura andamanensis G. S. Miller, 1902,</p> <p>“ MacPherson Strait, South Andaman Island,” Andaman Islands, India.</p> <p>There are two records of Crocidura anda- manensis, which is sympatric with C. jenkinst on Mount Harriet. Relationships of the four species of Crocidura recorded from Andaman Islands and Nicobar Island warrant additional taxonomic investigation. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality and Mount Harriet National Park, South Andaman I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 75-9 mm and 114 mm, tail 69-3 mm and 86 mm, hindfoot 24-3 mm and 26 mm (all measurements from the type and one other specimen). No specific data are available for body weight. Dorsal pelage of Andaman Whitetoothed Shrew is gray, with brown wash, some hairs slightly flattened but not broadened, and mid-dorsal hairs 6-5-8 mm long. Ventral pelage is gray, with less distinct brown wash. Tail is dark brown and 75-91% of head-body length, with bristle hairs on 55-75% ofits length.</p> <p>Habitat. Tropical moist deciduous and evergreen forest among leaf litter and rock crevices at elevations up to 383 m. The second known specimen of the Andaman White-toothed Shrew was found inside the Forest Guest House in Mount Harriet National Park.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Andaman White-toothed Shrew is assumed to be nocturnal but might be active intermittently day and night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. I. Das in 1999 reported that one Andaman White-toothed Shrew climbed with great agility and ran on the parapet of a window inside a room c. 2 m above the ground. Potential predators include snakes, the Andaman scops-owl (Otus balli), and the Andaman Masked Palm Civet (Paguma larvata tytlerii).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Andaman White-toothed Shrew occurs at a single location, and its extent of occurrence is only ¢.51 km®. There are continuing declines in extent and quality ofits habitat due to anthropogenic activities, and population trend is decreasing. The most recent record in 1999 was from Mount Harriet National Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chakraborty (1978), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Das (1999), Miller (1902), Molur (2016e), Molur etal. (2005), Thomas (1913).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A04A8726FF2BADE413C6F26D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A04A8726FF27AA5313C5F9A3.text	3D474A54A04A8726FF27AA5313C5F9A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura hispida Thomas 1913	<div><p>277.</p> <p>Andaman Spiny White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura hispida</p> <p>French: Crocidure épineuse / German: Andamanen-StachelweiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana espinosa de Andaman</p> <p>Other common names: Andaman Spiny Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura hispida Thomas, 1913,</p> <p>“ Middle Andaman Island, northern end,” Andaman Islands, India.</p> <p>Crocidura hispida is known only from a sin- gle museum specimen, and a recent survey in 2004 failed to find any additional specimens. Similarities with other species recorded from Andaman and Nicobar Islands warrant taxonomic investigation. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from N Middle</p> <p>Andaman I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 85 mm, tail 103 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 25-5 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Andaman Spiny White-toothed Shrew is large. Dorsal pelage is gray, with brownish wash; it is semi-spinous, with some broad and flattened hairs and mid-dorsal hairs ¢.8 mm long. Tail is ¢.120% of head-body length, slender, and well covered with long bristle hairs, being brown above and whitish below. Lateral glands are well defined. Feet are white.</p> <p>Habitat. Leaf litter of tropical evergreen forests at elevations up to ¢.100 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Andaman Spiny White-toothed Shrew is assumed to be nocturnal but might be active intermittently day and night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Andaman Spiny White-toothed Shrew is known from a single small island, and its estimated maximum area of occupancy is only 42 km?*.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chakraborty (1978), Chakraborty et al. (2004), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Molur (2016d), Molur et al. (2005), Thomas (1913).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A04A8726FF27AA5313C5F9A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A04A8726FA28AA5C1BA6F92B.text	3D474A54A04A8726FA28AA5C1BA6F92B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura jenkinsi Chakraborty 1978	<div><p>279.</p> <p>Jenkins’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura jenkinsi</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Jenkins / German: Jenkins-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Jenkins</p> <p>Other common names: Jenkin's Andaman Spiny Shrew, Jenkins Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura jenkinsi Chakraborty, 1978,</p> <p>Wright Myo, South Andaman Island, Andaman Islands, India.</p> <p>Crocidura jenkinsi is sympatric with C. anda- manensis on Mount Harriet. Relationships of the four species of Crocidura recorded from Andaman Islands and Nicobar Island warrant additional taxonomic investigation. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality and Mount Harriet National Park,</p> <p>South Andaman I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 100-107 mm, tail 92-96 mm, hindfoot 23-26 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Dorsal pelage of Jenkins’s White-toothed Shrew is gray to gray brown and semi-spinous, with hairs 7-9 mm long. Venter is paler gray-brown, and pelage is slightly less bristly on flanks and venter than dorsum. Tailis brown and 89-96% of head-body length, with sparse long bristle hairs over basal onehalf ofits length. Feet are brown.</p> <p>Habitat. Leaf litter in primary tropical moist deciduous forest at elevations up to 383 m. Three Jenkins’s White-toothed Shrews were collected in forest, but one specimen was collected in the Forest Guest House in Mount Harriet National Park.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Three Jenkins’s White-toothed Shrews were collected in traps set overnight. It is assumed to be nocturnal but might be active intermittently day and night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Potential predators of Jenkins’s White-toothed Shrews include snakes, the Andaman scops-owl (Otus balli), and the Andaman Masked Palm Civet (Paguma larvata tytlerii).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Jenkins’s White-toothed Shrew is known from a single small island, estimated maximum area of occupancy is only 78 km?, there are continuing declines in extent and quality of its habitat due to anthropogenic activities, and population trend is decreasing.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chakraborty (1978), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Das (1999), Molur (2016f), Molur et al. (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A04A8726FA28AA5C1BA6F92B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A04A8726FA2CAC66141CF353.text	3D474A54A04A8726FA2CAC66141CF353.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura nicobarica Miller 1902	<div><p>280.</p> <p>Nicobar White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura nicobarica</p> <p>French: Crocidure des Nicobar / German: NikobarWeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Nicobar</p> <p>Other common names: Nicobar Shrew, Nicobar White-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura nicobarica G. S. Mill- er, 1902,</p> <p>“ Great Nicobar Island,” Nicobar Islands, India.”</p> <p>Additional investigation is required into the relationships of Crocidura nicobarica with the three other species of Crocidura recorded from Andaman Islands. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S Great Nicobar I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 120 mm, tail (slightly damaged) 90 mm, ear 11 mm, hindfoot (slightly damaged) 24 mm (all</p> <p>measurements from the type specimen). No specific data are available for body weight. Dorsal pelage of the Nicobar White-toothed Shrew is dark brown, grizzled with gray, dense, and velvety, with hairs flattened, broadened, and thickened at edges, “crisp” in texture, and mid-dorsally c.4 mm long. Ventral pelage is brown, with elongated patch of gray on mid-region. Tail is light brown and ¢.75% of head-body length, with sparse bristle hairs.</p> <p>Habitat. Tropical moist deciduous forest in leaflitter at elevations up to 100 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Nicobar White-toothed Shrew is assumed to be nocturnal and crepuscular but might be active intermittently during the day.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Estimated extent of occurrence of the Nicobar White-toothed Shrew is only 96 km? it is restricted to one island, there are continuing declines in extent and quality of its habitat, and population trend is decreasing. Specimens recorded in a 1975 survey from Campbell Bay to Galathea River mouth at the southern tip of the island were not positively identified and this area was subsequently completely cleared for road construction. Threats include selective logging and other anthropogenic activities.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chakraborty (1978), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Miller (1902), Molur (2016g), Molur et al. (2005), Thomas (1913).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A04A8726FA2CAC66141CF353	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A04A8727FA13A7B2131CF500.text	3D474A54A04A8727FA13A7B2131CF500.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura trichura Dobson 1889	<div><p>281.</p> <p>Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura trichura</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Christmas / German: \Weihnachtsinsel-Weif3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Isla de Navidad</p> <p>Other common names: Christmas Island Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura fuliginosa trichura Dobson in Thomas, 1889,</p> <p>Christmas Island, Australia.</p> <p>Initially, O. Thomas in 1889 and C. W. An- drews in 1900 regarded trichura as a variety or subspecies within fuliginosa. Other au- thors treated it as a subspecies of attenuata or synonymized it with attenuata. M. Ruedi in 1995 and R. Hutterer in 2005 raised trichura to species rank, which was later confirmed in genetic studies by M. D. B.</p> <p>Eldridge and others in 2009 Sgr and Results of these studies also indicate relationship to lawuana. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Christmas I (Australia).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 65-82 mm, tail 63-80 mm, ear 7-11 mm, hindfoot 13— 17 mm; weight 4-5-6 g. Dense fur of the Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew varies from light or reddish brown to dark slate-gray. Snoutis clearly pointed. Hindfoot and tail, which can reach 88-114% of head-body length, are relatively long compared with the Asian Gray White-toothed Shrew (C. attenuata) and the Southeast Asian Whitetoothed Shrew (C. fuliginosa). Tail is very hairy, covered with fine long hairs and many long bristle hairs. The Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew resembles the Asian Gray White-toothed Shrew in cranial and jaw features. Its skull is relatively narrow in anterior part (widths across maxillae at level of second molar 5-3-5-7 mm) but then wider in posterior part (post-glenoid breadths 6-1-6-5 mm). Greatest skull lengths are 19-1-20-9 mm.</p> <p>Habitat. Rainforests, using rock holes and tree roots as shelter. Records of the Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew are from high plateau forest with deep soils and terrace rainforest with flat soils. Records around human settlements are unknown, and it is not clear if it can adapt to secondary forests or other anthropogenic structures.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew seems to mainly eat small beetles.</p> <p>Breeding. Generation length of the Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew is assumed to be two years.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew is diurnal and nocturnal. Andrews in 1900 mentioned calls being made at night, and one individual was found on a walking track in the afternoon during mild weather conditions.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. In 1900, Andrews noted that the Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew was very common, but by 1909, he noted that it was rare. Since then, only four specimens have been confirmed: two in 1958 and two in 1985. There were some unconfirmed reports between 1996 and 1998. Capture attempts with Longworth traps, hair tubes, and pitfall traps in 1997-1998 were unsuccessful. In 2004, a recovery plan for the Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew was prepared, which included investigations on taxonomy, population status, distribution, development of a program for potential habitats outside Christmas Island National Park; control the spread of introduced yellow crazy ants (Anoplolepis gracilipes); establishment of captive breeding program; maintenance of remaining wild population; and identification of threats. Unfortunately, no specimens have been found in recent surveys. The Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew is extremely rare or possibly extinct. In any case, there has been a sharp decline in population, which began shortly after the start of human settlement on the island. Possible causes could be diseases and introduction of invasive yellow crazy ants. Habitat loss, habitat alteration, and excessive predation by introduced (cats and black rats) and natural predators are also possible. K. B. Wyatt and others in 2008 identified pathogenic trypanosomes introduced by infected Roof Rats (Rattus rattus) as the cause of the collapse of the populations of Maclear’s Christmas Island Rat (Rattus maclear), also an endemic species on Christmas Island. Nevertheless, they consider it unlikely that the Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew has been infected because trypanosomes have a high degree of host specificity. They concluded that predation and competition were more likely reasons for the decline of the Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew.</p> <p>Bibliography. Andrews (1900, 1909), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Eldridge, Johnson &amp; Meek (2009), Eldridge, Meek &amp; Johnson (2014), Hutterer (2005b), Jackson &amp; Groves (2015), Jenkins (1976, 1982), Meek (2000), Ruedi (1995), Schulz (2004), Thomas (1889), Woinarski, Burbidge &amp; Harrison (2014), Woinarski, Burbidge &amp; Lumsden (2016), Wyatt et al. (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A04A8727FA13A7B2131CF500	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A04B8727FFFAA00015AEFABC.text	3D474A54A04B8727FFFAA00015AEFABC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura sibirica Dukelsky 1930	<div><p>282.</p> <p>Siberian White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura sibirica</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Sibérie / German: Sibirien-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Siberia</p> <p>Other common names: Siberian Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura leucodon sibirica Dukelsky, 1930,</p> <p>Oznatchenoie, 96 km south of Minusinsk, upper Yenisei River, southern Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia.</p> <p>Evidence from karyotype composition and mtDNA and nDNA sequences places C. sibirica in the C. suaveolens group. Although C. sibirica clearly differs in morphology from C. suaveolens, the two species have nearly identical DNA structure. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SC Russia (S regions of West and Central Siberia) and extreme NE Kazakhstan.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 77-86 mm (immatures 60-74 mm), tail 31-38 mm, hindfoot 10-13 mm; weight 7-5-9-4 ¢ (immatures 5-7 g). The Siberian White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized and heavily built. Tail is short, rarely exceeding 50% of headbody length. Pelage is bicolored and more similar to that of species of Sorex than species of Crocidura. Dorsum is dark brown or grayish brown, and venter is light gray. Color boundary between dorsum and venteris only distinct in adults. Tail is unicolored and dark or grayish brown. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 40 and FN = 50, with four pairs of metacentric and submetacentric autosomes and 15 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is large metacentric, and Y-chromosome is small acrocentric.</p> <p>Habitat. Low-density forests and forest clearings including light coniferous—smallleaved forests and occasionally floodplain willow shrubs in eastern regions of the distribution. The Siberian White-toothed Shrew avoids dark coniferous taiga, excessively wet swampy areas, and xeromorphic open habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Siberian White-toothed Shrew mostly eats insects. Lamellicorn beetles, ground beetle larvae, ant-like flower beetles, treehoppers, and grasshoppers were found in stomachs.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Siberian White-toothed Shrew is common in central Altai and rare in all other regions of its distribution. It is on regional Red Lists of Altai Krai and Novosibirsk and Tomsk regions.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bannikova, Lebedev et al. (2006), Bannikova, Sheftel et al. (2009), Bekenov et al. (1985), Vinogradov &amp; Ekimov (2014), Yudin (1987, 1989), Yudin et al. (1979).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A04B8727FFFAA00015AEFABC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A04B8720FAE2AECD11ACFD83.text	3D474A54A04B8720FAE2AECD11ACFD83.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura shantungensis G. S. Miller 1901	<div><p>283.</p> <p>Shantung White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura shantungensts</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Shandong / German: Asiatische Gartenspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Asia menor</p> <p>Other common names: Asian Lesser White-toothed Shrew, Shantung Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura shantungensis G. S. Miller, 1901,</p> <p>“Chimeh, Shantung [= Shan- dong], northern China.”</p> <p>Evidence retrieved from karyotype com- position and mtDNA and nDNA sequences places C. shantungensis to the C. suaveolens group. Well-differentiated but undescribed subspecies possibly inhabits Transbaikalia and Khentii Mountains. Three subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C.s.shantungensisG.S.Miller,1901—SERussia(TransbaikaliaandFarEast),N&amp;EMongolia,C&amp;EChina,andKoreanPeninsula.</p> <p>C.s.hoslettiJameson&amp;G.S.Jones,1977—Taiwan.</p> <p>C. s. quelpartis Kuroda, 1934 —Jeju I (South Korea). Also present on Tsushima I (Japan), but subspecies involved not known.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 51-74 mm, tail 26-40 mm, hindfoot 10-13 mm; weight 6-2-8-2 ¢ (immatures 3-3-5-7 g). The Shantung White-toothed Shrew is small and lightly built. Tail is usually shorter than 50% of head-body length. Pelageis bicolored. Dorsum is dull grayish brown, and venteris light gray. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 40 and FN = 50, with four pairs of metacentric and submetacentric autosomes and 15 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is large metacentric, and Ychromosome is small acrocentric.</p> <p>Habitat. Wide variety of habitats. The Shantung White-toothed Shrew is found in floodplain meadows with low-density bushes and abundant grass stands in northern parts of its distribution. In western Khentii, all Shantung White-toothed Shrews were captured on steppe-heath mountain slope with extremely poor vegetation. On Taiwan, they inhabit low-mountain localities and do not go higher than ¢.100 m in elevation. In Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve (southern Primorsky Krai), three of five Shantung White-toothed Shrews were found in buildings. In Vladivostok, they were captured in prefabricated high-rise blocks of apartments in the central region.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Adult lamellicorn beetles and their larvae, dipterans, caterpillars, and myriapods were found in eight stomachs of Shantung White-toothed Shrews and earthworms in two stomachs in Primorsky Krai.</p> <p>Breeding. Number of embryos averages 4-2/female (maximum six embryos in Primorsky Krai). A pregnant Shantung White-toothed Shrew captured in a high-rise block in Vladivostok had seven embryos. On Taiwan, five females had three embryos each. On Tsushima Island, litters have 4-7 young. In Primorsky Krai, females usually have up to three litters during their breeding season, and male young-of-the-year are involved in reproduction far more often than young females. Observations of young in nests showed that hair becomes detectable almost throughout the body three days after birth, eyes open nine days after birth, and young stop nursing after 14 days, having well-formed teeth. Young reach adult weight of 6 g at 20 days old.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Activity of Shantung White-toothed Shrew is multiphasic, around the clock. Activity periods account for only one-third of a day, and 75% of them occur at night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as [Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Shantung White-toothed Shrew is common or, in some localities, abundant in north-eastern China and on the Korean Peninsula. In Primorsky Krai, it is common but never dominant. The Shantung White-toothed Shrew is rare and known from single observations in north-western regions of its distribution, including Transbaikalia, Buryatia, and northern Mongolia. It is on regional Red Lists of the Republic of Buryatia and Trans-Baikal Territory.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bannikova et al. (2009), Fang Yinping et al. (1997), Hoffmann &amp; Lunde (2008), Lin Liangkong &amp; Motokawa (2014), Nesterenko (1999), Ohdachi et al. (2009), Okhotina (1984).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A04B8720FAE2AECD11ACFD83	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A04C8720FF21A9831B93FAE5.text	3D474A54A04C8720FF21A9831B93FAE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura gueldenstaedtii (Pallas 1811)	<div><p>284.</p> <p>Guldenstadt’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura gueldenstaedtii</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Caucase / German: Glldenstadt-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Glildenstadt</p> <p>Other common names: Glldenstadt's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex gueldenstaedtic Pallas, 1811,</p> <p>Dusheti (near Thilisi), Georgia.</p> <p>Evidence retrieved from karyotype compo- sition and mtDNA and nDNA sequences places C. gueldenstaedtii in the C. suaveolens group. The C. suaveolens group is extremely complex in structure and includes many close species, superspecies, semispecies, and forms with indeterminate status. Difficulties arise because certain species that are easy to distinguish morphologically</p> <p>(e.g. C. caspicaand C. sibirica) are very close to C. suaveolens at the molecular level, while certain species that are almost undistinguishable morphologically are highly distant at the molecular level (e.g. C. suaveolens and C. shantungensis). Nevertheless, C. suaveolens, C. caspica, C. sibirica, C. shantungensis, and C. aleksandrisi have relatively recently been recognized as individual species by most zoologists. The resulting situation is paradoxical. The two forms genetically close to C. suaveolens (C. caspica and C. sibirica) have species status; C. aleksandrisi of the C. gueldenstaedtii group also has species status; but C. suaveolens and C. gueldenstaedtii are combined in one species, while being distant genetically and easily distinguished morphologically (Caucasian populations). Crocidura gueldenstaedtii is known to be heterogeneous, and it is possible to divide it into six species by mtDNA structure, but two of them (small Mediterranean islands along western shore of Turkey and central Iran) lack even subspecific names. It makes no sense to consider the six forms as separate species in the absence of nDNA data because hybridization is known to occur in the C. suaveolens group, and some of the forms might be highly specific mitotypes rather than species. The six forms are significantly closer to each other than to C. suaveolens, which essentially acts as an outgroup for them. Based on currently available data, C. suaveolens and C. gueldenstaedtii are expedient to recognize as separate species, thus making another important step to improving taxonomy of the C. suaveolens group. Genetic clades are considered subspecies in this account, and each of them might eventually be recognized as an independent form and divided into additional subspecies. Four subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C.g.gueldenstaedtiiPallas,1811—SEuropeanRussia(WCaucasus),Georgia,Armenia,Azerbaijan,Turkey,WIran,Syria,Iraq,Lebanon,Israel,Jordan,Egypt(Sinai),andsomeMediterraneanIs,includingCrete,Corsica,andMinorcaintheBalearicIs;itmightoccurinSaudiArabia.</p> <p>C.g.cypriaBate,1903—Cyprus.</p> <p>C.g.iculismaMottaz,1908—N&amp;WIberianPeninsula,SFrance,SarkI(ChannelIs),andNWItaly.</p> <p>C. g. mimula G. S. Miller, 1901 — Europe (from NW France, Switzerland, and N Italy E to W Ukraine and Balkan Peninsula).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 77-86 mm (immatures 55-74 mm), tail 41-56 mm; weight 8-5-13-3 g (immatures 6-3-8 g). Pregnant females weigh up to 17-5 g. Giildenstadt’s White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized and lightly built. Tail is 65-90% of head-body length. Pelage is bicolored. Dorsum varies from smoky gray or brownish gray to brown. Venter is light gray. Demarcation between dorsum and venter is not distinct. Tail is often unicolored and occasionally bicolored. Typical chromosomal complement has 2n = 40 and FN = 50, with four pairs of metacentric and submetacentric autosomes and 15 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is large metacentric, and Y-chromosome is small acrocentric. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 40-41 and FN = 50-52 in Czech Republic and 2n = 40-42 and FN = 50-54 in Switzerland. Supernumerary B-chromosomes account for higher numbers of chromosomes and arms.</p> <p>Habitat. Shrublands with pronounced grass stands not affected by intense grazing. In arid regions, Guldenstadt’s White-toothed Shrew lives around water bodies or in farmlands with artificial irrigation. Abundance is highest in the Kolkhida Lowlands (Georgia). It is found in small human settlements and often invades human houses.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet of Guldenstadt’s White-toothed Shrew includes larval and adult insects, gastropods, woodlice, myriapods, and plant material. After invading human houses,it feeds on stored food, including meat and even fruit. Cases of eating carcasses of mammals and birds are known, but explicit data on this are lacking.</p> <p>Breeding. Nests of Guldenstadt’s White-toothed Shrew are placed on the ground in high grass stands; lined with dry grass, fine hair, and similar soft materials; and similar in appearance to birds’ nests. It is unknown if these nests are used in all parts of the</p> <p>distribution or only in optimal mesophilic biotopes. Reproduction starts in April and ends in October in Georgia. Winter reproduction can occur in subtropical conditions of the Kolkhida Lowlands. Young-of-the-year are extensively involved in reproduction. Numbers of embryos are 1-10/female (average 5-5). Twenty-one pregnant females in Turkey had 2-7 embryos (average 4-7), and four pregnant females on Cyprus had 2-5 embryos (average 3-3).</p> <p>Activity patterns. Guldenstadt’s White-toothed Shrew is active around the clock, with peaks at night and dusk. They were more often captured in traps in these periods of time. Like in other white-toothed shrews (Crocidura), young form a caravan by holding base of tail or rear of the one in front with its teeth, and the first young holds onto the mother.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Four older Guldenstadt’s Whitetoothed Shrews (overwintering adults) were captured in September. They all were females, suggesting that males die earlier than females at the end of a breeding season.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Gildenstadt's Whitetoothed Shrew was included under the Lesser White-toothed Shrew (C. suaveolens), classified as Least Concern. Distribution of Giildenstadt’s White-toothed Shrew is quite unusual and its distribution might be explained by ancient ways of migration butis more likely to result from occasional transfers by mariners in ancient times or Early Middle Ages. Giildenstadt’s White-toothed Shrew is dominant in small mammal communities in the Colchis lowlands on the eastern Black Sea coast. Although abundant Or common in certain regions, it is rare in most of its distribution, particularly in arid and forest habitats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bannikova et al. (2006), Dubey, Cosson et al. (2007), Hutterer &amp; Harrison (1988), Karami et al. (2008), Krystufek &amp; Vohralik (2001), Kuvikovéa (1987), Meylan &amp; Hausser (1974), Satunin (1915), Sokolov &amp; Tembotov (1989), Vlasak &amp; Niethammer (1990), Zaitsev (1991), Zaitsev et al. (2014), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A04C8720FF21A9831B93FAE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A04C8721FA2BAE2D10AAFBAC.text	3D474A54A04C8721FA2BAE2D10AAFBAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura suaveolens (Pallas 1811)	<div><p>285.</p> <p>Lesser White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura suaveolens</p> <p>French: Crocidure des jardins / German: Gartenspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de campo</p> <p>Other common names: Lesser Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex suaveolens Pallas, 1811,</p> <p>near Sevastopol, Khersones, Crimea Peninsula, Russia.</p> <p>Evidence retrieved from karyotype com- position and mtDNA and nDNA sequenc- es places C. suaveolens in the C. suaveolens group. Composition of C. suaveolens has changed recently; C. suaveolens of Western and Central Europe are considered here as C. gueldenstaedtii mimula. Three subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C.s.suaveolensPallas,1811—SBelarus,C&amp;EUkraine,Moldova,andEuropeanRussiaStoNCaucasusandEtoSUralMts.</p> <p>C.s.ilensisG.S.Miller,1901—Kazakhstan,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan,Kyrgyzstan,SWTajikistan,NIran,andprobablyNAfghanistan.</p> <p>C. s. pamarensis Ognev, 1928 — Pamir Mts. Also present in NW China and W &amp; C Mongolia, but subspecies involved not known.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 47-80 mm, tail 25-40 mm; weight 6-5-9-4 g (immatures 4-6-5 g). The Lesser White-toothed Shrew is small to medium-sized and lightly built. Tail is rarely longer than 50% of head-body length. Pelage is bicolored. Dorsum varies from brownish gray to light gray in steppe populations. Venter varies from light gray to white in steppe populations. In winter, brownish tints of dorsum are more intense, venteris lighter, and color contrast between them is greater. Tail is usually bicolored and rarely unicolored, dark gray or brownish gray. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 40 and FN = 50, with four pairs of metacentric and submetacentric autosomes and 15 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is large metacentric, and Ychromosomeis small acrocentric.</p> <p>Habitat. Desert, steppe, and forest zones, preferring habitats with bushes or high grass stands near watersides and ruderal vegetation at sites of abandoned human houses and tilled fields. The Lesser White-toothed Shrew is found in various human dwellings such as nomadic tents (yurts) in the Gobi Desert (Mongolia) and apartments in Moscow high-rise apartment buildings, including rural houses from European Russia to Tian Shan.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. In Trans-Ili Alatau, small beetles are most common in diets of Lesser White-toothed Shrews. In Turkmenistan, caterpillars, young bugs, mantids, and cockroaches are readily eaten, but darkling beetles and chafters (June beetles) are almost never eaten. Lesser White-toothed Shrews can dig insects out of the soil to up to 2 cm and hunt small geometrid moths by jumping and collecting them from grass blades. In laboratory conditions with food ad libitum, the Lesser White-toothed Shrew kills as many insects as possible and stores food. In North Caucasus, plant material is included in diets less often than in diets of sympatric species of red-toothed shrews. Daily food intake of Lesser White-toothed Shrews reaches 133% of body weight, but daily food intake of three times body weight was observed in Turkmenistan.</p> <p>Breeding. Nests of Lesser White-toothed Shrews are often built under driftwood or plant litter at watersides, in haystacks, and in other similar places. Occasionally, nests are on the ground in dry grass or depressions and are similar in construction as nests of small passerine birds. Lesser White-toothed Shrews most likely dig burrows themselves in semi-deserts of Central Asia. A burrow 1 cm in diameter goes vertically down</p> <p>3-3-5 m and ends with a nest chamber of 18-20 cm in diameter. Reproduction can last 7-8 months, starting in early February in riparian woodlands of southern Tajikistan and from mid-March to late September in North Caucasus. Breeding starts in late March in Pamir Mountains (elevations 1700-3600 m). Gestation lasts 24-32 days; numbers of embryos average 4-2-5-5/female (range 1-10).</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Lesser White-toothed Shrew is active mostly at night. In Turkmenistan, 10-14 activity periods were observed during dark hours and averaged 24 minutes each; maximal duration of an activity period was 155 minutes.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Seasonal migrations of Lesser White-toothed Shrews have not been studied comprehensively but are quite distinct because abundance in dwellings, household buildings, haystacks, etc. always increases in autumn. Life span is no longer than 1-5 years, and a population is completely renewed during this time.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Lesser White-toothed Shrew is common in many parts of its extensive distribution but is almost never abundant. It is rare in northern regions of its distribution (i.e. forest zone of European Russia) and on regional Russian Red Lists of the Republic of Mordovia, Republic of Chuvashia, and Kaluga Region.</p> <p>Bibliography. Almatov (1978), Bannikova et al. (2006), Bekenov et al. (1985), Dubey, Cosson et al. (2007), Gureev (1979), Isakov (1992b), Karami et al. (2008), Kuznetsov (1972), Sokolov &amp; Tembotov (1989), Vlasak &amp; Niethammer (1990), Zaitsev et al. (2014), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A04C8721FA2BAE2D10AAFBAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A04D8721FFFDAFD91758F4E3.text	3D474A54A04D8721FFFDAFD91758F4E3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura aleksandrisi Vesmanis 1977	<div><p>286.</p> <p>Cyrenaica White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura aleksandrisi</p> <p>French: Crocidure dAleksandrs / German: Cyrenaika-\WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Cirenaica</p> <p>Other common names: Alexandrian Shrew, Cyrenaica Shrew, Lybian Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura aleksandrisi I. Vesmanis, 1977,</p> <p>5 km west of Tocra (32° 31’ N, 20° 34’ E), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.566668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.566668/lat 32.516666)">Cyrenaica</a>, Libya.</p> <p>G. L. Ranck in 1968 referred to C. aleksandrisi as C. russula. According to S. Dubey and colleagues in 2007, it is an old lineage in the C. suaveolens group. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to Libya (N part of Cyrenaica).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 56-65 mm, tail 39-46 mm, ear 7-5-8 mm, hindfoot</p> <p>11-12 mm; weight 4-6-5 g. Condylo-incisive lengths are 16-6-18 mm. The Cyrenaica White-toothed Shrew is small and looks like a small form of the European Lesser White-toothed Shrew (C. suaveolens), with short (c.2 mm) soft pelage and relatively long tail (¢.70% of head-body length). Dorsum is grayish brown, with slight russet tinge; hairs are dark and have gray bases. Venteris gray to grayish brown, with smooth transition zone; hairs have dark gray bases and gray to pale brown tips. Chin, throat, and chest are gray. Forefeet and hindfeet are brown. Tail is brown above and slightly paler below, with ¢.90% pilosity. Skull is unspecialized: rostrum and maxillary are medium, interorbit is wide, braincase width is medium, and braincase heightis high. I' is long and hooked, and upper third molar is wide. Karyotype is 2n = 40.</p> <p>Habitat. Mediterranean vegetation such as wadis, scrub, and littoral and rocky areas. The Cyrenaica White-toothed Shrew is thought to occur in degraded habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Cyrenaica White-toothed Shrew probably eats various invertebrates.</p> <p>Breeding. The Cyrenaica White-toothed Shrew is presumably similar to the Lesser White-toothed Shrew (CC. suaveolens) and relatives.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Cyrenaica White-toothed Shrew is probably nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Remains of Cyrenaica White-toothed Shrews were abundant in pellets of common barn-owls (7yto alba) in Wadi al Kuf, Cyrenaica. More than 100 skulls have been found in owl pellets. At least three surveys have been carried out there, and all of them found Cyrenaica White-toothed Shrews.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Cyrenaica White-toothed Shrew has been collected from the 1960s through the 1990s, with no indication of population decline. It is found in a relatively small area of Libya, but there is no indication that there are major conservation threats across its distribution. It could be affected by habitat loss, but no conservation measures are currently in place.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dubey, Cosson et al. (2007), Hutterer (2005b, 2008c, 2013b), Ranck (1968), Vesmanis (1977).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A04D8721FFFDAFD91758F4E3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A04D8721FFFCA024140FF95D.text	3D474A54A04D8721FFFCA024140FF95D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura zarudnyi Ognev 1928	<div><p>287.</p> <p>Zarudny’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura zarudnyi</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Zarudny / German: Zarudny-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Zarudny</p> <p>Other common names: Zarudny's Rock Shrew, Zarudny's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura zarudnyi Ognev, 1928,</p> <p>Baluchistan (border), Iran.</p> <p>Initially, C. zarudny: was described by S. I. Ognev under the name tatianae but later in 1928 replaced it by the name zarudnyi. The former name was preoccupied by C. nyasae tatiana named by G. Dollman, in 1915 (now a synonym of the African C. olwiert). Formerly, C. zarudnyi was treated as a subspecies under C. pergrisea, but J. D. Hassinger in 1970 and F. Spitzenberger in 1971 argued for elevating it to a distinct species, which was followed by R. Hutterer in 2005. In a phylogenetic study of mtDNA cytochrome-b by S. Dubey and colleagues in 2007, C. zarudnyi was related to the C. suaveolens complex, with which it shares a chromosomal complement of 2n = 40 and FN = 50. Hassinger in 1970 described a new subspecies “streetorum” from south-eastern</p> <p>Afghanistan, butits status needs clarification. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SE Iran, S &amp; E Afghanistan, and SW Pakistan (Balochistan).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 55-62 mm, tail 43-48 mm, ear 9-10-5 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-basal lengths are 17-4-18 mm. Zarudny’s White-toothed Shrew is smaller than the Pale Gray Whitetoothed Shrew (C. pergrisea). Upperparts are pale gray, with tendency toward brownish cinnamon. Underparts are silvery white, less creamy than in the Pale Gray White-toothed Shrew. Feet are covered with white hairs. The form “streetorum” is slightly bigger and grayer. Skull is narrow and bulges in parietal region, not as flat as in the Pale Gray White-toothed Shrew. Zarudny’s Whitetoothed Shrew has shorter rostrum and heavier mandible than the Pale Gray Whitetoothed Shrew.</p> <p>Habitat. Arid mountains and steppes in stony plateaus and scrub-covered loess with deep soil at elevations of 500-3000 m. Zarudny’s White-toothed Shrew inhabits drier desert habitats than other species of Iranian shrews.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Zarudny’s White-toothed Shrew eats insects and probably scorpions and lizards.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Zarudny’s White-toothed Shrew is nocturnal and solitary.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Zarudny’s White-toothed Shrew is often associated with human habitation and is found in burrows in sides of buildings and mud walls. It is of benefit in such habitats because it eats pest insects. It shared mud walls with lizards, snakes, scorpions, and mice in Iran.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Zarudny’s White-toothed Shrew has a wide distribution and presumably large population, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. It has been reported in Hingol National Park and Ziarat Juniper Wildlife Sanctuary in Balochistan, Pakistan. General field surveys and research into its natural history are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dollman (1915b), Dubey, Nova et al. (2007), Habibi (2004), Hassinger (1970, 1973), Hutterer (2005b), Lay (1967), Mohammadi et al. (2013), Molur (2016h), Molur et al. (2005), Ognev (1928), Roberts (1997), Spitzenberger (1971).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A04D8721FFFCA024140FF95D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A04D8722FAE7ADAE134EFD85.text	3D474A54A04D8722FAE7ADAE134EFD85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura orii Kuroda 1924	<div><p>288.</p> <p>Greater Ryukyu White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura orii</p> <p>French: Crocidure d'Orii / German: Grof3e Ryukyu-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Ryukyu mayor</p> <p>Other common names: Amami Shrew, Orii's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura ori Kuroda, 1924,</p> <p>Komi, Amami Oshima, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan.</p> <p>Crocidura ori is known from less than a handful of specimens, one of which was ob- tained from the stomach of a snake. It was originally described as an insular subspecies of C. dsinezumi —the most common species on the main islands ofJapan. Although sympatrically distributed with C. watasei in Ryukyu Archipelago, these two have differ-</p> <p>ent origins. In a comprehensive molecular study by S. Dubey and his co-workers in 2008, C. orii was found in the basal position of a so-called Asian clade that comprised most Asian species of Crocidura and Diplomesodon pulchellus. This indicated that C. ori was a relict species, representing one of the most primary lineages in Asia. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to Amami Is, C Ryukyu Is, Japan, including Amami Oshima, Kakeromajima, and Tokunoshima.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 65-90 mm, tail 41-51 mm, hindfoot 14-15 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive lengths are 20-7-21-9 mm, and tooth rows are 9-1-10 mm. The Greater Ryukyu White-toothed Shrew is mediumsized. It is a special form characterized by many unique morphological features. Dorsal pelage is light seal brown, and hairs on middle of back are 6-6-5 mm long, much longer than on other species of Crocidura (usually shorter than 5 mm). Ventral pelage gradually changes to light gray. Ears, forefeet, hindfoot, and dorsal surface of tail are brown, and their ventral surfaces are paler. Forefeet are large and wide, and claws are long and robust. Longer bristle hair is distributed on first one-half of tail. Tail is 50-66% of head—body length. Cranial profile is straight. Braincase is short, moderately broad, and rounded. Rostrum is narrow and elongated. Mandible is long, and its ascending ramus is high and broad. I' is slender, with small and narrow posterior cusp (talon). There are three oval-shaped upper unicuspids, parastyle and protocone of upper P* are small, and posterior margin is slightly concave. Lowerincisor is long and broad, and lower molars massive.</p> <p>Habitat. Only captured in broadleaf natural forests from sea level to elevations of c.300 m. The Greater Ryukyu White-toothed Shrew co-occurs with the Lesser Ryukyu White-toothed Shrew (C. watasei). External morphology indicates it might be able to use semi-fossorial habitat. Okinawa pit vipers (Ouvophis okinavensis) and introduced mongooses are known predators.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Coleopterans were found in stomachs of Greater Ryukyu Whitetoothed Shrews.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Known distribution of the Greater Ryukyu White-toothed Shrew is less than 2500 km? Population is presumably small based roughly on low capture rates, and it might be declining due to reduced natural forests and introduced mongooses.</p> <p>Bibliography. Correia (2016b), Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), Imaizumi (1961), Motokawa (1998), Ohdachi et al. (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A04D8722FAE7ADAE134EFD85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A04E8722FF25A98C10BFF419.text	3D474A54A04E8722FF25A98C10BFF419.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura batakorum Hutterer 2007	<div><p>289.</p> <p>Batak White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura batakorum</p> <p>French: Crocidure des Batak / German: Batak-\WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Batak</p> <p>Other common names: Batak Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura batakorum Hutterer, 2007,</p> <p>“The Philippines, Palawan, c. 60 km N Puerto Princesa, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.71667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.71667/lat 9.733334)">Tanabag River valley</a> near village Kalabayog [09° 44’ N, 118° 43’ E],200 ma.s. 1.”</p> <p>Formerly, C. batakorum was misidentified as C. attenuata and stored incorrectly in collections. R. Hutterer in 2007 described it, based on a single specimen. J. A. Esselstyn and colleagues in 2009 captured additional specimens. According to their</p> <p>phylogenetic studies in 2009 and 2010, C. batakorum is not related to the remaining Crocidura from the Philippines or Borneo.It is sister to a clade of old endemic shrews of Sulawesi (C. musseri, C. elongata, C. lea, C. levicula, C. rhoditis, and three undescribed Crocidura). It is only distantly related to C. palawanensis and Palawanosorex muscorum from Palawan. A humerus from cave sediments several thousand years old, similar in size to C. cf. monticola from Borneo, probably represents C. batakorum. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from C &amp; S Palawan, Philippines.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c.66—72 mm, tail 40-55 mm, ear 7-5-9 mm, hindfoot 11-5-14 mm; weight 4-5-7-1 g. Head-body of the type specimen is 63-5 mm, and tail is 43 mm. The Batak White-toothed Shrew is the smallest of all Philippine shrews, with shorttail (c.68% of head-body length) of which about proximal one-half is covered by long bristle hairs (51% pilosity). Dorsum is dark brown, and venter is brownish gray. Body hairs are uniformly colored from bases to tips. Tail, limbs, ears, and muzzle are paler than body. Creamy ventral surface of tail contrasts with brown dorsal surface. Dorsal part of forefeet and hindfeet are thinly haired by fine short hairs. Hindfeet are short, with some plantal granulae on ventral sides. Compared to the Batak Whitetoothed Shrew, the Palawan White-toothed Shrew (C. palawanensis) is slate-gray and has a slender body, slender forefeet and hindfeet with granule interdigital surfaces, and long thin tail with a few long bristle hairs. The Palawan Moss Shrew (Palawanosorex muscorum) has a stout body, broad forefeet with long claws, and shorttail with short, dense fur, but no bristles; it has blackish pelage, and smooth interdigital surfaces. Skull of the Batak White-toothed Shrew is slender and elongated, with narrow maxillary region and moderately long and wide interorbital region. Lateral borders of interorbital (dorsal view) are almost parallel or even slightly convex. Braincase is long, narrow, and oval-shaped. There are no sagittal crests and only weak lambdoid crests. First unicuspid is large, and second and third upper unicuspids about equalin size and length.</p> <p>Habitat. Only known from disturbed lowland forests at elevations of 200-800 m. The Batak White-toothed Shrew was probably more common at a mid-elevation (c.800 m) site in southern Palawan than at a low elevation (¢.200 m) site in central Palawan. It has not been found with the Palawan White-toothed Shrew or the Palawan Moss Shrew, which co-occur on Mount Mantalingahan at higher elevations.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Status of the Batak White-toothed Shrew is uncertain. It might not be easily trapped with standard techniques (e.g. pitfall traps or snap traps); large series from Irawan and Samarinana were taken in pitfall traps. It is possibly restricted to lowland forests, which have declined on Palawan.</p> <p>Bibliography. Demos, Achmadi, Handika et al. (2017), Esselstyn (2016), Esselstyn &amp; Brown (2009), Esselstyn &amp; Oliveros (2010), Esselstyn, Achmadi &amp; Maharadatunkamsi (2014), Esselstyn, Maharadatunkamsi et al. (2013), Esselstyn, Timm &amp; Brown (2009), Esselstyn, Widmann &amp; Heaney (2004), Heaney et al. (2010), Hutterer (2007b), Hutterer et al. (2018), Reis &amp; Garong (2001).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A04E8722FF25A98C10BFF419	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A04E8722FF2EA76C1811F86C.text	3D474A54A04E8722FF2EA76C1811F86C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura musseri Ruedi & Vogel 1995	<div><p>290.</p> <p>Mossy Forest White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura musseri</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Musser / German: Musser\WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de bosque de musgo</p> <p>Other common names: Mossy Forest Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura musseri Ruedi &amp; Vogel, 1995,</p> <p>Gunung (= Mount) Rorekatimbo, 2230 m, central Sulawesi, Indonesia.</p> <p>Crocidura musseri is part of the strongly supported “Old Sulawesian” clade of shrews that evolved from an ancient (Miocene) colonization from the Sunda Shelf to the island of Sulawesi. Other shrews in this ancient radiation include the Sulawesian endemics</p> <p>C. lea, C. levicula, C. rhoditis, and C. elongata, but not C. nigripes (evolved from a more recent colonization event). Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to C Sulawesi, known from at least four mountain regions (Mt Rorekatimbo, Mt Balease, Mt Gandangdewata, and Mt Latimojong).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 62-77 mm, tail 57-72 mm, ear 6 mm, hindfoot 13-4— 14-8 mm; weight 5-5-10 g. The Mossy Forest White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized and grayish brown, with soft and dense pelage. Long hairs (7 mm on mid-dorsum) are bicolored, slate-gray at bases, and rusty brown neartips. Venteris lighter brown. Dorsal sides of feet are brown. Tail is slightly shorter than head-body length and covered with short hairs hiding scales; long bristles are sparsely distributed along most ofits length. Skull is distinctly stocky due to short rostrum, broad interorbital constriction, and globular braincase. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 54, which is unique among South-east Asian shrews; most of them have higher fundamental or chromosomal count, or both.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary montane rainforests up to moss forests covering mountaintops at elevations of 800-2300 m. The Mossy Forest White-toothed Shrew is most abundant at higher elevations in this range, which are dominated by cold and humid mossy forests. It is terrestrial and captured in traps set under fallen trees and logs and in moss covering rocks. The Mossy Forest White-toothed Shrew has been found in sympatry with other insectivorous mammals, including four other species of shrews and several murid rodents (Taeromys spp. and Melasmothrix spp.).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Mossy Forest White-toothed Shrew is insectivorous. In captivity, it can be maintained on crickets and earthworms.</p> <p>Breeding. Three female Mossy Forest White-toothed Shrews captured in August were lactating, but no known data aboutlitter size or extent of breeding season are available.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Mossy Forest White-toothed Shrew is probably mainly nocturnal, but it has been trapped during daytime. It is active in dense ground vegetation covering wet and cold forests at high elevations.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Mossy Forest White-toothed Shrew has only been found in central Sulawesi and is considered a range-restricted species. It occurs in several protected areas (e.g. Lore Lindu National Park). Its high montane habitat is probably underless threat from deforestation than forests at lower elevations, but no precise data on abundance or population trends are available.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), Esselstyn &amp; Brown (2009), Esselstyn et al. (2009), Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016k), Hutterer (2005b), Musser (1987), Ruedi (1995, 1996), Ruedi &amp; Vogel (1995), Ruedi et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A04E8722FF2EA76C1811F86C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A04E8723FA2DACA41606FD01.text	3D474A54A04E8723FA2DACA41606FD01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura rhoditis G. S. Miller & Hollister 1921	<div><p>291.</p> <p>Temboan White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura rhoditis</p> <p>French: Crocidure rosée / German: Temboan-Weifizahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Temboan</p> <p>Other common names: Sulawesi White-handed Shrew, Temboan Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura rhoditis G. S. Miller &amp; Hollister, 1921,</p> <p>Temboan, north-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia.</p> <p>O. Koller in 1929 considered rhoditis syn- onymous with orientalis, but G. B. Corbet and J. E. Hill in 1992 and R. Hutterer in 2005 among others recognized rhoditis as a full species of Crocidura. Several molecular biological studies supported this rank and showed that rhoditis is part of a clade of “Old Sulawesian” shrew taxa that also</p> <p>includes C. elongata, C. lea, C. levicula, and C. musseri. G. G. Musser in 1987 identified a subfossil part of a leftjaw of a shrew found during an archaeological expedition at Batu Edjaja as C. rhoditis. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. N, C &amp; SW Sulawesi.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 84-88 mm, tail 69-74 mm, hindfoot 16-1-16-8 mm; weight 11:6-13-2 g. The Temboan White-toothed Shrew is one of the larger species of shrews in Sulawesi. Dorsal pelage is dark grayish or reddish brown. Fur is dense and soft, except around nose. Ventral pelage is lighter, mixed with pale cinnamon brown. Tail is dark brown, with white tip, and it is covered with very small hairs. There are some long light-colored bristle hairs on basal one-halfof tail. Forefeet and hindfeet are whitish to pinkish; uppersides are lighter than footpads. Skull is larger than that of the Black-footed White-toothed Shrew (C. nigripes), and rostrum is relatively heavy. Profile of skull is flat and not as spherical as that of the Mossy Forest White-toothed Shrew (C. mussert). Posterior part of palate is broader, and interorbital narrowing in the Temboan White-toothed Shrew is farther back than in other species. Greatest skull lengths are 22-7-23-6 mm. Third upper unicuspid is bigger than second. Karyotype is 2n = 30.</p> <p>Habitat. Tropical, mostly humid and mossy primary forests in lowlands and mountains at elevations of 200-3000 m. Records suggest that the Temboan White-toothed Shrew can adapt to secondary forests. Ability to adapt to human structures outside forests is unknown.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Temboan White-toothed Shrew eats invertebrates, but detailed data are not available.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Based on field observations and captures, the Temboan Whitetoothed Shrew is mainly nocturnal, but two individuals were captured during the day.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Temboan White-toothed Shrew is widespread and likely occurs in protected areas. Its population is presumably large and relatively stable. It does not appear to be subject to any major adverse effects at present. In lowlands, deforestation, conversion to agricultural land, and man-made fires could pose threats if it cannot adapt to resulting habitats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cassola (2016ad), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), Esselstyn &amp; Brown (2009), Hutterer (2005b), Koller (1929), Miller &amp; Hollister (1921), Motokawa et al. (2005), Mulvaney &amp; Soejono (1970), Musser (1987), Ruedi (1995, 1996), Ruedi &amp; Vogel (1995), Ruedi et al. (1998), Stone (1995b).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A04E8723FA2DACA41606FD01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A04F8723FFE0A8051129F552.text	3D474A54A04F8723FFE0A8051129F552.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura lea G. S. Miller & Hollister 1921	<div><p>292.</p> <p>Lesser Black-footed White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura lea</p> <p>French: Crocidure lionne / German: Kleine SchwarzfuR-\Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de pies negros menor</p> <p>Other common names: Sulawesi Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura lea G. S. Miller &amp; Hollister, 1921,</p> <p>Temboan, Sulawesi, Indonesia.</p> <p>Crocidura lea is part of the strongly supported “Old Sulawesian” clade of shrews that evolved from an ancient (Miocene) colonization from the Sunda Shelf to the island of Sulawesi. Other shrews of this ‘ os:: ancient radiation include the Sulawesian endemics C. mussen, C. levicula, C. rhoditis, and C. elongata but not C. nigripes (evolved</p> <p>from a more recent colonization event). Crocidura lea occurs in sympatry with other insectivorous mammals, including Sulawesian endemic shrews (C. musseri, C. rhoditis, C. nigripes, and C. elongata) and several murid rodents (7aeromys spp. and Melasmothrix spp-). Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to N &amp; C Sulawesi; its absence from S peninsulas of Sulawesi should be ascertained with adequate surveys.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 61-64 mm, tail 53-56 mm, hindfoot 12-1-12-8 mm; weight 4-6-5-5 g. The Lesser Black-footed White-toothed Shrew is small, dark brown dorsally, and slightly larger than the sympatric Sulawesi Tiny White-toothed Shrew (C. levicula). Venter of the Lesser Black-footed White-toothed Shrew is slightly lighter grayish brown. Tail is 80-90% of head-body length, with numerous long bristle hairs extending along proximal two-thirds. Face, ears, and feet are dark brown. Compared with other Sulawesian species of shrews,first hook-like incisor is particularly small. In maxillary tooth row, second unicuspidate tooth is smaller than third.</p> <p>Habitat. Lowland evergreen rainforests to moss forests covering highest summits from near sea level to elevations of ¢.2300 m. The Lesser Black-footed White-toothed Shrew is found in primary and secondary forests among leaf litter or on moss-covered vegetation.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Lesser Black-footed White-toothed Shrew eats invertebrates, but no precise data are available.</p> <p>Breeding. One pregnant Lesser Black-footed White-toothed Shrew caught in August carried two embryos.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Lesser Black-footed White-toothed Shrew is terrestrial and apparently mainly nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least concern on The IUCN Red List. The Lesser Black-footed White-toothed Shrew is widespread on Sulawesi, and its overall population is presumably large. Its tolerance to anthropogenic impacts to its habitat is unknown. It is locally common based on pitfall trapping and occurs in protected areas such as Lore Lindu National Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chiozza (2016d), Esselstyn &amp; Brown (2009), Esselstyn et al. (2009), Hutterer (2005b), Miller &amp; Hollister (1921), Musser (1987), Ruedi (1995, 1996), Ruedi et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A04F8723FFE0A8051129F552	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A04F8723FFFFA1B7178EF929.text	3D474A54A04F8723FFFFA1B7178EF929.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura levicula G. S. Miller & Hollister 1921	<div><p>293.</p> <p>Sulawesi Tiny White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura levicula</p> <p>French: Crocidure légere / German: Kleine Sulawesi-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Célebes</p> <p>Other common names: Celebes Shrew, Sulawesi Tiny Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura levicula G. S. Miller &amp; Hollister, 1921,</p> <p>Pinedapa, Sulawesi, Indonesia.</p> <p>Crocidura levicula is part of the strongly supported “Old Sulawesian” clade of shrews that evolved from an ancient (Miocene) colonization from the Sunda Shelf to the island of Sulawesi. Other shrews in this ancient radiation include the Sulawesian endemics C. lea, C. musseri, C. rhoditis, and C. elongata but not C. nigripes (evolved</p> <p>from a more recent colonization event). Crocidura levicula has been found in sympatry with other insectivorous mammals, including three other species of shrews (C. lea,</p> <p>C. nigripes, and C. elongata) and several murid rodents (Bunomys spp.; Pacific Rat, Rattus exulans; etc.). Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to C &amp; SE Sulawesi; known from various lowland and more mountainous regions, including Mt Rorekatimbo, Mt Gandangdewata, Mt Balease, and Mt Nokilalaki. Together with the Elongated White-toothed Shrew (C. elongata) this is the only wild shrew occurring on the SE peninsula, but lack of adequate sampling in most pristine areas of S Sulawesi hinders precise biogeographical inferences.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 57-64 mm, tail 33-41 mm, hindfoot 10-7-10-9 mm; weight 4-4-6 g. The Sulawesi Tiny White-toothed Shrew is tiny and the smallest species of shrew in Sulawesi. It is comparable in size with the unrelated Sunda White-toothed Shrew (C. monticola). Generally, pelage and bare parts (ears, face, feet and tail) are dark brown, but pelage color can vary with season (e.g. one shedding male was more grayish brown over hindparts). Tail is ¢.60% head-body length and hairy, with numerous bristles over most of its length. Apparently, hairiness oftail increases with elevation. Maxillary tooth row has second unicuspidate tooth comparable in size to third. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 34 and FN = 52, with submetacentric Xand Y-chromosomes. Chromosomal complement is unique for South-east Asian shrews.</p> <p>Habitat. Lowland evergreen rainforests to moss forests covering mountaintops at elevations of 450-2300 m. The Sulawesi Tiny White-toothed Shrew occurs in primary and disturbed rainforests, among fallen leaves and under logs, or in habitats with denser vegetation cover. It can be relatively abundant in terrestrial habitats sampled with pitfall traps.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Sulawesi Tiny White-toothed Shrew eats invertebrates, but no precise data are available.</p> <p>Breeding. Two pregnant Sulawesi Tiny White-toothed Shrews caught in August carried one and two near-term embryos.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Sulawesi Tiny White-toothed Shrew apparently is predominantly diurnal, but it has also been trapped at night.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least concern on The IUCN Red List. The Sulawesi Tiny White-toothed Shrew is widespread and relative abundant in primary and secondary forests, but rapid degradation of habitats by logging or conversion to agriculture might be a serious threat, at least in lowlands. It occurs in protected areas such as Lore Lindu National Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chiozza (2016e), Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), Esselstyn &amp; Brown (2009), Esselstyn et al. (2009), Hutterer (2005b), Miller &amp; Hollister (1921), Musser (1987), Ruedi (1995, 1996), Ruedi &amp; Vogel (1995), Ruedi et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A04F8723FFFFA1B7178EF929	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A04F872CFAE6AC501054FC92.text	3D474A54A04F872CFAE6AC501054FC92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura elongata G. S. Miller & Hollister 1921	<div><p>294.</p> <p>Elongated White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura elongata</p> <p>French: Crocidure élancée / German: Schlanke Weif3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana alargada</p> <p>Other common names: Elongated Shrew, Sulawesi Long-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura elongata G. S. Miller &amp; Hollister, 1921,</p> <p>Temboan (SW from Tondano Lake), north-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia.</p> <p>Because of deep molecular divergences (2-12% sequence divergence at the cytochrome-b gene), significant karyological differences, and lack of genetic admixture among some pairs of populations, C. elongata likely comprises a complex of several distinct species. It is part of the strongly</p> <p>supported “Old Sulawesian” clade of shrews that evolved from an ancient (Miocene) colonization from the Sunda Shelfto the island of Sulawesi. Other shrews in this ancient radiation include the Sulawesian endemics C. lea, C. levicula, C. rhoditis, and C. musseri but not C. nigripes (evolved from a more recent colonization event). Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to Sulawesi; most widespread shrew on the island, present in most parts except on the SW peninsula where only the Temboan White-toothed Shrew (C. rhoditis) have been recorded so far.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 80-88 mm, tail 111-120 mm, ear 9-5 mm, hindfoot 18-2-20-1 mm; weight 9-7-12-5 g. The Elongated White-toothed Shrew is mediumsized, with a remarkably long tail, more than 130% of head-body length. It has long hindlegs, protruding ears, and very long and numerous vibrissae on its face. It is similar, but phylogenetically unrelated, to other scansorial shrews such as the Sumatran Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew (C. paradoxura), the Sri Lankan White-toothed Shrew (C. miya), and the Climbing Shrew (Suncus megalurus). Pelage of the Elongated White-toothed Shrew is also unusual among South-east Asian species of Crocidura; it is slate-gray to gray-brown, with whitish underparts. High-elevation individuals have dense fur, but those from lower elevations are less densely furred. Feet are also lightcolored and finely covered with short whitish hairs. Tail is essentially naked and devoid of long bristle hairs. Chromosomal complementvaries between lowland (2n = 34 and FN = 62) and highland (2n = 30 and FN = 56) forms. These unique chromosomal counts are not explained by simple Robertsonian rearrangements and support the hypothesis of a species complex in the Elongated White-toothed Shrew.</p> <p>Habitat. Lowland evergreen rainforests to moss forests covering highest summits from near sea level up to elevations of at least 2600 m. The Elongated White-toothed Shrew occurs in primary and secondary forests and a variety of more scrubby vegetation. Its long tail, long legs, and slender body suggests a scansorial mode of living, and it was observed climbing in low trees and shrubs.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Elongated White-toothed Shrew eats invertebrates, but no precise data are available.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Elongated White-toothed Shrew is apparently mostly nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Elongated White-toothed Shrew is found in sympatry with 4-5 other species of Crocidura, but no precise data on its natural history are available.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Elongated White-toothed Shrew is widespread and common in a variety of habitats. Nevertheless, because it is most likely an aggregate of several undiagnosed, cryptic species, this status must be seriously revised when new taxonomic revisions become available. Elongated White-toothed shrews are present in several national parks of Sulawesi.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cassola (2016ae), Demos et al. (2016), Eldridge et al. (2018), Esselstyn &amp; Brown (2009), Esselstyn et al. (2009), Hutterer (2005b), Miller &amp; Hollister (1921), Musser (1987), Ruedi (1995, 1996), Ruedi &amp; Vogel (1995), Ruedi et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A04F872CFAE6AC501054FC92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A040872CFF21A8F1161CF5A1.text	3D474A54A040872CFF21A8F1161CF5A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura pachyura (Kuster 1835)	<div><p>295. North African White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura pachyura</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Sardaigne / German: Nordafrikanische Hausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana norteafricana</p> <p>Other common names: Pantellerian Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex pachyurus Kuster, 1835,</p> <p>Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy. Lectotype designated by H. Turini, R. Hutterer and R. Asher in 2007.</p> <p>Crocidura pachyura was previously known as C. ichnusae, although pachyura has priority over ichnusae. Crocidura pachyura was previously included as a subspecies of C. russula, although morphological, karyological, hybridization (F2 generation with restricted fertility), and genetic data supportits</p> <p>specific status. It is sister to C. russula. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Ibiza I (Balearic Is, Spain), Sardinia, and Pantelleria I (Italy), as well as NE Algeria and Tunisia in North Africa, where the species full distribution is uncertain. It seems to have been native to North Africa and was introduced in ancient times to the islandic portion ofits distribution.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 62-78 mm, tail 30-40 mm, ear 9 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The North African White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized and externally very similar to the Greater White-toothed Shrew (C. russula). Dorsal pelage is dark brown, and ventral pelage is somewhat lighter. Tail is relatively short and similar in color to dorsum pelage, having long bristle hairs scattered throughout. Antero-dorsal apex of rostrum is clearly visible, and X-shaped crest at base of braincase has larger posterior arms than anterior arms. Profile of braincase is flatter than in the Greater White-toothed Shrew. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 42 and FN = 66-70.</p> <p>Habitat. Various habitats including pastures, cultivated fields, low shrubland, gardens, and old agricultural terraces with dry stonewalls from sea level to elevations of 800-1000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Very little 1s known of the North African White-toothed Shrew, and it seem to be rather rare. It does not seem to face any major threats other than it has a highly restricted distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Amori, Hutterer et al. (2008), Brandli et al. (2005), Contoli et al. (2004), Cosson et al. (2005), Handley &amp; Perrin (2006), Nicolas et al. (2014), Sara &amp; Vogel (1996), Turni et al. (2007).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A040872CFF21A8F1161CF5A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A040872DFF27A1E011C8FBCC.text	3D474A54A040872DFF27A1E011C8FBCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura russula (Herrmann 1780)	<div><p>296.</p> <p>Greater White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura russula</p> <p>French: Crocidure musette / German: Hausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana mayor</p> <p>Other common names: Greater Shrew, White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex russulus Hermann, 1780,</p> <p>near Strasbourg, Bas Rhin, France.</p> <p>Many populations throughout Europe and Asia have been attributed to this species, although upon additional study, many of these are now attributed to C. suaveolens and C. gueldenstaedtii. Humans probably introduced the Canary Islands population of C. russula even though its size, ecology, and behaviors are distinct. This population was listed as a separate</p> <p>species (C. osorio) for many years before morphological and genetic data found it to be a peripheral population of C. russula and is thus treated as a synonym of subspecies russula. Crocidura pachyura was previously included under C. russula as C. r. ichnusae, although it was recognized as distinct based on morphological and genetic data. Additional research is still needed to further differentiate the two species. Crocidura russula seems to have originated in Africa and diversified into two lineages: one spreading into mainland Europe (some speculate that they were introduced by humans in ancient times; C. russula) and the other onto a few Mediterranean islands (Ibiza, Sardinia, and Pantelleria; C. pachyura). The forms cintrae, osorio, peta, and pulchra (all of which are treated as synonyms of russula here) have been recognized as distinct subspecies. Additional research into the biogeographical history and evolution of subspecies is needed. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C.r.russulaHermann,1780—W&amp;SWEuropeinGermany,Belgium,Netherlands,Luxembourg,N&amp;WSwitzerland,France,Spain,Portugal,andmanycloseoffshoreislands.ApopulationhasbecomeestablishedonGranCanariaIintheCanaryIs,althoughwhenthespecieswaslikelyintroducedisunresolved.</p> <p>C. r. yebalensis Cabrera, 1913 — NW Africa in N Morocco and N Algeria. The Greater White-toothed Shrew has also been recently reported in S Ireland, where it was likely recently introduced, probably representing the subspecies russula. They also seem to have made it to Scilly Is and the Channel Is, where they probably traveled by boat.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 44-86 mm, tail 24-47 mm, ear 5-11 mm, hindfoot 10-14 mm; weight 5-16 g. The Greater White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized, with soft and moderately dense pelage. Dorsal fur is highly variable and ranges from reddish brown to grayish, being yellowish gray at the base. Ventral pelage is lighter and fades from dorsal pelage, being grayish white to gray. Feet are dark although somewhat lighter than dorsum. Tail is ¢.50% of head-body length, dark brown, and covered in long bristle hairs. Ears are relatively large and not concealed by pelage. The Greater Whitetoothed Shrew is said to be very similar to the Guldenstadt’s White-toothed Shrew (C. gueldenstaedtir) but is generally larger. Skull is elongated, and rostrum is narrow; antero-dorsal apex of rostrum is visible; third unicuspid is the same size as second and longer than parastyle of upper premolar. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 42 and FN = 60 in Morocco.</p> <p>Habitat. Wide variety of habitats including shrubland (maquis), open habitats, forest edges with abundant ground vegetation, cultivated fields, urban areas, gardens, farms, mountainous areas, and land adjacent to rivers and streams at elevations less than 1000 m. The Greater White-toothed Shrew often favors old terraces with dry stonewalls. In northern Europe and at higher elevations, it is predominantly commensal, living near humans in houses and gardens. The Canary Islands population is found in remnant patches of humid laurel forests on Northern Grand Canary Island and in extensively managed farmlands.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Greater White-toothed Shrew eats a wide variety of invertebrate prey, primarily insects, although it is also known to eat earthworms, centipedes, spiders, snails, and slugs. Despite its small size, it occasionally eats young of other small mammals or small lizards, including geckos. Plant material is also found in diets. In Algeria, insects made up the largest proportion of diets, both in terms of biomass (48:9%) and individual prey items (122 out of 155 total food items in stomach contents); centipedes (29-7%) and lizards (14-9%) also made up notable proportions of biomass. They generally eat ¢.50% of their body weight each day.</p> <p>Breeding. The Greater White-toothed Shrew is monogamous and exhibits femalebiased dispersal, which is a rare for a mammal. It has a single breeding season and fertilization occurs directly after parturition. Breeding occurs in March-September (February-November in Mediterranean regions of Europe). Females can have up to four litters per year and up to eight in their lifetimes. Gestation lasts 28-33 days, and litters have 2-10 young. Males and females care for young, which is relatively unique among shrews. They both defend their territory and also forage for food, although males will more often stay with the nest while females forage. Males will stay with the female throughout all the litters she produces in a year and will even collect nest material. Young are weaned after 13-20 days, at which point they are independent and become sexually mature at 58 days for females and 84 days for males. One of the reasons for female dispersal is to avoid inbreeding; this dispersal might also be caused by local infiltration and migration to empty breeding sites. Females from the first litter in the season generally disperse prior to mating to avoid inbreeding with their siblings and father. All later litters usually do not reproduce until the following year, remaining close to their parental territory. Although females disperse, ¢.50% of them remain locally, and most males also stay close to their natal areas, increasing risk of inbreeding among siblings for those born later in the season. The Canary Islands population has a smaller litter size and lower metabolism than in mainland populations, possibly as a response to living in a warm and variable environment. Greater White-toothed Shrews have exceptionally long-life spans for a shrew, living up to four years in captivity. In the wild, they are only known to live c.18 months in most cases, rarely living to a second breeding season.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Greater White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial and forage by rummaging through leaf litter on the soil surface. They alternate bouts of activity with rest throughout the day and night, but activity peaks at dusk and dawn. Greater Whitetoothed Shrews tend to nest under stones and logs or in abandoned burrows of other small mammals. In winter, they share nests when they rest and enter torpor. They mainly use runways to get around but also use tunnels that have been excavated by other mammals.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Greater White-toothed Shrews are semi-social and live in close proximity to one another, which is relatively unusual among shrews but might be common within Crocidurinae. Females and males stay together in a nest through the breeding season and to rear young. Females generally disperse relatively quickly, and males stay closer to their natal home ranges. Home</p> <p>ranges are reported to be small and overlap extensively in winter, especially between males and females. In summer, males and females come together and have continually overlapping home ranges but will become more territorial to the same sex. They can be relatively vocal and make various high frequency twitters and chirps during social interactions. Home ranges have been reported to be 75-395 m®. It is thought that they navigate with a primitive form of echolocation, producing a twittering call (i.e. a high-pitched laryngeal call) and using echoes to interpret their environment. These techniques, along with use oftheir vibrissae, are used to find their way around.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Greater White-toothed Shrew is very common throughoutits wide distribution. It is often found in or near human dwellings and can adapt to loss of habitat, especially in areas around cultivated fields and gardens. Nevertheless,it is negatively affected by toxins, such as metal pollutants from runoff at pyrite mines in Europe. Metal toxins bioaccumulate primarily in livers and kidneys but also other bodily tissues in smaller amounts.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aulagnier &amp; Vogel (2013), Aulagnier et al. (2016), Balloux et al. (1998), Bouteiller &amp; Perrin (2000), Bouteiller-Reuter &amp; Perrin (2005), Brahmi et al. (2012), Brandli et al. (2005), Burton (1991), Cantoni &amp; Vogel (1989), Cosson et al. (2005), Duarte et al. (2003), Favre et al. (1997), Genoud (1985), Handley et al. (2006), Hutterer, Maddalena &amp; Molina (1992), Hutterer, Vogel et al. (1979), Jaquiéry et al. (2008), Kraft (2000), Nagel (1977), Sanchez-Chardi, Lépez-Fuster &amp; Nadal (2007), Sanchez-Chardi, Marques et al. (2008), Sanchez-Chardi, Ribeiro &amp; Nadal (2009), Sara &amp; Vogel (1996), Tosh et al. (2008), Vogel et al. (2003).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A040872DFF27A1E011C8FBCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A041872DFAE2A8CD1BD1F697.text	3D474A54A041872DFAE2A8CD1BD1F697.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura floweri Dollman 1915	<div><p>299.</p> <p>Flower’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura floweri</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Flower / German: FlowerWeil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Flower</p> <p>Other common names: Flower's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura floweri Dollman, 1915,</p> <p>“ Giza, Egypt.”</p> <p>Morphology seems to align C. floweri with C. arabica and C. crossei, although genetic studies have yet to prove this. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Nile Delta, NW Egypt. Ancient mummified remains have been identified in Thebes, SE Egypt.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 57-71 mm, tail 55-58 mm, ear 8 mm, hindfoot 12-13-5 mm. No specific data are available for</p> <p>body weight. Flower’s White-toothed Shrew is small. Dorsal pelage is pale cinnamonbrown, and ventral pelage is paler cinnamon-brown to whitish; hairs are gray at bases and white at tips. Feet are dirty white. Tail is 75-100% of head-body length, being cinnamon-brown above whitish below, with long bicolored bristle hairs throughout. Second and third unicuspids are subequal in size, and M” is moderately broad. Talonid basin is present on M,, and molars have a metaloph and metaconule. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Human-made habitats in the Nile Valley and agricultural fields (based on limited information).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Virtually nothing is known of Flower’s White-toothed Shrew, but it has a very small distribution and might be threatened by habitat degradation and urban/agricultural expansion. It seems to be well adapted to living near and around humans because it is found in agricultural fields and was mummified by ancient Egyptians, which signified some cultural significance. Its ancient occurrence in Thebes indicates that it might have had a much wider distribution, and additional sampling might find that it is still present there. It was reported as possibly extinct in 1962, but owl pellets with bones of Flower’s White-toothed Shrew were found in the 1980s.</p> <p>Bibliography. Jenkins &amp; Churchfield (2013a), Kennerley &amp; Saleh (2017), Osborn &amp; Helmy (1980).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A041872DFAE2A8CD1BD1F697	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A041872DFFF9AF391319F68B.text	3D474A54A041872DFFF9AF391319F68B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura serezkyensis Laptev 1929	<div><p>297.</p> <p>Serezkaya White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura serezkyensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Sarez / German: Kleine Felsen-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de rocas menor</p> <p>Other common names: Lesser Rock Shrew, Lesser Rock White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura serezkyensis Laptev, 1929,</p> <p>Lake Sarezskoye, Pamir Mountains, Tajikistan.</p> <p>Evidence retrieved from morphology fea- tures classifies C. serezkyensis in the C. pergrisea group. Reliable data on geographical variation are lacking because available materialis limited. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 63-68 mm, tail 53-56 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Serezkaya Whitetoothed Shrew is medium-sized and lightly built. Tail is 75-85% of head-body length. Pelage is bicolored. Dorsum is silvery gray, with smoky blue tint in juveniles;silvery gray becomes brown-tinted in adults. Venter is pure white or grayish/bluish white. Tail is weakly bicolored (smoky or brownish gray above and off-white below) in juveniles and unicolored (grayish white on both sides) in adults.</p> <p>Habitat. Rock slides or near outcrops, often in subalpine belt.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Serezkaya White-toothed Shrew is extremely rare, with only ¢.20 captures in different geographical regions. It might be difficult to capture with typical techniques such as pitfall traps.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bekenov et al. (1985), Isakov (1992a), Stogov (1985), Tokmergenov et al. (2002), Zaitsev (1991), Zaitsev et al. (2014)</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A041872DFFF9AF391319F68B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A041872DFFF5A2F917E9FCBE.text	3D474A54A041872DFFF5A2F917E9FCBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura whitakeri de Winton 1898	<div><p>298.</p> <p>Whitaker's White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura whitakeri</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Whitaker / German: Whitaker\WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Whitaker</p> <p>Other common names: Lesser Maghrebi Shrew, Whitaker's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura (Crocidura) whitakeri de Winton, 1898, “ Sierzet, about halfway between Morocco city [= Marrakech] and Mogador [= Essaouira],” Morocco.</p> <p>This species is monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Mediterranean NW Africa from NW Western Sahara E to Tunisia, along with some isolated records from N Egypt around the Nile Delta. It might be widely and continuously distributed from Morocco to Egypt, and there are possible records from Libya that are labeled as Greater White-toothed Shrew (C. russula).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 56-64 mm, tail 28-39 mm, ear 8-11 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm; weight 5-7 g. Whitaker's White-toothed Shrew is small, with short and silky pelage. Dorsal pelage is buffy brown, flecked with white (speckled in holotype); hairs are ash-gray at bases with subterminal bands of white and brownish tips. Ventral pelage is whitish; hairs are gray on basal one-half and white on terminal one-half. Feet are pale or white on upper and lower surfaces. Tail is ¢.50% of head-body length, pale above, whitish below, and covered with bristle hairs. Skull is relatively flat, with long rostrum. Third unicuspid is smaller than second but about the samesize as well-developed parastyle on upper premolar. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Apparently dependent on dry and stony habitats with sparse vegetation (i.e. steppe or sub-deserts) but also sandy coastal dunes from sea level up to elevations of c.1800 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Whitaker's White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial and mainly nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Whitaker's White-toothed Shrew shelters among rocks and in rodent burrows.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although relatively common, Whitaker’s White-toothed Shrew might be adversely affected by pesticides used to kill locusts in regions where it is found.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aulagnier (2013b), Aulagnier &amp; Thévenot (1986), Cassola (2016af), Hutterer (1986e), Vogel et al. (2000).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A041872DFFF5A2F917E9FCBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A041872EFAFEA2F0134EFBC8.text	3D474A54A041872EFAFEA2F0134EFBC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura religiosa (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1827)	<div><p>300.</p> <p>Egyptian Pygmy White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura religiosa</p> <p>French: Crocidure d’'Egypte / German: Kleine Agyptische WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana pigmea de Egipto</p> <p>Other common names: Egyptian Pygmy Shrew, Sacred Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex religiosus I.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in Passalacqua, 1826,</p> <p>“Egypt, Qena Governorate, near Thebes, western bank of the Nile River, necropolis Dra’ Abu el-Naga’ (25°44’07"N, 32°37°147E), tomb of Queen Mentuhotep. The exact source of the preserved specimen is unknown, but presumed to be from the vicinity of Thebes.”</p> <p>Crocidura religiosa was originally described based on embalmed specimens from an-</p> <p>cient Egyptian tombs in Thebes and was later found to be extant. The type series was thought to be lost, and a neotype was established by G. B. Corbet in 1978 using modern specimens from Giza. N. Woodman, C. Koch, and R. Hutterer in 2017 proved that the type series was not lost and designated a lectotype from the original type series because the type specimen has been truly lost. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from living specimens in Giza, Nile Delta, NE Egypt, plus a recent additional record S on the Nile and another to the N of Giza in the Nile Delta; mummified specimens are known from Thebes, SE Egypt; it may have a more extensive distribution throughout the Nile Valley between Giza and Thebes.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 48-62 mm, tail 28-40 mm, ear 5-9 mm, hindfoot 8-10 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Egyptian Pygmy Whitetoothed Shrew is very small. Dorsal pelage is grayish, with brown tinge, and ventral pelage is pale gray, with gray-based, white-tipped hairs. Chin and throat are paler than venter, and feet are whitish. Tail is ¢.656% of head-body length, bicolored, being gray above and whitish below, and covered in numerous bristle hairs. Skull is small, delicate, and ratherflat. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Cultivated fields under stones, bricks and clumps of dirt. Egyptian Pygmy White-toothed Shrews are also found along canal banks and under piles of grass, cotton, and corn stalks.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Only two recent specimens of the Egyptian Pygmy White-toothed Shrew are known along with anciently preserved specimens from Thebes. It is probably rare, but additional sampling efforts are needed to establish its full distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Corbet (1978), Happold (2013i), Hutterer, Amori et al. (2008), Woodman (2015b), Woodman et al. (2017).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A041872EFAFEA2F0134EFBC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A042872EFF20AF3A1B8DFE41.text	3D474A54A042872EFF20AF3A1B8DFE41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura leucodon (Hermann 1780)	<div><p>301.</p> <p>Bicolored White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura leucodon</p> <p>French: Crocidure bicolore / German: Feldspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana bicolor</p> <p>Other common names: Bicolored Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex leucodon Hermann, 1780,</p> <p>vicinity of Strasbourg, Bas Rhin, France.</p> <p>Widely used subspecific name lasius has been changed for gender agreement, as this epithet is the latinized Greek adjective “lasios.” Evidence retrieved from DNA sequences classify C. leucodon in the Old World Crocidura group. Subspecies persica is well differentiated and might be assigned a species rank after additional studies. Six subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C.l.leucodonHermann,1780—WesternandCentralEurope,WUkraine,andSRussia.</p> <p>C.l.judaicaThomas,1919—IsraelandadjacentcountriesinMiddleEast.</p> <p>C.l.kuzjakiniSokolov&amp;Tembotov,1989—ECiscaucasia.</p> <p>C.l.lasiaThomas,1906—TurkeyandWTranscaucasia.</p> <p>C.l.narentaeBolkay,1925—Italia,Austria,andBalkanPeninsula.</p> <p>C. l. persica Thomas, 1907 — E Transcaucasia, N Iran, and SW Turkmenistan.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 59-72 mm,tail 31-41 mm, hindfoot 11-15 mm; weight 5:9-11-1 g. The Bicolored White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized and heavily built. Pelage is usually sharply bicolored. Dorsum varies from light gray to brownish gray in juveniles and grayish brown to dark brown in adults. Dark color of dorsum does not extend to sides, producing distinct mantle. Venter and major parts ofsides are white or light gray. Sides are grayish and red-tinted, and mantle is indistinct in juveniles of some subspecies. Tail is bicolored, the same as dorsum and venter. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28 and FN = 56. X-chromosome is medium-sized submetacentric, and Ychromosome is small acrocentric. All 26 autosomes are metacentric or submetacentric.</p> <p>Habitat. Various open biotopes including semi-deserts, steppes, meadows, forest clearings, floodplains (with meadows and bushes alternating), gardens, field edges, rock outcrops, and haystacks. The Bicolored White-toothed Shrew prefers virgin regions of mesoand xerophytic steppes with well-developed vegetation. Wet and forest habitats are avoided. In Iran and Turkey, it is also found in dry deciduous forests, being usually more abundant in localities where its more successful competitor Guldenstadt’s Whitetoothed Shrew (C. gueldenstaedtii) is absent.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Bicolored White-toothed Shrew includes beetles, March fly larvae (Bibionidae), millipedes, mollusks, and harvestmen. It is presumably capable of hunting larger beetles compared with other similarly sized shrews.</p> <p>Breeding. Nests of Bicolored White-toothed Shrews are constructed of dry grass and located on the ground in dense grass stands or bushes in the Caucasus. Breeding season lasts from early April to late September; numbers of embryos are 3-8/female (average six). Young-of-the-year often reproduce. Gestation lasts ¢.30 days. Two nests found in Westphalia (Germany) each had four young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Daily activity of the Bicolored White-toothed Shrew is multiphasic, peaking at twilight after sunset and before sunrise. Activity is low at night and still lower during the day.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Bicolored White-toothed Shrews commonly move 0-8-1 km; maximum documented movement was 2:5 km. In Dagestan, home range diameters were 40-120 m; they averaged 46 m at a density lower than ten shrews per hectare and 35 m at higher density.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Bicolored White-toothed Shrew is rare throughout most ofits distribution. High abundance was observed on the Kerch Peninsula in Crimea and in south-eastern Dagestan. Even in these regions, however,it was the fifth most common in communities of small mammals, accounting for only 4-4% of captures. The Bicolored White-toothed Shrew is on the Red Lists of Ukraine and Moldova and regional Red List of Voronezh Region (Russia).</p> <p>Bibliography. Bolshakov et al. (1996), Bukhnikashvili (2004), Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), Ferguson &amp; Menache (2002), Hutterer &amp; Harrison (1988), Hutterer &amp; Kock (2002), Karami et al. (2008), Kashtalian (2005), Krapp (1990), Krystufek &amp; Vohralik (2001), Kuvikové (1987), Pucek &amp; Raczynski (1983), Shchipanov &amp; Oleinichenko (1993), Simak &amp; Gileva (1993), Sokolov &amp; Tembotov (1989), Zaitsev et al. (2014), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A042872EFF20AF3A1B8DFE41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A042872EFA2AA946156DF692.text	3D474A54A042872EFA2AA946156DF692.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura tarfayensis Vesmanis & Vesmanis 1980	<div><p>302.</p> <p>Saharan White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura tarfayensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Tarfaya / German: Sahara-WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana del Sahara</p> <p>Other common names: Saharan Shrew, Tarfaya Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura tarfayensis 1. Vesma- nis &amp; A. Vesmanis, 1980,</p> <p>8 km south Tarfaya, 27°50’N, 12°30’W, Agadir Province, Morocco.</p> <p>Crocidura tarfayensis might be a descend- ant of the presumed continental ancestor of C. sicula and C. canariensis based on karyotypic analysis. Some other species from tropical Africa also have similar karyotypes, suggesting a close relationship between this group and African clades</p> <p>(specifically C. luna and C. glassi). Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SW Morocco, Western Sahara, and NW Mauritania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 56-69 mm, tail 33-42 mm, ear 8-11 mm, hindfoot 11-14 mm; weight 67 g. The Saharan White-toothed Shrew is small to medium-sized, with long (4-6 mm long) and smooth pelage. Dorsal pelage is pale grayish brown, and ventral pelage is whitish, being strongly demarcated from dorsum. Hindfeet are pale dorsally. Tail is ¢.60% of head-body length, hairy, covered in long bristle hairs, and bicolored, being grayish brown above and lighter below. Third unicuspid is smaller than second and about the same size as the well-developed parastyle of upper premolar; M' and M? are short and broad. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36, FN = 56, and FNa = 52.</p> <p>Habitat. Coastal stony and sandy areas with scarce vegetation, including bushy steppe with Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae), and stony plains with no vegetation. Recent records have recorded Saharan White-toothed Shrews in sand dunes along rivers with dense shrubberies of Tamarix (Tamaricaceae), huge grass (Erianthus ravennae, Poaceae), and flat bushes of Atriplex glauca (Amaranthaceae). In these areas,it rarely rains but is always humid, especially in winter. Populations of the Saharan White-toothed Shrew are small because of the extreme conditions in their preferred habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Saharan White-toothed Shrew is considered rare (although possibly locally abundant) with a declining population as indicated by fresh owl pellets in which they are now less common than they used to be. Live specimens were not collected for many years, being recorded in owl pellets throughout their distribution; however,five specimens were recently trapped in the Guelmim region. Climate change (i.e. desertification) has made some areas ofits distribution uninhabitable. Phosphate mines and possibly overgrazing might have significant effects on populations of the Saharan White-toothed Shrew, but additional research is needed to verify this.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aulagnier (2008, 2013a), Aulagnier &amp; Hermas (1989), Aulagnier &amp; Thévenot (1986), Vesmanis &amp; Vesmanis (1980), Vogel et al. (2006).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A042872EFA2AA946156DF692	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A042872FFA27A2F013CEFB0A.text	3D474A54A042872FFA27A2F013CEFB0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura arabica Hutterer & D. L. Harrison 1988	<div><p>303.</p> <p>Arabian White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura arabica</p> <p>French: Crocidure dArabie / German: Arabien-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Arabia</p> <p>Other common names: Arabian Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura arabica Hutterer &amp; D. L. Harrison, 1988,</p> <p><a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.15/lat 16.7)">Khadrafi</a> (16° 42’ N, 53° 09’ E), Dhofar, Oman.</p> <p>Specimens of arabica were classified as russula by J. W. Yerbury and O. Thomas in 1895 or suaveolens by D. L. Harrison in 1980 and P. J. J. Bates and Harrison in 1984. R. Hutterer and Harrison in 1988 raised arabica to species rank supported by morphological characteristics. Crocidura arabica possesses several anatomical paral-</p> <p>lels (e.g. ears, M? and interorbital region) to some species of African savanna shrews. This suggests that the origin of arabica is probably in Africa and that its first ancestors came over an existing land bridge across the Red Sea to the Arabian Peninsula in the Pliocene. In this case, it is closely related to the species floweri and crossei. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Aden (Yemen) and Dhofar and Musandam regions (Oman), S Arabian Peninsula.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 51-54 mm, tail 36-41 mm, ear 7-3-7-8 mm, hindfoot 9-7-10-1 mm; weight c.5-9 g. Condylo-incisive lengths are 17-7-17-8 mm. The Arabian White-toothed Shrew is small, with petite hindfeet. Dorsal pelage is w-gray, with brownish tinge; its 3mm hair is soft and dense. Shade of gray is lighter on venter. There is</p> <p>an indistinct dividing line between dorsum and venter. Dorsal surfaces of hands and feet are slightly paler than back. Consistently grayish brown tail is long compared with the Lesser White-toothed Shrew (C. suaveolens). Like some species of African savanna shrews, ears of the Arabian White-toothed Shrew are large and stick out from head. Skull is slender and similar to, smaller, and more dorsoventrally flattened than in the Lesser White-toothed Shrew. Rostrum, interorbital region, and palate of the Arabian White-toothed Shrew are slender, although not as elongated and narrow, relative to their size, as in the larger Dhofar White-toothed Shrew (C. dhofarensis). First upper unicuspid is twice as large as second and third unicuspids. M* is reduced to thin cone.</p> <p>Habitat. Coastal slopes and plains covered with grass or mix of trees and long grass. Habitats of the Arabian White-toothed Shrew are characterized by high numbers of endemic plants.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Arabian White-toothed Shrew probably eats invertebrates and seeds, but additional studies are needed.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Cranial parts and mandibles in owl pellets suggest that the Arabian White-toothed Shrew is nocturnal or crepuscular.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There are no signs that populations of Arabian White-toothed Shrews are declining. Urban expansion and increasingly intensive cattle grazing might affect some populations. It is considered data deficient in a preliminary red list ofterrestrial mammals of Oman.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bates &amp; Harrison (1984), Fisher (1999), Galletti et al. (2016), Harrison (1980), Harrison &amp; Bates (1991), Hutterer (2005b, 2008b), Hutterer &amp; Harrison (1988), Serhal &amp; Alkhuzai (2015), Silva &amp; Downing (1995), Yerbury &amp; Thomas (1895).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A042872FFA27A2F013CEFB0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A043872FFFF6AE7C1B93F959.text	3D474A54A043872FFFF6AE7C1B93F959.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura dhofarensis Hutterer & Harrison 1988	<div><p>304.</p> <p>Dhofar White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura dhofarensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Dhofar / German: DhofarWeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Dhofar</p> <p>Other common names: Dhofar Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura somalica dhofarensis Hutterer &amp; D. L. Harrison, 1988,</p> <p><a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.15/lat 16.7)">Khadrafi</a>, 620 m, 16° 42’ N, 53° 09’ E, Dhofar, Oman.</p> <p>First specimen of C. dhofarensis collected in 1977 wasclassified by D. L.. Harrison in 1980 as a representative of C. somalica. R. Hutterer and Harrison in 1988 separated it from the African individuals of somalica as an Arabian subspecies based on morphological</p> <p>criteria and color differences. Later, Hutterer and others in 1991 raised dhofarensus to species rank. Similarities in skull marks and dentition with somalica, roosevelt, and greenwoodae indicate that dhofarensis is related to African species and represents a relict species from an ancient immigration from tropical Africa. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Coastal plateaus of Dhofar (Oman) and Al Mahrah region (Yemen).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 68-72 mm,</p> <p>tail 47-51 mm, ear 9-2-10-8 mm, hindfoot 10-6—11-6 mm; weight 5-2-6-9 g. Condyloincisive lengths are 18-6-20-2 mm. Dorsal pelage of the Dhofar White-toothed Shrew is olive-brown. Hair is dense and 3-5 mm long. Underparts are slightly more grayish brown, and chin has whitish mark below. There is no sharp dividing line between dorsum and venter. Hairs at the gland area of right flank are lighter colored. Tail is unicolored dark brown, with setaceous hair over ¢.75% ofits length. Upper surfaces of front legs and hindlegs are buffy brown, and feet, hands, and ears are dark. Skull is long, slender, and dorso-ventrally flattened. The Dhofar White-toothed Shrew has the most elongated and narrow rostrum of all Arabian species of Crocidura. First upper unicuspid is large, and posterior part of M? is slightly reduced.</p> <p>Habitat. Humid slopes between coast and rocky desert with mix of primary monsoon forests and open grassland at elevations of 410-735 m. The Dhofar White-toothed Shrew was found in long grass and areas with expansive short grass, single trees, and shrubs.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Dhofar White-toothed Shrew probably eats invertebrates and seeds, but additional studies are needed.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Overall population size and trends of the Dhofar White-toothed Shrew are unknown. Disturbance by urban expansion and increasingly intensive livestock grazing might be threats. It is considered data deficient in a preliminary red list of terrestrial mammals of Oman.</p> <p>Bibliography. Benda &amp; Nasher (2006), Fisher (1999), Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016j), Harrison (1980), Harrison &amp; Bates (1991), Hutterer &amp; Harrison (1988), Hutterer, Sidiyene &amp; Tranier (1991), Serhal &amp; Alkhuzai (2015).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A043872FFFF6AE7C1B93F959	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0458729FFF2A36915E7FA4C.text	3D474A54A0458729FFF2A36915E7FA4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura katinka Bate 1937	<div><p>306.</p> <p>Katinka’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura katinka</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Katinka / German: Katinka-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Katinka</p> <p>Other common names: Katinka Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura katinka Bate, 1937,</p> <p>Levels E to D (Pleistocene) in Tabun Cave, Carmel Mountains, Israel.</p> <p>The first records of C. katinka, from 1937, were Pleistocene fossils of anterior part of skull and six mandibular rami. Nearly a quarter of a century later, in 1961, D. A. Hooijer suggested that a fossil portion of a left mandibular ramus discovered at Ksar’Akil, Lebanon, could similarly belong to C. katinka. In more</p> <p>recent years, R. Hutterer and D. Kock in 2002 indentified recent fragments of skull and mandibles of katinka in fresh common barn-owl (7Tyto alba) and little owl (Athene noctua) pellets from Syria. These findings confirmed that katinka is still extant. In addition, an as yet unreported sample from Iran also seems to belong to this species. Cranial similarities between katinka and some shrews from Africa indicate a possible relationship to the species bottegi, obscurior, and bottegoides. The theory that these shrews from the Ethiopian Highlands are more closely related to Palearctic species than other African species is supported by similarities in RNA</p> <p>sequences and chromosome counts. Further research is needed to test the phylogenetic position of katinka compared to other species from the Middle East and the bottegi group from Africa. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Near Halabiya at the Euphrates and Qal’at Sukkara (Syria); potentially in SW Iran. There are no recent records from Israel, Palestine or Lebanon indicating that the species is potentially extinct in this region. However, it cannot certainly be excluded that katinka is more common in the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. No specific measurements available. Size of cranial fragments of Katinka’s White-toothed Shrew signifies that the species is smaller than all other Crocidura species known from Europe, Middle East, and Arabia. Skull shows some parallels in size and dentition with the Egyptian Pygmy White-toothed Shrew (C. religiosa) of Egypt, but that species has an extremely narrow infraorbital bridge and a much flatter snout. Katinka’s White-toothed Shrew has a small dorsally flattened skull with a broad interorbital region, narrow palate and short rostrum. Its relatively broad braincase is rounded. The short mandible ramus is robust with a low, wide coronoid process. First upper incisor is not long, the three upper unicuspids are small; M? is massive; upper toothrow length 7-7-3 mm; lower toothrow c¢.6-7 mm. Complete specimens are needed to obtain a fuller understanding of morphological and genetic characters.</p> <p>Habitat. Syrian records are from arid areas, but detailed data are not available.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Katinka’s White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial. The records from owl pellets indicate nocturnal activity.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Population size and trends of Katinka’s White-toothed Shrew are unknown. Detailed research is needed to identify the species’ status and potential threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aulagnier et al. (2008), Bate (1937a, 1937b), Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2017a), Hooijer (1961), Hutterer (2005b), Hutterer &amp; Kock (2002), Karami et al. (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0458729FFF2A36915E7FA4C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0458729FFFBAA531687F818.text	3D474A54A0458729FFFBAA531687F818.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura ramona Ivanitskaya, Shenbrot & Nevo 1996	<div><p>305.</p> <p>Negev White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura ramona</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Ramon / German: Negev-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Negev</p> <p>Other common names: Negev Shrew, Ramon’s Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura ramona Ivanitskaya, Shenbrot &amp; Nevo, 1996,</p> <p><a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.933334/lat 30.666666)">north-eastern region of Makhtesh Ramon</a>, 30° 40’ N, 34° 56’ E, Negev, Israel.</p> <p>In 2001 B. Krystufek and V. Vohralik ques- tioned whether ramona might be a synonym of portali. In 2014 genetic analyses by M. Spivak-Glatter showed clear differences between ramona and other Israeli shrews, but portali was not included in the study due to lack of DNA material; detailed study</p> <p>of these two taxa is required. Conversely, ramona may belong to a Palearctic group of flatheaded “rock shrews” (zarudnyi, serezkyensis, arispa, armenica), with C. pergrisea as its nearest relative, given the inverted structure of the X-chromosomes. Investigations on mitochondrial and nuclear genes by S. Dubey and others in 2008 placed ramona in the Palearctic group as a basalsister taxon to a primary North African clade comprising canariensis, sicula, and tarfayensis; but pergrisea was not included in this study. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Near Mitzpe Ramon and Sede Boquer in Negev Desert and Sartaber in Judean Desert (Israel and Palestine).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 58-63 mm, tail 42-43 mm, ear 7-8 mm, hindfoot 10-11 mm; weight 4-5 g. Back is silver-gray and venter whitish. Hair gray at bases and silvery white at tips. Tail indistinct bicolor, with a darker underpart; upperside paler, also a shade paler than the back. Skull is flattened. Condylo-incisive length 17-7-18-4 mm. Upper incisor robust, and the second unicuspid is smaller than the third. Karyotype is 2n = 28.</p> <p>Habitat. Rocky desert areas (200-950 m). In or close dry river beds with broom bushes (Retama, Fabaceae), tamarisks (Tamarix, Tamaricaceae) and oraches (Atriplex, Amaranthaceae), also gravel plains with single boulders and in parts rocky highlands with loess.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Negev White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. From 1999 to 2006, attempts to find Negev White-toothed Shrewsfailed. Low rainfall may have caused a population drop; or the species may switch to deeper soil layers in dry times. Threats to the Negev White-toothed Shrew are unknown. The species has been found in five protected areas.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aulagnier et al. (2008), Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), Grimmberger (2009a), Hutterer (2005b), Hutterer &amp; Shenbrot (2017), Ivanitskaya et al. (1996), Krystufek &amp; Vohralik (2001), Spivak-Glatter (2014).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0458729FFFBAA531687F818	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A045872AFAFAAEBF1079FDD0.text	3D474A54A045872AFAFAAEBF1079FDD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura arispa Spitzenberger 1971	<div><p>307.</p> <p>Jackass White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura arispa</p> <p>French: Crocidure des Taurus / German: Taurus-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Jackass</p> <p>Other common names: Jackass Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura pergrisea arispa Spitzenberger, 1971,</p> <p>Nigde, 20 km ESE of Ulukisla, southern Turkey.</p> <p>Based on morphology, C. arispa belongs to the C. pergrisea group. Hitherto known from only two individuals found in southwestern Turkey. However, herein five more individuals from Nakhichivan, in Azerbaijan, are also assigned to the species; at the time when these specimens were collected in 1991 the form arispa was considered a</p> <p>subspecies of C. pergrisea, but when arispa was split as a separate species in 2001 these specimens were erroneously retained in C. pergrisea. In 1963, A. A. Gureev described C. armenica as another species in this group, from Garni in Armenia bordering Azerbaijan and Turkey; based on priority of nomenclature, the aforementioned five individuals would have been assigned to C. armenica, but on present evidence this taxon cannot be considered a valid species because the dentition is abnormal in the holotype and the skull is broken in the paratype. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SW Turkey and Azerbaijan (Nakhichivan); it may occur in Armenia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 57-75 mm,tail 43-54 mm; weight 9 g (one specimen). The Jackass White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized and lightly built. Tail is relatively long, exceeding 63% of the body length. Pelage is bicolor: back is brownish gray, with slight smoky tint in adults; sides and belly are light gray, with distinct pale-yellow tint in adults; the boundary between the back and underside colors is just visible. Tailis unicolor (off-white) or slightly bicolor in rare cases. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 22, FN = 34; eight pairs of metacentric and submetacentric autosomes; X-acrocentric chromosome. Y-chromosome is unknown (only female karyotypes were studied).</p> <p>Habitat. The Jackass White-toothed Shrew lives on rock slides or among groups of boulders at the upper timberline.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Jackass White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. TheJackass White-toothed Shrew is extremely rare, although it might actually seem rarer than it really is, if it is difficult to detect with usual tools. It should be noted that the “Armenian Shrew” (C. armenica) is recognized as a separate species and classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Graphodatsky et al. (1989), Gromov et al. (1963), Krystufek &amp; Vohralik (2001), Sheftel (2014), Zaitsev (1991), Zaitsev et al. (2014).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A045872AFAFAAEBF1079FDD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A046872AFF24A934133AF7A8.text	3D474A54A046872AFF24A934133AF7A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura caspica Thomas 1907	<div><p>308.</p> <p>Caspian White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura caspica</p> <p>French: Crocidure de la Caspienne / German: Kaspien-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana del Caspio</p> <p>Other common names: Caspian Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura russula caspica Thomas, 1907,</p> <p>Iran, “ South coast of Caspian Sea [Iran]. Ad. - 25 m.”</p> <p>Evidence retrieved from the karyotype composition, mtDNA and nDNA sequences classify C. caspica in the C. suaveolens group. It was previously thought to be a subspecies of C. gueldenstaedtii, but studies of mtDNA and nDNA structures showed that C. caspica is far closer to C. suaveolens. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Lankaran Lowland and Talysh Mts (SE Azerbaijan and NW Iran).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 67-83 mm,tail 40-51 mm; weight 9-8-14 g (immatures 7-3-9-5 g; pregnant females may weigh up to 17-5 g). The Caspian White-toothed Shrew is large and heavily built. Tail is relatively long, usually exceeding 60% of head-body length. Pelage is virtually unicolor: the back varies from brown to dark brown, the belly is somewhat lighter. Tail is unicolor, the same color as the back. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 40, FN = 50, with four pairs of metaand submetacentric autosomes, 15 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosomeis large metacentric, Y-small acrocentric.</p> <p>Habitat. The Caspian White-toothed Shrew inhabits mountain slopes covered with humid forest, where oak (Quercus, Fagaceae), alder (Alnus, Betulaceae), iron tree (Parrotia persica, Hamamelidaceae), maple (Acer, Sapindaceae), and linden (Tilia, Malvaceae) prevail. It is also found in the valley adjacent to the mountains, including bushes at the edges of tea gardens.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction may continue throughout the year, including winter.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Caspian White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Caspian White-toothed Shrew is a common or occasionally abundant species in the Hirkan National Park (Azerbaijan) in the northern part of its range and, together with mice of the genus Apodemus, dominates in communities of small mammals.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bannikova et al. (2006), Karami et al. (2008), Sokolov &amp; Tembotov (1989), Zaitsev et al. (2014), Zima et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A046872AFF24A934133AF7A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A046872AFA29A9811B5EF6BA.text	3D474A54A046872AFA29A9811B5EF6BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura pergrisea G. S. Miller 1913	<div><p>310.</p> <p>Pale Gray White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura pergrisea</p> <p>French: Crocidure gris-péle / German: Hellgraue WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana gris palida</p> <p>Other common names: Baltistan Shrew, Kashmir Rock Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura pergrisea G. S. Miller, 1913,</p> <p>Shigar, Skoro LLoomba, 9500 ft. (= 2896 m), Baltistan, Kashmir.</p> <p>In the past, some authors have included zarudnyi, serezkyensis, arispa, and armenica within C. pergrisea. The suspected relationship with these gray, flatheaded “rock shrews” (zarudnyi, serezkyensis, arispa, armenica, and maybe ramona) needs to be clarified in detail, using molecular methods. Pakistan specimen assigned to this</p> <p>taxon needs taxonomic study. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known with certainty from the type locality in N Pakistan; reported specimens from further localities in Pakistan may belong to Zarudny’s White-toothed Shrew (C. zarudny).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 72-75 mm,tail 53-54 mm, hindfoot 12:5-14 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Pale Gray White-toothed Shrew averages larger in size than Zarudny’s White-toothed Shrew. Upperparts are pale gray and underparts creamy white. Feet and tail are whitish,tail with a dusky area on dorsal surface at tip. Both the Pale Gray White-toothed Shrew and Zarudny’s White-toothed Shrew have similar, very short, velvety fur, but the belly of the Pale Gray is creamier than in Zarudny’s. Skull is similar to that of the Kashmir White-toothed Shrew (C. pullata) from dorsal view, but the braincase is narrower. Condylo-basal length is 18-:8-19-6 mm. Skull is very flat (4-2—4-4 mm), and this and the shrew’s silvery color are adaptions to rocky habitats.</p> <p>Habitat. Temperate forest in semiarid, rocky montane regions.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Pale Gray White-toothed Shrew is terrestrial and probably nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List in view of continuing uncertainty asto its extent of occurrence, natural history, threats, and conservation status. The Pale Gray White-toothed Shrew is not known from any protected areas. General taxonomic research and field surveys are needed for this poorly known species.</p> <p>Bibliography. Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Hassinger (1970, 1973), Hutterer (2005b), Jenkins (1976), Kennerley (20169), Miller (1913), Molur et al. (2005), Roberts (1997), Spitzenberger (1971).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A046872AFA29A9811B5EF6BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A046872AFF29A3E71BF9FD84.text	3D474A54A046872AFF29A3E71BF9FD84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura susiana Redding & Lay 1978	<div><p>309.</p> <p>Iranian White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura susiana</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Susiane / German: Iran-WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Iran</p> <p>Other common names: Iranian Shrew, Susiana Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura susiana Redding &amp; Lay, 1978,</p> <p>8 km SSW of Dezful (32°19’N, 48°21’E), Khuzestan Province, Iran.</p> <p>Relationship with other shrews from region needs to be assessed by molecular studies. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the vicinity of Dezful, Khuzestan Province, SW Iran, but may have a wider distribution.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 78-85 mm, tail 56-63 mm, ear 8-9 mm, hindfoot 15-17 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive length 20-6— 21 mm. The Iranian White-toothed Shrew is a relatively large shrew. In total length (134-148 mm), it exceeds the other Crocidura species from Iran, e.g. Zarudny’s Whitetoothed Shrew (C. zarudnyi), the Bicolored White-toothed Shrew (C. leucodon), and Guldenstadt’s White-toothed Shrew (CC. gueldenstaedti). A tail ratio of greater than 70% of head-body length separates the Iranian Tail is long and unicolored brown. Whitetoothed Shrew and Zarudny’s White-toothed Shrew from the Bicolored White-toothed Shrew and Guldenstadt’s White-toothed Shrew. Fur on dorsal pelage is warm sepia brown and 5-6 mm long; underparts are gray, washed light brown on the pectoral region and light gray on abdominal, hairs 4-5 mm long; no sharp demarcation between upperparts and underparts.</p> <p>Habitat. Semiarid steppes, banks of almost permanent rivers and brooks with a thick layer of grass, and some shrubs (Tamarix, Tamaricaceae; Populus, Salicaceae; Ziziphus, Rhamnaceae). All seven specimens of the type series of the Iranian White-toothed Shrew were captured together with House Mice (Mus musculus) at three localities in the Susiana Plain that lies between the Zagros Mountains and the Mesopotamian Plain. Elevational range is 100-300 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Iranian White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial and probably nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List because there is no information available regarding extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, population size or population trends. No specific conservation measures are known to be in place for the Iranian White-toothed Shrew.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hutterer (2005b), Karami et al. (2008), Kennerley (2016i), Redding &amp; Lay (1978).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A046872AFF29A3E71BF9FD84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A046872BFA13A2CB1324FD51.text	3D474A54A046872BFA13A2CB1324FD51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura pullata G. S. Miller 1911	<div><p>311.</p> <p>Kashmir White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura pullata</p> <p>French: Crocidure sombre / German: KashmirWeizahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafa de Cachemira</p> <p>Other common names: Asiatic White-toothed Shrew, Dusky Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura pullata G. S. Miller, 1911,</p> <p>“ Kotihar, Kashmir [India] (altitude 7000 feet [= 2134 m].”</p> <p>Confused at various times with West Eu- ropean species of Crocidura, it is currently recognized as distinct from Western Asian and Chinese species on the basis of a cranial morphometrics analysis by Jiang Xuelong and R. S. Hoffmann in 2001. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to the Western Himalaya in Jammu and Kashmir, India and Pakistan.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 60-90 mm, tail 39-53 mm, ear 5-10 mm, hindfoot 11-16 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Pelage of the Kashmir Whitetoothed Shrew is soft and dense; dorsal color dark buffy brown or grayish brown to dark gray brown, some specimens with a brown or silvery wash, ventrally paler. Tail 55-76% of head-body length, brown above, paler below, bristle hairs over the length of the tail.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist temperate forest or banks of streams in dry and open hillsides with adequate shrub and bush ground cover; the Kashmir White-toothed Shrew may also be found in gardens and houses. Altitudinal range is 1829-2652 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Kashmir White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial and at least partially nocturnal or crepuscular, as the remains ofthis species have been recorded from owl pellets.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In Pakistan, recorded in pellets of owls, including the mountain scops-owl (Otus spilocephalus), the Indian scops-owl (O. bakkamoena) and the collared owlet (Glaucidium brodier).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List.</p> <p>Bibliography. Jenkins (2013), Jiang Xuelong &amp; Hoffmann (2001), Manzoor et al. (2013), Miller (1911), Molur (2016¢), Roberts (1997).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A046872BFA13A2CB1324FD51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A047872BFF05A76914E5F55A.text	3D474A54A047872BFF05A76914E5F55A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura sicula G. S. Miller 1901	<div><p>313.</p> <p>Sicilian White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura sicula</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Sicile / German: Sizilien-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Sicilia</p> <p>Other common names: Sicilian Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura sicula G. S. Miller, 1901,</p> <p>Palermo, Sicilia, Italy.</p> <p>Formerly shrews from Sicily were included in one or other of the widespread species leucodon, russula, or suaveolens, but Sicilian animals differ from those species in morphological characters and a distinct karyotype of 2n = 36. C. canariensis has the same karyotype as C. sicula and was treated as a race of sicula by M. Sara in 1995, but</p> <p>the two can be separated by cranial marks, dentition, pelage color and mitochondrial differences. In 1901, G. S. Miller described two species from Sicily which could be separated by differences in tail length and skull size. However, P. Vogel and others in 1989 proved that both types belong to the same species and so caudata is now regarded as synonymous with sicula. Molecular studies by S. Dubey and colleagues in 2008, and Vogel and others in 2003 and 2006, support the 1991 proposal of R. Hutterer that sicula originated from a North African ancestor and thatit is the sister taxon to the clade formed by canariensis of the Canary Islands and tarfayensis of North Africa. The large subspecies esuae named by T. Kotsakis in 1986 lived on Sicily and Malta in the Pleistocene but is extinct; it might also represent a direct ancestor of the type subspecies, sicula. Three subspecies recognized, but the separation of subspecies is questioned by Sara in 1995.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C.s.siculaG.S.Miller,1901—SicilyandUsticaI,Italy.</p> <p>C.s.aegatensisHutterer,1991—EgadiIs(Favignana,Levanzo,andMarettimo),Italy.</p> <p>C. s. calypso Hutterer, 1991 — Gozo and possibly Comino Is (records from northern long-eared owl, Asio otus, pellets), Malta. Population on Malta I may also be referred to this subspecies, but probably extinct.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 50-79 mm, tail 28-45 mm, ear 6-10-5 mm, hindfoot 11-13-5 mm; weight 4-10-5 g. There are minor differencesin size between several populations. Races aegatensisand calypsoare smaller than the nominate and can be differentiated by genetic marks and morphological average values (e.g. body length, weight, mandible biometry); shrews from smaller islands are mostly shorter. Dorsal pelage is gray-brown and ventral whitish gray to white, with a clear dividing line on the flanks. Tail is distinctly bicolored, and usually has a white spot at the tip. Foreand hindfeet are whitish, or on Gozo bright white. Young animals are richer in color contrast than older individuals. The population from Ustica is melanistic with dark gray-brown to gray-black fur, without the white spot on the tail; this might be an adaptation to the volcanic environment. Tips of the second and third upper unicuspid are usually in line with the tip ofthe massive, brick-like parastyle of the upper premolar. In race aegatensis M* is more reduced than the molars of other races. Skull is similar to that of the Greater White-toothed Shrew (C. russula) but with a slender rostrum. Condylo-incisive length 18-4-20-4 mm.</p> <p>Habitat. The Sicilian White-toothed Shrew has unspecialized requirements and occurs from sea level up to 1000 m. It occupies open forest, scrubland and margins of agricultural areas, and suburban settlements. The species prefers humid localities, especially in summer.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The diet consists of invertebrates: mainly insects (especially caterpillars and beetles), millipedes, earthworms, and snails.</p> <p>Breeding. Females give birth to 3-9 young perlitter. The Sicilian White-toothed Shrew can reach an age of 12-18 months in the wild.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Sicilian White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial and both nocturnal and diurnal. The species has the ability to lapse into torpor.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There are high seasonal fluctuations in the population size, with low numbers in summer (May to September) and high numbers in the winter.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Sicilian White-toothed Shrew is a widely distributed species in Sicily, but at a much lower density than other Crocidura species on Mediterranean islands. The current population trend is unknown. On Malta it is probably extinct. Pesticides in agricultural areas are a moderate threat. Populations on small islands may suffer predation by domestic cats. It is protected under Appendix III of the Bern Convention but there are no further specific conservation actions.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aloise et al. (2011), Amori (2016), Aulagnier et al. (2008), Contoli et al. (1989), Dubey, Koyasu et al. (2008), van der Geer et al. (2010), Grimmberger (2009b), Hutterer (1991, 2005b), Kotsakis (1986), Maddalena et al. (1990), Miller (1901), Sara (1995), Sara &amp; Vitturi (1996), Sara, Aiuto &amp; Cognetti (1997), Sara, Lo Valo &amp; Zanca (1990), Vesmanis (1976), Vogel (1988, 1999a), Vogel, Cosson &amp; Lopez (2003), Vogel, Hutterer &amp; Sara (1989), Vogel, Mehmeti et al. (2006).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A047872BFF05A76914E5F55A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A047872BFFF6A9B413CFF41C.text	3D474A54A047872BFFF6A9B413CFF41C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura zimmermanni Wettstein 1953	<div><p>312.</p> <p>Cretan White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura zimmermanni</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Zimmermann / German: Kreta-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Creta</p> <p>Other common names: Cretan Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura russula zimmermanni Wettstein, 1953,</p> <p>Nida Plateau, Ida Mountains, Crete, Greece.</p> <p>Originally considered a subspecies of C. russula but in 1978 I. Vesmanis and H. Kahmann classified it as a full species based on morphological characteristics; species rank was also supported by its special karyotype of 2n = 34. In 1986, J. W. F. Reumer suggested that C. zommermanni represented a relict population of a Pleis-</p> <p>tocene species. Results of molecular biological research by S. Dubey and others in 2008 and P. Vogel and colleagues in 2006 showed that it is basal taxon to a primary North African clade that includes C. canariensis, C. sicula, and C. tarfayensis. Also, investigations on mitochondrial and nuclear genes by Dubey and others indicate a closer relationship to some African shrews than to Asian species, and place C. zimmermanni as a sister taxon to C. luna of central East Africa. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Crete I (Greece), mainly in C mountain areas, including Nida and Omalos plateaus.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 65-78 mm, tail 35-42 mm, ear 7-2-13 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm; weight 7-8 g. Males are slightly larger than females, and Recent individuals are larger than those from the Pleistocene; there are also indications of differences in size between central and western populations. In summer, fur is gray-brown on the dorsum, grayer and not as dark as that of the Lesser White-toothed Shrew (C. suaveolens); underparts are covered with lighter brownish gray hair; there is no clear dividing line between dorsal and ventral areas; the pelage of the foreand hindfeet is pale; not known if fur color changes in winter. Skull is like that of the Lesser White-toothed Shrew, but with a more elongated rostrum, and mandibles too are longer and slenderer. Condylo-incisive length 18-7-21 mm; the third upper unicuspid is higher than the parastyle of the upper premolar; the first and second unicuspids are also relatively large compared with those of the Lesser White-toothed Shrew.</p> <p>Habitat. Mountainous areas (altitudes of 140-1400 m) covered with shrubland and characterized by harsh climate conditions, such as snow in winter and aridity in summer. Within these zones, the Cretan White-toothed Shrew is primarily found in humid places with moss cushions under barberry-bushes (Berbers cretica, Berberidaceae). Recent records at lower altitudes (140-830 m) come exclusively from owl pellets. Subfossil records in coastal areas are also known, but the preferred habitats in lowland and coastal areas are unknown.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Cretan White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial. Some records from common barn-owl (Tyto alba) pellets could be an indication of nocturnal or crepuscular behavior.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Population is probably decreasing. The Cretan White-toothed Shrew is threatened by habitat loss, and at lower altitudes it seems to be outcompeted by the the probably introduced subspecies of Giildenstiadt’s White-toothed Shrew (C. g. gueldenstaedtii) (c.3550-3700 BC); this could ultimately lead to extinction. The species is protected under Appendix III of the Bern Convention, but further research and specific conservation actions are required.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aulagnier et al. (2008), Corbet (1978), Dubey, Koyasu et al. (2008), Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), van der Geer et al. (2010), Gérner &amp; Hackethal (1988), Hutterer (2005b), Pieper (1990), Reumer(1986), Reumer &amp; Payne (1986), Sakoulis (2008), Vesmanis &amp; Kahmann (1978), Vogel (1986, 1999b), Vogelet al. (2006), Vohralik (2008), Wettstein (1953).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A047872BFFF6A9B413CFF41C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0478734FA0DA1AA1775F8BA.text	3D474A54A0478734FA0DA1AA1775F8BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura canariensis Hutterer, Lopez-Jurado & Vogel 1987	<div><p>314.</p> <p>Canarian White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura canariensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure des Canaries / German: Kanaren-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Canaria</p> <p>Other common names: Canarian Shrew, Canary Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura canariensis Hutterer, Lopez-Jurado &amp; Vogel, 1987,</p> <p>Tiscamanita, Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain.</p> <p>Has been suggested as merely a subspecies of C. sicula based on mandibular measurements, but morphological, ecological, paleontological, and molecular data support its status as a separate species; the genetic distance between this species and, stcula suggests separation ¢.5 million years ago, which is more than sufficient</p> <p>to maintain its specific status. However, they do seem to be closely related, as they have extremely similar karyotypes, which are also very similar to the chromosomes of</p> <p>C. tarfayensis of North Africa, suggesting that C. tarfayensis may be descended from a continental species that is the ancestor of both C. sicula and C. canariensis. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Lanzarote, including Chinijo Archipelago (Lobos and Montana Clara Is) and Fuerteventura in the E Canary Is.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 54-74 mm,tail 31-48 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm; weight 4-12 g. The Canarian White-toothed Shrew is a small species with relatively large ears. Pelage is variable between islands, dorsal pelage ranging from dark grayish brown to chocolate brown; the ventrum is generally also dark but is somewhat lighter than the dorsum; ears and limbs are lighter in color than the rest of the dorsal pelage. Foreclaws are relatively enlarged compared to other species of Crocidura. Tail is relatively long, covered in longerbristle hairs throughout, and slightly bicolored grayish brown. The fourth upper premolar has a small and coalescent parastyle; there are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complementis 2n = 36, FN = 56.</p> <p>Habitat. Found primarily in the characteristic barren lava fields (malpais), the species is highly adapted to hot and dry conditions in plains. The Canarian White-toothed Shrew is occasionally found in gardens and around abandoned agricultural land near the lava fields, and in rocky gullies and sandy areas with rocks and vegetation. Also coastal sand dunes on Montana Clara.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Canarian White-toothed Shrew feeds on snails and insects in lava tubes and has also been observed feeding on Atlantic lizards (Gallotia atlantica). It is apparently able to immobilize its lizard prey by just biting it, indicating that it probably has a weak venom in its saliva as in other venomous shrews (e.g. Blarina and Neomys).</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Canarian White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Canarian White-toothed Shrew usesits tunnels to stay cool during the hot, dry days. It makes faint, high-pitched defense calls, which are of lower intensity than in other shrews.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive, and also protected under Spanish law. The Canarian White-toothed Shrew is found within a number of protected areas on Fuerteventura. The species seems to be most threatened by habitat loss and the numerous species introduced to the islands, including feral cats. The Canarian White-toothed Shrew is the last surviving terrestrial mammal native to the Canary Islands, all of others (Malpaisomys, Canariomys) having become extinct. Fossils and skeletons from owl pellets have been recorded from Alegranza and Graciosa, but the species is presumed extinct on these islands since no living animals have been collected from them.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hutterer (1999, 2008d), Hutterer &amp; Lépez-Jurado (1990), Hutterer, Lopez-Jurado &amp; Vogel (1987), Hutterer, Maddalena &amp; Molina (1992), Lépez-Jurado &amp; Mateo (1996), Sara (1995, 1996), Vogel et al. (2003).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0478734FA0DA1AA1775F8BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0588734FA13A8F21545F5A0.text	3D474A54A0588734FA13A8F21545F5A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura eburnea subsp. eburnea Heim de Balsac 1958	<div><p>316.</p> <p>Ivory Coast White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura eburnea</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Céte d'Ivoire / German: Elfenbeinklsten-Weiflszahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Costa de Marfil</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura bottegi eburnea Heim de Balsac, 1958,</p> <p>Mount Tonkoui, Ivory Coast.</p> <p>Previously included in S. obscurior, as a synonym, but recent phylogenetic and morphological studies have found the two to be sympatric cryptic species that should be recognized as distinct. They are distinct karyologically, but the chromosomal complement is uncertain: either 2n = 40 and FN = 60, or 2n = 36 and FN = 56, as these two combinations were recorded where</p> <p>this species and C. obscurior are sympatric, but the identity of the specimens tested is unknown. There seem to be four major genetic clades that may represent separate subspecies, but further research is needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SE Guinea, E Liberia, and SW Ivory Coast in West Africa; the species may be found in Sierra Leone, but this population has not been genetically investigated and could be either the Ivory Coast White-toothed Shrew or the West African Pygmy White-toothed Shrew (C. obscurior).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 52-60 mm,tail 23-31 mm, ear 6 mm, hindfoot 10 mm; weight 3-1-3-8 g. The Ivory Coast White-toothed Shrew is a very small species with short, soft, dense, velvety pelage. Dorsal pelage is dark brown with a slight rufous tinge and a silky sheen; ventral pelage is grayish brown. Ears are darkly pigmented and covered in very short dark hairs, although appearing naked. Tail is relatively long (c.60-70% of head-body length), covered in long white bristle hairs, and bicolored, being dark brown above and slightly paler below. Braincase is high-domed and first upper incisor is long and hooked; braincase is wider and longer than in the West African Pygmy White-toothed Shrew. M” is wide; there are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Found primarily in lowland rainforest at elevations up to ¢.600 m. Ecological data for the West African Pygmy White-toothed Shrew may also apply to the Ivory Coast White-toothed Shrew, since they are sympatric and very similar.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The [UCN Red List since it is included as a synonym of the West African Pygmy White-toothed Shrew, which is considered Least Concern. The species seems to be relatively common throughoutits wide range and may be locally threatened by logging operations, although there is still considerable confusion as to which species (obscurior or eburnea) applies to what populations.</p> <p>Bibliography. Jacquet et al. (2014).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0588734FA13A8F21545F5A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0588734FF2DACCC1811FC95.text	3D474A54A0588734FF2DACCC1811FC95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura obscurior Heim de Balsac 1958	<div><p>315.</p> <p>West African Pygmy White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura obscurior</p> <p>French: Crocidure obscure / German: Westafrika-\WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafia pigmea de Africa occidental</p> <p>Other common names: Obscure White-toothed Shrew, West African Pygmy Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura bottegi obscurior Heim de Balsac, 1958,</p> <p>montane prairie, Mount Nimba, Guinea.</p> <p>This species previously included C. eburnea but genetic and morphological data have shown that the two are separate, cryptic sister species. They are distinct karyologically, but the chromosomal complementis uncertain: either 2n = 40 and FN = 60, or 2n = 36 and FN = 56, as these two combinations were recorded where this species</p> <p>and C. eburnea are sympatric, but the identity of the specimens tested is unknown. There seem to be three subclades that may represent distinct subspecies, but further studies are needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SE Guinea, E Liberia, S Ivory Coast, and W Ghana; populations ofeither this species, the Ivory Coast White-toothed Shrew (C. eburnea), or both species are found in S Sierra Leone and are included in the range map ofthis species but have not been investigated genetically and could represent either species. There are apparently records that represent this species from S Nigeria, although further research is needed to confirm thatthis speciesis truly found there.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 45-61 mm, tail 30-38 mm, ear 6-8 mm, hindfoot 9-11 mm; weight 2-5-4-3 g. The West African Pygmy White-toothed Shrew is a very small species with short, soft, dense, velvety pelage. Dorsal pelage is dark brown with a slight rufous tinge and a silky sheen; ventral pelage is grayish brown. Ears are darkly pigmented and covered in very short dark hairs, although appearing naked. Tail is relatively long (c.60-70% of head-body length), covered in long white bristle hairs, and bicolored, being dark brown above and slightly paler below. Braincase is high-domed and first upper incisor is long and hooked; tooth row is longer than in the Ivory Coast White-toothed Shrew. M? is wide; there are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. The West African Pygmy White-toothed Shrew is a forest-dwelling species, but it is also recorded from the elevated grassland on Mount Nimba and from the transition zone between rainforests and Guinean savanna at Simandou. It occurs at elevations up to ¢.600 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Common prey items found in the stomachs of animals in Ivory Coast were ants (71%), spiders (52-5%), crickets (17%), adult beetles (15-3%), centipedes (11-9%), sowbugs (10-2%), cockroaches (8:5%), heteropterans (7-7%), termites (3-4%), adult lepidopterans (5-1%), and beetle larvae (3-4%). Adult flies, lepidopteran larvae, gastropods, earthworms, some plant material, and grasshoppers also were found in stomach contents but at much lower densities. The species has exceptionally long intestinesforits size.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. West African Pygmy White-toothed Shrews seem to be terrestrial, since much of their prey matches that of other terrestrial species.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The West African Pygmy White-toothed Shrew is common throughoutits extensive range but may be locally threatened by logging operations.</p> <p>Bibliography. Churchfield et al. (2004), Hutterer (2013r), Jacquet et al. (2014), Nicolas, Dando &amp; Kennerley (2017).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0588734FF2DACCC1811FC95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0588735FA14A1E0105FFA97.text	3D474A54A0588735FA14A1E0105FFA97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura luna Dollman 1910	<div><p>317.</p> <p>Moonshine White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura luna</p> <p>French: Crocidure séléné / German: Mondberg-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana luna</p> <p>Other common names: Gray-brown Musk Shrew, Greater Gray-brown Musk Shrew, Moonshine Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura luna Dollman, 1910,</p> <p>“ Bunkeya River, Shaba Province,” DR Congo.</p> <p>Included in the lunafumosa species complex but genetic studies place C. luna close to a clade that includes C. obscurior and a few Palearctic species (e.g. C. sicula); at present its phylogenetic position is unresolved. It may represent a complex of cryptic species since there is considerable morphological, genetic, and karyological</p> <p>variation between populations, although further research is needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SW and extreme NW DR Congo, S Uganda, SW Kenya, W Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, WC Mozambique, and isolated in E Zimbabwe (Inyanga Highlands).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 60-107 mm, tail 31-69 mm, ear 5-14 mm, hindfoot 7-21 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Moonshine Whitetoothed Shrew is a medium-sized shrew with moderately variable pelage. Dorsal pelage is brownish gray to very dark brownish gray, while individual hairs are slaty gray at the base, have pale fawn or gray subterminal bands, and have a paler or darker tip; ventral pelage is slightly to conspicuously paler and grayer than the dorsum, with individual hairs that have slaty gray bases and pale fawn to olive tips. Feet are usually pale brownish gray to yellowish brown or brown. Tail is relatively long (c.61% of head-body length), dark brown to blackish brown dorsally and paler ventrally, and covered in long bristle hairs. Females have six inguinal nipples. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 36, FN = 56 in Burundi, and 2n = 28, FN = 56 in Zambia.</p> <p>Habitat. Fringes of montane tropical moist forest with dense ground cover. It has also been reported on hillsides of tussock grass and in Pinus (Pinaceae) plantations. The Moonshine White-toothed Shrew occurs at elevations above 1000 m; in Malawi it is found at 2000-2300 m on the Nyika Plateau.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction has been recorded from October to November but probably occurs all year round. Litter size is 3-4 young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Moonshine White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial and primarily nocturnal, with peaks in activity at dawn and dusk, although they probably forage throughout the day.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Moonshine White-toothed Shrew is very widespread but seems to be relatively rare, although this may be because of a lack ofsufficient sampling. It is probably a fairly resilient species, since it can be found in altered habitats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baxter &amp; Dippenaar (2013b), Cassola (2016ah), Castiglia et al. (2009), Chitaukali et al. (2001), Cotterill (2002), Oguge et al. (2004).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0588735FA14A1E0105FFA97	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0598735FAFAAE91151CF333.text	3D474A54A0598735FAFAAE91151CF333.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura afeworkbekelei Voyta & Hutterer 2016	<div><p>320.</p> <p>Bekele’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura afeworkbekelei</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Bekele / German: Bekele-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Bekele</p> <p>Other common names: Bekele's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura afeworkbekelei Lavrenchenko, Voyta &amp; Hutterer, 2016,</p> <p>“ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.883335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.883335/lat 6.85)">Konteh Area of the Sanetti Plateau, Bale Mountains National Park</a>, south-eastern Ethiopia, 06°51’N, 039°53’E, 4050 m a.s.1.”</p> <p>This species has the same karyotype as most of the other Ethiopian montane endemics, indicating that they may have originated from a widespread species which had populations that became sepa-</p> <p>rate in montane parts of the region and diversified into the current array of species. The karyoptype also indicates that African Crocidura may have come from a Palearctic branch of the genus, based on its similarity to the proposed ancestral karyotype of Crocidura. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the Konteh Area of the Sanetti Plateau in SC Ethiopia; it remains possible that this recently described species inhabits other parts of the plateau as well, although it is likely endemic to the Bale Mts.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 78-85 mm, tail 43-48 mm, ear 8-5-10 mm, hindfoot (with claws) 16-3-17 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Bekele’s White-toothed Shrew is a relatively small white-toothed shrew with a moderately short tail (50-6-61-5% of head-body length). Dorsal pelage grayish brown, with hairs gray at base and brown at tip; ventral pelage gray, with hairs gray at base, paleyellowish at tip. Dorsal surface of forefoot pale gray, hindfoot (19-21-7% of headbody length) yellowish-gray. Tail brown above and brownish gray below, but the distinction is not very strong; long bristle hairs are present all over the tail. Skull with a moderately short, broad rostrum and relatively broad maxillary and interorbital regions; medial tip of the posterior margin of the nasal aperture is absent; lacrimal foramenis at height of the M'-M?joint; mandible with a moderately broad body and a high and massive ramus. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 36, FNa = 50.</p> <p>Habitat. Found in the Afro-alpine belt with short, sparse vegetation at an elevation of c.4050 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Bekele’s White-toothed Shrew was only recently described based on specimens collected in 1995. It seems to have a restricted distribution but may not face any major threats, other than climate change, dueto its very isolated habitat at high elevations.</p> <p>Bibliography. Lavrenchenko et al. (2016).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0598735FAFAAE91151CF333	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0598735FFF0AEF21358F497.text	3D474A54A0598735FFF0AEF21358F497.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura greenwoodae Heim de Balsac 1966	<div><p>318.</p> <p>Greenwood’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura greenwoodae</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Greenwood / German: Greenwood-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Greenwood</p> <p>Other common names: Greenwood’s Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura greenwoodi [sic] Heim de Balsa, 1966,</p> <p>Gelib, Somalia.</p> <p>Widely used species name greenwood: has been changed as the species was named after Mrs. [Marjorie] Greenwood and according to the article 31.1.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature the ending “ae” is mandatory for a name honoring a woman. Seems to be closely related to C. fulvastra and C. hirta, based on their same karyotype, although</p> <p>detailed molecular studies are needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Recorded only from two localities in S Somalia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 71 mm, tail 51 mm, hindfoot 13 mm (one specimen). No specific data are available for body weight. Greenwood’s White-toothed Shrew is a medium-sized shrew. Dorsal pelage is gray, tinged with brown, and ventrum is whitish with basally gray hairs. Feet are grayish. Tail is long (c.72% of head-body length), thick, grayish, and covered in long bristle hairs. Braincase is broad and flattened; the second and third unicuspids are subequal in size; M? is medium in size; talonid of M, with a talonid basin and small or absent entoconid. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 50, FN = 66.</p> <p>Habitat. Recorded from gallery forest, savanna, arid bush, and cultivated land.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Greenwood’s White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Greenwood’s White-toothed Shrew is apparently locally common but known from few specimens with no identified major threats, although Somalia is a very unstable country, which limits the knowledge available for this species.</p> <p>Bibliography. Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (2016b), Jenkins &amp; Churchfield (2013d), Schlitter et al. (1999).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0598735FFF0AEF21358F497	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0598735FF0EA0FE147EFA69.text	3D474A54A0598735FF0EA0FE147EFA69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura nana Dobson 1890	<div><p>319.</p> <p>Somali Dwarf White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura nana</p> <p>French: Crocidure naine / German: Kleine Somalia-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana enana de Somalia</p> <p>Other common names: Dwarf \White-toothed Shrew, Somali Dwarf Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura nana Dobson, 1890,</p> <p>Dollo, Somalia.</p> <p>The name C. nana has been variously applied to small shrews throughout Somalia, Ethiopia, and Egypt, which has led to the proposal that it is a synonym of C. religiosa. But upon further examination, the holotype of C. nana appears to represent ajuvenile of a species larger than C. religiosa and this was supported by comparison between better-preserved specimens of C. nana and the neotype of C. religiosa. However, the relationship between C. nana and other species of Crocidurais currently uncertain and warrants further investigation. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Recorded from only two localities in Dollo, SW Somalia and near Addis Ababa, C Ethiopia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 40 mm, tail 30 mm, hindfoot 8-5 mm (data from a dried preserved specimen). No specific data are available for body weight. The Somali Dwarf White-toothed Shrew is a very small shrew with short hair. Dorsal pelage is slaty brown, and ventral pelage is grayish white. Feet are white dorsally. Tail is relatively long (c.75% of head-body length), finely haired, covered in longer whitish bristle hairs throughout, and bicolored, being dull brown dorsally and whitish ventrally. Skull is very small with a noticeably flattened braincase; maxillary region of the skull is rather narrow and teeth are very small; third unicuspid is a little broader than the second; the talonid on M,is reduced to a single cusp. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Recorded from dry grassland and scrub and is probably primarily found in lowland habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Somali Dwarf White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Somali Dwarf White-toothed Shrew is only known from a few specimens and virtually nothing is known of the species; there do not seem to be any identified threats to the species. It may have a more extensive distribution then is currently known; further sampling is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Churchfield &amp; Jenkins (2013e), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (1981a), Hutterer &amp; Howell (2008b).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0598735FF0EA0FE147EFA69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0598736FAF2A655103AF827.text	3D474A54A0598736FAF2A655103AF827.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura yaldeni Lavrenchenko, Voyta & Hutterer 2016	<div><p>321.</p> <p>Yalden’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura yaldeni</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Yalden / German: Yalden-Weif3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Yalden</p> <p>Other common names: Yalden's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura yaldeni Lavrenchenko, Voyta &amp; Hutterer, 2016,</p> <p>“ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.5666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.516666/lat 7.5666666)">Beletta Forest</a>, south-western Ethiopia, 07°34'N, 036°31’E, 1900 m a.s.l.”</p> <p>This species has the same karyotype as most of the other Ethiopian montane endemics, indicating that they may have originated from a widespread species which had populations that became separate in montane parts of the region and diversified into the current array of species.</p> <p>The karyoptype also indicates that African Crocidura may have come from a Palearctic branch of the genus, based on its similarity to the proposed ancestral karyotype of Crocidura. The Ethiopian endemic clade that has been sequenced (C. afeworkbekelei, C. yaldeni, C. glassi, C. baileyi, C. macmillani, C. lucina, and C. thalia) has been shown to be monophyletic, based on cytochrome-b genes, indicating that they all originated from a recent adaptive radiation. But further sampling of more species throughout Africa is needed to achieve a fuller understanding ofthe relationships of the Ethiopian endemics. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the Beletta Forest in SW Ethiopia, although it may have a more extensive distribution.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 84-99-5 mm, tail 60-73 mm, ear 10-11 mm, hindfoot (with claws) 18-5-22-2 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Yalden’s White-toothed Shrew is a large white-toothed shrew with a moderately long tail (62-2— 77-6% of head-body length). Dorsal pelage gray-brown with pale ocher shades, hairs gray at base, brown at tip; ventral pelage blackish gray with pale ocher wash, hairs dark gray at base, pale-yellowish at tip. Dorsal surface of feet brownish. Tail uniformly colored, dark gray-brown above and brown below; bristle hairs are long, dark gray at base, pale gray at tip, and present along the full length of the tail. Skull has a long rostrum and wide braincase; rostral part is distinctly inflated; nasal aperture is wide, and posterior margin of the aperture has no medial tip. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 36, FNa = 52.</p> <p>Habitat. All four specimens were captured in the riverine variant of humid Afromontane forest on the bank of a small river at an elevation of ¢.1900 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. This recently described species is known from only a few specimens collected in 1997; virtually nothing is known of it. Yalden’s White-toothed Shrew currently has a very small distribution. Surveys and research are needed to permit a proper evaluation of this species’ current status.</p> <p>Bibliography. Lavrenchenko et al. (2016).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0598736FAF2A655103AF827	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05A8736FA2CA9131855F7A2.text	3D474A54A05A8736FA2CA9131855F7A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura bottegoides Hutterer & Yalden 1990	<div><p>323.</p> <p>Bale White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura bottegoides</p> <p>French: Crocidure des Balé / German: Bale-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Bale</p> <p>Other common names: Bale Shrew, Tricolored Pygmy Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura bottegoides Hutterer &amp; Yalden, 1990,</p> <p>Katcha Camp, 2400 m, Harenna Forest, Bale Mountains, Ethiopia.</p> <p>Relationships unclear, butthis species may be related to other Ethiopian endemics, despite its distinctive appearance. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Bale Mts and Mt Albasso, C Ethiopia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 46-57 mm,</p> <p>tail 43-47 mm, ear 6-8 mm, hindfoot 10-11 mm; weight 2-5-3.5 g. The Bale Whitetoothed Shrew is a very small species with distinctly tricolored pelage. Dorsal pelage consists of a narrow band of dark brown about 6-8 mm thick that runs from the top of the head along the middle of the back to the tail, and it is bordered by a yellowishbrown band of approximately the same width; ventral pelage, limbs, and tail are creamy brown to reddish brown. Claws are short. Tail is long (82% of head-body length) and nearly naked, but it has some long bristle hairs. Braincase is high and rounded; the rostrum is short and broad; interorbital and maxillary regions are short but wide; dentition is gracile and the first upper incisor is particularly so; M® is medium in size for the genus. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 36, FN = 48.</p> <p>Habitat. Found in relict forests, often within a mosaic of different habitats including Erica arborea (Ericaceae) woodland, grassy clearings of Schefflera (Araliaceae) and Hagenia (Rosaceae) in escarpment forest, moist riverine habitat, and mixed evergreen tropical rainforest. It is restricted to forest on narrow, south facing slopes ofthe escarpments. Elevational range is 2400-3280 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Bale White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Bale White-toothed Shrew has a very restricted distribution that has been affected by the collection of timber for firewood by local people and insurgents, as well as man-made fires. The species occurs in the Bale Mountains National Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hutterer (2013f), Hutterer &amp; Yalden (1990), Lavrenchenko (2016a), Yalden &amp; Largen (1992).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05A8736FA2CA9131855F7A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05A8736FF2DA36F1843FDF2.text	3D474A54A05A8736FF2DA36F1843FDF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura glassi Heim de Balsac 1966	<div><p>322.</p> <p>Glass’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura glassi</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Glass / German: Glass-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafia de Glass</p> <p>Other common names: Glass’s Shrew, Ethiopian Mountain Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura glassi Heim de Balsac, 1966,</p> <p>“ Camp in Gara Mulata Mts, Harar,” Ethiopia.</p> <p>Belongs to the Ethiopian endemic C. glassi species complex, along with C. afework- bekelei, C. yaldeni, C. baileyi, C. macmillani, C. lucina, and C. thalia; these species seem to form a monophyletic clade, although C. afeworkbekelei has not been sequenced. C. glassi seems to be genetically closest to C. thalia. The C. glassi group seems to be</p> <p>related to a clade consisting of C. bottega, C. zimmermanni, C. canariensis, and C. sicula, which are togethersister to a larger clade including the C. olivieri group, C. hirta, C. flavescens, C. parvipes, C. poensis, C. theresae, and C. orri. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. E of the Rift Valley in the Bale Mts, Mt Badda, and Chercher Highlands of C Ethiopia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 65-85 mm, tail 43-58 mm, ear 7-8-11 mm, hindfoot 14-8-18 mm; weight 7-14 g. Glass’s White-toothed Shrew is small to medium-sized. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown, with gray-based, brown-tipped hairs; ventral pelage is silvery gray, with gray-based, pale yellowish-tipped hairs. Feet are pale gray dorsally. Tail is long (c.67% of head-body length), covered in long bristle hairs, and bicolored, being brown above and whitish to yellowish below. Skull has an inflated braincase, which is like that of the other highland Ethiopian species of Crocidura. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 36, FNa = 52.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane grassland, scrub, and Afro-alpine moorland at high altitudes (2700— 4050 m).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Pregnant females have been found from the late dry season (late March) through to the wet season (May) in the Bale Mountains, although the species may breed all year round. Records to date give 2-4 embryos.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Glass’s White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Glass’s White-toothed Shrew seems to be common where it is found, but it has a relatively restricted distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Girma et al. (2012), Heim de Balsac (1966), Kasso et al. (2010), Lavrenchenko (2013b), Lavrenchenko &amp; Kennerley (2016), Lavrenchenko, Bannikova &amp; Lebedev (2009), Lavrenchenko, Voyta &amp; Hutterer (2016).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05A8736FF2DA36F1843FDF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05A8737FA16A3E31634FDF0.text	3D474A54A05A8737FA16A3E31634FDF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura baileyi Osgood 1936	<div><p>324.</p> <p>Bailey’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura baileyi</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Bailey / German: Bailey-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Bailey</p> <p>Other common names: Bailey's Shrew, Simien Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura baileyi Osgood, 1936,</p> <p>Ras Dashan (= Mount Geech), Simien Mountains, Ethiopia.</p> <p>Belongs to the Ethiopian endemic C. glassi species complex, C. afeworkbekelei, C. yal- deni, C. glassi, C. macmillani, C. lucina, and C. thalia. C. baileyi seems to be closest to C. lucina, and was formerly considered to included it. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. N &amp; C Ethiopia, in the highlands W of the Rift Valley in the Simien</p> <p>Mts, Amedamit Mts, Enjiabara, Debra Sina, and Ankober.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 72-93 mm, tail 41-46 mm, ear 8 mm, hindfoot 14— 16 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Bailey’s White-toothed Shrew is a mediumssized to relatively large shrew, with distinctly bicolored pelage and tail, and long, woolly, soft pelage. Dorsal pelage is brownish to reddish brown, the individual hairs gray at the base and with a rufoustip; ventral pelage is creamy white with individual hairs being gray at base and with a white tip. Tail is relatively short (c.51% of head-body length), brown dorsally and whitish ventrally, hairy, and covered in longer bristle hairs. Braincase is inflated,as in other montane Ethiopian endemic Crocidura.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane grassland and moorland in the Afro-alpine zone. Recorded at elevations of 2700-3550 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Bailey's White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although Bailey’s White-toothed Shrew has a relatively small distribution, it is common where</p> <p>it is found, comprising a sizeable percentage (9:8-10-1%) of the small mammals captured in the Simien Mountains in 1998. However,it may be threatened by small-holder farming of crops and livestock, as well as the limited habitat destruction that has occurred in parts ofits distribution.It is found in the Simien Mountains National Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dippenaar (1980a), Kennerley &amp; Lavrenchenko (2016a), Lavrenchenko (2013a), Lavrenchenko, Bannikova &amp; Lebedev (2009), Lavrenchenko, Voyta &amp; Hutterer (2016), Yihune &amp; Bekele (2012).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05A8737FA16A3E31634FDF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05B8737FFFBA3381431FDAC.text	3D474A54A05B8737FFFBA3381431FDAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura lucina Dippenaar 1980	<div><p>326.</p> <p>LLucina’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura lucina</p> <p>French: Crocidure lucine / German: Lucina-WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Lucina</p> <p>Other common names: Lucina’s Shrew, Moorland Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura lucina Dippenaar, 1980,</p> <p>““Web River’, near Dinshu, Ethiopia on type and paratype labels should read Ueb River (3 000 m a.s.l.), with coordinates given by collectors: 07°06’N; 39°46°E.”</p> <p>Belongs to the Ethiopian endemic C. glass species complex, along with C. afeworkbekelei, C. yaldeni, C. glassi, C. baileyi, C. macmillani, and C. thalia. This species seems to be sister species to C. baileyi, within which it</p> <p>was previously included. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Mt Badda and Bale Mts E of the Rift Valley in C Ethiopia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 73-92 mm, tail 47-55 mm, ear 9-12 mm, hindfoot 15-17 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Lucina’s White-toothed Shrew is a medium-sized shrew with long, woolly, soft pelage and a distinctly bicolored body and tail. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown to reddish brown, with gray-based, rufous-tipped hairs; ventral pelageis grayish white, with gray-based, white-tipped hairs. Feet are whitish. Tail is medium in length (62% of head-body length), brown dorsally, whitish ventrally, and hairy, with longer bristle hairs dispersed all over. Braincase inflated, as in other species of montane Ethiopian endemic Crocidura. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 36, FN = 52.</p> <p>Habitat. Mainly Afro-alpine moorland, but also found in grassland at lower elevations. Elevational range is 3000-4050 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. A pregnant female with two embryos was trapped in the late dry season (early March) in the Bale Mountains.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Lucina’s White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Although Lucina’s White-toothed Shrew seems to be relatively safe from habitat destruction due to its high-altitude distribution, overgrazing and burning may be major concerns to the species. It occurs in the Bale Mountains National Park. The species does not seem to be very common within its distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dippenaar (1980a), Hutterer &amp; Yalden (1990), Kennerley &amp; Lavrenchenko (2016b), Lavrenchenko (2013c), Lavrenchenko, Bannikova &amp; Lebedev (2009), Lavrenchenko, Milishnikov et al. (1997), Lavrenchenko, Voyta &amp; Hutterer (2016).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05B8737FFFBA3381431FDAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05B8737FFFDA91111D3F7CB.text	3D474A54A05B8737FFFDA91111D3F7CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura macmillani Dollman 1915	<div><p>325.</p> <p>Macmillan’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura macmillani</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Macmillan / German: Macmillan-Weifszahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Macmillan</p> <p>Other common names: Macmillan's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura luna macmillani Dollman, 1915,</p> <p>“ Kotelee, Walamo, Abyssinia [= Ethiopia].”</p> <p>The exact placement of C. macmillani is uncertain, but it has generally been placed in the endemic Ethiopian C. glass: group, although its distinct karyotype has called this into question. In recent genetic studies, the species was found to be included in the C. glassi group as the most basal lineage, and sister to C. yaldeni, although</p> <p>further studies are needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Koteke, the Middle Godjeb Valley, and Sheko Forest in SW Ethiopia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 73-87 mm, tail 52-57 mm, ear 9-9 mm, hindfoot 13-8-14-5 mm; weight 8-8 g. Macmillan’s White-toothed Shrew is small to mediumsized. Dorsal pelage is dark brownish gray to blackish gray, with gray-based, blacktipped individual hairs; ventral pelage is dark gray, with uniformly gray to dark gray hairs. Feet are dark gray dorsally. Tail is relatively long (c.70% of head-body length), covered in long bristle hairs, and is bicolored, being blackish gray dorsally and gray ventrally. Skull is narrow; braincase is inflated, as in other montane Ethiopian endemic Crocidura. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 28, FN = 56.</p> <p>Habitat. Ethiopian montane tropical forest, and humid 7Terminalia-Combretum (both Combretaceae) woodland savanna with high grasses. Elevational range is 1220-1930 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Macmillan’s White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Macmillan’s White-toothed Shrew was only known from the holotype until 2001 when three more specimens were obtained. The species has a restricted distribution and may be primarily threatened by deforestation of its montane forest habitat.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bannikova et al. (2001), Kennerley &amp; Lavrenchenko (2016c¢), Lavrenchenko (2013d), Lavrenchenko, Bannikova &amp; Lebedev (2009), Lavrenchenko, Voyta &amp; Hutterer (2016).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05B8737FFFDA91111D3F7CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05B8737FAE1A9E614BEF70D.text	3D474A54A05B8737FAE1A9E614BEF70D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura thalia Dippenaar 1980	<div><p>327.</p> <p>Thalia’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura thalia</p> <p>French: Crocidure thalie / German: Thalia-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Thalia</p> <p>Other common names: Thalia's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura thalia Dippenaar, 1980,</p> <p>“Gredeb Mts (= Gedeb Mts), SE Dodola, north-western Bale Province, 2 600 m a.s.l. (06°55°N; 39°10°E).”</p> <p>Belongs to the Ethiopian endemic C. glass: group, along with C. afeworkbekelei, C. yaldeni, C. glassi, C. baileyi, C. macmillani, and C. lucina. This species seems to be the close sister species to C. glassi, based on genetic data. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. W &amp; E of the Rift Valley in three disjunct regions in NW, WC &amp; SC Ethiopia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 77-100 mm, tail 55-69 mm, ear 10-13 mm, hindfoot 15-19 mm; weight 9-26 g. Thalia’s White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized to large. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown (W of the Ethiopian Rift Valley) to dark gray with a brown to reddish brown wash (E of the Ethiopian Rift Valley), individual hairs having a gray base and brown to reddish brown tip; ventral pelage is pale gray to blackish with an ocher wash, individual hairs having a gray to dark gray base with a pale yellowish to ocher yellowish tip. Feet are brownish dorsally. Tail is relatively long (c.70% of head— body length), bicolored, being dark brown dorsally and brown below, and hairy, with longerbristle hairs dispersed all over. Braincase inflated as in other species of montane Ethiopian endemic Crocidura. There are three unicuspids. Karyotype is 2n = 36.</p> <p>Habitat. Found in open habitats, primarily from humid woodland savanna to highland grasslands and scrub. Thalia’s White-toothed Shrews avoid Afromontane forests with dense canopy, instead inhabiting the moist riverine habitats. Recorded at elevations of 515-3300 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information; species does not seem to breed during the dry season.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Thalia’s White-toothed Shrew is terrestrial and probably nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Thalia’s White-toothed Shrew is markedly common throughoutits wide distribution and seems to face no major threats. It is the most widespread of the Ethiopian endemic shrews. The species occurs in the Bale Mountains National Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dippenaar (1980a), Hutterer &amp; Yalden (1990), Lavrenchenko (2013e, 2016d), Lavrenchenko, Bannikova &amp; Lebedev (2009), Lavrenchenko, Milishnikov et al. (1997), Lavrenchenko, Voyta &amp; Hutterer (2016), Yalden (1988), Yalden et al. (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05B8737FAE1A9E614BEF70D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05B8730FAFCA27C1010FD3C.text	3D474A54A05B8730FAFCA27C1010FD3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura phaeura Osgood 1936	<div><p>328.</p> <p>Guramba White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura phaeura</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Guramba / German: Guramba-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Guramba</p> <p>Other common names: Guramba Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura hildegardeae phaeura Osgood, 1936,</p> <p>Mount Guramba (west base), north-east of Allata, Sidamo, Ethiopia.</p> <p>The placement of C. phaeura is currently uncertain. It was originally treated as a subspecies of C. hildegardeae but is now considered a distinct species. Based on cranial characteristics, it seems to be similar to C. montis and C. fumosa within the luna-fumosa species complex but it is ap-</p> <p>parently related to C. harenna. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from Mt Guramba and Nachisar National Park, W of the Rift Valley in W Ethiopia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 60-80 mm, tail 48-57 mm, ear 8-10 mm, hindfoot 12— 14 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Guramba White-toothed Shrew is a small to medium-sized shrew. Dorsal pelage is dark blackish-brown; ventral pelage is slightly paler. Hindfeet are relatively long (18-6% of head-body length). Tail is medium in length (c.53% of head-body length), completely dark blackish brown, and covered in long bristle hairs. Braincase is relatively broad and deep; the second unicuspid is slightly smaller than the third; M? is more robust than in any other species of African Crocidura. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane and riverine forest along the Ethiopian Rift Valley at elevations of 1100-2400 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Guramba White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The [UCN Red List. The Guramba White-toothed Shrew is considered rare with a very restricted distribution which includes the Nechisar National Park. The species may be threatened by the conversion of land to agricultural use.</p> <p>Bibliography. Duckworth et al. (1993), Happold &amp; Yalden (2013b), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (1981a), Hutterer &amp; Yalden (1990), Lavrenchenko (2016c), Yalden &amp; Largen (1992), Yalden, Largen &amp; Kock (1976), Yalden, Largen, Kock &amp; Hillman (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05B8730FAFCA27C1010FD3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05C8730FF2BA2571806FE27.text	3D474A54A05C8730FF2BA2571806FE27.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura bottegi Thomas 1898	<div><p>330.</p> <p>Bottego’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura bottegi</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Bottego / German: Bottego-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Bottego</p> <p>Other common names: Bottego's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura bottegi Thomas, 1898,</p> <p>“ between Badditu and Dime,” north-east of Lake Turkana, Ethiopia.</p> <p>Based on genetic data, C. bottegi seems to be sister to a clade including C. zimmerm- ani, C. canariensis, and C. sicula, although further sampling and the inclusion of more taxa 1s needed to clarify its phylogenetic relationships. Previously considered to include C. obscurior and C. eburnea. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SW Ethiopia, with one record from Marsabit in NC Kenya.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 46-51 mm, tail 29-30 mm, ear 7 mm, hindfoot 9 mm; weight 4 g. Bottego’s White-toothed Shrew is a very small shrew. Dorsal pelageis rich chocolate brown with a russet tinge; ventral pelage is slightly paler. Ears are dark brown. Feet are covered in brown hairs dorsally and have short claws. Tail is of medium length (c.60% of head—body length), brown in color, and covered in long bristle hairs. Skull has a high, rounded braincase, short rostrum, short but wide interorbital and maxillary regions, and weak front dentition. M? is relatively wide. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Found in grassy clearings within Afromontane/Afro-alpine habitats at elevations up to 1750 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Bottego’s White-toothed Shrew is terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Bottego’s White-toothed Shrew has a relatively broad distribution. It may potentially be threatened by habitat destruction, but further research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016l), Hutterer (2013e), Hutterer &amp; Yalden (1990), Lavrenchenko et al. (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05C8730FF2BA2571806FE27	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05C8730FA2AA961157BF75B.text	3D474A54A05C8730FA2AA961157BF75B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura fumosa Thomas 1904	<div><p>331.</p> <p>Smoky White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura fumosa</p> <p>French: Crocidure enfumée / German: Rauchgraue WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes blancos ahumada</p> <p>Other common names: Smoky Mountain Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura fumosa Thomas, 1904,</p> <p>“ Western slope of Mt. Kenya, 2600 m,” Kenya.</p> <p>This species has generally been placed in a luna-fumosa group; phylogenetically, C. fumosa 1s sister to a clade including C. munissi and C. mdumai. Considering the relatively variability within the species, it might include several cryptic species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Mt Kenya, Aberdare Range, and Cherangani Hills in WC Kenya, and</p> <p>apparently recorded throughout much of the mountainous regions of Ethiopia (although these specimens need to be further investigated for misidentification).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 65-92 mm, tail 39-63 mm, ear 5-11 mm, hindfoot 10-18 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Smoky White-toothed Shrew is a medium-sized shrew. Dorsal pelage is dark grayish brown; ventral pelage is slightly paler. Feet are pale grayish brown to yellowish brown. Tail is medium-length to long (50-80% of head-body length), covered in long bristle hairs, and bicolored, being grayish to reddish brown above and paler below. Skull has a wide interorbital region and the braincase is broad and high-domed; M? is moderately broad; the talonid of M, has an entoconid and talonid basin. There are three unicuspids: the third is usually larger than the second.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist montane forest. Surveys have found the Smoky White-toothed Shrew in Ethiopia in farmland and grassland, bushland, Acacia (Fabaceae) woodland, and wet forest, and also in all stages of sugarcane plantation. Found at elevations of 800-4000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Smoky White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Smoky White-toothed Shrew has a relatively broad but fragmented distribution and may be threatened by habitat destruction in the form of logging and agricultural expansion. It is found in the Aderdare and Mount Kenya National Parks, although these offer only moderately effective protection.</p> <p>Bibliography. Chane &amp;Yirga (2014), Chekol et al. (2012), Datiko &amp; Bekele (2014), Datiko et al. (2007), Dippenaar &amp; Meester (1989), Fekdu et al. (2015), Girma etal. (2012), Habtamu &amp; Bekele (2008, 2013), Jenkins &amp; Churchfield (2013b), Kassa &amp; Bekele (2008), Kennerley (2016f), Southern &amp; Hook (1963), Stanley et al. (2015), Takele et al. (2011), Workeneh et al. (2012).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05C8730FA2AA961157BF75B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05C8730FF27A8531353F73C.text	3D474A54A05C8730FF27A8531353F73C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura harenna Hutterer & Yalden 1990	<div><p>329.</p> <p>Harenna White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura harenna</p> <p>French: Crocidure de I'Harenna / German: Harenna-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Harenna</p> <p>Other common names: Harenna Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura harenna Hutterer &amp; Yalden, 1990,</p> <p>Harenna Forest, Bale Mountains, Ethiopia.</p> <p>Relationships with other species in the genus uncertain; C. harenna may be related to C. phaeura. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Harenna Forest in the Bale Mts of SC Ethiopia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 65-76 mm, tail 44-48 mm, ear 8-9 mm, hindfoot 12-5-14 mm; weight 7-9-5 g. The Harenna White-toothed Shrew is small to medium-sized with soft, dense pelage. The entire body is slate gray without a hint of brown and no demarcation between dorsal and ventral pelage. Tail is relatively long (c.66% of head-body length), slate gray, and covered in long bristle hairs throughout. Skull is high-domed; the braincase is almost hexagonal in dorsal view; the first upper incisor is moderately long and hooked; the first upper unicuspid is large, while the second and third are half the height of the first; M? is relatively large. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 36, FN = 50.</p> <p>Habitat. Restricted to a narrow altitudinal belt known as the Schefflera-Hagenia Belt, composed of mixed montane evergreen tropical forest. Elevational range is 2400-2630 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. One pregnant female and two sexually active males were recorded in August.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Harenna White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Harenna White-toothed Shrew is only known from six specimens from the Bale Mountains National Park, collected from 1971 to 1986. It is threatened by agricultural expansion, overgrazing, and logging, all amounting to habitat destruction.</p> <p>Bibliography. Happold &amp; Yalden (2013a), Hutterer &amp; Yalden (1990), Lavrenchenko (2016b), Lavrenchenko et al. (1997).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05C8730FF27A8531353F73C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05C8731FA2CA3AF13ADFE92.text	3D474A54A05C8731FA2CA3AF13ADFE92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura zaphiri Dollman 1915	<div><p>332.</p> <p>Zaphiro’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura zaphiri</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Zaphiro / German: Zaphiro-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Zaphiro</p> <p>Other common names: Zaphiro’s Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura zaphiri Dollman, 1915,</p> <p>Charada Forest, Kaffa, southern Ethiopia.</p> <p>This species may include the taxa mutesae and suahelae, which are currently included in C. viana, such a switch would extend the distribution of C. zaphiri considerably. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SW Ethiopia and WC Kenya (Kaimosi in Kisumu district).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 105 mm, tail 60 mm, ear 11 mm, hindfoot 19 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Zaphiro’s White-toothed Shrew is a very large shrew thatis similar to, but smaller than, the African Giant White-toothed Shrew (C. olivier). Dorsal pelage is dull slaty brown to cinnamon brown; ventral pelage is slightly paler and grayer. Feet are paler than the body. Tail is of medium length (c.57% of head-body length), unicolored brown, hairy, and covered in longer bristle hairs. M’ is moderately broad; M, has a talonid basin. There are three unicuspids: the second is smaller than the third.</p> <p>Habitat. Found in forested regions.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Zaphiro’s White-toothed Shrew is terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Virtually nothing is known of Zaphiro’s White-toothed Shrew, but it may be threatened by deforestation in the near future, as urban areas expand.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aggundey &amp; Schlitter (1986), Churchfield &amp; Jenkins (2013l), Dollman (1915c¢), Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016p), Lavrenchenko et al. (2016).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05C8731FA2CA3AF13ADFE92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05D8731FFF8A31014EBFE92.text	3D474A54A05D8731FFF8A31014EBFE92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura macarthuri St. Leger 1934	<div><p>334.</p> <p>MacArthur’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura macarthur</p> <p>French: Crocidure de MacArthur / German: MacArthur-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de MacArthur</p> <p>Other common names: Macarthur’s Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura macarthuri St. Leger, 1934,</p> <p>Merifano, 32 km from mouth of Tana River, Kenya.</p> <p>The phylogenetic position of this species is uncertain, although it is morphologically similar to C. fischeri. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from scattered localities throughout Kenya and C &amp; S Somalia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 78-85 mm, tail 35-45 mm, ear 7-10 mm, hindfoot 12-13 mm; weight 11-13 g. MacArthur's White-toothed Shrew is a distinctive medium-sized species very similar to Fischer's White-toothed Shrew (C. fischeri) but smaller. Dorsal pelage is bluish gray with a brownish tinge; ventral pelage is white, with hairs that are gray on the basal half and white at the terminal half. Upperlips, throat, behind the ears, and feet are also white. The white is sometimes washed with buff or gray in some specimens. Tail is medium-length (56% of head-body length), white, thicker at the base and tapering toward the tip, and nearly naked but with long bristle hairs throughout. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Recorded from dry Acacia (Fabaceae) savanna habitats interspersed with Themeda, Hyparrhenia, and Cenchrus grasses, in south Kenya. MacArthur's Whitetoothed Shrew occurs at elevations of ¢.800 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. MacArthur's White-toothed Shrew is terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. MacArthur’s White-toothed Shrew is considered rare within its broad but seemingly fragmented distribution. The species is found in the Meru National Park in Kenya and may be threatened by habitat destruction due to agricultural expansion.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aggundey &amp; Schlitter (1986), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (1986f), Hutterer &amp; Oguge (2016), Oguge (2013c).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05D8731FFF8A31014EBFE92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05D8731FAFDAAF31A88F9A1.text	3D474A54A05D8731FAFDAAF31A88F9A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura macowi Dollman 1915	<div><p>335.</p> <p>Nyiro White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura macowi</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Ng'iro / German: Nyiro-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Nyiro</p> <p>Other common names: Macow'’s Shrew, Nyiro Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura macow: Dollman, 1904,</p> <p>south of Lake Rudolf (= Lake Tur- kana), Mount Nyiro, Kenya.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships with other Crocidura are uncertain; appears superficially similar to C. niobe. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality at Mt Nyiro in NW Kenya.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 68-71 mm, tail 57-58 mm, ear 8:5-9-5 mm, hindfoot 13-13-5 mm. No specific data are available</p> <p>for body weight. The Nyiro White-toothed Shrew is a small shrew with dark brown dorsal pelage and grayish brown or slate gray ventral pelage. Feet are dark brown. Tail is relatively long (c.80% of head-body length), bicolored, being dark brown above and paler below, and relatively hairy, with longer bristle hairs mixed in throughout. M* is medium-sized; the talonid of M, has an entoconid and talonid basin. There are three unicuspids: the third is larger than the second.</p> <p>Habitat. There is no information regarding the habitat the specimens were actually collected in, but Mount Nyiro supports Afromontane forest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Nyiro White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Nyiro White-toothed Shrew is only known from two specimens collected over 100 years ago.</p> <p>Bibliography. Churchfield &amp; Jenkins (2013d), Dollman (1915e), Jenkins (2016b).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05D8731FAFDAAF31A88F9A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05D8731FFF8AAF313ADF7F0.text	3D474A54A05D8731FFF8AAF313ADF7F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura selina Dollman 1915	<div><p>333.</p> <p>Ugandan Lowland White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura selina</p> <p>French: Crocidure d'Ouganda / German: Uganda-Tiefland-Weifl3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de tierras bajas de Uganda</p> <p>Other common names: Moon Shrew, Ugandan Lowland Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura fumosa selina Dollman, 1915,</p> <p>Chagwe, Mabira Forest, Uganda.</p> <p>The relationships ofthis species are uncertain and require further investigation; the identity of the Kenyan population should also be investigated. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Mabira, Kibanda, and Mbanga forests in C Uganda and Chyulu Hills in S Kenya.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 77-100 mm, tail 55-68 mm, ear 6-611 mm, hindfoot 13-16 mm; weight 11-15 g. The Ugandan Lowland White-toothed Shrew is a medium-sized shrew. Dorsal pelage is dark brownish gray to slate gray; ventral pelage is slightly paler. Feet are reddish brown to yellowish brown. Tail is relatively long (c.70% of head-body length), slightly bicolored, being dark reddish brown dorsally and slightly lighter ventrally, and covered in long bristle hairs. Skull has a proportionally wide interorbital region; rostrum is moderately robust; the braincase is narrow and flat; the unicusipids are robust and M” is moderately wide. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Found primarily in evergreen forest up to elevations of 1700-1800 m. In the Kyulu Hills of Kenya, the species was found in mist forest consisting primarily of Alangium chinense (Cornaceae), Ilex mitis (Aquifoliaceae), Ficus (Moraceae), Xymalos (Monimiaceae), Neoboutonia (Euphorbiaceae), Schefflera (Araliaceae), Prunus africana (Rosaceae), Olea capensis (Oleaceae) and Rapanea (Primulaceae).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Ugandan Lowland White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Ugandan Lowland White-toothed Shrew is relatively common throughoutits range. It may be threatened by habitat destruction and fragmentation, especially in Kenya. The species is found in the Mabira Forest Reserve in Uganda, although this reserve is currently threatened with timber extraction.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dippenaar &amp; Meester (1989), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (2013w), Oguge et al. (2004), Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016n).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05D8731FFF8AAF313ADF7F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05D8731FAFCADE21B01F41B.text	3D474A54A05D8731FAFCADE21B01F41B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura ultima Dollman 1915	<div><p>336.</p> <p>Ulumate White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura ultima</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Nyeri / German: Jombeni-WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana maxima</p> <p>Other common names: Ultimate Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura ultima Dollman, 1915,</p> <p>Jombeni Range, Nyeri District, Kenya.</p> <p>Has been included within C. monax, but it is generally recognized as a distinct species. Further phylogenetic studies are needed to determine the relationship of this species to other Crocidura. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Jombeni Range near Nyeri in WC Kenya; potentially found in the Aberdare Range as well, although this has yet to</p> <p>be confirmed.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 90 mm, tail 62 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 16 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Ultimate White-toothed Shrew is a large shrew with dorsal pelage reddish brown mottled with gray, while the ventral pelage is grayer. Feet are pale buffy brown dorsally, with the claws on the hindfeet being slightly longer than those of the forefeet. Tail is relatively long (c¢.70% of head—body length), unicolored yellowish brown, and covered with very short brownish hairs and interspersed bristle hairs. Skull is broad; rostrum is blunt; teeth are small; M? is broad; M, has an entoconid on the talonid. There are three unicuspids: the second is smaller than, and overlapped by, the third.</p> <p>Habitat. Recorded from montane tropical moist forest at an altitude of c.1424 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Ultimate White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Ulumate White-toothed Shrew is known only from the holotype collected over 100 years ago. It may be threatened by deforestation.</p> <p>Bibliography. Churchfield &amp; Jenkins (2013)), Dippenaar (1980a), Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (20160).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05D8731FAFCADE21B01F41B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05D8732FAFCA76C12A1FB06.text	3D474A54A05D8732FAFCA76C12A1FB06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura raineyi Heller 1912	<div><p>337.</p> <p>Rainey’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura raineyi</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Rainey / German: Rainey-\WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Rainey</p> <p>Other common names: Rainey's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura raineyi Heller, 1912,</p> <p>North Creek, Mount Garguez (= Warges), Kenya.</p> <p>Genetic data are needed to determine the relationships with other Crocidura. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Mt Gargues in the Matthews Range of C Kenya.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 90-92 mm, tail 59-65 mm, hindfoot 16 mm. No specific data are available for body weight (nor ear). Rainey’s White-toothed Shrew is a large shrew with grizzled brownish gray dorsal pelage and paler ventral pelage. Feet are very pale yellowish brown. Tail is relatively long (c.69% of head-body length), hairy, covered in longer bristle hairs, and bicolored, being brownish gray dorsally and whitish ventrally. Skull is mediums-sized with a narrow and low braincase; unicuspids are subequal and M?is robust. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane forests and creeks. It is thought that Rainey’s White-toothed Shrew may prefer dry forests. Elevational range ofthis species is unknown.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Rainey’s White-toothed Shrew is terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Rainey’s White-toothed Shrew is only known from twelve specimens, the last collected in 1911. Virtually nothing is known of Rainey’s White-toothed Shrew, but overgrazing of its habitat may be a threat.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dippenaar &amp; Meester (1989), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (2013v), Kennerley (2016h).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05D8732FAFCA76C12A1FB06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05E8732FF20AE001719F4DF.text	3D474A54A05E8732FF20AE001719F4DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura allex Osgood 1910	<div><p>338.</p> <p>East African Highland White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura allex</p> <p>French: Crocidure d'Osgood / German: Ostafrikanische Hochland-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de tierras altas de Africa oriental</p> <p>Other common names: East African Highland Shrew, Highlands Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura allex Osgood, 1910,</p> <p>“ Naivasha, British East Africa [= Kenya].”</p> <p>The phylogenetic placement of this species is uncertain. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Highlands of SW Kenya and NE Tanzania (Ngorogoro, Mt Meru, and Mt Kilimanjaro).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 55-64 mm, tail 45-55 mm, ear 7-9 mm, hindfoot 10-12 mm; weight 4-8 g. The East African Highland White-toothed Shrew is a small shrew with thick, dense pelage. Dorsal pelage is a burnt umber; ventral pelage is brownish gray, the individual hairs being gray basally and brownish gray terminally. Feet are dark brown and have sharp, pointed claws. Tail is relatively long (c.82% of head-body length), unicolored dark brown, and somewhat hairy, with longer bristle hairs throughout. Rostrum is short; maxillary width is medium for the genus; the interorbital constriction is wide; the braincase is wide and medium in height; the first incisor is moderately long and hooked; the third molar is wide. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Primarily alpine forest and bamboo forests at lower elevations; also in grassland at higher elevations, although less common in grassland and swampland. Thought to occur at elevations of 2000-4000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. A pregnant female was captured in July on Mount Kilimanjaro.</p> <p>Activity patterns. East African Highland White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The East African Highland White-toothed Shrew is considered relatively common within its restricted distribution although it seems to be threatened by habitat destruction in the form of agricultural expansion. It is found in protected areas on Mt Kilimanjaro and Mt Meru.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hutterer (2013c), Hutterer, Jenkins &amp; Baxter (2008), Osgood (1910a), Shore &amp; Garbett (1991).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05E8732FF20AE001719F4DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05E8732FA25AFB11B00F52F.text	3D474A54A05E8732FA25AFB11B00F52F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura elgonius Osgood 1910	<div><p>340.</p> <p>Elgon White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura elgonius</p> <p>French: Crocidure de I'Elgon / German: Elgon-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Elgon</p> <p>Other common names: Elgon Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura bicolor elgonius Osgood, 1910,</p> <p>“ Kirui, near Mt. Elgon, British East Africa [= Kenya].”</p> <p>The phylogenetic relationships of this species are uncertain. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. W &amp; S Kenya (Mt Elgon, Cherangani Hills, Eldoret, Kisumu, Lake Nakuru, Muguga, and Nairobi) and E Tanzania (East and West Usambara, Uluguru, and Udzungwa Mts); it may occur in adjacent EC Uganda.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 55-68 mm, tail 33-40 mm, ear 7-8 mm, hindfoot 9-11 mm; weight 2-4-6 g. The Elgon White-toothed Shrew is a small shrew with short hair and prominent ears that lack long hairs. Dorsal pelage is brown; ventral pelage is dirty white, speckled with gray; hairs on dorsum are pure brown and those on ventrum are dirty white with a gray base. Forefeet are paler than the dorsum; the hindfeet are dark brown on the distal two toes and the edge of the foot, and are yellowish on the inside. Tail is of medium length (c.55% of head-body length), bicolored, being dark brown above and paler below, and relatively hairy, with longer bristle hairs mixed in throughout. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist tropical montane forest; also disturbed habitats near montane forest, and other highland habitats. In the Udzungwa Mountains, the Elgon White-toothed Shrew is common in dry forests at elevations of 600 m but absent from wetter forests above 1000 m. It has been recorded in rotting vegetation at the edge of a swamp.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Juveniles have been captured in August and September.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Elgon White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial and nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Elgon White-toothed Shrew is the most numerous shrew in drier forests, although its distribution is very fragmented and suitable habitat is declining. The species is found in the Mount Elgon National Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aggundey &amp; Schlitter (1986), Cassola (2016ag), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Osgood (1910a), Stanley (2013b), Stanley, Kihaule et al. (1998), Stanley, Nikundiwe et al. (2005).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05E8732FA25AFB11B00F52F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05E8732FF22A0281475FB57.text	3D474A54A05E8732FF22A0281475FB57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura xantippe Osgood 1910	<div><p>339.</p> <p>Xanthippe’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura xantippe</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Xanthippe / German: Xanthippe-WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Xanthippe</p> <p>Other common names: ermiculate Shrew, Xanthippe's Shrew, Yellow-footed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura xantippe Osgood, 1910,</p> <p>“ Voi, British East Africa [= Kenya].”</p> <p>The phylogenetic relationship of C. xantippe is uncertain, although it is probably related to C. hirta. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SE Kenya and NE Tanzania, as well as a disjunct record from NW Kenya, although this specimen needs to be further examined for misidentification.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 89-98 mm, tail 55-67 mm, ear 10-12 mm, hindfoot 14— 16 mm; weight 12-14 g. Xanthippe’s White-toothed Shrew is a large shrew with short pelage and prominent ears. Dorsal pelage is pale brown with a fine speckling of paler color throughout, the individual hairs being slate-gray and some tipped with brown, which gives the pelage its speckled appearance; ventral pelage is whitish gray with a yellowish</p> <p>wash along the ventral midline, narrow on neck and wider on chest and abdomen, the hairs being grayish white or gray on basal half, yellowish white on distal half. Forefeet pale brown to yellowish brown; the hindfeet are paler than the forefeet. Tail is relatively long (¢.66% of head-body length), slightly bicolored, being whitish gray below, turning browner on distal third, and relatively hairy, with longer bristle hairs throughout. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Collected in dry thornscrub,slightly disturbed montane forest, and a eucalypt plantation, at elevations of 1100-1300 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. A lactating female was captured in July in the West Usambara Mountains.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Xanthippe’s White-toothed Shrew is terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Xanthippe’s White-toothed Shrew seems to be rare within its small distribution, accounting for only 1-5% of 53 shrews captured in the West Usambara Mountains. The species is found in Tsavo East and Tsavo West national parks.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aggundey &amp; Schlitter (1986), Hutterer (2016c), Osgood (1910b), Stanley (2013h), Stanley, Kihaule et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05E8732FF22A0281475FB57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05E8733FA27A05810F4FB2C.text	3D474A54A05E8733FA27A05810F4FB2C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura fischeri Pagenstecher 1885	<div><p>341.</p> <p>Fischer's White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura fischeri</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Fischer / German: FischerWeil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Fischer</p> <p>Other common names: Fischer's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura fischeri Pagenstecher, 1885,</p> <p>Nguruman, Kenya.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships uncertain. Perhaps closely related to C. macarthur, as they are superficially very similar, although C. fischeri is larger; might be related to C. voi. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality N of Lake Natron, SC Kenya, and Himo, NE Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 82-97 mm</p> <p>(males) and 65-92 mm (females), tail 41-57 mm (males) and 42-57 mm (females),</p> <p>ear 7-5—10-5 mm (males) and 9-4—11-7 mm (females), hindfoot 13-2—13-5 mm (males) and 12-13 mm (females); weight 14-5-15 g (males) and 11-15 g (females). Fischer's White-toothed Shrew is a distinctive medium-sized species. Dorsal pelage is bluish gray with a brownish tinge; ventral pelage is white, the hairs being gray on the basal half and white on the distal half. The upperlips, throat, behind the ears, and feet are white, with hairs like those on the ventrum. Tail is of medium length (c.53% of head-body length in males, ¢.59% of head-body length in females), pale pink, thick at the base and tapering toward tip, and is very hairy with longer bristle hairs all over. The upper first incisor is long and hooked; first unicuspid is very large and the second and third are half the size; M? is small. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Fischer’s White-toothed Shrew is a dry-savanna specialist that is not present in mountainous areas. It has been recorded at ¢.800 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Three females with perforated vaginas were captured in June, suggesting that they were reproductively active, although the males captured at this time were not reproductively active.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Fischer's White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial and nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Fischer's White-toothed Shrew is locally abundant, accounting for 78% of the shrews captured in Nguruman, Kenya. The range is, however,restricted and the species is very poorly known. Further study is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aggundey &amp; Schlitter (1986), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (1986f), Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016m), Moreau et al. (1946), Oguge (2013a).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05E8733FA27A05810F4FB2C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05F8733FFFDA1C71534F92A.text	3D474A54A05F8733FFFDA1C71534F92A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura desperata Hutterer, Jenkins & W. N. Verheyen 1991	<div><p>343.</p> <p>Desperate White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura desperata</p> <p>French: Crocidure furieuse / German: Verzweifelte Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana desesperada</p> <p>Other common names: Desperate Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura desperata Hutterer, Jenkins &amp; W. N. Verheyen, 1991,</p> <p>mountain bamboo zone above 2000 m, Rungwe Mountains, southern Tanzania.</p> <p>Relationships unresolved. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to relict forest patches at elevations over 1500 m in the Rungwe and Udzungwa Mts in S Tanzania. Not known from any of the other Eastern Arc Mts in Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 80-101 mm, tail 67 mm, ear 7-8-5 mm, hindfoot 18-7-19 mm; weight 16-27 g. The Desperate White-toothed Shrew is a highly specialized shrew that shows some characteristics of Myosorex spp. It is a large, long-furred shrew, closely resembling the Kivu Long-haired White-toothed Shrew (C. lanosa) of Mount Kahuzi (DR Congo). Pelage is long (10 mm) and woolly, deep grayish brown above with slight speckling, while</p> <p>the underparts are pale gray, with a gradual transition zone between the two. Foreand hindfeet are also pale gray with well-developed claws (2:5-2-6 mm on forefeet; 2:6-2-9 mm on hindfeet). The relatively long tail (c.75% of head-body length) is thickened at base, brown above and gray below with bristle hairs of up to 12 mm in length on 70-76% of its length. The specimen from the Udzungwa Mountains has a shorter hindfoot (16-5 mm) and shorter dorsal hair (6:5 mm), and differs slightly in coloration; more specimens are needed to evaluate these differences. The Desperate White-toothed Shrew is rather similar to the Kivu Long-haired White-toothed Shrew, which looks like a juvenile Scutisorex; the Kivu Long-haired White-toothed Shrew is larger and has a longertail and low pilosity (33%). The skulls of the two differ in size and form: that of the Desperate White-toothed Shrew is large and rather flat with elongated rostrum and narrow interorbital region. First incisor long and hooked; upper incisor long and gracile. First unicuspid larger than second and third which are equal in size. M* small. Condylo-incisive length is 25-27 mm.</p> <p>Habitat. In the Rungwe Forest, the Desperate White-toothed Shrew was caught in the mountain bamboo zone with Arundinaria alpina as the main plant.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Elongated incisors suggest that earthworms may form part of the diet.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Long claws on hindfeet (similar to those of Myosorex spp.), comparatively small ears and dorsal surface of hindfoot with small scales and relatively few hairs suggest that Desperate White-toothed Shrews may be partly fossorial. In the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (2000 m) captured syntopically with Hildegarde’s White-toothed Shrew (C. hildegardeae), the African Giant White-toothed Shrew (C. olivier), Munissi’s White-toothed Shrew (C. munissii), Kihaule’s Mouse Shrew (Myosorex kihaulei), and the Climbing Shrew (Suncus megalurus).</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List because its extent of occurrenceis less than 5000 km?, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. The Desperate White-toothed Shrew is considered threatened by increasing forest loss and fragmentation in the Udzungwa Mountains of southern Tanzania. It may occur within the Udzungwa Mountains National Park, butits presence there is uncertain. There is an urgent need to conserve effectively the remaining tracts of montane forest inhabited by this species.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hutterer (2005b, 2013i), Hutterer, Howell &amp; Jenkins (2008), Hutterer, Jenkins &amp; Verheyen (1991), Stanley &amp; Hutterer (2007), Stanley et al. (2015).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05F8733FFFDA1C71534F92A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05F8733FFE0AE5A16AAF5CE.text	3D474A54A05F8733FFE0AE5A16AAF5CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura gracilipes Peters 1870	<div><p>342.</p> <p>Peters’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura gracilipes</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Kilimandjaro / German: Peters-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Peters</p> <p>Other common names: Peters’'s Musk Shrew, Short-faced Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura gracilipes Peters, 1870,</p> <p>“ Auf der Reise nach dem Kilimandscharo [= on the journey to Kilimanjaro],” Tanzania.</p> <p>May be conspecific with C. cyanea, but further research and specimens are needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Uncertain, but the type locality is generally accepted to be Mt Kilimanjaro, NE Tanzania; there are further reports of this species throughout W &amp; E Africa (including some recent ones from Uganda), but they cannot be confirmed since most of the specimens have been wrongly attributed.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 65 mm, tail 52 mm, ear 6-5 mm, hindfoot 13 mm (one specimen). No specific data are available for body weight. Peters’s White-toothed Shrew is a small shrew. Dorsal pelage is cinnamon brown; ventral pelage is grayish brown, with the base of the hairs slate gray. Feet covered in sparse cinnamon-colored hairs. Tail is relatively long (c.80% of head-body length), thin, bicolored, being brown above and grayish brown below, and covered in scattered bristle hairs. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. There is no information available regarding habitat, but it may be Afromontane forest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Peters’s White-toothed Shrew is terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The holotype is the only certain record ofthis species;it was collected around 150 years ago.</p> <p>Bibliography. Jenkins (2016a), Jenkins &amp; Churchfield (2013c), Moreau et al. (1946), Plumptre et al. (2015).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05F8733FFE0AE5A16AAF5CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05F873CFAE4AC5C11B0FBF2.text	3D474A54A05F873CFAE4AC5C11B0FBF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura telfordi Hutterer 1986	<div><p>344.</p> <p>Telford’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura telfordi</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Telford / German: Telford-Weifl3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Telford</p> <p>Other common names: Telford's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura telfordi Hutterer, 1986, Morningside, 1150 m, Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania.</p> <p>Considered to be a part of a group of shrews endemic to the Eastern Arc Mountains. On morphological characters more closely related to C. lanosa than to C. monax, according to R. Hutterer in 1986. W. T. Stanley and others in 2015 included C. telfordi in a phylogenetic tree estimated from Bayesian analysis (cytochrome-b); it</p> <p>was placed as sister species to C. turba and more distantly related to C. lanosa and C. maurisca. There is a need to review the taxonomic relationship of populations from the Uluguru Mountains and the Udzungwa Mountains to determine whether they are a single, or two distinct, species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to Eastern Arc Mts in Tanzania (Uluguru and Udzungwa Mts), at elevations of ¢.600-1150 m.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 104-108 mm, tail 70-83 mm, ear 9-10 mm, hindfoot 19-20 mm; weight 16-5-22 g. This very large shrew with soft (5-6 mm) chocolate brown pelage differs from all other shrews of the C. monax group by its enormous skull; it also has a longer tail and hindfeet than other shrews of this group in Tanzania. Dorsal pelage is chocolate brown, with hairs silvery at base and brown attip; ventral part is slightly paler brown than dorsal pelage. Vibrissae long, and ears prominent with a few hairs. Foreand hindfeet are paler than dorsal pelage; hindfeet are comparatively long (17-19% of head-body length) and the relatively long tail (65-85% of head-body length) is slightly bicolored, with only 5% pilosity. Details of nipples unknown. Skull very large and elongated, flat and wide. Upper tooth row long with gracile teeth and a very small M’. Cutting edge of the lower incisor only slightly wavy, without significant denticulation. In skull morphology it is similar to that of the Kivu Long-haired White-toothed Shrew (C. lanosa), which also possesses an elongated skull with broad maxillar and cranial profile. Condylo-incisive length: 25.8-26-1 mm.</p> <p>Habitat. Undisturbed orslightly disturbed moist tropical montane forest. Not found in smaller patches of disturbed forest or in agricultural areas.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. A single adult female collected in August-September from Udzungwa Mountains was not pregnant. One male collected in August-September from the Uluguru Mountains had testis length of 4 mm and width of 3 mm.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Telford’s White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial and both nocturnal and diurnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. In the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Telford’s White-toothed Shrew was the least represented shrew (1%) out of 145 shrews sampled. Two specimens were captured at 600 m and 910 m, respectively, together with the Elgon White-toothed Shrew (C. elgonius), Hildegarde’s White-toothed Shrew (C. hildegardeae), the African Giant White-toothed Shrew (C. olivieri), and the Greater Dwarf Shrew (Suncus lixa).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List because its extent of occurrence is estimated to be only 10,184 km?, all its individuals occur at fewer than five locations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in the Uluguru Mountains. Telford’s White-toothed Shrew is threatened by forest loss in the Uluguru Mountains, largely through logging and conversion of land to agricultural use. It has been recorded from some forest reserves. There is a need to prevent further habitat loss and degradation within the restricted range of this species. Additional studies are needed into the species’ natural history and taxonomy.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hutterer (1986¢, 2005b), Kennerley (2016j), Nicoll &amp; Rathbun (1990), Stanley (2013f), Stanley &amp; Hutterer (2007), Stanley, Hutterer et al. (2015), Stanley, Kihaule et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05F873CFAE4AC5C11B0FBF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A050873CFF39AF131B50FAB1.text	3D474A54A050873CFF39AF131B50FAB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura monax Thomas 1910	<div><p>345.</p> <p>Kilimanjaro White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura monax</p> <p>French: Crocidure moine / German: Kilimandscharo-Weif3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana del Kilimanjaro</p> <p>Other common names: Kilimanjaro Shrew, Rombo Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura monax Thomas, 1910,</p> <p>“ Rombo... at an altitude on the mountain of about 6000’ [= 1829 m],” Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.</p> <p>Included in a clade along with C. tansaniana, C. usambarae, C. mdumai, C. munissu, C. newmarki, C. fumosa, and probably C. montis (from which C. mdumaz, C. munissu, and C. newmarki were only recently split as distinct species). This species seems to be closest to C. newmarki. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Mt Kilimanjaro and North Pare Mts in NE Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 83-101 mm, tail 55-71 mm, ear 10-12 mm, hindfoot 16-19 mm; weight 9-2-17 g. The Kilimanjaro White-toothed Shrew is a large species with relatively long hair. Dorsal pelage is rich brown, the individual hairssteel gray basally and brown-tipped; ventral pelage similarly colored butslightly paler, with hairs pale brown at tip. Ears are short but prominent. Feet are slightly paler than dorsum; claws longer on the hindfeet than on the forefeet. Tail is relatively long (67-70% of head-body length), bicolored, being very dark above and paler below, and relatively hairy, with longer bristle hairs throughout. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane forests at elevations of 1500-3000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Kilimanjaro White-toothed Shrews are terrestrial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Kilimanjaro White-toothed Shrew is very common where it occurs, but it has a very scattered and small distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dando &amp; Kennerley (2017), Stanley (2013d), Stanley et al. (2015).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A050873CFF39AF131B50FAB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A052873EFFF4AA5B1087F97B.text	3D474A54A052873EFFF4AA5B1087F97B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura mdumair Stanley 2015	<div><p>346.</p> <p>Mduma’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura mdumaz</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Mduma / German: Mduma-Weilszahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Mduma</p> <p>Other common names: Mduma's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura mdumair Stanley et al., 2015, “ Tanzania, Arusha Region, Ngorongoro District, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Ngorongoro Crater rim, near Pongo Ranger Post, 3-24407°S, 35-64040°E, 2064 m a.s.l.”</p> <p>Crocidura mdumai is in the C. monax clade and seems to be sister to C. munissii; together they are close to C. fumosa. Crocidura mdumai was previously included in C. monax. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Ngorongoro Crater in NE Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 76-91 mm, tail 52-65 mm, ear 9-11 mm, hindfoot 14-16 mm; weight 7-3-9-6 g. Mduma’s White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsal pelage is dark brown, and ventral pelage is slightly paler and dark gray. Feet are paler dorsally than rest of body. Tail is ¢.70% of head-body length, slightly bicolored, dark above, lighter below, and covered with short hair, with longer bristle hairs scattered throughout its length. Skull is small and rounded, with lees angular anterior corners of braincase than in other species of the C. monax clade. I' is short and slender, and C' is longer and broader than I’. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Ngorongoro Crater forests. Habitats of Mduma’s White-toothed Shrew include montane forest on the rim of the Ngorongoro caldera at elevations of ¢.2370 m and slightly drier forests at ¢.2000 m on the south-eastern slope.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Mduma’s White-toothed Shrew is threatened largely from small farms that might result in habitat loss in its small distribution. It occurs in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area.</p> <p>Bibliography. Giarla et al. (2017a), Stanley et al. (2015).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A052873EFFF4AA5B1087F97B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A052873EFFF2AD891583FCBB.text	3D474A54A052873EFFF2AD891583FCBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura montis Thomas 1906	<div><p>347.</p> <p>Montane White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura montis</p> <p>French: Crocidure de montagne / German: Montane WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de dientes blancos de montana</p> <p>Other common names: Montane Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura fumosa montis Thomas, 1906,</p> <p>“ Ruwenzori East [= eastern slope of Mount Rwenzori, Uganda], 12,500" [= 3810 m].”</p> <p>Crocidura montis is in the C. monax clade, and it seems to be sister to a clade including C. newmarki, C. tansaniana, C. usambarae, and C. monax. The Mount Meru population is now recognized as a distinct species, C. newmarki, based on morphometric and phylogenetic data. Crocidura montis might represent a complex of distinct species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. NE DR Congo, SW &amp; EC Uganda, SE South Sudan, and W &amp; C Kenya.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 63-95 mm, tail 46-69 mm, ear 6~12 mm, hindfoot 10-17 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Montane White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized to relatively large, with soft dense pelage. Dorsal and ventral pelageis very dark brown to blackish brown; individual hairs are dark gray basally and dark brown, with slightly russet tinge terminally. Ears are small and partially concealed by pelage. Feet are pale golden brown to brown. Tail is ¢.72% of head-body length, unicolored dark blackish brown, and covered with small hairs and scattered longer bristle hairs. Skull is compact, with short rostrum, wide interorbital region, rounded braincase in dorsal view,inflated braincase in lateral view, and wide infraorbital bridge. I' is long and hooked, and M? is wide. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane forests, heath (Erica, Ericaceae) forests, and montane grasslands. In Uganda, the Mount Elgon population of the Montane White-toothed Shrew occurs at elevations of 2900-4200 m; on Mount Rwenzori, it has been recorded at ¢.2950-3370 m; and in the DR Congo,it is found at ¢.2130-2740 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Montane White-toothed Shrews are primarily insectivorous but eat small amounts of invertebrates. On Mount Elgon, the most frequently eaten foods were spiders, adult beetles, lepidopteran larvae, and earthworms. They also eat larval beetles, adult flies, heteropterans, centipedes, and small amounts of other invertebrates. Seeds and other plant materials are also eaten relatively often.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Montane White-toothed Shrew is common and relatively widespread but seems to be affected by human caused fire on Mount Elgon and possibly by other forms of habitat destruction locally. It occurs in Mount Elgon and Rwenzori Mountains national parks.</p> <p>Bibliography. Clausnitzer et al. (2003), Demeter &amp; Hutterer (1986), Dippenaar &amp; Meester (1989), Hutterer (20130), Hutterer &amp; Howell (2008a), Stanley et al. (2015).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A052873EFFF2AD891583FCBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A052873EFAFAA8C91AAEF7D6.text	3D474A54A052873EFAFAA8C91AAEF7D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura newmarki Stanley 2015	<div><p>348.</p> <p>Newmark’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura newmarki</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Newmark / German: Newmark-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Newmark</p> <p>Other common names: Newmark's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura newmarki Stanley et al., 2015,</p> <p>“ Tanzania, Arusha Region, Arumeru District, Mt Meru, Arusha National Park, near Saddle Hut, 3-21609°S, 36-76897°E, 3600 m.”</p> <p>Crocidura newmarki is in the C. monax clade and sister to C. monax; it was previously included in C. montis. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Mt Meru in NE Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 65-85 mm, tail 45-60 mm, ear 8-10 mm, hindfoot</p> <p>13-16 mm; weight 3-5-11 g. Newmark’s White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized, with long woolly fur. Dorsal pelage is dark brown, and venteris slightly grayer brown. Feet are slighter paler than body. Tail is ¢.70% of head-body length, relatively hairy, covered with longer bristle hairs, and dark brown. Skull is small and wedge-shaped, and braincase is rounded. I' is short and slender and barely reaches as low as tip of I*; upper unicuspids are narrow with small cingula. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Submontane forest up to the ericaceous zone above tree line at elevations of 1950-3500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Newmark’s White-toothed Shrew has a very restricted distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Giarla et al. (2017b), Stanley &amp; Kihaule (2016), Stanley et al. (2015).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A052873EFAFAA8C91AAEF7D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A052873FFAF6A338111AFC91.text	3D474A54A052873FFAF6A338111AFC91.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura mumnissii Stanley 2015	<div><p>349.</p> <p>Munissi’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura munissi</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Munissi / German: Munissi-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Munissi</p> <p>Other common names: Munissi's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura munissii Stanley et al., 2015,</p> <p>“ Tanzania, Morogoro Region, Morogoro District, Uluguru Mts, Uluguru North Forest Reserve, 5- 1 km W, 2-3 km N Tegetero, 6-92°S, 37-6833°E, 1535 m.”</p> <p>Crocidura munissii is in the C. monax clade. It was previously included in C. monax until it was described as a distinct species along with C. mdumai, to which it is a sister species phylogenetically. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S Eastern Arc Mts in EC Tanzania (Ukaguru, Uluguru, Rubeho, and Udzungwa Mts).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 75-106 mm, tail 66-95 mm, ear 9-13 mm, hindfoot 15-19 mm; weight 9-5-19-5 g. Munissi’s White-toothed Shrew is large, with distinctively slender feet compared with other species in the C. monax clade. Dorsal and ventral pelage is rich brown, and hair is relatively long. Feet are slightly paler. Ears are brown and short. Tail is ¢.91% of head-body length, relatively hairy, covered with a</p> <p>few longer bristle hairs near its base, and uniformly rich brown. Braincase is long and has pronounced anterior facets. Skull is large, and I' is long hook-like. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Submontane and montane forests at elevations above 1450 m. Munissi’s White-toothed Shrew is not found in lower and drier forests.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Munissi’s White-toothed Shrew was considered conspecific with the Kilimanjaro White-toothed Shrew (C. monax), which was classified as Data Deficient. It has a very restricted distribution and might be threatened by agricultural expansion and other forms of habitat destruction.</p> <p>Bibliography. Stanley &amp; Hutterer (2007), Stanley et al. (2015).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A052873FFAF6A338111AFC91	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A053873FFF12A8F010B5F626.text	3D474A54A053873FFF12A8F010B5F626.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura tansaniana Hutterer 1986	<div><p>350.</p> <p>Tanzanian White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura tansaniana</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Tanzanie / German: Tansania-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafa de Tanzania</p> <p>Other common names: Tanzanian Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura tansaniana Hutterer, 1986,</p> <p>Amani (05-06°S, 38-38°E), East Usambara Mountains, Tanga Region, Tanzania.</p> <p>Crocidura tansaniana is sister to C. usambarae, which are togethersister to a clade including C. monax and C. newmarki in the C. monax clade. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. West and East Usambara Mts in NE Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 80-110 mm, tail 58-76 mm, ear 8-14 mm, hindfoot 15-19 mm; weight 9-5-20 g. The Tanzanian White-toothed Shrew is large. Dorsal and ventral pelageis rich brown, with long hair; individual hairs are brownish gray, with reddish brown tips. Feet are slightly paler than dorsum and covered with short brown hairs. Tail is 70-71% of head-body length, relatively hairy, covered with numerous longer bristle hairs along basal 24-48% of its length, and rich brown. Cranium is long and stout, with wide maxillary, broad interorbital region, and wide angular braincase. Dorsal profile of skull is relatively flat, with slight angle between braincase and rostrum; lambdoidal crest is well developed. [' is curved, forming a long hook; upper unicuspids are wide and have broad cingula. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Submontane rainforest. The Tanzanian White-toothed Shrew occurs in primary forests and forests where logging has occurred in the past, indicating thatit is resilient in logged areas.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Pregnant Tanzanian White-toothed Shrews with two embryos have been reported in July-September.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Tanzanian White-toothed Shrews are nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Tanzanian White-toothed Shrew has a very restricted distribution, but it is the most abundant shrew where it occurs in undisturbed forests in the East Usambara Mountains. Its habitat is severely fragmented from logging, but it can tolerate some selective logging, as evident by records in logged areas.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hutterer (1986¢), Kennerley (2016), Stanley (2013e), Stanley, Goodman &amp; Hutterer (2011), Stanley, Hutterer et al. (2015), Stanley, Kihaule et al. (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A053873FFF12A8F010B5F626	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A053873FFF14A16A15BEFB78.text	3D474A54A053873FFF14A16A15BEFB78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura usambarae Dippenaar 1980	<div><p>351.</p> <p>Usambara White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura usambarae</p> <p>French: Crocidure des Usambara / German: Usambara-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Usambara</p> <p>Other common names: Usambara Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura usambarae Dippe-</p> <p>naar, 1980, “‘Shume, 16 m n Lushoto,</p> <p>Tanzania’ on specimen label. Shume lies</p> <p>13 km NW Lushoto, western West Usam-</p> <p>bara Mts (4-67°S, 38-25°E, 1585 m).” Crocidura usambarae is sister to C. tansaniana in the C. monax clade. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from Magamba, Shume, Chome, and Mazumbai, NE Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 75-93 mm,</p> <p>tail 54-62 mm, ear 9-10 mm, hindfoot 15-16 mm; weight 8-4-10-5 g. The Usambara White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized, with short ears that protrude beyond pelage. Dorsal and ventral pelage is rich brown, with steel gray hairs and brown tips. Feet are slightly paler than dorsum. Tail is ¢.73% of head-body length, hairy, covered with sparse short bristle hairs (shorter than most species of Crocidura) near basal 10-25% of its length, and dark brown. Cranium is relatively short and dorso-ventrally compressed; interorbital region is short and broad; braincase is stout and globose, with angular</p> <p>superior facet; maxillary plate is narrow and has large lachrymal foramen; lambdoidal crest is relatively prominent; I' is short and stout; and upper incisors are wide in occlusal view, with narrow cingula. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist montane forest and adjacent habitats, including agricultural fields adjacent to montane forests in South Pare Mountains. Some Usambara White-toothed Shrews have been recorded in edge habitats of montane forests and disturbed montane forests. They are much less common butstill present in drier habitats. They have been recorded at elevations of 1580-1830 m in Mgamba, Shume, and Mazumai and above 1100 m in the Chome Forest Reserve.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Pregnant Usambara White-toothed Shrews with five embryos have been captured in July-September in Chome; one female with two embryos was captured in January in the West Usambara Mountains.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Usambara White-toothed Shrew has been recorded in the Chome Forest Reserve and is considered the most common shrew there (making up 70% of shrews captured), although it has a very restricted distribution and is threatened by encroachment of humans in the region and mining in East Usambaras.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dippenaar (1980a), Giarla et al. (2017¢), Howell &amp; Jenkins (1984), Stanley (2013g), Stanley, Goodman &amp; Hutterer (1996), Stanley, Hutterer et al. (2015).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A053873FFF14A16A15BEFB78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0538738FA17AF8C1312FE61.text	3D474A54A0538738FA17AF8C1312FE61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura kivuana Heim de Balsac 1968	<div><p>352.</p> <p>Kivu White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura kivuana</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Kivu / German: Kivu-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafna de Kivu</p> <p>Other common names: Kivu Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura kivuana Heim de Balsac, 1968,</p> <p>Tshibati, Kivu, DR Congo.</p> <p>Crocidura kivuana is recognized as mem- ber of the C. monax-C. littoralisC. mau- risca group. It is one of three Albertine Rift Valley endemics (C. kivuana, C. stenocephala, C. lanosa). In the phylogenetic tree estimated from Bayesian analysis of cytochrome-b sequences by W. T. Stanley and colleagues in 2015, C. kivuana was sister to C. niobe on the one hand and related</p> <p>to C. fumosa, C. =and C. munissii on the other hand. It was only distantly related to C. maurisca, C. littoralis, and C. stenocephala. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Restricted to the Kahuzi Mts in E DR Congo; confined to a small montane region W of Lake Kivu between Lwiro and Mt Kahuzi (1700-3300 m). Probably widely distributed in undisturbed areas above 2000 m.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 64-88 mm, tail 60-75 mm, ear 5-10 mm, hindfoot 10-16 mm; weight 5-13 g. Condylo-incisive lengths are 20-1-21-8 mm. The Kivu White-toothed Shrew is small to medium-sized and resembles the Gracile Whitetoothed Shrew (C. maurisca) and the Congo White-toothed Shrew (C. congobelgica). It also resembles the Smoky White-toothed Shrew (C. fumosa) and its allies with long tails and broad interorbital regions. Dorsal pelage is blackish with distinct brown tinge, especially on head. Base hairs are silvery gray, and tips are blackish with brown tinge. Underparts are ash-gray without any brownish tinge and paler than dorsal parts. Ears are naked. Hindfeet are brownish, with short hair. Forefeet are paler. Tail is ¢.89% of head-body length, blackish brown above, and paler below. Bristle hairs are present on tail base or lacking (pilosity is 0-20%), and some individuals have slight pencil at tip. Skull has domed cranium and broad maxillary region. Upper third unicuspid is larger than upper second unicuspid (vs. the Gracile White-toothed Shrew and the Congo White-toothed Shrew in which third upper unicuspid is smaller than second).</p> <p>Habitat. Associated with swamps. At lower elevations, swamps with sedges (Cyperaceae) such as Cladium mariscus and Cyperus latifolius are preferred habitats. At higher elevations, Kivu White-toothed Shrews are found in montane swamps with C. latifolius, primary and secondary mixed montane forests, and rarely in bamboo forest (2400 m). One individual was caught in afroalpine vegetation (Ericaceae) on top of Mount Kahuzi at 3300 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Four female Kivu White-toothed Shrews were pregnant during the wet season (October, November, and March). Embryo number was 1-2 /female (average 1-7). Sex ratio was 23 males:11 females, based on captures in Kahuzi-Biega, DR Congo.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Kivu White-toothed Shrew is abundant in some swampy habitats, representing ¢.50% of recorded shrews. It is often syntopic with the Kahuzi White-toothed Swamp Shrew (C. stenocephala) in some swamps on Mount Kahuzi.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Kiva White-toothed Shrew is restricted to one location and has an extent of occurrence of ¢.1221 km?. It is currently not under threat, butit is considered plausible that it could be threatened in the future following drainage of wetland habitat. It occurs in swamps in Kahuzi-Biéga National Park. There is a need to prevent any future habitat loss in the restricted distribution of the Kivu White-toothed Shrew, and additional studies are needed in to fully understand its natural history.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dieterlen (2013a), Dieterlen &amp; Heim de Balsac (1979), Heim de Balsac (1968a), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (1982, 2005b), Kaleme et al. (2007), Kennerley (2016k), Nicoll &amp; Rathbun (1990), Stanley et al. (2015).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0538738FA17AF8C1312FE61	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0548738FFFFAAA216A0F8B3.text	3D474A54A0548738FFFFAAA216A0F8B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura niobe Thomas 1906	<div><p>353.</p> <p>Niobe’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura niobe</p> <p>French: Crocidure niobé / German: Niobe-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Niobe</p> <p>Other common names: Niobe's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura niobe Thomas, 1906,</p> <p>“ Ruwenzori East, [= eastern slope of Mount Rwenzori, Uganda], 6000’ [= 1829 m].”</p> <p>Crocidura niobe seemsto besister to C. kivuana, and together they are close to the Ethiopian Endemic C. monax clade. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. E DR Congo, SW Uganda, W Rwanda, NW Burundi, and WC Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 65-81 mm, tail 56-66 mm, ear 8-12 mm, hindfoot 13—-15 mm; weight 5-5-10 g. Niobe’s Whitetoothed Shrew is medium-sized, with short hair. Dorsal pelage is dark grayish, with slight silvery mottling (slate-gray hairs with brownish tips), and ventral pelage is slightly paler. Feet are pale brown, and claws on forefeet are slightly shorter than those of hindfeet. Tail is ¢.82% of head-body length, slender, uniformly blackish and occasionally with white tip, and nearly naked. Skull has low braincase, and muzzle is stout and conical. Unicuspids are broader than longer. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane rainforest, secondary forest, mesic habitats along shallow stream and sedge marshes, and near cultivated areas at elevations of ¢.1600-2250 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Stomach samples of Niobe’s White-toothed Shrews have contained spiders, flies, centipedes, and adult and larval beetles in Burundi.</p> <p>Breeding. Pregnant Niobe’s White-toothed Shrews with 1-4 embryos have been captured in March—May, August, and November.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Niobe’s White-toothed Shrew is nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although Niobe’s White-toothed Shrews are known from a relatively small and scattered distribution, they are relatively common where they are found and face no major threats other than poor park management.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bober &amp; Kerbis Peterhans (2013a), Dieterlen &amp; Heim de Balsac (1979), Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2017b), Kerbis Peterhans &amp; Austin (1996), Kerbis Peterhans et al. (2010), Stanley et al. (2015), Tuyisingize et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0548738FFFFAAA216A0F8B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0548738FFFAA65B151AF97D.text	3D474A54A0548738FFFAA65B151AF97D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura pasha Dollman 1915	<div><p>355.</p> <p>Sahelian Tiny White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura pasha</p> <p>French: Crocidure pacha / German: Kleine Sahel-Weif3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana diminuta de Sahel</p> <p>Other common names: Pasha Shrew, Sahelian Tiny Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidrua pasha Dollman, 1915,</p> <p>“ Atbara R[iver]., Sudan.”</p> <p>Crocidura pasha is similar to C. nana and C. nanilla, although phylogenetic relationships of C. pasha to other Crocidura are uncertain. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. NE Mali, EC &amp; SE Sudan, SE South Sudan, and NE Ethiopia. There is also a record from ancient Egypt in Thebes where a mummified individual has recently been identified, although status of the species there is uncertain considering no individuals have been observed there in recent times.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 42-50 mm, tail 29-38 mm, ear 5-8 mm, hindfoot 75 9 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Sahelian Tiny White-toothed Shrew is very small. Dorsal pelage is cinnamon, mottled with gray, and ventral pelage is white. Feet are whitish buff. Tail is ¢.70% of head-body length, finely haired, covered with longer white bristle hairs throughout, and bicolored, being cinnamon brown above and whitish below. Skull is flattened, and sides of braincase are somewhat less parallel and more convex; teeth are small; second unicuspid is slightly smaller in horizontal section than third unicuspid; third unicuspid is moderately narrow; and talonid of M,is a single cusp. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Sudan and Sahelian savannas. The Sahelian Tiny White-toothed Shrew is thought to be a resilient.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Sahelian Tiny White-toothed Shrew is rarely captured and known from a few scattered populations over a wide distribution, although it is common in Adrar des Iforas Massif in north-western Mali. It is found in largely uninhabited regions and occurs in Awash National Park in Ethiopia. It currently faces no known threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cassola (2016ar), Churchfield &amp; Jenkins (2013g), Dobigny et al. (2001), Hutterer &amp; Kock (1983), Woodman et al. (2017), Yalden et al. (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0548738FFFAA65B151AF97D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0548738FFF8ACD01105F32D.text	3D474A54A0548738FFF8ACD01105F32D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura smithi Thomas 1895	<div><p>354.</p> <p>Desert White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura smith</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Smith / German: Wisten-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de desierto</p> <p>Other common names: Desert Musk Shrew, Desert Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura (Crocidura) smithi Thomas, 1895,</p> <p>Finik, Webi Shebeli, Ethiopia.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships of C. smithii are currently unknown. Subspecies debalsaci has generally been treated as a subspecies or synonym but might represent a distinct species. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C.s.smithiiThomas,1895—EEthiopia.</p> <p>C. s. debalsaci Hutterer, 1981 — E Senegal.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 64-85 mm,</p> <p>tail 31-51 mm, ear 7-5-8 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Desert White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsal pelage is slategray to pale yellowish brown, with gray-based hairs, and ventral pelage is white, with gray-based white-tipped hairs. There is clear demarcation between dorsum and venter high on flanks, almost to tops of ears and cheeks. Ears are naked and prominent. Feet are white, and hindfeet are short. Tail is ¢.54% of head-body length, white, thicker at its base, very hairy, and covered with longer bristle hairs. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Dry Sahelian savanna. One Desert White-toothed Shrew was associated with a termite mound.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Desert White-toothed Shrew is only known from a few specimens in two widely separate regions that might represent distinct species. Although there seem to be no major threats, it is considered rare.</p> <p>Bibliography. Happold (2013k), Heim de Balsac (1966), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (1981a, 1981c, 1986f), Hutterer, Howell &amp; Baxter (2016), Yalden et al. (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0548738FFF8ACD01105F32D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0548739FAE2AD971601FDCB.text	3D474A54A0548739FAE2AD971601FDCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura roosevelti (Heller 1910)	<div><p>356.</p> <p>Roosevelt's White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura roosevelti</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Roosevelt / German: Roosevelt-WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Roosevelt</p> <p>Other common names: Roosevelts Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Heliosorex roosevelti Heller, 1910,</p> <p>Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave, Uganda.</p> <p>Crocidura roosevelti is the type species of subgenus Heliosorex, named by E. Heller in 1910. According to genetic studies by S. Quérouil and others in 2005, it does not cluster with C. dolichura and C. crenata as suggested by R. Hutterer in 1981 and 1994. In a recent phylogenetic study by S</p> <p>Dubey and colleagues in 2008,it is closely related to West Palearctic C. russalaEe C. pachyura and in a basal position to all other Afrotropical Crocidurines. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Forest-savanna margin of the African forest block; there are records from Cameroon, Central African Republic, DR Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania, and NE Angola, and possibly present in South Sudan.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 62-82 mm, tail 59-69 mm, ear 6 mm, hindfoot 14-15 mm; weight 9 g. Condylo-incisive lengths are 20-7-22 mm. Roosevelt's Whitetoothed Shrew is small and pale cinnamon-brown, with tail 85-96% of head-body length. It is similar to the Somali White-toothed Shrew (C. somalica), except it has a more reddish hue and longertail, which is bicolored and nearly naked. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown, with gray-based hairs and cinnamon-brown tips. Ventral pelage is whitish gray, with gray-based hairs and white tips. Head is similar to dorsal color. Ears are relatively large. Forefeet and hindfeet are flesh-colored, with whitish hairs. Soles of hindfeet have granulae between plantar pads. Tail is distinctly bicolored, being cinnamon-brown above and white below. Tail has only a few short bristle hairs and appears naked (pilosity of short hairs ¢.70%). Tails of Angola specimens are 86-94% of head-body length. Skull is elongated and gracile. Interorbital region is narrow and almost parallel. Braincase is slightly arched, and dentition is weak. I' is moderately long and hooked. M? is narrow to medium-sized.</p> <p>Habitat. Moist savanna around the Congo Basin forest block. Roosevelt's Whitetoothed Shrew inhabits lowlands at elevations below 1200 m. In Rwenzori National Park, specimens were found in Imperata-Cymbopogon grass and Capparis-Euphorbia bushland mosaic.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roosevelt’s White-toothed Shrews are occasionally found in pellets of common barn owls (7yto alba) in Garamba Na- tional Park, DR Congo (five of 172 shrews from 13 species).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Roosevelt's White-toothed Shrew is widespread, and it does not appear to face major threats. It is found in Queen Elizabeth National Park in Uganda and Garamba National Park in north-eastern DR Congo.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), Happold (2013j), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Heim de Balsac &amp; Verschuren (1968), Heller (1910), Hutterer (1981b, 1993, 2005b), Hutterer &amp; Kerbis Peterhans (2016), Hutterer, Van der Straeten &amp; Verheyen (1987), Quérouil et al. (2005), Thorn et al. (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0548739FAE2AD971601FDCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0558739FF2AA930133EF7F2.text	3D474A54A0558739FF2AA930133EF7F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura crenata Brosset, Dubost & Heim de Balsac 1965	<div><p>357.</p> <p>Long-footed White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura crenata</p> <p>French: Crocidure sauteuse / German: Langful3-Weifldzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de pies largos</p> <p>Other common names: Jumping Shrew, Long-footed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura crenata Brosset, Dubost &amp; Heim de Balsac, 1965,</p> <p>Belinga, Gabon.</p> <p>Crocidura crenata seems closely related to C. dolichura based on 16s rRNA gene fragments. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S Cameroon, SW Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), N &amp; C Gabon, N Republic of the Congo, and one record from EC DR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 62-79 mm, tail 72-91 mm, ear 7-11 mm, hindfoot 15-16 mm; weight 7-8-9-1 g. The Long-footed White-toothed Shrew is small to medium-sized, with long hindfeet in proportion to body size and short dense pelage. Dorsal and ventral pelage is reddish brown or russet-brown, and hairs are gray-based and terminally reddish brown. Feet are nearly naked, and ears are relatively large and darkly pigmented. Tail is ¢.120% of head-body length, naked, and slightly bicolored, being dark brown above and slightly paler below. Skull is long and narrow; rostrum is long, wide, and high; maxillary is narrow; braincase is narrow and highly inflated; and interorbit is wide. Dentition is very weak, I' are short and slightly hooked, and M” are medium-sized. There are three unicuspids. Karyotype is 2n = 48.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary lowland rainforest and marshy habitats at elevations of 100-700 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. L.ong-footed White-toothed Shrews have very long feet and tails in proportion to their body size, which might suggest that they are scansorial and can jump.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Longfooted White-toothed Shrew is widespread and does not seem to have any major threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Brosset (1988), Brosset et al. (1965a), Cassola (2016ai), Goodman &amp; Hutterer (2004), Hutterer &amp; Barriere (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0558739FF2AA930133EF7F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0558739FA2EAA5D149CF689.text	3D474A54A0558739FA2EAA5D149CF689.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura fuscomurina (Heuglin 1865)	<div><p>359.</p> <p>Bicolored African White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura fuscomurina</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Heuglin / German: Zweifarb-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Africa bicolor</p> <p>Other common names: Bicolored Musk Shrew, Bicolored Shrew, Tiny Musk Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex fusco murinus Heuglin, 1865, Meshra-el-Req, Bahr-el-Ghazal, Sudan.</p> <p>Crocidura fuscomurina was previously known under the binomial C. bicolor, al- though it is now known as C. fuscomurina because it is the older name with priority. There is a strong possibility that it represents a cryptic species complex, although additional genetic and morphological research is needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Throughout sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal E to W Ethiopia and S to S Angola, N Namibia, and NE South Africa, avoiding densely forested regions in West and Central Africa.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 48-75 mm, tail 27-5-48 mm, ear 6-5-9 mm, hindfoot 8-11 mm; weight 2-5 g. The Bicolored African White-toothed Shrew is very small to small. Western populations are paler and larger than eastern populations. Dorsal pelage 1s grayish brown, with slate gray-based and brownor buffy brown-tipped hairs, with fawn subterminal band. Ventral pelage is silvery gray, occasionally with yellow tinge, with slate gray-based and whiteor off white-tipped hairs; venter is sharply demarcated from dorsum. Feet are pale brown to off white. Tail is ¢.65% of head-body length, hairy, covered with longer bristle hairs, and sharply bicolored, being pale to dark brown above and paler below. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 56 and FN = 86 in Burundi.</p> <p>Habitat. Woodland savannas and semiarid regions such as grasslands, woodlands, Kalahari sand, and riverine scrub habitats. Bicolored African White-toothed Shrews have been recorded in termite mounds, fallen logs, and marshy areas and are occasionally found around gardens, houses, and agricultural fields. They can tolerate fairly substantial habitat alteration and are considered somewhat of a habitat generalist, although they avoid densely forested regions.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Bicolored African White-toothed Shrews mainly eat insects such as moths, grasshoppers, mantises, dragonflies, and crickets, based on captive individuals that preferred moths. In one study, they preferred more chilopods, spiders, beetles, and crickets/grasshoppers.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproductive activity of the Bicolored African White-toothed Shrew occurs in the wet season (November—April). Litters have 2-5 young (mean 3-4), and young weigh 0-25—1 g at birth. They are born naked but are fully furred after a week. Eyes open after c.12 days, and behavioral traits develop quickly. Observations have shown that they actively explore by 17 days old and eatsolid food at c¢.14-19 days old. Caravanning has been observed from six days after birth to just before weaning. In the Kruger National Park, individuals were observed “back riding” instead of caravanning.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Bicolored African White-toothed Shrews are nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Bicolored African White-toothed Shrews are probably solitary, except for females with young.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Bicolored African White-toothed Shrew is widespread, although rarely captured, and faces no major threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dickman (1995), Dippenaar &amp; Baxter (2013b), Grubb et al. (1998), Happold (1987), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hurst et al. (2014), Hutterer (1983b, 2005b), Hutterer &amp; Happold (1983), Oguge et al. (2004), Yalden et al. (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0558739FA2EAA5D149CF689	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0558739FF28A31311E4F26C.text	3D474A54A0558739FF28A31311E4F26C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura grassei Brosset, Dubost & Heim de Balsac 1965	<div><p>358.</p> <p>Grasse’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura grasset</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Grassé / German: Grasse-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Grasse</p> <p>Other common names: Grasse's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura grassei Brosset, Dubost &amp; Heim de Balsac, 1965,</p> <p>Belinga, Gabon.</p> <p>Crocidura grassei is related to the lttoralismaurisca group based on genetic data, although additional research and sampling are needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S Cameroon, SW Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), N Gabon, and N Republic of the Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 76-86 mm, tail 69-80 mm, ear 10-12 mm, hindfoot 15-16 mm; weight 11-13 g. Grasse’s White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized, with soft dense pelage. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown, with gray-based and grayish browntipped hairs. Ventral pelage is grayish beige and paler than dorsum, with gray-based and beige-tipped hairs. Feet are not pigmented and sparsely covered with short white hairs. Tail is ¢.95% of head-body length, covered with longer white bristle hairs, and bicolored, being dark brown above and whitish below. Braincase is slightly domed; I' is long and hooked; first unicuspid is larger than other two, which are subequal; all three have well-developed cingulum; and M’ is medium-sized. There are three unicuspids. Karyotype is 2n = 40.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary lowland tropical rainforest, especially riparian and marsh habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There are no major threats affecting the widespread Grasse’s White-toothed Shrew.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cassola (2016ak), Goodman et al. (2001), Heim de Balsac (1968b), Hutterer (2013), Lasso et al. (1996), Pacifici et al. (2013), Quérouil et al. (2001), Ray &amp; Hutterer (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0558739FF28A31311E4F26C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A055873AFA2DA2F31324FD7F.text	3D474A54A055873AFA2DA2F31324FD7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura planiceps Heller 1910	<div><p>360.</p> <p>Flat-headed White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura planiceps</p> <p>French: Crocidure a téte plate / German: Flachkopf-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de cabeza plana</p> <p>Other common names: Flat-headed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura planciceps Heller, 1910,</p> <p>Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave, Uganda.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships of C. planciceps are uncertain, but it might be related to C. fuscomurina. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Distribution is uncertain but has been recorded from N Nigeria and NW Uganda for sure; it might also be present in Sudan, Ethiopia, and DR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 50-66 mm, tail 39-48 mm, ear 6-8 mm, hindfoot</p> <p>9-11 mm; weight 2-3 g. The Flat-headed White-toothed Shrew is very small. Dorsal pelage is cinnamon-brown to grayish brown, and ventral pelage is paler yellowish gray or silvery gray. Flank glands are distinctly marked with an oblong patch of whitish hairs. Feet are paler than dorsum. Tail is 72-78% of head-body length, hairy, and grayish brown. Skull is smaller and thinner, with a shorter tooth row, than in the morphologically similar Bicolored African White-toothed Shrew (C. fuscomurina). Braincaseis very flat, and profile of rostrum ascends slightly anterior to a marked depression at termination in interorbital region. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Cyperus (Cyperaceae) swamps near a stream in northern Nigeria.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Evidence of breeding of Flat-headed White-toothed Shrews has been noted in November in Nigeria.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Virtually nothing is known of the Flatheaded White-toothed Shrew, although it might be threatened by urbanization and agricultural expansion that destroysits wetland habitats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Churchfield &amp; Jenkins (2013i), Happold (1987), Hutterer (1981a), Kennerley &amp; Gerrie (2016), Meylan &amp; Vogel (1982).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A055873AFA2DA2F31324FD7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A056873AFF0FA995176FF660.text	3D474A54A056873AFF0FA995176FF660.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura crosser Thomas 1895	<div><p>361.</p> <p>Crosse’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura crosser</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Crosse / German: Crosse-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Crosse</p> <p>Other common names: Crosse’'s Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura (Crocidura) Crossei Thomas, 1895,</p> <p>“ Asaba, 150 miles [= 241 km] up the River Niger,” Nigeria.</p> <p>Crocidura crossei might be related to the morphologically similar C. gracilipes, but genetic data have shown thatthis species is actually sister to C. jouvenetae, which it may still be considered conspecific with due to their paraphyly. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. West Africa from Guinea E to SW Cameroon.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 54-80 mm, tail 45-57 mm, ear 6-11 mm, hindfoot 10-13 mm; weight 4-5-8 g. Crosse’s White-toothed Shrew is small to medium-sized. Dorsal pelage is slate-gray or grayish brown to chocolate-brown, and ventral pelage is grayish and paler than dorsum. Limbs are generally dark, and feet are brownish buff. Tail is ¢.84% of head-body length, quite stout, hairy, covered with longer bristle hairs throughout, grayish brown above, and paler below. Skull is long, and braincase is flat; skull is angular in dorsal view and sometimes has marked mid-dorsal break; rostrum is slender; anterior upper incisors are small and delicate; and second and third unicuspids are subequal. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 66, although this might be based on specimens of Crosse’s White-toothed Shrew or Jouvenet’s White-toothed Shrew (C. jouvenetae).</p> <p>Habitat. Forested habitats such as rainforest, relic forests surrounded by savanna, and tree plantations from lowlands to forests on Mount Cameroon.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Crosse’s White-toothed Shrews search leaflitter and similar ground cover for food, which probably includes insects.</p> <p>Breeding. Pregnant Crosse’s White-toothed Shrews have been recorded in the wet season (April, May, October, and November) of southern Nigeria and in early December in Ghana, but it is not knownif they also breed during the dry season. Litters have 2-4 young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Individuals seem to wander widely, based on low recapture rates (four of 40 individuals recaptured).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Crosse’s White-toothed Shrew has a relatively wide distribution and is considered common with no major threats. It is considered the most common species of shrew in some regions of Nigerian rainforest, making up 70% of captures. It has been recorded in numerous nature reserves, including Gambari Forest Reserve in Nigeria.</p> <p>Bibliography. Churchfield &amp; Jenkins (2013b), Decher et al. (1997), Grubb et al. (1998), Happold (1975, 1977, 1987), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer &amp; Happold (1983), Hutterer &amp; Jenkins (2016b), Jacquet et al. (2012).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A056873AFF0FA995176FF660	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A056873AFF05A2A617BDFB7B.text	3D474A54A056873AFF05A2A617BDFB7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura jouvenetae Heim de Balsac 1958	<div><p>362.</p> <p>Jouvenet’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura jouvenetae</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Jouvenet / German: Jouvenet-WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Jouvenet</p> <p>Other common names: Jouvenet's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura jouvenetae Heim de Balsac, 1958,</p> <p>Ziéla, Mount Nimba, Guin- ea.</p> <p>Crocidurajouvenetae has been recognized as a subspecies of C. crossei, but they have re- cently been recognized as two distinct spe- cies. Genetic data have recently indicated that C. jouvenetae is in a clade including C. crossei (which it was paraphyletic with), C. crenata, C. fuscomurina, and C. lusitania, and this clade was sister to a clade includ-</p> <p>ing C. cyanea, C. mariquensis, C. silacea, C. hildegardeae, C. batesi, C. foxi, C. buettikofen, C. theresae, C. grandiceps, and C. wimmeri, although more extensive genetic studies are needed. Because C. crossei and C. jouvenetae seem to be paraphyletic, they might still be conspecific, although additional research is needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S Guinea, Liberia, and Ivory Coast; distribution might be more extensive because distributional limits between this species and Crosse’s White-toothed Shrew (C. crosser) are still uncertain.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 64-86 mm,tail 47-63 mm, ear 9-10 mm, hindfoot 13-14-5 mm; weight 7-5-12 g. Jouvenet’s White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized, with short</p> <p>dense pelage. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown, and venter is paler, with no clear delineation between the two. Fur is paler under chin, and upper part of face is dark gray to black, and lower partis silvery with clear demarcation. Ears are large, and feet are pale. Tail is ¢.66% of head-body length, thick but thicker around base, hairy and covered with scattered longer bristle hairs, and bicolored, being grayish brown above and lighter below. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 66.</p> <p>Habitat. Mostly primary and secondary lowland forests and cocoa and coffee plantations surrounded by forest. Jouvenet’s White-toothed Shrews have also been found in moist rainforest near coastal lagoons and savannas.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Based on stomach samples from Tai Forest National Park, Jouvenet’s White-toothed Shrews largely eat ants; they also eat spiders, millipedes, adult beetles, cockroaches, crickets, larval lepidopterans, mantises, adult flies, and isopods.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although Jouvenet’s White-toothed Shrew has a relatively small and scattered distribution, is considered very common where it is found, and makes up 10-25% of shrews captured throughout various regions.</p> <p>Bibliography. Churchfield et al. (2004), Grubb et al. (1998), Happold (2013f), Heim de Balsac (1958), Heim de Balsac &amp; Aellen (1958), Hutterer &amp; Jenkins (2016d), Jacquet et al. (2012), Maddalena &amp; Ruedi (1994), Vogel et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A056873AFF05A2A617BDFB7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A056873AFAF2AF951BC0F550.text	3D474A54A056873AFAF2AF951BC0F550.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura lusitania Dollman 1915	<div><p>363.</p> <p>Mauritanian White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura lusitania</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Mauritanie / German: Mauretanien-Weifdzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Mauritania</p> <p>Other common names: Mauritanian Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura lusitania Dollman, 1915, Trarza country, Mauritania.</p> <p>Based on recent genetic studies, C. lusi- tania seems to be sister to an unnamed species of Crocidura in a clade including C. crenata, C. fuscomurina, C. crossei, and C. jouvenetae. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S Morocco and N Western Sahara, and from S Mauritania and Senegal E to W Niger and NW Nigeria, along with two highly isolated records in NW Eritrea and NC Ethiopia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 45-68 mm, tail 29-37 mm, ear 5-8 mm, hindfoot 9-10 mm; weight 3-5-1 g. The Mauritanian White-toothed Shrew is very small to small, with very short pelage. Dorsum is cinnamon-brown, and venter is pure white (in Nigeria) to grayish (through much of the rest of the distribution). Lips, chin, throat, and feet are white. Hindfeet are short. Tail is ¢.56% of head-body length, very hairy, covered with longer bristle hairs, and bicolored, being ashy gray above and white below. Skull is very small and flat, with flat braincase; rostrum is short and broad; third unicuspid is broader than second; and M,is very small. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 64.</p> <p>Habitat. Tree and bush savannas and cultivated fields in Senegal and sandy areas and coastal dunes along coasts. Mauritanian White-toothed Shrews have been found living in termite mounds.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Mauritanian White-toothed Shrew has a wide distribution and is considered common throughout much ofits distribution, with no major threats. It occurs in Awash National Park in Ethiopia.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cassola (2016am), Cornette et al. (2015), Granjon &amp; Duplantier (2013), Granjon et al. (2002), Hutterer (1986f), Maddalena &amp; Ruedi (1994), Sidiyene (1989), Vogel et al. (2013), Yalden et al. (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A056873AFAF2AF951BC0F550	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A056873BFA09A1B2114BFBA2.text	3D474A54A056873BFA09A1B2114BFBA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura littoralis Heller 1910	<div><p>364.</p> <p>Naked-tailed White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura littoralis</p> <p>French: Crocidure des rives / German: Nacktschwanz-Weildzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de cola desnuda</p> <p>Other common names: Butiaba Naked-tailed Shrew, Naked-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura littoralis Heller, 1910,</p> <p>Butiaba, east shore of Lake Albert, Uganda.</p> <p>Crocidura littoralis seems to represent multiple species because some populations that have been attributed to the synonym oritis were found to be closer to C. stenocephala than to C. littoralis. Because this has not been tested further, oritis is included as a synonym of C. littoralis until additional research can clarify its status. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. E Cameroon and Republic</p> <p>of the Congo E through SW Central African Republic and DR Congo to Uganda and WC Kenya.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 85-100 mm, tail 64-77 mm, ear 8-11 mm, hindfoot 13-17 mm; weight 20-24 g. The Naked-tailed White-toothed Shrew is large. Dorsum is blackish or dark brown, with ash gray-based and brownish-tipped hairs. Ventral pelage is similar to dorsum or paler grayish brown, with silvery gray-based and brownish gray-tipped hairs. Ears are darkly pigmented and covered with very short dark hairs on outer edges. Hindfeet are dark brown, and forefeet are slightly lighter brown. Tail is ¢.73% of head-body length, nearly naked with a few scattered bristle hairs nearits base, and bicolored, being blackish above and slightly paler below. Skull is broader than in the Kahuzi White-toothed Swamp Shrew (C. stenocephala), and cutting edges of mandibular incisors have two inconspicuous denticles. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Cloud canopy rainforest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Naked-tailed White-toothed Shrew includes ants,flies, larval lepidopterans, true bugs, termites, and spiders (based on one stomach sample).</p> <p>Breeding. Litters of the Naked-tailed White-toothed Shrew have 2-4 young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Naked-tailed White-toothed Shrew is rare and occurs over a fairly wide distribution. It does seem to face any major threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aggundey &amp; Schlitter (1986), Barriére et al. (2005), Cassola (2016al), Dieterlen &amp; Heim de Balsac (1979), Ray &amp; Hutterer (1996, 2013d), Stanley et al. (2015).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A056873BFA09A1B2114BFBA2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A057873BFF15A13915E7F999.text	3D474A54A057873BFF15A13915E7F999.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura cyanea (Duvernoy 1838)	<div><p>366.</p> <p>Reddish-gray White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura cyanea</p> <p>French: Crocidure ardoisée / German: Rotgraue WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafa gris rojiza</p> <p>Other common names: Reddish-gray Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex cyaneus Duvernoy, 1838,</p> <p>“ La riviere des Elephants, au sud de I’Afrique [= the Elephant River in Southern Africa].” Restricted by G. C. Shortridge in 1942 to “Citrusdal, South Africa.”</p> <p>Crocidura cyanea seems to be basal to a large clade including C. silacea, C. bates, C. foxi, C. buettikoferi, C. theresae, C. grandiceps, and C. wimmer: with C. mariquensis and C. hildegardeae being more basal to the clade than C. cyanea. This large clade issis-</p> <p>ter to a clade including C. crenata, C. fuscomurina, C. crossei, C. jouvenetae, and C. lusitania. Crocidura cyanea might represent a species complex, although additional genetic and morphometric research is needed to determine its taxonomic limits. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, E Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, Namibia, and extreme SW Angola.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 67-93 mm (males) and 68-89 mm (females), tail 42— 69 mm (males) and 33-55 mm (females), ear 811 mm (males) and 7-5-11 mm (females), hindfoot 11-14-5 mm (males) and 12-14 mm (females). No specific data are available for body weight. The Reddish-gray White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized to large; males seem to be larger than females. Dorsal pelage is brownish gray, grizzled with pale yellow; individual hairs are slate-gray basally and brown-tipped, with pale gray or yellowish subterminal band. Venter is paler gray, with yellow or burnt tinge in older individuals; hairs are slate-gray-based with silvery gray tips. Western individuals are generally paler than eastern individuals. Feet are yellow to pale brown. Tail is c.69% of head-body length,relatively hairy and covered with longerbristle hairs, and bicolored, being pale to dark brown above and paler below. Females have six inguinal nipples. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Various habitats such as montane forests and grasslands, vleis (grassy or marshy wetland), dense shrubs, savannas, grasslands, and rocky outcrops. In central Namibia, there is a uniquely adapted population of cave-dwelling Reddish-gray Whitetoothed Shrews that goes ¢.150 m into the cave and thrives on invertebrates.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diets of the Reddish-gray White-toothed Shrew include a variety of invertebrates. In cave-dwelling individuals in Namibia, it seems to survive on ptinid beetles, apterous crickets, and pseudoscorpions and might even eat carcasses of bats roosting in the cave.</p> <p>Breeding. Breeding of Reddish-gray White-toothed Shrews occurs during the wet season (September—April), although a pregnant female was found in the dry season (July) in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Reddish-gray White-toothed Shrews probably can breed year-round and opportunistically. Litters have 2-6 young (mean 3-3).</p> <p>Activity patterns. Reddish-gray White-toothed Shrews are primarily nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Reddish-gray White-toothed Shrews are solitary.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Reddish-gray White-toothed Shrew is common throughout much ofits distribution and seems to have no major threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baxter &amp; Dippenaar (2013a), Baxter et al. (2016), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Lynch (1994), Marais &amp; Irish (1990), Meester (1963), Rathbun (2005), Rautenbach (1982), Shortridge (1942), Smithers &amp; Wilson (1979b), Taylor (1998), Vogel et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A057873BFF15A13915E7F999	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A057873BFF11AFEE11C5F5CC.text	3D474A54A057873BFF11AFEE11C5F5CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura maurisca Thomas 1904	<div><p>365.</p> <p>Gracile White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura maurisca</p> <p>French: Crocidure d’Entebbe / German: Grazile Nacktschwanz-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafa gracil</p> <p>Other common names: Dark Shrew, Gracile Naked-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura maurisca Thomas, 1904,</p> <p>Entebbe, Uganda.</p> <p>Crocidura maurisca has been included in the Uttoralismaurisca clade, and it seems to be closely related to C. lanosa, although additional genetic studies are needed to better rly this clade. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. E DR Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, S Uganda, and an isolated record in N Gabon.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 79-97 mm (males) and 75-81 mm (females), tail 60—72 mm (males) and 60-64 mm (females), ear 8-10 mm (males) and 8-9 (females), hindfoot 17-19-5 mm (males) and 14-5—17 mm (females); weight 10-18 g (males) and 8-3-10 g (females). The Gracile White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized, with long hair. Males are generally larger than females. Dorsal pelage is black, and venteris gray. Feet are black, and hindfeet are relatively long. Tail is ¢.89% of head-body length, nearly naked but has longer bristle hairs throughout, and dark. Skull has a long rostrum and narrow maxillary width; unicuspids have small cusps and large cingula. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane sedge swamps in Albertine Rift Valley, Kibira National Park, and Echuya and Mubwindi swampsat elevations of 1500-2400 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Stomach samples of Gracile White-toothed Shrews have contained species of Orthoptera, Homoptera, Araneidae, and Diptera.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Gracile White-toothed Shrews are primarily active at night, but some individuals have been noted to be active during the day.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although Gracile White-toothed Shrews have a small and scattered distribution and are considered quite rare, they are relatively common in areas with their favored habitats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cassola (2016a0), Dieterlen &amp; Heim de Balsac (1979), Goodman et al. (2001), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Kerbis Peterhans &amp; Bober (2013), Stanley et al. (2015).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A057873BFF11AFEE11C5F5CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A05787C4FA1BADED138DFCD9.text	3D474A54A05787C4FA1BADED138DFCD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura mariquensis (A. Smith 1844)	<div><p>367.</p> <p>Swamp White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura mariquensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure des marais / German: Sumpf-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de ciénaga</p> <p>Other common names: Swamp Musk Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex mariquensis A. Smith, 1844,</p> <p>“ A wooded ravine near the Tropic of Capricorn.” Clarified by N. J. Dippenaar in 1979 as Marico River near its junction with Limpopo River, North West Province, South Africa, based on lectotype selection.</p> <p>Crocidura mariquensis seems to be basal to a large clade including C. cyanea, C. silacea, C. hildegardeae, C. batesi, C. foxi, C. buettikoferi, C. theresae, C. grandiceps, and C. wimmeri. This large clade is sister to a clade</p> <p>including C. crenata, C. fuscomurina, C. crossei, C. jouvenetae, and C. lusitania. Three subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>C.m.mariquensisA.Smith,1844—ESouthAfrica,Swaziland,andSMozambique.</p> <p>C.m.neavetWroughton,1907—WCAngola,SDRCongo,andZambia.</p> <p>C. m. shortridgei St. Leger, 1932 — NE Namibia, N Botswana, and extreme NW Zimbabwe.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 63-105 mm (males) and 62-90 mm (females), tail 45-72 mm (males) and 45-71 mm (females), ear 7-11 mm (males) and 6-10 mm (females), hindfoot 15-20 mm (males) and 14-19 mm (females); weight 9-8-16-5 g (males) and 6-1-13-9 g (females). The Swamp White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized to relatively large, with long pelage. Males, on average, are larger than females. Dorsal pelage is blackish brown, grizzled lightly with reddish fawn (hairs are slate-gray-based with reddish fawn to reddish brown subterminal bands and blackish brown tips). Venter is paler dark brown, grizzled with fawn (hairs are slate-gray basally with fawn to pale brown tips). Feet are yellowish brown, brown, or blackish brown. Tail is ¢.70% of head-body length, relatively hairy, and dark. Females have six inguinal nipples. When walking, tail is uniquely curved slightly upward. Nominate mariquensis is dark and larger than neavei, which is also dark, and shortridgei is paler than the other two subspecies. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Highly associated with swampy riverine regions and semi-aquatic vegetation and reed beds, generally only close to open water such as marshes.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Captive Swamp White-toothed Shrews eat snails and termites.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproductive activity of the Swamp White-toothed Shrew has been recorded in the wet season (September—February) in South Africa (subspecies mariquensis), with litters of 2-7 young (average 4-1). In Botswana (subspecies shortridgei), they were also recorded in wetter months (August—April), with embryo counts of 2-5/female (average 3-3). Three pregnant females were recorded in August-October, February, and April in Zambia (subspecies neaver), with embryo counts of 2-5/female (average 3-8).</p> <p>Activity patterns. Swamp White-toothed Shrews are primarily nocturnal, but they have been recorded during the day. Nests have been found in clumps of tussock grass and</p> <p>debris 30 cm above the ground. Nests have not been observed in captivity, although they seem to creep into nesting materials in captivity and creating a hollow in the material.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Swamp White-toothed Shrew is not very aggressive toward conspecifics, but aggressive encounters do occur. Vocalizations accompanying these encounters include short, sharp squeaks and short “chirrs.” Although scent marking has not been observed, their bodies and fecal piles have very strong scents.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Swamp White-toothed Shrew has a wide distribution, and there are no major threats affecting populations.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baxter &amp; Dippenaar (2013d), Baxter &amp; Meester (1980), Baxter et al. (1979a), Cassola (2016an), Dippenaar (1977, 1978, 1979), Goulden &amp; Meester (1978), Meester (1963), Rathbun (2005), Taylor (1998), Taylor et al. (1994), Vogelet al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A05787C4FA1BADED138DFCD9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A887C4FF04A1761AFAFC93.text	3D474A54A0A887C4FF04A1761AFAFC93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura denti Dollman 1915	<div><p>369.</p> <p>Dent's White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura denti</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Dent / German: Dent-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Dent</p> <p>Other common names: Dent's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura jacksoni denti Dollman, 1915,</p> <p>between Mawambi and Avakubi, Ituri Forest, DR Congo.</p> <p>Crocidura denti seems to be very close or even polyphyletic with C. hildegardeae based on 16s rRNA sequences, but additional sampling is needed. West African specimens need to be investigated to determine if they are C. denti. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SE Nigeria, Cameroon, S Central African Republic, N Gabon, N Republic of the Congo, N DR Congo, and WC Uganda as well as a disjunctset of records from Guinea and Sierra Leone.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 63 mm, tail 46 mm, ear 8 mm, hindfoot 13 mm; weight 8-12 g (one specimen). Dent's White-toothed Shrew is small. Dorsal pelage is dark brown, and venter is slate-gray. Tail is ¢.65-70% of head-body length, hairy, and bicolored, being brown above and paler below. Skull is stout, with short broad rostrum. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Swamp forests (Guinea), gallery forests in montane savannas (Adamawa Plateau from Nigeria and Cameroon border), and secondary forests (Masako Forest Reserve, DR Congo at elevations of 500-1500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Dent’s White-toothed Shrew eats large amounts of termites (30% of stomach contents) and millipedes (136%), ants (11:4%), beetles (9:6%), spiders (8:5%), cockroaches (6%), true bugs (5-5%), lepidopterans (5-5%), fly larvae (43%), and grasshoppers (less than 1%) in Masako Forest, DR Congo.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Dent’s White-toothed Shrew has a wide distribution, faces no major threats, and is very common throughout much ofits distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dudu et al. (2005), Grubb et al. (1998), Heim de Balsac (1959), Hutterer (2016e), Hutterer &amp; Joger (1982), Quérouil et al. (2005), Ray &amp; Hutterer (2013b), Ziegler et al. (2002).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A887C4FF04A1761AFAFC93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A887C4FAF3A8E81A62F55C.text	3D474A54A0A887C4FAF3A8E81A62F55C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura hildegardeae Thomas 1904	<div><p>370.</p> <p>Hildegarde’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura hildegardeae</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Hildegarde / German: Hildegarde-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Hildegarde</p> <p>Other common names: Hildegarde's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura hildegardeae Thomas, 1904,</p> <p>Fort Hall, Kenya.</p> <p>Crocidura hildegardeae seems to be basal to a large clade including C. cyanea, C. silacea, C. batesi, C. foxi, C. buettikoferi, C. theresae, C. grandiceps, and C. wimmeri, with only C. mariquensis being more basal within this clade. This large clade is sister to a clade including C. crenata, C. fuscomurina, C. crosset, C. jouvenetae, and C. lusitania. Crocidura virgata is recognized as a distinct species</p> <p>here based on its distinct chromosome number. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SE Cameroon, S Central African Republic, N Republic of the Congo, N &amp; E DR Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, W Kenya, and Tanzania, and as well as a single record each from S South Sudan and SW Ethiopia; distributional limits of Hildegarde’s White-toothed Shrew are still uncertain.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 64-77 mm, tail 39-56 mm, ear 8-11 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm; weight 4-6-7-7 g. Hildegarde’s White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized, with rather prominent ears and short fur. Males are usually larger, on average, than females. Dorsal pelage is chocolate-brown (individual hairs are chocolate-brown with dark brown tips), and ventral pelage is pale brown. Forelimbs are chocolate-brown, and hindlimbs are dark brown on outer sides and yellowish brown on inner sides. Tail is ¢.70% of head-body length, barely hairy, and slightly bicolored, being blackish above and brown below. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 52 and FN = 76 in Burundi.</p> <p>Habitat. Dry and wet montane and highland forests and moderately disturbed and undisturbed montane forests. Hildegarde’s White-toothed Shrews have also been reported in cultivated areas and moist savannas in Rwanda.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproductive activity of Hildegarde’s White-toothed Shrews has been recorded in July and August, with pregnancy rates of 25% and 50%, respectively. Embryo countis two embryos/female based on three pregnant females.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Hildegarde’s White-toothed Shrew is nocturnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Hildegarde’s White-toothed Shrew has a wide distribution, faces no major threats, and is considered common throughout much ofits distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Demeter &amp; Hutterer (1986), Hutterer &amp; Jenkins (2016c), Oguge et al. (2004), Schlitter et al. (1999), Setzer (1956), Stanley (2013b), Stanley, Goodman &amp; Kihaule (1998), Stanley, Kihaule et al. (1998), Swynnerton &amp; Hayman (1951), Vogel et al. (2013), Yalden et al. (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A887C4FAF3A8E81A62F55C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A887C4FF0FA82F1293F61F.text	3D474A54A0A887C4FF0FA82F1293F61F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura silacea Thomas 1895	<div><p>368.</p> <p>Lesser Gray-brown White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura silacea</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Mpumalanga / German: Kleine graubraune WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana gris marron menor</p> <p>Other common names: Lesser Gray-brown Musk Shrew, Lesser Gray-brown Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura (Crocidura) silacea Thomas, 1895,</p> <p>“ Figtree Creek, De Kaap, Transvaal [= Barberton District, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa].”</p> <p>Crocidura silacea seems to be basal to a clade including C. batesi, C. foxi, C. buet- tikoferi, C. theresae, C. grandiceps, and C. wimmeri, with C. cyanea, C. mariquensis, and C. hildegardeae more basal than C. silacea in this clade. This large clade is sister to a clade including C. crenata, C. fuscomurina,</p> <p>C. crossei, C. jouvenetae, and C. lusitania. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Zimbabwe, NE South Africa, Swaziland, and extreme S Mozambique.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 60-80 mm, tail 43-56 mm, ear 7-10 mm, hindfoot 10-5-13 mm; weight 6-8 g. The Lesser Gray-brown White-toothed Shrew is small to medium-sized. Dorsal pelage is buffy brown to brown, grizzled with pale gray or fawn; individual hairs are slate gray-based, each with pale gray to fawn subterminal band and brown tips. Ventral pelageis pale gray, with brown tinge; individual hairs are slate gray-based, with pale gray or fawn tips. Summer pelage is noticeably darker than winter pelage. Feet are brown. Tail is ¢.70% of head-body length, pale to dark brown dorsally, and paler ventrally. Females have six inguinal nipples. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Various habitats, including montane forest and grasslands, coastal forests, savanna woodlands, bush, grassland, and rocky regions.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Nests of Lesser Gray-brown White-toothed Shrews are spherical with 2—4 entrances.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Lesser Gray-brown White-toothed Shrews make short and strident squeaks during aggressive encounters with conspecifics and make a similar squeak when alarmed.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although the Lesser Gray-brown White-toothed Shrew is rarely collected, it has a relatively wide distribution and faces no major threats. It has been found in multiple protected areas including Kruger National Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baxter &amp; Dippenaar (2013e), Cassola (2016as), Meester (1963), Taylor et al. (1994), Vogel et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A887C4FF0FA82F1293F61F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A887C5FA09A1B516CFFC42.text	3D474A54A0A887C5FA09A1B516CFFC42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura virgata Sanderson 1940	<div><p>371.</p> <p>Mamfe White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura virgata</p> <p>French: Crocidure a bande dorsale / German: Mamfe-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Mamfe</p> <p>Other common names: Mamfe Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura occidentalis virgata Sanderson, 1940,</p> <p><a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.516666/lat 6.25)">Tinta</a> (06° 15’N, 09° 31'E), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.516666/lat 6.25)">Assumbo</a>, Mamfe Division, Cameroon.</p> <p>Phylogenetic placement of C. virgata is uncertain, but it might be related to C. hildegardeae, in which it was previously included. Form “vulcani” currently included under this species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S Nigeria and W Cameroon.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 61 mm, tail 40 mm, ear 10 mm, hindfoot 12 mm;</p> <p>weight 7 g (one specimen). The Mamfe White-toothed Shrew is small. Dorsal pelage is pale chocolate-brown, and ventral pelage is grayish brown, gradually changing on</p> <p>flanks between the two. Feet are pinkish gray, and hindfeet are short and well covered with hair. Tail is ¢.65% of head-body length, hairy, and pale chocolate-brown. Skull is slightly smaller than in Hildegarde’s White-toothed Shrew and has shorter and slenderer rostrum. I' are small. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 52 and FN = 86.</p> <p>Habitat. Dry habitats in mountain grass/open forest at elevations of ¢.850 m and in the crater of Bibundi on Mout Cameroon.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Mamfe White-toothed Shrew might be threatened by deforestation from logging and land conversion, although virtually nothing is known aboutits natural history and population status.</p> <p>Bibliography. Happold (1987), Happold &amp; Hutterer (2013a), Hutterer &amp; Happold (1983), Hutterer &amp; Joger (1982), Kennerley (2016n), Meylan &amp; Vogel (1982), Riegert et al. (2008), Schlitter et al. (1999).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A887C5FA09A1B516CFFC42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A987C5FF12AF4E1603F5CB.text	3D474A54A0A987C5FF12AF4E1603F5CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura batesi Dollman 1915	<div><p>372.</p> <p>Bates’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura batesi</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Bates / German: Bates-\Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Bates</p> <p>Other common names: Bates's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura batesi Dollman, 1915,</p> <p>“ Como River, Gabon.”</p> <p>Crocidura batesi seems to be basal to a clade including C. foxi, C. buettikoferi, C. theresae, C. grandiceps, and C. wimmeri but also in- cludes C. cyanea, C. mariquensis, C. silacea, and C. hildegardeae, which are more basal within this large clade. This clade is sister to a clade including C. crenata, C. fuscomunna, C. crossei, C. jouvenetae, and C. lusitania. There is considerable confusion</p> <p>between taxonomic status of populations generally attributed to C. batesi and C. poensis. Traditionally recognized distributions of C. batesi and C. poensis are used here, although they might be conspecific or a species complex; a thorough investigation is needed to fully resolve this clade. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, extreme SW Central African Republic, and W Republic of the Congo; apparently also in SW DR Congo and N Zambia, although identity of these specimens is problematic.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 72-88 mm, tail 52-60 mm, ear 11-12 mm, hindfoot 14-15 mm; weight 9-1-15-5 g. Bates’s White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsal pelage is dark chocolate-brown (individual hairs are grayish brown basally and chocolate-brown tipped), and ventral pelageis similarto orslightly paler than dorsal pelage. Feet are brownish. Tail is ¢.60-75% of head-body length, hairy, and bicolored, being brown above and paler below. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50 and FN = 76.</p> <p>Habitat. Lowland rainforest from near sea level to elevations of ¢.625 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. A pregnant Bates’s White-toothed Shrew with two embryos was captured in February.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bates’s White-toothed Shrew is considered uncommon or rare throughout much ofits distribution, although it has a wide distribution and does not seem to face any major threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Barriere et al. (2005), Brosset (1988), Ceriaco et al. (2015), Goodman &amp; Hutterer (2004), Hutterer (2016d), Jacquet (2012), Ray &amp; Hutterer (2013a), Schlitter et al. (1999), Vogel et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A987C5FF12AF4E1603F5CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A987C5FA17AF6C15E8F611.text	3D474A54A0A987C5FA17AF6C15E8F611.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura fingui Ceriaco 2015	<div><p>374.</p> <p>Fingui White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura fingui</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Principe / German: Fingui-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana fingui</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura fingui Ceriaco et al., 2015,</p> <p>“ Roca Porto Real, Principe Island (1°37°26-40” N, 7°24°21-50” E, elevation 130 m).”</p> <p>Crocidura fingui is sister to C. poensis (these individuals might have been C. batesi; see C. poensis), which are together closely related to C. buettikoferi, C. theresae, and C. grandiceps. Crocidura thomensis might also be closely related to C. fingui. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Principe I, thus far only collected on N part, although it probably occurs throughoutthe island.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 75-107 mm, tail 70-86 mm, ear 5-6 mm, hindfoot 14-16 mm; weight 10-13 g. The Fingui White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized to relatively large and slender, with short pelage. Pelage is dark brown dorsally and ventrally, although somewhat darker along back; individual hairs are dark brown with brown tips. Feet are also dark brown dorsally. Ears are naked and dark gray. Tail is 49-70% of head-body length, sparsely covered with bristle hairs, and dark brown throughout. Braincase is rounded, with visible lambdoidal ridges; rostrum is slender; and teeth are relatively small. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Only near roads surrounded by forests, human settlements, and near streams (based on individuals collected so far) at elevations of 130-311 m. Local people say that Fingui White-toothed Shrews are very common in old banana plantations, inside houses, and near rocky outcrops.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Fingui White-toothed Shrew was recently recognition as a species. It is known only from a few recent specimens and one older specimen, but it is considered common by local people. It might occur in Obo Natural Park. Additional research is needed, but it is not affected by human habitation and plantations.</p> <p>Bibliography. Ceriaco et al. (2015), Dutton (1994).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A987C5FA17AF6C15E8F611	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A987C5FF17A1C314E1FC1E.text	3D474A54A0A987C5FF17A1C314E1FC1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura thomensis (Bocage 1887)	<div><p>373.</p> <p>Sao Tome White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura thomensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Sao Tomé / German: Sao-Thomé-WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafia de Santo Tomé</p> <p>Other common names: Sao Tome Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex (Crocidura) thomensis Bocage, 1887,</p> <p>Sao Tomé Island.</p> <p>Although no genetic studies have been conducted, C. thomensis is assumed to be closely related to the recently described C. fingui. The type specimen was destroyed, and a neotype was designated by H. Heim de Balsac and R. Hutterer in 1982. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Sao Tomé I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 83-100 mm,</p> <p>tail 70-86 mm, ear 8 mm, hindfoot 16-22 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Sao Tome White-toothed Shrew is relatively large, with large ears, long feet, and long tail. Dorsal and ventral pelage is dark brown. Snout and feet are pinkish. Tail is ¢.85% of head-body length and covered with hair and longer bristle hairs on first two-thirds ofits length; tail is pinkish and very thick compared with that of the Fingui</p> <p>White-toothed Shrew (C. fingui). Skull of the Sao Tome White-toothed Shrew is relatively long but shorter and thinner than in the Fingui White-toothed Shrew;it also has a flatter braincase and a small protocone on lower premolar. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Variety of habitats from old growth mist forests near the center of Sao Tome Island to lowland plantations. The Sao Tome White-toothed Shrew is becoming less common in agricultural areas.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Captive Sao Tome White-toothed Shrews eat freshwater shrimp, crabs, moths, cockroaches, crickets, centipedes (Scolopendra sp.), earthworms, and grasshoppers.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Sao Tome White-toothed Shrew is highly endemic; threatened by introduced species on Sao Tome Island, pesticide use, and continued growth of agriculture; and considered to be getting rarer. It occurs in Sao Tomé Ob6 Natural Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Ceriaco et al. (2015), Dutton &amp; Haft (1996), Heim de Balsac &amp; Hutterer (1982), Kennerley (2016m), Lima et al. (2016).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A987C5FF17A1C314E1FC1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A987C6FA18A16B1746F860.text	3D474A54A0A987C6FA18A16B1746F860.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura poensis (Fraser 1843)	<div><p>375.</p> <p>Fraser’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura poensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Fernando Po / German: Fraser\Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Fraser</p> <p>Other common names: Fraser's Shrew, Fraser's Musk Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex (Crocidura) poensis Fraser, 1843,</p> <p>Clarence, Fernando Po, (= Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea).</p> <p>Crocidura poensis seems to be sister to the recently described C. fingui and together they are closely related to C. buettikoferi, C. theresae, and C. grandiceps, although a larger phylogeny including all recognized species is needed to truly identify evolutionary relationships among all species in the clade listed under C. buettikoferi. Nev-</p> <p>ertheless, specimens used in that study were mostly out of the distribution described here but were almost completely in the distribution of C. bates. F. Jacquet in 2012 suggested that C. batesiand C. poensis should be considered conspecific, and L. M. Ceriaco and colleagues in 2015 seemed to follow this by stating that C. poensis from West Africa is misidentified; distribution of C. poensis includes Cameroon, south-western Central African Republic, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, southern DR Congo, northern Zambia, and Bioko Island, which includes many regions that neither C. batesi nor C. poen-</p> <p>sis have been recorded from according to the literature (namely south-western DR Congo and Zambia) and does not include West African and Nigerian populations that are typically identified as C. poensis. Ceriaco and colleagues did not identify what species the West African populations represented, so they are still recognized as C. poensis here. Because ofthis ambiguity and confusion involving distribution and taxonomy, C. batesi and C. poensis are recognized as distinct, with their traditionally known distributions reported here. Nevertheless, there is a good chance that both species are conspecific and their distributions are much wider and might not include West African populations reported here. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Guinea and Sierra Leone E to S Ghana (although these are apparently misidentified), Nigeria, Cameroon, and BiokoI; records reported from SW DR Congo and N Zambia are here attributed to Bates’s White-toothed Shrew (C. batesi), although exact placement ofthese specimens is uncertain.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 71-98 mm, tail 46-66 mm, ear 614 mm, hindfoot 9-17 mm; weight 8-20 g. Fraser’s White-toothed Shrew is relatively large. Dorsum is dark brown to blackish, and venter is paler grayish brown. Ears are prominent, and limbs are dark. Feet are brown to dark brown. Tail is ¢.75% of head-body length, thin, dark brown, and covered with short bristle hairs over about two-thirds ofits length. There is an oval-shaped lateral scent gland on flanks surrounded by short stiff hairs; these glands exude a greasy secretion with a musky odor. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 52 and 53 and FN = 70 and 72 in Ivory Coast, which might not represent Fraser’s White-toothed Shrew.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland evergreen rainforests and relict forests at elevations up to 1000 m. Fraser’s White-toothed Shrews have also been recorded from rough grass, farmland, plantations, and garden, and near human dwellings.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Fraser's White-toothed Shrew mostly eats invertebrates, including species of Gryllidae, Dilopoda, Coleoptera, Heteroptera, Formicidae, Lepidoptera (larvae), and Araneae in Nigeria. Arthropods and particularly insects make up the largest proportion ofdiets, and captive individuals feed on grasshoppers and mantises. Mean energy consumption has been recorded at 3-5 kJ]/g body weight/day for captive individuals weighing 14-20 g.</p> <p>Breeding. A pregnant Fraser’s White-toothed Shrew with three embryos was captured in June in Cameroon. Embryo counts are 1-4/female (mean three embryos).</p> <p>Activity patterns. Fraser’s White-toothed Shrew is mostly nocturnal but has sometimes been recorded during the day, increasing activity right before dawn.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fraser's White-toothed Shrew is aggressive and solitary but has partially overlapping home ranges with conspecifics.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Fraser’s White-toothed Shrew has a wide distribution with no major threats, although there is considerable taxonomic ambiguity and additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Barriére et al. (2005), Brosset (1988), Cassola (2016at), Cerfaco et al. (2015), Churchfield (1982a), Churchfield &amp; Hutterer (2013b), Grubb et al. (1998), Hutterer &amp; Happold (1983), Jacquet (2012), Jones (1962).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A987C6FA18A16B1746F860	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0AA87C6FFF3A66615CEFA1C.text	3D474A54A0AA87C6FFF3A66615CEFA1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura attila Dollman 1915	<div><p>377.</p> <p>Hun White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura attila</p> <p>French: Crocidure d/Attila / German: Hunnen-Weiftzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafna de Hun</p> <p>Other common names: Hun Shrew, Cameroon Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura poensis attila Dollman, 1915,</p> <p>Bitye, Cameroon.</p> <p>Crocidura attila is probably closely related to the C. olivieri group and was previously included in C. buettikoferi and C. poensis, although its phylogenetic relationship is still uncertain. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SE Nigeria and W Cameroon; possibly in Central African Republic and NE DR Congo, although E part of distribution needs to be confirmed.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 75-90 mm, tail 45-55 mm, ear 9-11 mm, hindfoot 12-15 mm; weight 5 g. The Hun White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum 1s brown and paler along sides. Ventral pelageis paler and sharply delineated from dorsum. Lateral gland is conspicuous and silvery white on side. Feet are dark and bicolored. Tail is 55-65% of head-body length, hairy, dark brown above, and paler below. Second and third unicuspids are subequal; M? is moderately broad. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50 and FN = 66.</p> <p>Habitat. Primarily montane and submontane forests at elevations below 1000 m in hilly terrain and up to ¢.1900 m in the Gotel Mountains. Hun White-toothed Shrews also occur in some degraded habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Hun White-toothed Shrew probably eats insects and other invertebrates.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Hun White-toothed Shrew seems to be a hardy and widespread, with no major threats because they have been collected in degraded habitat in Cameroon.</p> <p>Bibliography. Churchfield &amp; Jenkins (2013a), Hutterer &amp; Jenkins (2016a), Hutterer &amp; Joger (1982), Hutterer, Dieterlen &amp; Nikolaus (1992), Schlitter et al. (1999).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0AA87C6FFF3A66615CEFA1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0AA87C6FAFEAD6F1A52F444.text	3D474A54A0AA87C6FAFEAD6F1A52F444.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura foxi Dollman 1915	<div><p>378.</p> <p>Fox’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura foxi</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Fox / German: Fox-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Fox</p> <p>Other common names: Fox's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Y. Crocidura foxi Dollman, 1915,</p> <p>Panyam, Nigeria.</p> <p>Crocidura foxi is sister to a clade including C. buettikoferi, C. theresae, C. grandiceps, and C. wimmeri, although the specimen used in this genetic study was identified as C. cf. foxi. This clade also includes other basal species (C. cyanea, C. mariquensis, C. silacea, C. hildegardeae, and C. bates) and is sister to a clade including C. crenata, C. fuscomurina, C. crossei, C. jouvenetae, and C. lusita-</p> <p>nia. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Senegal E to S South Sudan through the Sudan Savanna Zone.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 91-114 mm, tail 53-72 mm, ear 8-11 mm, hindfoot 15-5-18-5 mm; weight 13-22 g. Fox’s White-toothed Shrew is large. Dorsum is chocolate-brown to russet-brown; individual hairs are gray basally and have brown tips. Ventral pelageis gray, with gray-based and white-tipped hairs. Flanks, chest, and throat are gray. Tail is 50-63% of head-body length, pale, and coarsely haired. Skull has flatter braincase than in Fraser’s White-toothed Shrew (C. poensis). I' is long and hooked,first unicuspid is larger than other two, and M? is small. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. [.ong grass, secondary bushland, near agricultural land; rocky recently burnt grasslands in Nigeria; and cultivated irrigated areas between dunes and in swampy grassy zones in Senegal.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Embryo counts are 2—4/female (mean 3-2 in Senegal. A pregnant Fox's White-toothed Shrew was captured with two embryos in Nigeria.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Fox's White-toothed Shrew is widespread and common throughout much ofits distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cassola (2016aj), Cozens &amp; Marchant (1952), Duplantier &amp; Granjon (2013a), Hutterer &amp; Happold (1983), Setzer (1956), Vogel et al. (2013), Ziegler et al. (2002).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0AA87C6FAFEAD6F1A52F444	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0AA87C6FFF4ACA511B7F32D.text	3D474A54A0AA87C6FFF4ACA511B7F32D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura nigeriae Dollman 1915	<div><p>376.</p> <p>Nigerian White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura nigeriae</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Nigeria / German: Nigeria-Weif3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Nigeria</p> <p>Other common names: Nigerian Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura occidentalis nigeriae Dollman, 1915,</p> <p>“ Asaba, 150 miles [= 241 km] up the Niger,” Nigeria.</p> <p>Crocidura nigeriae was previously included in C. poensis, and although its phylogenetic relationship is still uncertain, it is generally considered a distinct species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SE Ivory Coast, NE Ghana, C &amp; S Nigeria, WC Cameroon, and BiokoI.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 90-109 mm, tail 53-64 mm, ear 9-14 mm,</p> <p>hindfoot 16-18 mm; weight 11-24 g. The Nigerian White-toothed Shrew is large. Dorsal pelage is very dark brown and grizzled, and ventral pelage is paler dark gray or grayish brown. Tail is 60-70% of head-body length, hairy, and dark brown. Skull is large and flat, with broad maxillary region and braincase; M” is large. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50 and FN = 76.</p> <p>Habitat. Primarily rainforest habitats but also farms, grasslands, and relict forests in rainforest savanna mosaics and savanna in Ghana at elevations up to 600 m on Mount Cameroon.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Nigerian White-toothed Shrew has a relatively wide distribution and might be threatened by habitat destruction.</p> <p>Bibliography. Churchfield &amp; Jenkins (2013f), Decher et al. (1997), Heim de Balsac (1957), Hutterer &amp; Happold (1983), Hutterer &amp; Jenkins (2016e), Meylan &amp; Vogel (1982), Schlitter et al. (1999).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0AA87C6FFF4ACA511B7F32D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0AA87C7FAF5A7411333F9D2.text	3D474A54A0AA87C7FAF5A7411333F9D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura buettikoferi Jentink 1888	<div><p>379.</p> <p>Bittikofer’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura buettikoferi</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Blttikofer / German: BlttikoferWeiltzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Buettikofer</p> <p>Other common names: Blttikofer's Shrew, Buettikofer's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura biittikoferi Jentink, 1888,</p> <p>Robertsport, Liberia.</p> <p>Crocidura buettikoferi is sister to C. theresae and C. grandiceps in a clade including C. cyanea, C. mariquensis, C. silacea, C. hildegardeae, C. batesi, C. foxi, and C. wimmeri, and which is sister to another clade including C. crenata, C. fuscomurina, C. crossei, C. jouvenetae, and C. lusitania. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Scattered localities through West Africa in SE Guinea, Liberia, SW Ivory Coast, S Ghana, and S Nigeria.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 72-100 mm, tail 51-62 mm, ear 7-9-5 mm, hindfoot 12-15 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Biittikofer’s White-toothed Shrew is large. Dorsal pelage is dark chocolate-brown, ventral pelage is paler grayish brown, and limbs are dark. Tail is ¢.70% of the head-body</p> <p>length, dark, and very sparsely covered with hair and bristle hairs. Skull has slightly domed braincase and is smaller and narrower than in Fraser’s White-toothed Shrew (C. poensis); I' is medium-sized and hooked; and first unicuspid is larger than second and third. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Grasslands, relict forests in derived savanna, secondary forests, cocoa plantations, and cleared land.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. In the Ivory Coast, Biittikofer’s White-toothed Shrews have been recorded eating spiders (in 46% of stomach samples), ants (46%), adult beetles (36%), termites (32%), millipedes (18%), cockroaches (18%), crickets (14%), fly larvae (11%), and earthworms (11%). Most prey is c.15 mm or less.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Buttikofer’s White-toothed Shrew is known from very few locations, primarily in undisturbed regions. It is considered somewhat common where it occurs, but it is generally considered rare. Habitat loss is its biggest threat, although additional research into its distribution is needed. Biittikofer’s White-toothed Shrews occur in the Adumanya Sacred Grove and Draw River Forest Reserve in Ghana and Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve in Ivory Coast.</p> <p>Bibliography. Decher et al. (1997), Grubb et al. (1998), Hutterer (2008e, 2013g), Hutterer &amp; Happold (1983), Vogel et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0AA87C7FAF5A7411333F9D2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0AB87C7FF29A0CE1AFDFABD.text	3D474A54A0AB87C7FF29A0CE1AFDFABD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura grandiceps Hutterer 1983	<div><p>381.</p> <p>Large-headed White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura grandiceps</p> <p>French: Crocidure a téte longue / German: GroRRkopf-Weilzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de cabeza grande</p> <p>Other common names: Large-headed Shrew, Large-headed Forest Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura grandiceps Hutterer, 1983,</p> <p>Krokosua Hills, north of Asempanaya (Asampaniye), Sedfwi Wiaso, Ghana.</p> <p>Crocidura grandicepsis sister to C. theresae in a clade including C. cyanea, C. mariquensis, C. silacea, C. hildegardeae, C. batesi, C. foxi, C. buettikoferi, and C. wimmeri, which is sister to another clade including C. crenata, C. fuscomurina, C. crossei, C. jouvenetae, and C. lusitania. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Scattered localities in West Africa in SW Guinea, Liberia, W Ivory Coast, S Ghana, S Benin, S Nigeria, and possibly SW Cameroon, although identity of a few of</p> <p>these populations needs to be confirmed, such as the Cameroonian specimen, which is dubious.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 98-119 mm, tail 55-74 mm, ear 10-12 mm, hindfoot 17-19 mm; weight 19-27 g. The Large-headed White-toothed Shrew is very large. Dorsal pelage is clove-brown, and ventral pelage is slightly paler. Feet are dark brown. Tail is ¢.55-65% of the headbody length and slightly bicolored, being</p> <p>brown above and paler below. Skull is large and slightly domed; upper incisors are long and nearly straight; first unicuspid is pointed and larger than second and third, which are equal in size; and M? medium to large in size. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 46 and FN = 68.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary and degraded rainforests from lowlands to elevations of ¢.1800 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Large-headed White-toothed Shrew is relatively uncommon, with the largest population in Tai National Park in Ivory Coast. It is threatened by habitat destruction and fragmentation, especially in Nigeria and Ghana.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bekker &amp; Ekué (2004), Churchfield et al. (2004), Decher (2004), Decher, Gray et al. (2011), Decher, Hoffmann et al. (2009), Grubb et al. (1998), Happold (1987), Hutterer (1983a, 2008f, 2013k), Nicolas et al. (2009), Quérouil et al. (2005), Vogel et al. (2013), Weber &amp; Fahr (2007).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0AB87C7FF29A0CE1AFDFABD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0AB87C7FF2AAD3D1064F4C6.text	3D474A54A0AB87C7FF2AAD3D1064F4C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura theresae Heim de Balsac 1968	<div><p>380.</p> <p>Therese’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura theresae</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Thérese / German: Thérése-Weilzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Therese</p> <p>Other common names: Therese's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura theresae Heim de Balsac, 1968,</p> <p>Nzerekore, Guinea.</p> <p>Crocidura theresae is sister to C. grandiceps in a clade including C. cyanea, C. mariquensis, C. silacea, C. hildegardeae, C. batesi, C. foxi, C. buettikoferi, and C. wimmeri, which is sister to another clade including C. crenata, C. fuscomurina, C. crossei, C. jouvenetae, and C. lusitania. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. West Africa in Sierra Leone, SE Guinea, Ivory Coast, and SW Ghana;it</p> <p>might occur in Liberia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 78-101 mm,tail 34-55 mm, hindfoot 13-16 mm; weight 7-18-4 g. Therese’s White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized to relatively large. Dorsal pelage is gray to brown, and ventral pelage is whitish, with no clear demarcation between the two. Feet are brown. Tail is 39-62% of head-body length, thick, and covered with sparse brown hairs. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50 and FN = 82-84.</p> <p>Habitat. Various grassland habitats and rice fields at elevations of ¢.1600 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Therese’s White-toothed Shrew has a wide distribution and does not face any major threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Duplantier &amp; Granjon (2013b), Grubb et al. (1998), Heim de Balsac (1968c), Hutterer (2016f), Maddalena (1990), Vogel et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0AB87C7FF2AAD3D1064F4C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0AB87C7FA29AED6143BF468.text	3D474A54A0AB87C7FA29AED6143BF468.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura wimmeri Heim de Balsac & Aellen 1958	<div><p>382.</p> <p>Wimmer’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura wimmenr</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Wimmer / German: WimmerWeil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Wimmer</p> <p>Other common names: \Wimmer's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura wimmeri Heim de Balsac &amp; Aellen, 1958,</p> <p>Adiopodoumé, southern Cote d'Ivoire.</p> <p>Crocidura wimmeri is sister to a clade in- cluding C. buettikoferi, C. theresae, and C. grandiceps within a larger clade including C. mariquensis, C. silacea, C. hildegardeae, C. batesi, and C. foxi. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from type locality and Banco National Park, SW Ivory Coast.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 80-90 mm, tail 57 mm, hindfoot 17 mm; weight 22 28 g. Wimmer’s White-toothed Shrew is relatively large. Dorsum is dark ash-gray to brown, and ventral pelage is paler. Tail is ¢.75% of head-body length, dark, and not densely haired. Skull is elongated; facial region is well developed; and maxillary region is broad. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50 and FN = 84.</p> <p>Habitat. Swampy wet forest near the coast.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Energy consumption of a captive Wimmer’s White-toothed Shrew, weighing 23-5 g, was 1-9 kg/g/h.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Wimmer’s White-toothed Shrew is nocturnal. In captivity, average activity was 340 min/24 hours. During the night, activity was 6-45 min/h, and during the day, it was 0—4 min/h.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Wimmer’s White-toothed Shrews have very distinctive defense calls, which last an average of 217 milliseconds, with frequencies of 11-7-15 kHz.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Wimmer’s White-toothed Shrew has a very localized and small distribution and is considered rare. It occurs in Banco National Park, but it might have been extirpated at the type locality because just about all suitable habitat in that area has been destroyed. Conversion of land to agricultural use is its largest threat.</p> <p>Bibliography. Brosset (1988), Churchfield &amp; Jenkins (2013k), Heim de Balsac &amp; Aellen (1958), Hutterer &amp; Vogel (1977), Kadjo et al. (2013), Kennerley (20160), Nicoll &amp; Rathbun (1990), Vogel, Genoud &amp; Frey (1981), Vogel, Vogel etal. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0AB87C7FA29AED6143BF468	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0AB87C0FA12A09C1283FA6B.text	3D474A54A0AB87C0FA12A09C1283FA6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura nigrofusca Matschie 1895	<div><p>383.</p> <p>African Black White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura nigrofusca</p> <p>French: Crocidure brun-noir / German: Schwarze Afrika-Weizahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafa negra de Africa</p> <p>Other common names: African Black Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura nigrofusca Matschie, 1895,</p> <p>“ Wukalala, Kinyawanga im Westen des Semliki [= Semliki Valley, DR Congo].”</p> <p>Placement and taxonomy of C. nigrofusca is largely uncertain, and careful systematic research is needed because it might represent a species complex. An allozyme study showed that C. nigrofusca clustered with C. hildegardeae, C. poensis, and C. theresae, although only 21 species from Africa and Europe were included. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S South Sudan and S Ethiopia S through East Africa to N &amp; E Angola and Zambia; it is also possible recorded from Cameroon, but this needs confirmation.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 65-95 mm, tail 55-72 mm, ear 9-1-9-9 mm, hindfoot 13:9-15-9 mm; weight 13-23-5 g. The African Black White-toothed Shrew is medium to large in size, with soft, dense, and silky sheened pelage. Dorsal pelage is very dark blackish brown or black (hairs are graybased with dark brown to blackish tips), and ventral pelage is similar but can slightly paler. Ears are darkly pigmented. Tail is ¢.75% of head-body length, black, and hairy, with longer bristle hairs throughout. Skull is elongated and smooth, braincase is ovalshaped in dorsal view, I' is short, and M? is medium-sized. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 78.</p> <p>Habitat. Wide variety of moist forest habitats near water, such as secondary forest, forest patches, swampy regions in forest savanna mosaics, and montane forests, from lowlands up to elevations of ¢.2000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Mean litter size of the African Black White-toothed Shrew is 3-3 young.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The African Black White-toothed Shrew has a wide distribution and is considered abundant, with no major threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Ansell &amp; Dowsett (1988), Cassola (2016aq), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (2013p), Hutterer, Van der Straeten &amp; Verheyen (1987), Maddalena (1990), Oguge et al. (2004), Setzer (1956), Yalden et al. (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0AB87C0FA12A09C1283FA6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0AC87C0FFFAAE9A1BB8FC72.text	3D474A54A0AC87C0FFFAAE9A1BB8FC72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura nanilla Thomas 1909	<div><p>384.</p> <p>Savanna Dwarf White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura nanilla</p> <p>French: Crocidure pygmée / German: Kleine Savannen-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana enana de sabana</p> <p>Other common names: Tiny White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura nanilla Thomas, 1909,</p> <p>“ Uganda (probably Entebbe).”</p> <p>Exact position of C. nanilla phylogeneti- cally is uncertain, although one genetic study placed it as sister to a clade includ- ing C. lamottei, C. flavescens, C. hirta, C. goliath, C. olivieri, C. viaria, and C. fulvastra. It is often confused with the similar C. pasha. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. West Africa in SW Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, SW Mali, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, and N Sierra Leone, and East Africa in Uganda, NW Kenya, and NE Tanzania; it has also been apparently recorded from Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Nigeria, although identity of these specimens needs to be confirmed.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 41-58 mm, tail 31-41 mm, ear 6-3-8 mm, hindfoot 8-2-10-5 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Savanna Dwarf White-toothed Shrew is very small, with short dense pelage. Dorsal pelage is dark grayish brown to dark blackish brown, and ventral pelage is medium gray and paler than dorsum, merging on lower flanks. Chin and throat are white or gray. Feet are dark brown and covered with short hairs. Tail is ¢.70% of head-body length, hairy, and bicolored, being dark brown dorsally and paler below. Dorsal surface of skull is convex,</p> <p>crowns of teeth are relatively high, I' are long and hooked, and M? is medium-sized. There are three unicuspids. A specimen identified as a Savanna Dwarf White-toothed Shrew from Ivory Coast had the diploid number of 2n = 42 and FN = 74, but it might have been misidentified.</p> <p>Habitat. Primarily dry and moist savanna. One Savanna Dwarf White-toothed Shrew was found in irrigated crops.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Savanna Dwarf White-toothed Shrew is widespread, although it is known from very scattered records. It is considered common throughout much of its distribution, but virtually nothing is known ofits ecology.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cassola (2016ap), Grubb et al. (1998), Happold, Heim de Balsac (1968c), Hutterer, Van der Straeten &amp; Verheyen (1987), Jacquet et al. (2013), Maddalena (1990), Meinig (2000), Ziegler et al. (2002).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0AC87C0FFFAAE9A1BB8FC72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0AC87C0FAFDA89F1A38F625.text	3D474A54A0AC87C0FAFDA89F1A38F625.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura nimbae Heim de Balsac 1956	<div><p>385.</p> <p>Nimba White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura nimbae</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Nimba / German: Nimba-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Nimba</p> <p>Other common names: Nimba Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura nimbae Heim de Balsac, 1956,</p> <p>baraque de Zouguépo, Mount Nimba, Guinea.</p> <p>Crocidura nimbae is sister to C. mimbasilvanus and in the C. olivieri clade. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S Sierra Leone, SE Guinea, N Liberia, and SW Ivory Coast.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 75-90 mm, tail 50-57 mm, hindfoot 16-17 mm; weight 8-19 g. The Nimba White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized, with short dense</p> <p>pelage that has a silky sheen. Dorsal pelage is dark brownish gray to gray, with sparse flecking; hairs are dark gray basally, becoming browner at tips and occasionally with pale tips. Ventral pelage is slightly paler and grayer; hairs are gray basally, with brownish gray terminal one-half, occasionally with whitetips. Flank gland isvisible as a small oval patch of bare skin. Feet are covered with sparse short brown hairs on dorsal part and whitish hairs on toes. Tail is only ¢.40% of head-body length, hairy, and bicolored, being dark brownish gray above and paler below. I' is long and hooked, and M? is narrow and medium-sized. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Submontane and lowland rainforest, perhaps preferring marshy habitats. Nimba White-toothed Shrews have also been recorded in cocoa and coffee plantations at low densities.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Nimba White-toothed Shrew eats various invertebrates, primarily insects. In Tai National Park, stomach samples contained ants (in 53% of stomachs), adult beetles (41%), spiders (29%), millipedes (18%), isopods (17%), cockroaches (12%), true bugs (6%), termites (6%), and mantises (6%).</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Nimba White-toothed Shrew has a relatively small distribution that is currently being heavily mined for minerals, and much of its habitat has been largely degraded. Nevertheless, it seems to be relatively hardy and occurs in Tai National Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Churchfield et al. (2004), Heim de Balsac (1956a), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (2008g, 2013q), Jacquet et al. (2013), Kuhn (1965), Vogel et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0AC87C0FAFDA89F1A38F625	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0AE87C2FFFBACF81544FC47.text	3D474A54A0AE87C2FFFBACF81544FC47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura douceti Heim de Balsac 1958	<div><p>387.</p> <p>Doucet’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura douceti</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Doucet / German: Doucet-Weilszahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Doucet</p> <p>Other common names: Doucet’s Shrew, Doucet’'s Musk Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura douceti Heim de Balsac, 1958,</p> <p>Adiopodoume, Cote d'Ivoire (= Ivory Coast).</p> <p>Crocidura douceti seems to be sister to C. muricauda and in the C. olivier: group based on genetic data, although additional sampling of more taxa is needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Recorded from SE Guinea and SW Ivory Coast; there also are records from owl pellets from Nigeria, although</p> <p>these are questionable, and a possible record from Mamang River Forest Reserve in Ghana.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 50-55 mm, tail 40-45 mm, ear 8 mm, hindfoot 10 mm; weight 4-5 g. Doucet’s White-toothed Shrew is a very small shrew. Dorsum is grayish brown to chocolate-brown, and venteris gray to off white. Limbs have pale hairs. Tail is c.80% of head-body length, dark, and thin with small hairs and longer dark bristle hairs. Skull has a short rostrum, dentition is week, and M? is large. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Relict and riverine forests in savannas and mixed secondary forests, swampy regions, and moist tall grass forests. Doucet’s White-toothed Shrews are often collected in agricultural areas such as cocoa and coffee plantations.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Doucet’s White-toothed Shrew eats a wide variety of invertebrates but favors arthropods. Analysis of 14 stomach samples in Tai National Park in Ivory</p> <p>Coast found ants (50% frequency), beetles (29%), spiders (29%), termites (29%), and some other minor groups of arthropods. Prey sizes were 3-20 mm, with 80% less than 10 mm.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Considering its long tail, Doucet’s White-toothed Shrew might be somewhat scansorial. A nest with two juveniles was found c.10 m off the ground in a cavity of a palm tree, and one individual was captured in a glue trap in the canopy of Tai Forest.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Doucet’s White-toothed Shrew apparently is found in very low densities, but if they are scansorial, trapping might be difficult and underestimate density.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Doucet’s White-toothed Shrew has a fairly large extent of occurrence (c.105,952 km?) and is known to exist in forested and degraded areas. It might be affected by deforestation.</p> <p>Bibliography. Barriere et al. (2008), Churchfield et al. (2004), Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (20164), Happold (1987), Heim de Balsac &amp; Aellen (1958), Heim de Balsac &amp; Vuattoux (1969), Hutterer &amp; Happold (1983), Jacquet et al. (2013), Nicolas et al. (2009), Vogel et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0AE87C2FFFBACF81544FC47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0AE87C2FFFFAA6613D3F88D.text	3D474A54A0AE87C2FFFFAA6613D3F88D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura goliath subsp. nimbasilvanus Hutterer 2003	<div><p>386.</p> <p>Nimba Giant White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura maombasilvanus</p> <p>French: Crocidure sylvaine / German: Nimba-Riesenweil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Nimba gigante</p> <p>Other common names: Nimba Giant Shrew, West African Giant Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura goliath nimbasilvanus Hutterer, 2003,</p> <p>“ Ziela, Mt Nimba, Guinea.”</p> <p>Crocidura nimbasilvanus was regarded as a subspecies of C. goliath for many years, but recent phylogenetic and morphomet- ric studies placed it as sister to C. nimbae and in the C. oliviert group. The name C. g. mimbasilvanus was a replacement name for C. odorata guineensis named by H. Heim de Balsac in 1968, which was preoc-</p> <p>cupied by C. occidentalis guineensis named by A. Cabrera in 1903. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. West Africa in SE Guinea to SW Ivory Coast.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 125-151 mm, tail 98-5-125 mm, ear 13-8-16-2 mm, hindfoot 23-6-26-5 mm; weight 47-67 g. The Nimba Giant White-toothed Shrew is very large. It is similar to but smaller than the Goliath White-toothed Shrew (C. goliath), with shorter and more velvety pelage. Dorsal and ventral pelage is very dark brown. Ears are relatively small, and feet are dark brown. Tail is ¢.85% of head-body length, dark brown occasionally with white tip, and relatively hairy. Skull is wider than in the Goliath White-toothed Shrew, especially glenoid and maxillary regions. M’ is larger than in any other species of Crocidura and twice that of the Goliath Whitetoothed Shrew; upper premolar and first and second upper molars are larger. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland forests and submontane ravine forests in Guinea and fallows and secondary forests more than primary forests in Ziama Forest. Nimba Giant White-toothed Shrews are generally less common in fields and open areas such as grassland.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The [UCN Red List. The Nimba Giant Whitetoothed Shrew is relatively common in secondary habitats, and it probably does not have any major threats, although additional research and assessment are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Hutterer (2003), Jacquet, Hutterer et al. (2013), Jacquet, Nicolas et al. (2012), Nicolas et al. (2009), Vogel et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0AE87C2FFFFAA6613D3F88D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0AE87C2FAE2AF401A85F5F7.text	3D474A54A0AE87C2FAE2AF401A85F5F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura muricauda (G. S. Miller 1900)	<div><p>388.</p> <p>West African White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura muricauda</p> <p>French: Crocidure a queue de souris / German: Westafrika-Langschwanz-Weifszahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Africa occidental</p> <p>Other common names: Mouse-tailed Shrew, West African Long-tailed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Myosorex muricauda G. S. Miller, 1900,</p> <p>Mount Coffee, Liberia.</p> <p>Although C. muricauda is often considered conspecific with C. dolichura, it is considered sister to C. douceti and in the C. olwieri group here and not closely related to C. dolichura. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. West Africa in Sierra Leone, SE Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, and S Ghana.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 56-66 mm, tail 62-95 mm, ear 8:5—10 mm, hindfoot 11-8-13 mm; weight 3-8 g. The West African White-toothed Shrew is small, with large hairs, long tail, and soft pelage. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown (hairs are gray-based with brown tips). Ventral pelage is whitish gray (hairs are gray-based with whitish tips). Ears are large and more or less naked. Feet are flesh-colored and sparsely covered with short white hairs. Tail is 120-150% of head-body length, pale brown, and covered with short hairs. Skull is long and narrow, braincase is rounded when viewed dorsally and inflated when viewed laterally, rostrum is slender, I' are small, upper dentition is weak, and M’ is large. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary rainforests, secondary forests, plantations, and fields.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. West African White-toothed Shrews eat a large variety of invertebrates, including spiders (55% frequency), ants (44%), crickets (23%), Blattodea (14%), adult beetles (14%), and lepidopteran larvae (9%). Most prey is less than 10 mm in length.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The West African White-toothed Shrew seems to be scansorial.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The West African White-toothed Shrew has a wide distribution and faces no major threats, although it is considered uncommon.</p> <p>Bibliography. Barriere et al. (2008), Churchfield et al. (2004), Demey (2008), Grubb et al. (1998), Heim de Balsac (1974), Hutterer &amp; Howell (2016), Jacquet et al. (2013), Vogel et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0AE87C2FAE2AF401A85F5F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0AE87C3FAFEA11C136FF9D7.text	3D474A54A0AE87C3FAFEA11C136FF9D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura lamottei Heim de Balsac 1968	<div><p>389.</p> <p>Lamotte’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura lamottei</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Lamotte / German: Lamotte-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Lamotte</p> <p>Other common names: Lamotte’'s Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura lamottee Heim de Balsac, 1968,</p> <p>Lamto, Cote d’lIvoire (= Ivory Coast).</p> <p>Crocidura lamottei seems to be sister to a clade including C. flavescens, C. hirta, C. olivier, C. fulvastra, C. viaria, and C. goliath. Taxon elegans has been included as a subspecies, but it is considered a synonym here until additional investigation can clarify relationships. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. West Africa from Senegal E to Nigeria and extreme SW Cameroon.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 85-90 mm, tail 35-5-55 mm, ear 11-12 mm, hindfoot 14-16 mm; weight 18-23 g. Lamotte’s White-toothed Shrew is relatively large. Dorsal pelage is pale brown to gray-brown without flecking (hairs are bluish gray with brown tips), and ventral pelage is gray to silvery gray, washed with yellowish tint (hairs are medium gray basally with</p> <p>creamy gray tips). Vibrissae are long, and ears are conspicuous and covered with short hairs. Hindfeet are relatively short, and feet are flesh-colored and covered with short pale brown hair. Tail is ¢.53% of head-body length, thick (thicker near base and narrowing near tip), hairy, and flesh-colored with reddish blotches. Skull is similar to that of the Voi White-toothed Shrew (C. voi) but larger; I' are long and hooked; M? is narrow; and mandible is very robust, particularly at coronoid process. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 52 and FN = 68.</p> <p>Habitat. Variety of habitats including dry forests, grasslands in savanna, dry grass on rocky hillsides, and grassy clearings. There is one record from rainforest, but Lamotte’s White-toothed Shrews prefer dry areas. Some individuals have been found in termite mounds.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. A pregnant Lamotte’s White-toothed Shrew with a single embryo was captured in the dry season in Ghana.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Lamotte’s White-toothed Shrew has a wide distribution, is considered common, and found in several nature reserves including Korup National Park in Cameroon.</p> <p>Bibliography. Decher et al. (1997), Heim de Balsac (1968c, 1974), Hutterer (2016j), Hutterer &amp; Happold (1983), Hutterer &amp; Schlitter (1996), Jacquet et al. (2013), Maddalena (1990), Meinig (2000), Vogel et al. (2013), Ziegler etal. (2002).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0AE87C3FAFEA11C136FF9D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0AF87C3FF21AD3F15DCF9A1.text	3D474A54A0AF87C3FF21AD3F15DCF9A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura flavescens (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1827)	<div><p>390.</p> <p>Greater Red White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura flavescens</p> <p>French: Crocidure blonde / German: Sidafrika-Riesenweil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana roja mayor</p> <p>Other common names: Greater Red Musk Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex flavescens I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827,</p> <p>“La Cafrerie et le pays des Hottentots” (= King William’s Town, South Africa).</p> <p>Crocidura flavescens seems to be sister to C. hrta and in the C. olivieri group, although additional sampling is needed to confirm this relationship. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Coastal and E South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, and S Mozambique.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 81- 117 mm, tail 36-58 mm, ear 9-11 mm, hindfoot 13-16 mm; weight 20-40 g. The Greater Red White-toothed Shrew is very large. Dorsal pelage is fawn to cinnamonbrown (hairs are slate-gray basally, with pale subterminal band and brown tips), and ventral pelage is pale gray or yellowish gray (hairs have dark gray bases and off white to pale yellow tips); dorsum and venter merge relatively abruptly on flanks. Feet are fawn-colored. Tail is ¢.49% of head-body length, covered with sparse bristle hairs, and bicolored, being brown above and pale gray below. Females have six inguinal nipples. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50 and FN = 74.</p> <p>Habitat. Variety of habitats, such as fynbos (shrubland or heathland), grasslands (montane, temperate, and subtropical), coastal forest, woodlands, savanna, and disturbed habitats where water is plentiful. Greater Red White-toothed Shrews are semi-commensal and will enter human dwellings and gardens. They typically occur at low elevations but can be found in low numbers at higher elevations up to 1500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Greater Red White-toothed Shrews feed rather opportunistically on invertebrates and some vertebrates, occasionally feeding on carrion of small vertebrates; they are occasionally cannibalistic. They eat a wide variety of insects, snails, earthworms, reptiles, and small rodents and shrews. They feed very aggressively and attack prey voraciously, which allows them to take down larger vertebrate prey. Coprophagy by licking the rectum has been observed.</p> <p>Breeding. Greater Red White-toothed Shrews are pregnant in the late dry season and wet season (August—April) and occur at highest densities in October-December. Reproduction might be partially triggered by shorter daylength because reproductive fitness increases with shorter photoperiods. When mating, “flehmen display” occurs when the male sniffs anogenital region of the female and then chases her for up to 35 minutes. The chase ends when the female stops and the male attempts to mount her, but the female might keep running. The male will eventually bite the female’s rump, and she will stop, allowing copulation, which lasts ¢.7 seconds for successful insemination. When the male loosens his grip after ejaculation, the female will move off, dragging the male by the penis for a small amount of time. The female then generally becomes aggressive toward the male. The male will bite the female’s mid-back during this time. Gestation lasts ¢.28 days, and litters average 3-6 young, four being typical. Young are naked, blind, and helpless at birth but develop very fast. They start walking at ¢.5 days old, they are weaned at 18-22 days, full pelage is developed by c.14 days old, and eyes and ears open at c.12 days old. Caravanning has been observed and occurs up to c.16 days after birth. Adult size is reaches at 28 days old, at which time young leave nests. Females have postpartum estrus, and litters are commonly conceived consecutively. Females foster young that are not their own because they do not recognize whether young are theirs or not. Maturity is generally reached at ¢.90 days old but can occur as early as 28 days when young reach adult size. Greater Red White-toothed Shrews live c.14-18 months in the wild and c.2-5 years in captivity, which is relatively long for a shrew.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Greater Red White-toothed Shrews are primarily nocturnal but can be found foraging during the day. They are most active during dawn, with smaller peak at dusk. This is opposite to activity pattern of the Lesser Red White-toothed Shrew (C. hirta), indicating some degree of temporal separation between these two species. Greater Red White-toothed Shrews often enter spontaneous torpor during times of hardship. Nests are spherical or saucer-shaped and generally are placed in rock crevices or under some sort of cover.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Greater Red White-toothed Shrews are highly aggressive and territorial toward conspecifics and probably mark territories by scent marking using their lateral, chin, and anogenital glands and their fecal piles, which are strongly scented. They use a variety of vocalizations similar to other species of shrews. These include loud squeaks when alarmed, squeaks interspersed with “chirrs” or chittering sounds during aggressive encounters, chittering between females and their young, and soft and repetitive squeaks while foraging. The Greater Red White-toothed Shrew apparently does not useits ultrasonic vocalizations for echolocation like some other species of shrews. Grooming is done with hindfeet for scratching, forefeet for face washing, and tongue for licking pelage.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Greater Red White-toothed Shrew has to a wide distribution and is considered common throughout much ofit. It is one of the most well-studied species of shrews in Africa and is more commensal with humans than most other shrews on the continent.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baxter (1977 1993, 1996), Baxter &amp; Irwin (1995), Baxter &amp; Meester (1982), Baxter et al. (1979b), Cassola (2016av), Hirakawa &amp; Haberl (1998), Hoole et al. (2016), Jacquet et al. (2013), Meester (1963), Monadjem (1997), Taylor (1998), Vogel et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0AF87C3FF21AD3F15DCF9A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0AF87CCFA2AADE1115DFBF7.text	3D474A54A0AF87CCFA2AADE1115DFBF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura hirta Peters 1852	<div><p>391.</p> <p>Lesser Red White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura hirta</p> <p>French: Crocidure roussatre / German: Ockerfarbene WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana roja menor</p> <p>Other common names: Lesser Red Musk Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura hirta Peters, 1852,</p> <p>Tete, Zambezia Province, Mozambique (17°S).</p> <p>Crocidura hirta seemsto be sister to C. flave- scens and in the C. olivier: group, although additional sampling is needed to confirm this relationship. C. erica might be included under C. hirta. Four subspecies are sometimes recognized (hirta, deserti, lang, and velutina), but they are not recognized here even though they could represent</p> <p>distinct taxa (especially deserti, which might even be a distinct species). Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Tanzania, SE DR Congo, E Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, E Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, N &amp; E South Africa, and E Swaziland.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 69-96 mm, tail 39-59 mm, ear 8-12 mm, hindfoot 12-16 mm; weight 8-24 g. The Lesser Red White-toothed Shrew is relatively large. Dorsal pelage is cinnamon-brown, grizzled with reddish fawn to dark brown (hairs are slate-gray basally, with fawn subterminal band and brown or buffy brown tips), and ventral pelage is paler with yellow to fawn tinge (hairs are gray-based, with yellow to fawn tips); dorsum and venter are sharply demarcated. Feet are fawn-colored. Tail is variable in length, ranging from 55% of head-body length in South Africa up to 90% of head-body length in central Africa; very hairy; and bicolored, being brown dorsally and pale gray ventrally. Females have six inguinal nipples. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50 and FN = 66.</p> <p>Habitat. Wide variety of habitats including montane forest, bushveld, savannas, and woodlands, always with some sort of cover. Lesser Red White-toothed Shrews are relatively commensal with humans and are often found in human dwellings and gardens.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Lesser Red White-toothed Shrew eats a wide variety of invertebrates and occasionally vertebrates, including insects (termites, beetles, crickets,etc.), spiders, centipedes, snails, and small rodents. Foraging occurs under dense vegetation during the day for protection against predators.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproduction of the Lesser Red White-toothed Shrew occurs during the wet season and early dry season throughout most ofits distribution. In South Africa, breeding can occur in September—May but mostly in January-February. In Zimbabwe, breeding has been recorded in September, December, and February. “Flehmen display” occurs during breeding, followed by chasing for c¢.7 minutes until the female allows copulation. After copulation, the male might be dragged behind the female for a short period of time before being released and leaving. Gestation last ¢.28 days, and litters have 2-5 young (average 4-1 in South Africa and 3-6 in Zimbabwe). Young start to walk at c.9 days old, and caravanning has been observed from this time until day 18. Eyes and ears open at c.12 days old, and pelage is fully grown by c.14 days old. Young</p> <p>are weaned at c.18 days old. Postpartum estrus occurs in females, and litters can be conceived consecutively.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Lesser Red White-toothed Shrews are primarily nocturnal but can be found foraging during the day. They are most active during dusk, with smaller peak at dawn. This is opposite to whatis observed in the Greater Red White-toothed Shrew (C. flavescens), indicating some degree of temporal separation between these two species. Nests are usually saucer-shaped and are generally found at the end of a long tunnel underneath a rock.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Lesser Red White-toothed Shrew is aggressive and territorial, but much less so than the Greater Red Whitetoothed Shrew. Scent marking using lateral glands and strong scented fecal piles seem to indicate that a territory is protected. Vocalizations include loud squeaks when alarmed after meeting unfamiliar conspecifics. Grooming is done with hindfeet for scratching, forefeet for face washing, and tongue for licking pelage.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Lesser Red White-toothed Shrew has a wide distribution and is considered common throughout much ofit. It is well studied and is common in human dwellings.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baxter &amp; Meester (1982), Cassola (2016ax), Dickman (1995), Hirakawa &amp; Haber! (1998), Jacquet et al. (2013), Meester (1959, 1960, 1963), Vogel et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0AF87CCFA2AADE1115DFBF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A087CCFFF8AF1D16B7F6B0.text	3D474A54A0A087CCFFF8AF1D16B7F6B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura erica Dollman 1915	<div><p>392.</p> <p>Heather White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura erica</p> <p>French: Crocidure d’Angola / German: Graue Angola-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de brezo</p> <p>Other common names: Heather Shrew, Angolan White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura erica Dollman, 1915,</p> <p>Pungo Andongo, Angola.</p> <p>Phylogenetic affinity of C. erica is uncer- tain, but it is cranially similar to C. hirta, of which it might be conspecific. Nevertheless, there is also evidence that it is closely related to C. nigricans, but additional research is needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from three localities in W Angola.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 96 mm,tail</p> <p>54 mm, ear 8 mm, hindfoot 15 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Heather White-toothed Shrew is relatively large. Dorsum is pale gray, faintly washed with brown, and flanks are grayer, gradually merging into dull gray venter. Feet are grayish white. Tail is ¢.56% of head-body length, finely haired, and bicolored, being brown dorsally and grayish white ventrally. Second unicuspid is larger than third, M’ is medium-sized, and talonid of M,is reduced to a single cusp. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Holotype was collected at an elevation of 1098 m, but there is no information related to habitat preferences of the Heather White-toothed Shrew.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Virtually nothing is known of the Heather White-toothed Shrew. It is probably threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation from agricultural expansion.</p> <p>Bibliography. Crawford-Cabral (1987), Dollman (1915d), Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016r), Hill &amp; Carter (1941).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A087CCFFF8AF1D16B7F6B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A087CCFAE3A94417E7F700.text	3D474A54A0A087CCFAE3A94417E7F700.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura goliath Thomas 1906	<div><p>394.</p> <p>Goliath White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura goliath</p> <p>French: Crocidure géante / German: Goliath-Riesenweil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana goliat</p> <p>Other common names: Goliath Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura goliath Thomas, 1906,</p> <p>Efulen, Cameroon.</p> <p>Crocidura goliath previously included C. nimbasilvanus as a subspecies, but genetic and morphological data support their recognition as distinct species. Crocidura goliath is sister to a clade including C. olivieri, C. viaria, and C. fulvastra in the C. olivieri group. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S Cameroon, SW Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini), Gabon, N Republic of the Congo, and NW DR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 155-175 mm, tail 100-132 mm, ear 15-17 mm, hindfoot 23-27 mm; weight 51-76 g. The Goliath White-toothed Shrew is extremely large and the largest species of shrews native to Africa and nearly the world, only rivaled by the heavier Asian House Shrew (Suncus murinus, males can weigh more than 100 g). Dorsal pelage is dark rufous to chestnut-brown (hairs are gray on basal one-half and rufous on terminal one-half); some individuals have long thick dark rufous hairs on back from shoulders to rump. Ventral pelage is grayish rufous or grayish (hairs are gray basally, with gray or grayish rufous tips). Lateral glands are large and very obvious on flanks, where patches of bare skin are present. Ears, chin, throat, and chest are rufous brown. Ears are relatively small, and feet are dark rufous brown with whitish claws. Tail is ¢.68% of head-body length, hairy, and rufous brown. Skull is large and heavily built. I! is long and hooked, third upper molaris narrow, and molars are semi-squarish. Dorsal surface of braincase of older individuals can be sculptured with inconspicuous irregular bony ripples, which is similar to the Armored Hero Shrew (Scutisorex somereni). There are three unicuspids. Karyotype is 2n = 50.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary rainforests, marshes, mixed rainforests, riparian forests, and marshy forests.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Embryo counts in female Goliath White-toothed Shrews averaged three in Gabon.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Goliath White-toothed Shrew has a relatively wide distribution and is found in several protected areas. It currently faces no major threats, and it is considered common but not extremely abundant.</p> <p>Bibliography. Brosset (1988), Cassola (2016aw), Goodman &amp; Hutterer (2004), Goodman et al. (2001), Heim de Balsac (1959), Jacquet, Denys et al. (2015), Jacquet, Hutterer et al. (2013), Lasso et al. (1996), Vogel et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A087CCFAE3A94417E7F700	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A087CCFFF7A2D51AF8FE43.text	3D474A54A0A087CCFFF7A2D51AF8FE43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura nigricans Bocage 1889	<div><p>393.</p> <p>Blackish White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura nigricans</p> <p>French: Crocidure noire / German: Schwarze Angola-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana negruzca</p> <p>Other common names: Blackish Shrew, Black White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura nigricans Bocage, 1889,</p> <p>Quindumbo, Benguela District, Angola.</p> <p>Phylogenetic placement of C. nigricans is unknown, but it might be related to C. ercaor C. mariquensis. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SW Angola.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 62-89 mm, tail 4663-5 mm, ear 4-9 mm, hindfoot 11-16 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Blackish Whitetoothed Shrew is medium-sized to relatively large. Dorsal pelage is blackish blue or slate-gray, and ventral pelage is paler. Tail is ¢.75% of head-body length, hairy, and dark. Talonid of M? lacks fovea. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Mountainous regions in Angola, but there is no information related to habitat preferences of the Blackish White-toothed Shrew.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Virtually nothing is known of the Blackish White-toothed Shrew, and its specific status has been</p> <p>questioned throughoutits taxonomic history; additional research is needed. Despite few records, it does not seem to have any major threats and might have a much wider distribution than currently known.</p> <p>Bibliography. Crawford-Cabral (1987), Hill &amp; Carter (1941), Hutterer (2016).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A087CCFFF7A2D51AF8FE43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A087CDFAF9A2031663FDD5.text	3D474A54A0A087CDFAF9A2031663FDD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura somalica Thomas 1895	<div><p>395.</p> <p>Somali White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura somalica</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Somalie / German: Somali-Weif3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Somalia</p> <p>Other common names: Somali Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura (Crocidura) somalica Thomas, 1895,</p> <p>“ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.0/lat 5.5)">Webi Shebeli [= Shebelle River]</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.0/lat 5.5)">Somaliland</a> ” (= about 05° 30’N, 44° 00’E, near Geledi (Galadi), Ethiopia).</p> <p>Recent phylogenetic studies have found that a sample from Ethiopia was sister to the Central African/Congo Basin populations of C. olivieri. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Recorded from EC Mali, S Sudan, and N, C &amp; SE Ethiopia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 63-77 mm,</p> <p>tail 40-46 mm, ear 5—7 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm; weight 8 g. The Somali White-toothed Shrew is small to medium-sized. Dorsal pelage is slate-gray, with variable amounts of brown throughout. Ventral pelage is gray, and chin is white. Ears are whitish. Tails is c.66% of head-body length, slender but slightly thicker at base, hairy and covered with longerbristle hairs, and bicolored, being pale brown dorsally and white ventrally. Skull is small and slender, rostrum is relatively long and slender, braincase is not quite oval-shaped in dorsal view, and coronoid process of mandible is medium-sized. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Mainly arid habitats, such as dry savannas and semi-deserts. Somali Whitetoothed Shrews are found around granite rocks and sandy valleys in Adrar de Iforas, Mali.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Somali White-toothed Shrew has a very wide distribution, butit is only known from a few scattered records and is considered rare throughout its known distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cassola (2016bb), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (1981a), Hutterer &amp; Jenkins (1983), Hutterer, Sidiyene &amp; Tranier (1991), Jacquet et al. (2015), Yalden et al. (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A087CDFAF9A2031663FDD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A187CDFF23A93D1BB9FE43.text	3D474A54A0A187CDFF23A93D1BB9FE43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura olivieri (Lesson 1827)	<div><p>396.</p> <p>African Giant White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura olivieri</p> <p>French: Crocidure d'Olivier / German: Afrikanische RiesenweiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana gigante de Africa</p> <p>Other common names: African Giant Shrew, Olivier's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex olivieri Lesson, 1827,</p> <p>Sakkara, Egypt. Restricted by G. B. Corbet in 1978 to “ near Giza,” based on neotype selection.</p> <p>Crocidura olivier almost certainly represents a species complex. Genetic studies have found that C. olivier: seems to cluster into five major paraphyletic clades that also encompass C. somalica, C. viaria, and C. fulvastra. The most basal clade is from Malawi and Mozambique, followed by</p> <p>those from Central African Republic and the Congo Basin, which are sister to C. somalica. Crocidura goliath is sister to the other three clades, C. viaria, and C. Julvastra. Northern and eastern African populations clustered together, while C. viaria and C. fulvastra were sister to the last two clades, which were both in West Africa. Additional resolution of this clade is needed because there are probably many distinct species within it. Original description of C. olivieri was based on an embalmed shrew from Ancient Egypt, which still occurs in the region today. Because of this, G. B. Corbet in 1978 designated a neotype from living specimens near Giza. Twenty subspecies (olivieri, anchietae, bueae, cara, cinereoaenea, darfurea, giffardi, guineensis, hansruppr, hedenborgiana, kivu, manni, martiensseni, nyansae, occidentalis, odorata, spurelli, sururae, toritensis, and zuleika) have been recognized but are not recognized here due to extreme taxonomic confusion in the clade. Subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Throughout sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal E to W Ethiopia, and S to Botswana, along with a few scattered localities in C &amp; E Ethiopia and a disjunct population along the Nile in E Egypt.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 110-140 mm, tail 70-100 mm, ear 9-14 mm, hindfoot 18-23 mm; weight 33-65 g. The African Giant White-toothed Shrew is very large and highly variable in size and color. Dorsal pelage ranges greatly from reddish brown to dark brown or blackish, and ventral pelage ranges from buffy brown to dark gray. Tail is 70-80% of head-body length, thick, dark, and covered with many short bristles. Flank glands are well developed and conspicuous, exuding a sweet and musky odor that is especially strong and pungent in the West African individuals. Females have six nipples: two inguinal pairs and one axillary pair or all three pairs equally spaced on stomach in some populations. Skull is large, heavy, and flat, with large rostrum and small cranium; braincase and maxilla are broad; interorbital constriction is long and narrow; and teeth are large and heavy, especially incisors. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50 and FN = 66 (FNa = 62).</p> <p>Habitat. Very large variety of habitats, preferring well-vegetated and moist areas, such as lowland and montane evergreen forests, riverine and floodplain grasslands, and swamps, from sea level to elevations of nearly 4000 m (3300 m in the DR Congo and Kenya). The Giant White-toothed Shrew has also been recorded in scrub, burnt and overgrazed grasslands, pine plantations, and montane grasslands. It is a common commensal with humans through its distribution and is common in farmland and plantations and in and around houses and food stores.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The African Giant White-toothed Shrew eats a wide variety of invertebrates and possibly carrion. Arthropods make up the largest part of the diet, although diet probably varies largely by region and prey availability. In the DR Congo, major prey items included ants (20% by composition), beetles (16%), millipedes (16%), termites (12%), spiders (12%), and smaller amounts of grasshoppers and insect larvae. Length of prey size ranged from 3 mm to less than 30 mm, with most being less than 10 mm. Food energy consumption of captive individuals weighing 26-37 g was 2-2-6 kJ/g/day.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproductive timing of the African Giant White-toothed Shrew varies among localities. In the DR Congo, pregnant females have been reported year-round, but breeding declined during the dry season. Pregnant females have been captured in dry and wet season in Zambia, but in Uganda, pregnant females have been reported in July, August, and December. Embryo counts throughout Africa are 1-5/females (mean four embryos in eastern Africa and two in central and western Africa).</p> <p>Activity patterns. African Giant White-toothed Shrews are very adaptable. They are terrestrial and nearly completely nocturnal, with peaks of activity just before dawn. Molting individuals have been found in March, May, July, and August in Zambia.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Giant White-toothed Shrews are generally solitary, but individuals will often live in fairly close proximity. They make loud shrieks and churls during aggressive encounters and when startled.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The African Giant White-toothed Shrew is the most widespread species of African shrew and is considered common throughout most of its distribution. In some regions, it is somewhat commensal with humans and regarded as a pest.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aggundey &amp; Schlitter (1986), Ansell &amp; Dowsett (1988), Brosset (1988), Cassola (2016ba), Churchfield &amp; Hutterer (2013a), Dieterlen &amp; Heim de Balsac (1979), Dubey, Antonin et al. (2007), Dudu et al. (2005), Hutterer &amp; Happold (1983), Hutterer, Van der Straeten &amp; Verheyen (1987), Jacquet, Denys et al. (2015), Jacquet, Hutterer et al. (2013), Maddalena (1990), Meylan &amp; Vogel (1982), Sheppe (1973), Vogel et al. (2013), Yalden et al. (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A187CDFF23A93D1BB9FE43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A187CDFA27A94F1811F751.text	3D474A54A0A187CDFA27A94F1811F751.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura viaria (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1834)	<div><p>397.</p> <p>Savanna Path White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura viaria</p> <p>French: Crocidure des chemins / German: GroRRe Savannen-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de sendero de sabana</p> <p>Other common names: Savanna Path Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex viarius I. Geoffroy Saint- Hilaire, 1834,</p> <p>“Senegal.” Restricted by R. Hutterer in 1984 to the region between Dakar and Saint-Louis (= Dakar), Senegal.</p> <p>Crocidura viania is sister to C. fulvastra and in the C. olivier: group. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. From S Morocco and extreme W Algeria S to Guinea and E to Ethiopia and Kenya; also on Unguja I in Zanzibar Archipelago (where it might be extinct) along with isolated records from N Ethiopia and C Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 75-100 mm, tail 42-63 mm, hindfoot 14-17 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Savanna Path White-toothed Shrew is large, with dense, soft, and silky sheened pelage. Dorsum is pale medium brown, with mottled appearance (hairs are dark gray on basal one-half and pale brown on terminal one-half, with medium brown tips). Venter is medium reddish brown or creamy gray (hairs are gray on basal two-thirds and creamy gray on terminal one-third). Ears are pale brown and conspicuous. Chin, throat, and chest are medium reddish brown, and feet are pale and covered with short creamy hairs. Tail is ¢.70% of head-body length, medium brown dorsally, slightly plater below, thick at base becoming narrower toward tip, and hairy with longer bristle hairs throughout. Braincase is flat and broad; I' is long and hooked; M? is medium to wide in size. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50 and FN = 66.</p> <p>Habitat. Dense scrubby vegetation beside seasonal rivers and cultivated fields in Morocco. Savanna Path White-toothed Shrews are found in vegetated sand dunes and on dunes with thick Chenopodiastrum murale (Amaranthaceae) or euphorbes (Euphorbiaceae) around boulders. They seem to prefer dry habitats and cluster around wetter areas.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Savanna Path White-toothed Shrew is strictly nocturnal and will use abandoned rodent burrows for shelter.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Savanna Path White-toothed Shrew has a wide distribution and is extremely common in some parts ofits distribution. There are no major threats currently affecting it.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cassola (2016bc), Dubey, Antonin et al. (2007), Jacquet, Denys et al. (2015), Jacquet, Hutterer et al. (2013), Hutterer (2013x), Vogel, Lawrence &amp; Aghnaj (2000), Vogel, Vogel et al. (2013), Yalden et al. (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A187CDFA27A94F1811F751	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A187CEFA29A3B61740FDCD.text	3D474A54A0A187CEFA29A3B61740FDCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura fulvastra (Sundevall 1843)	<div><p>398.</p> <p>Savanna White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura fulvastra</p> <p>French: Crocidure jaunatre / German: Savannen-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de sabana</p> <p>Other common names: Savanna Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex fulvaster Sundevall, 1843,</p> <p>Bahr el Abiad, Sudan.</p> <p>Crocidura fulvastra is sister to C. viaria within the C. olivier: group. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Sahelian region from Mali E to W &amp; C Ethiopia; there is a mummified specimen found in Thebes, although there have been no living individuals collected in Egypt, so the species is assumed to be extinct there.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 99-120 mm</p> <p>(males) and 86-94 mm (females), tail 57-64 mm (males) and 49-55 mm (females), ear 12-13 mm (males) and 10-11 mm (females), hindfoot 14-17 mm (males) and 14-15 mm (females); weight 16-29 g (males) and 10-18 g (females). The Savanna White-toothed Shrew is very large, with considerable sexual dimorphism because males are, on average, larger than females. Dorsal pelage is pale brown to cinnamon (hairs are bluish gray with cinnamon tips), and ventral pelage and flanks are whitish gray (hairs are gray with white tips) and clearly delineated from dorsum. Tail is ¢.60% of head-body length, thin, brownish, and hairy with longer bristle hairs throughout. Skull is long and narrow, rostrum is long, interorbital constriction is narrow, braincase is oval-shaped, zygomatic process of maxilla is angular, I' is long and sharp, and upper premolars and molars are narrow compared with the Savanna Path White-toothed Shrew (C. viaria). There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Dry savanna habitats and likely variety of mesic habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Savanna White-toothed Shrew has a wide distribution and is relatively abundant with no major threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Churchfield &amp; Jenkins (2013c), Hutterer &amp; Happold (1983), Hutterer &amp; Jenkins (1980, 2016f), Jacquet, Denys et al. (2015), Jacquet, Hutterer et al. (2013), Setzer (1956), Vogel et al. (2013), Yalden et al. (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A187CEFA29A3B61740FDCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A287CEFAFDA93A1B1BF842.text	3D474A54A0A287CEFAFDA93A1B1BF842.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura cinderella Thomas 1911	<div><p>401.</p> <p>Cinderella White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura cinderella</p> <p>French: Crocidure cendrillon / German: Cinderella-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana cenicienta</p> <p>Other common names: Cinderella Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura cinderella Thomas, 1911,</p> <p>“ Gemenjulla, French Gambia [= Senegal].”</p> <p>Taxonomic affinities of C. cinderella are uncertain, but it might be related to C. tarfayensis. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S Mauritania, Senegal, The Gambia, Mali, N Burkina Faso, and W Niger.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 50-67 mm, tail 45-49 mm, ear 8-5 mm, hindfoot 11-12 mm; weight 5-6 g. The Cinderella White-toothed Shrew is very small, with short dense pelage. Dorsal pelage is brownish gray (hairs are dark gray on basal two-thirds, with pale cream or pale brown subterminal band and russet brown to pale brown tips); ventral pelage is pale gray (hairs are gray basally and white-tipped); and delineation occurs on lower flanks, particularly from shoulder to base of tail. Chin, throat, and chest are gray, and feet are white with transparent claws. Tail is ¢.70% of head-body length, hairy, and bicolored, being pale brown dorsally and white ventrally. Skull has flat dorsal roof, braincase is flat, rostrum is medium in length, I' are long and hooked, and M? is medium-sized. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Dry Acacia (Fabaceae) forest and a banana plantation. The Cinderella Whitetoothed Shrew seems to occur in Acacia bush and grassland habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Cinderella White-toothed Shrew has a relatively wide distribution, with no major threats currently identified.</p> <p>Bibliography. Heim de Balsac (1968c), Hutterer (1987, 2013h), Hutterer &amp; Granjon (2016).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A287CEFAFDA93A1B1BF842	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A287CEFFFBA93B11D0F86E.text	3D474A54A0A287CEFFFBA93B11D0F86E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura mutesae Heller 1910	<div><p>399.</p> <p>Ugandan White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura mutesae</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Kampala / German: Uganda-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Uganda</p> <p>Other common names: Ugandan Musk Shrew, Ugandan Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura muesae Heller, 1910,</p> <p>Kampala, Uganda.</p> <p>Phylogenetic placement of C. mulesae is uncertain but based on 16s rRNA se- quences, it seems to be in the C. olivier: group and might be conspecific with C. olwiert. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Recorded from SW Central African Republic, NW DR Congo, and SE Uganda.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 115 mm, tail 64 mm, hindfoot 16 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Ugandan White-toothed Shrew is a very large, with long pelage. Dorsal and ventral pelage is grayish. Feet are darker grayish, and hindfeet are long and broad. Tail is ¢.60-75% of head-body length, very hairy and covered with tightly packed long bristle hairs, and dark grayish. The Ugandan White-toothed Shrew is similar to the African Giant White-toothed Shrew (C. olivieri), but it is smaller and has less robust and smaller skull. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Areas with relatively low understories such as unlogged forest. Some Ugandan White-toothed Shrews have been collected in forests dominated by Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (Fabaceae).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Although the Ugandan White-toothed Shrew is known from only a few scattered localities, it does not seem to face any major threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016t), Ray &amp; Hutterer (1996, 2013e).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A287CEFFFBA93B11D0F86E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A287CEFFF7AC9B1548FDC8.text	3D474A54A0A287CEFFF7AC9B1548FDC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura parvipes Osgood 1910	<div><p>400.</p> <p>Smallfooted White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura parvipes</p> <p>French: Crocidure a pattes courtes / German: Kleinful3-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de pies pequenos</p> <p>Other common names: Small-footed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura parvipes Osgood, 1910,</p> <p>Voi, British East Africa (= Kenya).</p> <p>Crocidura parvipes is considerably variable and might represent 4-5 distinct species. Its phylogenetic position is uncertain, although one genetic study placed it close to C. olwieri, C. hirta, and C. flavescens. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Distribution is still rather unknown as there are few widely scattered specimens from Cameroon, Central African Republic, and S South Sudan S to Angola, Zambia, and N Tanzania; largest continual portion of the distribution is in East Africa from S South Sudan to N Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 68-85 mm, tail 32-52 mm, ear 5-10 mm, hindfoot 10-13 mm; weight 8-12 g. The Small-footed White-toothed Shrew is mediumsized, with soft, dense, and silky sheened pelage. Dorsal pelage is medium brown, washed with pale brownish gray (hairs are medium gray on basal two-thirds, with pale brownish gray subterminal band and brown tips), and ventral pelage is creamy white and sometimes silvery white (hairs are gray with creamy gray tips); sharp delineation between venter and dorsum is evident. Flank gland is elongated and covered with short white hairs on each side of body. Ears are large, and feet are flesh-colored and covered with short pale brown or creamy hairs. Hindfeet are relatively short. Tail is ¢.45-60% of head-body length, thicker at base and tapering toward tip, hairy, and bicolored, being medium brown above and paler below. [' are moderately long and slightly hooked; M? is medium-sized to narrow. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 52 and FN = 66 (Cameroon) and 2n = 50 (Ethiopia).</p> <p>Habitat. Primarily dry savanna. There are records of Small-footed White-toothed Shrews from gallery forests.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There are few scattered records of Smallfooted White-toothed Shrew throughout central and eastern Africa over a very wide distribution. Although it is rarely collected, it does not seem to have any major threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aggundey &amp; Schlitter (1986), Bannikova et al. (2005), Burgess et al. (2000), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (2013s), Hutterer, Baxter &amp; Howell (2016), Lavrenchenko et al. (2009), Setzer (1956), Thorn et al. (2009), Yalden et al. (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A287CEFFF7AC9B1548FDC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A287CEFAF8A34F1566F329.text	3D474A54A0A287CEFAF8A34F1566F329.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura voi Osgood 1910	<div><p>402.</p> <p>Voi White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura vor</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Voi / German: Voi-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Voi</p> <p>Other common names: Voi Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura voi Osgood, 1910,</p> <p>Voi, British East Africa (= Kenya).</p> <p>Crocidura voi might be closely related to or conspecific with C. fischer. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S Sudan, South Sudan, SW Ethiopia, Kenya, and S Somalia as well as two isolated records from SC Mali and E Nigeria.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 75-86 mm, tail 34-53 mm, ear 10-12 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm; weight 13-4 g. The</p> <p>Voi White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsum is cinnamon to grayish brown, with gray-based and cinnamon-tipped hairs. Venter and flanks are yellowish gray to grayish white, with gray-based and creamy yellow-tipped hairs. Tail is ¢.45-55% of head-body length, thick, hairy, pale, and usually bicolored, being darker above and lighter below. Skull is hourglass-shaped,flat, and broad. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Probably very dry savanna.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Although virtually nothing is known of the Voi White-toothed Shrew,its distribution is considered wide, and no threats seem to be affecting it.</p> <p>Bibliography. Burgess et al. (2000), Cassola (2016bd), Happold (2013), Hutterer (1986f), Hutterer &amp; Happold (1983), Setzer (1956), Yalden et al. (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A287CEFAF8A34F1566F329	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A287CFFAF4A651130FF9F2.text	3D474A54A0A287CFFAF4A651130FF9F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura yankariensis Hutterer & Jenkins 1980	<div><p>403.</p> <p>Yankari White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura yankariensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Yankari / German: Yankari-Weizahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Yankari</p> <p>Other common names: Yankari Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura yankariensis Hutterer &amp; Jenkins, 1980,</p> <p>Futuk (9°50’N, 10°55°E), 16 km east of Yankari Game Reserve boundary, Bauchi State, Nigeria.</p> <p>Taxonomy of C. yankariensis is uncertain. It was confused with C. somalica until its description. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Scattered localities in NE Nigeria, N Cameroon, S Sudan, NW Ethiopia, NW Kenya, and S Somalia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 52-66 mm,</p> <p>tail 34-41 mm, ear 6-8 mm, hindfoot 9-10 mm; weight 4-5 g. The Yankari Whitetoothed Shrew is small, with short pelage. Dorsum is olive-brown (hairs are gray basally and brown-tipped), and ventral pelage is smoky gray or grayish olive (hairs are uniformly gray) and merges with dorsum on flanks with little delineation. Lower parts of hindlimbs are unique without brownish hair. Ears are large and covered with fine hairs and stiff bristles on inner folds. Feet are white. Tail is ¢.67% of head—body length, hairy, and bicolored, being brown above and whitish below. Skull profile slopes gradually upward anteriorly. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 68 and FN = 122.</p> <p>Habitat. Primarily dry savanna. A Yankari White-toothed Shrew was found in shrubs and boulders in wet grasslands in Ethiopia.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Yankari White-toothed Shrew is known from very few scattered specimens over a broad distribution. Virtually nothing is known of it natural history and conservation status, so additional research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cassola (2016au), Hutterer (2013y), Hutterer &amp; Happold (1983), Hutterer &amp; Jenkins (1980), Schlitter et al. (1999).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A287CFFAF4A651130FF9F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A387CFFF2AAD131873FA8B.text	3D474A54A0A387CFFF2AAD131873FA8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura stenocephala Heim de Balsac 1979	<div><p>404.</p> <p>Kahuzi White-toothed Swamp Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura stenocephala</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Kahuzi / German: Kahuzi-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Kahuzi</p> <p>Other common names: Kahuzi Swamp Shrew, Narrow-headed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura stenocephala Heim de Balsac, 1979,</p> <p>Kahuzi-Biéga National Park, eastern DR Congo.</p> <p>Crocidura stenocephala was considered a subspecies of C. lLttoralis, but it was re- garded as a distinct species by R. Hutterer in 1982 and 2005. Hutterer in 1982 and F. Dieterlen and H. Heim de Balsac in 1979 listed it in the C. monax-C. littoralis-C. maurisca group. Itis one of three Albertine Rift Valley endemics (C. kivuana, C. stenocepha-</p> <p>la and C. lanosa). According to W. T. Stanley and colleagues in 2015, C. stenocephala is not related to the C. monax complex, but instead, it is a relative of C. oritis/ C. littoralis and C. latona. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Restricted to three montane swamps (2100-2300 m) in E DR Congo (Mt Kahuzi) and high-elevation swamps in SW Uganda (Echuya Forest, Ngoto Swamp, Ruhija, Mubwindi Swamp, and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park) at 1500-2380 m. Extensive surveys in swamps in Burundi and Rwenzori Mts have notyielded any specimens.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 82-106 mm,tail 61-81 mm, ear 5-11 mm, hindfoot 15 20 mm; weight 16-35 g. Condylo-incisive length is 22:9-24-4 mm. The Kahuzi Whitetoothed Swamp Shrew is large and most similar to the Naked-tailed White-toothed Shrew (C. lttoralis) and the Manenguba White-toothed Shrew (C. manengubae), with dark coloration, naked tail, extended forehead, narrow rostrum, and graceful teeth. Dorsal pelage of the Kahuzi White-toothed Swamp Shrew is blackish, superficially brownish with silvery gray hair bases and brown tips. Ventral pelage is brownish gray, sometimes with olive tinge, paler than upperparts with pale gray-based hairs and pale brownish tips. Undersurface of head and neck are ash-gray. Ears are covered with short hairs. Forefeet are pale brown, and hindfeet are dark brown. Tail is ¢.77% of headbody length, dark brown above, and paler below. The Kahuzi White-toothed Swamp Shrew appears naked butis covered by inconspicuous bristles (pilosity less than 20%). Skull is similar to that of the Naked-tailed White-toothed Shrew but clearly narrower and cutting edge of mandibular incisors has two denticles. It shares this feature with the Manenguba White-toothed Shrew and the Gracile White-toothed Shrew (C. maurisca).</p> <p>Habitat. Mostly montane swamps, dominated by sedges (Cyperus latifolius, Cyperaceae) in Kahuzi-Biéga National Park, DR Congo. Water in swampsis slightly above ground level but covered by thick layer of floating plants that provides shelter and nesting sites for the Kahuzi White-toothed Swamp Shrew. It has recorded in other moist habitats and small swamps. It is partly sympatric with the Kiva White-toothed Shrew (C. kivuana) in some swamps in Kahuzi-Biéga National Park and the Gracile White-toothed Shrew in Uganda. In Uganda, the Kahuzi White-toothed Swamp Shrew was located at</p> <p>Mubwindi (2070 m) in 2m high rush/sedge swamp vegetation with Lobelia (Campanulaceae), closely surrounded by steep forest-covered hills at 2070 m. At Ngoto Swamp (1500 m), it was found in Cyperus papyrus (Cyperaceae) swamps, surrounded by secondary vegetation rather than mature montane forest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. The Kahuzi White-toothed Swamp Shrew nests in layers of floating plants. One of 13 pregnant females was found during the wet season (March). Sex ratio of captures was 23 males: 13 females in Kahuzi-Biéga.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Kahuzi White-toothed Swamp Shrew and the Kivu White-toothed Shrew, another swamp dweller in this region, are often the most common shrews in some swamps in eastern DR Congo. In one swamp, there were 14 Kahuzi White-toothed Swamp Shrews, one Climbing Shrew (Suncus megalurus), and one Grant's Forest Shrew (S. granti) but no Kivu White-toothed Shrews. In another swamp, there were 19 Kahuzi White-toothed Swamp Shrews, 22 Kivu Whitetoothed Shrews, and seven individuals of four other species of shrews. There appear to be no special morphological adaptationsfor living in swamps. It is assumed that these shrews must accommodate to a very moist habitat and changing water levels. Swamps are frequently flooded, and water levels are 20-30 cm.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Kahuzi White-toothed Swamp Shrew occurs in less than 5000 km? all individuals are in fewer than five locations, and there is continuing decline in extent and quality of its swamp habitat in Echuya Forest, Uganda. It occurs in Kahuzi-Biéga National Park and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. There is a need to protect suitable areas of habitat, most especially in places such as Echuya Forest where habitat degradation is ongoing. Additional studies are needed on its distribution and natural history.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dieterlen (2013c), Dieterlen &amp; Heim de Balsac (1979), Hutterer (1982, 2005b), Kasangaki et al. (2003), Kerbis Peterhans, Dieterlen &amp; Hutterer (2008), Nicoll &amp; Rathbun (1990), Thorn et al. (2009), Stanley et al. (2015).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A387CFFF2AAD131873FA8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A387CFFA2EAEF914C0F52D.text	3D474A54A0A387CFFA2EAEF914C0F52D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura tarella Dollman 1915	<div><p>405.</p> <p>Tarella White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura tarella</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Rutshuru / German: Tarella-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Tarella</p> <p>Other common names: Tarella Shrew, Ugandan Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura turba tarella Dollman, 1915,</p> <p>Chaya, near Ruchuru, Congo Belge (= near Rutshuru, DR Congo).</p> <p>Crocidura tarella has been regarded as a subspecies of C. turba but now is generally regarded as a full species, although its relationship to other species of Crocidura is uncertain. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. SC &amp; SW Uganda, EC DR Congo, and NW Rwanda.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 91 mm,tail</p> <p>57 mm, ear 9-5 mm, hindfoot 17 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Tarella White-toothed Shrew is relatively large. Dorsum is dark reddish brown, and venter is gray, with reddish brown wash and silvery sheen. Feet are dark reddish brown. Tail is ¢.63% of head-body length, hairy, and bicolored, being blackish brown above and paler below. Skull has wide interorbital region, maxillary region is wide, braincase is narrow, unicuspids are broad, M? is moderately broad, and talonid of M, has an entoconid and talonid basin. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Tropical moist forests at mid-elevations.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Tarella White-toothed Shrew has a very limited distribution, and it is mainly threatened by logging operations causing habitat destruction and fragmentation. It occurs in Bwindi Forest Impenetrable National Park in Uganda.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dippenaar (1980b), Jenkins &amp; Churchfield (2013e), Kasangaki et al. (2003), Kennerley (2016t), Tuyisingize et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A387CFFA2EAEF914C0F52D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A387C8FA12A05D1606FC11.text	3D474A54A0A387C8FA12A05D1606FC11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura jacksoni Thomas 1904	<div><p>406.</p> <p>Jackson's White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura jacksoni</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Jackson / German: Jackson-WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Jackson</p> <p>Other common names: Jackson's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura jacksoni Thomas, 1904,</p> <p>“ Ravine Station, British E. Africa [= Kenya].”</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationship of Crocidura jacksoni is uncertain, although it might be close to C. denti, in which it was included. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. E DR Congo, S South Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, and N Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 61-85 mm</p> <p>(males) and 53-80 mm (females), tail 49-69 mm (males) and 48-58 mm (females),</p> <p>ear 6:7-9-7 mm (males) and 7-4-9-4 mm (females), hindfoot 11-:4-14-5 mm (males) and 12-13-9 mm (females); weight 7-11 g (males) and 6-12 mm (females). Jackson’s White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized, with short, soft, and smooth pelage. Dorsal pelage is fawn to dark brown (hairs are gray-based and brown-tipped), and ventral pelage is whitish gray (hairs are dark gray, with whitish gray tips). Chin and throat are whitish gray. Ears are small and dark brown. Feet are short and slender, with sparse short pale brown hair dorsally. Tail is ¢.75% of head-body length, thin, relatively hairy, and bicolored, being buff above and gray below. Females have six nipples. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Wet bushlands, cultivated areas, and highland moist forests, with records at elevations of 600-2200 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Jackson's White-toothed Shrew is widespread, and it faces no major threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Aggundey &amp; Schlitter (1986), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Quérouil et al. (2005), Oguge (2013b), Oguge, Hutterer &amp; Howell (2016), Oguge, Hutterer, Odhiambo &amp; Verheyen (2004).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A387C8FA12A05D1606FC11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A487C8FFF0AF6A1626F263.text	3D474A54A0A487C8FFF0AF6A1626F263.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura lanosa Heim de Balsac 1968	<div><p>407.</p> <p>Kivu Long-haired White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura lanosa</p> <p>French: Crocidure laineuse / German: Langfell-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Kivu</p> <p>Other common names: Kivu Long-haired Shrew, Lemara Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura lanosa Heim de Balsac, 1968,</p> <p>Lemera, Kivu, DR Congo.</p> <p>Crocidura lanosa is in the C. monax-C. lt- toralisC. maurisca group Albertine Rift Valley endemics (C. kiwvuana, C. steno- cephala and C. lanosa). In a phylogenetic tree estimated from Bayesian analysis of cytochrome-b sequences by W. T. Stanley and colleagues in 2015, C. lanosa was sister to C. maurisca, and both clustered to a group consisting of C. latona, C. lttoralis,</p> <p>and C. onitis/ C. stenocephala. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Restricted to montane region of EC DR Congo (Kivu, Lemera, Irangi, Kahuzi-Biéga National Park, and Tshibati) and Rwanda (Uinka and Nyungwe Forest).</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 87-105 mm, tail 69-85 mm, ear 6-10 mm, hindfoot 16-22 mm; weight 18-34 g. Condylo-incisive lengths are 24-2—-26 mm. The Kivu Longhaired White-toothed Shrew is immediately recognized by its large size, long and woolly pelage (unusually dense for a species of Crocidura), soft and grayish black coat, and untypically scantily haired tail, more like a species of Scutisorex. Previously, it was believed that these were young animals of Scutisorex. Dense and woolly pelage of the Kivu Long-haired White-toothed Shrew is possibly an adaption to cold temperatures and wet conditions in mountains. Dorsal pelage is almost unicolored blackish gray, with superficial brown tinge. Hairs have white tips. Ventral pelage is blackish gray but slightly paler, possibly with brown tinge. Forefeet and hindfeet are brown. Hindfeet are relatively long. Ears are medium-sized and partly covered by pelage. Tail is ¢.80% of head-body length, dark, and covered with dark short bristles, except at its terminal end (pilosity ¢.33%). Some individuals have whitish hairs at tip oftail, forming small pencil. Skull is elongated, with broad maxillary and cranial region. Cutting edge of lower incisor is normally smooth, rarely with a denticle. Females have six nipples.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary montane forests, Cyperus (Cyperaceae) swamps, and bamboo forests (partly mixed with gallery forests) near Lake Kivu at elevations of 1850-2450 m. The Kivu Long-haired White-toothed Shrew has also been found in secondary montane forests and disturbed areas across a wide elevational gradient in Kahuzi-Biéga National Park.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproductively active and pregnant Kivu Long-haired White-toothed Shrews were found during wet season (October, November, January) but not at other time of year. Embryo counts are 2-6/female. Sex ratio is 23 males: 10 females in the Kivu area.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Kivu Long-haired Whitetoothed Shrew comprised 15% of shrews (33 of 222; ten species) caught in all montane habitats (1880-3300 m) west of Lake Kivu and 23% of shrews in habitats where it was present. In Kahuzi-Biéga National Park and surrounding areas, some species of shrews, such as the Kivu Long-haired White-toothed Shrew and the African Giant White-toothed Shrew (C. olivieri), were collected in open habitats, but most shrews were found in swamps or wet habitats and could occur in deep forest (primary or secondary forest).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Kivu Long-haired White-toothed Shrew is known from fewer than ten locations, and there is continuing decline in extent and quality of its habitat. It might be threatened by habitat loss at Tshibati and Lemara due to development of tea plantations. It is well protected in Kahuzi-Biéga National Park, which has not experiences any known habitat loss. Additional studies are needed to clarify its distribution and better understand its natural history.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dieterlen (2013b), Dieterlen &amp; Heim de Balsac (1979), Geider &amp; Kock (1991), Heim de Balsac (1968a), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (1982, 2005b), Hutterer, Van der Straeten &amp; Verheyen (1987), Kaleme et al. (2007), Kennerley (2016r), Nicoll &amp; Rathbun (1990), Stanley et al. (2015).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A487C8FFF0AF6A1626F263	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A487C8FAFAAA59179DF5CE.text	3D474A54A0A487C8FAFAAA59179DF5CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura ludia Hollister 1916	<div><p>408.</p> <p>Dramatic White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura ludia</p> <p>French: Crocidure belluaire / German: Drama-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana cuidadora</p> <p>Other common names: Ludia’s Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura ludia Hollister, 1916,</p> <p>Medje, DR Congo.</p> <p>Crocidura ludia was included in C. dolichura by Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester in 1977. It was reinstated as a distinct species by Hutterer &amp; Dippenaar in 1987. Crocidura ludia might represent more than one species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. DR Congo (Masako Forest near Kisangani, Medje, Tandala, Baliko, Bomane, Djabir, and Yoko Forest S of Kisangani) and Central African Republic (Ngoto Forest and the Dzanga-Sangha Forest Reserve); it is possibly present in the Republic of the Congo and SE Cameroon.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 63-69 mm,tail 53-60 mm, ear 9 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm (measurements from holotype and topotype); weight 6-5 g (from two specimens). Condylo-incisive length is 18:2 mm. The Dramatic White-toothed Shrew is small. Dorsal pelage is uniformly brown, with gray-based hairs and brown tips. Ventral pelage is brown, and there is no distinct demarcation on sides. Forefeet and hindfeet are buffy and thinly haired, with brown streak along outside. Tail is 84-87% of head-body length, blackish brown above, and lighter on basal one-third below; it appears naked but is covered with short dark bristles. Longer bristles are restricted to basal 20-30% oftail. The Dramatic White-toothed Shrew is similar to the Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew (C. dolichura), but it can be distinguished by its brown color and shorter tail. Skull is small, gracile, and similar to the Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew in general configuration. Braincase is rounded, rostrum is slender, skull tapers from interorbital region to its tip, and braincase is strongly inflated in lateral view. Dentition is weak, I' is short and small, and M”is large.</p> <p>Habitat. Restricted to lowland rainforests. The Dramatic White-toothed Shrew inhabits gallery forest patches in savanna. Preferred habitat is not continuous throughout its distribution. In Masako Forest, it is found only in secondary forests (not in primary forests, along creeks, or in fallow land). In Central African Republic, it is found in gallery forests and moist savanna habitats. In the Congo River Basin (vicinity of Kisangani), the Dramatic White-toothed Shrew occurred only in primary forests at five of eight sites studied.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Stomach contents of the Dramatic White-toothed Shrews contained species of Coleoptera, Formicidae, Lepidoptera (larvae), Blattodea, Diplopoda, and Araneae and seeds.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Dramatic White-toothed Shrew is rarely collected. In Masako Forest, it comprised ¢.3% of shrews captured, but in Central African Republic, it was surprisingly the dominant species (71%) of shrews captured. It is occasionally recorded (1-3% of 311 shrews; 16 species) in scats of carnivores in the Central African Republic. Three similar species of shrews can be sympatric with the Dramatic White-toothed Shrew: Polia’s White-toothed Shrew (C. polia), the Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew (C. dolichura), and Latona’s White-toothed Shrew (C. latona).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Dramatic White-toothed Shrew is more widespread than previously thought. General habitat loss and fragmentation are threatening northern populations in the Central African Republic. It has been recorded in one protected area in Central African Republic and in Masako Forest protected area of the DR Congo.</p> <p>Bibliography. Barriére et al. (2005), Cassola (2016ay), Dudu et al. (2005), Gambalemoke, Mukinzi, Amundala, Gembu et al. (2008), Gambalemoke, Mukinzi, Amundala, Katuala et al. (2008), Hutterer (2005b, 2013m), Hutterer &amp; Dippenaar (1987a), Mukinzi et al. (2005), Nicoll &amp; Rathbun (1990), Quérouil et al. (2005), Ray &amp; Hutterer (1996).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A487C8FAFAAA59179DF5CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A487C9FAF1A13E1111FCBC.text	3D474A54A0A487C9FAF1A13E1111FCBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura dolichura Peters 1876	<div><p>409.</p> <p>Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura dolichura</p> <p>French: Crocidure a longue queue / German: Langschwanz-Wei3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de cola larga</p> <p>Other common names: Long-tailed Musk Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura dolichura Peters, 1876,</p> <p>Bonjongo, Cameroon.</p> <p>Crocidura dolichura seems to be sister to C. crenata, but additional research is needed to clarify its taxonomic position. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. S Nigeria, S Cameroon, S Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini and Bioko I), N Gabon, Republic of the Congo, DR Congo, W Rwanda, and W Burundi.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 60-70 mm,tail 73-75 mm, ear 9-10 mm, hindfoot 12-13 mm; weight 4-7 g. The Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized. Dorsal pelage is deep grayish brown, and ventral pelage is slightly paler gray. Hindfeet are relatively short, and feet are covered with scattered white hairs. Tail is 125-150% of head-body length, nearly naked, and brown. Skull is laterally depressed and rounded</p> <p>with an oval-shaped braincase. Dentitions is weak, I' and unicuspids are very small, and M? is large. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary and secondary rainforests and montane forests.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Stomach contents of one Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew included ants, adult flies, larval lepidopterans, millipedes, and spiders.</p> <p>Breeding. Embryo count averages 2-5 embryos/female (range 2-3 embryos).</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Longtailed White-toothed Shrew is widespread but considered uncommon. It might be threatened because much of its distribution is experiencing significant habitat loss.</p> <p>Bibliography. Brosset (1988), Goodman et al. (2001), Happold (1987), Heim de Balsac (1957), Hutterer &amp; Happold (1983), Hutterer &amp; Schlitter (1996), Hutterer, Howell &amp; Jenkins (2016), Lasso et al. (1996), Quérouil et al. (2003), Ray &amp; Hutterer (1996, 2013c), Southern &amp; Hook (1963).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A487C9FAF1A13E1111FCBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A587C9FF29A8C913FBF3F0.text	3D474A54A0A587C9FF29A8C913FBF3F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura longipes Hutterer & Happold 1983	<div><p>410.</p> <p>Savanna White-toothed Swamp Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura longipes</p> <p>French: Crocidure a pattes longues / German: Feuchtsavannen-Weif3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de ciénaga y sabana</p> <p>Other common names: Long-footed Shrew, Savanna Swamp Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura longipes Hutterer &amp; Happold, 1983,</p> <p><a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=4.483333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.566667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 4.483333/lat 11.566667)">Dada</a>, 11°34’N, 04°29’E, Nigeria.</p> <p>There has been no new specimens of C. longipes collected since 1967-1968 (type series). Its relationship to other species of Crocidura is not known. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from two swamp areas near Kainji National Park (Dada and Iella) in W Nigeria. The Savanna Whitetoothed Swamp Shrew is probably not widely distributed.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-111 mm, tail 56-69 mm, ear 10-12 mm, hindfoot 18-19 mm; weight 15-24 g. Condylo-incisive lengths are 24-2-25-4 mm. The Savanna White-toothed Swamp Shrew is very large, with very long hindfeet (c.17% of headbody length) and sparsely haired tail. Dorsal and ventral pelage, forefeet, and hindfeet are uniformly dark brown. Tail is medium in length, brown, and sparsely haired (pilosity not known). It has longer hindfeet than other dark brown species of Crocidura from Nigeria, except those of the Nigerian White-toothed Shrew (C. nigeriae) and the Large-headed White-toothed Shrew (C. grandiceps), which can overlap. Skull of the Large-headed White-toothed Shrew is larger than in the other two shrews. Skulls of the Savanna White-toothed Swamp Shrew and the Nigerian White-toothed Shrew are of similar in size but not in proportions. Compared with the Nigerian White-toothed Shrew, skull of the Savanna White-toothed Swamp Shrew is more pointed, as expressed by narrowness ofits rostrum, with maxillary and interorbital constriction. Dentition is much weaker in the Savanna White-toothed Swamp Shrew, and tooth rows are shorter than in the Nigerian White-toothed Shrew. Skull is long and pointed, and interorbital and maxillary region are narrow. Rostrum is long and narrow. Dentition is weak, particularly upper molars. Mandible is lightly built, with long and thin angular process.</p> <p>Habitat. Swampy areas with tall grasses (1-2 m high) and palm trees and other scattered trees (6-12 m high). The Savanna White-toothed Swamp Shrew can occur in other swamps along major river systems in Guinea Savanna.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Savanna White-toothed Swamp Shrew is syntopic with the African Giant White-toothed Shrew (C. olivieri) in one swamp (Dada).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There is no recent information on extent of occurrence, status, taxonomy, population status, and ecological requirements of the Savanna White-toothed Swamp Shrew. It might be threatened byits restricted distribution and affected by habitat loss, rapid rate of urbanization, logging, and construction of dams. No known conservation measures are in place and additional studies are needed. Research priorities include surveys of swamp habitats and genetic studies comparing the Savanna White-toothed Swamp Shrew with Fox’s White-toothed Shrew (C. foxi) and Therese’s White-toothed Shrew (C. theresae) in West Africa.</p> <p>Bibliography. Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016s), Happold (1987 2013g), Hutterer (2005b), Hutterer &amp; Happold (1983), Nicoll &amp; Rathbun (1990).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A587C9FF29A8C913FBF3F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A587C9FF13A7131513F86E.text	3D474A54A0A587C9FF13A7131513F86E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura picea Sanderson 1940	<div><p>411.</p> <p>Cameroon White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura picea</p> <p>French: Crocidure bitumée / German: Kamerun-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Camerun</p> <p>Other common names: Assumbo Shrew, Cameroon Shrew, Pitch Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura occidentalis picea Sanderson, 1940,</p> <p>Tinta, 701 m, Assumbo, Mamfe Division, Cameroon.</p> <p>Crocidura picea was originally described as a subspecies of C. occidentalis (part of C. olwieri). Its phylogenetic relationship is unknown. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Presumably endemic to mountains of Cameroon; known from type locality, Bamenda Highlands, and more recently from Mt Oku.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 75-76 mm, tail 43-47 mm, ear 89 mm, hindfoot 13-14 mm; weight 12-13 g. Condylo-incisive length is 21-8-22 mm. The Cameroon White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized and dark, almost black with shiny black flesh-parts and extremely long muzzle,</p> <p>feet, hands, and tail. Upperparts are medium to dark grayish brown or black, with inconspicuous flecking. Basal two-third of hairs are gray, and terminal band is brown or grayish brown. Ventral pelage is slightly paler and grayer, with gray-based hair and medium gray terminal hairs. Ears are prominent, moderately large, and not concealed by pelage. Forefeet and hindfeet are blackish brown, with short dark brown hairs and sharp claws. Tail is ¢.55% of head-body length and unicolored blackish brown, with 78% pilosity (long, white bristles). According to type description, the most noticeable features were wrists and ankles, which were slender and naked for some considerable distance up forearms and legs. Eyes measured 2:5 mm wide; no other shrew collected has eyes that exceed c.l mm. Braincase is medium-sized. I' is long and hooked, and M?is medium-sized.</p> <p>Habitat. Known only from montane tropical moist forests at elevations of 1200-1800 m. Type specimen was caught in “False mountain grass; dry locality with sandy soil.” The Cameroon White-toothed Shrew is very uncommon, with very few specimens recorded.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Area of occupancy of the Cameroon White-toothed Shrew is probably less than 500 km? with all individuals in fewer than five locations, and extent ofits forest habitat in the Cameroon mountains is continuing to decline. The Cameroon mountains are an isolated area, and surveys of other mountain blocks have not found Cameroon White-toothed Shrews. It is threatened by extensive habitat destruction and degradation in the Cameroon mountains, including the protected Mount Oku area. It occurs in Mount Oku Community Forest Reserve. There is an urgent need to effectively conserve remaining areas of montane forest in the Cameroon highlands. Additional studies are needed on its natural history and population status.</p> <p>Bibliography. Heim de Balsac &amp; Hutterer (1982), Hutterer &amp; Howell (2008d), Hutterer (1993, 2005b, 2013t), Sanderson (1940), Schlitter et al. (1999).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A587C9FF13A7131513F86E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A587CAFA11ACA71388FB7A.text	3D474A54A0A587CAFA11ACA71388FB7A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura manengubae Hutterer 1982	<div><p>412.</p> <p>Manenguba White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura manengubae</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Manengouba / German: Manenguba-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Manenguba</p> <p>Other common names: Manenguba Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura manengubae Hutter- er, 1982,</p> <p>Lager III, 1800 m, Lake Manenguba, Bamenda Highlands, Cameroon.</p> <p>After M. Eisentraut collected this shrew, it has been considered as subspecies of C. httoralis or C. aff. maurisca. R. Hutterer in 1982 and F. Dieterlen and H. Heim de Balsac in 1979 classified C. manengubae in the C. monax-C. littoralis-C. maurisca group. It has not yet been included in any phylogenetic study to determine its true rela-</p> <p>tionship. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to W highlands of Cameroon, where it is known from the Bamenda (Lake Manenguba), Adamaoua, and possibly Yaoundé highlands. The Manenguba White-toothed Shrew might be present at additional montane localities, but surveys are needed to confirm this.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 77-87 mm, tail 61-62 mm, ear 9-11 mm, hindfoot 16 mm; weight 13-15 g. Condylo-incisive lengths are 21-5-22 mm. The Manenguba White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized. Without any long hairs on its tail, it is very similar (i.e. uniform dark color, naked tail, greatly extended skull, narrow rostrum, and gracile teeth) to the Naked-tailed White-toothed Shrew (C. lttoralis) and the Kahuzi White-toothed Swamp Shrew (C. stenocephala). Pelage of the Manenguba Whitetoothed Shrew is soft and dense (hair lengths 5-6 mm). Upperparts are medium brown, tinged with russet (hairs are basally two-thirds gray and terminal one-third russet-brown). Ventral pelage is brownish gray, contrasting only slightly with dorsal pelage (basal hairs are gray, with pale brown tips). Forefeet and hindfeet are dark russetbrown. Tail is ¢.76% of head-body length and blackish brown, with no pilosity. Only a few hairs are present on tail root. Skull has extended maxillary region and rostrum. Teeth are gracile, I' is long and hooked, and I’ is medium-sized to wide.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary forests, relict montane forests, and mid-elevation moist forests (at Yaounde) at elevations of 1000-1800 m. At Lake Manenguba (an extinct crater lake), the Manenguba White-toothed Shrew was found in a swamp on the shoreline and</p> <p>in grass and shrub habitats close to the edge of the lake. Forested region on steeply sloping sides of the lake is also the only known habitat of Hartwig’s Soft-furred Mouse (Praomys hartwigi). Other shrews caught there are the African Giant White-toothed Shrew (C. olivieri bueae), Eisentraut’s Mouse Shrew (Myosorex eisentrauti), and the Cameroonian Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex camerunensis). The last two species were also captured in a montane relict forest at 2100 m, where the Manenguba White-toothed Shrew (C. manengubae) might also be expected. It is not present on Mount Oku.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Manenguba White-toothed Shrew is known from only three locations, and its extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km?®. Its distributionis very fragmented, and there is continuing decline offorest cover. It is probably threatened by habitat loss, logging operations, and conversion on land to agricultural use. There are no direct conservation measures in place. The Manenguba White-toothed Shrew has not been recorded in any protected areas. Additional studies are needed into its distribution, abundance, general ecology, and threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dieterlen &amp; Heim de Balsac (1979), Eisentraut (1973), Goodman et al. (2001), Heim de Balsac (1968b, 1968d), Hutterer (1982, 1993, 1994, 2005b, 2013n), Hutterer &amp; Howell (2008c), Hutterer &amp; Joger (1982), Nicoll &amp; Rathbun (1990).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A587CAFA11ACA71388FB7A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A687CAFFF0AF94165EF46E.text	3D474A54A0A687CAFFF0AF94165EF46E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura eisentrauti Heim de Balsac 1957	<div><p>413.</p> <p>Fisentraut’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura eisentraut</p> <p>French: Crocidure d'Eisentraut / German: Eisentraut-Weifszahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Eisentraut</p> <p>Other common names: Eisentraut's \White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura eisentrauti Heim de Balsac, 1957,</p> <p>“ Johann-Albrecht-Hiitte, 2900 m,” Mount Cameroon, Cameroon.</p> <p>Crocidura eisentrauti does not include “vul- can?’ as formerly believed. This name is currently listed under C. virgata. Phylogenetic relationship of C. eisentrauti has not yet assessed. The last specimens were collected in 1950s. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to top of Mt Cameroon, Cameroon.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 68-78 mm,tail 53-62 mm, ear 6-10 mm hindfoot 11-14 mm; weight 8-11 g. Condylo-incisive lengths are 19-5-20-4 mm. Eisentraut’s Whitetoothed Shrew is small. Tail is ¢.79% of head-body length. Pelage is soft and dense, and hairs on mid-dorsal line are 4-5 mm long. Dorsal pelage is brown to soft reddish brown, with gray-based hairs on basal one-half and brown terminally. Underparts are grayish brown; hairs are gray-based, with pale brown to grayish brown or white tips. Ears are dark and anteriorly partly concealed by hair. Forefeet and hindfeet are brown to grayish brown. Tail is bicolored, brown above, and pale or whitish below. Pilosity is 33-55%. Skull is flattened, slightly rising at posterior end. Upper incisors are small and hooked. First unicuspid is large and slightly pointed, second and third unicuspid subequal in size, and all three have weakly developed cingulum. M? is medium-sized.</p> <p>Habitat. Alpine grasslands up to bare lava on the top of the volcano (Pic Isabel, 3000 m) and Schefflera (Araliaceae) montane forests (e.g. Refugium, 2000 m), overall at elevations of 1850-3000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. Two pregnant Eisentraut’s White-toothed Shrews were captured at 3000 m in April; one had two embryos, and the other had three embryos.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Eisentraut’s White-toothed Shrew is nocturnal and diurnal.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Eisentraut’s White-toothed Shrew has a restricted distribution limited to an area of only ¢.10 km? and is under threat from volcanic eruptions. Last eruption was reported in June 2000. Mount Cameroon is one of the most active volcanoes in Africa, having erupted seven times in the last 100 years. One major eruption could potentially cause Eisentraut’s White-toothed Shrew to rapidly become Critically Endangered or even Extinct. Mount Cameroon is not officially a national park, but it is generally protected due to limited, controlled access.</p> <p>Bibliography. Eisentraut (1963, 1973), Heim de Balsac (1957, 1959), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (2005b, 2013)), Kennerley (2016q), Nicoll &amp; Rathbun (1990), Suh et al. (2003).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A687CAFFF0AF94165EF46E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A687CAFF0CA09914B3F90E.text	3D474A54A0A687CAFF0CA09914B3F90E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura zimmeri Osgood 1936	<div><p>414.</p> <p>Upemba White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura zimmeri</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Zimmer / German: Upemba-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Upemba</p> <p>Other common names: Zimmer's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura zimmeri Osgood, 1936,</p> <p>“ Lualaba River, Katobwe,” near Bukama, Katanga Province, DR Congo.</p> <p>Status and taxonomic relationship of C. zimmer: are unknown. It is possibly a part of the C. turba species complex. It is known only from the type series (three specimens) at the type locality. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from Upemba National Park, Katanga Province, SE DR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 112-123 mm, tail 48-56 mm, hindfoot 17-5— 18-2 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive length is 27-1 mm (type specimen). The Upemba White-toothed Shrew is very large and one of the most distinctive species of Crocidura. It is strikingly colored, with very dark blackish brown dorsal pelage and considerably paler ventral pelage with silvery tinge, not sharply demarcated from</p> <p>upperparts. Hindfeet are brown. Tail is ¢.45% of head—body length, thickened at base, blackish, and not bicolored. Tail has numerous long bristle hairs for three-quarters of its length (pilosity 70-80%). Skull is large and heavy, with somewhat arched rather than straight dorsal profile. Interorbital region is broad, and sagittal crest is well developed and extends forward nearly to nasals. Dentition is heavy but less so than in the African Giant White-toothed Shrew (C. olivieri). Second upper unicuspid is slightly larger than third.</p> <p>Habitat. Probably wetlands. The Upemba White-toothed Shrew is only known from Upemba National Park, situated on the Kibara Plateau (bordered in the west by the Lualaba River and numerous lakes). Habitat of the Plateau consists mainly of gently rolling grasslands (elevations 1750-1800 m) that are cut by numerous streams, which rise on the Plateau and are lined with gallery forests. Grasslands are bordered by woodlands dominated with Uapaca (Phyllanthaceae).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Upemba White-toothed Shrew at Katobwe coexists with the African Giant White-toothed Shrew and the Lesser Red White-toothed Shrew (C. hirta).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on IUCN Red List. The Upemba White-toothed Shrew lacks information on its extent of occurrence, natural history, threats, and conservation status. It might be threatened by gold and diamond mining. In Upemba National Park, there are major threats such as agriculture expansion, burning, and over fishing. Additional research is needed to clarify status of the Upemba White-toothed Shrew.</p> <p>Bibliography. Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016v), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (2005b, 20132), Nicoll &amp; Rathbun (1990), Osgood (1936).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A687CAFF0CA09914B3F90E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A687CBFAF4AC7810D5FDCC.text	3D474A54A0A687CBFAF4AC7810D5FDCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura lwiroensis Kerbis Peterhans & Hutterer 2013	<div><p>415.</p> <p>Misotshi-Kabogo White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura lwiroensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Misotchi-Kabogo / German: Lwiro-Weilszahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Misotshi-Kabogo</p> <p>Other common names: Kabogo Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura lwiroensis Kerbis Peterhans &amp; Hutterer, 2013,</p> <p>“ Approximately 45 km NE of Kalemie and 3 km W of the village of Mizimu above the western shore of Lake Tanganyika, Katanga Province, eastern DR Congo (29°16’22”E 5°28’45”S, 1250 m).”</p> <p>Crocidura lwiroensis is only known from the type specimen. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from the Misotshi-Kabogo highlands just N of Kalemie (= Albertville), Katanga Province, DR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body c.65 mm, tail 45 mm, ear 8 mm, hindfoot 11-5 mm; weight 5-6 g (holotype). Condylo-incisive length is 18-3 mm. The Misotshi-Kabogo White-toothed Shrew is distinguished from other species of Crocidura externally and cranio-dentally. It is very small, with a tail that is nearly naked with only 8-10 bristles on basal 20% ofits length. Dorsal pelage is short (2:7 mm), dark gray above with dark gray roots tipped with drab brown. Venter is slightly paler, light gray with faintly brown tips. Forefeet and hindfeet are sparsely haired with dark hairs, and foot scales are darker laterally giving impression of a darker color on outside aspect. Skull is very small, and maxillary is short and broad. Infraorbital bridge is narrow. Third unicuspid is large, 40% larger than second. Lower incisor has slight denticulation. The Misotshi-Kabogo White-toothed Shrew resembles Niobe’s White-toothed Shrew (C. niobe) due to its small size, nearly naked tail, and heavy unicuspids, butit is smaller in all cranio-dental dimensions. Pitman’s White-toothed Shrew (C. pitmani) has nearly similar cranio-dental dimensions, but Misotshi-Kabogo White-toothed Shrew has narrower braincase, shorter fur, and shorter and virtually naked tail with very few bristle hairs (50% in Pitman’s White-toothed Shrew).</p> <p>Habitat. Captured along a creek in primary forest at an elevation of 1250 m. The Misotshi-Kabogo White-toothed Shrew was captured with the African Giant White-toothed Shrew (C. olivieri) and C. cf.fuscomurina and varies species of Muridae: the Dark-colored Brush-furred Rat (Lophuromys aquilus), the striped mouse (Hybomys aff. univittatus), the Stella Wood Mouse (Hylomyscus stella), the Least Groove-toothed Swamp Rat (Pelomys minor), Jackson's Soft-furred Mouse (Praomysjacksoni), and the Roof Rat (Rattus rattus).</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Misotshi-Kabogo White-toothed Shrew would probably be listed as Data Deficient because of the absence of recent information on its distribution, habitat, and ecological requirements, for which additional studies are needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Kerbis Peterhans et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A687CBFAF4AC7810D5FDCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A787CBFF28A9391B0EFDF3.text	3D474A54A0A787CBFF28A9391B0EFDF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura caliginea Hollister 1916	<div><p>416.</p> <p>African Dusky White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura caliginea</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Medje / German: Dunkle Kongo-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Africa oscura</p> <p>Other common names: African Dusky Shrew, African Foggy Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura caliginea Hollister, 1916,</p> <p>Medje, DR Congo.</p> <p>Crocidura caliginea shares several unusual characteristics with Paracrocidura schout- edeni, another endemic of the Central African rainforest. Distribution of either species is allopatric, and it is probable that both occupy Py similar ecological8 niches. Crocidura caliginea has not been included in any phylogenetic studies. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. NE DR Congo; until 1990, recorded only from type locality and Masako Forest, near Kisangani. Since then, it has been recorded in various forests in vicinity of Kisangani. Also, found 2 km W of Epulu Forest and on Kungulu I. Its distribution still appears to be very limited.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 69-6 + 4-4 mm, tail 48-7 + 3-7 mm, ear 7-1 + 0-3 mm, hindfoot 11-7 + 0-5 mm; weight 8-3 + 1-3 g (all measurements mean + SD). Mean condylo-incisive length is 21-8 + 0-5 mm. An additional cusp on I* in significantly more males than females suggests partial sexual dimorphism, which would be relatively unusual in the family Soricidae. The African Dusky White-toothed Shrew is a small to medium-sized, dark brown, and small-footed, with skull characteristics resembling the Yankari White-toothed Shrew (C. yankariensis) and sharing unusual characteristics with the Lesser Large-headed Shrew (Paracrocidura schoutedeni). Dorsal and ventral pelage (body hairs 3-5 mm on back) is dark brown. Upperparts are slightly brighter or brownish, less smoky, than venter. There is no distinct demarcation between dorsum and venter. Snout, ears, hands, and feet are lighter in color, covered by very short white hairs, giving them a “naked” appearance, which sharply contrasts against uniformly dark fur. Ears are small relative to head, pale covering only one-half the height of head. Hindfeet are relatively short and have bare soles, similar to species of Paracrocidura. Brown tail of the African Dusky White-toothed Shrew is ¢.70% of head-body length, and it appears almost naked exceptfor a few longer bristles at its base and some more scattered over its entire length; however, these bristles are extremely short and difficult to detect (pilosity 20-30%). The African Dusky White-toothed Shrew and species of Paracrocidura are very similar: uniformly dark color, contrasting against small pale ears, fleshy snout, short limbs, and tail; however, there are differences in ear conch size, bristle hair configuration of tail, and rostral length (longer in species of Paracrocidura). Skull deviates from the general type of Crocidura by its rectangular braincase, broad maxillary region, and narrow interorbital region. In this respect, it resembles some savanna species such the Yankari White-toothed Shrew. Teeth are comparatively large and well developed. I' is long and hooked. I* (= first unicuspid) is most unusual by being twice as large as second and third upper unicuspids and by having (mostly in males) a secondary cusp. Upper molars are large. Molar teeth of mandible are very well developed.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary forest on lowland plateau at an elevation of ¢.750 m. In Masako Forest, most African Dusky White-toothed Shrews have been found in secondary forest (40year-old regrowth), surrounded by primary forest (mono-dominant forest of Gilbertiodendron, Fabaceae). Some have been found in secondary forests, fallow land, and moist areas along creeks. In recent surveys near Kisangani, it also has been found in primary forests.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The African Dusky White-toothed Shrew eats a wide range of invertebrates, primarily arthropods. Stomach analyses from rainforest in Masako Forest showed that species of Formicidae were major prey items (in 100% of stomachs), followed by Isoptera (60%), Araneae (60%), adult Coleoptera (55%), and Diplopoda (45%). Body lengths of invertebrate prey were 3-20 mm, with 85% less than 20 mm. Large heavy teeth of the African Dusky White-toothed Shrew are particularly well adapted for crushing tough, chitinous exoskeletons of arthropods.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. External characteristics of the African Dusky White-toothed Shrew suggestit is terrestrial, with some modifications toward a semi-fossorial life.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The African Dusky White-toothed Shrew is considered rare but might be locally abundant. Numerically, it was the most common species during three years of trapping in Masako Forest where it comprised 47% of shrews in secondary forest (n = 36; eight species) and 33% of shrew captures in all habitats (n = 72, nine species).</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The African Dusky White-toothed Shrew has a wider distribution than was previously known and presumably a large overall population. Nevertheless, it occurs in an area affected by some habitat loss, but it is currently unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify</p> <p>for listing in a threatened category. At present, it does not face any major threats. The African Dusky White-toothed Shrew occurs in Ituri Forest. Additional studies are needed clarify its current distribution.</p> <p>Bibliography. Churchfield et al. (2013a), Dudu et al. (2005), Gambalemoke, Mukinzi, Amundala, Gembu et al. (2008), Gambalemoke, Mukinzi, Amundala, Katuala et al. (2008), Hutterer (1986d, 2005b, 2016h), Hutterer &amp; Dudu (1990), Hutterer &amp; Jenkins (1983), Mukinzi et al. (2005), Nicoll &amp; Rathbun (1990).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A787CBFF28A9391B0EFDF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A787CBFA2CA9141AFEF4B1.text	3D474A54A0A787CBFA2CA9141AFEF4B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura congobelgica Hollister 1916	<div><p>417.</p> <p>Congo White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura congobelgica</p> <p>French: Crocidure du Congo / German: Kongo-WeiRRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana del Congo</p> <p>Other common names: Congo Shrew, Congo White-toothed Swamp Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura congobelgica Hollister, 1916,</p> <p>“ Lubila, near Bafwasende,” DR Congo.</p> <p>Crocidura congobelgica is probably related to the sympatric C. latona, which it closely resembles in appearance. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. NE of DR Congo, and possibly restricted to this region; known from type locality, Ituri Forest, and Medje. Recently it has been reported from Okapi Wildlife Reserve and Masako Forest.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. 74-79 mm, tail 59 mm, hindfoot 13-14 mm; weight 17 g (data are from only three specimens). Condylo-incisive length is 20-7 mm. The Congo White-toothed Shrew is small to medium-sized, unicolored dark brown, and resembles Latona’s White-toothed Shrew (C. latona) and the African Dusky White-toothed Shrew (C. caliginea). Dorsal pelage is glossy dark brown, finely streaked with cinnamon buff. Ventral pelage is slightly paler, a pale smoke gray. Forefeet and hindfeet are thinly covered with brown hair, darker along outer sides. Tail is c.75% of head-body length, brownish black, paler underneath at base, and nearly naked exceptfor scattered short hairs (pilosity 25%). The Congo White-toothed Shrew is very similar to Latona’s Whitetoothed Shrew in external features but has larger skull, much wider palate, stronger maxillary processes, and larger teeth, butit lacks fovea on hypoconid of M, (present in Latona’s White-toothed Shrew and the African Dusky White-toothed Shrew). It resembles the sympatric African Dusky White-toothed Shrew in size and proportions but differs in color. Skull has large maxillary processes. Unicuspid teeth are rounded, and first upper unicuspid is relatively large and oval in crown pattern, with well-developed cingulum. Second and third unicuspids are similar to first and about equal in size, and third unicuspid slightly overlaps second. Last upper premolar lacks conspicuous posterior emargination, median space between it and M' is very small, and length is about equal to its breadth.</p> <p>Habitat. Undisturbed primary lowland forest. It is not clear at present whether sites where the Congo White-toothed Shrew has been found are connected by continuous forest. Captured only in fallow land adjacent to rainforest in Masako Forest, DR Congo.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Congo White-toothed Shrew eats a wide array of invertebrates, primarily arthropods. Stomach analyses contained species of Isoptera, Formicidae, Diptera (larvae), Lepidoptera (larvae), Heteroptera, Araneae, Chilopoda, and Diplopoda. Body lengths of prey were 3-30 mm.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Congo White-toothed Shrew is terrestrial and ground dwelling.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Congo White-toothed Shrew is uncommon and appears to have small population sizes. Only seven specimens have been recorded from three localities during about the last 90 years. It seems to have small, localized populations and is rare in captured samples. It comprised 14% of shrews (n = 21; six species) in fallow land and only 4% of shrews (n = 72; nine species) in all habitats during three years of trapping in Masako Forest, DR Congo.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Congo White-toothed Shrew has a wide distribution, presumably large overall population, and occurs in protected areas. It is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. Main threat to the Congo White-toothed Shrew is general habitat destruction. Illegal logging and mining activities currently threaten Okapi Wildlife Reserve.</p> <p>Bibliography. Churchfield et al. (2013b), Dudu et al. (2005), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hollister (1916), Hutterer (2005b, 2016i), Katuala et al. (2005), Nicoll &amp; Rathbun (1990).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A787CBFA2CA9141AFEF4B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0A787D4FA2AA0D312BDF7A7.text	3D474A54A0A787D4FA2AA0D312BDF7A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura latona Hollister 1916	<div><p>418.</p> <p>Latona’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura latona</p> <p>French: Crocidure |éto / German: Latona-WeiRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Latona</p> <p>Other common names: Latona Shrew, Latona’s Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura latona Hollister, 1916,</p> <p>Medje, DR Congo.</p> <p>A. Brosset and colleagues in 1965 suggested that C. ludia might be a synonym of C. latona, but this is unlikely due to differences in skull and tail morphology. N. J. Dippenaar in 1980 defined the “C. monax-dolichura group” with species having low pilosity on tails, restricted to basal section. He listed species of the C. monax-C. littoralis-C. maurisca group, together with C. roosevelti, C. crenata, C. dolichura, C. latona, and others. This relationship was not confirmed following recent phylogenetic studies. In a phylogenetic tree estimated from Bayesian analysis of cytochrome-b sequences, C. latona is basal in a cluster of C. latona, C. littoralis, C. oritis/ C. stenocephala. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Restricted to E DR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 65-76 mm, tail 59 mm, ear 9 mm, hindfoot 14 mm; weight 6:6 g (mean of five specimens). Condylo-incisive length is 19-8 mm. Latona’s White-toothed Shrew is small to medium-sized and resembles Niobe’s White-toothed Shrew (C. niobe) but is distinguished by uniform dark brown color on upper and lower parts. Dorsal pelage is rich dark brown, and underparts are slightly paler brown than on back and sides. Lateral glands are russet. Forefeet and hindfeet are buffy brown and very thinly haired with brown. Tail is ¢.85% of headbody length, blackish brown, and very slightly lighter at base below. Pilosity is ¢.20%. Skull and teeth of Latona’s White-toothed Shrew are similar to the Gracile Whitetoothed Shrew (C. maurisca) and the Naked-tailed White-toothed Shrew (C. lttoralis) but decidedly smaller. Latona’s White-toothed Shrew might be related to the paler Jackson’s White-toothed Shrew (C. jacksoni), which is similar in size and also possesses fovea on M,. Unicuspids are rather narrow, with small cusps and large cingula; second and third unicuspids relatively wide and inclined to be circular. Last upper premolar is longer than wide. Fovea is present on talonid of M,.</p> <p>Habitat. Mainly primary forests but also secondary forests and fallow land in lowlands up elevations of ¢.500 m. Some islands in Congo River are flooded by tides, so the Mbiye Island population of Latona’s White-toothed Shrew might be transitory. In surroundings of Kisangani, it has been captured in five forest blocks of primary forest, secondary forest, and old fallow land.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Latona’s White-toothed Shrew is ground dwelling and eats a wide variety of invertebrates, primarily arthropods. Stomach analyses found that major prey were species of Formicidae and Diptera (each 17%), Isoptera, Coleoptera, Acrididae, Araneae, and Diplopoda (each 10-12%). Body lengths of invertebrate prey were 3-30 mm, with 80% less than 10 mm.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. L.atona’s White-toothed Shrew appears to have small, highly localized populations and is rarely found in trapped samples. It comprised 7% of shrews (five of 72; 9 species) during three years of trapping in Masako Forest, DR Congo.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Latona’s White-toothed Shrew has a wide distribution and presumably large overall population and is tolerant of some habitat modification. It is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. There appear to be no major threats to Latona’s White-toothed Shrew. It occurs in Masako Forest, a reserve that includes primary forest, logged and regrown areas, and cultivated areas.</p> <p>Bibliography. Brosset et al. (1965b), Churchfield et al. (2013c), Dippenaar (1980a), Dudu et al. (2005), Gambalemoke, Mukinzi, Amundala, Gembu et al. (2008), Gambalemoke, Mukinzi, Amundala, Katuala et al. (2008), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hollister (1916), Hutterer (2005b, 2016k), Katuala et al. (2005), Stanley et al. (2015).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A787D4FA2AA0D312BDF7A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0B887D4FAFAA9891790F52A.text	3D474A54A0B887D4FAFAA9891790F52A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura ansellorum Hutterer & Dippenaar 1987	<div><p>420.</p> <p>Ansell’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura ansellorum</p> <p>French: Crocidure des Ansell / German: Ansell-WeilRzahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Ansell</p> <p>Other common names: Ansell's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura ansellorum Hutterer &amp; Dippenaar, 1987,</p> <p>Kasombu stream (= Isombu River), 4100 feet (= 1250 m), Mwinilunga District, Zambia.</p> <p>Based on three specimens, Crocidura ansel- lorum was originally named C. anselli and subsequently emended to C. ansellorum by R. Hutterer and N. J. Dippenaar in 1987. Sister species of C. ansellorum appears to be poorly known C. bottegi and C. ludia. Phylogenetic relationships are still unre-</p> <p>solved. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from gallery forests in NW Zambia; restricted to Ikelenge Pedicle and collected along Kazombi Stream. It is possible that this species also occurs in adjacent DR Congo and E Angola, but no surveys have been undertaken for this species in these areas.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 56-58 mm, tail 41-51 mm, ear 7-5-8 mm, hindfoot 10-5— 12 mm; weight 4-2-5 g. Condylo-incisive length is 16-8—-17-7 mm. Ansell’s White-toothed Shrew is small and comparable in size to the Bicolored African White-toothed Shrew (C. fuscomurina), a widely distributed savanna dweller, and Bottego’s White-toothed Shrew (C. bottegi). It is externally very similar to Bottego’s White-toothed Shrew. Pelage of Ansell’s White-toothed Shrew is soft, with hairs c.4 mm long. Dorsal pelage, ears, and limbs are dark chocolate-brown. Underparts are slightly washed with grayish brown, most notable on throat of holotype and less so in paratypes. Tail is ¢.80% of head-body length and grayish brown, with long bristle hairs restricted to proximal 51-60% ofits length. Ansell’s White-toothed Shrew is similar to the Dramatic White-toothed Shrew (C. ludia) but smaller in all external and cranial measurements, with wider braincase and maxillary region. The Bicolored African White-toothed Shrew is distinguished by bicolored appearance and pale tail with high pilosity; the Dramatic White-toothed Shrew is larger in all dimensions than Ansell’s White-toothed Shrew and is distributed in lowland forests. Skull is broad and high-domed. Interorbital region is short. I' is long and hooked. First unicuspid is large and pointed, and second and third are subequal in size.</p> <p>Habitat. Patchy gallery forests. Ansell’s White-toothed Shrews occur in Mushitu forests (evergreen) that are generally no more than 100 m wide, along the catchment of the upper Zambezi River. This habitat is distributed along tributaries and is highly fragmented. A specimen was collected in leaf litter under gallery forest along Kazombi Stream.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Ansell’s White-toothed Shrew occurs in probably less than 500 km? because it is associated with narrow strips offorest alongside rivers. Its main threat is habitat loss due to agricultural expansion. Fires also regularly damage its habitat. It has been recorded in the Hillwood Farm private game ranch and Nchila Wildlife Reserve in Zambia.</p> <p>Bibliography. Cotterill (2002), Hutterer (2005b, 2013d), Hutterer &amp; Dippenaar (1987a, 1987b), Kennerley (2016p).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0B887D4FAFAA9891790F52A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0B887D4FFF2A3E21420FD7B.text	3D474A54A0B887D4FFF2A3E21420FD7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura polia Hollister 1916	<div><p>419.</p> <p>Polia’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura polia</p> <p>French: Crocidure grise / German: Polia-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Polia</p> <p>Other common names: Fuscous Shrew, Polia’s Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura polia Hollister, 1916,</p> <p>Medje, DR Congo.</p> <p>Crocidura polia was included in C. dolichura by H. Heim de Balsac and J. A. J. Meester in 1977. Crocidura polia, out of six species described by N. Hollister in 1916 from “Congo,” has not been rediscovered since its type description. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from type locality NE DR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.58 mm, tail 72 mm, ear 9 mm, hindfoot 13 mm (holotype, the only existing specimen). No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive length is 18-2 mm. Polia’s White-toothed Shrew is very small, with grayish brown dorsal pelage, better described as pale fuscous, sparsely speckled with silvery gray. Ventral pelageis pale grayish brown, not sharply demarcated from upperparts. Forefeet and hindfeet are thinly covered with white hair. Tail is ¢.124% of head-body length,slightly bicolored, blackish brown above, and paler below. Tail is uniquely covered with short hairs that increase in number and length toward terminal one-half to form a distinct white brush at tip. There are a few longer bristle hairs on basal one-third oftail. Skull is similar to that of the Dramatic White-toothed Shrew (C. ludia), about the same size and general shape, but that of Polia’s White-toothed Shrew has slightly flatter braincase and less developed maxillary processes. Skull profile is flat, rising gently from rostrum to occiput. I' is small, and M? is medium-sized. Unicuspid are pointed, first is larger than second and third, and second and third are subequal.</p> <p>Habitat. Vegetation at Medje is a mosaic of rainforest and savanna.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Polia’s White-toothed Shrew lacks recent information on its status and ecological requirements. There are no conservation measures in place forit. It is not known if Polia’s White-toothed Shrew is present within any protected areas. Additional studies are needed onits distribution, abundance, general ecology, and threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hollister (1916), Hutterer (2005b, 2013u), Kennerley (2016s), Nicoll &amp; Rathbun (1990).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0B887D4FFF2A3E21420FD7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0B887D5FAF6A05E11CAFB21.text	3D474A54A0B887D5FAF6A05E11CAFB21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura pitmani Barclay 1932	<div><p>421.</p> <p>Pitman’s White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura pitmani</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Pitman / German: Pitman-Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Pitman</p> <p>Other common names: Pitman's Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura pitmani Barclay, 1932,</p> <p>Maluwe-Serenje District, 3800 feet (= 1158 m), Zambia.</p> <p>Crocidura pitmani was considered a synonym of C. gracilipes by W. F. H. Ansell in 1978 butlaterlisted as distinct by H. Heim de Balsac and J. A. J. Meester in 1977 and R. Hutterer in 2005. According to Meester and colleagues in 1986, C. pitmani might be closely related to C. maquassiensis. Taxonomy is uncertain, and more taxonomic</p> <p>research is needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from type locality, which is uncertain but is thought to be the Maluwe-Sarengi district. Perhaps, occurs throughout N &amp; C Zambia.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 50 mm, tail 36 mm, ear 5-6 mm, hindfoot 10-1 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Condylo-incisive length is 18 mm. Pitman’s White-toothed Shrew is very small. It is similar to but smaller than the Bicolored African White-toothed Shrew (C. fuscomurina). It has comparatively long pelage (4-5 mm) that is mouse-gray, tinged with brown on upperparts, and underparts are paler, slightly flecked with white hairs, especially on throat and chin. Dorsum and venter are not clearly demarcated on flanks. Upper surface of forefeet and hindfeet are grayish brown. Tail is ¢.72% of head-body length and unicolored gray-brown, with c.35-40% pilosity on basal one-half. Skull is relatively large, with broad braincase; third unicuspid is larger than second; and M?’ is moderately broad.</p> <p>Habitat. Possibly montane habitats in the Zambezian Woodland Biome.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Status of Pitman’s White-toothed Shrew is uncertain; virtually nothing is known ofits extent of occurrence, population sizes, and ecological requirements. No conservation measures are in place for it. Additional studies are needed on its distribution, breeding, and general ecology.</p> <p>Bibliography. Ansell (1978), Barclay (1932), Churchfield &amp; Jenkins (2013h), Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016u), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (2005b), Meester et al. (1986).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0B887D5FAF6A05E11CAFB21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0B987D5FF25AE6617B7FCB4.text	3D474A54A0B987D5FF25AE6617B7FCB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura maquassiensis Roberts 1946	<div><p>422.</p> <p>Makwassie White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura maquassiensis</p> <p>French: Crocidure de Maquassi / German: Makwassie-\Weil3zahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Makwassie</p> <p>Other common names: Makwassie Musk Shrew, Maquassie Musk Shrew, Makwassie Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura maquassiensis Roberts, 1946,</p> <p>Klipkuil, Makwassie, Wolmaransstad District, North West Province, South Africa.</p> <p>Crocidura maquassiensis might be related to C. pitman, although its phylogenetic relationship is uncertain. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. E &amp; S Zimbabwe, E South Africa, and Swaziland.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 54-5— 74 mm, tail 43-46 mm, ear 8-9 mm, hindfoot 11-11-5 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Makwassie Whitetoothed Shrew is a small species of shrew. Dorsum is gray brown washed with gray (hairs are slate-gray, with fawn subterminal band and brown tips); venteris gray tinged with fawn (hairs are slate-gray, with pale gray tips); and dorsum and venter merge at flanks. Feet are pale brown. Tailis relatively long at ¢.71% of head-body length, hairy, and bicolored, being dark brown above and paler below. Females have three inguinal nipples. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Primarily montane vegetation or rocky areas (but perhaps broader habitat preferences) up to elevations of ¢.1500 m. The Makwassie White-toothed Shrew is sometimes found in gardens and grasslands along rivers, and one specimen was collected in a coastal forest.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. A pregnant Makwassie White-toothed Shrew with three embryos was captured in October.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although the Makwassie White-toothed Shrew is relatively rare and seldom captured, it seems to have no major threats and is widespread.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baxter &amp; Dippenaar (2013c), Cassola (2016az), Meester (1963), Skinner &amp; Smithers (1990), Taylor (1998).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0B987D5FF25AE6617B7FCB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0B987D5FA2FA8DE1AD9F749.text	3D474A54A0B987D5FA2FA8DE1AD9F749.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crocidura turba Dollman 1910	<div><p>423.</p> <p>Turbo White-toothed Shrew</p> <p>Crocidura turba</p> <p>French: Crocidure turbulente / German: Haarschwanz-Weifszahnspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana de Turbo</p> <p>Other common names: Tumultuous Shrew, Turbo Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura turba Dollman, 1910,</p> <p>“ Chilui Island [= Chilubi Island], Lake Bangweolo,” Zambia.</p> <p>Exact placement of C. turba phylogenetcally is uncertain, but one study found it to be genetically close to C. telfordi. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Central and East Africa except for C Congo Basin; from S Cameroon E to W Kenya and S to Angola and Zambia including Bioko I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 99-102 mm, tail 55-59 mm, ear 7-7-8-1 mm, hindfoot 15-16 mm; weight 17-21 g. The Turbo Whitetoothed Shrew is large, with short and soft pelage. Dorsal pelage is blackish brown or dark brown (hairs are gray basally, with dark brown tips), and ventral pelage is gray with brownish tinge medially. Throat is pale or ashy gray. Nose has conspicuous blob on tip. Tail is ¢.58% of head-body length, hairy, and brown. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Variety of habitats, including dry forests, montane forests, riverine habitats, and bush and grasslands, typically preferring moist forested areas at elevations up to c.1500 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. A female Turbo White-toothed Shrew in reproductive condition was captured in the mid-dry season (January) in Kenya.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Turbo White-toothed Shrew has a wide distribution and is considered common throughout much of its distribution, with no major threats.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dieterlen &amp; Heim de Balsac (1979), Hutterer (2016g), Hutterer &amp; Joger (1982), Kaleme et al. (2007), Kasangaki et al. (2003), Oguge (2013d), Stanley et al. (2015).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0B987D5FA2FA8DE1AD9F749	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BB87D7FFFCA94E1065F81C.text	3D474A54A0BB87D7FFFCA94E1065F81C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Surdisorex norae Thomas 1906	<div><p>424.</p> <p>Aberdare Mole Shrew</p> <p>Surdisorex norae</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Nora / German: Aberdare-Wiihlspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana topo de Aberdare</p> <p>Other common names: Aberdare Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Surdisorex norae Thomas, 1906,</p> <p>“ East side of the Aberdare range, near Nyeri, British East Africa [= Kenya].”</p> <p>The phylogenetic placement of Surdisorex is uncertain, and genetic data have not yet been implemented. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Aberdare Range, C Kenya.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 82-110 mm, tail 20-35 mm, ear 6-7-7-3 mm, hindfoot 14-17-5 mm; weight 22.5-27-5 g. The Aberdare Mole Shrew is a large molelike shrew with thick, dense pelage that has a velvety texture. Head is broad with a pointed muzzle. Dorsal and ventral pelage is dark chocolate brown. Eyes are small and hidden under the pelage; ears are extremely short. Forefeet are broad with long claws and hindfeet are short with pale claws. Tail is short (c.30% of head-body length), black, and covered in dense short black bristles. Females have three inguinal nipples. Skull is elongate with a wide braincase. There are three unicuspids. Dental formula for all members ofthis genusis13/2,C1/0,P 1/1, M 3/3 (x2) = 28.</p> <p>Habitat. Swamps in moorlands at elevations of 2700-3350 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Aberdare Mole Shrews feed on earthworms, primarily by biting them into small pieces and swallowing the pieces whole. They may dig for their prey, as small 1-2 cm deep diametervertical holes have been reported in their habitat.</p> <p>Breeding. One pregnant female was captured in October, with a single embryo.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Aberdare Mole Shrews are active both day and night. They travel and forage along runways on the soil’s surface, rummaging through leaf litter and grass. Although they have mole-like forefeet, they are unlikely to excavate subterranean burrows, but the form of the forefeet probably helps when digging for food while foraging.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Aberdare Mole Shrew is very rare and known from very few specimens within a restricted range. Its habitatis considerably fragmented.</p> <p>Bibliography. Duncan &amp; Wrangham (1971), Happold (2013m), Kennerley (2016ab), Kerbis Peterhans et al. (2009), Willows-Munro &amp; Matthee (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BB87D7FFFCA94E1065F81C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BB87D7FFF8A36A156AFD5F.text	3D474A54A0BB87D7FFF8A36A156AFD5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Surdisorex polulus Hollister 1916	<div><p>425.</p> <p>Mount Kenya Mole Shrew</p> <p>Surdisorex polulus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Kenya / German: Mount-Kenya-Wihlspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana topo de Monte Kenya</p> <p>Other common names: Mount Kenya Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Surdisorex polulus Hollister, 1916,</p> <p>“ westside of Mount Kenia [sic], British East Africa [= Kenya], at 10,700 feet [= 3261 m] altitude.”</p> <p>The phylogenetic placement of Surdisorex is uncertain, and genetic data have not yet been implemented. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Mt Kenya, C Kenya.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 85-100 mm, tail 24-32 mm, hindfoot 14-— 17 mm; weight 16-21 g. The Mount Kenya Mole Shrew is a large shrew with thick, dense pelage of a velvety texture. Head is broad with a pointed muzzle. Dorsum is dark chocolate brown, ventrum is paler and sometimes with a russet tinge. Eyes are very small and covered by the fur, being nearly vestigial; ears not present or only a small raised area of skin. Forelimbs are short but broad with long claws, and hindfeet are short with pale claws. Tail is short (c.30% of head-body length), black, and covered in dense short black bristles. The speciesis smaller than the Aberdare Mole Shrew (S. norae). Skull is elongate with a wide braincase. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Found in Podocarpus (Podocarpaceae)bamboo forests, and swamps near forests with extensive ground cover. Recorded at elevations of ¢.3261 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Mount Kenya Mole Shrew feeds largely on earthworms by holding them with its forefeet and eating the anterior end down to the clitellum of the worm, to avoid eating the intestines, which are full of soil and detritus.</p> <p>Breeding. Pregnant females with 1-2 embryos have been collected in late August and October.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Mount Kenya Mole Shrew has a very small distribution and a fragmented population. It is known from few museum specimens. Research is needed to determine the major threats that may affect the species.</p> <p>Bibliography. Duncan &amp; Wrangham (1971), Happold (2013n), Kennerley (2016ac), Kerbis Peterhans et al. (2009), Willows-Munro &amp; Matthee (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BB87D7FFF8A36A156AFD5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BB87D7FAE0A9B51BBDF840.text	3D474A54A0BB87D7FAE0A9B51BBDF840.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Surdisorex schlitteri Kerbis Peterhans et al. 2009	<div><p>426.</p> <p>Schlitter’s Mole Shrew</p> <p>Surdisorex schlitteri</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Schlitter / German: Mount-Elgon-Wiihlspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana topo de Schlitter</p> <p>Other common names: Mount Elgon Mole Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Surdisorex schlitteri Kerbis Peterhans et al., 2009,</p> <p>“ Kenya, eastern flank of Mt. Elgon, ericaceous zone at 3,150 m.”</p> <p>The phylogenetic placement of Surdisorex is uncertain, and genetic data have not yet been implemented. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Mt Elgon, WC Kenya.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 84 mm,tail 28-6 mm, hindfoot 16-1 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Schlitter’s Mole Shrew is a medium-sized shrew with thick woolly hair. Dorsum and venter are dark brown. Ears are nearly absent, and eyes are reduced and covered in a membrane. Tail is short (34% of head-body length), dark, and fully haired with dense dark bristles. Skull is hexagonal with a long rostrum; nuchal crest is well developed and sagittal crestis slight; braincase is small and short. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Found in ericaceous shrubland at an elevation of ¢.3150 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Burrows thought to have represented Stuhlmann’s Golden Mole (Chrysochloris stuhlmanni fosteri) are now thought to represent feeding holes probably dug by this species on Mount Elgon.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Schlitter’s Mole Shrew is only known from the recently collected holotype from the Mount Elgon National Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Engelbrektsson (2016f), Kerbis Peterhans et al. (2009), Willows-Munro &amp; Matthee (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BB87D7FAE0A9B51BBDF840	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BB87D0FAFCA3F8136BFCBA.text	3D474A54A0BB87D0FAFCA3F8136BFCBA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Congosorex phillipsorum Stanley, Rogers & Hutterer 2005	<div><p>427.</p> <p>Phillips's Congo Shrew</p> <p>Congosorex phillipsorum</p> <p>French: Musaraigne des Udzungwa / German: Phillips-Kongo-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana del Congo de Phillips</p> <p>Taxonomy. Congosorex phillipsorum Stanley, Rogers &amp; Hutterer, 2005,</p> <p>“ 9 km E Udekwa, Ndundulu Forest, West Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve, Udzungwa Mountains, Oringa District, Iringa Region, Tanzania; 7°45.117°S, 36°27.803°E, 1900 m.”</p> <p>Congosorex seems to be imbedded within Myosorex, indicating that a revision of the entire subfamily Myosoricinae is needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Ndundulu and Nyumbanitu</p> <p>forests in the Udzungwa Mts, C Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 68-76 mm, tail 35-40 mm, ear 7-8 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm; weight 7-4-8-3 g. Phillips’s Congo Shrew is a medium-sized, robust shrew with a relatively large head. Dorsal pelage is dark brown, the hairsslate gray with dark brown tips; ventral pelage is slightly paler, hairs slate gray with brown tips. Ears are barely visible and covered with long hairs; feet are covered in conspicuous dark scales. Tail is medium-length (55-60% of head-body length) and bicolored, being dark brown dorsally and paler ventrally. Males have a pointed phallus. Skull has a short rostrum compared to other shrews and the braincase is wide. There are three unicuspids. Dental formula for all members of the genusis 13/2, C1/0,P 1/1,M 3/3 (x2) = 28.</p> <p>Habitat. Found in undisturbed and slightly disturbed montane forests, with moistsoil, at elevations of 1500-2086 m. Phillips's Congo Shrews have also been recorded in bamboo forests and marshy habitats.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Phillips's Congo Shrews are terrestrial and primarily nocturnal, although they can also be found during the day.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Phillips’s Congo Shrew has a very small range within which suitable habitats are declining. Populations of this species seem to be fragmented due to habitat loss. It may be present in the Udzungwa Mountains National Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Kennerley (2016u), Stanley (2013a), Stanley, Rogers &amp; Hutterer (2005b), Willows-Munro &amp; Matthee (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BB87D0FAFCA3F8136BFCBA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BC87D0FF3EA8CB165AF70F.text	3D474A54A0BC87D0FF3EA8CB165AF70F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Congosorex polli (Heim de Balsac & Lamotte 1956)	<div><p>428.</p> <p>Greater Congo Shrew</p> <p>Congosorex polli</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Poll / German: GroRe Kongo-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana del Congo mayor</p> <p>Other common names: Poll’s Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Myosorex polli Heim de Balsac &amp; Lamotte, 1956,</p> <p>LLubondai via Tshimbulu (06° 30° S, 22° 39’ E), Kasai Province (= Kasi-Central Province), DR Congo.</p> <p>Congosorex seems to be imbedded within Mpyosorex, indicating that a revision of the entire subfamily Myosoricinae is needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from Kasai-Central Province, SC DR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 60 mm,tail</p> <p>24 mm, ear 6-5 mm, hindfoot 10 mm (one specimen). No specific data are available for body weight. The Greater Congo Shrew is a small shrew with a large head, reduced ears, and minute eyes hidden by the pelage. Dorsal and ventral pelage are brown and hair is short. Feet are short with moderately well-developed digits and claws, and have large, conspicuous scales covering the dorsal surface. Tail is relatively short (c.40% of head-body length), covered in short hairs, and slightly bicolored, brown above, lighter below. Skull has a short rostrum and wide, inflated braincase; the interorbital area is wide and the maxillary is narrow. Males have a pointed phallus. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Probably found in gallery forest in the savanna.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Greater Congo Shrew is known from only a single specimen collected in 1955. Further research is needed on distribution, abundance, general ecology, and threats to this species.</p> <p>Bibliography. Gerrie &amp; Kennerley (2016w), Heim de Balsac &amp; Lamotte (1956), Hutterer (2013a), Hutterer et al. (2001), Stanley, Rogers &amp; Hutterer (2005b), Willows-Munro &amp; Matthee (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BC87D0FF3EA8CB165AF70F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BC87D0FF3DA27815DBFDCB.text	3D474A54A0BC87D0FF3DA27815DBFDCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Congosorex verheyeni Hutterer, Barriere & Colyn 2001	<div><p>429.</p> <p>Lesser Congo Shrew</p> <p>Congosorex verheyeni</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Verheyen / German: Kleine Kongo-Spitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana del Congo menor</p> <p>Taxonomy. Congosorex verheyeni Hutterer, Barriere &amp; Colyn, 2001,</p> <p><a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.733334/lat 0.4)">Mbomo</a> (00° 24’ N, 14° 44’E), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.733334/lat 0.4)">Parc National d’Odzala</a>, Republic of the Congo.</p> <p>Congosorex seems to be imbedded within Myosorex, indicating that a revision of the entire subfamily Myosoricinae is needed. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from three localities in Odzala National Park, N Republic of the Congo and four localities in Ngotto Forest, SW Central African Republic.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 53-95 mm, tail 19-26 mm, ear 4-8 mm, hindfoot 9-11 mm; weight 4-12 g. The Lesser Congo Shrew is a small to medium-sized shrew with a large head, minute eyes, and very short ears. Dorsum and venter are dark brown. Nose and lips are flesh-colored. Feet are short with moderately welldeveloped digits and claws, and are covered in large scales dorsally. Tail is short (c.32% of head-body length), covered in hair throughout, and pale-colored. Skull has a short rostrum compared to other shrews and the braincase is wide. Females have four inguinal nipples. Males have a pointed phallus. There are three unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland rainforest. One specimen was collected in savanna adjacent to newly regenerated forest patches.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The Lesser Congo Shrew may feed on subterranean invertebrates.</p> <p>Breeding. A pregnant female collected in the wet season had two embryos.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Lesser Congo Shrew is rather rare throughoutits range, and may be threatened by habitat destruction, although it has been found in degraded areas.</p> <p>Bibliography. Barriere &amp; Hutterer (2013), Hutterer (2017), Hutterer et al. (2001), Stanley, Rogers &amp; Hutterer (2005b), Willows-Munro &amp; Matthee (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BC87D0FF3DA27815DBFDCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BC87D0FA22A802154BF7CD.text	3D474A54A0BC87D0FA22A802154BF7CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myosorex meester P. J. Taylor 2013	<div><p>430.</p> <p>Meester’s Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Myosorex meesteri</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Meester / German: MeesterMausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana ratén de Meester</p> <p>Other common names: Meester's Forest Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Myosorex meesteri P. J. Taylor et al., 2013,</p> <p>Chingamwe Estates, 15 km south- east ofJuliasdale, Inyanga Mountains, eastern Zimbabwe (18-4625° S, 32-753° E).</p> <p>Mpyosorex meester: is basal to a clade including M. cafer, M. sclateri, M. tenuis, and M. varius. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. E highlands of Zimbabwe and Mt Gorongosa in C Mozambique.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 75-94 mm 109-139, tail 34-45 mm, ear 8-14 mm, hindfoot 10-15 mm; weight 6-9-20 g. Meester’s Mouse Shrew is a small species of mouse shrew. Dorsum and venter are brownish. Hindfeet are pale. Tail is relatively short (c.50% of head-body length), bicolored, being brownish above and lighter below, and covered in dense hair. There are four unicuspids. The fourth unicuspid is tiny when compared to those of other Myosorex. Dental formula for all members of the genusis13/3,C1/0,P2/1,M 3/3 (x2) = 32.</p> <p>Habitat. Restricted to moist montane forest at 1120-1580 m, and alpine meadows at 1680-1700 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The [UCN Red List. Meester’s Mouse Shrew was only recently described as a distinct species. It does not appear to be under major threat, as it has a relatively wide distribution, and is found in Gorongosa National Park.</p> <p>Bibliography. Taylor et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BC87D0FA22A802154BF7CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BC87D1FA21A339109FFC8B.text	3D474A54A0BC87D1FA21A339109FFC8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myosorex cafer (Sundevall 1846)	<div><p>431.</p> <p>Dark-footed Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Myosorex cafer</p> <p>French: Musaraigne a pattes sombres / German: Dunkelful3-Mausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana ratén de pies OScuros</p> <p>Other common names: Dark-footed Forest Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex cafer Sundevall, 1846,</p> <p>“E Caffraria interiore et Port-Natal” (= Durban, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa).</p> <p>Sister to M. sclateri, based on genetic stud- ies, although further sampling is needed to confirm the position within Myosorex. M. cafer may represent several distinct species, as there is considerable variation in chromosome number in the central portion of the species’ range. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. EC Zimbabwe, WC Mozambique, E South Africa, and Swaziland.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 78-105 mm, tail 36-51 mm, ear 9-12 mm, hindfoot 13-16 mm; weight 9-17 g. The Dark-footed Mouse Shrew is a medium-sized shrew. Dorsal pelage is dark brown with a buffy tinge, individual hairs with slaty gray base, offwhite to brown subterminal band, and dark brown to black tip; ventral pelage is buffy brown. Feet are dark brown. Tail is medium in length (c.50% of head-body length), well furred with dense bristle hairs, and bicolored with a dark brown to black above and dark brown below. Females have six inguinal nipples. There are four unicuspids. Karyotype is 2n = 38 or 40.</p> <p>Habitat. Primarily found in moist montane and coastal forest; also occurs in montane grasslands. Present at elevations up to 2000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Diet includes a variety of invertebrates, primarily spiders, earthworms, lepidopteran larvae, beetles, termites, isopods, and centipedes. Also takes small amounts of seeds and green vegetation.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproductive activity seems to occur in the wet season, October—April. Litter size in Zimbabwe is 2—4 young (average 3); in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 2-5 young (average 3-5).</p> <p>Activity patterns. Dark-footed Mouse Shrews are primarily nocturnal, although they are active during the day at lower frequencies, being more diurnally active than the South African Mouse Shrew (C. varius). In captivity, they have been observed building saucer-shaped nests.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Dark-footed Mouse Shrews are mildly aggressive toward conspecifics and will make short squeaks when they encounter unknown individuals. They scent-mark their territory using their lateral glands and strongly scented fecal piles. Densities have been recorded from 10-30 ind/ha regularly.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There do not seem to be any major threats currently affecting the Dark-footed Mouse Shrew, although habitat degradation may be a concern in some regions.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baxter &amp; Dippenaar (2013f), Baxter, Dippenaar &amp; Meester (1981), Baxter, Goulden &amp; Meester (1979b), Cassola (2016be), Churchfield (1985b), Meester (1958), Monadjem (1997), Taylor et al. (2013), Willows-Munro &amp; Matthee (2009), Woodman &amp; Stabile (2015).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BC87D1FA21A339109FFC8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BD87D1FFF4A8FD1627F72C.text	3D474A54A0BD87D1FFF4A8FD1627F72C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myosorex sclateri Thomas & Schwann 1905	<div><p>432.</p> <p>Sclater’s Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Myosorex sclateri</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Kwazulu / German: Sclate-Mausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana ratéon de Sclater</p> <p>Other common names: Sclater’'s Tiny Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Myosorex sclateri Thomas &amp; Schwann, 1905,</p> <p>Ngoye Hills, 250 m, Zululand, South Africa.</p> <p>Sister to M. cafer, based on recent genetic studies, although a more exhaustive phylogeny is needed to confirm this relationship. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. KwaZulu-Natal Province, E South Africa.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 81-114 mm, tail 46-57 mm, ear 8-11 mm,</p> <p>hindfoot 13-18 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Sclater’s Mouse Shrew is a relatively large shrew, although its size is very variable. Dorsal pelage is bright reddish brown or blackish brown; ventral pelage is yellowish brown. Feet are broad, and brown to black. Tail is short to medium-length (43-63% of head-body length), covered in dense hair, and usually uniformly brown, although the ventral surface may sometimes be paler. There are four unicuspids. Karyotype is 2n = 38.</p> <p>Habitat. Recorded from wet habitats including estuarine reedbeds, as well as grassland and forest near water.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Sclater’s Mouse Shrew seems to be threatened by human development, overgrazing, and general habitat destruction over its small distribution. The species is considered fairly common within its restricted range.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baxter (2008b), Jenkins &amp; Churchfield (2013f), Taylor (1998), Taylor et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BD87D1FFF4A8FD1627F72C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BD87D1FFF0A25A1B10FE44.text	3D474A54A0BD87D1FFF0A25A1B10FE44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myosorex tenuis Thomas & Schwann 1905	<div><p>433.</p> <p>Thin Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Myosorex tenuis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne fine / German: Zierliche Mausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana ratén de Thin</p> <p>Taxonomy. Myosorex tenuis Thomas &amp; Schwann, 1905,</p> <p>“ Zuurbron, Wakkerstroom Highlands [Transvaal, South Africa]; alt. 1600 m.”</p> <p>Populations from Limpopo may represent a distinct species, but to date no specimens from the type locality have beensequenced. These Limpopo specimens clustered within or as sister to C. varius, and indicated that C. varius may be a species complex. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces, E South Africa.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 75-92 mm,tail 30-45 mm, ear 7-12 mm, hindfoot 11-17 mm; weight 7-1-20 g. The Thin Mouse Shrew is a medium-sized to relatively large shrew. Dorsum is dark brown; venter is paler, with a silvery wash in some specimens. Ears are smaller and less conspicuous than in Sclater’s Mouse Shrew (M. sclateri). Feet are dark brown, and are slender with long claws. Tail is medium in length (c.41-59% of head-body length), covered in dense hairs, and bicolored, dark brown above and paler below. Skull is moderately small for the genus. There are four unicuspids. Karyotype is 2n = 40.</p> <p>Habitat. Recorded from thick grass at the edge of streams, under a tree in a forest, and in vlei habitats up to 1600 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. At present, very little is known of the Thin Mouse Shrew; further studies are needed. The species may be threatened by habitat destruction.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baxter &amp; Hutterer (2008), Jenkins &amp; Churchfield (2013g), Taylor et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BD87D1FFF0A25A1B10FE44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BD87D2FAF9A94110A2FE6B.text	3D474A54A0BD87D2FAF9A94110A2FE6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myosorex varius (Smuts 1832)	<div><p>434.</p> <p>South African Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Myosorex varius</p> <p>French: Musaraigne sud-africaine / German: Sldafrika-Mausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana ratén de Suréfrica</p> <p>Other common names: Forest Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Sorex varius Smuts, 1832,</p> <p>Algoa Bay, Cape of Good Hope (= Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa).</p> <p>Seems to form a clade with M. meesteri, M. slateri, M. cafer, and M. tenuis. The Limpopo population of M. tenuis is imbedded within this species orsister to it, indicating that M. varius may be a species complex. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa, Lesotho, and W Swaziland.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 76-88 mm, tail 38-48 mm, ear 6—11 mm, hindfoot 14-16 mm; weight 6-11 g. The South African Mouse Shrew is a medium-sized shrew. Individuals from higher altitudes in the Drakensberg Mountains are much smaller than typical individuals of this species from lower altitudes. Dorsal pelage is mottled gray brown to dark gray brown, the hairs being slaty gray basally, with an off-white subterminal band and a dark brown tip; ventral pelage is pale gray, occasionally with a yellowish tinge, the hairs being slaty gray at base, with a white to fawn tip. Feet are pale gray. Tail is of medium length (c.50% of head-body length), covered in sparse hairs throughout, and bicolored, pale to dark brown above, fawn to white on the sides and below. Females have six inguinal nipples. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Found primarily in dense, moist savanna and grassland habitats; also recorded from forests and drier areas in Karoo National Park in South Africa, where mist provides moist microhabitats for the species. The South African Mouse Shrew occurs at elevations from sea level up to ¢.3000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. The South African Mouse Shrew feeds on a variety of invertebrates, primarily arthropods. Stomach samples from Drakensberg Mountains indicate that they feed on adult coleopterans (58% frequency of occurrence), hymenopterans (53%), orthopterans (24%), larval lepidopterans (22%), larval coleopterans (20%), arachnids (20%), blattoideans (16%), hemipterans (11%), as well as less than 10% frequency of six other insect orders. In captivity, individuals feed readily on earthworms, locusts, grasshoppers, bagworms, termites, and beetles. On occasion, South African Mouse Shrews will consume small amounts of plant matter. They seem to be occasionally cannibalistic and probably scavenge carrion, as do other shrews; refection has also been observed.</p> <p>Breeding. Reproductive activity occurs largely in the wet season or whenever there is significant rainfall in the ecosystem. This varies geographically, however, and some populations in the Western Cape breed all year round, with most pregnancies occurring from June to September. In most locations though, breeding occurs from August, September or October to February-April. During courtship, the male persistently chases the female until she stops and allows him to mount. Embryo count is 1-6 throughout much of the range but averages within the range of 2-5-3-8 embryos. When born, young are blind, naked, and helpless but development is very rapid; young cling to the nipple from birth to day 5 or 6, and caravan until they are weaned, which is at about day 20-24. The South African Mouse Shrew lives 12-16 months, generally with a massive die off of the older adults toward the end of the breeding season. In the dry season, populations consist of subadults (50-60%) and adults (30%) with very few older individuals, while by the midto late wet season, populations consist of juveniles (20%), subadults (40%), and adults (40%). In captivity, individuals can survive significantly longer, up to 2-5 years.</p> <p>Activity patterns. South African Mouse Shrews are terrestrial and largely nocturnal, although they become predominantly diurnal in the dry season, completely changing their circadian rhythm to conserve energy. During the dry season, they will rest in well insulated nests during the coldest hours of the night. They burrow actively to find food and probably build burrows.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. South African Mouse Shrews are fairly aggressive and become more so at the beginning of the breeding season, being known to attack and even kill one another. Males and females maintain territories during the wet and dry seasons, ranging from 0-08 ha to 0-2 ha; male and female territories generally overlap. Territories are marked using secretions from their chin and lateral glands, as well as strongly scented fecal piles around the borders. A strong odor is also exuded when they are alarmed, and this can be smelt by humans from several meters away. Vocalizations include short, sharp squeaks when alarmed and during aggressive encounters, squeaks frequently interspersed with drawn out chirrs; chittering can also be heard between male and female partners and between mother and young.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The South African Mouse Shrew is common and widespread, and is the best-studied species in the genus. Lead-poisoning, exacerbated through biomagnification, may be a threat to the species.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baxter (2005), Baxter &amp; Dippenaar (2013g), Baxter &amp; Lloyd (1980), Baxter et al. (1979b), Cassola (2016bf), Lynch (1994), Reinecke et al. (2000), Rowe-Rowe &amp; Lowry (1982), Rowe-Rowe &amp; Meester (1982), Taylor et al. (2013), Willows-Munro &amp; Matthee (2011b).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BD87D2FAF9A94110A2FE6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BE87D2FA25A9161430F92B.text	3D474A54A0BE87D2FA25A9161430F92B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myosorex geata (Allen & Loveridge 1927)	<div><p>437.</p> <p>Geata Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Myosorex geata</p> <p>French: Musaraigne des Uluguru / German: Uluguru-Mausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana raton de Geata</p> <p>Taxonomy. Crocidura maurisca geata G. M. Allen &amp; Loveridge, 1927,</p> <p>Nyingwa, Ulu- guru Mountains, Tanzania.</p> <p>Apparently sister to M. kihaulei, although further sampling is needed to confirm this relationship. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Uluguru Mts, EC Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 68-75 mm, tail 40-43 mm, ear 5-9 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm; weight 7-6-10-5 g. The Geata Mouse Shrew is a medium-sized mouse shrew with relatively long pelage. Dorsal pelage is rich dark brown, the hairsslate gray with a yellowish gold subterminal band and dark brown tip; ventral pelage is similar but lacks the brown tips. Feet are brown with scaly reticulation and small claws. Tail is medium-length (c.57% of head-body length) and slightly bicolored, dark above lighter below. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane forests at elevations of 600-2250 m; commonest at 1345-1535 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Geata Mouse Shrew is rather rare in its small and fragmented distribution, where its habitat is continuing to decline in viability.</p> <p>Bibliography. Kennerley (2016x), Stanley (2013i), Stanley &amp; Hutterer (2000), Swynnerton &amp; Hayman (1951), Taylor et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BE87D2FA25A9161430F92B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BE87D2FA28AC5B147AF3F4.text	3D474A54A0BE87D2FA28AC5B147AF3F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myosorex kihaulei Stanley & Hutterer 2000	<div><p>438.</p> <p>Kihaule’s Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Myosorex kihaulei</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Kihaule / German: Kihaule-Mausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana ratén de Kihaule</p> <p>Taxonomy. Myosorex kihaulei Stanley &amp; Hutterer, 2000,</p> <p>19- 5 km west of Chita, 2000 m Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.</p> <p>Seems to be sister to M. geata, although further sampling is needed to confirm this relationship. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Udzungwa Mts, SC Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 70-84 mm, tail 36-46 mm, ear 6-9 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm; weight 8-125 g. Kihaule’s Mouse Shrew is a medium-sized shrew. Dorsal pelage is dark brown, the hairs gray-based, brown-tipped; ventral pelage is brown, less richly so than in the Geata Mouse Shrew (M. geata). Claws are robust and hindfeet have large, well rounded tubercles. Tail is medium-length (c.53% of head-body length), and dark. Skull is robust, especially the rostrum. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Primarily found in wet parts of montane forests, such as swampy areas;also in bamboo forests. Occurs above 900 m and up to 2000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. A pregnant female with two embryos was captured in July or August (not stated which month).</p> <p>Activity patterns. Kihaule’s Mouse Shrew is mostly nocturnal, although diurnal activity has been reported.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Kihaule’s Mouse Shrew is relatively rare within its small and fragmented range, and the amount of viable habitat is declining.</p> <p>Bibliography. Howell &amp; Hutterer (2008), Stanley (2013j), Stanley &amp; Hutterer (2000), Stanley et al. (2002), Taylor etal. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BE87D2FA28AC5B147AF3F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BE87D2FF21AA9B132FF75E.text	3D474A54A0BE87D2FF21AA9B132FF75E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myosorex longicaudatus Meester & Dippenaar 1978	<div><p>435.</p> <p>Long-tailed Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Myosorex longicaudatus</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Knysna / German: Langschwanz-Mausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana ratén de cola larga</p> <p>Other common names: Long-tailed Forest Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Myosorex longicaudatus Meester &amp; Dippenaar, 1978,</p> <p><a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.166666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.166666/lat -33.95)">Diepwalle State Forest Station</a>, 14 km NNE of Knysna (33° 57’ S, 23° 10’ E), Western Cape Province, South Africa.</p> <p>Sister to M. geata and M. kihaulei, based on genetic studies. Two subspecies recognized.</p> <p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p> <p>M.l.longicaudatusMeester&amp;Dippenaar,1978—KnysnaForest,SWSouthAfrica.</p> <p>M. l. boosnami Dippenaar, 1995 — Boosmansbos Forest and Langeberg Mts, SW South Africa.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 73-93 mm, tail 46-79 mm, ear 10-12 mm, hindfoot 14-19 mm; weight 9-21 g. The Long-tailed Mouse Shrew is a medium-sized shrew with a noticeably longer tail than in congeners. Male generally weighs more than female. Dorsal pelage is dark gray, heavily washed with grayish yellow, brown, or brownish black, the hairs being slaty gray basally with off-white to buffy subterminal band and dark brown tip; ventral pelage is a somewhat paler dark gray, washed with brownish black to dark brown, the hairs slaty gray with a buffy tip. Feet are brownish black, grayish yellow brown, or dull yellowish brown dorsally. Tail is long (c.79% of head-body length), covered in hair, and somewhat bicolored, brownish black above and variably paler below. Females have six inguinal nipples. Race boosnami has a more slender rostrum, shallower braincase, usually narrower p', and usually shorter but wider M®. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Recorded from primary forest, forest ecotones, fynbos, and boggy grassland at elevations of 240-3600 m, although normally occurring only up to 2000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. Based on stomach samples, Long-tailed Mouse Shrews are insectivorous but also feed on seeds. In captivity, they feed on a variety of insects, mealworms, and minced meats.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. The Long-tailed Mouse Shrew seems to be an able climber, and uses its tail in a prehensile fashion when descending from objects.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Longtailed Mouse Shrew is threatened by habitat destruction through deforestation, butis still relatively common where it survives.</p> <p>Bibliography. Baxter (2008a), Dippenaar (1995), Dippenaar &amp; Baxter (2013c), Meester &amp; Dippenaar (1978), Taylor et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BE87D2FF21AA9B132FF75E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BE87D2FF25A3B61871FDF4.text	3D474A54A0BE87D2FF25A3B61871FDF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myosorex zinki Heim de Balsac & Lamotte 1956	<div><p>436.</p> <p>Kilimanjaro Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Myosorex zinki</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Zink / German: Kilimanjaro-Mausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana ratén del Kilimanjaro</p> <p>Taxonomy. Myosorex blarina zinki Heim de Balsac &amp; Lamotte, 1956,</p> <p>south-east slope of Mount Kilimanjaro, 3700 m, Tanzania.</p> <p>Mpyosorex zinki was found to be sister to a clade including Congosorex verheyeni, M. meesteri, M. sclateri, M. cafer, M. varius, and M. tenuis, but further sampling is needed to determine its exact placement. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Mt Kilimanjaro, NE Tanzania.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 84-100 mm, tail 33-37 mm, ear 6-8 mm, hindfoot 15-18 mm; weight 14-5-19-5 g. The Kilimanjaro Mouse Shrew is a large species of mouse shrew with soft, dense,silky sheened pelage. Dorsal pelage is uniformly dark grayish brown with a conspicuous shot-silk appearance, the hairs being dark gray basally with a shiny brown tip, some of them with a white subterminal band; ventral pelage is slightly to moderately paler, also with a shot-silk appearance, the hairs being gray with a grayish brown tip. Ears are inconspicuous and densely haired. Feet are brown and well covered in hair. Tail is relatively short (c.38% of head-body length), covered in short dark brown hairs, dark brown dorsally and brown ventrally. Braincase is high-domed; I' is moderately long and hooked; M? is wide. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Montane forest, heathland, moorland, and the edge of alpine desert at higher elevations of 2470-4000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Kilimanjaro Mouse Shrew has a very restricted range, within which it may be rather common.</p> <p>Bibliography. Heim de Balsac (1970), Heim de Balsac &amp; Lamotte (1956), Hutterer (2013ae), Kennerley (2016aa), Shore &amp; Garbett (1991), Stanley &amp; Hutterer (2000), Stanley, Rogers &amp; Hutterer (2005a), Taylor et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BE87D2FF25A3B61871FDF4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BE87D3FA2CA7111184FB4B.text	3D474A54A0BE87D3FA2CA7111184FB4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myosorex gnoskei Gray 1838	<div><p>439.</p> <p>Nyika Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Myosorex gnoskei</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Gnoske / German: Gnoske-Mausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana ratén de Nyika</p> <p>Other common names: Nyika Burrowing Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Myosorex gnoskei Kerbis Peterhans et al., 2008,</p> <p>“ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.808334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.576944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.808334/lat -10.576944)">200 m north of the Chilinda Guest House within Nyika National Park</a>, Malawi (10° 34’37”S, 33° 48’30”E, 2285 m).”</p> <p>This species is monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Nyika National Park, N Malaw.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 75 mm, tail 41 mm, ear 9 mm, hindfoot 14 mm; weight 8 g (one specimen). The Nyika Mouse Shrew is a relatively small species of mouse shrew. Dorsum dark grayish brown with a yellowish tinge; ventral pelage is grayish yellow. Feet are dark, and have short claws. Tail is moderate in length (52% of head-body length), thin,</p> <p>and noticeably bicolored, dark brown above, blond below. Skull is long, with a slender rostrum and a narrow braincase. M” is very long and heavily built. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Recorded from shrub thickets and bracken fern along a shallow stream at about 2285 m in elevation.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Nyika Mouse Shrew is only known from one specimen at the type locality.</p> <p>Bibliography. Engelbrektsson (2016e), Kerbis Peterhans, Hutterer et al. (2008).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BE87D3FA2CA7111184FB4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BF87D3FAFEA80F14E5F723.text	3D474A54A0BF87D3FAFEA80F14E5F723.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myosorex babaulti Heim de Balsac & Lamotte 1956	<div><p>442.</p> <p>Babault’'s Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Mpyosorex babaultu</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Babault / German: Babault-Mausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana ratén de Babault</p> <p>Taxonomy. Myosorex babaulti Heim de Balsac &amp; Lamotte, 1956,</p> <p>“ Kivu,” DR Congo.”</p> <p>Has been included in M. blarina, but is currently recognized as a distinct species. A specimen collected from Idjwi I in L Kivu is tentatively included in this species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Mountains of EC DR Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi as well as the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in extreme SW Uganda and Idjwi I in L Kivu.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 79-91 mm,tail 34-40 mm, ear 2-3 mm, hindfoot 10-16 mm; weight 12-22 g. Babault’s Mouse Shrew is a medium-sized shrew with soft, dense pelage. Dorsum is uniformly blackish with a slight brownish tinge, the hairs silvery ash gray basally, brownish-black-tipped; ventral pelage is paler, the hairs ash gray basally, brown-tipped. Ears are very reduced and almost unpigmented. Feet are brownish; forefeet are broad and mole-like, with long claws. Tail is medium-length (c.45% of head-body length), nearly naked with short hairs below, and pale. Skull has well marked interparietal bones and very reduced upper premolar. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Recorded from mesic tropical montane forest (both primary and disturbed secondary) and occasionally in swampy Cyperus and shrub habitats. Occurs at elevations of ¢.1850-2300 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. One pregnant and one lactating female have been recorded during the wet season.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Babault’s Mouse Shrew seems to have a very restricted distribution and is considered rare, although very little is known aboutit. Further research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Dieterlen (2013d), Dieterlen &amp; Heim de Balsac (1979), Heim de Balsac &amp; Lamotte (1956), Kerbis Peterhans &amp; Hutterer (2008b).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BF87D3FAFEA80F14E5F723	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BF87D3FFF4A1C11507FD06.text	3D474A54A0BF87D3FFF4A1C11507FD06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myosorex kabogoensis Gray 1838	<div><p>441.</p> <p>Kabogo Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Myosorex kabogoensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Misotchi-Kabogo / German: Kabogo-Mausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana ratén de Kabogo</p> <p>Other common names: Misotshi-Kabogo Myosorex</p> <p>Taxonomy. Myosorex kabogoensis Kerbis Peterhans &amp; Hutterer, 2013,</p> <p>“ <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.080278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.9913893" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.080278/lat -4.9913893)">Mt. Misotshi area</a>, 4 km SW of the village of Talama, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.080278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.9913893" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.080278/lat -4.9913893)">above the western shore of Lake Tanganyika</a>, South Kivu Province, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (29°4’49”E 4°59'29”S, 1950 m).”</p> <p>This species is monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Mt Misotshi, E DR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 89 mm, tail 28 mm, ear 5 mm, hindfoot 14 mm; weight 12 g (one specimen). The Kabogo Mouse Shrew is a fairly large shrew. Pelage all over the body is very dark slate gray, with completely unicolored hairs. Tail is short (31:5% of head-body length) and very dark. Feet are covered in long dark hairs, and hindclaws are shorter than the long foreclaws. Braincase is broad but short; maxilla is very broad; fourth unicuspid is very small; third unicuspid is three-quarters the size</p> <p>of the first; M” is proportionately larger than in other species in the genus. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Captured along a dry hill slope in primary forest at around 1950-2000 m in elevation.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Kabogo Mouse Shrew was only recently described, based only on the recently collected holotype. More research is certainly needed on this seemingly rare shrew with a restricted range.</p> <p>Bibliography. Kerbis Peterhans et al. (2013).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BF87D3FFF4A1C11507FD06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BF87D3FFF5AFBC1295F5C7.text	3D474A54A0BF87D3FFF5AFBC1295F5C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myosorex schalleri Heim de Balsac 1966	<div><p>440.</p> <p>Schaller’s Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Myosorex schalleri</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Schaller / German: Schalle-Mausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana ratén de Schaller</p> <p>Taxonomy. Myosorex schalleri Heim de Balsac, 1966,</p> <p>Nzombe (Mwenga), Itombwe Mountains, eastern DR Congo.</p> <p>Species description was based on a single juvenile specimen; further investigation into the purported specific status of this taxon is certainly needed. Type locality was erroneously given as “Albert N. P.” by H. Heim de Balsac and J. Meester in 1977.</p> <p>Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Itombwe Mts, EC DR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. LL c.50-55 mm, tail 44 mm, hindfoot 10-5 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Only known from a single juvenile specimen; head-body length based on an estimate given by Heim de Balsac in 1967. Based on this, Schaller’s Mouse Shrew is the smallest species in the genus; it has short, not very dense pelage. Entire body is black. Tail is relatively long (¢.80% of head-body length) and completely black, appearing naked. Ears are not reduced or hidden and are more conspicuous than in other Myosorex. Skull is small, with an oval braincase and narrow interparietal bone, although the normal adult shape of the skull remains uncertain. Dentition is weaker than in congenerics. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Recorded from montane forest; the holotype was found dead on a forest road near Nzombe.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Further research into the species’ taxonomic status and potential threats is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Heim de Balsac (1967), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (1986d, 2013ad), Kennerley (2016v).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BF87D3FFF5AFBC1295F5C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0BF87DCFAF9A2651041FDC1.text	3D474A54A0BF87DCFAF9A2651041FDC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myosorex blarina Thomas 1906	<div><p>443.</p> <p>Montane Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Myosorex blarina</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Rwenzori / German: Ruwenzori-Mausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana raton de montana</p> <p>Other common names: Mountain Mouse Shrew, Rwenzori Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Myosorex blarina Thomas, 1906,</p> <p>Mubuku Valley, 10,000 feet (= 3048 m), Rwenzori Mountains, Uganda.</p> <p>Previously included M. babaulti and M. zinki, but both are now regularly recognized as distinct species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Rwenzori Mts of NE DR Congo and SW Uganda; possibly also in Kibale, SW Uganda.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 81-93 mm, tail 31-40 mm, ear 6-7 mm, hindfoot 13-16 mm; weight 13-5-18 g. The Montane Mouse Shrew is a medium-sized shrew with thick, velvetlike pelage. Dorsal pelage is blackish brown and slightly iridescent; ventral pelage is slightly grayer than the dorsum. Ears are short and hidden under the pelage. Feet are blackish; the claws on the forefeet are very large. Tail is medium-length (c.42% of head-body length), naked, and blackish. Skull is stout and heavy; teeth are small with delicate anterior incisors. There are four unicuspids: the first is large; the second is just under halfits size; the third is three-quarters the size of the first; and the fourth is minute.</p> <p>Habitat. Found in forests amidst bracken and near stream edges at 1900 m; in ericaceous shrubland at 3370 m; and in the alpine zone with Lobelia (Campanulaceae) and Senecio (Asteraceae). Type series was collected in a very swampy area. Elevational range is 1800-4000 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. Montane Mouse Shrews are terrestrial and mostly nocturnal, although some specimens have been taken during the day.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Montane Mouse Shrew is rare and has a very restricted range.</p> <p>Bibliography. Bober &amp; Kerbis Peterhans (2013b), Kerbis Peterhans (2008), Kerbis Peterhans et al. (1998), Willows-Munro &amp; Matthee (2009).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0BF87DCFAF9A2651041FDC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0B087DCFF27A9C611C1F865.text	3D474A54A0B087DCFF27A9C611C1F865.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myosorex bururiensis Gray 1838	<div><p>444.</p> <p>Bururt Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Myosorex bururiensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne du Bururi / German: Bururi-Mausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana raton de Bururi</p> <p>Other common names: Bururi Forest Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Myosorex bururiensis Kerbis Peterhans &amp; Hutterer, 2010,</p> <p>“ Mumushwizi River Valley (3° 56°207S, 29° 35’49”E) at 1880 m, Bururi Forest Reserve, Bururi Province, Burundi.”</p> <p>This species is monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Bururi Forest Reserve, Burundi.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 88 mm, tail 26 mm, ear 5 mm, hindfoot 15 mm; weight 14 g (one specimen). The Bururi Mouse Shrew is a medium-sized mouse shrew with thick, woolly pelage. Pelage bicolored all over the body, the hairs being dark slate gray bases with coppery tips. Feet are lighter in color and covered in dark brown hairs. Tail is very short and thick (29-5% of head-body length), and is light brown, with light brown hairs throughout. Skull is large and robust; braincase is broad; maxillary region is wide; unicuspids are very large except for the fourth, which is small; M? is long and wide. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Reported from upland primary forest with dense stands of Entandrophragma (Meliaceae), Parinari (Chrysobalanaceae), and Symphonia (Clusiaceae), at elevations of ¢.1880 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Bururi Mouse Shrew has only recently been described, based on a single specimen. The species is probably threatened by the degradation and loss of habitat.</p> <p>Bibliography. Engelbrektsson (2016d), Kerbis Peterhans et al. (2010).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0B087DCFF27A9C611C1F865	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0B087DCFF24A6081AABF9C3.text	3D474A54A0B087DCFF24A6081AABF9C3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myosorex eisentrauti Heim de Balsac 1968	<div><p>446.</p> <p>Eisentraut’s Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Myosorex eisentrauti</p> <p>French: Musaraigne d’Eisentraut / German: Eisentraut-Mausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarafna ratén de Eisentraut</p> <p>Taxonomy. Myosorex eisentrauti Heim de Balsac, 1968,</p> <p>Pic Santa Isabel, 2400 m, Fernando Po (= Bioko Island), Equatorial Guinea.</p> <p>Previously considered to include M. okuensis and M. rumpii, but both are now normally recognized as distinct species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Bioko I.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 71-82 mm, tail 37-42 mm, ear 6-7 mm, hindfoot</p> <p>12-13-5 mm; weight 12-15 g. Eisentraut’s Mouse Shrew is a medium-sized shrew with soft, dense, silky-sheened pelage. Dorsum is very dark blackish brown, the hairs dark gray basally and tipped dark brown or dark chestnut brown; ventral pelage is a slightly paler dark brown, with a shot silk appearance. Ears are small and concealed by the pelage. Feet are brown with dark scales and covered in dark brown hairs; claws are sharp and relatively long. Tail is medium-length (45-55% of head-body length), covered in many short dark brown hairs, and uniformly dark brown. Females have four inguinal nipples. Braincase is high domed; I' moderately long and hooked; M? is wide. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Alpine grassland and lower altitude Schefflera (Araliaceae) montane forests,at elevations of ¢.3000 m and 1400-2600 m, respectively.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Eisentraut’s Mouse Shrew has not been collected since 1968; it is known from few specimens from a very restricted range, its extent of occurrence being estimated at only c.50 km?. This species is threatened by continuing habitat degradation and invasive human activities for settlement. Further research is needed on distribution, abundance, general ecology, and threats to this species.</p> <p>Bibliography. Heim de Balsac (1968b), Hutterer (2013aa), Kennerley (2016w).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0B087DCFF24A6081AABF9C3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0B087DCFF24ACA21640F307.text	3D474A54A0B087DCFF24ACA21640F307.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myosorex jejer Kerbis Peterhans & Hutterer 2010	<div><p>445.</p> <p>Kahuzi Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Myosorex jejer</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de Jeje / German: Kahuzi-Mausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana ratén de Kahuzi</p> <p>Other common names: Kahuzi Swamp Shrew</p> <p>Taxonomy. Myosorex jejer Kerbis Peterhans &amp; Hutterer, 2010, “ Musisi Swamp (2° 16’24”S, 28° 41’277E, 2200 m), Mugaba Sector, Kahuzi Biega National Park, North Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo.”</p> <p>This species is monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Kahuzi-Biéga National Park, EC DR Congo.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 53-78 mm, tail 42-49 mm, ear 6-10 mm, hindfoot 11-14 mm; weight 6-8-5 g. The Kahuzi Mouse Shrew is a small species of mouse shrew with a long tail. Pelage is grayish brown, the hairs gray with brown tips. Claws are very short compared to other congeners. Tail is moderately long (average ¢.66:5% [54— 92%] of head-body length), thin, almost naked, and unicolored brown. Braincase is very narrow, as is the maxilla; rostrum is slender; the fourth unicuspid is placed within the tooth row; the third unicuspid is half the size of the first; M? is moderately sized. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Swampy habitat with sedges (Cyperus latifolius, Cyperaceae) surrounded by evergreen montane forest, at elevations of 2200-3300 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Kahuzi Mouse Shrew is known from a few specimens from a single small location, where the habitats are threatened by human activities such asillegal logging, coltan mining, and draining of swamp areas.</p> <p>Bibliography. Engelbrektsson &amp; Kennerley (2016), Kerbis Peterhans et al. (2010).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0B087DCFF24ACA21640F307	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0B087DCFA28AD381AB4F4B6.text	3D474A54A0B087DCFA28AD381AB4F4B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myosorex rumpii Heim de Balsac 1968	<div><p>447.</p> <p>Rumpi Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Myosorex rumpii</p> <p>French: Musaraigne des Rumpi / German: Rumpi-Mausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana raton de Rumpi</p> <p>Taxonomy. Myosorex eisentrauti rumpii Heim de Balsac, 1968,</p> <p>Rumpi Hills, 1100 m, Cameroon.</p> <p>Previously included in M. eisentrauti, but now generally recognized as a distinct species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Rumpi Hills, SW Cameroon.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 84 mm, tail 35 mm, ear 10 mm, hindfoot 14 mm; weight 15 g. The Rumpi Mouse Shrew is a medium-sized shrew with soft, dense,</p> <p>velvety pelage that has a silky sheen. Dorsum is dark blackish brown, the hairs dark gray for the basal two-thirds and blackish brown to dark chestnut brown terminally; ventral pelage is a paler blackish brown with a shot silk appearance, the hairs gray on basal two-thirds, reddish brown terminally. Feet are whitish with conspicuous brown scales and short blackish brown hairs dorsally; the claws are relatively long and sharp. Tail is short (¢.40% of head-body length) and uniformly blackish brown. There are four unicuspids. I' is moderately long and hooked and M? is Narrow.</p> <p>Habitat. Known only from the type locality in the Rumpi Hills at elevations of¢.1100 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Rumpi Mouse Shrew is only known from the type specimen, collected in 1967. Research is needed.</p> <p>Bibliography. Heim de Balsac (1968b), Hutterer (2013ac), Kennerley (20162).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0B087DCFA28AD381AB4F4B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
3D474A54A0B087DDFA29A0D0179DFD2C.text	3D474A54A0B087DDFA29A0D0179DFD2C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myosorex okuensis Heim de Balsac 1968	<div><p>448.</p> <p>Oku Mouse Shrew</p> <p>Myosorex okuensis</p> <p>French: Musaraigne de I'Oku / German: Oku-Mausspitzmaus / Spanish: Musarana ratén de Oku</p> <p>Taxonomy. Myosorex eisentrauti okuensis Heim de Balsac, 1968,</p> <p>Lake Oku, 2100 m, Mount Oku, Bamenda Highlands, Cameroon.</p> <p>Previously included in M. eisentrauti, but now generally recognized as a distinct species. Monotypic.</p> <p>Distribution. Bamenda Highlands, SW Cameroon.</p> <p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 72-73 mm, tail 40-41 mm, ear 8 mm, hindfoot 12-13 mm; weight 11-12 g. The Oku Mouse Shrew is a smallish species of mouse shrew with relatively long, soft, dense pelage. Dorsal pelage is brownish black, the hairs dark blackish gray with dark brown tips; ventral pelage is similar or slightly paler than the dorsum, with a shot silk appearance. Ears are reduced and concealed by the pelage.</p> <p>Feet are slightly pigmented with dark brown short hairs dorsally; claws are relatively long. Tail is medium-length (c.55% of head-body length) and dark brownish black. Braincase is high domed; I' is moderately long and hooked;first unicuspid is large, second and third smaller and subequal, while the fourth is minute; M? is medium-sized. There are four unicuspids.</p> <p>Habitat. Found in montane primary forest at elevations of 1800-2300 m.</p> <p>Food and Feeding. No information.</p> <p>Breeding. No information.</p> <p>Activity patterns. No information.</p> <p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.</p> <p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Oku Mouse Shrew is known from very few specimens across a very small and severely fragmented distribution; its extent of occurrence is estimated to be ¢.9300 km®. It may be threatened by habitat destruction through logging operations and the conversion of land to agricultural use.</p> <p>Bibliography. Heim de Balsac (1968b), Heim de Balsac &amp; Meester (1977), Hutterer (2013ab), Kennerley (2016y).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0B087DDFA29A0D0179DFD2C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Russell A. Mittermeier;Don E. Wilson	Russell A. Mittermeier, Don E. Wilson (2018): Soricidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 332-551, ISBN: 978-84-16728-08-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843
