taxonID	type	description	language	source
B0DE3BA9FAEBD859C8DD5DEC35D13907.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Trees; 1 - 2 (- 3) lateral leaflet pairs; lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short, white pannose hairs sometimes mixed with long tomentose hairs; fruits with 2 - 5 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, sparsely to densely tomentose or villous.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
B0DE3BA9FAEBD859C8DD5DEC35D13907.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Polylepis besseri Hieron.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
8198FAFACD75AAD8EA64AB50D142BC87.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Trees or shrubs; one lateral leaflet pair; lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short, white or yellowish pannose hairs; fruits with 2 - 5 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
8198FAFACD75AAD8EA64AB50D142BC87.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Polylepis incana Kunth.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
83FDE9C385A02D12A31A9875201B09A9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Trees; 3 - 6 (- 7) lateral leaflet pairs; lower leaflet surfaces lanate or villous; fruits with flattened spines, densely villous.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
83FDE9C385A02D12A31A9875201B09A9.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Polylepis lanuginosa Kunth.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6F00D7D2823D2CE71153C561B92B97E0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Trees; 4 - 6 lateral leaflet pairs; lowers leaflet surfaces lanate or sericeous; fruits with flattened or thin spines, densely villous.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6F00D7D2823D2CE71153C561B92B97E0.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Polylepis pauta Hieron.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
FD091427C7D7605DA7CFB551FD3486A8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shrubs or trees, 1 - 2 lateral leaflet pairs; lower leaflet surfaces lanate or sericeous; fruit slightly twisted with short spines, densely sericeous.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
FD091427C7D7605DA7CFB551FD3486A8.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Polylepis pepei B. B. Simpson.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
9852C4C57FAD942457CF64C63C6BEBB1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Trees, 2 - 4 lateral leaflet pairs; lower leaflet surfaces glabrous, sparsely hispid or puberulous; fruits with irregular and pronounced wings, glabrous or sparsely hispid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
9852C4C57FAD942457CF64C63C6BEBB1.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Polylepis australis Bitter.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
443C9D73FB293E9E50C2BCE4153D26BA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Trees or shrubs; lower leaflet surfaces glabrous or with hispid, puberulous, lanate, tomentose, or villous hairs; fruits with irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, glabrous to densely hispid, tomentose or villous.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
443C9D73FB293E9E50C2BCE4153D26BA.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Polylepis incana Kunth.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
64D123905DDC204B1D55457164B226C9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Trees or shrubs, lower leaflet surfaces tomentose; apices emarginate; fruits with variable numbers and placements of flattened, almost cylindrical or long spines, densely lanose, tomentose or villous.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
64D123905DDC204B1D55457164B226C9.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Polylepis reticulata Hieron.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
08405EBFD7E5EF22E9D98BFF5F1A817D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Trees or shrubs; lower leaflet surfaces with sericeous, lanate or villous hairs; fruits with a variable number and placement of flattened, thin or short spines, densely sericeous or villous.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
08405EBFD7E5EF22E9D98BFF5F1A817D.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Polylepis sericea Wedd.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
26217EA99334F56E96E16D901B454480.taxon	description	Figs 77, 78	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
26217EA99334F56E96E16D901B454480.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species differs from P. triacontandra Bitter by its smaller leaflets with different type and length of hairs and shorter inflorescences with lower number of flowers.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
26217EA99334F56E96E16D901B454480.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Peru. Cusco: Acomayo. Rondocan, bosque de Llamacocha, 13 ° 50 ' 34 " S, 072 ° 02 ' 31 " W, 3933 m, 12 Jul 2015, T. E. Boza E. & E. Urquiaga 3038 (holotype: USM!; isotype: Z!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
26217EA99334F56E96E16D901B454480.taxon	description	Description. Trees 3 - 8 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 1 (- 2) pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (2.7 -) 3.5 - 4.5 x 2.6 - 3.3 cm; rachises densely villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, densely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets narrowly obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.6 - 2.3 x 0.5 - 0.9 cm; margin crenate with 6 - 9 teeth, apically round or emarginate, basally acute; upper leaflet surfaces sparsely villous; lower leaflet surfaces densely villous with whitish hairs 0.9 - 1.1 mm long mixed with pannose hairs, second pair of leaflets, if present, very small. Inflorescences pendant, 2.0 - 4.0 cm long, bearing 5 - 7 flowers; floral bracts 3.9 - 4.2 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 10.2 - 10.7 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely villous outside; stamens 19 - 25, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.3 - 4.0 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2 - 3 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 4.2 - 5.7 x 3.2 - 4.4 mm including spines. Tetraploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
26217EA99334F56E96E16D901B454480.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis acomayensis occurs in southern Cusco (Peru) in relatively cold and dry Andes at 3800 - 4160 m elevation (Fig. 92). It grows in mixed forests with Escallonia resinosa.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
26217EA99334F56E96E16D901B454480.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after Acomayo, the Province to which its distribution appears to be restricted.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
26217EA99334F56E96E16D901B454480.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Peru. Cusco: Acomayo, Rondocan, Llamacocha, 13 ° 50 ' 53.6 " S, 71 ° 45 ' 32.7 " W, 3933 m, 12 July 2015, Boza & Urquiaga 3038; 3122; 3123; 3124; 3125; 3126; 3127; 3128; 3129; 3130; 3131; 3132 (USM!, Z!). Paruro, Accha, Kangal, 13 ° 59 ' 41.2 " S, 71 ° 48 ' 42.3 " W, 4194 m, 12 July 2015, Boza & Urquiaga 3039; 3133; 3134; 3135; 3136; 3137; 3138; 3139; 3140; 3141; 3142; 3143 (USM!, Z!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F396A64A9AC299DA24BA745EACC85B54.taxon	description	Figs 25, 26	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F396A64A9AC299DA24BA745EACC85B54.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Peru. Ancash: Cordillera Blanca above Caraz, Jun 1903, Weberbauer 3229 (holotype: B destroyed; photos at F!, GH!, NY!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F396A64A9AC299DA24BA745EACC85B54.taxon	description	Description. Trees 3 - 7 (12) m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 3 - 4 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 3.5 - 4.9 x (2.5 -) 2.8 - 3.4 cm; rachises densely sericeous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight hairs, with ferruginous resin at leaflet insertion; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely sericeous on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.4 - 2.0 x 0.4 - 0.7 cm; margin slightly crenate at the apex with 4 - 5 teeth, strongly revolute, coriaceous, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous or sparsely sericeous; lower leaflet surfaces densely sericeous with short silky hairs 0.3 - 0.5 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, 3.9 - 6.6 (7.5) cm long, bearing 18 - 21 flowers; floral bracts 5.5 - 6.9 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises sericeous. Flowers 3.4 - 7.5 mm diam.; sepals 3 - 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 7 - 18, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.4 - 3.2 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely sericeous; 3.1 - 5.6 x 2.3 - 5.6 mm including spines. Diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F396A64A9AC299DA24BA745EACC85B54.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis albicans occurs in north-western Peru in the Cordillera Blanca in Ancash and in the adjacent high Andes of La Libertad (Fig. 41). It grows in semi-humid montane forest at 3400 - 4950 m elevation, often alongside P. weberbaueri (Fig. 41). Where they co-occur, P. albicans tends to grow at lower elevations (maximum probability of occurrence at 3750 - 3900 m) than P. weberbaueri (4400 m) (Morales et al. 2018) and to generally grow in warmer and drier habitats than P. weberbaueri (Sevillano-Rios and Morales 2021). Along with this, seedling density of P. albicans decreases with elevation, whereas that of P. weberbaueri increases (Morales et al. 2018). At 4350 - 4700 m elev. in Paria Valley, most trees of P. albicans are 4 - 7 m tall (maximum 10 - 12.5 m) with diameters of 10 - 20 cm (maximum 50 - 60 cm) (Castro and Flores 2015). The Polylepis forests in this region harbor diverse bird communities with a substantial proportion of threatened species, some of which are specialized to Polylepis forests (Sevillano-Rios et al. 2011; Sevillano-Rios and Rodewald 2017, 2021).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F396A64A9AC299DA24BA745EACC85B54.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Peru. Ancash: Carhuaz, Sonquenua, Shilla, 4020 m, 21 December 1989, Arce & Sanchez 188 (MO); Valley of Rio Marcara, 2.5 hours from Vicos on trail to Lejiacocha, 09 ° 19 ' 00 " S, 077 ° 31 ' 00 " W, 3600 m, 11 March 1964, Hutchison & Wright 4325 (F, MO, USM); Shacshicucho, 4050 m, 26 August 1978, Mostacero et al. 569 (MO); Huascaran National Park; Quebrada Ulta, north side of valley; S-facing, moderate to gentle slopes, 09 ° 07 ' S, 077 ° 32 ' W, 3930 m, 29 July 1985, Smith 11410 (MO, USM); Huascaran National Park. N-side of main valley, Quebrada Honda, 09 ° 18 ' S, 077 ° 25 ' W, 4200 m, 03 October 1985, Smith et al. 11641 (F, MO, USM); Huascaran National Park, mouth of Quebrada Ishinca, 09 ° 23 ' S, 077 ° 29 ' W, 3880 m, 15 February 1985, Smith et al. 9597 (F, MO, USM). Huaraz, Quebrada Quillcayhuanca, 4200 m, 30 October 1989, Arce & Martel 163 (MO); Quilcayhuanca, 09 ° 29 ' 53.8 " S, 77 ° 24 ' 59.6 " W, 3831 m, 08 November 2014, Boza & Urquiaga 3022 (USM, Z); Lance, 4500 m, 04 June 2015, Boza & Urquiaga 3144 (USM, Z); Llanganuco, 09 ° 04 ' 47 " S, 077 ° 38 ' 36 " W, 4445 m, 03 June 2015, Boza & Urquiaga 3145 (USM, Z); 3146 (USM, Z); 3147 (USM, Z); Ulta, 09 ° 06 ' S, 077 ° 32 ' W, 4300 m, 07 June 2015, Boza & Urquiaga 3152 (USM, Z); 3153 (USM, Z); Llaca, 09 ° 26 ' S, 077 ° 26 ' W, 07 June 2015, Boza & Urquiaga 3154 (USM, Z); 3155 (USM, Z); Boza & Urquiaga 3156 (USM, Z); 28 May 1982, Cerrate 7696 (MO, USM); Comprado en la feria de plantas medicinales de Huaraz, 07 July 1988, Cerrate 9123 (USM); Huascaran National Park, Quebrada Shallap, 09 ° 30 ' S, 077 ° 24 ' W, 3900 m, 20 February 1985, Smith et al. 9709 (F, MO, USM). Huari, Llanganuco, 4366 m, 29 November 2007, Lasermann I 12 (USM); Huascaran National Park, southside of Quebrada Carhuazcancha, 09 ° 28 ' S, 077 ° 15 ' W, 4200 m, 06 May 1986, Smith et al. 12255 (MO, USM); Huascaran National Park, Quebrada Pachachaca, a lateral valley of Quebrada Rurichinchay, 09 ° 27 ' S, 077 ° 16 ' W, 3860 m, 12 June 1986, Smith et al. 12542 (F, MO); Huascaran National Park, Quebrada de Yuraccocha, a lateral valley of Quebrada Rurichinchay, 09 ° 22 ' S, 077 ° 17 ' W, 4300 m, 16 June 1986, Smith et al. 12737 (MO, USM); Acopalca, 09 ° 20 ' 25 " S, 077 ° 12 ' 19 " W, 3300 m, 11 August 2010, Xue-Jun 194 (USM). Huaylas, Paron, 09 ° 02 ' 13 " S, 77 ° 43 ' 52 " W, 3357 m, 07 November 2014, Boza & Urquiaga 3016 (USM, Z); Huascaran National Park, Quebrada Paron, 09 ° 01 ' S, 077 ° 43 ' W, 3760 m, 08 May 1985, Smith 10606 (MO); Huascaran National Park, 09 ° 00 ' S, 077 ° 41 ' W, 4200 m, 29 September 1985, Smith 11537 (MO, USM); Huascaran National Park, Paron Valley, 09 ° 00 ' S, 077 ° 42 ' W, 4150 m, 01 January 1985, Smith & Goodwin 8924 (AAU, F, MO, USM); Huascaran National Park, Paron Valley, 09 ° 01 ' S, 077 ° 43 ' W, 3700 m, 01 January 1985, Smith & Goodwin 8939 (MO, USM); Huascaran National Park, western flank of Cordillera Blanca, Alpamayo-Cashapampa trail, 08 ° 53 ' S, 077 ° 45 ' W, 3950 m, 13 March 1985, Smith & Valencia 10013 (MO, USM); Huascaran National Park, lower slopes of Cerro Pakla, 08 ° 49 ' S, 077 ° 57 ' W, 4300 m, 09 April 1986, Smith et al. 12055 (AAU, F, MO, USM); Huascaran National Park, Quebrada Santa Cruz at base of and entering Quebrada Artizonraju, 08 ° 55 ' S, 077 ° 36 ' W, 4800 m, 16 January 1985, Smith et al. 9298 (F, MO, USM). Yungay, Ruta Vaqueria-Portachuelo, 3900 m, 05 November 1989, Arce 165 (MO); Huaytajirca, en el Dist. de Yanama, procedencia Matca (Yanama), 16 December 1989, Arce & Abilio 186 (MO); 30 km, hacia arriba, Parque Nacional de Huascaran, 3850 m, 10 March 1983, Beck 7914 (GOET, MO); Llanganuco, 09 ° 03 ' 04 " S, 77 ° 36 ' 42 " W, 3852 m, 07 November 2014, Boza & Urquiaga 3013 (USM, Z); Llanganuco encima de Yungay, 4000 m, 27 June 1966, Ferreyra 16860 (MO); Llanganuco arriba de Yungay, 4200 m, 14 December 1967, Ferreyra & Blount 18727 (GOET, MO, USM); Llanganuco, arriba de Yungay, 3900 m, 22 October 1965, Ferreyra & Tryon 16503 (MO, USM); slopes below Laguna de LLanganuco in quebrada de Llanganuco ca. 25 km above Yungay, just above and below the lake, 4100 m, 27 June 1966, Gabriel & Schunke 3826 (A, F); Dist. Yungay, Laguna de Llanganuco, 3800 m, 17 February 1968, Gutierrez 249 (F); Laguna de Llanganuco, 3800 m, 19 February 1968, Gutierrez 249 - AGR (MO); Quebrada Llanganuco, cerca de la laguna y el albergue, 3850 m, 04 July 1981, Perez 62 (USM); Laguna Llanganuco, 3400 m, 01 November 1984, Sagastegui & Dillon 12315 (F, MO); near Laguna Llanganuco, 09 ° 03 ' 54 " S, 077 ° 38 ' 00 " W, 4300 m, 14 August 2002, Schmidt-Lebuhn 507 (USM); near laguna Llanganuco, 09 ° 03 ' 54 " S, 077 ° 38 ' 00 " W, 4300 m, 14 August 2002, Schmidt-Lebuhn 510 (USM); Huascaran National Park, Lake Llanganuco, 09 ° 05 ' S, 077 ° 39 ' W, 3860 m, 16 August 1984, Smith 8210 (MO); Huascaran National Park, Llanganuco sector, Quebrada Demanada, side valley to Nevado Pisco, 09 ° 02 ' S, 077 ° 37 ' W, 4250 m, 13 April 1985, Smith & Cautivo 10302 (MO, USM); Huascaran National Park, Quebrada Ranincuray, 09 ° 00 ' S, 077 ° 33 ' W, 3850 m, 11 January 1985, Smith et al. 9049 (AAU, F, MO, USM); Huascaran National Park, Morococha at largest lake, 08 ° 55 ' S, 077 ° 35 ' W, 4550 m, 14 January 1985, Smith et al. 9215 (AAU, F, MO, USM); Llanganuco P. N. Huascaran, 09 ° 07 ' 00 " S, 077 ° 37 ' 00 " W, 3475 m, 07 August 2010, Xue-Jun 25 (USM). Cordillera Blanca near Ingenio in upper Pumapampa Valley, 11 ° 04 ' S, 077 ° 36 ' W, 4350 m, 15 February 1987, Boertmann 53 (AAU); Quebrada Ishinca, Cordillera Blanca, 09 ° 23 ' S, 077 ° 28 ' W, 3950 m, 23 August 1988, Frimer & Nielsen 101 (AAU); Quebrada Matara in Quebrada Ulta, Cordillera Blanca, 09 ° 07 ' S, 077 ° 32 ' W, 4250 m, 03 September 1988, Frimer & Nielsen 104 (AAU); Quebrada Ulta, Cordillera Blanca, 09 ° 06 ' S, 077 ° 32 ' W, 4050 m, 02 September 1988, Frimer & Nielsen 107 (AAU); 108 (AAU); Quebrada Rurichinchay, Cordillera Blanca, 09 ° 21 ' S, 077 ° 18 ' W, 4000 m, 06 Oct 1988, Frimer & Nielsen 118 (AAU); 123 (AAU); Quebrada Rurec, Cordillera Blanca, 09 ° 25 ' S, 077 ° 17 ' W, 3950 m, 11 October 1988, Frimer & Nielsen 125 (AAU); Frimer & Nielsen 126 (AAU); Quebrada Carhuasccancha. Cordillera Blanca, 09 ° 29 ' S, 077 ° 15 ' W, 3900 m, 15 October 1988, Frimer & Nielsen 132 (AAU); Querada Paron, Cordillera Blanca (W of Paron), 09 ° 00 ' S, 077 ° 41 ' W, 4150 m, 18 August 1988, Frimer & Nielsen 42; 43; 44; 45; 59 (AAU); Quebrada Ishinca, Cordillera Blanca, 09 ° 23 ' S, 077 ° 28 ' W, 3950 m, 23 August 1988, Frimer & Nielsen 70; 71; 73 (AAU); Quebrada Ishinca, Cordillera Blanca, 09 ° 23 ' S, 077 ° 28 ' W, 3950 m, 23 August 1988, Frimer & Nielsen 74; 99 (AAU); road from Yungay to Yauya, vicinity of Lagunas Llanganuco, 09 ° 02 ' S, 077 ° 35 ' W, 3800 m, 10 July 1982, Gentry et al. 37376 (MO, USM); Llanganuco, 4377 m, 29 November 2007, Lasermann II / 1 (USM); Cordillera Blanca, Laguna Paron, 30 km NE of Caraz in northern Huascaran National Park, 4100 m, 10 October 1988, Peterson s. n (MO); Cordillera Blanca, East of Yungay, Laguna de Llanganuco, 3800 m, 05 April 1988, Renvoize & Laegaard 5066 (AAU); Cordillera Blanca. 35 km east of Yungay, 4000 m, 05 April 1988, Renvoize & Laegaard 5074 (AAU, MO); 5075 (AAU); 40 km east of Yungay., 4350 m, 05 April 1988, Renvoize & Laegaard 5088 A; 5088 B (AAU); Llanganuco Valley, 09 ° 00 ' S, 077 ° 30 ' W, 1500 m, August 1959, Tothill 174 (F); 3700 m, 1901 - 1929, Weberbauer 3229 (B, MO); Parque Nacional Huascaran. Llanganuco, 11 July 1982, Zardini 1535 (MO). La Libertad: Sanchez Carrion, senal Huayllides, 07 ° 53 ' S, 078 ° 02 ' W, 4100 m, 21 August 1982, Smith 2278 (MO, USM).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F98E5078066735F7E9E9C72D74D61AAD.taxon	description	Figs 27, 28	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F98E5078066735F7E9E9C72D74D61AAD.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Peru. Junin: Concepcion, Dist. de Andamarca, a 2.5 km de la localidad de Alhuay, 11 ° 41 ' 30 " S, 74 ° 54 ' 01 " W, 4150 m, 10 Oct 2017, H. R. Quispe M. 85 (holotype: CUZ!; isotypes: USM!, Z!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F98E5078066735F7E9E9C72D74D61AAD.taxon	description	Description. Trees 4 - 7 m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (2.9) 3.3 - 4.3 x (2.6 -) 3.3 - 4.3 cm; rachises densely sericeous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight hairs, sometimes with resin at leaflet insertion; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely sericeous on the outer surfaces; leaflets narrowly elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.9) 2.4 - 2.6 x 0.5 - 0.7 cm; margin entire, coriaceous, apically acute to slightly retuse, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces almost glabrous with some hairs on the mid-veins to densely sericeous with silky hairs throughout; lower leaflet surfaces densely sericeous with silky hairs 0.6 - 0.9 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, 7.2 - 8.1 cm long, bearing 5 - 6 (- 9) flowers; floral bracts 4.5 - 5.6 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises sericeous. Flowers 7 - 9 mm diam.; sepals 3 - 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 7 - 10, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.7 - 4.4 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely sericeous; 2.3 - 2.5 x 3.5 - 5.3 mm including spines. Diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F98E5078066735F7E9E9C72D74D61AAD.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis argentea has been found in central Peru at La Mar (Ayacucho), Concepcion, Huancayo and Satipo (Junin) and La Convencion and Urubamba (Cusco) (Fig. 41). It grows mainly in humid Andean Forest at 3400 - 4400 m elevation. It often co-occurs with P. canoi, P. rodolfovasquezii and P. serrata (Quispe-Melgar et al. 2018) and although hybrids are not yet known, these might occur. In the Cordillera Vilcabamba, Polylepis argentea dominates the forest, with P. canoi intermixed among it and P. serrata in hilltop forest (Boyle 2001). The slightly different colours of the foliage of each species of Polylepis make this gradation obvious even from a distance (Boyle 2001).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F98E5078066735F7E9E9C72D74D61AAD.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Peru. Ayacucho: La Mar, Dist. Tambo, Estera Community, sector Muyuorco, 12 ° 54 ' 19 " S, 073 ° 48 ' 17 " W, 3637 m, 29 June 2015, Boza 3036; 3096; 3097; 3098; 3099; 3100; 3101; 3102; 3103; 3104; 3105; 3106 (USM!, Z!). Cusco: La Convencion, Dist. Huayopata Abra Malaga, 13 ° 08 ' 05 " S, 072 ° 19 ' 18 " W, 3802 m, 13 June 2015, Boza 3032; 3082; 3083; 3084 (USM!, Z!); Cuzco. Provincia La Convencion, Bosque Qulcamachay, 4200 m, 01 October 2002, Palomino 2030 (QCA!); Dist. Huayopata, localidad Panticalle, Abra Malaga, 13 ° 08 ' 02 " S, 072 ° 19 ' 32 " W, 3725 m, 30 May 2006, Toivonen 84; 85; 86; 87 (CUZ!). Urubamba, Inkatambo, 13 ° 18 ' 06 " S, 072 ° 31 ' 44 " W, 4340 m, 01 September 2002, Arce s. n (USM!); Qesqa, 13 ° 17 ' 51 " S, 072 ° 24 ' 57 " W, 4000 m, 01 October 2002, Arce s. n (USM!); Abra Malaga, 13 ° 08 ' 43 " S, 072 ° 18 ' 09 " W, 4318 m, 01 October 2002, Arce s. n (CUZ!); Inkatambo 13 ° 18 ' 06 " S, 072 ° 31 ' 44 " W, 3840 m, 01 September 2002, Arce s. n (CUZ!); Dist. Ollantaytambo, Huaytampo, 13 ° 10 ' 47 " S, 072 ° 21 ' 10 " W, 3650 m, 07 November 2002, Calatayud 1035 (CUZ!, F!, MO!, USM!); Santuario Historico Machu Pichu, camino Inca, Km 88 - 112, por puente Ruinas, 13 ° 18 ' S, 072 ° 07 ' W, 2000 - 4100 m, 20 - 21 June 1988, Nunez 9204 (MO!); Dist. Ollantaytambo, localidad Abra Malaga, 13 ° 09 ' 02 " S, 072 ° 18 ' 09 " W, 4230 m, 29 May 2006, Toivonen 15 (CUZ!); 16 (CUZ!); Dist. Ollantaytambo, localidad Huaytampo, 13 ° 10 ' 31 " S, 072 ° 21 ' 03 " W, 3800 m, 06 July 2006, Toivonen 95 (CUZ!); 96 (CUZ!). Junin: Concepcion, Andamarca, 11 ° 41 ' 30 " S, 074 ° 54 ' 01 " W, 2300 m, 14 June 2002, Martinez 18 (USM!); Dist. de Andamarca, a 2.5 km de la localidad de Alhuanay, 11 ° 41 ' 30 " S, 074 ° 54 ' 01 " W, 4150 m, 10 October 2017, Quispe 85 (CUZ!, USM!, Z!). Huancayo, Dist. de Santo Domingo de Acobamba, a 5 km de la localidad de Callanca, 11 ° 45 ' 43 " S, 074 ° 55 ' 15 " W, 4200 m, 12 October 2017, Quispe 87 (CUZ!, USM!, Z!). Satipo, Satipo / La Convencion Cordillera Vilcabamba Rio Ene slope, near summit of divide, 11 ° 39 ' 30 " S, 073 ° 40 ' 02 " W, 3350 m, 07 June 1997, Boyle 4149 (USM!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
BB148DFDD71877B3DFF5F0A004CED4A3.taxon	description	Figs 63, 64	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
BB148DFDD71877B3DFF5F0A004CED4A3.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Argentina. Jujuy: Sierra Santa Barbara, 2500 m, 11 Ju 1 1901, Fries 264 (lectotype designated by Simpson 1979, pg. 56: S!; isolectotype: US!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
BB148DFDD71877B3DFF5F0A004CED4A3.taxon	description	Description. Trees 3 - 8 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2 - 3 pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (2.0 -) 3.7 - 6.1 (- 7.2) x (1.8 -) 2.9 - 4.1 (- 5.3) cm; rachises sparsely hispid, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long white hairs; stipular sheaths glabrescent or sparsely to densely villous with long hairs; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.0 -) 1.6 - 2.9 (- 4.0) x 0.6 - 1.5 cm; margin serrate with 9 - 13 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces glabrous or sparsely hispid. Inflorescences pendant, (1.8 -) 4.2 - 5.0 (- 7.3) cm long, bearing 5 - 12 flowers; floral bracts 2.1 - 3.1 mm long, narrowly triangular; rachises villous. Flowers 4.4 - 8.5 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely villous outside; stamens 10 - 22, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 0.9 - 2.0 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2 - 3 irregular and pronounced thin wings, glabrous; 4.4 - 7.9 x 5.0 - 6.8 mm including wings. Diploid, triploid, tetraploid and hexaploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
BB148DFDD71877B3DFF5F0A004CED4A3.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis australis is endemic to Argentina, where it is distributed from the northern Andes (Jujuy Province) to the central Sierra de Cordoba (Cordoba Province) Argentina (Fig. 73). It occurs in humid subtropical mountains, as well as in dry forest at 1230 - 3800 m elevation. The northernmost populations of P. australis have higher genetic differentiation and lower genetic population diversity than southern and central populations (Hensen et al. 2011). Possibly, gene flow in the northern stands is restricted by geographic isolation, whereas the southern and central populations may be connected by effective long-distance pollination (Hensen et al. 2011). Dendroclimatic analyses from central Argentina show that growth of P. australis at intermediate and high elevations growth is more strongly related to temperature than to rainfall (Lanza et al. 2018). Populations at the upper and lower elevational limits of the species are adapted to the respective climatic conditions, which should be considered in conservation action (Marcora et al. 2021). In many regions, P. australis is confined to areas with high rock proportion, to where they have been restricted due to fires and long-term grazing pressure (Suarez et al. 2008). Polylepis australis forms shrublands on ridges with poor, leached soils exposed to wind and frost and woodlands in sheltered ravines. The most critical stage of the species regeneration cycle in the shrublands is the transition from seedling to saplings, whereas in the woodlands, it is seed germination (Enrico et al. 2004). Overall, seed germination rates in P. australis are low at 0 % to 14 % (Enrico et al. 2004; Renison et al. 2004; Menoyo et al. 2009; Pollice et al. 2013). Germination rates are higher in areas with reduced livestock density which have lower insect predation and fungal fructifications (Menoyo et al. 2009). Seed production increases with tree height, with highest seed production in areas without livestock. Seed mass also increases with tree height, but there is no livestock effect (Pollice et al. 2013). Seed viability is associated with relatively undisturbed soils with no erosion, suggesting a connection to nutrients and / or water stress (Renison et al. 2004). Maximum seed dispersal distance in P. australis is 6 m and seedlings are found no more than 10 m from seed trees (Torres et al. 2008). However, extensive pollen flow between isolated fragments reduces the negative effects of seed quality resulting from reproductive isolation and inbreeding (Seltmann et al. 2009 b). Seedling establishment is severely affected by livestock, so that there are more seedlings and seed trees in areas with less livestock than in degraded regions with historic and current grazing impact (Renison et al. 2006; Torres et al. 2008; Menoyo et al. 2009; Marcora et al. 2013). Livestock has considerable impact on soil degradation in the mountains of central Argentina (Renison et al. 2010), and these vegetation-soil alterations reduce the soil water storage capacity of P. australis woodlands (Poca et al. 2018). Polylepis forest in central Argentina have high polypore (wood-decay fungi) species richness in mature forest, with numerous threatened and rare species (Postia caesia, Fuscoporia gilva, Polyporus arcularius and Ceriporia spissa) found in the presence of large logs (Robledo and Renison 2010). Similarly, there is a high diversity of lichens (Rodriguez et al. 2020). In the southern Yungas (Jujuy Province), the P. australis forests have high bird diversity, but Polylepis specialist bird species are absent, possibly because these are small patches (Bellis et al. 2014). However, active forest restoration measures have locally increased bird diversity and abundance over 20 years (Barri et al. 2021).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
BB148DFDD71877B3DFF5F0A004CED4A3.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Argentina. Catamarca: Andalgala, East slope of Nevados de Aconquija, Estancia " Yunca Suma ", Los Quenoales, 27 ° 22 ' S, 066 ° 02 ' W, 2400 m, 20 February 1966, Hawkes 3547 (MO!). Cordoba: Calamuchita, Sierra Grande (Falda E), al pie del Cerro Champaqui, 2200 m, 26 September 1952, Hunziker 9942 (MO!); La Cumbrecita, 31 ° 55 ' S, 064 ° 15 ' W, 1450 m, 17 December 1978, Solomon 4200 (MO!). Punilla, Dpto. Punilla, cerca del rio Yatain, 18 November 1971, Ancibor 2150 (MO!); Tanti, Ruta n ° 20, km 757, 26 April 1963, Ariza 1604 b (CORD); Cerro Los gigantes, 50 km west of Cordoba, 2000 - 2050 m, 27 January 1974, Conrad 2455 (MO!); Barranca de Rio Yuspe (Puente), 1780 m, 16 December 1949, Meyer 15627 (GOET!). San Alberto, Pampa de Achala, 2200 m, 13 December 1945, Hunziker 1398 (MO!); Pampa de Achala, ca. 40 km E Mina Clavero on road to Cordoba, 1900 m, 13 November 1991, Kessler 3347 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3348 (GOET!, MO!); 3349; 3350 (AAU!). Jujuy: Capital, Lagunas de Yala, 2100 - 2300 m, 18 November 1986, Charpin AC 20520 (MO!). Jujuy, Jala-Reyes, 30 October 1982, Zardini 1587 (MO!). Sierra La Barbara, 2500 m, 11 July 2001, Fries 264 (US!). Valle Grande, Camino a Altos de Calilegua, 2400 m, 31 October 1974, Cabrera 25659 (MO!). Salta: Guachipas, Alto del Poronguito, 1900 - 2000 m, 07 February 1983, Novara 3157 (MO!). Santa Victoria, 15 km. from Santa Victoria towards La Quiaca, 22 ° 15 ' S, 065 ° 04 ' W, 3300 - 3400 m, 05 April 1979, Bothmer 6466 (MO!); Santa Victoria, ruta 5, alturas 10 km al W del pueblo, 2900 m, 14 May 1987, Novara 6695 (GOET!, Z!); Santa Victoria, por el camino 5 - 10 km al W del pueblo, 2700 - 3000 m, 10 November 1988, Novara 8210 (Z!); Santa Victoria Oeste, 22 ° 15 ' 00 " S, 064 ° 58 ' 00 " W, 21 January 1983, Zardini 1676 (MO!); La Huerta, 31 January 1983, Zardini 1903 (MO!); San Luis: Junin, Sierra de Comechingones, al este de Merlo, ruta prov. 5, 1200 m, 16 December 2000, Leuenberger 4764 (GOET!); 5 km al este de Merlo (El Mirador), 26 January 2001, Scarpa 435 (SI). Tucuman: Chicligasta, Saladillo, 1000 m, 18 May 1948, Meyer 14063 (MO!); 1800 m, 10 March 1924, Venturi 3010 (Z!); 2000 m, 13 December 1925, Venturi 3990 (MO!). Tafi, Quebrada de los Alisos Tafi del Valle, 01 January 2012, Castillon 89344 (US!); Tafi del Valle, 2000 m, 24 September 1949, Palacios 19 Ar 106 (MO!); Tafi del Valle, 26 ° 47 ' 28 " S, 065 ° 43 ' 48 " W, s. d., Palacios s. n (MO!); Localidad La Cienaga, 2800 m, 29 January 1950, Sleumer 204 (GOET!). Trancas, 01 August 2017, Schreiter 321 (MO!); Tafi del Valle, 19 December 1965, Walter 614 (GOET!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
36890D747199BD8E1FCBCC9E02D8D6AE.taxon	description	Figs 93, 94	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
36890D747199BD8E1FCBCC9E02D8D6AE.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Bolivia. Capi: Mar 1890, Bang 769 (lectotype: G!; isolectotypes: BR!, E!, F!, GH, MO!, NY (2)!, US!, W).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
36890D747199BD8E1FCBCC9E02D8D6AE.taxon	description	Description. Trees 2 - 6 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 1 - 2 (- 3) pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 3.6 - 4.0 x 2.5 - 3.0 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate or slightly spurred, densely tomentose on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.4 - 1.6 x 0.6 - 1.1 cm; margin crenate with 5 - 8 teeth, apically obtuse or emarginate, basally unequally attenuate or cordate; upper leaflet surfaces smooth to slightly rugose, glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose hairs 0.6 - 0.8 mm long, with a dense layer of very short, white pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, (3.6 -) 4.9 - 8.9 cm long, bearing 7 - 9 flowers; floral bracts 4.7 - 4.9 mm long, narrowly triangular, sparsely tomentose on the outer surface; rachises sparsely to densely tomentose. Flowers 8.3 - 8.6 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely tomentose outside; stamens 13 - 23, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.5 - 3.1 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2 - 5 flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely tomentose; 6.1 - 9.7 x 4.0 - 5.8 mm including spines. Tetraploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
36890D747199BD8E1FCBCC9E02D8D6AE.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis besseri is restricted to the Departments of Cochabamba. Chuquisaca and Potosi in Bolivia (Fig. 103). It occurs in relatively dry regions at 2200 - 4250 m elevation. Frequently, it forms pure stands, but it can also locally co-occur with P. subtusalbida, P. tomentella and P. lanata (Kessler 1995 b). It usually grows with Escallonia myrtilloides in northern Chuquisaca (Navarro et al. 2010). At Sacha Loma (Cochabamba), low annual growth rates (<1 mm / y) have been reported (Gareca et al. 2010). There as well, it was found that> 90 % of viable seeds germinate under appropriate laboratory conditions (Gareca et al. 2012). In the same region, there is a loss of genetic diversity and increasing differentiation in offspring related to adults, which suggest that P. besseri is experiencing genetic erosion and genetic drift (Gareca et al. 2013). Forests of P. besseri support specialist bird species, such as Conirostrum binghami (= Oreomanes fraseri), Leptasthenura yanacensis and Carduelis crassirostris, as well as other species that show marked affinity for this habitat, such as Asthenes dorbignyi, Phacellodomus straticeps, Polioxolmis rufipennis, Ochthoeca oenanthoides and Pseudosaltator (= Saltator) rufiventris (Herzog et al. 2002; Herzog et al. 2003). Larger forests with larger trees have higher arthropod density, allowing for higher bird densities (Cahill et al. 2021). Carduelis crassirostris is one of the few bird species that specifically feed on the seeds of Polylepis trees, but the effects of this remain unexplored.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
36890D747199BD8E1FCBCC9E02D8D6AE.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Bolivia. Chuquisaca: Belisario Boeto, Municipio Villa Serrano, Comunidad Nuevo Mundo, Piso Superior Tucumano Boliviano, 18 ° 59 ' 20 " S, 064 ° 18 ' 17 " W, 2369 m, 17 August 2005, Villalobos 56 (MO!). Oropeza, ca. 40 km W Sucre on road to Macha, 18 ° 53 ' S, 065 ° 26 ' W, 3300 m, 26 September 1991, Kessler 3263 (GOET!, LPB); 3264 (AAU!, GOET!); 3265 (GOET!); 3266 (AAU!, GOET!); 3267 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); Cerca de Rio Ravelo, 3800 m, 15 June 1918, Murguia 145 (GOET!, LPB); Localidad Chataquilla, 3400 m, 06 December 1989, Murguia 377 (GOET!). Zudanez, 25 km S Icla on Tarabuco-Azurduy road, 19 ° 27 ' S, 064 ° 49 ' W, 3500 m, 24 September 1991, Kessler 3208 (GOET!); 3209 (AAU!); 3210; 3212 (AAU!, GOET!); 40 Km S Icla on Tarabuco Azurduy road, 19 ° 33 ' S, 064 ° 39 ' W, 3700 m, 24 September 1991, Kessler 3223 (AAU!, GOET!). Cochabamba: Arque, proximidades a la comunidad de Kutimarca, Sumuruni, camino hacia Arque, 3850 m, 11 April 1999, Mercado 2149 (MO!). Campero, Pallamiani Khasa, camino Aiquile-Rakaypampa, hacia Pallamiani Khasa-Lenkho, 3200 m, 09 May 1987, Estenssoro 692 (GOET!, LPB). Carrasco, Entrando uno 23 km de la carretera (cerca Epizana) a la ciudadela incaica Inkallajta, 17 ° 36 ' 15 " S, 065 ° 24 ' 57 " W, 3400 m, 09 May 2014, Beck 34452 (LPB); 6.6 km by road, NW Lopez Mendoza, at Km 98 from Cochabamba, 3250 m. Quebrado Majon, 17 ° 33 ' 20 " S, 065 ° 21 ' 31 " W, 3250 m, 15 May 1984, Schmitt 108 (MO!); 5 km al este del puente sobre el Rio Lopez Mendoza por el camino entre Cochabamba y Santa Cruz (19 km al oeste de Epizana), 17 ° 32 ' S, 065 ° 22 ' W, 2900 m, 11 February 1987, Solomon 16038 (LPB, MO!, NY). Cercado, Estancia Sipirita entre Apote y Tiquipaya, 2650 m, 18 January 1996, De la Barra 656 (BOLV); Parque Nacional Tunari, N and above the center of Cochabamba, at about km. 11.5 above the entrance, about 1 km by switchback road above and NE of the recreation area at " km 10. ", 17 ° 19 ' 45 " S, 066 ° 08 ' 15 " W, 3500 m, 02 May 2005, Nee 52934 (MO!, NY, USZ!). Chapare, Parque Tunari; the road to Laguna Wara Wara, 3600 m, 28 May 1994, Ritter 1060 (GH!, MO!). Mizque, Canada Pucara Mayu, a 37 km de Rodeo Mizque, entre Khewina Khasa y Pucara Khasa, 17 ° 49 ' S, 065 ° 26 ' W, 3200 m, 08 May 1987, Estenssoro 810 (GOET!, LPB); Semborreto entre Markilla y Rodeo, 3630 m, 20 June 1987, Estenssoro 819 (LPB); Between Cerro Canto Monte and Mizque along Arani-Mizque road, 3600 m, 17 April 1987, Fjeldsa s. n (LPB); ca. 30 Km NW Mizque on road to Arani, 2950 m, 17 August 1991, Kessler 2985 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 2988 (AAU!, GOET!); 2989 (AAU!, GOET!); 2996 (GOET!, MO!). Tiraque, 12.8 km W of Koari, highway from Cochabamba to Epizana, 17 ° 27 ' 44 " S, 065 ° 41 ' 01 " W, 3475 m, 04 May 2007, Nee 55332 (MO!); San Isidro, A Km 88 carretera Cochabamba-Santa Cruz, entrando hacia al norte, 5 km de la comunidad de San Isidro, 17 ° 26 ' 54 " S, 065 ° 31 ' 38 " W, 4300 m, 18 March 2006, Zarate 2306 (BOLV, MO!); 106.8 km E of Cochabamba on Carretera Fundamental, 4100 m, 05 December 1979, Davidson 3743 (F!, NY); Chapare Yungas de Espiritu, following the abandoned Chapare Road along the NW facing side of the Serrania de Callejas at the head waters of the rio Espiritu Santo, ca. 50 km 25 N of W from Cochabamba, 17 ° 12 ' S, 065 ° 42 ' W, 4000 m, 01 December 1985, Lewis s. n (F!, LPB, MO!). La Paz: Murillo, Rio Minasa, 1.5 km arriba del viejo puente del ferrocarril (ca. 3 km arriba de Villa Fatima, La Paz), 16 ° 27 ' S, 068 ° 07 ' W, 4000 m, 18 January 1987, Solomon 15783 (LPB, MO!). Potosi: Charcas, de Ocuri hacia Pajri cuchu (bajando), 4000 m, 12 March 1993, Torrico 119 (LPB). Jose M. Linares, a 2 km de Lajas hacia Tambillo, Serrania de Mataca, 3930 m, 05 April 1993, Torrico 346 (LPB). Capi, March 1890, Bang 769 (F!, G, GH!, MO!, NY, US!, W); Alturas de Chacatilla, 3500 m, 23 August 1980, Erquicia 60 (GOET!); 23 January 1905, Orbigny s. n (MO!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
7FA69A96A7AC368EA790F78196E3AB26.taxon	description	Figs 29, 30	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
7FA69A96A7AC368EA790F78196E3AB26.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Peru. Cusco: La Convencion, Cordillera del Vilcabamba, 30 km caminando de la Hacienda Luisiana y del Rio Apurimac, 3400 m, 17 Jul 1968, T. R. Dudley 11180 (holotype: MO!; isotypes: NA, F!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
7FA69A96A7AC368EA790F78196E3AB26.taxon	description	Description. Trees 4 - 7 (9) m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2 - 3 (4) pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (4.0 -) 7.9 - 9.4 x (4.2 -) 6.7 - 7.5 cm; rachises densely sericeous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight yellowish hairs, with ferruginous resin at leaflet insertion; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, glabrous in both surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (2.4 -) 3.4 - 3.9 x (0.8 -) 1.1 - 1.5 cm; margin entire to slightly serrate with 4 - 6 teeth, coriaceous, apically slightly emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous or with sparse sericeous hairs; lower leaflet surfaces densely sericeous with yellowish hairs 1.3 - 1.7 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, 8.2 - 14.5 cm long, bearing 12 - 17 (26) flowers; floral bracts 7.0 - 15.8 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises sericeous. Flowers 7.8 - 11.2 mm diam.; sepals 3 - 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 13 - 15, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.4 - 3.8 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely sericeous; 5.2 x 7.5 mm including spines. Diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
7FA69A96A7AC368EA790F78196E3AB26.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis canoi is distributed from the central-south-eastern Peruvian Andes to the central Bolivian Andes (Fig. 41). The species occurs in wet Andean Forest at 3150 - 4500 m elevation. It co-occurs with P. argentea and P. serrata in the Cordillera Vilcabamba in Peru, where it forms large pure stands and also grows intermixed with P. argentea (Boyle 2001). In Bolivia, where it was long known as P. sericea, it is only known from a few scattered localities where it has been recorded co-occurring with P. lanata (Kessler 1995 b). In Peru, maximum tree height decreases from 9 m at 3700 m to 4 m at 4250 m elev. (Toivonen et al. 2011; as P. sericea). Along the same elevational gradient, the proportion of vegetative reproduction increases from 0 % to 70 % (Toivonen et al. 2011).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
7FA69A96A7AC368EA790F78196E3AB26.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Bolivia. Cochabamba: Chapare, Mayka Mayu, 17 ° 12 ' S, 065 ° 58 ' W, s. d., Hensen 2248 (BOLV, LPB, MO!, TEX); Maycamayu, ca. 60 Km N Sacaba, 17 ° 12 ' S, 065 ° 58 ' W, 3300 m, 11 August 1991, Kessler 2874 (GOET!); 2875 (GOET!); 2877 (GOET!); 2878 (AAU!); 2879 (GOET!, MO!); 2880 (GOET!). La Paz: Bautista Saavedra, Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba, bajada de Waricunca, mas alla de Chaka, por el antiguo camino Sorapata-Apolo, 14 ° 53 ' 19 " S, 068 ° 47 ' 04 " W, 3550 m, 28 March 2009, Fuentes 13589 (BOLV, LPB, MA, MO!, USZ); Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba, sector Chaka, bosque continuo al SE del campamento cerca de la cueva, por el antiguo camino Laji Sorapata-Apolo, 14 ° 53 ' 32 " S, 068 ° 47 ' 12 " W, 3461 m, 30 March 2009, Fuentes 13634 (LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); 13639 (BOLV, LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba. Bajada de Wuaricunca, mas alla de Chaka, por el antiguo camino Hilo-Hilo - Apolo, 14 ° 53 ' 11 " S, 068 ° 47 ' 04 " W, 3550 m, 06 April 2009, Fuentes 13897 (BOLV, LPB, MA, MO!, QCA!, USZ); Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Madidi, Hilo Hilo. Sobre el Rio Tumamayu en la localidad de Laji Sorapata, 14 ° 53 ' 14 " S, 068 ° 51 ' 52 " W, 4182 m, 10 April 2009, Loza 635 A (LPB, MA, MO!); 645 (LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba, Hilo Hilo, Juchuy Quenua a medio dia de Laji Sorapata, 14 ° 54 ' 52 " S, 068 ° 48 ' 08 " W, 3879 m, 16 April 2009, Loza 757 (LPB, MO!); 775 (BOLV, LPB, MA, MO!, USZ); 788 (LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); Chaka Machay (Laji), 14 ° 53 ' S, 068 ° 47 ' W, 3300 m, 14 September 2002, Zenteno 1507 (LPB). Franz Tamayo, Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba, Keara bajo, 14 ° 42 ' 09 " S, 069 ° 04 ' 35 " W, 3500 m, 21 November 2007, Araujo 4078 (LPB, MO!); Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba, Hilo Hilo, Chaka, sobre la senda hacia Amantala, 14 ° 53 ' 16 " S, 068 ° 47 ' 16 " W, 3576 m, 16 August 2009, Cayola 3417 (BOLV, LPB, MA, MO!, USZ); Parque Nacional Madidi, entre Queara y Mojos, sector Mosquito, 14 ° 39 ' 37 " S, 068 ° 57 ' 54 " W, 3400 m, 26 February 2008, Fuentes 12028 (BOLV, LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); Parque Nacional Madidi, Puina Viejo, ca. 3 km rio abajo por camino al W del rio, 14 ° 34 ' 58 " S, 069 ° 06 ' 24 " W, 3316 m, 21 June 2005, Fuentes 8549 (LPB, MO!); Parque Nacional Madidi, Hilo Hilo, arriba de la mina Kanupata en la localidad de Laji Sorapata, 14 ° 52 ' 28 " S, 068 ° 51 ' 15 " W, 4182 m, 11 April 2009, Loza 671 (BOLV, HSB, LPB, MA, MO!, NY, QCA!, USZ); Bosque de Quenuari, 14 ° 54 ' 31 " S, 069 ° 01 ' 07 " W, 4275 m, 28 September 2006, Palabral 489 (LPB); Senda Pelechuco-Mojo, sector Tambo Quemado, a media hora del campamento siguiendo senda Pelechuco Moxos, 14 ° 41 ' 03 " S, 068 ° 58 ' 22 " W, 3455 m, 01 May 2003, Paniagua 5710 (LPB, MA, MO!). Larecaja, bosque de a localidad de Hirola, pasando Lipichi, 15 ° 26 ' 41 " S, 068 ° 10 ' 57 " W, 3881 m, 05 November 2008, Palabral 705 (LPB). Murillo, 8 km after Palca on the road to Iquico, 4000 m, 10 November 1967, Vuilleumier 342 (MO!). Peru. Cusco: La Convencion, Cordillera de Vilcabamba, above Camp 7, ca. 30 km walking distance from Hacienda Luisiana and the Apurimac River, 12 ° 30 ' S, 074 ° 30 ' W, 3400 m, 17 July 1968, Dudley 11180 (F!, MO!, NA); usually on eastern slopes ca. 30 km walking distance NE from Hacienda Luisiana and the Apurimac River, 12 ° 30 ' S, 073 ° 30 ' W, 3400 m, 19 July 1968, Dudley 11221 (F!, USM!). Junin: Jauja, Dist. Molinos, Comunidad Curimarca, Jucha, 11 ° 33 ' 53 " S, 075 ° 18 ' 58 " W, 3893 m, 10 November 2016, Ames s. n (Z!). Satipo, Dist. de Pampa Hermosa, Comunidad de Toldopampa, Tasta, 11 ° 26 ' 08 " S, 074 ° 53 ' 58 " W, 3754 m, 04 October 2016, Ames s. n (Z!); Junin / Cusco Prov. Satipo / La Convencion, Cordillera Vilcabamba. Rio Ene, slope near summit of divide, 11 ° 39 ' 30 " S, 073 ° 40 ' 02 " W, 3350 m, 07 June 1997, Boyle 4151 (USM!). Puno: Limbani, Huancasayani, on road to Limbani just east of Abra Aricoma, 14 ° 13 ' S, 069 ° 42 ' W, 3750 m, 28 March 1987, Boertmann 129 (AAU!, QCA!); Huancasayani between Abra Aricoma and Limbani, 14 ° 13 ' S, 069 ° 42 ' W, 3750 m, 28 March 1987, Brandbyge 511 (AAU!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F98DC02B44E7746E4274378D11008328.taxon	description	Figs 95, 96	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F98DC02B44E7746E4274378D11008328.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Bolivia. Tarija: Tucumilla, 2500 m, Fiebrig 2020 (lectotype, designated by Simpson 1979, pg. 42: G!; lectoisotypes: A!, E!, K!, M!, P).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F98DC02B44E7746E4274378D11008328.taxon	description	Description. Trees 3 - 6 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with (1 -) 2 pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 2.1 - 4.4 (- 6.2) x 1.8 - 2.8 (5.8) cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate or slightly spurred, densely tomentose on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.3 - 2.7 (- 3.2) x (0.4 -) 0.8 - 1.1 (- 1.4) cm; margin serrate with 9 - 13 teeth, apically obtuse or emarginate, basally unequally attenuate; upper leaflet surfaces slightly rugose, glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short, white pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, (2.2 -) 3.4 - 5.0 (- 8.0) cm long, bearing 5 - 7 flowers; floral bracts 3.4 - 4.0 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely tomentose on the outer surface; rachises tomentose. Flowers 6.0 - 9.2 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, sparsely to densely tomentose outside; stamens 13 - 15, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.6 - 2.3 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2 - 4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, sparsely tomentose; 4.9 - 6.1 x 4.0 - 6.2 mm including spines. Tetraploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F98DC02B44E7746E4274378D11008328.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis crista-galli is distributed from central Bolivia to Jujuy (Argentina) (Fig. 103). It occurs in Boliviano-Tucumanic forests at 2200 - 4050 m elevation. It mostly grows as homogeneous forest and sometimes mixed with Alnus acuminata (Kessler 1995 b) or Escallonia hypoglauca (Navarro et al. 2010). In Alto Calilegua (Jujuy), a stand of P. crista-galli has canopy cover of 35 % and tree heights of 2 - 5 m height (Renison et al. 2013).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F98DC02B44E7746E4274378D11008328.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Bolivia. Chuquisaca: Azurduy, Trayecto Azurduy-Rio Pilcomayo, 20 ° 12 ' 52 " S, 064 ° 26 ' 37 " W, 3114 m, 14 October 2007, Portal 146 (HSB, MO!). Belisario Boeto, 1 km S Mendoza, 2830 m, 29 April 1987, Murguia 46 (GOET!, LPB). Nor Cinti, ca. 40 km E Culpina on road to Chillajara, 20 ° 37 ' S, 064 ° 46 ' W, 3000 m, 21 September 1991, Kessler 3169 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 3170 (GOET!, MO!); 3171 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 3172 (GOET!, LPB); 3174 (AAU!, GOET!); 19.1 km S of Padcaya on the road to Camargo Solomon 10646 (LPB, MO!). Sud Cinti, Cerro Cobre Khasa, between Culpina and El Palmar, 20 ° 48 ' S, 064 ° 34 ' W, 3100 m, 21 September 1991, Fjeldsa s. n (GOET!). Tomina, Bajando de Sombreros (Cordillera Mandinga) hacia el Muncipio de Azurduy, 19 ° 56 ' 57 " S, 064 ° 31 ' 24 " W, 2758 m, 14 October 2007, Cervantes 175 (HSB, MO!). Yamparaez, Sucre, ca. 50 kms. hacia Tarabuco, 3270 m, 07 March 1981, Beck 6203 (MO!). Potosi: Chayanta, Ravelo 20 kms. hacia Sucre, 3200 m, 30 September 1983, Beck 9343 (GOET!, LPB, MO!). Jose M. Linares, Serrania entre Lajas y Tambillo, 3900 m, 05 April 1993, Torrico 344; 345 (LPB); a 2 km de Lajas hacia Tambillo, Serrania de Mataca, 3930 m, 05 April 1993, Torrico 348 (LPB); Guerraloma, 2800 m, 01 May 1959, Cardenas 5724 (US!). Tarija: Arce, de Camacho subiendo hacia Rejera, 2600 m, 01 November 1987, Beck 14309 (GOET!, LL, LPB, MO!, TEX). Mendez, Cerca Trancas, 3000 m, 13 May 1986, Bastian 1313 (GOET!); Strasse Carichi-Mayu-Leon Cancha, Passhohe, 2800 m, 01 February 1982, Gerold 97 (GOET!, LPB); Above Tarija on road to Villazon, 21 ° 29 ' S, 064 ° 55 ' W, 2900 m, 17 September 1991, Kessler 3109 (AAU!); 35 km W Tarija on road to Villazon, 21 ° 29 ' S, 064 ° 55 ' W, 3000 m, 20 September 1991, Kessler 3165 (GOET!); 40 km W Tarija on road to Villazon, 21 ° 29 ' S, 064 ° 55 ' W, 3300 m, 20 September 1991, Kessler 3166 (GOET!). O'Connor, Tarija 53 kms. hacia Entre Rios, 2360 m, 22 October 1983, Beck 9641 (AAU!, MO!); ca 5 km pass on Tarija-Villa Montes road, 21 ° 27 ' S, 064 ° 22 ' W, 2500 m, 18 September 1991, Kessler 3110 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); ca 6 Km E of pass on Tarija-Entre Rios road., 21 ° 27 ' S, 064 ° 26 ' W, 2300 m, 20 September 1991, Kessler 3152 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3154; 3155; 3156 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 3431; 3432 (GOET!); ca. 70 km on road from Tarija to Entre Rios, 2200 m, 20 September 1991, Kessler 3661 (MO!). Tucumilla, pr. Tarija, 2600 m, Fiebrig 2020 (A!, B, G, MO!, P!); 21 ° 27 ' S, 064 ° 26 ' W, 2800 m, 20 September 1991, Kessler 3153 (GOET!, LPB); Cuenca del Rio Camacho, entrando por el Rio Lanurejoy, subiendo al margen izquierdo del rio, frente a la Comunidad de Camacho, 2490 m, 20 December 1987, Liberman 1514 (GOET!); entrando por el Rio Carbonejo, 2520 m, 03 February 1988, Liberman 2019 (GOET!); Rincon de la Victoria, 2000 m, 07 November 1974, Zuerpe 5126 (NY).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D74E5044D7AD98FE785BB06912596A74.taxon	description	Figs 104, 105	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D74E5044D7AD98FE785BB06912596A74.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species differs from Polylepis tomentella Wedd. in having broader leaflets (0.6 - 0.7 cm vs. 0.3 - 0.6 cm) with crenate margins (vs. serrate) and a lower number of stamens per flower (( 9 -) 11 - 17 vs. 19 - 23).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D74E5044D7AD98FE785BB06912596A74.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Peru. Ayacucho, Lucanas, Puquio, Queronta, l 4 ° 34 ' 33 " S, 74 ° 04 ' 57 " W, 3879 m, 1 Jul 2015, Boza & Urquiaga 3107 (holotype: USM!; isotypes: Z!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D74E5044D7AD98FE785BB06912596A74.taxon	description	Description. Trees to 2 - 10 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2 pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 2.8 - 3.4 x 1.6 - 2.8 cm; rachises sparsely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, glabrescent on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.2 - 2.1 x 0.6 - 0.7 cm; margin crenate with 5 - 10 teeth, apically obtuse to emarginate, basally unequally attenuate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous to sparsely tomentose on mid-vein depression; lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short, white or yellowish pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, 3.4 - 6.8 cm long, bearing 3 - 5 flowers; floral bracts 3.9 - 6.2 mm long, narrowly triangular, sparsely villous on the outer surface; rachises sparsely villous. Flowers 6.8 - 7.0 mm diam.; sepals 3, ovate, green, glabrous or sparsely villous outside; stamens (9 -) 11 - 17, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.4 - 3.3 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 3 - 4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 4.2 - 5.4 x 2.7 - 5.0 mm including spines. Diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D74E5044D7AD98FE785BB06912596A74.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis fjeldsaoi occurs in south-central Peru from southern Ayacucho to northern Caraveli (Arequipa) (Fig. 116). The species occurs in dry Andean habitats at 3300 - 4800 m elevation. It usually occurs in homogeneous stands.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D74E5044D7AD98FE785BB06912596A74.taxon	etymology	Etymology. We name the species in honor of Jon Fjeldsa (1942 -), professor and chief curator at the Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen (Denmark), in recognition of his pivotal contributions to the knowledge of the avifauna and biodiversity of Polylepis forests (Fjeldsa 1987, 2002 a, 2002 b; Fjeldsa and Krabbe 1990; Fjeldsa and Kessler 1996; Fjeldsa et al. 1999).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D74E5044D7AD98FE785BB06912596A74.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Peru. Apurimac: Cotabambas, Tambobamba, Markarakay, 13 ° 55 ' 11 " S, 072 ° 10 ' 41 " W, 4120 m, 14 January 2020, Paco s. n (CUZ!). Arequipa: Caraveli, Cerca de Cahuacho, 15 ° 27 ' 32 " S, 073 ° 25 ' 08 " W, 4100 - 4300 m, 03 March 2002, La Torre 3345 (USM!). Ayacucho: Huamanga, Hatumpampa-Vinchos, a la margen derecha del rio Vinchos, en el km 270 - 281 de la carretera Liberadores, 13 ° 20 ' 55 " S, 074 ° 27 ' 28 " W, 3100 - 3600 m, 29 September 2003, Mendoza 991 (MO!). Leoncio Prado, Senal Cerro Palmaderes, near Pampa Galeras, between Nazca and Puquio, 14 ° 40 ' S, 074 ° 29 ' W, 3900 m, 11 March 1987, Boertmann 103; 104 (AAU!); Senal Cerro Palmaderas ca. 80 km above Nazca on road to Puquio, 14 ° 40 ' S, 074 ° 29 ' W, 3900 m, 11 March 1987, Brandbyge 280 (AAU!); arriba del Puerto Toro Muerto km 77 - 78 Carretera Nazca Puquio, 14 ° 41 ' 23 " S, 074 ° 30 ' 36 " W, 3500 - 3520 m, 23 February 2002, Cano 11877 (USM!); carretera a Minas Canarias aprox. km 15, 14 ° 35 ' 06 " S, 074 ° 25 ' 08 " W, 3800 - 3950 m, 23 February 2002, Cano 11885 (USM!). Lucanas, Puquio, Queronta, 14 ° 34 ' 33 " S, 074 ° 04 ' 57 " W, 3879 m, 01 July 2015, Boza 3037; 3107; 3108; 3109; 3110; 3111; 3112; 3113; 3114; 3115; 3116; 3117 (USM!, Z!); near hacienda Pachan about 7 km W of Lucanas on Nazca-Puquio road, 14 ° 36 ' S, 074 ° 17 ' W, 3600 m, 12 March 1987, Brandbyge 304 (AAU!); Puquio; 13 km de Puquio, 14 ° 46 ' 39 " S, 074 ° 01 ' 04 " W, 4075 m, 27 February 2002, La Torre 3234 (USM!); Queronta, muy proximo a los banos termales de Banochayoc, 14 ° 35 ' S, 074 ° 05 ' W, 3800 - 4000 m, 11 October 2003, Mendoza 1017; 1018; 1019 (MO!); Reserva Nacional de Pampas Galeras. 563821 / 8374913, 3960 m, 25 April 2012, Morales 4124 (USM!); Pampa Galeras, Chuquijara, a 4 km S. del Campamento, 4100 m, 08 April 1970, Tovar 6755 (USM!); Pampa Galeras, 4000 - 4100 m, 02 December 1970, Tovar 6801 (USM!); subiendo galeras, 01 July 2004, Vargas 407 (USM!). Parinacochas, Incuyo, en las faldas del Volcan Sarasara, 15 ° 20 ' S, 073 ° 26 ' W, 3800 - 4000 m, 14 October 2003, Mendoza 1029; 1032; 1039 (MO!); alrededor de la laguna de Ccaccapaqui, 12 ° 00 ' S, 075 ° 58 ' W, 3800 - 4000 m, 16 October 2003, Mendoza 1050; 1056; 1057 (MO!). Puquio, Pampa Orccopa lakes E of Puquio Huachana SW of Yaurihuiri, 14 ° 38 ' S, 073 ° 57 ' W, 4300 m, 01 March 1987, Boertmann 108 (AAU!); Pampa Orccopa Huachana SW of Yaurihuiri lakes E. of Puquio, 14 ° 38 ' S, 073 ° 57 ' W, 4300 m, 12 March 1987, Boertmann 109 (AAU!); Laguna Yaurihuiri, about 205 km from Nazca on the road to Abancay, 14 ° 38 ' S, 073 ° 57 ' W, 4300 m, 13 March 1987, Brandbyge 315 (AAU!), 1839 - 1840, Gay s. n (USM!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
68079AAE92D6CAC63C7CFA7FBB373C4B.taxon	description	Figs 67, 68	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
68079AAE92D6CAC63C7CFA7FBB373C4B.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Peru. Huancavelica: Castro-Virreyna, western slopes of the Andes between Pisco and Ayacucho, 3900 - 4000 m, May 1910, Weberbauer 5433 (holotype: B destroyed; isotypes: F!, GH!, GOET!, US!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
68079AAE92D6CAC63C7CFA7FBB373C4B.taxon	description	Description. Trees 3 - 8 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with one pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (1.9 -) 2.3 - 2.8 x 1.9 - 2.2 cm; rachises slightly villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths not spurred, densely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.2 -) 1.6 - 2.0 x 0.6 - 0.8 cm; margin crenate with 4 - 6 teeth, apically acute or emarginate, basally cuneate; upper leaflet surfaces sparsely pilose; lower leaflet surfaces densely pilose with yellowish hairs 0.5 - 0.6 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (2.7 -) 3.2 - 4.4 cm long, bearing 3 - 5 flowers; floral bracts 3.4 - 3.9 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely pilose on the outer surface; rachises pilose. Flowers 4.8 - 8.4 mm diam.; sepals 3 - 4, ovate, green to reddish, densely pilose outside; stamens 11 - 13, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.4 - 3.2 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 3 - 4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely pilose; 4.1 - 5.2 x 2.4 - 4.2 mm including spines. Tetraploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
68079AAE92D6CAC63C7CFA7FBB373C4B.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis flavipila is distributed on the western Andean slope of central Peru in the Departments of Lima, Huancavelica and Ayacucho (Fig. 73). It grows in relatively dry and cold areas at 3300 - 4660 m elevation. In Nor-Yauyos Cochas (Lima), forests of P. flavipila have high floristic diversity, with 282 vascular plant species recorded, including 41 species endemics to Peru and 13 species categorized as threatened in Peru (Trinidad and Cano 2016). The structure of P. flavipila forests is variable and depends on soil fertility and water availability (Camel et al. 2019 b). The water potential of the trees is influenced by elevation and soil factors (Yaranga et al. 2021). An important factor that affects P. flavipila is the presence of the hemiparasite Tristerix chodatianus, which increases the mortality of the trees. The parasite damages the branches of the trees by causing water stress, forcing the host tree to increase its hydraulic conductivity which increases its vulnerability to drought and, about 15 years after colonization, leading to the death of the host branch (Camel et al. 2019 a). If many branches are affected, ultimately the whole tree may die.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
68079AAE92D6CAC63C7CFA7FBB373C4B.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Peru. Ayacucho: Huamanga, Vinchos, 13 ° 20 ' 55 " S, 074 ° 27 ' 28 " W, 3100 - 3600 m, 29 September 2003, Mendoza & Roque 991 (MO!). Huancavelica: Castrovirreyna, Chaupipata, 11 ° 29 ' 34 " S, 074 ° 56 ' 37 " W, 4200 m, 02 June 2016, Boza 3157; 3158; 3159; 3160; 3161; 3162; 3163; 3164; 3165; 3166; 3167; 3168 (USM!, Z!); cordillera between Pisco and Ayacucho, 3900 - 4000 m, 01 May 1910, Weberbauer 5433 (F!, GH!). Huancavelica, alrededores del Puente Licapa San Antonio, 13 ° 22 ' 39 " S, 074 ° 52 ' 18 " W, 4456 m, 19 June 2007, Beltran 6391 (USM!); Dist. de Manta, localidad San Luis, cerca de la carretera que va hacia San Luis, 12 ° 37 ' 08 " S, 075 ° 09 ' 43 " W, 4350 m, 15 September 2017, Quispe 79 (CUZ!, USM!, Z!); Huaytamayoc-Tansiri, 4500 m, 01 May 1956, Tovar 2552 (USM!). Lima: Canete, Canete Valley, above Hortigal near madean, 12 ° 57 ' S, 075 ° 46 ' W, 3600 m, 07 March 1987, Brandbyge 237 (AAU!). Yauyos, Laraos, 12 ° 23 ' S, 075 ° 49 ' W, 04 February 2000, Beltran 3394 (GOET!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
7DE012AE4EE21E1E414462F1330F48D4.taxon	description	Figs 31, 32	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
7DE012AE4EE21E1E414462F1330F48D4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species differs from Polylepis quadrijuga Bitter (1911) in having obovate leaflets with shorter villous hairs and a lower number of stamens and from P. sericea Wedd. (1857) by obovate leaflets (versus elliptic leaflets), serrate leaflet margins (versus entire) and longer styles.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
7DE012AE4EE21E1E414462F1330F48D4.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Colombia. Antioqui: Urrao, Paramo Frontino, 06 ° 30 ' N, 76 ° 07 ' W, 3400 m, 5 Sep 2000, J. A. Perez & N. Parra 1477 (holotype: MEDEL!)	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
7DE012AE4EE21E1E414462F1330F48D4.taxon	description	Description. Trees 4 - 8 m tall. Leaves only slightly congested at the ends of the branches, imparipinnate with 3 - 4 (5) pairs or lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (2.5 -) 3.3 - 5.2 x (1.8 -) 2.3 - 3.5 cm; rachises villous, point of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight hairs, slightly resinous, stipular sheaths acute at the apex with spurs, densely sericeous on the outer surface; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.1 -) 1.4 - 2.0 x 0.4 - 0.8 cm; margin serrate with 5 - 6 teeth, coriaceous, apically slightly emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaf surfaces glabrous with few trichomes in the mid-vein depression; lower surfaces densely villous with hairs 1.4 - 1.8 mm. Inflorescences pendant, 6.3 - 10.6 cm long, bearing 7 - 15 flowers; floral bracts 4.5 - 5.4 mm long, narrowly triangular, sparsely villous on the outer surface; rachises sparsely villous. Flowers 7.5 - 8.2 mm diam.; sepals 3 - 4, ovate, densely villous outside; stamens 9 - 11; styles fimbriate, 2.8 - 3.2 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable number of spines, densely villous; 3.3 - 3.6 x 4.7 - 5.6 cm including spines. Diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
7DE012AE4EE21E1E414462F1330F48D4.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat, and ecology. Polylepis frontinensis occurs in north-western Colombia in the Paramo Frontino, also called Paramo del Sol (Fig. 41). It grows at the upper limit of humid montane cloud forest at 2900 - 3680 m elevation. Polylepis frontinesis forms 4.9 % (132.74 ha) of the total area of Polylepis forest identify for Colombia (Fadino and Caro 2009, as P. quadrijuga). It occurs in small populations in a matrix of mixed forest dominated by species of the genera Escallonia, Hesperomeles, Myrsine and Weinmannia (Rangel-Ch and Arellano 2010). Some populations occur along streams, where they are mixed with Gynoxys baccharoides (Rangel-Ch and Arellano 2010).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
7DE012AE4EE21E1E414462F1330F48D4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after the Paramo Frontino to which its distribution appears to be restricted.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
7DE012AE4EE21E1E414462F1330F48D4.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Colombia. Antioquia: Urrao, Vereda El Chuscal, sector Alto de las campanas, hacia La Laguna Campanas, 06 ° 27 ' 46 " N, 076 ° 07 ' 37 " W, 3830 m, 20 June 2013, Alvarez 84 (HUA!, MO!); Paramo del Sol, Sector Alto del Burro, 3600 m, 17 April 2011, Alzate 4168 (HUA!); Chical, Reserva ProAves " Colibri del Sol " Paramo frontino, 06 ° 26 ' 22 " N, 076 ° 05 ' 47 " W, 3300 m, 04 February 2015, Kessler 14772; 14773; 14774; 14775; 14776; 14777 (Z!); Paramo de Frontino, Llano Grande, 3460 m, 06 January 1984, Londono 51 (HUA!, MEDEL); Paramo de Frontino, 06 ° 30 ' N, 076 ° 07 ' W, 3400 m, 05 September 2000, Perez & Parra 1477 (MEDEL); Paramo de Frontino, 3450 m, 22 September 1994, Renteria 10555 (HUA!); Paramo de Frontino, Zona situada entre el 15 y la Esperanza, 2980 - 3680 m, 18 May 1985, Renteria 4038 (HUA!); Paramo de Frontino, sitio Llano grande, 06 ° 27 ' 24 " N, 076 ° 07 ' 22 " W, 3380 m, 10 September 1986, Roldan 315 (COL!, MO!, HUA!); Paramo frontino. Camino de Puente Largo al cerro Cuchilla de Frontino, 06 ° 30 ' N, 076 ° 07 ' W, 3600 - 3800 m, 19 July 1995, Sanchez 2244 (COL!, MEDEL); Paramo de Frontino. Camino entre Puente Largo y Llano Grande, 06 ° 30 ' N, 076 ° 07 ' W, 3550 - 3600 m, 20 July 1995, Sanchez et al. 2289 (MEDEL); Paramo El Sol, Vereda La Encarnacion, 06 ° 29 ' 12 " N, 076 ° 06 ' 33 " W, 3518 m, 24 May 2014, Sarrazola 699 (HUA!). Paramo Frontino, near Llano Grande, 3450 m, 26 October 1976, Boeke 235 (MEDEL, MO!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
1E7DDCD7E47A73BAC5282FE0FA2DE348.taxon	description	Figs 47, 48	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
1E7DDCD7E47A73BAC5282FE0FA2DE348.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Bolivia. Tarija: Salinas, Cuesta de Polla, Valle del Tambo, June 1873, Lorentz & Hieronymus 938 a (holotype: B destroyed; isotypes: G!, GOET!, NY!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
1E7DDCD7E47A73BAC5282FE0FA2DE348.taxon	description	Description. Trees 3 - 8 (- 25) m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 3 - 4 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (3.3 -) 3.6 - 5.2 x 2.1 - 3.1 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, lanate hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate with spurs, densely sericeous on the outer surfaces; leaflets narrowly obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.2 -) 1.5 - 2.1 x 0.6 - 1.0 cm; margin crenate with 5 - 7 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces sparsely tomentose; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with whitish hairs 0.8 - 1.1 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (4.5 -) 5.6 - 7.5 (- 8.1) cm long, bearing 13 - 25 flowers; floral bracts 3.2 - 6.3 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely lanate on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 5.4 - 6.5 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 9 - 19, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.3 - 3.9 mm long. Fruits almost cylindrical, with variable numbers and placement of long spines, densely lanose; (4.1 -) 6.0 - 6.4 (- 8.3) x 3.5 - 7.0 mm including spines. Diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
1E7DDCD7E47A73BAC5282FE0FA2DE348.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis hieronymi occurs in Boliviano-Tucumanic forests at 1500 - 3450 m elevation (Fig. 61). It grows in relatively dry areas as a pioneer species that often colonizes landslides and roadsides in mixed forests with Podocarpus parlatorei and Alnus acuminata (Kessler 1995 b; Gareca et al. 2010). Trees of P. hieronymi often grow as isolated individuals or small stands mixed in forest dominated by typical high Yungas species. It also occurs on very steep slopes with shallow soils that do not permit persistence of taller trees (Bellis et al. 2014). Thus, the ecology of P. hieronymi is different from that of almost all other Polylepis species, which usually dominate the canopy of the forest they belong to (Renison et al. 2013). Polylepis specialist birds are absent in forests of P. hieronymi, possibly because they do not form large, mature forests (Bellis et al. 2014). Polylepis hieronymi occasionally co-occurs with P. australis in Salta and Jujuy (Argentina) and with P. crista-galli in Chuquisaca (Bolivia), but hybrids have not been found to date.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
1E7DDCD7E47A73BAC5282FE0FA2DE348.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Argentina. Jujuy: Capital, Tiraxi, Alto Salviar, ladera E, 08 November 1989, Tupayachi s. n (MO!). Salta: Guachipas, Cuesta del La jar, 1600 - 1700 m, 07 February 1983, Novara 3142 (MO!). Bolivia. Chuquisaca: Azurduy, Saliendo de Azurduy hacia el rio Pilcomayo, 20 ° 12 ' 52 " S, 064 ° 26 ' 37 " W, 3114 m, 15 October 2007, Cervantes 187 (HSB, MO!); Belisario Boeto, Trayecto Villa Serrano hacia la comunidad de Tampa Mayu y Nuevo Mundo, 19 ° 00 ' 04 " S, 064 ° 18 ' 55 " W, 2297 m, 12 December 2007, Cervantes 157 B (HSB, MO!); 1 km S Nuevo Mundo on road to Padilla, 19 ° 28 ' S, 064 ° 10 ' W, 2200 m, 07 October 1991, Kessler 3306 (GOET!, LPB); 3307 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3308 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3309 (GOET!); 8 km SW Nuevo Mundo on road to Padilla, 19 ° 25 ' S, 064 ° 11 ' W, 2500 m, 07 October 1991, Kessler 3317 (GOET!); 3318 (GOET!); 3321 (GOET!); proximo a Lagunillas, 2240 m, 24 January 1988, Murguia 128 (LPB); Hernando Siles, subiendo de la Hacienda Guzman para el Abra, 20 ° 17 ' 16 " S, 064 ° 02 ' 56 " W, 1993 m, 24 December 2005, Penaranda 22 (HSB, MO!, QCA!); Oropeza, Municipio de Yotala, Canton Huayllas. Comunidad Pitatorillas, 19 ° 09 ' 06 " S, 065 ° 20 ' 48 " W, 3374 m, 23 September 2007, Jimenez 376 (HSB, MO!, QCA!). Sud Cinti, Cerro Cobre Khasa, between Culpina and El Palmar, 20 ° 48 ' S, 064 ° 34 ' W, 3100 m, 21 September 1991, Fjeldsa s. n (GOET!). Tomina, 25 km hacia Montegudo, 19 ° 03 ' S, 064 ° 16 ' W, 2400 m, 01 October 1983, Beck 9345 (BOLV, GOET!, LPB, MO!, NY); ca. 20 km SE Padilla on road to Monteagudo, 19 ° 03 ' S, 064 ° 16 ' W, 2450 m, 07 October 1991, Kessler 3319 (AAU!, GOET!); Trayecto Lima Bamba - EL Villar, 19 ° 33 ' 01 " S, 064 ° 19 ' 55 " W, 2553 m, 13 October 2007, Portal 138 (HSB, MO!). Santa Cruz: Mairana, within the Flora de la Region del Parque Nacional Amboro, but above the 700 m contour, 18 ° 06 ' 30 " S, 063 ° 57 ' 00 " W, 2000 - 2100 m, Nee 43429 (MO!, NY). Manuel Maria Caballero, Parque Nacional Amboro. San Juan del Potrero; entre Yunguillas y cabeceras del rio Zapallar, 17 ° 53 ' S, 064 ° 25 ' W, 2300 - 2400 m, 12 - 13 May 1992, Vargas 1350 (MO!, NY, USZ). Vallegrande, between " Mataralcito " and " El Palmar " on road from Valle Grande to Tierras Nuevas, 17 km by air ESE of Valle Grande, 18 ° 32 ' 00 " S, 065 ° 57 ' 00 " W, 2150 m, 29 December 1988, Nee 37403 (NY); camino de Tierras Nuevas a Vallegrande, 18 ° 30 ' 27 " S, 063 ° 55 ' 04 " W, 2249 m, 31 July 2011, Parada-Gutierrez 3580 (MO!, USZ); camino hacia Khasa Monte, sobre la cima de la serrania, 18 ° 38 ' 09 " S, 064 ° 02 ' 01 " W, 2550 m, 04 August 2011, Parada-Gutierrez 3671 (MO!, USZ); camino del Cruce hacia Alto Seco, 18 ° 44 ' 45 " S, 064 ° 06 ' 53 " W, 2717 m, 08 July 2011, Parada-Gutierrez 3746 (MO!, USZ); Senegilla a 17 km de Vallegrande, 18 ° 40 ' 03 " S, 064 ° 01 ' 55 " W, 2400 m, 20 August 2012, Parada-Gutierrez 4828 (MO!, USZ); a 4 km al norte de Postrervalle sobre el camino a Mairana, 2000 m, 13 November 1999, Saldias 6192 (USZ). Vallegrande, 2363 m, 24 August 2008, Arroyo 4007 (QCA!); Meson at Samaipata, 2200 m, 01 March 1911, Herzog 1786 a (GOET!). Tarija: Arce, 43 km hacia Padcaya, Huancanqui, 2500 - 2600 m, 20 November 1986, Beck 14080 (GOET!); cerca de Camacho, 2600 m, 17 December 1987, Beck 16067 (GOET!); bajando del Abra del Cerro Cabildo hacia el S via estancia Cabildo, 2350 m, 29 January 1988, Beck 16240 (GOET!); ca. 5 km W Padcaya, 21 ° 54 ' S, 064 ° 46 ' W, 2200 m, 18 September 1991, Kessler 3114 (AAU!, GOET!); 3646 (GOET!); detras de Padcaya, 2450 m, 23 January 1988, Liberman 1637 (GOET!); Municipio Padcaya, Canton Emborozu, Reserva Natural Alarachi, recorrido a cima mas alta de la Zona Alarachi, proximo al Cerro Yauparuna, 22 ° 10 ' 44 " S, 064 ° 36 ' 33 " W, 2260 - 2380 m, 16 September 2004, Serrano 4828 (MO!); 39.9 km S of jct. of road to Entre Rios, on road to Padcaya, 21 ° 54 ' S, 064 ° 41 ' W, 2100 - 2200 m, 29 April 1983, Solomon 10218 (LPB, MO!, NY). O'Connor, ca. 5 Km W Padcaya, 21 ° 54 ' S, 064 ° 46 ' W, 2200 m, 18 September 1991, Kessler 3113 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3115 (GOET!, MO!); ca. 70 km on road from Tarija to Entre Rios, 21 ° 26 ' S, 064 ° 19 ' W, 2200 m, 20 September 1991, Kessler 3123; 3124 (AAU!, GOET!); 3125 (GOET!, MO!); 3660 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 21.1 km on road to entre Rios, 21 ° 27 ' S, 064 ° 20 ' W, 1900 m, 01 October 1983, Solomon 10918 (LPB, MO!). Valle del Tambo bei Tarija, 10 June 1973, Hieronymus 938 (GOET!); Cult. at Jardin Botanico La Paz 2000 from seeds, s. d., Kessler 12625 (GOET!). s. d., Cardenas 3906 (US!); 3907 (US!); Salinas, Cuestas de Polla, in valle Tambo, June 1873, Hieronymus 938 a (B, F!); s. d., Hieronymus 938 a (B, MO!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6C3831B83DF030A390BE368EB39441B4.taxon	description	Figs 33, 34	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6C3831B83DF030A390BE368EB39441B4.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Ecuador. Chimborazo: Lagunas de Atillo, 02 ° 08 ' S, 78 ° 34 ' W, 3465 m, 17 Dec 2019, K. Romoleroux, T. E. Boza E. & E. Bastidas 6199 (holotype: QCA!; isotype: Z!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6C3831B83DF030A390BE368EB39441B4.taxon	description	Description. Trees 4 - 12 m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 3 - 4 pairs of the lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 4.5 - 6.3 x 3.4 - 4.3 cm; rachises densely sericeous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight whitish hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely sericeous in the upper surface; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.8 - 2.8 x 0.6 - 0.9 cm; margin entire, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely sericeous with whitish hairs 0.2 - 0.4 mm. long. Inflorescences pendant, 13.0 - 17.9 (- 20.4) cm long, bearing 23 - 29 flowers; floral bracts 9.3 - 11.1 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises glabrous. Flowers 7.4 - 8.4 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 9 - 15, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.9 - 2.9 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely sericeous; 3.3 - 5.1 x 3.1 - 7.4 mm including spines. Diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6C3831B83DF030A390BE368EB39441B4.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis humboldtii is restricted to Chimborazo Province in Ecuador (Fig. 41). It occurs in small populations in mixed Andean Forest at 3800 - 4000 m elevation.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6C3831B83DF030A390BE368EB39441B4.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Ecuador. Chimborazo: Alausi, Achupallas, alrededores, 2 ° 17 ' S, 78 ° 39 ' W, 3300 m, 11 July 2013, Caranqui 2565 (QCA!); Lagunas de Atillo, 2 ° 8 ' S, 78 ° 34 ' W, 3465 m, 13 April 2009, Carate et al. 184; 185; 188 (QCA!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
435076A496BD2C0EDF325D4E1E683B28.taxon	description	Figs 106, 107	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
435076A496BD2C0EDF325D4E1E683B28.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Colombia. Los Pastos: Guachucal along the Rio Blanco, 3150 m, Dec, Bonpland 2191 (holotype: P!; isotypes: HAL!, P!; photo at F!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
435076A496BD2C0EDF325D4E1E683B28.taxon	description	Description. Trees 2 - 15 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with one pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (1.9 -) 2.1 - 3.5 (- 4.4) x 1.8 - 2.9 cm; rachises glabrous to sparsely villous with resinous exudate, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute, densely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic to obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.4 -) 1.8 - 2.7 x 0.4 - 0.7 cm; margin crenate with 5 - 9 teeth, apically obtuse to emarginate, basally attenuate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces covered with very short, white pannose hairs and resinous exudate. Inflorescences pendant, (2.1 -) 2.7 - 7.1 cm long, bearing 5 - 11 flowers; floral bracts 3.8 - 4.9 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 5.4 - 8.8 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely villous outside; stamens 17 - 25, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.1 - 3.0 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2 - 5 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 3.9 - 7.2 x 3.8 - 6.5 mm including spines. Diploid, hexaploid in cultivated plants.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
435076A496BD2C0EDF325D4E1E683B28.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Natural populations of P. incana are known from southernmost Colombia to Ecuador and in central to southern Peru at 2150 - 4700 m elevation (Fig. 116). In Ecuador, P. incana often is mixed with low densities of Gynoxys acostae in unburned forests, but G. acostae has better survival after fire (Cierjacks et al. 2008). Based on an AFLP study, genetic diversity of seedlings in isolated forest patches is lower than in the adults, suggesting that current fragmentation leads to a loss of genetic diversity (Hensen et al. 2012). The density of seedlings and saplings of P. incana decreases notably with increasing elevation, so that vegetative reproduction becomes important at high elevations (Cierjacks et al. 2007 b). Modelling the potential distribution of P. incana in Colombia shows that its climatic niche is not only present in the current distributional area of the Chiles and Cumbal volcanoes (Narino), but also in the Cordillera Central where there are no reports of the species (Fajardo-Gutierrez et al. 2018). The species has been widely planted throughout and outside of its range, so that the naturalness of many populations may be questioned. Mature forests harbor more diverse small mammal communities than successional ones (Ojala-Barbour et al. 2019).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
435076A496BD2C0EDF325D4E1E683B28.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Ecuador. Azuay: Banos, P. N. de Las Cajas, along road Soldados-Angas aprox. 2 km above Soldados, 02 ° 56 ' S, 079 ° 12 ' W, 3300 m, 02 May 1992, Laegaard 102678 (AAU!, GOET!, QCA!). Chaucha, P. N. LasCajas, Paramo de Soldados, road Cuenca-San Joaquin-Soldados, above Soldados, off road within the Park, km 51.7, 3680 - 3870 m, 08 January 2000, Jorgensen 1711 (ILLS, MO!, QCNE); Paramo de Soldados, SW of Cuenca, 02 ° 53 ' S, 079 ° 18 ' W, 3000 - 3300 m, 03 March 1985, Laegaard 53796 (AAU!, MO!); Paramo de Soldados, 02 ° 53 ' S, 079 ° 18 ' W, 3700 - 4000 m, 28 - 29 August 1985, Laegaard 55098 B (AAU!). Checa (Jidcay), Chiquintad-Chanlud-Tuni, km 26.9, 02 ° 43 ' S, 079 ° 06 ' W, 3400 - 3500 m, 29 December 1990, Jorgensen 92918 (AAU!). Coronel Lorenzo De Garaicoa (Pedregal), Area Nacional de Recreacion Cajas, 40 km al w de Cuenca, 02 ° 05 ' S, 079 ° 20 ' W, 3450 m, 30 October 1986, Neill 7384 (AAU!, MO!). Cuenca, Area Nacional de Recreacion Cajas, collection made along Rio Patul from the Comunidad Baute / Lagnua Patul (watershed of Rio Patul), 02 ° 33 ' S, 079 ° 21 ' W, 3500 - 4200 m, 05 February 2001, Clark 6228 (QCA!, QCNE, US!); Cuenca-Molleturo road. 45 k NW of Cuenca, 26 July 1982, Clemants 2177 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); Cajas near headquarters on Cuenca-Guayaquil road, 3900 m, 12 March 1991, Kessler 2745 (GOET!). Molleturo, Cuenca-Molleturo road ca. 5 km W of pass in Las Cajas, 02 ° 49 ' S, 079 ° 16 ' W, 3700 m, 01 May 1992, Laegaard 102647 (AAU!, GOET!); Paramo de las Cajas. W of pass, 02 ° 46 ' S, 079 ° 15 ' W, 3500 m, 27 August 1985, Laegaard 55043 (AAU!, MO!); 55046 (AAU!); Carretera Sayausi-Molleturo km 10 - 31, Parque Recreacional Las Cajas, 02 ° 50 ' S, 079 ° 15 ' W, 3750 - 3950 m, 28 November 1992, Romoleroux 1485 (AAU!, QCA!). San Antonio, 3 - 5 km W of pass at Las Cajas, W of Cuenca, 02 ° 40 ' S, 079 ° 14 ' W, 3800 - 4000 m, 22 October 1984, Laegaard 53197 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 53198 (AAU!, QCA!); 53203 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). San Joaquin, San Joaquin-Soldados-Angas, km 33.1, 02 ° 55 ' S, 079 ° 15 ' W, 3470 m, 12 May 1990, Jorgensen 92856 (AAU!, MO!); road Cuenca-Soldados, 02 ° 57 ' S, 079 ° 10 ' W, 3200 - 3300 m, 23 October 1984, Laegaard 53232 (AAU!); Paramo de Soldados SW of Cuenca, 02 ° 53 ' S, 079 ° 17 ' W, 3700 - 3800 m, 24 October 1984, Laegaard 53235 A; 53235 C; 53235 E; 53235 G (AAU!); at Soldados, 02 ° 57 ' S, 079 ° 14 ' W, 3200 - 3400 m, 28 August 1985, Laegaard 55089 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!). Sayausi, Area Recreacional Las Cajas, 02 ° 49 ' S, 079 ° 07 ' W, 3740 - 4070 m, Romoleroux 1191 (AAU!). 3200 - 4000 m, Barclay 8932 (MO!, US!); 3700 - 4000 m, Boeke 638 (QCA!); Harling 24611 (GB, MO!, QCA!); 3140 m, 04 December 1990, Jorgensen 92856 (AAU!); 3400 - 3500 m, 29 December 1990, Jorgensen 92918 (AAU!, MO!); coleccion en ladera SO de la propiedad Dos Chorreras, 3995 m, 07 July 1995, Leon 3595 (AAU!); 3750 m, Molau 1477 (GB, QCA!); Romoleroux 402 (NY, QCA!); 3900 m, Steyermark 53038 (F!, NY); 3240 m, Valencia 409 (QCA!). Bolivar: Guaranda, W of Crus de Los Arenales along road to Guaranda, 01 ° 28 ' S, 078 ° 57 ' W, 3500 m, 02 October 1985, Laegaard 55372 (AAU!). Salinas, Km 5 - 10. Salinas-Guaranda, 01 ° 27 ' S, 079 ° 02 ' W, 2700 m, 01 October 1985, Laegaard 55314 (AAU!, MO!). San Juan, along road Guaranda-Riobamba, km 27 at pass, 01 ° 38 ' S, 078 ° 51 ' W, 4150 m, 24 August 1985, Laegaard 54997 (AAU!, MO!). Carchi: Chitan de Navarrete, Carretera antigua El Angel-Tulcan, desvio a La Esperanza, 00 ° 40 ' N, 077 ° 50 ' W, 3300 m, 03 September 1988, Romoleroux 602 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). Espejo, Reserva Ecologica El Angel, La Libertad-Moran, 00 ° 45 ' N, 077 ° 54 ' W, 3500 m, 30 October 1993, Palacios 11615 (MO!, QCNE). La Libertad (Alizo), Hacienda La Esperanza, NE of El Angel, 00 ° 39 ' N, 077 ° 54 ' W, 3300 m, 08 October 1984, Laegaard 53120 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Paramo de El Angel-La Libertad, 00 ° 42 ' 07 " N, 077 ° 59 ' 37 " W, 3490 m, 05 October 2012, Ulloa 2401 (MO!, QCA!). Tufino, road Tulcan-Maldonado, near Volcan Chiles, 00 ° 49 ' N, 077 ° 56 ' W, 2000 - 3500 m, 16 August 1985, Laegaard 54985 (AAU!); near Tufino, 00 ° 48 ' N, 077 ° 51 ' W, 3050 - 3150 m, 17 August 1985, Laegaard 54989 (AAU!, MO!). 3300 - 3800 m, Acosta-Solis 10547 (F!); Benoist 3623 (S); Paramo El Angel, colecciones entre El Angel, sector San jeronimo, 3500 m, 03 September 1988, Jaramillo 10401 (AAU!, QCA!); just below Paramo El Angel, 18 February 1995, Svenning 126 (AAU!). Chimborazo: Pablo Sexto, Collanes Valley, Paramo de los Altares, 01 ° 40 ' S, 078 ° 24 ' W, 3850 m, 03 September 1987, Ramsay 391 (QCNE). Riobamba, Parroquia Quimiag. Sector San Miguel de Chancay, 01 ° 39 ' 57 " S, 078 ° 30 ' 56 " W, 3575 m, 07 December 2004, Caranqui 1350 (CHEP), 3500 m, Jaramillo 9539 (NY, QCA!). Cotopaxi: El Chaupi, road El Chaupi-Illiniza, 00 ° 37 ' S, 078 ° 40 ' W, 3400 m, 16 June 1984, Laegaard 54541 (AAU!, QCA!); Illinizas, 3995 - 4103 m, 04 June 2011, Ulloa 2046 (MO!, QCA!). Machachi, Parque Nacional Cotopaxi, Limpio Punga, 00 ° 37 ' S, 078 ° 27 ' W, 3830 m, 10 May 1984, Laegaard 52103 B (AAU!, QCA!). Mulalo, Pansachi, 00 ° 45 ' S, 078 ° 30 ' W, 2700 m, 01 April 1983, Brandbyge 42105 (AAU!, MO!, NY, QCA!); western part of Parque Nacional Cotopaxi, 00 ° 41 ' S, 078 ° 33 ' W, 3400 m, 16 June 1985, Laegaard 54528 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). San Juan de Pastocalle, Illiniza Sur, Corralpampa, 6 - 8 km de Pastocalle, 00 ° 40 ' S, 078 ° 40 ' W, 3300 - 3600 m, 12 February 1991, Romoleroux 1226 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Illiniza Sur, Corralbamba, 6 - 8 km de Pastocalle, 00 ° 40 ' S, 078 ° 40 ' W, 3033 - 3600 m, 12 February 1991, Romoleroux 1231 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). 3830 m, Argueello 453 (AAU!); 3400 m, Asplund 6476 (S, US!). Imbabura: El Quinche, Laguna Grande de Mojanda, 15 km S of Otavalo, around laguna Grande and Laguna Negra, 00 ° 08 ' S, 078 ° 16 ' W, 3750 m, 13 May 1985, Eriksen 59359 (AAU!). Gonzalez Suarez, Laguna Mojanda, at the southern part of Laguna Negra, 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 15 ' W, 3700 m, 29 June 1983, Brandbyge 42207 (AAU!, MO!, NY, QCA!). Otavalo, at Laguna Grande de Mojanda, 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 17 ' W, 3850 m, 18 - 19 November 1985, Laegaard 55661 B (AAU!); Holmgren 913 (S). Loja: Manu, Rio Negro, along side-road ca 8 km S of Manu-Saraguro road, from junction ca 8 km E of Manu, 03 ° 34 ' S, 079 ° 26 ' W, 3200 m, 13 September 1999, Laegaard 20551 (AAU!, MO!). Saraguro, Manu, Rio Negro, La Playa, 26 June 1994, Vivar 4254 (AAU!). Napo: Papallacta, road Quito-Papallacta hot springs, 00 ° 21 ' S, 078 ° 10 ' W, 3500 m, 01 April 1998, Clark 4991 (MO!); Pifo-Papallacta, 3 - 5 km E of Paso de La Virgen, 00 ° 21 ' S, 078 ° 11 ' W, 3700 - 3900 m, 09 June 1992, Laegaard 103112 (AAU!); along rio Pifo-Papallacta, E of Paso de la Virgen, 00 ° 21 ' S, 078 ° 11 ' W, 3750 - 3850 m, 21 June 1985, Laegaard 54559 E (AAU!); Paramo de Guamani alrededores de la laguna de Papallacta, 3900 - 4000 m, 06 December 1987, Romoleroux 488 (AAU!). Pichincha: along Volcan Illiniza, NE slope below the refugio, 00 ° 32 ' S, 078 ° 41 ' W, 4000 m, 13 August 1980, Holm-Nielsen 25019 (AAU!). Cayambe, Carretera Cayambe-Hda. Piamonte-Patapampa, 00 ° 02 ' S, 078 ° 04 ' W, 3700 m, 04 December 1993, Freire 2603 (AAU!); Cangahua, via Quito-Cayambe, 00 ° 02 ' S, 078 ° 15 ' W, 3500 - 3900 m, 8 - 12 February 1995, Nunez 91 (MO!, QCNE). Checa (Chilpa), road Pifo-Papallacta, km 20, 00 ° 10 ' S, 078 ° 14 ' W, 3600 m, 30 September 1997, Klitgaard 639 (AAU!). El Chaupi, Volcan Illiniza, NE slope below the refugio, 00 ° 38 ' S, 078 ° 42 ' W, 4300 m, 14 August 1980, Holm-Nielsen 24968 (AAU!); Volcan Illiniza, N-side, 00 ° 38 ' S, 078 ° 41 ' W, 4200 - 4300 m, 20 June 1985, Laegaard 54553 (AAU!, QCA!); 54556 (AAU!, QCA!); Loma Pilongo, NE slope of Nevado Illiniza, 00 ° 38 ' S, 078 ° 42 ' W, 3900 - 4200 m, 28 December 1987, Molau 2241 (GB, MO!, QCA!). El Quinche, Laguna Grande de Mojanda, 00 ° 08 ' S, 078 ° 16 ' W, 3725 - 3750 m, 30 June 1988, Romoleroux 662 (AAU!, QCA!). Machachi, 00 ° 35 ' S, 078 ° 21 ' W, 3480 m, 01 June 1985, Nowak 162 (AAU!); camino Sangolqui a Limpiopungo cerca de dos y medio Km antes del cruce del rio Pita para llegar a la estacion de agua potable, 00 ° 35 ' S, 078 ° 21 ' W, 3480 m, 01 June 1985, Nowak 163 A (AAU!); 162 C (AAU!). Mejia, Paramo, ca. 3 km NE of the volcano Illiniza Sur, 00 ° 24 ' S, 078 ° 42 ' W, 4000 - 4600 m, 19 March 1995, Clark 479 (MO!, QCNE). Mulalo, Paramo at Hacienda Pauzacha south of Volcan Cotopaxi, 00 ° 44 ' S, 078 ° 29 ' W, 4000 - 4050 m, 28 November 1985, Laegaard 55731 (AAU!, MO!). Pifo, about 4 km from La Virgin on the road from Pifo to Papallacta, 00 ° 17 ' S, 078 ° 12 ' W, 3750 m, 21 May 1984, Brandbyge 42641 (AAU!, MO!); E of Papallacta pass, 00 ° 18 ' S, 078 ° 13 ' W, 3700 - 3800 m, 20 October 1984, Jorgensen 56199 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Pifo-Pintag, in valley 2 1 / 2 hours horseride above Inga Monserat, 00 ° 19 ' S, 078 ° 17 ' W, 3625 - 3725 m, 11 April 1992, Laegaard 102261 (AAU!, GOET!, QCA!); Pifo-Pintag, in valley 2 1 / 2 hours horseride above Inga Monserat, 00 ° 19 ' S, 078 ° 17 ' W, 3950 m, 12 April 1992, Laegaard 102274 (AAU!, GOET!); Pifo-Pintag, in valley 2 1 / 2 hours horseride above Inga Monserat, 00 ° 19 ' S, 078 ° 17 ' W, 3600 - 3625 m, 12 April 1992, Laegaard 102282 (AAU!, GOET!, QCA!); Pifo (road to Ibarra) - Papallacta km 15 along new road, 00 ° 16 ' S, 078 ° 17 ' W, 2450 m, 16 April 1992, Laegaard 102309 (AAU!); Pifo (road to Ibarra) - Papallacta km 18 along new road, 00 ° 16 ' S, 078 ° 17 ' W, 3700 m, 16 April 1992, Laegaard 102319 (AAU!, QCA!); 102320 (AAU!, GOET!, QCA!); Paramo de Guamani, app. 5 km W of Paso de la Virgen, 00 ° 19 ' S, 078 ° 13 ' W, 3700 - 3800 m, 19 - 20 May 1984, Laegaard 52189 (AAU!, QCA!); 52190 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); road Pifo-Papallacta, km 10, 00 ° 18 ' S, 078 ° 14 ' W, 2900 m, 17 January 1985, Laegaard 53487 (AAU!, MO!); Road Pifo-Papallacta, 3 km W of Paso de la Virgen, 00 ° 18 ' S, 078 ° 14 ' W, 3700 - 3900 m, 07 August 1985, Laegaard 54878; 54902 A; 54902 B; 54902 C; 54902 D; 54902 E; 54902 F; 54902 G; 54902 H; 54902 I; 54902 L; 54902 N; 54902 Q; 54902 R; 54902 T (AAU!); carretera Quito-Papallacta km 40 - 53, 00 ° 16 ' S, 078 ° 15 ' W, 3300 - 3500 m, 27 December 1992, Romoleroux 1501 (AAU!, QCA!); carretera Pifo-Papallacta, sector Cuchaico, 00 ° 15 ' S, 078 ° 20 ' W, 3200 m, 11 September 1987, Zak 3547 (AAU!, GB, MO!). Pintag, Canton Mejia, Parroquia El Chaupi, faldas del Volcan El Corazon, 00 ° 30 ' S, 078 ° 25 ' W, 3300 m, 23 May 1988, Zak 3685 (AAU!, MO!). Quito, Parroquia de Tumbaco, area de influencia de la Reserva Ecologica Antisana, 00 ° 19 ' S, 078 ° 16 ' W, 3700 m, 08 March 1994, Alvarez 1344 (MO!, QCNE); 1389 (MO!, QCNE); Papallacta road, ca. 26.4 km E of Tumbaco, 00 ° 13 ' N, 078 ° 15 ' W, 3692 m, 07 November 1990, Luteyn 14069 (AAU!, MO!); Pifo. Hacienda Los Andes, 00 ° 13 ' S, 078 ° 16 ' W, 3500 m, 24 January 1991, Palacios 6907 (AAU!, MO!). Tocachi, at Laguna Grande de Mojanda, 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 16 ' W, 3725 - 3750 m, 24 - 27 June 1984, Laegaard 52345 (AAU!, QCA!); 52349 (AAU!, MO!); 52357 (AAU!); 52365 (AAU!, QCA!); Paramo de Mojanda, at Laguna Grande, 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 16 ' W, 3700 - 3800 m, 10 November 1984, Laegaard 53332; 53333 (AAU!); 53334 (AAU!, MO!); 53336 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Paramo de Mojanda, at Laguna Negra and S-side of Laguna Grande, 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 16 ' W, 3800 m, 14 May 1985, Laegaard 54339 (AAU!, MO!); 54349 (AAU!, QCA!); Laguna Grande de Mojanda, 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 16 ' W, 3725 - 3750 m, 30 June 1988, Romoleroux 651 (MO!); 663 (AAU!, QCA!). 3500 m, Acosta-Solis 8434 (F!); 3600 - 3800 m, Asplund 8747 (MO!, QCA!); Napo-Pastaza; Cordillera Oriental; entre Pifo y el boqueron de Cerro de Corrales; Paramo de Guamani, 3350 m, 15 - 16 August 1959, Barclay 8932 (MO!); Fagerlind s. n (S); Freire 23 (QCA!); ruta Tumboco Papallacta, 3600 m, 19 January 1979, Halloy B- 26 (AAU!); along the main road east of Quito towards Baeza, near Paso Guamani, 3500 m, 17 April 1973, Humbles 6303 (AAU!, GB, MO!, QCA!); 5 km W pass on Quito-Papallacta road, 3500 m, 06 April 1991, Kessler 2756; 2757; 2758 (GOET!); Kieft 229 (NY, QCA!); road Pifo-Papallacta, 3 km W of Paso de la Virgen, 00 ° 18 ' S, 074 ° 18 ' W, 3700 - 3900 m, 07 August 1985, Laegaard 54902 O (AAU!); 3625 - 3950 m, Luteyn 14457 (QCA!); 3480 m, Nowak 162 (AAU!, QCA!); 162 b (QCA!); 163 (AAU!, QCA!); Romoleroux 352; 65 (QCA!); 3700 m, 12 January 1875, Sodiro s. n. (AAU!); Volcan Illiniza, northern slope, 4200 m, 19 April 1967, Sparre 15625 (S); El Chaupi, along the road to Illiniza, 3300 m, 19 April 1967, Sparre 15644 (AAU!, S). Quito: Pintag, road from Quito via Pifo to Papallacta, 00 ° 29 ' S, 078 ° 24 ' W, 3600 m, 04 July 2014, Kessler 14600; 14601 (Z!). Rumipamba, road from Quito via Pifo to Papallacta, 00 ° 26 ' S, 078 ° 25 ' W, 3450 m, 04 July 2014, Kessler 14598; 14599 (Z!). Tungurahua: San Fernando (Pasa San Fernando), near Calamaca, app. 20 km W of Ambato along old road Ambato-Guaranda, 01 ° 16 ' S, 078 ° 48 ' W, 3400 - 3900 m, 22 June 1985, Laegaard 54563 (AAU!, QCA!); Rose 22392 (NY); Tal Collanes, 3700 m, 09 August 1935, Heinrichs 921 (GOET!); Humboldt 2191 (MO!); 3700 m, Sodiro s. n. (QCA!); Illiniza, Wagner 77 (GOET!); Vulkane Copac Urao und Condorarto, Wagner s. n (GOET!). Peru. Ancash: Bolognesi, entre Ticllos y Llaclla, 3400 m, 26 May 1962, Cerrate 4033 (USM!); Acas, 3700 m, 14 June 1979, Cerrate 7483 (USM!); road from Abra Janashalla down to Huallanca, below Huansala, 09 ° 52 ' S, 076 ° 59 ' W, 3390 m, 08 October 2007, Weigend 8811 (USM!). Huaraz, Huascaran National Park, Quebrada Shallap, 09 ° 30 ' S, 077 ° 24 ' W, 3700 - 4000 m, 22 May 1985, Smith 10713 (MO!, USM!). Huaylas, Huascaran National Park, Quebrada Santa Cruz between Hatun-quiswar and Lago Santa Cruz Chico, 08 ° 55 ' S, 077 ° 40 ' W, 4000 - 4100 m, 16 January 1985, Smith 9270 (AAU!, F!, MO!, USM!). Independencia, Pitec, Cordillera Blanca, 09 ° 30 ' S, 077 ° 30 ' W, 3700 m, 11 August 1988, Frimer 11 (AAU!). Apurimac: Andahuaylas, Pampachiri, Santa Rosa, 3700 m, 01 January 2004, Vargas 187 (USM!). Aymaraes, Cotarusi, localidad de Sorak'asa rodal de titanka, 14 ° 44 ' 26 " S, 073 ° 33 ' 43 " W, 3944 m, 14 December 2006, Huamantupa 8375 (CUZ!, F!, MO!). Cotaruse, Rio Cotaruse, 7 km SW of Cotaruse, 14 ° 27 ' S, 073 ° 14 ' W, 3500 m, 14 March 1987, Boertmann 115 a; 116 a (AAU!); Rio Cotaruse, about 10 km above Cotaruse, 14 ° 28 ' S, 073 ° 14 ' W, 3550 m, 14 March 1987, Brandbyge 351 (AAU!); Rio Cotaruse. 7 km above Cotaruse, 14 ° 27 ' S, 073 ° 14 ' W, 3550 m, 14 March 1987, Brandbyge 362 (AAU!). Ayacucho: Huamanga, Bosque de Ccenhuacucho, 3650 m, 01 November 2004, Barrientos 10 (USM!); Bosque de Ccenhuacucho, 3700 m, 01 January 2005, Barrientos 18 (USM!); Bosque de Ccenhuacucho, 3590 m, 01 November 2004, Barrientos 6 (USM!); Vinchos, 13 ° 21 ' 15 " S, 074 ° 24 ' 16 " W, 3435 m, 28 June 2015, Boza 3035; 3092; 3093; 3094; 3095 (USM!, Z!); Hatumpampa-Vinchos, a la margen derecha del Rio Vinchos, en el km 270 - 281 de la carretera Liberadores, 13 ° 20 ' 55 " S, 074 ° 27 ' 28 " W, 3100 - 3600 m, 29 September 2003, Mendoza 992 (MO!). Leoncio Prado, ca. 80 km from Nazca, 14 ° 41 ' S, 074 ° 30 ' W, 3600 m, 10 March 1987, Brandbyge 270 (AAU!). Southern Peru aprox. 500 km S of Lima, near small lake Laguna de Parinacochas, 3800 m, 01 February 1986, Brondal s. n (AAU!). Cusco: Calca, rocky wayside on slopes east of Pisac, 3500 - 3600 m, 01 May 1925, Pennell 13731 (A!, F!). Cusco, road to Pisaq, ca. 1 km after ruins of Sacsayhuaman, 13 ° 30 ' 07 " S, 071 ° 58 ' 50 " W, 3700 m, 10 September 2002, Ackermann 261 (GOET!, USM!); Ccorca, 13 ° 33 ' 43 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 41 " W, 3990 m, 01 May 2003, Arce s. n (USM!); Huacoto, 13 ° 30 ' 46 " S, 071 ° 50 ' 55 " W, 3960 m, 01 May 2003, Arce s. n (CUZ!); K'enko ruins, above Cuzco, 3700 m, 20 August 1989, Kessler 390 (GOET!); Plaza de Armas, 3450 m, 21 August 1989, Kessler 392 (GOET!); Chucan S of Cusco, 13 ° 29 ' S, 072 ° 00 ' W, 3900 m, 10 February 2003, Laegaard 22353 (AAU!); Ccorca, 13 ° 33 ' 42 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 38 " W, 3940 m, 29 May 2006, Toivonen 102; 103 (CUZ!); alrededores de Cusco, 01 April 1936, Vargas 340 (CUZ!); Callachaca, 3400 m, 26 December 1945, Vargas 5502 (CUZ!, MO!). Paucartambo, Paucartambo Valley, Ccatcca, 3800 m, 01 August 1926, Herrera 1129 (F!, US!); Huancarani, carretera a Paucartambo, 3500 m, 20 July 1963, Vargas 14731 (CUZ!); 3 km east of Cusco; 3600 m, 01 October 1936, West 8053 (MO!). Huancavelica: Huancavelica, Huancavelica, localidad de Ranracancha, 12 ° 48 ' 22 " S, 075 ° 03 ' 06 " W, 3850 m, 06 August 2017, Quispe 73 (CUZ!, USM!, Z!); Cerro Santa Barbara, 3500 - 3600 m, 01 May 1958, Tovar 3037 (US!, USM!). Huanuco: Ambo, 100 km S of Huanuco, 3360 m, 03 August 1978, Aronson 601 (MO!). Chavinillo, Near Chavinillo, 48 km W of Huanuco towards La Union, 09 ° 47 ' S, 076 ° 35 ' W, 3800 m, 13 February 1987, Boertmann 43. Dos de Mayo, cerca de la mina de Huallanca, 3880 m, 20 March 1983, Tovar 9797 (USM!); Huallanca, alrededores, 3700 m, 23 March 1983, Tovar 9877 (USM!). Huallanca, Huansala, 10 km from Huallanca, 09 ° 51 ' S, 076 ° 56 ' W, 3700 m, 14 February 1987, Boertmann 47 (AAU!). Huanuco, Lauricocha, San Miguel de Cauri, Laguna Lauricocha, lado sur oeste a pocos metros de la laguna, 3845 m, 08 August 2002, Salvador 424 (USM!); Km 321 on Route 3 (north of Quinua), 11 January 1977, Simpson 8554 d (A!, MO!, US!). Jacas Grande, 3 km south of Quivilla on road between Huanuco and La Union, 09 ° 32 ' S, 076 ° 41 ' W, 3900 m, 13 February 1987, Boertmann 44 (AAU!); on road from Huanuco to Cerro de Pasco at ca. km 370, 3621 m, 04 August 1977, Duncan 2700 (AAU!); along road from Huanuco to Cerro de Pasco at km 324, 3962 m, 05 August 1977, Duncan 2701 (MO!, USM!); Llata, 3133 m, 21 August 1922, Macbride 2249 (A!, US!); San Miguel de Cauri, Lauricocha, Jesus Rio Lauricocha, 3326 m, 08 August 2003, Salvador 541 b (USM!); Chiklin, 28 October 1927, Sawada P 83 (F!). Junin: Concepcion, road from Huancayo to San Vicente de Canete, in San Jose de Quero, 12 ° 05 ' 23 " S, 075 ° 32 ' 09 " W, 3974 m, 22 September 2001, Weigend 5865 (GOET!, USM!). La Libertad: Bolivar, Uchumarca, Shalca Pata, Uchumarca, 07 ° 00 ' 10 " S, 077 ° 47 ' 29 " W, 3360 m, 12 September 2010, Monigatti 283 (MO!). Sanchez Carrion, La Arena, 11 km lineales al SO de Huamachuco, 818432, 9126738, 3060 m, 21 March 2006, Roque 5042 (USM!); Santo Domingo y alrededores, 15 km lineales al SO de Huamachuco, 07 ° 52 ' 16 " S, 078 ° 08 ' 36 " W, 3150 - 3270 m, 05 July 2006, Roque 5352 (USM!). Santiago de Chuco, Santuario Nacional de Calipuy, 800385 9078342 UTM, 3600 m, 12 December 2011, Beltran 7404 (USM!); 3100 - 3250 m, 08 June 1953, Lopez 983 (US!). Lambayeque: Ferrenafe, road from Ullupampa (Syn Uyurpampa) towards Canaris (syn Kanaris) upper reaches of eastern flank of Cerro Negro / Cerro Tembladera, 06 ° 10 ' 02 " S, 079 ° 22 ' 10 " W, 3698 m, 02 May 2006, Weigend 8566 (F!, USM!). Lima: Canta, Quebrada Minaquicche, en el distrito de Huaros, 10 October 1989, Arce 154 (MO!); 155 (MO!); Cullhuay, alrededores de la poblacion, 3500 m, 25 February 1992, Vilcapoma 1590 (USM!). Huanuco, road from Junin to Huanuco, 9 km S of Chirtin near border with Pasco, 3660 m, 12 April 1977, Gentry 19224 (MO!). Huarochiri, Quebrada Cayula, 3100 m, 21 November 2006, Zapata s. n (USM!); Parte baja del cerro Potrero Grande, Quichas, 3900 m, Arce 191 (MO!); Chilcorral, Quichas, 3850 m, 13 January 1990, Arce 193 (MO!); Pueblo Quichas above Oyon, 10 ° 36 ' S, 076 ° 45 ' W, 4000 m, 07 February 1987, Boertmann 77; 78; 79 (AAU!); Oyon Laguna, 10 ° 34 ' 09 " S, 076 ° 45 ' 29 " W, 4048 m, 24 May 2015, Boza 3027; 3058; 3059; 3060; 3061; 3062; 3063 (USM!, Z!); Near Oyon, Rio Huaura, 3800 m, 29 November 1964, Koepcke 1861 bd (US!); 186 bd (US!); carretera a Oyon, ladera del Rio Quichas, a 1 km de Quichas, 3900 - 4000 m, 14 May 2004, Salvador 993 (USM!). Yauyos, road from Yauyos to Jauja, 12 ° 16 ' 35 " S, 075 ° 42 ' 14 " W, 3700 m, 07 October 2002, Weigend 7265 (GOET!). Pasco: Huariaca, 95 km S from Huanuco, on road to Cerro de Pasco, 10 ° 25 ' S, 076 ° 10 ' W, 3590 m, 15 July 1982, Gentry 37484 (MO!). Pasco, between Cerro de Pasco and La Quinua, 5 km along highway above La Quinua, 3600 m, 21 June 1940, Asplund 11847 (US!); Yarusyacan, La Quinua, 10 ° 36 ' 34 " S, 076 ° 10 ' 47 " W, 3600 m, 26 May 2015, Boza 3028; 3064; 3065; 3066; 3067; 3068; 3069 (USM!, Z!); Pariamarca, 3720 m, 05 November 1985, ONERN 106 (USM!); Pariamarca, 3720 m, 30 October 1985, ONERN 107 (USM!); Pariamarca, 3720 m, 05 November 1985, ONERN 108 (US!, USM!); La Quinua, 3540 m, 01 December 1986, Rivas s. n (USM!); Cerro de Pasco-Huanuco km 16, 10 ° 39 ' 12 " S, 076 ° 10 ' 06 " W, 4000 m, 22 August 2002, Schmidt-Lebuhn 521 (GOET!, USM!); below Cerro de Pasco road to Ambo, 24 November 1945, Shibert 2202 (US!); North of Quinua on route 3, 11 January 1977, Simpson 8554 a (USM!); North of Quinua on Route 3, 11 January 1977, Simpson 8554 b; 8554 C (USM!). Yanacancha, upper Rio Huallaga at Pariamarca, 10 ° 40 ' S, 076 ° 10 ' W, 3800 m, 07 February 1987, Boertmann 23; 24; 32; 33 (AAU!). Km 317, ca. 20 km NE of Cerro de Pasco on route 3. W side of upper Rio Huallaga, Huallaga Canyon, 12400 ft, 06 November 1975, Davidson 3373 (MO!, US!); Cerro de Pasco, below Cerro de Pasco road to Ambo, 24 November 1945, Seibert 2202 (MO!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
2EC5ECDB65D5F07A491475669DDB9DEB.taxon	description	Figs 108, 109	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
2EC5ECDB65D5F07A491475669DDB9DEB.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Bolivia. Dept. Cochabamba, Prov. Carrasco, surroundings of Monte Punco, l 7 ° 36 ' S, 65 ° 17 ' W, 2800 m, 14 Aug 1991, Kessler 2954 (holotype: LPB!; isotypes: AUU!, GOET!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
2EC5ECDB65D5F07A491475669DDB9DEB.taxon	description	Description. Trees to 2 - 5 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with one pair of leaflets, trullate in outline, 2.3 - 4.1 x 2.0 - 3.7 cm; rachises sparsely villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, glabrescent to sparsely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.3 - 2.0 x 0.5 - 0.7 cm; margin serrate with 7 - 15 teeth, apically obtuse to slightly acute, basally unequally attenuate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous to sparsely villous on mid-vein depression; lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short, white or yellowish pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, 3.2 - 3.7 cm long, bearing 5 - 7 flowers; floral bracts 2.6 - 4.6 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 5.5 - 7.1 mm diam.; sepals 3, ovate, green, glabrous or sparsely villous outside; stamens 15 - 19, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.8 - 2.1 (- 2.7) mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 3 - 4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 3.9 - 4.8 x 3.1 - 4.5 mm including spines. Tetraploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
2EC5ECDB65D5F07A491475669DDB9DEB.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis incanoides occurs in small populations in Cochabamba (Bolivia). It grows mainly in relatively dry areas at 2650 - 3750 m elevation (Fig. 116). It occurs as homogeneous stands or in mixed stands with Podocarpus parlatorei, Alnus acuminata, Clethra sp., Weinmannia sp., Schinopsis haenkeana and Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco at its distributional limits (Kessler 1995 b). Kessler (1995 b) reported hybrids between P. incanoides and both P. besseri and P. subtusalbida at their narrow sympatry zones.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
2EC5ECDB65D5F07A491475669DDB9DEB.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Bolivia. Cochabamba: Arani, al borde de la carretera Cochabamba-Santa Cruz, 3400 m, 04 November 1988, Hensen 222 (GOET!, LPB); Mojon, 1 km N Cochabamba-Sta Cruz road, 17 ° 29 ' S, 065 ° 25 ' W, 3000 m, 14 August 1991, Kessler 2943 (GOET!, LPB); 6 km E Mojon on Cochabamba-Comarapa road, 17 ° 30 ' S, 065 ° 23 ' W, 2850 m, 05 October 1991, Kessler 3287, 3288 (GOET!, LPB); 3289 (GOET!, MO!). Arque, proximidades a la comunidad de Kutimarca y Sumuruni, camino hacia Arque, 3850 m, 11 April 1999, Mercado 2169 (MO!). Carrasco, Cochabamba 142 km hacia Santa Cruz, 16 ° 58 ' 25 " S, 065 ° 20 ' 49 " W, 3050 m, 24 March 1981, Beck 6827 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); Cochabamba 161 km hacia Santa Cruz, 3100 m, 27 September 1981, Beck 7047 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); Epizana, 3000 m, 01 November 1954, Cardenas 5221 (US!); 2 km despues de Totora, 2900 m, 20 February 1979, Ceballos 407 (G); Carretera Fundamental 4.7 km E Epizana, 2956 m, 05 December 1975, Davidson 3760 (F!, NY); Montepunco, Canyon of Rio Huairamayu (R. Montepunco) 40 km N of Totora, 2800 m, 22 August 1947, Fosberg 28456 (NY); Llutupampa, 3300 m, 14 April 1991, Hensen 2416 (LPB); 2420 (GOET!); Llutupampa, 3100 m, 14 April 1991, Hensen 2450; 2463; 2473 (LPB); Surroundings of Monte Punco, 17 ° 36 ' S, 065 ° 17 ' W, 2800 m, 14 August 1991, Kessler 2953 (GOET!); 2954; 2955 (AAU!, GOET!); 3 km E Epizana on Cochabamba-Comarapa road, 17 ° 40 ' S, 065 ° 05 ' W, 3000 m, 05 October 1991, Kessler 3290 (GOET!); 8 km E Epizana on Cochabamba-Comarapa road, 17 ° 41 ' S, 065 ° 04 ' W, 3000 m, 05 October 1991, Kessler 3292 (GOET!); 3293 (AAU!, GOET!); 81 miles our of Cochabamba on road to Santa Cruz, 9400 ft, 13 November 1959, Maguire 44482 (GH!, NY, US!); Km. 135 hacia Totora, proximidades del lugar llamado Canada hornillas, 17 ° 44 ' 07 " S, 065 ° 11 ' 28 " W, 3000 m, 21 March 1999, Mercado 1970 (MO!); 8.7 km al este de Epizana por el camino entre Cochabamba y Santa Cruz, 17 ° 40 ' S, 065 ° 09 ' W, 3200 m, 04 February 1987, Solomon 15922 (MO!, NY); Subiendo el Rio Mizque hacia Totora pasando Totora, 17 ° 45 ' S, 065 ° 12 ' W, 20 October 1995, Torrico 713 (LPB). Mizque, Khuchu 23 km E Vacas, 3500 m, 03 March 1991, Hensen 1924 (LPB). Totora, Totora and Duraznillo, 17 ° 44 ' 00 " S, 065 ° 11 ' 00 " W, 2500 m, 20 December 1921, Steinbach 6031 (A!, G). a unos 97 km de la capital en direccion a Santa Cruz, matorral alto, 3565 m, 25 December 1982, Fernandez 3565 (MO!). Potosi: Charcas, de Acasio 23 km hacia Uncia, 1 km antes del desvio a San Pedro, 18 ° 06 ' 36 " S, 066 ° 06 ' 26 " W, 3450 m, 02 February 2015, Beck 34512 (LPB); entre Caracollo y Cochabamba, Pongo, Kulku Mayu, 3800 m, 24 December 1982, Fernandez 7699 (MO!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
74A61B06706942AD1F80B3469EC26E91.taxon	description	Figs 79, 80	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
74A61B06706942AD1F80B3469EC26E91.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Bolivia. Lago Titicaca, Isla del Sol near Challa, Seler 148 (holotype: B destroyed).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
74A61B06706942AD1F80B3469EC26E91.taxon	description	Description. Trees 3 - 8 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with one pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 3.3 - 4.5 (- 5.1) x 2.8 - 4.0 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely tomentose on the outer surfaces; leaflets broadly elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.5 -) 2.2 - 3.6 x 0.7 - 1.3 cm; margin serrate with 8 - 11 teeth, apically acute, obtuse or slightly emarginate, basally unequally cordate to obtuse; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose hairs 0.7 - 1.0 mm long, mixed with a dense layer of very short white pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, 5.1 - 7.5 (- 8.9) cm long, bearing 5 - 7 flowers; floral bracts 4.7 - 9.0 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely tomentose on the outer surface; rachises tomentose. Flowers 8.4 - 10.1 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely tomentose outside; stamens 15 - 21, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 3.1 - 3.4 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2 - 5 flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely tomentose; 4.5 - 8.0 x 3.1 - 4.1 mm including spines. Tetraploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
74A61B06706942AD1F80B3469EC26E91.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis incarum is distributed in the areas surrounding Lake Titicaca in Puno (Peru) and La Paz (Bolivia) (Fig. 92). It occurs as small, isolated patches in rocky places at 3250 - 4110 m elevation where it is usually planted. In Bolivia, there are only five remaining forests as well as isolated individuals or small groups of trees at various locations around Lake Titicaca (Navarro et al. 2010) covering a total area of 45.12 ha (Domic et al. 2017). The population structure of P. incarum shows drastic differences, ranging from 0.6 individuals / 100 m 2 to 71 individuals / 100 m 2 (Domic et al. 2017). Patches of P. incarum forest in Bolivia host 58 species of plants, including Hieracium padcayense and Calceolaria bartsifolia, which are endemic to the country (Hurtado et al. 2018).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
74A61B06706942AD1F80B3469EC26E91.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Bolivia. La Paz: Camacho, Puerto Acosta 6 kms. hacia La Paz, 3950 m, 06 April 1982, Beck 7689 (MO!). Copacabana, Lake Titicaca, pr. Ch'alla (Isla del Sol), s. d., Seler 148 (B). La Paz, Jardin Botanico La Paz, s. d., Kessler 12626 (GOET!). Manco Kapac, aprox. 5 - 10 min de la poblacion de Copacabana, camino a Casani, comunidad Copacati, Ladera colindante Cerro Pumacato, 16 ° 11 ' 06 " S, 069 ° 04 ' 43 " W, 3934 m, 17 October 2014, Bermejo PMC 1, (LPB, Z!); poblacion de Copacabana, 19 October 2014, Bermejo SAM 7 (LPB, Z!); Chapampa, 1 km S Copacabana, 16 ° 11 ' S, 069 ° 06 ' W, 3900 m, 31 July 1991, Kessler 2782; 2783; 2784; 3438; 3439; 3440; 3441; 3442; 3443; 3444; 3445; 3446; 3448; 3449; 3450; 3451; 3452; 3453; 3454; 3455; 3456; 3457; 3458; 3459; 3460; 3461; 3462; 3463; 3464; 3465; 3466; 3467; 3468; 3469; 3471; 3472; 3473; 3474; 3475; 3476; 3477; 3645 (GOET!); Hac. Challa, Isla del Sol, 3850 m, 01 August 1991, Kessler 3636; 3637; 3638; 3639; 3640 (GOET!); Cerro Khenwani (Orientacion Sur-W) ladera rocosa, 3900 m, 22 January 1986, Liberman 1164 (GOET!). Murillo, ciudad de La Paz, Sector Kamirpata (Parche 3) Dist. once, MacroDist. Periferica, area Forestal municipal, 16 September 2014, Bermejo 4 (LPB); PP-K 1 (LPB, Z!); PP-K 3 (LPB, Z!); PP-K 4 (LPB, Z!). Omasuyos, por la carretera entre Huarina y Kalaque, 16 ° 09 ' 04 " S, 068 ° 51 ' 21 " W, 3860 m, 22 February 2018, Fuentes 20182 (LPB). Insel Coaty, Lake Titicaca, 3840 m, 01 March 1910, Buchtien 4243 (GH!, GOET!); ciudad de La Paz, Av. Ballivian, 09 August 2010, Steudel 447 (Z!); 449 (Z!); Steudel 449 b (Z!). Peru. Cusco: Quispicanchis, Dist. Huaro, Urpay, 13 ° 41 ' 01 " S, 071 ° 38 ' 22 " W, 3200 m, 01 November 2002, Galiano 4475 (CUZ!, F!, MO!). Puno: Atuncolla, Lago Umayo, slope below Sillustani ruins, 4100 m, 04 September 2006, Kessler 13534; 13535; 13536 (GOET!). Lake Titicaca, Lake Titikaka, on Taquile Island, 3800 m, 23 July 1995, Laegaard 17730 (AAU!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
71A931A93A8F5DF1B5A26D8A45C920EE.taxon	description	Figs 81, 82	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
71A931A93A8F5DF1B5A26D8A45C920EE.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Bolivia. Cochabamba: Tunari, 3000 - 4000 m, Kuntze s. n (holotype: B destroyed; isotype: NY).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
71A931A93A8F5DF1B5A26D8A45C920EE.taxon	description	Description. Trees 2 - 20 (- 32) m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2 - 3 pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (4.2 -) 6.6 - 8.1 x 2.9 - 5.1 cm; rachises densely lanate, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate to broadly obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.8 -) 2.2 - 2.7 x 0.9 - 1.4 cm; margin crenate with 5 - 9 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces sparsely lanate; lower leaflet surfaces densely lanate with whitish hairs 1.4 - 1.5 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (5.0 -) 6.1 - 12.3 cm long, bearing 5 - 7 (- 11) flowers; floral bracts 4.7 - 7.5 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely lanate on the outer surface; rachises lanate. Flowers 8.4 - 9.4 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely lanate outside; stamens 15 - 19, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.5 - 3.2 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2 - 4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely pilose; 5.5 - 10.0 x 4.9 - 7.7 mm including spines. Tetraploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
71A931A93A8F5DF1B5A26D8A45C920EE.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis lanata is restricted to the Cordillera Tunari and the adjacent Cotacajes Valley in Cochabamba (Bolivia) (Fig. 92). It occurs at 2800 - 3970 m elevation in humid Yungas forest where it co-occurs with P. canoi in mixed forest with Alnus acuminata, Vallea stipularis, Prumnopithys exigua, Podocarpus glomerata, Weinmannia fagaroides and Oreopanax spp. (Kessler 1995 b). In the Tunari mountains at 3220 - 3420 m elevation, P. lanata grows in mixed forest dominated by typical Yungas species, such as Hesperomeles lanuginosa and Escallonia myrtilloides (Navarro et al. 2005). In general, the Cochabamba region is considered as an important area for Neotropical bird conservation (Wege and Long 1995; Fjeldsa and Kessler 1996). This region is one of the areas with the greatest diversity of birds of Polylepis forests in Bolivia, including species, such as Pseudosaltator (= Saltator) rufiventris and Cranioleuca pyrrhophia which occur in drier areas and typical humid Yungas species, such as Conirostrum ferrugineiventre and Thlypopsis ruficeps, as well as specialists like Conirostrum binghami (= Oreomanes fraseri) (Navarro et al. 2010). Forests of P. lanata are often isolated from the closed treeline because ground fires can spread through open Polylepis forest, but not through the humid cloud forest (Kessler 2000). An isolated forest patch at 3650 m elevation had a mean tree height of about 20 m, with individual trees reaching 32 m, making this one of the tallest species of Polylepis (Hertel and Wesche 2008).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
71A931A93A8F5DF1B5A26D8A45C920EE.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Bolivia. Cochabamba: Ayopaya, 3 km al N de Saila Pata, 16 ° 54 ' S, 066 ° 56 ' W, 3150 m, 14 November 1997, Kessler 12440 (GOET!); Bosque situado a 5 km, subiendo en direccion Oeste de Independencia, cerca de la comunidad de Kuri Barranca, parte alta, 3500 m, 05 November 1987, Merida 4 (GOET!, MO!). Carrasco, Com. Lachujmayu, 3200 m, 22 November 1991, Hensen 934 (GOET!); Surroundings of Monte Punco, 17 ° 36 ' S, 065 ° 17 ' W, 2800 m, 15 August 1991, Kessler 2956 (GOET!); 3 Km N Cocapata off Cochabamba-Santa Cruz road, 17 ° 34 ' S, 065 ° 19 ' W, 3000 m, 15 August 1991, Kessler 2961 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 2962 (GOET!); 2963 (AAU!, GOET!); 2964; 2965 (GOET!, MO!); 3493 (GOET!); Lope Mendoza, 17 ° 32 ' 58 " S, 065 ° 21 ' 58 " W, 3453 m, 27 December 1998, Mercado 1959 (MO!). Cercado, Ladera Sur del Parque Nacional Tunari, 17 ° 05 ' 42 " S, 066 ° 19 ' 52 " W, 3800 m, Teran 4421 (BOLV). Chapare, Canton Colomi 8 km al NW de Colomi, Candelaria Pie de gallo, zona Chimparancho, 17 ° 10 ' 00 " S, 065 ° 58 ' 00 " W, 3200 m, 23 April 1989, Beck 18100 (GOET!, MO!); Mayka Mayu, 3300 m, 02 April 1991, Hensen 2249 (MO!); Candelaria, 3300 m, 04 April 1991, Hensen 2280 (GOET!); Mayka Mayu, 3300 m, 28 July 1990, Hensen 850 (GOET!); Mayka Mayu, ca. 60 km N Sacaba, 17 ° 12 ' S, 065 ° 58 ' W, 3300 m, 11 August 1991, Kessler 2850 (AAU!, GOET!); 2851 (AAU!); 2870; 2871; 2873; 2876 (GOET!); 3402 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3483; 3484; 3485; 3486; 3487; 3488 (GOET!); ca. 4 km N Mayka Mayu, ca. 65 km from Sacaba, 17 ° 12 ' S, 065 ° 58 ' W, 3350 m, 13 August 1991, Kessler 2933 (AAU!, GOET!); 3490; 3491; 3492 (GOET!); Km 76 camino antiguo a los yungas del Chapare entrando por Aguirre, 24 April 1999, Mercado 2213 (MO!); 14.7 km N of Colomi (junction of the road to Candelaria) on road to the Chapare, 17 ° 15 ' S, 065 ° 53 ' W, 3300 m, 19 October 1985, Solomon 14421 (LPB, MO!). Vinto, Tunari, 17 ° 19 ' 00 " S, 066 ° 21 ' 00 " W, 3000 - 4000 m, Kuntze s. n (B, NY). La Paz: Inquisivi, Unos 8 km. de Quime hacia Inquisivi, Camillaya arriba del pueblo, 16 ° 58 ' S, 067 ° 12 ' W, 3000 m, 29 September 1997, Beck 24367 (MO!); along the trail and on slopes W of trail, between Pongo Chico and Laguna Naranjani, 16 ° 59 ' S, 067 ° 15 ' W, 08 July 1988, Lewis 881028 (MO!). Irupana, Kakhani, 16 ° 41 ' 00 " S, 067 ° 36 ' 00 " W, 3322 m, 27 June 2004, Chumacero 483 (LPB); 484 (LPB); 485 (LPB). Sud Yungas, camino a Lambate, 16 ° 36 ' 10 " S, 067 ° 42 ' 25 " W, 3386 m, 26 July 2009, Palabral 670 A (LPB). Cult. at Jardin Botanico La Paz 2000, from seeds collected at Cochabamba: Mayka Mayu 1991, Kessler 12629 (GOET!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E69E8E2938C7EAAB1B2FBFCCBD3F6C61.taxon	description	Figs 14, 15	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E69E8E2938C7EAAB1B2FBFCCBD3F6C61.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Ecuador. Chimborazo: near Calpi " ad radicem montis Chimborazo ", June 1903, Humboldt & Bondpland 2191 (holotype: P!; isotypes: P!, photo at F!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E69E8E2938C7EAAB1B2FBFCCBD3F6C61.taxon	description	Description. Trees 3 - 8 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2 - 3 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (4.5 -) 5.2 - 7.7 x 3.4 - 4.5 cm; rachises densely villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, lanate hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.7 - 2.8 x 0.7 - 1.4 cm; margin crenate with 8 - 9 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous or sparsely lanate; lower leaflet surfaces densely lanate with yellowish hairs 1.5 - 2.5 mm long. Inflorescences branched at the base or simple, pendant, (4.3 -) 6.2 - 9.5 (- 13.0) cm long, bearing 13 - 16 flowers; floral bracts 3.8 - 5.5 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely lanate on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 5.8 - 7.5 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 13 - 15, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.9 - 2.3 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely villous; 4.4 - 6.0 x 6.1 - 7.4 (- 9.8) mm including spines. Diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E69E8E2938C7EAAB1B2FBFCCBD3F6C61.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis lanuginosa is endemic to central and southern Ecuador (Azuay, Bolivar, Canar and Chimborazo) (Fig. 24). It occurs in Andean forests at 2300 - 4200 m elevation. It has been recorded within Cajas National Park where it forms patches mainly on hillsides. Among the Polylepis species that co-occur in this area (P. incana, P. lanuginosa, P. reticulata, P. simpsoniae and introduced P. racemosa), P. lanuginosa occupies the warmest habitats, has the largest foliar area (17.3 cm 2) and the highest leaf mass (> 200 mg). In its forest habitat, P. lanuginosa is co-dominant with other tree species, such as Oreopanax andreanus, Weinmannia fagaroides and Sessea corymbosa, which often exceed it in height (Montalvo et al. 2018).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E69E8E2938C7EAAB1B2FBFCCBD3F6C61.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Ecuador. - Azuay: Chaucha, Angas on western slope of western cordillera (due west of Cuenca), 02 ° 55 ' S, 079 ° 25 ' W, 3400 m, 05 January 1981, Balslev 1507 (AAU!, NY, QCA!, S); Angas " Parroquia chaucha " colecciones en margenes de Rio Angas, 3400 m, 02 August 1983, Jaramillo 5464 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); 5468 (AAU!); 5478 (AAU!, MO!, NY, QCA!); Cuenca, Area Nacional de Recreacion Cajas, collection made along Rio Patul from the Comunidad Baute / Laguna Patul (watershed of Rio Patul), 02 ° 33 ' S, 079 ° 21 ' W, 3500 - 4200 m, 05 February 2001, Clark 6227 (QCA!, QCNE, US!); Molleturo, on the road from Las Cajas National Park to Molleturo, about 10 km from Molleturo, 02 ° 50 ' S, 079 ° 20 ' W, 3400 m, 19 September 1983, Brandbyge 42264 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Cuenca-Molleturo road ca. 11 km W of pass in Las Cajas, 02 ° 48 ' S, 079 ° 18 ' W, 3350 m, 01 May 1992, Laegaard 102637 (AAU!, QCA!); Paramo de Cajas, W of Cuenca, along new road, ca. 14 km W of pass, 02 ° 48 ' S, 079 ° 17 ' W, 3450 m, 31 March 1985, Laegaard 53932 (AAU!); Paramo de Cajas, W of Cuenca, along new road, ca. 20 km W of pass, 02 ° 48 ' S, 079 ° 17 ' W, 2900 m, 31 March 1985, Laegaard 53934 (AAU!, MO!, QCNE); Paramo de las Cajas, W of pass, 02 ° 46 ' S, 079 ° 15 ' W, 2500 m, 26 August 1985, Laegaard 55036 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); carretero Cuenca-Molleturo-Naranjal, 4.2 km de Molleturo, desvio a Rio Blanco 16.4 km, 02 ° 48 ' 40 " S, 079 ° 23 ' 07 " W, 3630 m, 15 January 2003, Ulloa 1203 (HA, MO!, US!); Sayausi, Area Recreacional Las Cajas, 02 ° 49 ' S, 079 ° 07 ' W, 3740 - 4070 m, Romoleroux 1192 (AAU!); Zhud, at Panamericana, app. 3 km S of Zhud, 02 ° 29 ' S, 079 ° 00 ' W, 2800 m, 02 May 1992, Laegaard 102697 (AAU!, QCA!); limite del parque nacional, 3359 m, 20 April 2012, Barba BOP 236 (QCA!); Rio Blanco, Curiquinga, 3645 m, 05 May 2001, Calle 1 (QCA!); Cuenca-Molleturo road, 49 km NW of Cuenca, 26 July 1982, Clemants 2184 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); El Chorro ca. 6 km above Molleturo on road to Cuenca, 2800 - 2900 m, 07 March 1985, Harling 22858 (AAU!, GB, MO!, QCA!); Molleturo, 2600 - 2700 m, 31 October 1988, Harling 25539 (GB, MO!); Descente occidentale du paramo de Cajas vers Molleturo, 3350 m, 14 April 1988, Huttel 1021 (QCA!); Vallee du rio Angas, a 1 Km au-dessus du hameau d'Angas, zone tres humide, 3300 m, 10 May 1988, Huttel 1112 (QCA!); Vertiente del Pacifico, 3200 m, 07 July 1995, Leon 3601 (QCA!); Area recreacional Cajas, 3470 m, 21 September 2000, Lizarzaburu 25 (QCA!); 3500 m, Romoleroux 408 (NY); Parque Nacional Cajas, carretera Soldados, 3260 m, 04 April 2007, Romoleroux 4461 (QCA!); 3040 m, 04 April 2007, Romoleroux 4466 (QCA!); Via Soldados Angas, al frente del caserio Angas, 3321 m, 19 August 2008, Romoleroux 5030 (QCA!); Carretera Soldados-Angas, 3040 m, 04 April 2007, Romoleroux GPI 4466 (QCA!); Cajas, found along path from Cochapamba to Molleturo, 3500 - 3600 m, 22 July 1999, Smeets 559 (QCA!); 2670 - 3275 m, Steyermark 52599 (F!); 3160 m, Valencia 458 (QCA!). - Bolivar: carretera Guaranda-Santiago-Totoras, 3000 - 3150 m, 21 February 1987, Romoleroux 269 (AAU!, QCA!). Canar: Molleturo, along Paramo road to Manu W of Canar, W of pass, 02 ° 33 ' S, 079 ° 02 ' W, 3300 - 3700 m, 20 June 1988, Laegaard 71563, 71565, 71569 (AAU!, QCNE); Molleturo, Paramo de Cajas, W of Cuenca, aong new road, ca. 11 km W of pass, 02 ° 48 ' S, 079 ° 17 ' W, 3200 m, 30 March 1985, Laegaard 53911 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Zhud, along Panamericana, 4 km S of Zhud, 02 ° 28 ' S, 079 ° 00 ' W, 3000 m, 26 August 1985, Laegaard 55030 (AAU!, MO!); along a paved road to Carshao, ca. 15 km off the Panamerican highway, 02 ° 29 ' S, 079 ° 00 ' W, 3180 m, 10 June 1999, Sklenar 7115 (AAU!); carretera entre Dacur y Gun, 2250 m, 08 October 1999, Bonifaz 3974 (QCA!); North rim of the valley of the rio Canar, between Tambo and Suscal, 3000 m, 23 April 1944, Camp E- 2773 (F!, NY, VEN); colecciones entre Zhud, Joyagshi, 3500 m, 31 December 2007, Jaramillo 26120 (QCA!); 3300 - 3700 m, Romoleroux 1563 (QCA!); 3270 m, Romoleroux 384 (QCA!); 3100 m, Romoleroux 387 (NY, QCA!); carretera entre Zhud y El Tumbo, 3011 m, 06 December 2007, Romoleroux 4681 (QCA!); Oeste de Canar, Km 10.5, Cerro Caucay, 3450 m, 27 April 1988, Romoleroux 588 (AAU!, MO!); Rose 2389 (NY). Chimborazo: Columbe, road Pallantanga-Riobamba, 01 ° 55 ' S, 078 ° 50 ' W, 2400 - 2900 m, 01 April 1993, Romoleroux 1565 (AAU!, QCA!); Juan de Velasco, Pangor-Tepeyac, 01 ° 48 ' S, 078 ° 52 ' W, 3200 m, 09 February 1983, Brandbyge 42059 (AAU!, MO!);, 3300 m, 03 May 1983, Brandbyge 42153 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Colta (Cajabamba) - Pallatanga, km 27, 01 ° 50 ' S, 078 ° 53 ' W, 2880 m, 21 May 1990, Jorgensen 91822 (AAU!); Km 64 - 68 on road Cumanda-Cajabamba, at Rio Pangor, 01 ° 55 ' S, 078 ° 54 ' W, 2750 - 2800 m, 08 April 1985, Laegaard 54125 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!), 54128 (AAU!, QCA!); road Pallatanga-Cajabamba, 32 km from Pallatanga, 01 ° 51 ' S, 078 ° 53 ' W, 3000 m, 28 August 1976, Ollgaard 8959 (AAU!, MO!, NY, S). Penipe, Parroquia Puela, Palictahua, 01 ° 31 ' 05 " S, 078 ° 29 ' 43 " W, 2600 m, 20 January 1997, Estudiantes ESPOCH 701 (CHEP); Colta, Pangor, puente del Rio Agua Dulce, 3000 m, 31 January 2007, Caranqui 1659 (QCA!); Colta. Pangor, Achin alto, 3140 m, 21 May 2013, Caranqui 2290 (QCA!); Comunidad de Tauris, Zona Zagin, 3700 - 3900 m, 03 September 2009, Carate 1202 (QCA!); Comunidad de Ambrosio Lazo, Quebrada de Cumbo, 3374 m, 07 June 2009, Carate 623, 624 (QCA!); Paramo cerca de la comunidad Yerba Buena, Canton Pallatanga, 3374 m, 19 July 2012, Peyre 315 (QCA!); 2800 - 3200 m, Romoleroux 373 (NY, QCA!); Via Cajabamba-Pallatanga (km 24 desde la Y), entrada a Pangar, 3298 m, 27 December 2011, Romoleroux 5696 (QCA!); Via Cajabamba-Palatanga (km 24 desde la Y), entrada al Pangar, 3298 m, 27 December 2011, Romoleroux 5697 (QCA!); Carretera Alausi-Canar, km 16, localidad Achupallas, 3400 m, 26 April 1988, Romoleroux 574 (AAU!, QCA!); Canar, 2 km al sur de Zhud, 2850 m, 27 April 1988, Romoleroux 584 (AAU!, QCA!); 3250 m, Romoleroux 591 (QCA!), W Andes of Cuenca, Lehmann 6487 (F!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6DE4ED6333B1E084AEBE5C2FDC64A8D5.taxon	description	Figs 18, 19	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6DE4ED6333B1E084AEBE5C2FDC64A8D5.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Ecuador. Carchi: Canton Montufar, Loma El Corazon (Bretana), al sureste de Huaca, al este de la Colonia Huaquena, Rio Minas, 00 ° 35 ' N, 077 ° 42 ' W, 3200 - 3500 m, 9 Apr 1989, Tipaz 35 (holotype: QCA!; isotypes: AAU!, MO!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6DE4ED6333B1E084AEBE5C2FDC64A8D5.taxon	description	Description. Trees 5 - 10 m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with (4 -) 5 - 6 pairs of the lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (3.8 -) 4.3 - 7.3 x 2.4 - 4.5 cm; rachises densely sericeous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight whitish to yellowish hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, densely sericeous in the upper surface; leaflets narrowly to ovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.4 - 2.2 x 0.4 - 0.5 cm; margins entire to slightly crenate with 6 - 7 teeth, apically slightly emarginate seemingly acute by the prolongation of hairs, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely lanate with whitish silky hairs 1.1 - 1.6 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (6.8 -) 11.1 - 16.6 cm long, bearing 19 - 29 flowers; floral bracts 6.1 - 9.4 mm long, narrowly triangular, glabrous on the outer surface; rachises densely sericeous. Flowers 4.8 - 5.5 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, glabrous outside; stamens 8 - 10, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.6 - 2.0 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely sericeous; 3.9 - 6.7 x 4.3 - 7.5 mm including spines. Diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6DE4ED6333B1E084AEBE5C2FDC64A8D5.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis longipilosa is restricted to north-western Ecuador (Carchi) (Fig. 24). It is highly likely that the species also occurs in adjacent Colombia. It grows in humid paramo habitats at 3200 - 3900 m elevation where it often co-occurs with P. ochreata, with which it hybridizes (Romoleroux 1996). It grows in mixed forest with Espeletia pycnophylla, Weinmannia sp. and Oreopanax sp. (Boada et al. 2008).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6DE4ED6333B1E084AEBE5C2FDC64A8D5.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Ecuador. Carchi: Tulcan, carretera Tulcan-Tufino-Maldonado-Chical col. en km 12 de Tufino, cerca de las lagunas, 00 ° 48 ' N, 077 ° 55 ' W, 3900 m, 23 April 1993, Freire & Andersen 2547 (AAU!); road Tulcan-Maldonado, near Volcan Chiles, 00 ° 48 ' N, 077 ° 56 ' W, 3850 - 4000 m, 16 August 1985, Laegaard 54965 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!), 54967 A, 54967 B, 54967 C (AAU!), 54967 D, 54967 E, 54967 F (AAU!, QCA!); along the road from Tulcan to Volcan Chiles, 3900 m, 6 October 1995, Sklenar & Kosteckova 1412 A (QCA!); camino Tufino, sitio Agua Hediondas, en la base del Volcan Chiles, limite con Colombia, 00 ° 48 ' N, 077 ° 54 ' W, 3500 m, 8 November 1993, Palacios 11847 (AAU!, MO!, QCNE); carretera entre Tulcan y Maldonado, faldas del Volcan Chiles, punto mas alto del cruce de carretera, 00 ° 45 ' N, 077 ° 59 ' W, 3800 m, 19 May 1991, Palacios & Rubio 7349 (AAU!, MO!); southern slopes of Volcan Chiles, 00 ° 49 ' N, 077 ° 57 ' W, 3600 m, Ramsay 911 (QCA!, QCNE); route de Tufino a Maldonado, 10 km apres Tufino, zone tres humide, 3850 m, 06 July 1988, Huttel 1390 (QCA!); carretera San Gabriel-Shutan alto, 3500 m, 25 March 1989, Jaramillo-Asanza 10862 (QCA!); comuna La Esperanza, paramo de El Artezon, sector Monte Redondo, 3789 m, 18 September 2007, Salgado 220 B, 239 A (QCA!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
057840FAD829FF7AE21F99A6BBD16035.taxon	description	Figs 35, 36	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
057840FAD829FF7AE21F99A6BBD16035.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Ecuador. Loja: Laguna Chinchilla, 03 ° 36 ' 20 " S, 079 ° 23 ' 08 " W, 3610 m, 21 Dec 2019, T. E. Boza E. & C. Medina 3185 (holotype: QCA!; isotypes: Z!, CUZ!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
057840FAD829FF7AE21F99A6BBD16035.taxon	description	Description. Trees 4 - 10 m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 3 - 4 (- 5) pairs of the lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 2.6 - 3.6 x 2.1 - 3.2 cm; rachises densely sericeous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight whitish hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, densely sericeous in the upper surface; leaflets narrowly to broadly obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.2 - 1.6 x 0.5 - 0.8 cm; margin serrate at apex with 3 - 4 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous with few hairs on mid-depression; lower leaflet surfaces densely sericeous with whitish silky hairs 0.2 - 0.6 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (3.5 -) 4.3 - 10.5 (- 12.2) cm long, bearing 9 - 27 flowers; floral bracts 5.5 - 6.3 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises densely sericeous. Flowers 4.4 - 5.2 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 7 - 9, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.7 - 2.0 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely sericeous; 1.7 - 3.0 x 1.4 - 1.5 mm including spines. Diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
057840FAD829FF7AE21F99A6BBD16035.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis loxensis is restricted to south-western Ecuador (Fig. 41). It has been collected in southern Azuay Province (Nabon) and at Laguna Chinchilla and Fierro Urco in northwest Loja Province bordering with El Oro Province. The paramos in this region are part of the physiographic unit called ' Paramos del Sur' of the Western Cordillera or Ecuador. The species occurs in the humid paramo at 2650 - 3700 m elevation, where it grows in mixed forest with Gynoxis cuicochensis, Brachyotum ledifolium and Weinmannia glabra (Lassermann 2009). In this region, a new, endemic species of hummingbird has recently been discovered (Sornoza-Molina et al. 2018), which together with this new Polylepis species suggests that this mountain region may be a center of endemism.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
057840FAD829FF7AE21F99A6BBD16035.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Ecuador. Azuay: Nabon, 3 ° 28 ' 20 " S, 79 ° 02 ' 24 " W, 2800 - 3300 m, 15 November 2008, Salgado 1419 (LOJA!); Loja: Loja, Fierro Urco, 03 ° 36 ' 20 " S, 079 ° 23 ' 08 " W, 3610 m, 19 December 2019, Boza & Medina 3184 (QCA!, Z!, CUZ!); Fierro Urco, Saraguro-Loja, km 12.4 turnoff towards Fierro Urco, km 23.8, 03 ° 43 ' 10 " S, 079 ° 19 ' 18 " W, 3840 m, 6 December 1994, Jorgensen et al. 1240 (AAU!, LOJA!, MO!); road San Lucas-Saraguro, km 9, turn off to Fierro Urco, 11 km to the pass, 03 ° 43 ' 03 " S, 079 ° 19 ' 25 " W, 3630 m, 4 November 2000, Jorgensen et al. 2228 (QCA!); ca. 10 km along road to Fierro Urco, 03 ° 41 ' S, 079 ° 01 ' W, 2850 m, 8 September 1998, Laegaard 19109 (AAU!, LOJA!, QCA!); Fierro Urco, grass Paramo 12 km to the left (northbound) from the Panamericana highway, 03 ° 43 ' S, 079 ° 19 ' W, 3600 - 3650 m, 9 June 1999, Sklenar & Laegaard 7096 (AAU!, GOET!); ca. km 12 along Paramo road to Fierro Urco, 03 ° 41 ' S, 079 ° 01 ' W, 3650 m elev., 9 June 1999, Laegaard & Sklenar 20279 (AAU!, LOJA!, QCA!); Paramo of Fierro Urco SW of Saraguro, 03 ° 43 ' S, 079 ° 19 ' W, 3500 m elev., 21 November 1996, Lewis et al. 2121 (AAU!); road Loja-Cuenca, km 50, track to Fierro Urco, km 5 - 7, 03 ° 41 ' S, 079 ° 17 ' W, 3150 - 3350 m elev., 25 October 1996, Lewis & Lozano 2724 (AAU!, LOJA!, MO!, QCA!); road Loja-Saraguro, km 52, track to Fierro Urco, km 10, 03 ° 42 ' S, 079 ° 18 ' W, 3350 - 3450 m elev., 17 January 1997, Lewis et al. 2932 (AAU!, LOJA!, MO!); road Loja-Saraguro, 8.5 km N of San Lucas, track to Fierro Urco, km 11, 03 ° 43 ' 10 " S, 079 ° 19 ' 18 " W, 3550 m elev., 15 January 1998, Lewis & Hughes 3804 (AAU!, LOJA!, MO!, QCA!); Fierro Urco, 03 ° 41 ' S, 079 ° 22 ' W, 3700 m elev., 11 January 1995, P. Lozano 172 (LOJA!); Saraguro, Laguna Chinchilla, 03 ° 36 ' 20 " S, 079 ° 23 ' 08 " W, 3610 m elev., 21 December 2019, Boza & Medina 3186 (QCA!, Z!, CUZ!), cerro Chinchilla, parroquia Celen, 03 ° 35 ' 44 " S, 079 ° 20 ' 17 " W, 3000 m elev., 19 September 1984, Jaramillo 7332 (QCA!), 7335 (GB, QCA!); Laguna Chinchilla, 03 ° 36 ' 17 " S, 079 ° 23 ' 49 " W, 11 November 2008, Salgado et al. 1392; 1394 (LOJA!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F6AC72C1ACD6A8C34FADDEC442534EE2.taxon	description	Figs 49, 50	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F6AC72C1ACD6A8C34FADDEC442534EE2.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Ecuador. Chimborazo: Humboldt & Bonpland 3141 (holotype: P!; isotypes: F!, GOET! US!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F6AC72C1ACD6A8C34FADDEC442534EE2.taxon	description	Description. Shrubs and trees 1.5 - 8 m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 3 - 6 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (1.3 -) 2.0 - 3.5 x (0.6 -) 1.2 - 1.5 cm; rachises densely tomentose often intermixed with twisted dark red hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely tomentose on the outer surfaces; leaflets broadly elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 0.3 - 0.7 x 0.2 - 0.5 cm; margin entire, apically deeply emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous or sparsely tomentose mainly in the mid-vein depression; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with whitish hairs 0.8 - 1.0 mm long. Inflorescences branched at the base or simple, pendant, 3.8 - 5.3 cm long, bearing 1 - 3 flowers; floral bracts 2.2 - 2.5 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely tomentose on the outer surface; rachises tomentose. Flowers 4.0 - 6.4 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, glabrous outside; stamens 9 - 11, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.6 - 3.5 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers of long spines, densely tomentose; 2.7 - 4.3 x 1.3 - 2.1 mm including spines. Diploid and tetraploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F6AC72C1ACD6A8C34FADDEC442534EE2.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis microphylla occurs in small, isolated populations in the central Ecuadorian Andes on the slopes of Volcan Chimborazo, in north-western Peru in the high Andes of Cajamarca, the Cordillera Blanca and the adjacent Cordillera Huayhuash at the boundaries of Ancash and Lima and in Arequipa and Cusco (Fig. 61). It grows mainly in arid zones at 3150 - 4550 m elevation where it usually forms small groves, but many populations in areas strongly affected by human activities contain mostly small shrubs. However, in the Cordillera Huayhuash, extensive stands with trees about 3 - 5 m tall can be found. The populations in Cusco are close to Incan ruins and might represent historical transplantations (Kessler and Schmidt-Lebuhn 2006).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F6AC72C1ACD6A8C34FADDEC442534EE2.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Ecuador. Chimborazo: Alausi, camino Totoras-Charicando, 02 ° 11 ' 30 " S, 078 ° 42 ' 18 " W, 3500 m, 08 July 2004, Caranqui 1205 B (CHEP); Shumit, Pucara Achupallas, 3986 m, 04 September 2009, Carate 1200 (QCA!); carretera Alausi-Achupallas-Osogoche, 3300 - 3400 m, 10 August 1987, Romoleroux 372 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); Via Achupallas-Osogoche, km 14.5, localidad Zula, 3600 m, 24 March 2001, Romoleroux 3995 (QCA!); Alausi-Achupallas, Paramo Parada 1, 3576 m, 17 March 2007, Romoleroux 4414 (QCA!); Alausi-Achullapas, 3655 m, 17 March 2007, Romoleroux 4435 (QCA!); Via Totoras Achupallas, Lagunas de Osogoche, 3626 m, 08 November 2008, Romoleroux 5325 (QCA!); Via desvio Osogoche-Achupallas, 3589 m, 28 December 2011, Romoleroux 5704 (QCA!); Via Achupallas-lagunas de Osogoche, km 11.5, 3000 m, 26 April 1988, Romoleroux 576 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Via Achupallas-lagunas de Osogoche km 11.5, 3650 m, 26 April 1988, Romoleroux 577 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); 3650 m, s. d., Romoleroux 578 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); Via Achuapallas-Lagunas de Osogoche, km. 15, 3650 m, 26 April 1988, Romoleroux 579 (AAU!, MO!, NY, QCA!); 3650 m, Romoleroux 580 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); Via Achupallas-Lagunas de Osogoche, km 15, 3650 m, 26 April 1988, Romoleroux 581 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); Via Osogoche-Achupallas, 3610 m, 30 September 2016, Romoleroux 6126 (QCA!); Via Osogoche-Achupallas, 3610 m, 30 September 2016, Romoleroux 6127 (QCA!); Via Osogoche-Achupallas, 02 ° 15 ' 53 " S, 078 ° 42 ' 09 " W, 3610 m, 09 March 2017, Romoleroux 6148 (QCA!); Alausi-Achupallas, 3655 m, 17 March 2007, Romoleroux GPI 4435 (QCA!), Quitesian Andes, s. d., Cothouy s. n (NY); 1857 - 1864, Spruce s. n (MO!). Peru. Ancash: Huaylas, Caraz, Laguna Paron, flanco norte, 4170 m, 27 April 2013, Baldeon 7816 (USM!); Caraz, Laguna Paron, Irazabal 199 (CUZ!); Yungay, Parque Nacional de Huascaran, laguna Paron, 08 ° 59 ' 55 " S, 077 ° 41 ' 26 " W, 4200 m, 11 February 1997, Tupayachi 3271 (CUZ!). Cajamarca: San Miguel, San Miguel de Pallaques, road Agua blanca to Oyotum, Ponga la Mesa, 3500 - 3600 m, 14 October 2000, Weigend 2000 / 748 (F!, USM!). Cusco: Acomayo, Queunayocpampa, 14 ° 04 ' 01 " S, 071 ° 35 ' 08 " W, 3940 m, 01 April 2003, Arce s. n (USM!); Rondocan, localidad Parara, 13 ° 47 ' 10 " S, 071 ° 45 ' 08 " W, 4085 m, Pfuro AS- 133 (Z!). Calca, Pisac, 13 ° 25 ' S, 071 ° 51 ' W, 3400 m, 10 February 2003, Laegaard 22250 (AAU!). Cusco, Huacoto, 13 ° 30 ' 54 " S, 071 ° 51 ' 19 " W, 3960 m, 01 May 2003, Arce s. n (USM!); Chacan, 13 ° 29 ' 04 " S, 071 ° 59 ' 26 " W, 3805 m, 17 September 2014, Boza 3001; 3002 (USM!, Z!); Cuzco, Chacan camino al grupo arqueologico, borde de la microcuenca Chacan, 3600 m, 03 October 2000, Galiano 3999 (QCA!); Huacoto, 3991 m, Irazabal 204 (CUZ!); Chacan S of Cusco, 13 ° 29 ' S, 072 ° 00 ' W, 3900 m, 10 February 2003, Laegaard 22350 (AAU!, US!); San Jeronimo, localidad de Huacoto, 13 ° 31 ' 06 " S, 071 ° 51 ' 32 " W, 3940 m, 25 May 2006, Toivonen 19 (CUZ!); 20 (CUZ!); 21 (CUZ!); Chacan, 14 June 2006, Toivonen 98 (CUZ!); Chacan, 14 June 2006, Toivonen 99 (CUZ!); Ruinas de Pisac, 3200 m, 01 May 2002, Toivonen s. n (CUZ!); Chacan, 3600 m, 28 April 1993, Tupayachi 2280 (CUZ!). Quispicanchis, Dist. Huaro, Urpay, 13 ° 41 ' 01 " S, 071 ° 38 ' 22 " W, 3200 m, 01 November 2002, Galiano 4512 (AMAZ, CUZ!, HUT, MO!, MOL, USM!). Urubamba, Cusco. Prov. Urubamba, Yucay, Hatum Wayko, 3500 m, 09 September 2001, Herrera 4175 (QCA!); Yucay, 3833 m, Irazabal 207 (CUZ!); Yucay, cerro Turukuntur, 3750 m, 13 January 1991, Tupayachi 1460 (CUZ!). Lima: Cajatambo, Huayllapa. Dist. de Copa, cerro empinado a 115 km del pueblo, 3360 m, 13 May 2001, Callupe 1 (USM!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
905FE1B975AB9786D3D2EB9627B2F994.taxon	description	Figs 16, 17	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
905FE1B975AB9786D3D2EB9627B2F994.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Peru. Cajamarca: at Chugur near Hualgayoc, 2700 - 3000 m, May 1904, Weberbauer 4098 (holotype: G!; isotypes: MOL!; photos at F!, MO!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
905FE1B975AB9786D3D2EB9627B2F994.taxon	description	Description. Trees 5 - 15 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 5 - 7 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (11.0 -) 14.6 - 19.5 x 6.2 - 9.1 (- 10.7) cm; rachises densely lanate, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, lanate hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 2.9 - 3.6 (- 5.4) x 1.1 - 2.0 cm; margin serrate with 6 - 10 teeth, apically obtuse, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous or sparsely villous; lower leaflet surfaces densely villous with whitish hairs 0.9 - 2.3 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (15.4 -) 21.7 - 28.2 (- 36.0) cm long, bearing 47 - 83 flowers; floral bracts 7.6 - 9.7 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 6.4 - 7.5 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely lanate outside; stamens 7 - 13, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.9 - 3.8 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of irregular spines, densely villous; 4.5 - 9.6 x 6.0 - 10.1 mm including spines. Diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
905FE1B975AB9786D3D2EB9627B2F994.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis multijuga is restricted to northern Peru (Fig. 24). It grows mainly in the upper montane forest at 2700 - 3750 m elevation, usually in mixed forest with species of Cyathea, Escallonia, Gynoxys and Weinmannia (Weberbauer 1911). Its branches are often covered with epiphytes (Simpson 1979).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
905FE1B975AB9786D3D2EB9627B2F994.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Peru. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Dist. Leymebamba, surroundings of La Esperanza, 06 ° 49 ' 04 " S, 077 ° 43 ' 01 " W, 3200 - 3300 m, 27 June 2010, Glenn 411 (CAS, COL!, F!, K, MO!, P!); Dist. Leymebamba. Rio El Jardin, 06 ° 55 ' 52 " S, 077 ° 43 ' 09 " W, 3370 m, 30 June 2009, Gruhn 173 (MO!); Dist. Leymebamba, a 2 Km de la Laguna de Los Condores, ruta hacia Leymebamba, 2700 - 2950 m, 18 August 1998, Quipuscoa 1329 (MO!); Quintecocha. Dist. Leymebamba, vicinity of guard cabin at Quintecocha, 06 ° 51 ' 33 " S, 077 ° 42 ' 15 " W, 3134 m, 12 July 2008, Rothrock 239 (BRIT, MO!); Balsas, Chuquillurco, ruta a Calla Calla, 3400 m, 06 October 2001, Sanchez 11018 (MO!); Chachapoyas-Cajamarca road, jalca de Calla-Calla, 30 - 37 km from Leimebamba Natural grassland, ' Jalca', and ' ceja de selva' just leaving the pass entering the Maranon valley, 06 ° 50 ' S, 077 ° 50 ' W, 3500 - 3600 m, 04 September 1983, Smith 5037 (MO!, USM!); Leimebamba, Oseres, 06 ° 58 ' 05 " S, 077 ° 39 ' 57 " W, 2542 m, 22 May 2015, Vega 257 (HAO, MO!); road Balsas to Chachapoyas, upper eastern Calla-calla slopes descending from pass, 3000 - 3300 m, 02 June 1998, Weigend 98 / 330 (USM!). Luya, Distr. Conila-Cohechan, 06 ° 16 ' 25 " S, 078 ° 00 ' 10 " W, 3050 m, 23 August 2012, Bussmann 17289 (MO!); Colcamar, 3200 - 3300 m, 24 - 26 June 1948, Pennell 15632 (USM!). Cajamarca: Chota, Bosque de Pagaibamba (Ocshawilca), al oeste del Chorroblanco, entre Huambos y Querocoto, 2500 m, 18 October 1987, Sanchez 4588 (F!); Paccha, al O de Chadin, 3650 m, 22 July 1993, Sanchez 6586 (F!). Cutervo, Gruta de San Andres, 2200 m, 15 July 1990, Llatas 2749 (F!, MO!). Hualgayoc, Dist. de Chugur, 06 ° 43 ' 08 " S, 078 ° 42 ' 58 " W, 3222 - 3568 m, 12 August 2009, Castillo 786 (USM!); Hacienda Taulis, 13 km beyond Palmito junction towards La Playa, 2900 m, 02 September 1964, Hutchison 6463 (MO!, USM!); Chugur, sobre la ruta de Perlamayo, 2950 - 3000 m, 20 March 1988, Sanchez 4681 (AAU!, F!). San Miguel, El Prado, Hacienda Taulis, 06 ° 59 ' 02 " S, 078 ° 58 ' 21 " W, 3398 m, 01 June 2015, Boza 3029; 3070; 3071; 3072; 3073; 3074; 3075; 3076; 3077; 3078; 3079; 3080 (USM!, Z!); Quishuarpampa (Agua Blanca), 2900 m, 04 July 1986, Mostacero 1201 (F!, MO!); Quishuarpampa (El Tingo-Jalca de las Estacas), 07 ° 21 ' 00 " S, 077 ° 50 ' 00 " W, 2950 m, 12 May 1977, Sagastegui 8833 (MO!); Millan (El Tingo-Taulis), 3000 m, 20 June 1980, Sagastegui 9536 (F!, MO!, USM!); Sobre el desvio a Tongot, entre Quilcate bajo y Catilluc, 3050 m, 13 September 1991, Sanchez 5762 (MO!). Santa Cruz, Distr. Pulan, parte baja de la Quebrada Cocan, ladera Oeste, 3280 m, 02 November 2001, Sanchez 11112 (MO!); Dist. Pulan, La Palma, 2800 m, 12 February 2007, Santa 927 (USM!); ad Chugur versus Hualgayoc, 2700 - 2900 m, 1901 - 1929, Weberbauer 4098 (G, MO!). La Libertad: Bolivar, District Uchumarca, Paramo in surroundings of Vira Vira / Lagunas La Quinua, 07 ° 00 ' 12 " S, 077 ° 45 ' 07 " W, 3670 m, 17 May 2011, Bussmann 16931 (MO!). Huicungo, Dist. Uchumarca, 06 ° 59 ' 30 " S, 077 ° 43 ' 07 " W, 3140 m, 02 November 2012, Paniagua 8642 (MO!). Lambayeque: Ferrenafe, Dos Puentes, arriba de Incahuasi, 2900 - 3000 m, 09 July 1987, Ferreyra 20908 (USM!); road Incahuasi to Sinchihual and Tungula, 06 ° 12 ' 07 " S, 079 ° 17 ' 57 " W, 2897 m, 24 November 2014, Weigend 9660 (USM!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
38510DF88AE66728C2924F9DDA01F10A.taxon	description	Figs 110, 111	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
38510DF88AE66728C2924F9DDA01F10A.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Bolivia. Dept. Cochabamba, Prov. Arani, 2 km W turn-off to Vacas from Arani-Mizque road, l 7 ° 33 ' S, 65 ° 42 ' W, 3200 m, 18 Aug 1991, Kessler 3409 (holotype: LPB!; isotypes: AUU!, GOET!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
38510DF88AE66728C2924F9DDA01F10A.taxon	description	Description. Shrub to 2 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with one pair of leaflets, trullate in outline, 1.7 - 2.4 x 1.2 - 1.9 cm; rachises densely villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate or slightly spurred, densely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.0 - 1.2 x 0.3 - 0.5 cm; margin serrate with 5 - 8 teeth, apically acute, basally unequally attenuate; upper leaflet surfaces often with dark sheen, glabrous to sparsely villous; lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short, white or yellowish pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, 0.9 - 1.2 cm long, bearing 2 - 4 flowers; floral bracts 2.4 - 3.1 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 5.4 - 6.8 mm diam.; sepals 3, ovate, green, sparsely villous outside; stamens 12 - 15, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 3.0 - 3.3 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 3 - 4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 5.0 - 7.7 x 3.0 - 3.3 mm including spines. Tetraploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
38510DF88AE66728C2924F9DDA01F10A.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis nana is restricted to Cochabamba (Bolivia) where it has been collected at just one locality in Arani Province (Fig. 116). It grows at 3200 - 3450 m elevation.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
38510DF88AE66728C2924F9DDA01F10A.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Bolivia. Cochabamba: Arani, between Arani and Canadas on the road to Vacas, 17 ° 34 ' S, 065 ° 40 ' W, 3100 m, 20 April 1987, Brandbyge 708 (AAU!); Kewinal, 3300 m, 24 March 1991, Hensen 1949 (LPB); 2012 (LPB); 2 km after turnoff to Vacas on Mizque-Arani road, 17 ° 33 ' S, 065 ° 42 ' W, 3100 m, 18 August 1991, Kessler 2998 (GOET!, LPB); 2 km W turnoff to Vacas from Arani-Mizque road, 17 ° 33 ' S, 065 ° 42 ' W, 3200 m, 18 August 1991, Kessler 3403; 3404 (GOET!, LPB); 3405 (GOET!); 3406; 3407 (GOET!, LPB); 3408 (GOET!, LPB, USM!); 3409 (AAU!, GOET!); 3495; 3501; 3514; 3518; 3519; 3521; 3641 (GOET!); 3642 (GOET!); camino a Vacas, 3170 m, 11 January 1990, Saravia 17 (LPB).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
B11E467B99FEF1798BEFF54A3B787A4D.taxon	description	Figs 65, 66	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
B11E467B99FEF1798BEFF54A3B787A4D.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Bolivia. Potosi: Prov. Bilbao, 31 km SW Acacio on road to Sacaca and Uncia, 18 ° 06 ' S, 66 ° 08 ' W, 3500 m, 22 Aug 1991, Kessler 3410 (holotype: LPB!; isotypes: AUU!, F!, G!, GOET!, MO!, NY, US!, USM!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
B11E467B99FEF1798BEFF54A3B787A4D.taxon	description	Description. Trees 4 - 12 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 3 - 4 pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (3.9 -) 4.6 - 7.1 (- 8.5) x (2.7 -) 3.2 - 5.3 cm; rachises glabrescent to sparsely hispid, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, white hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, glabrescent to sparsely hispid on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.6 - 2.9 x 0.6 - 1.2 cm; margin serrate with 12 - 18 teeth, apically acute, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces glabrous or puberulous. Inflorescences branched, pendant, (4.3 -) 5.2 - 12.7 (- 14.0) cm long, bearing 14 - 27 flowers; floral bracts 2.8 - 4.6 mm long, narrowly triangular, glabrous to sparsely hispid on the outer surface; rachises glabrous. Flowers 4.6 - 6.3 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, sparsely hispid outside; stamens 7 - 20, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.5 - 2.2 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2 - 3 (- 4) irregular and pronounced wings, glabrous or sparsely hispid; 4.8 - 9.8 x 3.4 - 5.5 mm including spines. Diploid and hexaploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
B11E467B99FEF1798BEFF54A3B787A4D.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis neglecta is endemic to central Bolivia. It occurs in the Boliviano-Tucumanic Forest at 2100 - 3700 m elevation (Fig. 73). It often occurs together with P. hieronymi and P. besseri or in mixed forest with Podocarpus parlatorei, Alnus acuminata, Juglans australis, Azara salicifolia, Fagara coco, Prunus tucumanensis, Schinus microphyllus and Escallonia millegrana (Kessler 1995 b; Navarro and Maldonado 2002; Navarro et al. 2005; Gareca et al. 2010). In P. neglecta, a germination rate of 10 % has been recorded (Vega et al. 2018). The seeds have low humidity, being able to be treated as orthodox seeds with the capability of being stored for a long time without losing their germinative power (Vega et al. 2018).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
B11E467B99FEF1798BEFF54A3B787A4D.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Bolivia. Chuquisaca: Azurduy, ca. 20 km NW Tarvita on road to Tarabuco, 19 ° 54 ' S, 064 ° 34 ' W, 2900 m, 24 September 1991, Kessler 3434 (AAU!, GOET!); ca. 20 km NW Tarvita on road to Tarabuco, 19 ° 54 ' S, 064 ° 34 ' W, 2900 m, 24 September 1991, Kessler 3435 (GOET!); 3436; 3437 (AAU!, GOET!); 3625; 3626; 3627; 3628; 3629; 3630; 3631; 3633; 3634; 3635; 3663; 3664; 3665; 3666; 3667; 3668 (GOET!). Belisario Boeto, trayecto Villa Serrano hacia la comunidad de Tampa Mayu y Nuevo Mundo hacia el Cuenca del Rio Grande, 19 ° 00 ' 04 " S, 064 ° 18 ' 55 " W, 1250 m, 12 October 2007, Cervantes 164 (HSB, MO!); 8 km SW Nuevo Mundo on road to Padilla, 19 ° 25 ' S, 064 ° 11 ' W, 2500 m, 07 October 1991, Kessler 3316 (AAU!, GOET!); 18 km de Villa Serrano hacia Valle Grande, 18 ° 57 ' S, 064 ° 20 ' W, 2500 m, 27 August 1994, Moraes 1840 (LPB); 18 m by road NE of Villa Serrano on road to Nuevo Mundo, 19 ° 00 ' 42 " S, 064 ° 20 ' 04 " W, 2550 m, 20 July 2004, Nee 52789 (MO!, NY, USZ); Municipio de Villa Serrano, Comunidad de Ovejeros, 19 ° 01 ' 32 " S, 064 ° 20 ' 20 " W, 2489 m, 18 December 2003, Portal 618 (HSB, MO!). Tomina, Padilla 26 kms hacia Monteagudo, 2600 m, 08 March 1981, Beck 6323 (GOET!); ca. 20 km SE Padilla on road to Monteagudo, 19 ° 03 ' S, 064 ° 16 ' W, 2450 m, 07 October 1991, Kessler 3320 (GOET!). Cochabamba: Mizque, 17 ° 49 ' S, 065 ° 26 ' W, 3200 m, 05 May 1987, Estenssoro 802 (LPB). s. d., Saravia 1165 (BOLV). Potosi: Alonso de Ibanez, antes de llegar a Chiro Q'asa, 18 March 1993, Torrico 198 (GOET!); 199 (GOET!). Gral. Bilbao, 31 km SW de Acacio, camino Sacaca y Uncia, 18 ° 06 ' S, 066 ° 08 ' W, 3500 m, 22 August 1991, Kessler 3019 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); 31 km SW Acacio on road to Sacaca and Uncia, 18 ° 06 ' S, 066 ° 08 ' W, 3500 m, 22 August 1991, Kessler 3411 (AAU!, GOET!); 3522; 3523; 3524; 3525; 3526; 3528; 3529; 3531; 3532; 3533; 3534; 3535; 3536; 3537; 3538; 3539; 3540; 3541; 3542; 3543; 3544; 3545; 3546; 3547; 3548; 3550; 3551; 3552; 3555; 3647 (GOET!). San Pedro de Buena Vista, Bilbao 31 km. SW Acacio on road to Sacaca and Uncia, 18 ° 06 ' S, 066 ° 08 ' W, 3500 m, 22 August 1991, Kessler 3410 (AAU!, G, GOET!, LPB, MO!, NY, US!, USM!). Santa Cruz: Comarapa, about 25 km from Pojo, the road Cochabamba-Santa Cruz about 215 km from Cochabamba, 17 ° 50 ' S, 064 ° 40 ' W, 2950 m, 21 April 1987, Brandbyge 717 (AAU!). Manuel Maria Caballero, ca. 55 km W Comarapa on road to Cochabmaba, 17 ° 50 ' S, 064 ° 42 ' W, 2600 m, 06 October 1991, Kessler 3302 (AAU!); ca. 50 km W Comarapa on road to Cochabamba, 17 ° 50 ' S, 064 ° 41 ' W, 2800 m, 06 October 1991, Kessler 3303 (GOET!); Siberia, alrrededores de la escuela y tramo de 2 km al S bajando por el camino a Oconi. Ladera SSW, 17 ° 50 ' S, 064 ° 45 ' W, 25 July 2000, Vargas 4975 (GOET!, NY, USZ).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
4C5CEB8E7CB2E60E133EE7F05137DE4F.taxon	description	Figs 51, 52	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
4C5CEB8E7CB2E60E133EE7F05137DE4F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Resembles the Ecuadorian species, P. reticulata Hieron. by having 3 - 5 lateral leaflet pairs and similar type and density of hairs, but differs by its shorter hairs (0.3 - 0.6 mm vs. 0.6 - 1.5 mm), shorter inflorescences (2.4 - 6.7 cm vs. 2.3 - 13.8 cm) and shorter styles (1.5 - 2.0 mm vs. 2.6 - 3.9 mm).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
4C5CEB8E7CB2E60E133EE7F05137DE4F.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Peru: Piura: Huancabamba, Talanco, 2900 m, 5 Nov 1976, A. Sagastegui A. 8635 (holotype: MO!; isotype: UMO!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
4C5CEB8E7CB2E60E133EE7F05137DE4F.taxon	description	Description. Trees 3 - 15 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 3 - 5 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 3.1 - 4.7 x 1.8 - 2.9 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, lanate hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.1 - 1.9 x 0.5 - 0.8 cm; margin entire or slightly crenate at the apex with 3 - 6 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with whitish hairs 0.3 - 0.6 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, 2.4 - 6.7 cm long, bearing 4 - 12 flowers; floral bracts 6.8 - 7.6 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely lanate on the outer surface; rachises tomentose. Flowers 6.8 - 7.6 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely tomentose outside; stamens 9 - 15, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.5 - 2.0 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely villous; 3.8 - 4.1 x 5.8 - 7.1 mm including spines. Diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
4C5CEB8E7CB2E60E133EE7F05137DE4F.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis occidentalis is distributed in the high mountains of western Peru from Huancabamba (Piura) to Pataz (La Libertad) (Fig. 61). The species occurs in relatively dry forest at 2200 - 3990 m elevation.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
4C5CEB8E7CB2E60E133EE7F05137DE4F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species epithet " occidentalis " (Latin: western) refers to the distribution range occupying the western mountains in Peru.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
4C5CEB8E7CB2E60E133EE7F05137DE4F.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Peru. Cajamarca: Cajamarca, Dist. La Encanada, San Pedro de Lipiac, 07 ° 03 ' 38 " S, 078 ° 20 ' 00 " W, 3738 m, 07 September 2010, Beltran 6933 (USM!). Chota, Llama; caserio Callampampa; afluente de Huarimarca, 2800 - 3000 m, 19 January 1990, Diaz 4012 (MO!, USM!); Laguna Yahuarcocha (arriba de Incahuasi), 07 ° 34 ' 45 " S, 077 ° 58 ' 29 " W, 3600 m, 14 September 1985, Sagastegui 12896 (GOET!, IBE, MO!); Tucupampa (Llama-Huambos), 2500 m, 17 March 1997, Sagastegui 15950 (F!, MO!); Miracosta, entre Miracosta y Pampa del Lirio, 06 ° 23 ' S, 079 ° 15 ' W, 3250 m, 11 November 2000, Sanchez 10285 (MO!); Huambos, 2000 m, 11 September 1956, Soukup 4457 (F!). Cutervo, carretera entre Llama y Huambos, Tunaspampa, 06 ° 31 ' 52 " S, 079 ° 05 ' 26 " W, 2600 - 2900 m, 21 April 1988, Diaz 2879 (F!, MO!). Huambos, 65 km E of bridge over Rio Maichil, 25 km W of Huambos, 06 ° 25 ' S, 079 ° 00 ' W, 2700 m, 09 February 1988, Gentry 61439 (MO!, USM!). Llama, El Pargo, 4.2 km E of Llama, ca. 1.4 km SE of Tunas Pampas, 06 ° 30 ' S, 079 ° 31 ' W, 3000 m, 08 September 1991, Gentry 74575 (MO!, USM!). La Libertad: Pataz, Chirimachay, 07 ° 00 ' S, 077 ° 00 ' W, 3450 m, 24 February 1986, Young 2966 (MO!). Lambayeque: Ferrenafe, Ca. 7 km NW of Incahuasi; near Cerro Punamachay on trail to Laguna Hualtaco, 3300 - 3550 m, 16 November 1984, Dillon 4145 (MO!, USM!). Piura: Huancabamba, 38 km above Canchaque, just below summit, 05 ° 18 ' 08 " S, 079 ° 29 ' 54 " W, 3120 m, 13 September 1964, Hutchison 6578 (A!, MO!, USM!); Talaneo (Jalca - Cixse), 2900 m, 05 September 1976, Sagastegui 8635 (MO!, UMO). Unknown minor area, La Cruz, 04 June 1961, Acleto 364 (GOET!, USM!); Paso de la Cruz Blanca, 3307 - 3154 m, 13 November 2007, Lasermann I 5 - 8 (USM!); Paso de la Cruz Blanca, 3307 m, 13 November 2007, Lasermann V / 3 (USM!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
B089ACECD1DD6BF5CB2639DD9155E640.taxon	description	Figs 37, 38	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
B089ACECD1DD6BF5CB2639DD9155E640.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Ecuador. Pichincha: W slopes of Cerro Pichincha, 3600 m, May 1856, Jameson 73 (lectotype, designated by Simpson 1979, pg. 28: P; isolectotypes: A!, G!, GH!, US!; photos at F!, MO!, US!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
B089ACECD1DD6BF5CB2639DD9155E640.taxon	description	Description. Trees 2 - 10 m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 4 - 7 pairs of the lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (3.9 -) 4.4 - 7.0 x 2.9 - 4.7 cm; rachises glabrous to densely sericeous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight whitish hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute, glabrous to sparsely sericeous (adult) or densely sericeous (juvenile) in the upper surface; leaflets narrowly elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.6 - 3.0 x 0.5 - 0.7 cm; margin entire to slightly serrate with 4 - 6 teeth, coriaceous, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely sericeous with whitish silky hairs 1.3 - 2.0 mm long in juvenile plants and 0.3 - 0.5 mm long in adult plants. Inflorescences pendant, 8.1 - 15.5 (- 17.4) cm long, bearing (21 -) 26 - 49 flowers; floral bracts 5.9 - 12.8 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises sericeous. Flowers 6.6 - 9.0 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 9 - 13, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.1 - 2.6 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely sericeous; 4.7 - 7.5 x 6.1 - 7.9 mm including spines. Diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
B089ACECD1DD6BF5CB2639DD9155E640.taxon	distribution	Distribution habitat and ecology. Polylepis ochreata is distributed in the Andes of Ecuador and in Narino, southernmost Colombia (Fig. 41). It occurs at 2950 - 4350 m elevation in humid montane forest habitats. In northernmost Ecuador, P. ochreata often co-occurs with P. longipilosa, with which it hybridizes (Romoleroux 1996). These species have quite similar morphological characters which has complicated the taxonomic classification, mainly in the Province of Carchi, where they occur in sympatry. Polylepis ochreata occurs in mixed population with other woody species, such as Brachyotum ledifolium and Miconia latifolia (Salgado 2008). Pollen viability of P. ochreata has been measured as 60 % (Caiza et al. 2018). In Colombia, the forest remnants of P. ochreata harbor the Polylepis specialist bird species Conirostrum binghami (= Oreomanes fraseri) (Valderrama and Verhelst 2007).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
B089ACECD1DD6BF5CB2639DD9155E640.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Ecuador. Bolivar: Guaranda, Parroquia Salinas, recorrido entre los Arrayanes y Pambabuela, 01 ° 22 ' 06 " S, 079 ° 03 ' 47 " W, 3615 m, 10 Febrero 2005, Vargas Lopez 4696 (AAU!, K, MO!, QCNE, US!). Carchi: Cumbal, 00 ° 48 ' 19 " N, 077 ° 53 ' 03 " W, 3500 m, Bensman 418 (MO!, WIS); Km 31 west of Tulcan on road to Maldonado, 00 ° 52 ' N, 077 ° 55 ' W, 3900 m, 21 June 1984, Todzia 2485 (MO!). La Libertad (Alizo), 00 ° 45 ' N, 077 ° 59 ' W, Asplund 17037 (S); Paramos de El Angel S of Volcan Chiles, 00 ° 45 ' N, 077 ° 58 ' W, 3850 m, 14 March 1985, Eriksen 59086 (AAU!, MO!). Maldonado, Volcan Los Chiles, along road 9 km W of Tufino, 00 ° 49 ' N, 077 ° 57 ' W, 3500 m, 10 March 1992, Laegaard 101661 (AAU!, GOET, QCA!); Tufino, Road Tulcan-Maldonado, near Volcan Chiles, 00 ° 48 ' N, 077 ° 56 ' W, 3850 - 4000 m, 16 August 1985, Laegaard 54966 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); S slopes of volcan Chiles, 14 - 16 km W of Tufino on road to Maldonado, 0 - 1 km S of the road, 00 ° 47 ' N, 077 ° 57 ' W, 3850 - 3900 m, 18 January 1988, Molau 2536 (AAU!, GB, MO!, QCA!); a 33 km de Tulcan, 00 ° 48 ' N, 077 ° 54 ' W, 3900 m, Romoleroux 173 (AAU!, QCA!); Carretera Tulcan-Tufino-Maldonado, 00 ° 47 ' N, 077 ° 57 ' W, 3800 - 3900 m, 12 October 1986, Romoleroux 189 (AAU!, QCA!); Tulcan, 33.4 km W of Tulcan on road to Maldonado, Paramo de Chilos on Colombia border, 00 ° 48 ' 19 " N, 077 ° 53 ' 03 " W, 3900 m, 22 September 1979, Gentry 26342 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). Cotopaxi: Toacaso, Quebrada Faldiguera, 00 ° 41 ' S, 078 ° 45 ' W, 3750 m, 16 February 1991, Jorgensen 93000 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). Imbabura: Gonzalez Suarez, Laguna Mojanda, camino, foret d'altitude, 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 15 ' W, 2500 m, 01 February 1996, Billiet 6762 (BR, MO!). La Merced de Buenos Aires: at road Chauasqui-Merced de Buenos Aires, km 20, near pass, 00 ° 33 ' N, 078 ° 17 ' W, 3700 - 3850 m, 10 December 1984, Laegaard 53475 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). Otavalo: forested path to Laguna Mojanda (La via antigua a Mojanda por el cementerio), 00 ° 10 ' 00 " N, 078 ° 15 ' 00 " W, 3800 m, 31 December 2000, Clark 5820 (QCA!, US). San Rafael, W slopes of Volcan Cayambe, 00 ° 10 ' 00 " N, 078 ° 15 ' 00 " W, 3700 - 3900 m, 27 July 1967, Sparre 17789 (AAU!, S). Napo: Nono, N-side of Volcan Pichincha above Hacienda Yanacocha, 00 ° 07 ' S, 078 ° 34 ' W, 3950 - 4050 m, 02 June 1985, Laegaard 54457 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). Pichincha: along, Northern slopes of Cerro Corazon, 2 - 4 km W along on the road to Hacienda El Pongo, 00 ° 28 ' S, 078 ° 36 ' W, 3100 - 3200 m, 13 May 1979, Holm-Nielsen 18007 (AAU!, MO!); Corazon, 00 ° 31 ' 53 " S, 078 ° 39 ' 36 " W, 3260 m, Sodiro s. n. (AAU!); Lloa, Volcan Atacazo, W slope, 17 km from San Juan, 00 ° 20 ' S, 078 ° 38 ' W, 2850 m, 25 August 1980, Holm-Nielsen 25115 (AAU!); 25148 (AAU!); Volcan Atacazo, SW slope, km 19 from San Juan, 00 ° 21 ' S, 078 ° 39 ' W, 2900 m, 25 August 1980, Holm-Nielsen 25169 (AAU!); West-side of Volcan Atacazo, along drinkwater canal, 00 ° 20 ' S, 078 ° 38 ' W, 3700 - 3750 m, 11 August 1984, Laegaard 52639 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 52641 (AAU!); along drinkwater-canal on W-side of Atacazo, ca. 5 km S of Campamento, 00 ° 20 ' S, 078 ° 38 ' W, 3700 - 3800 m, 24 October 1984, Laegaard 53256 (AAU!); along drinkwater-canal on W-side of Atacazo, ca. 5 km S of Camparmento, 00 ° 20 ' S, 078 ° 38 ' W, 3750 m, 28 October 1984, Laegaard 53259 (AAU!); 53260 (AAU!); along drinkwater-canal on W-side of Volcan Atacazo, 00 ° 20 ' S, 078 ° 38 ' W, 3200 m, 24 November 1985, Laegaard 55665 (AAU!, GOET, MO!, QCA!); Volcan Atacatzo, 00 ° 20 ' S, 078 ° 37 ' W, 3500 m, Mille 364 (US); carretera Quito-San Juan-San Jose de la Victoria, 00 ° 17 ' 53 " S, 078 ° 38 ' 20 " W, 2900 - 3400 m, 24 December 1987, Zak 3265 (AAU!, GB, MO!); Nono, Camino Yanacocha NW of Volcan Pichincha, 00 ° 05 ' S, 078 ° 33 ' W, 3200 - 3800 m, 03 October 1981, Balslev 2049 (AAU!, MO!, NY, QCA!); 28 November 1930, Benoist 3356 (P); Yanococha, faldas noroccidentales, 00 ° 07 ' S, 078 ° 35 ' W, 22 March 1987, Jaramillo Asanza 9573 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); 9588 (AAU!, QCA!); N-side of Volcan Pichincha above Hacienda Yanacocha, 00 ° 07 ' S, 078 ° 34 ' W, 3800 m, 04 June 1985, Laegaard 54458 (AAU!, MO!); 54459 (AAU!); 54462 (AAU!, QCA!); 54463; 54467 (AAU!, MO!); 54474; 54476; 54477 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Carretera Quito-Nanegalito-Santa Ana del Tablon, desvio Hda Yanacocha km 1 - 10 desde el desvio, 00 ° 07 ' S, 078 ° 34 ' W, 3500 - 3600 m, 06 December 1992, Romoleroux 1495 A (AAU!); Yanacocha, 3617 m, 28 November 2008, Romoleroux 5342 (QCA!); Yanacocha, sector La Despensa, 00 ° 07 ' 52 " S, 078 ° 35 ' 06 " W, 3837 m, 14 Febrero 2009, Romoleroux 5413 (MO!, QCA!); Reserva Yanacocha, Trocha " Inca " 1 - 600 m, 00 ° 06 ' 44 " S, 078 ° 34 ' 24 " W, 3536 m, 11 June 2011, Ulloa Ulloa 2171 (MO!, QCA!); carretera Quito-Nono-Tandayapa, desviacion a Yanacocha en la localidad de Guanto-Pugro, en la hacienda " Alto Peru ", estribaciones N. O. del Volcan Pichincha, 00 ° 05 ' S, 078 ° 35 ' W, 3200 - 3300 m, 17 November 1987, Zak 2946 (AAU!, GB, MO!); Quito, SW-slopes of volcan Atacazo, 00 ° 20 ' S, 078 ° 35 ' W, 3650 m, 11 October 1984, Brandbyge 42817 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); SW-slopes of volcan Atacazo, 00 ° 20 ' S, 078 ° 35 ' W, 3700 - 3800 m, 28 October 1984, Brandbyge 42837 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Volcan Pichincha, N slopes, road to Hda. Yanacocha from pass on Quito-Nono road, km 7 - 11.2, 00 ° 07 ' S, 078 ° 33 ' W, 3600 - 3500 m, 12 October 1991, Ollgaard 99187 (AAU!); Carretera a San Juan-Atacazo, km 1 - 12, 00 ° 20 ' S, 078 ° 35 ' W, 3700 - 4000 m, 02 September 1990, Romoleroux 1060 (AAU!, QCA!); Tocachi, 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 16 ' W, 3260 m, Asplund 17103 (S); 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 16 ' W, Benoist 4549 (S); NW side of Pichincha, 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 16 ' W, Fagerlind s. n (S); 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 16 ' W, Holmgren 664 (S); 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 16 ' W, Jameson s. n (MO!); Paramo de Mojanda, at Laguna Negra and S-side of Laguna Grande, 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 16 ' W, 3800 m, 14 May 1985, Laegaard 54316 A (AAU!, QCA!); 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 16 ' W, Romoleroux 1495 (AAU!, QCA!); 243 (QCA!); 245 (NY, QCA!); 305 (QCA!); 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 16 ' W, 3700 m, Romoleroux 350 (QCA!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
CACD4E35E213D782302CC6BC56A4194B.taxon	description	Figs 83, 84	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
CACD4E35E213D782302CC6BC56A4194B.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Bolivia. La Paz: Murillo, sobre el camino de herradura entre Cohoni y Jalancha, 16.6853 ° S, 67.8356 ° W, 3853 m, Mendez & Arcienga 18 (holotype: GOET!; isotype: LPB!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
CACD4E35E213D782302CC6BC56A4194B.taxon	description	Description. Trees 3 - 8 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2 - 3 pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 3.4 - 5.2 x 2.4 - 3.4 cm; rachises densely villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.7 - 2.4 x 0.6 - 0.8 cm; margin crenate, apically emarginate, basally cuneate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous to sparsely villous; lower leaflet surfaces with an evenly distributed dense layer short white pannose hairs, admixed with villous whitish hairs 0.4 - 0.9 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, 3.7 - 7.7 (- 10.0) cm long, bearing 5 - 11 flowers; floral bracts 4.3 - 5.0 mm long, narrowly triangular, sparsely to densely villous on the outer surface; rachises densely villous. Flowers 6.5 - 8.1 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely pannose outside; stamens 17 - 23, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.3 - 2.7 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 3 - 4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely pilose; 5.4 - 7.3 x 4.7 - 5.6 mm including spines. Tetraploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
CACD4E35E213D782302CC6BC56A4194B.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis pacensis is distributed in southern La Paz and western Cochabamba Departments (Bolivia) (Fig. 92). It occurs in relatively dry inter-Andean valleys at 3400 - 4700 m elevation. It co-occurs with P. triacontandra on Cerro Illimani (Kessler and Schmidt-Lebuhn 2006). Some forests of P. pacensis show an influence of humid Yungas forests, as indicated by the presence of Oreopanax macrocephalus, Brachyotum microdon and Phytolacca bogotensis. In drier areas, close to inaccessible streams with steep slopes and, therefore, unsuitable for crops, P. pacensis co-occurs with other native species, such as Escallonia resinosa, Puya sp., Schinus microphylla and Azorella multifida (Hurtado et al. 2018). In a study in Cohoni (La Paz), natural regeneration was abundant and successful in places protected by topography where human and animal access is difficult, with an average of 1312 seedlings / ha. Polylepis pacensis has a mean germination rate of 8 %, which decreases with elevation (Mendez 2005; Vega et al. 2018).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
CACD4E35E213D782302CC6BC56A4194B.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Bolivia. Cochabamba: Ayopaya, Piusilla, 3300 m, 30 March 1991, Hensen 2134 (GOET!, LPB). La Paz: Bautista Saavedra, 2 kms. arriba de Chajaya, Quebrada de Janajj Wayq'o, 15 ° 11 ' 53 " S, 069 ° 00 ' 14 " W, 3740 m, 04 August 1985, Beck 11350 (LPB, MO!). Inquisivi, Quime 7 km hacia Caxata, 3420 m, 19 February 1981, Beck 4378 (LPB); 8 km W Quime on road to Caxata, 17 ° 03 ' 00 " S, 067 ° 17 ' 00 " W, 3350 m, 24 August 1991, Kessler 3029 (AAU!); 3030 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3031 (GOET!, MO!); 3032 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!). Murillo, Palca 28.5 km hacia Cohoni, 3440 m, 14 October 1990, Beck 17832 (GOET!, LPB); aprox. 14 km de poblacion Cohoni (Municipio de Palca) sobre ruta Cohoni-Cayimbaya, 16 ° 41 ' 51 " S, 067 ° 00 ' 00 " W, 3586 m, 10 November 2014, Bermejo PP 2 S 5 (LPB); Subcuenca de Cohoni, camino de herradura Cohoni-Jalancha, 16 ° 39 ' 36 " S, 067 ° 49 ' 12 " W, 4989 m, 05 January 2003, Mendez 1; 2 (LPB); 3 (GOET!, LPB); 4; 5 (LPB); 6 (GOET!, LPB); 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13 (LPB); 14 (GOET!, LPB); 15 (LPB); Sobre el camino carretero a 6 km de Cohoni hacia Palca, 16 ° 40 ' 48 " S, 067 ° 51 ' 00 " W, 3457 m, 05 January 2003, Mendez 16 (GOET!, LPB); Sobre el camino de herradura entre Cohoni y Jalancha, 16 ° 40 ' 48 " S, 067 ° 49 ' 48 " W, 3856 m, 13 November 2003, Mendez 17; 18; 19 (GOET!, LPB); Sobre el camino de herradura entre Cohoni y Jalancha, 16 ° 40 ' 12 " S, 067 ° 49 ' 48 " W, 3879 m, 13 November 2003, Mendez 20 (GOET!, LPB); Subcuenca de Cohini, Cohoni lado de la Jalancha (caida de agua), 16 ° 39 ' 36 " S, 067 ° 49 ' 12 " W, 4173 m, 13 November 2003, Mendez 21 (GOET!, LPB); ciudad de La Paz, Zona La Portada, Av. Final Kollasuyo interseccion con Av. Naciones Unidas, Plaza La Portada. Jardinera de plaza, 16 ° 29 ' 13 " S, 068 ° 09 ' 57 " W, 3995 m, 04 March 2016, Vega MUNAY 1 (LPB). Palca, Catagna au pied S I'Illimani, 4511 m, Pentland 47 (GOET!). Quime, about 10 km from Quime on the road to Caxata, 17 ° 00 ' S, 067 ° 12 ' W, 3400 m, 25 April 1987, Brandbyge 769 (AAU!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D1B9088C89833B3DA455707D5B7EA81C.taxon	description	Figs 97, 98	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D1B9088C89833B3DA455707D5B7EA81C.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Peru. Puno: Prov. Azangaro, Munani, ca. 3650 m, Weberbauer 1369 (holotype: B destroyed; isotypes: F!, GOET!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D1B9088C89833B3DA455707D5B7EA81C.taxon	description	Description. Trees 2 - 13 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 1 (- 2) pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 2.6 - 4.0 x 2.8 - 4.0 cm; rachises densely villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, densely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.2 - 2.0 x 0.5 - 0.8 cm; margin crenate with 5 - 8 teeth, apically round or emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces slightly rugose, glabrous to sparsely villous; lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short, white pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, 2.7 - 6.0 cm long, bearing 5 - 6 flowers; floral bracts 4.2 - 4.9 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 6.8 - 9.2 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely villous outside; stamens 17 - 21, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 3.3 - 3.6 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2 - 3 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 4.4 - 5.9 x 3.8 - 5.9 mm including spines. Tetraploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D1B9088C89833B3DA455707D5B7EA81C.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis pallidistigma is distributed in southern Peru from southern Cusco to Puno (Fig. 103). It grows on relatively dry slopes at 3700 - 4580 m elevation in a region with calcareous rocks. It typically grows on rocky outcrops (Yallico 1992, as P. incana). Average tree height of P. pallidistigma is 2.5 - 5.0 m with diameters of 5 - 15 cm (ECOAN 2006). Polylepis pallidistigma patches harbour some of the most specialized and endangered of bird species, such as Anairetes alpinus (Endangered) and Leptasthenura yanacensis (Near Threatened) in the forests of Lawa Lawani and Chingo (Carabaya Province), Asthenes arequipae and Leptasthenura andicola in the Torno (Huancane Province), Bellavista and Quilcapuncu forests (San Antonio de Putina Province) and Conirostrum binghami (= Oreomanes fraseri) (Near Threatened) present in all evaluated forests (ECOAN 2006).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D1B9088C89833B3DA455707D5B7EA81C.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Peru. Cusco: Espinar, Zona del Mamaniwaita, 3900 - 4100 m, 13 July 1967, Vargas 19893 (CUZ!). Puno: Azangaro, Putina, 4200 m, 04 April 1959, Vargas 12528 (CUZ!); Carabaya, Coasa, Chingo, 14 ° 02 ' 25 " S, 70 ° 08 ' 07 " W, 4299 m, 07 October 2014, Boza 3005 (USM!, Z!); Coasa. Chingo, 14 ° 02 ' 49 " S, 070 ° 09 ' 19 " W, 4511 m, 07 October 2015, Boza 3006 (USM!, Z!); Entre Macusanin Nunoa, 4000 m, 29 February 1948, Vargas 7139 (CUZ!, MO!). Huancane, rock outcrop 450 m East of the Huancane coliseo, 15 ° 11 ' 40 " S, 069 ° 45 ' 26 " W, 3910 m, 06 November 2012, Sylvester 1822 (CUZ!, Z!); 900 m East up the slope from the Huancane coliseo in the centre of the main Polylepis forest, 15 ° 11 ' 32 " S, 069 ° 45 ' 21 " W, 3999 m, 06 November 2012, Sylvester 1825; 1827 (CUZ!, Z!); 700 m East up the slope from the Huancane coliseo in the centre of the main Polylepis forest, 15 ° 11 ' 35 " S, 069 ° 45 ' 26 " W, 3927 m, 06 November 2012, Sylvester 1829 (CUZ!, Z!); 500 m East up the slope from the Huancane coliseo in the centre of the main Polylepis forest, 15 ° 11 ' 38 " S, 069 ° 45 ' 28 " W, 3892 m, 06 November 2012, Sylvester 1830; 1831 (CUZ!, Z!). Lampa, Quebrada Metara, 15 ° 10 ' S, 070 ° 22 ' W, 3880 m, 01 April 1987, Boertmann 136; 137; 138; 139 (AAU!); Pampa Changanchaca between Lampa and Pucara, 15 ° 10 ' S, 070 ° 22 ' W, 3800 m, 02 April 1987, Boertmann 141 (AAU!); Inticancha in lower Quebrada Metara N of Centro Yaurinco, 15 ° 10 ' S, 070 ° 22 ' W, 3850 - 4000 m, 01 April 1987, Brandbyge 569; 573 (AAU!); Cerro Chacapacha, 3900 - 4000 m, 21 May 1988, Del Carpio 728; 729 (USM!); Cara-cara, cerca a Pucara, 3900 m, 27 September 1984, Fernandez 544 (USM!); Inticancha in lower Quebrada Metara N of Cerro Yaurinco, 15 ° 10 ' S, 070 ° 22 ' W, 3850 - 4000 m, 01 April 1987, Kessler 573 (AAU!); Areas rocosas, Lamparaquen, 15 ° 19 ' 00 " S, 070 ° 27 ' 00 " W, 4130 m, 06 June 2009, Montesinos 2675 (USM!); SW facing slope 900 m NE of a large lake 8.5 km East of Lampa, close to the hamlet Chanacahua, 15 ° 23 ' 11 " S, 070 ° 17 ' 22 " W, 3986 m, 06 November 2012, Sylvester 1802 (CUZ!, Z!); Base of south facing cliff on the south facing slope overlooking the hamlet of Chanacahua, 15 ° 22 ' 54 " S, 070 ° 17 ' 04 " W, 4075 m, 06 November 2012, Sylvester 1816 (CUZ!, Z!); Alrededores de Pucara, 3850 - 3900 m, 12 March 1966, Tovar 5342 (USM!); Laderas de Pucara, 3850 m, 03 November 1966, Vargas 18293 (CUZ!); Lampa, 3900 - 4400 m, 25 March 1988, Velasquez 1; 2; 3; 4; 8; 9; 11 (MO!); Melgar, Nunoa, 14 ° 28 ' 24 " S, 070 ° 35 ' 43 " W, 4038 m, 06 October 2014, Boza 3003 (USM!, Z!); Nunoa, 14 ° 25 ' 38 " S, 070 ° 34 ' 01 " W, 4094 m, 06 October 2014, Boza 3004 (USM!, Z!). Palca, Palca, 15 ° 15 ' 08 " S, 070 ° 32 ' 05 " W, 3960 m, 04 April 2005, Aedo 11124 (USM!). Puno, Slopes east of Puno, 3800 m, 29 January 1975, Antunez de Mayolo 87 (USM!); On dry places, 3125 m, 02 January 1920, Shepard 150 (A!). San Antonio de Putina, Quilcapuncu, 14 ° 54 ' 20 " S, 069 ° 45 ' 18 " W, 3952 m, 08 October 2014, Boza 3007 (CUZ!, USM!); Near Puno, 4000 m, 01 July 1936, Soukup 365 (F!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
8644932DA0DCD57A2CBED07B68E567B9.taxon	description	Figs 20, 21	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
8644932DA0DCD57A2CBED07B68E567B9.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Ecuador. Pichincha: " Corredor Machai ", 3900 m, Oct 1871, Stuebel 232 a (holotype: B destroyed; photos at F!, GH!, MO!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
8644932DA0DCD57A2CBED07B68E567B9.taxon	description	Description. Trees 2 - 12 m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 4 - 5 (- 6) pairs of the lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 3.2 - 4.9 x 2.2 - 3.0 cm; rachises sparsely sericeous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight whitish hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, glabrous to sparsely sericeous (adult) or densely sericeous (juvenile) in the upper surface; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.1 -) 1.4 - 1.6 x 0.5 - 0.6 cm; margin crenate with 4 - 6 teeth, subcoriaceous, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous or sparsely sericeous with few hairs on the mid-veins; lower leaflet surfaces sparsely sericeous with whitish hairs 0.4 - 0.9 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (8.1 -) 12.6 - 14.3 (- 19.3) cm long, bearing 9 - 15 (- 21) flowers; floral bracts (9.1 -) 10.0 - 12.2 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises densely villous. Flowers 6.0 - 7.4 (- 9.2) mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 9 - 15, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.2 - 3.0 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely sericeous; (2.6 -) 3.4 - 5.5 x 3.3 - 6.0 (- 8.2) mm including spines. Tetraploid, aneuploid; perhaps also diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
8644932DA0DCD57A2CBED07B68E567B9.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis pauta occurs in the north-eastern Cordillera Oriental of Ecuador (Fig. 24). It grows in high Andean Forest at 2600 - 4200 m elevation, often mixed with other tree species such as Gynoxys acostae, Solanum stenophyllum and Hesperomeles obtusifolia (Cierjacks et al. 2007 b, 2008). Many populations are restricted to small, isolated forest patches, but in Napo, Ecuador, the species shows no evidence of genetic isolation by distance (Aragundi et al. 2011). Larger forest patches with broader elevational ranges have higher genetic diversity than forest patches on steeper slopes and at higher elevations, possibly due to increasing vegetative reproduction with elevation (Cierjacks et al. 2007 a; Aragundi et al. 2011). In the same general region, Cierjacks et al. (2008) found a decrease of the number of inflorescences with elevation. Overall, reproductive success is low and decreases with elevation, being higher in the forest interior than outside and even higher when the litter layer is removed (Cierjacks et al. 2007 b). Forests of P. pauta support a diverse bryophyte flora with numerous endemic species (Gradstein and Leon-Yanez 2018).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
8644932DA0DCD57A2CBED07B68E567B9.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Ecuador. Cotopaxi: 2 km S of Paso de la Virgen on road Quito-Baeza, 00 ° 20 ' S, 078 ° 13 ' W, 3850 - 4000 m, 16 May 1984, Laegaard 52133 (AAU!, QCA!). Imbabura: Gonzalez Suarez, Lagunas de Mojanda, Laguna Negra, 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 15 ' W, 3700 m, 22 September 1990, Ollgaard 98194 (AAU!); via hacia la laguna de Mojanda, 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 15 ' W, 3500 - 3700 m, 02 November 1987, Romoleroux 475 (AAU!, QCA!). Otavalo, road from Otavalo to lagunas Mojanda, ca. 3 km before the lakes, 00 ° 10 ' N, 078 ° 17 ' W, 3500 - 3700 m, 23 October 1983, Balslev 4450 (AAU!, QCA!). Quiroga, Cotacachi, Reserva Ecologica Cotacachi-Cayapas, 00 ° 18 ' N, 078 ° 22 ' W, 3300 - 3350 m, 02 March 1992, Penafiel 1091 (MO!). Tocachi, Laguna Grande de Mojanda, 15 km S of Otavalo, 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 16 ' W, 3750 m, 14 May 1985, Eriksen 59359 (AAU!); 59374 (AAU!). Mojanda, Tomauco, 3309 m, 05 June 2008, Salgado 428 (QCA!); Mojanda, Tomauco, 3274 m, 05 June 2008, Salgado 458 (QCA!); Paramo de Mojanda, on the SW slope of the peak Nudo de Mojanda, 4130 m, 06 November 2007, Sklenar 10746 (QCA!). Napo: Oyacachi, 0 ° 12 ' S, 78 ° 8 ' W, 3680 m, 08 April 2012, Homeier 4948 (QCA!); N of Volcan Los Puntos, 00 ° 12 ' S, 078 ° 10 ' W, 4200 m, 27 July 1985, Laegaard 54756 A (AAU!); N of Volcan Los Puntos, 00 ° 12 ' S, 078 ° 10 ' W, 3850 - 3900 m, 28 July 1985, Laegaard 54756 B (AAU!); N of Volcan Los Puntos, 00 ° 12 ' S, 078 ° 10 ' W, 3850 - 3900 m, 28 July 1985, Laegaard 54756 C (AAU!); 54756 D (AAU!); 54756 E (AAU!); 54756 F (AAU!); 54761 (AAU!, MO!); Reserva Ecologica Oyacachi, 00 ° 13 ' 49 " S, 078 ° 08 ' 44 " W, 3915 m, 16 December 2008, Romoleroux 5346 (MO!, QCA!). Papallacta, Oyacachi, 0 ° 18 ' 6 " S, 78 ° 8 ' 28 " W, 3970 m, 10 June 2009, Homeier 4191 (QCA!); Paramo de Papallacta, 00 ° 20 ' S, 078 ° 10 ' W, 12 January 2015, Kessler s. n (Z!); Pifo-Papallacta, 3 - 5 km E of Paso de La Virgen, Paramo-swamp, 00 ° 21 ' S, 078 ° 11 ' W, 3700 - 3900 m, 09 June 1992, Laegaard 103115 (AAU!, GOET!, QCA!); 3 km E of Paso de la Virgen on road Pifo-Papallacta, 00 ° 20 ' S, 078 ° 11 ' W, 3950 - 4050 m, 02 June 1985, Laegaard 54442 (AAU!, QCA!); 54443 (AAU!); 54444 (AAU!, MO!); 54446 (AAU!); 54447 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 54448 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 54449 (AAU!, QCA!); 54450 (AAU!, MO!); 54451 (AAU!, MO!); 54452 (AAU!, MO!); along road Pifo-Papallacta, E of Paso de la Virgen, 00 ° 21 ' S, 078 ° 11 ' W, 3750 - 3850 m, 21 June 1985, Laegaard 54558 B (AAU!); 54558 C (AAU!); 54558 D (AAU!); 54559 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 54560 (AAU!, MO!); 54561 (AAU!); road Quito-Baeza, 7 - 8 km NW of Laguna de Papallacta (Paramo de Guamani), 00 ° 19 ' S, 078 ° 08 ' W, 3800 m, 20 July 1976, Ollgaard 8156 (AAU!, MO!, NY); Reserva Ecologica Oyacachi, 00 ° 17 ' 46 " S, 078 ° 08 ' 49 " W, 3927 m, 20 September 2008, Romoleroux 5194 (MO!, QCA!); carretera Quito-Baeza, paramo above Papallacta, 00 ° 21 ' S, 078 ° 10 ' W, 3400 - 3700 m, 28 May 1987, van der Werff 9638 (AAU!, GB, MO!). Pintag, Paso de Guamani, quebrada, about + - 4 km E Paso de Guamani, on road to Papallacta, 00 ° 20 ' S, 078 ° 20 ' W, 3900 m, 26 March 1967, Sparre 15029 (AAU!, S). Quijos, Parroquia Papallacta, 00 ° 21 ' S, 078 ° 11 ' W, 3700 m, 28 May 1990, Ceron 10054 (MO!); Reserva Ecologica Antisana, carretera Pifo-Baeza, Paramo de la Virgen, 00 ° 20 ' S, 078 ° 12 ' W, 3960 m, 23 November 1998, Freire 2852 (AAU!, ILLS, MO!, QCNE); Reserva Ecologica Antisana, carretera Pifo-Baeza, Paramo de la Virgen, 00 ° 23 ' S, 078 ° 12 ' W, 3730 m, 24 November 1998, Freire 2870 (ILLS, MO!, QCNE); Reserva Ecologica Antisana, Paramo de Guamani, carretera Pifo-Papallacta, La Virgen, 00 ° 20 ' S, 078 ° 12 ' W, 4140 m, 24 July 1998, Vargas 1946 (AAU!, ILLS, MO!, QCNE); carretera Quito-Tena via Baeza km 52, 3820 m, 03 August 1984, Dodson 14832 (MO!); 8 kms de la poblacion de Oyacachi, siguiendo el sendero hacia Cochapamba, 3500 m, 12 March 1991, Gavilanez 462 (QCA!); carretera Oyacachi-Papallacta, colecciones a 11 km de la Laguna de Loreto, 3800 m, 27 April 1998, Guerron 343 (QCA!); Papallacta, 3400 - 3600 m, 16 August 1990, Jaramillo 11832 (AAU!, MO!); Papallacta, 3400 m, 17 August 1990, Jaramillo 11842 (MO!); Paramo de Guamani, road Quito Papallacta, 4000 m, 04 March 1979, Kieft 228 (QCA!); 3 km E of Paso de la Virgen on road Pifo-Papallacta, 3951 - 4050 m, 06 February 1985, Laegaard 54452 (QCA!); along road Pifo-Papallacta, E of Paso de la Virgen, 3750 m, Laegaard 54558 (QCA!); along road Pifo-Papallacta, E of Paso de la Virgen, 3750 - 3850 m, 21 June 1985, Laegaard 54560 (QCA!); N of Volcan Los Puntos, 3850 m, Laegaard 54756 (QCA!); N of Volcan Los Puntos, 3850 - 3900 m, 28 July 1985, Laegaard 54757 (QCA!); N of Volcan Los Puntos, 3851 - 3900 m, 28 July 1985, Laegaard 54758 (QCA!); 54759 (QCA!); Oyacachi, Yarupaccha, 3620 - 3680 m, 16 January 1996, Navarrete 1449 (QCA!); Reserva Ecologica Oyacachi, 3940 m, 28 January 2007, Romoleroux 4282 (QCA!); 4297 (QCA!); Reserva Ecologica Oyacachi, 3895 m, 23 February 2007, Romoleroux 4340 (QCA!); Reserva Ecologica Oyachachi, 3465 m, 08 March 2008, Romoleroux 4751 (QCA!); Paramo de Guamani, alrededores de la laguna de Papallacta, 3900 - 4000 m, 06 December 1987, Romoleroux 491 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); Reserva Ecologica Oyachachi, 3929 m, 13 September 2008, Romoleroux 5167 (QCA!); 3681 m, 06 February 1985, Romoleroux 5168 (QCA!); 3917 m, 14 April 2009, Romoleroux 5475 (QCA!); 3880 m, 16 May 2009, Romoleroux 5489 (QCA!); Reserva Ecologica Oyacachi, 3560 m, 2 February 2007, Romoleroux A 4321 (QCA!); Paramo de la Virgen, 3904 m, 29 September 2004, Salgado 1 (QCA!); about 3 km W of Oyacachi, 3550 m, 27 March 1996, Stahl 2278 (QCA!); crescit prope Bambasacha in declivibus orientalibus mentis Quilindana sitis, 3700 m, s. d., Stuebel 204 (B, F!, MO!, NY, US!). Pichincha: Cayambe, carretera Cayambe-Hda. Piamonte-Patapamba, 00 ° 02 ' S, 078 ° 04 ' W, 3700 m, 04 December 1993, Freire 2606 (AAU!, QCA!). Papallacta, Along road Pifo-Papallacta, E of Paso de la Virgen, 00 ° 21 ' S, 078 ° 11 ' W, 4200 - 4300 m, 20 June 1985, Laegaard 54558 A (AAU!); Pichincha-Napo, base del Volcan Antisana, entrada por Pintag hacia laguna Micacocha, campamento de EMAP, 00 ° 27 ' S, 078 ° 10 ' W, 4000 - 4100 m, 09 October 1990, Romoleroux 1117 (AAU!, QCA!); Pichincha-Napo, base del Volcan Antisana, entrada por Pintag hacia laguna Micacocha campamento EMAP, 00 ° 27 ' S, 078 ° 10 ' W, 4000 - 4100 m, 09 October 1990, Romoleroux 1118 (AAU!, QCA!); Paramo de la Virgen, camino antiguo, 0 ° 20 ' S, 78 ° 12 ' W, 3938 m, 20 September 2004, Salgado 3 A (QCA!). Pifo, Mount Guamani, 0 ° 20 ' S, 78 ° 33 ' W, 3600 - 3800 m, 15 September 1939, Asplund 8767 (QCA!); 2 km west of La Virgin on the road from Pifo to Papallacta, 00 ° 17 ' S, 078 ° 12 ' W, 3950 - 4050 m, 20 May 1984, Brandbyge 42638 (AAU!, MO!); Pifo-Papallacta (new road) app. 1 km W of Paso de la Virgen, 00 ° 19 ' S, 078 ° 13 ' W, 3700 m, 16 April 1992, Laegaard 102327 (AAU!, GOET!); 2 km S of Paso de la Virgen on road Quito-Baeza, 00 ° 20 ' S, 078 ° 13 ' W, 4000 - 4200 m, 19 - 20 May 1984, Laegaard 52134 (AAU!); 52135 (AAU!); 52138 (AAU!, MO!); 52162 (AAU!); 52176 (AAU!, QCA!); road Pifo-Papallacta, near Paso de la Virgen, 00 ° 19 ' S, 078 ° 13 ' W, 4000 - 4100 m, 13 March 1985, Laegaard 53849 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); road Pifo-Papallacta, 3 km W of Paso de la Virgen, 00 ° 18 ' S, 078 ° 14 ' W, 3700 - 3900 m, 07 August 1985, Laegaard 54901 A; 54901 B; 54901 C; 54901 D; 54902 AA; 54902 K; 54902 M; 54902 P; 54902 S; 54902 U; 54902 W; 54902 Y (AAU!); at Paso de la Virgen, 00 ° 18 ' S, 078 ° 12 ' W, 4000 - 4050 m, 28 November 1985, Laegaard 55729 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); carretera Quito-Papallacta, 1 km al este de la cumbre (La Virgen), 00 ° 20 ' S, 078 ° 15 ' W, 3800 m, 06 October 1986, Neill 7378 A (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 2 km al E de la cumbre de la carretera Pifo-Papallacta (La Virgen), 00 ° 20 ' S, 078 ° 15 ' W, 3900 m, 28 November 1987, Neill 8018 (AAU!, GB, MO!, QCA!, QCNE); Via Baeza, 1 km antes del cruce de la Virgen, 00 ° 18 ' S, 078 ° 12 ' W, 3950 m, 01 March 1989, Palacios 3994 (AAU!, MO!); carretera Quito-Papallacta km 40 - 53, 00 ° 16 ' S, 078 ° 15 ' W, 3300 - 3800 m, 27 December 1992, Romoleroux 1507 (AAU!, QCA!); 00 ° 21 ' S, 078 ° 13 ' W, Romoleroux 353 (QCA!); Paramo de Guamani, on the left side of the road Quito-Papallacta, 0 ° 19 ' S, 78 ° 12 ' W, 4000 m, 28 June 1997, Sklenar 2019 (QCA!). Quito, Parroquia Pifo, carretera Quito-Baeza, Paramo de la Virgen, 00 ° 14 ' S, 078 ° 20 ' W, 3500 - 3900 m, 25 April 1992, Ceron 18792 (MO!); Jameson 16 (MO!); road from Quito via Pifo to Papallacta, 00 ° 34 ' S, 078 ° 19 ' W, 3950 m, 04 July 2014, Kessler 14602; 14603; 14604; 14605 (Z!); Pass on Quito-Papallacta road, 3800 - 3900 m, 06 April 1991, Kessler 2750 (GOET!); 2755 (GOET!); Paramo de Guamani, carretera Pifo-Papallacta, Km 27, 00 ° 19 ' S, 078 ° 12 ' W, 3960 m, 13 June 1990, Leon 1149 (QCA!); Baeza-Quito km 53, 00 ° 20 ' S, 078 ° 12 ' W, 4200 m, 08 July 2002, Schmidt-Lebuhn 378 (GOET!, QCA!). Tabacundo, at highest pass on road Mojanda-Tabacundo, 00 ° 07 ' N, 078 ° 15 ' W, 4030 m, 08 April 2001, Laegaard 21538 A; 21538 B (AAU!). Tocachi, Paramo de Mojanda, at Laguna Negra and S-side of Laguna Grande, 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 16 ' W, 3800 m, 14 May 1985, Laegaard 54316 B (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 54330 (AAU!, MO!); 54333 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 54336 (AAU!); 54346 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Lagunas Mojanda, 00 ° 07 ' N, 078 ° 16 ' W, 3800 m, 30 - 31 Jul 1992, Palacios 10210 (AAU!, MO!); 10239 (AAU!, MO!); Lagunas de Mojanda, ca. Laguna Grande, 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 16 ' W, 3700 - 3800 m, 01 June 1988, Romoleroux 654 (AAU!, QCA!); 3400 - 3500 m, Acosta-Solis 8379 (F!); 3700 - 4000 m, s. d., Asplund 18244 (S); alrededores de la Laguna Grande de Mojanda Cajas, 3960 m, 27 February 1999, Jaramillo 20986 (QCA!); the pass on Quito-Papallacta road, 3800 - 3900 m, 06 April 1991, Kessler 2749 (GOET!, MO!); 2750 (GOET!, MO!); 2753 (GOET!, MO!); 2754 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); Paramo de la Virgen, 3100 m, 01 November 2006, Munoz 4 (QCA!); Laguna grande de Mojanda-Cajas, 3800 m, 19 September 2011, Perez 5117 (QCA!); 3960 m, 01 August 1975, Little 22 (MO!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
5F5F14688EDD3268D6584EB70C83D73F.taxon	description	Figs 42, 43	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
5F5F14688EDD3268D6584EB70C83D73F.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Bolivia. Cochabamba: 77 km after Chapare on the road to Todos Santos, 4200 m, 4 Jan 1968, Vuilleumier 465 (holotype: US!; isotypes: MO!, NY!, P!, TEX!, US!, VEN!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
5F5F14688EDD3268D6584EB70C83D73F.taxon	description	Description. Shrubs or trees 2 - 7 (9) m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2 pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (1.3 -) 1.7 - 2.6 x 1.2 - 2.0 cm; rachises densely sericeous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long; stipular sheaths apically truncate or with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 0.8 - 1.3 x 0.2 - 0.7 cm; margin entire, apically emarginate or tridentate due to a projection of the mid-vein, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces sparsely to densely sericeous; lower leaflet surfaces densely sericeous with whitish hairs 0.6 - 0.9 mm long. Inflorescences upright, 1.2 - 1.6 (- 3.5) cm long, bearing 3 flowers; floral bracts 4.0 - 7.3 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises densely sericeous. Flowers 4.9 - 5.9 mm diam.; sepals 3 - 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 5 - 9, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 3.0 - 4.9 mm long. Fruits turbinate often slightly twisted, with variable numbers and placement of short spines, densely sericeous; 2.3 - 5.7 x 1.9 - 3.9 mm including spines. Diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
5F5F14688EDD3268D6584EB70C83D73F.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis pepei has been found in northern to central Bolivia and southern Puno (Peru) where it has been collected at one locality in San Antonio de Putina Province close to the border with Bolivia (Fig. 24). It grows at 3550 - 4800 m elevation, where it typically forms the uppermost forests, often in isolated patches high above the closed treeline, often on rocky slopes (Sylvester et al. 2017). Forest remnants in sites that are topographically inaccessible to grazing animals and man-made fires support a unique flora with many previously undescribed species (Sylvester et al. 2016) that presumably represents remnants of the natural potential vegetation (Sylvester et al. 2014 a). Such inaccessible forest remnants are also characterized by a high proportion (on average 30 %) of dead, standing trees, which support a diverse flora of epiphytic bryophytes and lichens (Sylvester et al. 2017). In accessible forests, such dead trees are harvested by the local inhabitants as firewood (Toivonen et al. 2018). The world's highest vascular epiphytes (Melpomene spp., Polypodiaceae) have been found at elevations of up to 4550 m in forest of P. pepei (Sylvester et al. 2014 b). These forests also support the hemiparasite Tristerix longebracteatus (Desr.) Barlow & Wiens (Loranthaceae) at over 4600 m elevation (Sylvester et al. 2014 b). Stands of P. pepei are often very dense, with numerous trunks of relatively small diameters of around 10 cm (Toivonen et al. 2018). Radial tree growth of the species is enhanced by rains in the dry season and varies depending on local conditions including slope and substrate (Jomelli et al. 2012). Vegetative reproduction increases with elevation, to the degree that the uppermost stands have no reproduction by seeds at all (Hertel and Wesche 2008; Toivonen et al. 2018).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
5F5F14688EDD3268D6584EB70C83D73F.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Bolivia. Cochabamba: Chapare, Km 74 Camino antiguo a los yungas del Chapare entrando por Aguirre, 3760 m, 24 April 1999, Mercado 2207 (MO!); 77 km. after Cochabamba on the road to Todos Santos, 4200 m, 04 January 1967, Vuilleumier 465 (MO!, NY, US!). Tiraque, El Ronco, ceja de monte yungena, 17 ° 00 ' 05 " S, 065 ° 39 ' 20 " W, 3930 m, 11 May 2005, Alcazar-Johansen 403 (BOLV); El Ronco, Ceja de monte yunguena, 17 ° 00 ' 05 " S, 065 ° 39 ' 20 " W, 3710 m, 11 May 2005, Johansen 403 (MO!). La Paz: Bautista Saavedra, Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba, Hilo Hilo, a una hora y media de Pallalani en direccion a Laji Sorapata, sobre el camino, 14 ° 52 ' 40 " S, 068 ° 55 ' 34 " W, 4300 m, 06 April 2009, Loza 589 (LPB, MA, MO!, USZ); 590 (LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ). Franz Tamayo, Parque Nacional Madidi, Queara, sector Quecara, Llantai Cunca, 14 ° 39 ' 01 " S, 069 ° 05 ' 01 " W, 21 April 2008, Fuentes 12687 (BOLV, CTES, HSB, LPB, MA, MO!, QCA!, USZ); Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba, Keara, hacia el NW, 14 ° 41 ' 03 " S, 069 ° 05 ' 35 " W, 4151 m, 17 June 2005, Fuentes 8282 (LPB, MA, MO!, QCA!); Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba, Waca Cocha, 4.7 km al SE de Keara, 14 ° 43 ' 47 " S, 069 ° 04 ' 17 " W, 18 June 2005, Fuentes 8341 (LPB, MO!, QCA!); Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba, Hilo Hilo, frente a Pallalani, 14 ° 52 ' 49 " S, 068 ° 57 ' 09 " W, 4286 m, 05 April 2009, Loza 587 (LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); 588 (BOLV, LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); Parque Nacional Madidi, Queara nuevo, Chununa, quenual al N del pueblo, 14 ° 41 ' 04 " S, 069 ° 05 ' 36 " W, 4100 m, 09 April 2008, Paco 1 (BOLV, DAV, HSB, LPB, MA, MO!, USZ); Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba, Queara nuevo Toilcacocha, 14 ° 41 ' 12 " S, 069 ° 05 ' 17 " W, 3930 m, 11 April 2008, Paco 80 (LPB, MA, MO!, QCA!, US!); Apolobamba, Puina, cerca de Quenuapata, 14 ° 36 ' 26 " S, 069 ° 05 ' 52 " W, 4365 m, 10 April 2008, Quisbert 801 (BOLV, LPB, MA, MO!, NY, USZ); 810 (LPB, MA, MO!, USZ); Apolobamba, entre la comunidad de Puina y cerro k'akepununa, 14 ° 36 ' 24 " S, 069 ° 05 ' 47 " W, 4458 m, 11 April 2008, Quisbert 821 (LPB, MA, MO!, USZ); 825 (BOLV, LPB, MA, MO!, QCA!, USZ); Apolobamba, Palomani, 14 ° 34 ' 58 " S, 069 ° 07 ' 38 " W, 4286 m, 12 April 2008, Quisbert 844 (BOLV, HSB, LPB, MA, MO!, QCA!, USZ); 848 (BOLV, LPB, MA, MO!, USZ). Inquisivi, 15 Km N Villa Victoria, ca. 15 km SE Quime, 17 ° 06 ' S, 067 ° 14 ' W, 4050 m, 05 December 1991, Kessler 3385 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3386 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!). Murillo, entre Pongo y Unduavi, MIna 50, subiendo hacia la Mina SAn Luis, 3960 m, 28 October 1994, Beck 21532 (LPB); Pongo bajanado a los Yungas, del pueblo Pongo subiendo a los restos del bosque de Polylepis pepei, 16 ° 19 ' 32 " S, 067 ° 57 ' 26 " W, 3950 m, 10 January 2007, Beck 29771 (LPB); Valle del Zongo entrando arriba de Botijalca (Tiquimani) haia el Este, Umapalca media hora y entrando en Valle Latera, 16 ° 12 ' S, 068 ° 03 ' W, 4000 m, 31 January 2004, Beck 30014 (LPB); 14.8 km N of the pass at the head of The Zongo Valley, 16 ° 13 ' S, 068 ° 07 ' W, 3850 - 4050 m, 11 April 1987, Brandbyge 584 (AAU!); 854 (MO!); Valle del Rio Zongo. 14.8 km al norte de la cumbre, 16 ° 12 ' S, 068 ° 07 ' W, 3900 - 4000 m, 20 February 1987, Solomon 16172 (LPB, MO!); 17.0 km al este de La Cumbre (vieja estacion de ferrocarril) por el camino a Unduavi (4.2 km al oeste de Unduavi), 16 ° 19 ' S, 067 ° 55 ' W, 3350 m, 11 April 1988, Solomon 18267 (LPB, MO!). Nor Yungas, arriba de Unduavi subiendo aproximadamente 45 min hacia los bosques de Polylepis pepei, 16 ° 18 ' S, 067 ° 56 ' W, 4120 m, 13 September 2016, Escobari 78 (LPB). Sud Yungas, debajo de Unduavi, subiendo el valle de Cerromarca, 3450 m, 28 August 1988, Beck 14680 (LPB). Peru. Puno: San Antonio de Putina, Tocko-Tocko, 14 ° 43 ' 56 " S, 69 ° 36 ' 21 " W, 4560 m, 10 - 12 June 1969, Vargas 21596 (CUZ!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
5EFE418C7532A8831593A4571412355F.taxon	description	Figs 69, 70	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
5EFE418C7532A8831593A4571412355F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species differs from Polylepis flavipila (Bitter) M. Kessler & Schmid-Leb. (2006) in having longer leaflets with dense long hairs on the lower surfaces and crenate margins with more teeth per side.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
5EFE418C7532A8831593A4571412355F.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Peru. Lima: Huarochiri, Carapoma, Bosque de Japani, 11 ° 38 ' 11 " S, 076 ° 27 ' 10 " W, 3859 m, 11 Nov 2014, T. E. Boza E. & E. Urquiaga 3023 (holotype: USM!; isotype: Z!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
5EFE418C7532A8831593A4571412355F.taxon	description	Description. Trees 4 - 8 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with one pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (1.9 -) 2.8 - 3.6 x 1.9 - 3.7 cm; rachises densely villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths not spurred, densely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.6 -) 1.9 - 2.7 x 0.5 - 0.9 cm; margin crenate with 7 - 14 teeth, apically acute or emarginate, basally cuneate; upper leaflet surfaces densely pilose; lower leaflet surfaces densely pilose with yellowish hairs 1.0 - 1.2 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (1.5 -) 2.1 - 5.2 cm long, bearing 3 - 5 flowers; floral bracts 2.5 - 3.9 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 7.3 - 8.5 mm diam.; sepals 3 - 4, ovate, green to reddish, densely villous outside; stamens 11 - 17, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.5 - 3.9 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 3 - 4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely pilose; 5.4 - 6.4 (- 8.8) x 1.9 - 3.1 (- 5.1) mm including spines. Tetraploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
5EFE418C7532A8831593A4571412355F.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis pilosissima is restricted to the Department of Lima, Peru (Fig. 73). The species occurs in dry and relatively cold areas at 3500 - 4400 m elevation. It grows in mixed forests with Gynoxyis nitida (Rivera Paucar 2018). The largest forest of P. pilosissima is " Japani forest ", located in Carampoma (Huarochiri, Lima) with 665 ha (Ningle and Florencio 2013; Rivera Paucar 2018). It hosts a high diversity of birds (74 spp.), including endemic and threatened species, such as Oreotrochilus melanogaster, Ochthoeca oenanthoides and Conirostrum binghami (= Oreomanes fraseri) (Sembrero and Valencia 2016; Rivera Paucar 2018). Japani forest stores about 47,000 t of biomass and 24,500 t of carbon in the above-ground woody part (Rivera Paucar 2018).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
5EFE418C7532A8831593A4571412355F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species epithet " pilosissima " refers to the characteristic dense, long pilose hairs of the species.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
5EFE418C7532A8831593A4571412355F.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Peru. Lima: Huarochiri, Quebrada Yanac in Valle Sta. Eulalia, 11 ° 35 ' S, 076 ° 27 ' W, 4000 m, 27 January 1987, Boertmann 9 (AAU!); Carapoma, Bosque de Japani, 11 ° 38 ' 11 " S, 076 ° 27 ' 10 " W, 3859 m, 11 November 2014, Boza 3023 (USM!, Z!); 10 km NE of Suchi, ca. 61 road km NE of Chosica on road to Huanza, 11 ° 41 ' 24 " S, 076 ° 34 ' 48 " W, 3900 - 4000 m, 06 May 1978, Gentry 21638 (MO!, USM!); huacamachay (Alto rio Sta. Eulalia), 4000 m, 09 October 1987, Hocking s. n (USM!); Comunidad Campesina de Llacuas, 06 November 1995, Ignacio s. n (USM!); Sta. Eulalia Valley, ca. 15 km NE Huansa, 11 ° 37 ' S, 076 ° 26 ' W, 3800 m, 06 September 1991, Kessler 3063 (GOET!); 3064 (GOET!); 3426 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3427 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3428 (AAU!); 3588 (GOET!); 3589 (GOET!); 3590 (GOET!); 3591 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3593 (GOET!); 3653 (GOET!); arriba de Santa Eulalia, 01 March 1966, Koepcke s. n (USM!). Yauyos, entre Pallaca y Huacracocha a 14 Km. de Tupe, 4000 m, 22 January 1952, Cerrate 1265 (GOET!, MO!, USM!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
741F0E6B5D9745B46AA99759DDF294FC.taxon	description	Figs 53, 54	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
741F0E6B5D9745B46AA99759DDF294FC.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Colombia. Cundinamarca: Cordillera Oriental, Paramos de Bogota, Muzo, May 1844, Goudot s. n (holotype: P!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
741F0E6B5D9745B46AA99759DDF294FC.taxon	description	Description. Trees 2 - 10 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 3 - 4 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (4.2 -) 4.4 - 5.3 (- 6.5) x 2.4 - 3.2 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, lanate hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.5 - 2.0 x 0.7 - 1.1 cm; margin entire or slightly crenate with 4 - 6 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with whitish hairs 0.7 - 0.9 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (6.0 -) 7.3 - 10.5 (- 12.3) cm long, bearing 11 - 19 flowers; floral bracts 4.3 - 4.7 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely lanate on the outer surface; rachises tomentose. Flowers 6.8 - 9.5 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely tomentose outside; stamens 9 - 19, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 3.7 - 4.6 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely villous; 4.6 - 6.5 (- 7.2) x 5.1 - 7.2 mm including spines. Diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
741F0E6B5D9745B46AA99759DDF294FC.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat, and ecology. Polylepis quadrijuga is found in north-eastern Colombia from Paramo de la Rusia (Santander) across Paramo Guina, Paramo Belen, Paramo Guantiva and Sierra Nevada Cocuy (Boyaca) to Maciso de Sumapaz and Chingaza National Natural Park (Cundinamarca) (Fig. 61). It grows in humid Paramos at 2200 - 4250 m elevation. Polylepis quadrijuga represents 33.7 % (1032.2 ha) of the total area of Polylepis forest identified for Colombia (Fadino and Caro 2009). It is often associated with Diplostephium tenuifolium (Asteraceae) and Escallonia myrtilloides (Escalloniaceae) (Rangel-Ch and Arellano 2010).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
741F0E6B5D9745B46AA99759DDF294FC.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Colombia. Boyaca: Duitama, Corregimiento El Carmen, via a Virolin, Paramo de La Rusia, 3400 - 3500 m, 19 November 1994, Betancur 5610 (COL!); Paramo de Rusia. Km 3 from the summit of the road Duitama-Abendanos, 3500 m, 12 February 1999, Stancik 2384 (COL!). El Cocuy, Cordillera Oriental, Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, Quebrada de San Paulino proximo Alto Ritacuva, 3500 m, 07 April 1959, Barclay 7303 (COL!, MO!); Cocuy National Park, Concavito Valley, 06 ° 25 ' 39 " N, 072 ° 19 ' 15 " W, 4000 m, 07 February 2017, Olivares 570 (Z!). Guican, Guican. Alto de la Cueva limite Cocuy-Guican, Finca Eudoro Carreno y Margarita Carreno, estacion del Himat, 06 ° 24 ' 33 " N, 072 ° 22 ' 40 " W, 3930 m, 14 October 1996, Cruz 164 (COL!). Susacon, 20 km passing Sussacon in direction to soata, 3150 m, 23 February 1999, Stancik 2463 (COL!). Cordillera Oriwntal; Paramo de Guina-Santa Rosita, 3300 - 3400 m, 03 August 1940, Cuatrecasas 10374 (US!); NNW de Duitama, Paramo de La Rusia, Avenida de Penas Negras (Buenos Aires), 3550 m, 11 September 1989, Cuatrecasas 27741 (COL!); Hoya del Rio Cusiana, Vadohondo, 2880 m, 31 March 1973, Cuatrecasas 28708 (COL!); Mpio. de Guican, vereda La Guaca, El Junco, 3716 m, 23 July 1981, Lopez s. n (COL!); arriba de la confluencia con el rio Upia, Rio Olarte, 3015 m, 27 February 1955, Molano s. n (COL!); Paramo de Colorado, 3200 m, 11 May 1960, Montenegro 2717 A (COL!). Cundinamarca: Pasca, Vereda Cajita, borde de Laguna Cajitas en el Paramo de Chisaca, 3700 m, 04 October 1983, Sarmiento 2000 (COL!). Santafe de Bogota, Macizo de Sumapaz; Cuchilla La Rabona, 04 ° 04 ' 40 " N, 074 ° 13 ' 00 " W, 3900 - 3950 m, 17 July 1981, Diaz 2902 B (COL!, MO!); Bogota, D. C. Paramo de Sumapaz. ladera de la laguna Tunjos (Chisaca), 04 ° 16 ' 36 " N, 074 ° 12 ' 17 " W, 3725 m, 19 February 1997, Franco 5632 (COL!, MO!). Subachoque, Vereda Tobal, 2800 m, 09 November 2003, Hernandez 1407 (COL!); carretera Cogua-San Cayetano, cebeceras Rio Guandoque, 3 km al SW de la Laguna Verde, 3400 m, 01 June 1972, Cleef 4213 (COL!); Macizo de Bogota, eastern slopes of Paramo de Chisaca. Quebrada de Santa Rosa, subParamo, 3300 - 3350 m, 16 September 1961, Cuatrecasas 25999 (COL!); Dist. Especial de Bogota; cordillera Oriental; lagunas de Chisaca; 40 km al N de Sumapaz, 3300 - 4000 m, 10 September 1959, Garcia 17192 (AAU!); Fomeque, Paramo de Chingaza, a orillas de La Laguna, 3200 m, 03 November 1966, Huertas 6565 (COL!); Mpio. Bogota, Paramo de Sumapaz, entre la Laguna de Chisaca y Santa Rosa, 01 May 1989, Mahecha 10121 (COL!); Usme, al sur de Bogota, 01 January 1944, Ranghel s. n (COL!); Macizo de Sumapaz, cerca a Santa Rosa, 3600 - 3700 m, 30 September 1963, Uribe 4491 (COL!). Santander: Encino, Vereda Rionegro, Microcuenca de la quebrada Chontales, 05 ° 59 ' N, 073 ° 04 ' W, 3400 - 3500 m, 15 December 1999, Galindo 300 (COL!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6DC4D3C287F30A8EDEB5D01434C7F578.taxon	description	Figs 85, 86	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6DC4D3C287F30A8EDEB5D01434C7F578.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Peru. Caxamarquilla and Pillao Ruiz s. n (holotype: P!; isotype: G!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6DC4D3C287F30A8EDEB5D01434C7F578.taxon	description	Description. Trees 2 - 15 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 1 - 2 pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (3.9 -) 4.5 - 5.8 (- 6.5) x (2.6 -) 3.1 - 4.6 (- 6.1) cm; rachises densely villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute, glabrescent on the outer surfaces with long trichomes at the apex; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (2.3 -) 3.1 - 3.9 x (0.7 -) 0.9 - 1.5 cm; margin serrate with 8 - 14 teeth, apically round, basally attenuate to unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces sparsely to densely tomentose with yellowish hairs 0.4 - 1.5 (- 2.0) mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (4.2 -) 5.0 - 9.4 (- 11.7) cm long, bearing 7 - 21 flowers; floral bracts (3.8 -) 4.6 - 6.0 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely tomentose on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers (6.6 -) 7.8 - 8.1 (- 11.9) mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely villous outside; stamens 9 - 19, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.2 - 3.7 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2 - 5 irregular ridges with a series of spines, densely pilose; (4.2 -) 5.0 - 8.1 (- 10.3) x (3.3 -) 3.8 - 6.0 mm including spines. Tetraploid to octoploid with many intermediates.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6DC4D3C287F30A8EDEB5D01434C7F578.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis racemosa has been recorded from Cajamarca to Cusco in Peru and, in recent decades, has been introduced to Ecuador from Pichincha to Azuay (Fig. 92). It has been recorded at 2750 - 4660 m elevation. To our knowledge, all records of this species refer to planted individuals, mostly close to villages and houses. Polylepis racemosa is probably the fastest growing species of the genus (Montalvo et al. 2018; Rosero et al. 2018), presumably as a result of hybridogenic polyploidy and associated hybrid vigor. This species is currently being widely used in reforestation programmes in the Andes of Ecuador and Peru.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6DC4D3C287F30A8EDEB5D01434C7F578.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Ecuador. Azuay: Cuenca, carretera Molleturo, Naranjal, 3778 m, 21 August 2008, Romoleroux 5155 (QCA!). Chimborazo: Riobamba, Parroquia Licto, comuna Molobog, via Riobamba-Licto, 01 ° 46 ' S, 078 ° 36 ' W, 2900 m, 30 November 2004, Caranqui 1303 (CHEP). Pichincha: Cayambe, Parroquia El Quinche, comunidad Chumillos, sitio arqueologico Quito Loma, a 10 km al este de El Quinche, 00 ° 06 ' 16 " S, 078 ° 12 ' 43 " W, 3650 m, 26 August 2009, Asanza 2088 (QCNE). Papallacta, Papallacta along track from Termas de Papallacta to entrance of Cayambe-Coca NP, 00 ° 21 ' 33 " S, 078 ° 08 ' 58 " W, 3350 m, 04 July 2014, Kessler 14608 (Z!). Peru. Ancash: Casma, El Tambo, 3600 m, 25 August 1978, Mostacero 531 (MO!). Huaraz, Quebrada Quillcayhuanca, 3620 m, 30 October 1989, Arce 161 (MO!); Q. Quillcayhuanca, 3650 m, 30 October 1989, Arce 164 (MO!); en vivero forestal de Yanama, procedencia: Qilllcayhuanca, 15 December 1989, Arce 183 (MO!); Yupa, E of Huaraz on road to Pitec, agricultural land, trees along edge of fields, 09 ° 31 ' S, 077 ° 28 ' W, 3700 m, 22 May 1985, Smith 10701 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!, USM!); just below the summit of Huaraz-Casma road, 09 ° 33 ' S, 077 ° 34 ' W, 3900 m, 05 June 1985, Smith 10846 (MO!, USM!); plants purchased in the weekly herb market, the Thursday market, 09 ° 31 ' S, 077 ° 31 ' W, 4500 m, 05 June 1986, Smith 12449 (MO!). Huari, en vivero forestal de Yanama, procedencia: Sapsha, en el Dist. de Chacas, 15 December 1989, Arce 184 (MO!). Independencia, Pitec, Coordillera Blanca, 09 ° 30 ' S, 077 ° 30 ' W, 3800 m, 11 August 1988, Frimer 10 (AAU!). Recuay, Catac, cerca a Querococha, 09 ° 42 ' 57 " S, 077 ° 18 ' 45 " W, 4185 m, 08 November 2014, Boza & Urquiaga 3020 (USM!, Z!); Laguna Querococha, 09 ° 40 ' 33 " S, 077 ° 19 ' 54 " W, 4000 - 4100 m, 11 June 2002, Cano 12412 (MO!, USM!); Dist. Marca, 3600 m, 13 June 1998, Gamarra 816 (USM!); Conococha-Pativilca, near Puente Santa Rosa, roadside slope, 4000 m, 16 August 2002, Schmidt-Lebuhn 520 (GOET!, USM!); Huascaran National Park, sector Querococha, alluvial fan at W end of lake, 09 ° 44 ' S, 077 ° 20 ' W, 3950 - 4080 m, 05 July 1985, Smith 11076 (MO!, USM!). San Marcos, the town of Chavin, Cordillera Blanca, 09 ° 35 ' S, 077 ° 10 ' W, 3150 m, 02 October 1988, Frimer 116 (AAU!); the town of Chavin, Cordillera Blanca, 09 ° 35 ' S, 077 ° 10 ' W, 3150 m, 02 October 1988, Nielsen 116 (AAU!). Ticapampa, Cord. Blanca Western end of Lag. Querococha, on road between Huaraz and Chavin, western side of pass, 09 ° 42 ' S, 077 ° 20 ' W, 4000 m, 17 February 1987, Boertmann 71 (AAU!, QCA!). from Huaraz towards Casma, 3500 m, 04 April 1988, Renvoize 5052 (AAU!). Apurimac: Andahuaylas, Dist. Pampachiri, 3700 m, 01 January 2004, Vargas 186 (USM!). Carhuacahua, Pacachacas Valley, 3200 m, 07 November 1935, West 3787 (MO!). Ayacucho: Huamanga, Quinua, centro urbano de Quinua, 3250 m, 01 May 2013, Hurtado JAHH 030 (USM!); Dist. de Quinua, centro urbano de Quinua, 3270 m, 01 May 2013, Hurtado JAHH 031 (USM!); Dist. Acocro; alrededor de Juiza, 09 April 2002, Vargas 103 (USM!). La Mar, Laguna de Toctococha, 12 ° 58 ' 09 " S, 074 ° 00 ' 00 " W, 4200 m, 30 September 2003, Mendoza 1015 (MO!); Aypacorral, camino a Uras. Dist San Miguel, 3100 - 3180 m, 04 April 2005, Roque 4717 (USM!); Dist. Luis Carranza, alrededor de Sacsamarca, 22 February 2001, Vargas 58 (USM!); Dist. Luis Carraza, alrededor de Sacsamarca, 22 February 2001, Vargas 59 (USM!). Vilcas Huaman, Dist. Vilcashuaman, Cerro Anahuarje subiendo por Allaspina y Churiaccaza, 3800 m, 27 September 2004, Baldeon 6141 (USM!); Dist. Vilcashuaman, Qapap Nan (Camino Inca) por Viscachayoc, 13 ° 39 ' 18 " S, 073 ° 56 ' 13 " W, 3650 - 3680 m, 29 September 2004, Baldeon 6159 (USM!); cerca del puente Rumichaca II, en la carretera Los Libertadores, Dist. Pilpichaca, 26 June 2001, Roque 3328 (USM!). Cajamarca: Celendin, Celendin-Cajamarca km 28, cultivated as field border post, 08 August 2002, Schmidt-Lebuhn 490 (GOET!, USM!); Celendin-Cajamarca rd, 27 - 40 km from Celendin, 07 ° 02 ' S, 078 ° 14 ' W, 3200 - 3400 m, 25 February 1984, Smith 6247 (MO!, UMO, USM!). Encanada, Pampa del Toro on the road between Cajamarca and Celendin, 07 ° 02 ' S, 078 ° 16 ' W, 3400 m, 15 February 1987, Brandbyge 99 (AAU!). Hualgayoc, Hualgayoc, 06 ° 53 ' 16 " S, 078 ° 40 ' 05 " W, 3683 m, 31 May 2015, Boza & Urquiaga 3008; 3118; 3119 (USM!, Z!); Chugur, sobre la ruta a Perlamayo, 2950 - 3000 m, 20 March 1988, Sanchez 4679 (AAU!). Magdalena, near Cumbe Mayo, 07 ° 11 ' S, 078 ° 35 ' W, 3500 - 3650 m, 26 January 2003, Laegaard 22233 (AAU!). San Marcos, Bajada de la Totorilla, siguiendo el curso del Rio Shitmalca, 3550 m, 31 October 1992, Sanchez 6412 (F!, QCA!). San Miguel, Cajamarca-Bambamarca road, about 60 km from Cajamarca, 06 ° 50 ' S, 078 ° 40 ' W, 3800 m, 17 February 1983, Smith 3499 (F!, MO!, USM!). San Pablo, Tumbaden, camino a Vista Alegre, entre la escuela de Antevo y Vista Alegre, 06 ° 58 ' 15 " S, 078 ° 42 ' 59 " W, 3300 m, 15 January 2004, Sanchez 12517 (US!), 2687 m, August 1802, Humboldt 3685 (B, F!, MO!); Cajamarca to Bambamarca, side road to Chugur (95 km from Cajamarca), 20 March 1988, Renvoize 4846 (AAU!); Micuypampa, 66 km from Cajamarca towards Celendin, 3450 m, 26 1988, Renvoize 4951 (AAU!); Cumbe Mayo. 16 km from Cajamarca, 3500 m, 27 March 1988, Renvoize 4980 (AAU!); entre Cajamarca y Cumbe Mayo, km 13, 3200 m, 11 June 1990, Sanchez 5322 (F!). Cusco: Cusco Sacsayhuaman, 13 ° 30 ' 35 " S, 071 ° 58 ' 43 " W, 3391 m, 11 June 2015, Boza & Urquiaga 3030 (USM!, Z!); Cusco Tambomachay, 13 ° 30 ' 35 " S, 071 ° 58 ' 43 " W, 3550 m, 11 June 2015, Boza & Urquiaga 3031 (USM!, Z!); Dist. Cusco, Chacan, 13 ° 30 ' 06 " S, 071 ° 59 ' 03 " W, 3500 - 3600 m, 21 March 2003, Calatayud 1247 (CUZ!, F!, MO!); 100 m von FuSptad nach Sacsayhuaman, 3600 m, 20 August 1989, Kessler 391 (GOET!, Z!); Sacsayhuaman, 3600 m, 07 July 1999, Laegaard 20465 (AAU!); Chacan S of Cusco, 13 ° 29 ' S, 072 ° 00 ' W, 3900 m, 10 February 2003, Laegaard 22351 (AAU!); 22352 (AAU!); cultivated on the Plaza de Armas, 13 ° 32 ' S, 071 ° 59 ' W, 3400 m, 16 August 2000, Schmidt-Lebuhn 39 (GOET!); cultivated on the Plaza de Armas, 13 ° 32 ' S, 071 ° 59 ' W, 3400 m, 22 August 2000, Schmidt-Lebuhn 40 (GOET!); Calca, Taray Chitapampa, a 16 km de Cusco en la carretera Cusco-Urubamba, 3500 m, 16 May 1987, Nunez 8117 (MO!, USM!). Chumbivilcas, Rio de Velille, 3850 m, 18 December 1962, Vargas 14090 (CUZ!). Cusco, C'orao, 3653 m, 01 May 2003, Arce s. n (USM!); Miskahuara (margenes del rio), 3300 m, 01 February 1970, Vargas 21978 (CUZ!); Pumamarca, 3400 m, 11 May 1946, Vargas 6044 (CUZ!). Espinar, Yauri Virginniyoc, ca. 35 km de Yauri, camino de Yauri, puente viejo, Maucallacta hacia Suicutambo, por carretera y caminos de Herradura, 4100 m, 13 April 1987, Nunez 7889 (MO!, USM!). Urubamba, Chicon, 3517 m, 01 April 2003, Arce s. n (CUZ!); Chincheros, around community of Taucca, 13 ° 25 ' S, 072 ° 00 ' W, 4050 m, 14 January 1982, Davis 1578 (A!, USM!); Tankarpata, above Cusco airport, valley between dry steep hillsides, 13 ° 31 ' S, 071 ° 58 ' W, 3500 m, 23 July 1983, Gentry 43217 (F!, MO!, USM!); Dist. Huayllabamba, entre Huayoccari y las lagunas de Yanacocha y Kellococha, 13 ° 13 ' S, 072 ° 16 ' W, 2900 - 4600 m, 17 July 1989 - 18 July 1989, Tupayachi 1139 (MO!); Dist. Huayllabamba, Quebrada de Huayoccari-Laguna de Yanaccocha, 13 ° 21 ' 15 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 55 " W, 2900 - 3860 m, 21 December 1988, Tupayachi 808 (MO!). 3300 - 3800 m, 19 - 21 May 1958, Humbert 1958 (US!); San Sebastian, 25 March 1988, Velasquez 12 (MO!). Huanuco: Huamalies, 17.5 km N of Llata by Singa, 09 ° 23 ' S, 076 ° 52 ' W, 3600 m, 16 September 1965, Bird 1383 (MO!), Lauricocha, Jesus, rio Lauricocha, ladera, Dist. San Miguel de Cauri, 3326 m, 08 August 2003, Salvador 541 a (USM!). Junin: Huancayo, Concepcion, 20 September 1982, Aguilar s. n (USM!); Pampas Valley, 3300 m, 24 May 1948, Anderson 695 (US!); Chongos al sur de Huancayo, 3500 m, 24 March 1983, Castaneda s. n (USM!); Cerca a Huancayo, 3800 m, 01 July 1957, Ferreyra 12418 (MO!, USM!); 3400 m, 03 December 1960, Kunkel 5626 (GOET!); Huayucachi, 3260 m, 05 January 1974, Rosales 5 (USM!); 3317 m, 01 March 1945, Soukup 2720 (F!); Quilcas, alrededores de Shuckto-Loma, 3500 m, 09 January 1994, Yarupaitan 1154 (USM!). Jauja, Common along at stream in sheltered valley east of Concepcion; foliage bluish-green, 3500 m, 09 January 1945, Hodge 6221 (A!, US!); Quinual Dist. Mito, 3295 m, 14 August 1974, Rosales s. n (USM!). Junin, collected near Chongos Bajo, 3300 m, 19 February 1974, Antunez de Mayolo 18 (USM!); Tarma, Huacapo near Tarma, 11 ° 25 ' S, 075 ° 42 ' W, 4030 m, 01 February 1987, Boertmann 13 (AAU!); Cerca a cumbre entre Tarma y Oroya, 3500 - 3600 m, 29 June 1948, Ferreyra 3792 (MO!, US!, USM!); Casa Blanca cerca de Tarma verdosas, 3300 - 3350 m, 08 April 1952, Ferreyra 8259 (MO!, USM!); along shaded stream bank, 3000 - 3200 m, 20 - 22 April 1929, Killip 21899 (A!, F!, US!); Palcamayo, 3000 m, 09 March 1960, Kunkel 4439 (GOET!); 6 km north of Jauja on the road to Tarma, 07 January 1977, Simpson 8544 (USM!). Yauli, La Oroya, 11 ° 32 ' S, 075 ° 53 ' W, 3700 m, 07 January 1983, Smith 2973 (MO!, USM!), between La Quinua and Huariaca, Estancia La Aurora, rivershore, 3300 m, 24 June 1940, Asplund 11944 (US!); Ataura, cerca Jauja, Mucha s. n (MO!, USM!); Runatullo, 3500 m, 01 July 1940, Ridoutt 11775 (USM!); Tingopacha along a stream runing through the village, 07 January 1977, Simpson 8543 (US!, USM!); Km 72 along 3 - S from Jauja to La Oroya, 4 km south of Parco along the fence of a house, 09 January 1977, Simpson 8549 (US!, USM!); North of Junin near a house along the road, 11 January 1977, Simpson 8556 (USM!); Palca, 01 August 1947, Soukup 3498 (F!). La Libertad: Otuzco, Ruta Salpo-Samne, 3200 m, 27 May 1993, Leiva 741 (MO!, QCA!). Sanchez Carrion, Trujillo-Huamachuco road, about 10 km W of Huamachuco, 07 ° 50 ' S, 078 ° 15 ' W, 3400 m, 14 February 1983, Smith 3354 (MO!, USM!). Santiago de Chuco, Quiruvilca, margen derecha del rio Chuyunhual, 3620 m, 02 May 2003, Cano 13106 (USM!); 13110 (USM!); Dist. Quiruvilca. El Sauco, 3605 m, 16 June 2013, Gonzales 2286 (USM!); Los Quinuales (al norte de Quiruvilca), 3775 m, 24 March 1994, Leiva 1090 (F!, QCA!); Sauca (Santiago de Chuco), 3300 m, 16 June 1984, Sagastegui 11941 (MO!). Trujillo, purchased in the Mayorista Market. Medicinal plant area, 08 ° 07 ' S, 079 ° 01 ' W, 12 January 2010, Meyer 881 (MO!); purchased at Mercado Mayorista, 08 ° 07 ' S, 079 ° 01 ' W, 23 June 2008, Rothrock 3 (MO!). Lima: Canta, Lachaqui, 05 October 1989, Arce 101 (MO!); Lachaqui, camino al cerro Llamarume, 3850 m, 11 September 1991, Vilcapoma 1202 (USM!). Chicla, Chicla on Route 20 from Lima to La Oroya, 12 January 1977, Simpson 8560 (A!, MO!, USM!). Huarochiri, Carampoma, 3876 m, 18 November 1989, Arce 167 (MO!); Vista Alegre, Rio Blanco, 3600 m, 21 February 1990, Arce 204 (MO!); San Juan de Tantaracnche, 3500 m, 22 March 1990, Arce 207 (MO!). Oyon, Oyon, 3600 - 3700 m, 25 June 2000, Cano 10818 (USM!); Cacray towards la Oroya, Weberbauer 220 (F!). Pasco: Pasco, La Quinua, 3540 m, 01 December 1986, Rivas s. n (USM!); between Huanuco and Pampayacu, eastern side, 3657 m, 04 February 1927, Kanehira 5 (A!, F!). 1839 - 1840, Gay s. n (USM!); San Buena Ventura, Nee s. n (F!); 1778 - 1788, Rodriguez s. n (F!); 1779 - 1854, Ruiz s. n (G, MO!); entre Tarma y Oroya a 10 km de Tarma, 3600 - 3700 m, 30 June 1954, Tovar 2371 (MO!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
90B8A195AB78BA4D367A16149660A9AE.taxon	description	Figs 55, 56	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
90B8A195AB78BA4D367A16149660A9AE.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Ecuador. Pichincha: near Las Calderas de Pasachoa and Ruminaqui, Stuebel 20 a. (holotype: B destroyed; photos at F!, GH, NY, US).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
90B8A195AB78BA4D367A16149660A9AE.taxon	description	Description. Trees 2 - 15 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with (1 -) 2 - 3 (- 4) pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (1.3 -) 2.6 - 4.2 (- 7.0) x (1.5 -) 2.2 - 3.6 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, lanate hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic to obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (0.9 -) 1.2 - 2.2 x 0.4 - 1.1 cm; margin entire or slightly crenate at the apex with 3 - 5 teeth, apically deeply emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with whitish hairs 0.6 - 1.5 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (2.3 -) 4.3 - 13.8) cm long, bearing 5 - 9 flowers; floral bracts 3.1 - 8.0 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely lanate on the outer surface; rachises tomentose. Flowers 6.2 - 12.2 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely tomentose outside; stamens 7 - 9, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.6 - 3.9 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely villous; 3.4 - 6.0 x 2.9 - 8.3 mm including spines. Diploid and hexaploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
90B8A195AB78BA4D367A16149660A9AE.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis reticulata is found in Carchi, Imbabura, Pichincha, Tungurahua, Bolivar, Chimborazo, Azuay and Loja (Ecuador) (Fig. 61). It grows under relatively dry conditions (except at Llanganates and Pasochoa that are more humid) in Andean forest at 2750 - 4600 m elevation. It often co-occurs with P. simpsoniae in Azuay. In Sacha Huayco Forest (Chimborazo) at 4000 - 4500 m elevation, the canopy layer is comprised almost completely by P. reticulata, with Gynoxys sp. dominating the subcanopy (Osha 2000). At 4300 m elevation in Chimborazo Wildlife Production Reserve, trees of P. reticulata are, on average, 2.8 m tall (maximum 8.2 m) with diameters of 8.6 cm (maximum 16.9 cm) (Castillo et al. 2017). In Cuenca (Ecuador), the minimum temperature threshold of vegetative growth activity was found to be close to 6 ° C (Saravia et al. 2016). In the same forest, mean annual litterfall is 3.77 Mg ha- 1, representing 51 % of the canopy leaf biomass, indicating a leaf life span of 1.98 years and a mean decomposition rate of 0.38 year- 1 (Pinos et al. 2017). Diameter growth rates measured over seven years average 1.2 mm / year and the average carbon sequestration rate is 2.6 + / - 0.3 Mg C. ha- 1 year- 1, which is high for this generally slow-growing genus (Montalvo et al. 2018). Tree rings of P. reticulata are characterized by semi-ring porosity and minor changes in fiber wall thickness between latewood and earlywood. Tree ring width is more related to temperature than precipitation (Alvites et al. 2019). Based on an AFLP study, clonal propagation affects the fine-scale genetic structure within a spatial distance of 3 m (Peng et al. 2015). In a forest of P. reticulata, the soil had low microbiological quality with low biological activity, even though there were some beneficial nematodes representing a great advantage for the elimination of insect pests that could affect Polylepis (Castillo et al. 2017). Hybrids with P. pauta have been found in Pichincha.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
90B8A195AB78BA4D367A16149660A9AE.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Ecuador. Azuay: Chaucha, Paramo de Soldados, 02 ° 53 ' S, 079 ° 18 ' W, 3700 - 4000 m, 28 - 29 August 1985, Laegaard 55114 C (AAU!). Cuenca, Paramo de Cajas, 3650 - 3890 m, s. d., Boeke 631 (MO!, QCA!); Parque Nacional El Cajas, 02 ° 50 ' S, 079 ° 12 ' W, 3500 m, 19 September 1983, Brandbyge 42269 (MO!); Along the rio Matadero, west Cuenca, 03 March 1945, Camp E- 2000 (MO!); along the rio Matadero, west Cuenca, 3500 m, 03 March 1945, Camp E- 2000 (MO!, NY, US!); Area Nacional de Recreacion Cajas, Laguna Toreadora and Virgen Machay, 02 ° 46 ' S, 079 ° 13 ' W, 4000 - 4400 m, 18 December 1995, Clark 1794 (MO!, QCNE); Parque Nacional El Cajas, Laguna Toreador, 02 ° 53 ' S, 079 ° 08 ' W, 3500 m, 19 April 1998, Clark 4992 (AAU!, MO!); Area Nacional de Recreacion " Cajas " Sayausi-Molleturo road W of Cuenca, 02 ° 53 ' S, 079 ° 59 ' W, 3910 m, 21 June 1989, Dorr 6391 (AAU!); Parque Nacional de Cajas, WNW of Cuenca, 02 ° 52 ' S, 079 ° 09 ' W, 3450 m, 28 December 1979, Holm-Nielsen 20927 (AAU!); Parque de Recreacion Cajas, 4000 - 4100 m, 02 September 1983, Jaramillo 7185 (AAU!, GB, QCA!); Parque Reacreacional Cajas, Strasse von Cuenca nach Morlleturo, 3900 m, 14 March 1991, Kessler 2746 B (GOET!); Cuenca-Molleturo road ca. 5 km W of pass in Las Cajas, 02 ° 49 ' S, 079 ° 16 ' W, 3350 m, 01 May 1992, Laegaard 102646 (AAU!, GOET!, QCA!); Parque Nacional de Las Cajas, along road Soldados-Angas, in pass app. 13 km from Soldados, 02 ° 53 ' S, 079 ° 17 ' W, 4000 m, 02 May 1992, Laegaard 102691 (AAU!, GOET!, QCA!); 102696 (AAU!, QCA!); Paramo de las Cajas W of Cuenca, 02 ° 47 ' S, 079 ° 14 ' W, 4000 - 4150 m, 02 September 1984, Laegaard 52870 (AAU!, QCA!); 52878 (AAU!, MO!, QCNE); 52885 (AAU!, MO!, QCNE); 52888 (AAU!); 52891 C (AAU!); Paramo de Soldados SW of Cuenca, 02 ° 53 ' S, 079 ° 17 ' W, 3700 - 3800 m, 24 October 1984, Laegaard 53243 (AAU!); Paramo de Soldados, SW of Cuenca, 02 ° 53 ' S, 079 ° 18 ' W, 3750 - 3850 m, 03 March 1985, Laegaard 53800 (AAU!, MO!); Paramo de Cajas, W of Cuenca, along new road, ca. 6 - 8 km W of pass, 02 ° 48 ' S, 079 ° 17 ' W, 3800 m, 31 March 1985, Laegaard 53935 (AAU!, QCA!); Paramo de Soldados, 02 ° 53 ' S, 079 ° 18 ' W, 3700 - 4000 m, 28 - 29 August 1985, Laegaard 55098 (AAU!); 55098 C (AAU!); 55098 D (AAU!); 55113 (AAU!); 55114 A (AAU!); 55114 B (AAU!); Paramo de Soldados-Angas, at highest point of road, 02 ° 52 ' S, 079 ° 17 ' W, 4000 m, 14 February 1988, Laegaard 70122 (AAU!, MO!); Area Nacional Recreacional Cajas, sector Llavinco, 02 ° 50 ' S, 079 ° 20 ' W, 3450 - 3550 m, 09 January 1991, Leon 2606 (USM!); Parque Nacional Cajas, km 32.1 desde redondel Cuenca-Molleturo, sendero este alrededor de Laguna Toreadora, 3850 - 3870 m, 08 January 2003, Ulloa 1013 (BRIT, HA, K, MO!, QCNE, US!); 1014 (HA, MO!, NY, QCNE); Parque Nacional Cajas, km 28 redondel Cuenca-Molleturo, sendero izquierdo Laguna Patoquinoas, 3730 - 3800 m, 12 January 2003, Ulloa 1130 (HA, ILLS, MO!); Parque Nacional Cajas, km 35 Cuenca-Molleturo, Centro de Informacion, Laguna Toreadora sendero oeste, 3880 - 3890 m, 16 January 2003, Ulloa 1234 (HA, ILLS, MO!, QCNE). Molleturo, Paramo de las Cajas, W of pass, 02 ° 46 ' S, 079 ° 15 ' W, 3700 m, 27 August 1985, Laegaard 55047 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Area Nacional Recreacional Cajas, sector La Toreadora, 02 ° 50 ' S, 079 ° 20 ' W, 3950 m, 12 January 1991, Leon 2624 (USM!); Area nacional Recreacional Cajas, sector La Toreadora, 02 ° 50 ' S, 079 ° 20 ' W, 3800 m, 13 January 1991, Leon 2651 (QCA!, USM!); Carretera Sayausi-Molleturo km 10 - 31, Parque Recreacional Las Cajas, 02 ° 50 ' S, 079 ° 15 ' W, 3350 - 3950 m, 28 November 1992, Romoleroux 1482 (AAU!, QCA!). San Antonio, 3 - 5 km W of pass at Las Cajas, W of Cuenca, 02 ° 40 ' S, 079 ° 14 ' W, 3800 - 4000 m, 22 October 1984, Laegaard 53199 (AAU!); Las Cajas, near Laguna Toreadora, 02 ° 43 ' S, 079 ° 12 ' W, 3900 m, 13 September 1983, Larsen 45141 (AAU!, QCA!). San Joaquin, Paramo de Soldados SW of Cuenca, 02 ° 53 ' S, 079 ° 17 ' W, 3700 - 3800 m, 24 October 1984, Laegaard 53235; 53235 B; 53235 D; 53235 F; 53235 H; 53245; 53246 (AAU!); between Cuenca and Soldados, 02 ° 57 ' S, 079 ° 10 ' W, 2800 - 3000 m, 28 August 1985, Laegaard 55081 (AAU!); at Soldados, 02 ° 57 ' S, 079 ° 14 ' W, 3200 - 3400 m, 28 August 1985, Laegaard 55084 (AAU!); Paramo de Soldadas-Angas, at highest point of road, 02 ° 52 ' S, 079 ° 17 ' W, 3950 - 4050 m, 14 February 1988, Laegaard 70101 (AAU!); Paramo de Soldadas-Angas, at highest point of road, 02 ° 52 ' S, 079 ° 17 ' W, 3200 - 3300 m, 14 February 1988, Laegaard 70101 A (AAU!); 70101 B (AAU!); 70101 C (AAU!); 70101 D (AAU!). Sayausi, Parque Nacional de Cajas, WNW of Cuenca, 02 ° 52 ' S, 079 ° 09 ' W, 3450 m, 28 December 1979, Holm-Nielsen 20926 (AAU!); Paramo de las Cajas W of Cuenca, 02 ° 47 ' S, 079 ° 14 ' W, 4000 - 4150 m, 02 September 1984, Laegaard 52879; 52886; 52890; 52891; 52891 A; 52891 B; 52891 D (AAU!); Cuenca-Area Recreacional Las Cajas, 26 - 30 km de Cuenca, 02 ° 50 ' S, 079 ° 06 ' W, 3360 - 3500 m, 17 November 1991, Romoleroux 1187 (AAU!, QCA!). Zurucucho, Canton Cuenca, 3200 m, 11 August 1978, Boeke 2622 (AAU!); ca. de la laguna La Toreadora, 3850 m, 26 December 1997, Burnham 3007 (QCA!); Dudahuaycu, Mazan, 3300 m, 28 May 1994, Chacon 211 (QCA!); Canton Cuenca, collection made along rio Patul from the Comuidad Baute Laguna Patul, watershed of rio Patul, 3500 - 4200 m, 05 February 2001, Clark 6229 (QCA!); Parque Nacional Cajas, morenas ca. de la Laguna Toreadora, 4025 m, 15 November 2000, Endara 520 (QCA!); Parque Nacional Cajas, morrenas cerca de la Laguna de Soldados, 3830 m, 17 November 2000, Endara 564 (QCA!); ca. 10 km W of Sayausid, 3300 m, 04 November 1982, Harling 20218 (AAU!, GB); above Sayausi at first bridge over Rio Tomebamba, 3200 m, 03 March 1985, Harling 22671 (AAU!, GB, QCA!); Paramo de Cajas, versant oriental; zone tres humide; relique forestiere degradee, 3650 m, 10 April 1989, Huttel 1668 (QCA!); Paramo de Cajas, versant oriental, zone tres humide, 3350 - 3950 m, 14 April 1988, Huttel 995 (QCA!); carretera Cuenca-Sayausid-Area de Recreacion Cajas, 3900 m, 16 August 1987, Jaramillo 9898 (MO!); Parque Nacional Cajas, near headquarters on cuenca-Guayaquil road, 3900 m, 12 March 1991, Kessler 2746 (QCA!); Parque Recreacional Cajas, Strasse von Cuenca nach Molleturo, 3900 m, 14 March 1991, Kessler 2746 A (GOET!); Paramo de Soldados, 3700 m, s. d., Laegaard 55096 (QCA!); 55114 (QCA!); at bridge 2 km below Soldados, 3200 m, s. d., Laegaard 70082 (QCA!); at bridge 2 km below Soldados, 3200 m, s. d., Laegaard 70083 (QCA!); s. d., Leon 2527 (QCA!); coleccion en parcela del bosque, arriba del lago Dos Chorreras, 3940 m, 05 July 1995, Leon 3541 (QCA!); arriba de laguna Chorreras, 3940 m, 05 July 1995, Leon 3542 (AAU!, QCA!); coleccion en bosque en la base del valle de Cajas cerca del hotel Dos Chorreras y en la ladera SO de la propiedad Dos Chorreras, 3400 m, 06 July 1995, Leon 3577 (QCA!); Vertiente oriental, 3100 m, 07 July 1995, Leon 3611 (QCA!); Area recreacional Cajas, 4000 m, 21 September 2000, Lizarzaburu 24 (QCA!); Fierroloma. Zorrocucho, ribera de Rio Taitachugo, 3400 m, 20 May 1997, Minga 125 (QCA!); Totorococha-Mazan valley, 3500 - 4000 m, 12 September 1987, Ramsay 507 (QCA!); Parque Nacional Cajas, 3850 - 3900 m, 10 September 2001, Romoleroux 4028 (QCA!); Area de Recreacion Cajas. km 1 de la via Miguir-Naranjal, 3500, 16 August 1987, Romoleroux 404 (QCA!); Hacienda Gulag, Masan, 3000 - 3200 m, 17 August 1987, Romoleroux 417 (QCA!); carretera Soldados-Angas, 3620 m, 04 April 2007, Romoleroux 4459 (QCA!); Bosque San Luis, 3939 m, 20 August 2008, Romoleroux 5108 (QCA!); 5127 (QCA!); carretera Molleoto Naranjal, parches de bosque fuera del parque nacional Cajas, 3939 m, 21 August 2008, Romoleroux 5157 (QCA!); Banos, 3300 m, 17 July 2006, Salgado 165 (QCA!); Cajas, 3725 - 3830 m, 24 June 1999, Smeets 432 (QCA!); Rio Machangara, NW Cuenca, 3300 - 3400 m, 17 September 1967, Sparre 18568 (AAU!, S); s. d., Valverde 912 (MO!); carretera Sayausi-Quinona-Tres cruces, Area recreacional Cajas, 3500 - 4050 m, 10 April 1987, Zak 1894 (AAU!). Bolivar: upper west mountain Chimborazo, 3500 - 4000 m, 19 June 1887, Lehmann 4457 (MO!). Canar: Via Queseras-Rumiloma (Fund. Cordillera Tropical), 3353 m, 03 October 2006, Salgado 1181 (QCA!). Carchi: Espejo, parche de bosque alrededor de laguna Rasococha, 00 ° 44 ' N, 078 ° 04 ' W, 3600 m, 09 November 1993, Palacios 11897 (AAU!, MO!, QCNE). Chimborazo: Pungala, Near Alao, along Rio Alao, 01 ° 52 ' S, 078 ° 30 ' W, 3200 - 3400 m, 21 - 22 September 1985, Laegaard 55295 (AAU!). Riobamba, Reserva Faunistica Chimborazo, 01 ° 32 ' 41 " S, 078 ° 53 ' 05 " W, 4100 m, 01 June 2006, Caranqui 1541 (CHEP, MO!); 3350 - 3500 m, 01 March 1944, Acosta-Solis 7524 (F!); 3750 m, s. d., Acosta-Solis 7696 (F!); 4000 m, s. d., Andre 3933 (F!, US!); San Juan, Chimborazo, 4350 m, 05 November 2013, Cardoso 4262 (QCA!); San Juan. Pasguazo Sambrano, 4100 m, 31 October 2013, Cardoso 4266 (QCA!); carretera Penipe a Utunac Paramito, 2800 m, 07 April 2008, Jaramillo 26496 (QCA!); Sector Utunac, Pijipamba, 3250 - 3330 m, 03 December 2008, Jaramillo 28123 (QCA!); Sector Utunac, Pijipamba, 2800 m, 04 December 2008, Jaramillo 28132 (QCA!); E of Cordillera, 3400 m, s. d., Rimbach 14 p. p. (F!, NY, US!); 3400 m, s. d., Rimbach 156 (US!); s. d., Rimbach 498 (S); Via Chambo-Guayllabamba-Aloa, 2900 - 3000 m, 09 August 1987, Romoleroux 366 (NY, QCA!). Imbabura: 4000 - 4300 m, s. d., Hirsch E- 113 (NY). Loja: Manu, Cerro de Arcos W of road Manu-Zaruma, 03 ° 34 ' S, 079 ° 28 ' W, 3250 - 3600 m, 14 September 1999, Laegaard 20601 (AAU!, MO!). Napo: 3 km E of Paso de la Virgen on road Pifo-Papallacta, 3950 - 4050 m, 06 February 1985, Laegaard 54450 (QCA!); Parque Nacional Llanganates, 12 February 2009, Salgado 820 (QCA!). Pichincha: Cotogchoa, Volcan Pasochoa, Paramo and forest remains, 00 ° 27 ' S, 078 ° 30 ' W, 3500 m, 16 September 1985, Laegaard 55269 A (AAU!, MO!); 55278 (AAU!, MO!); Bosque Protector Pasochoa, 30 km SE de Quito, 00 ° 27 ' S, 078 ° 28 ' W, 2850 - 3900 m, 08 September 1986, Romoleroux 161; 171 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). El Chaupi, road El Chaupi-Iliniza, 00 ° 37 ' S, 078 ° 40 ' W, 3200 - 3700 m, 20 June 1985, Laegaard 54547 (AAU!, QCA!); 54548 (AAU!, MO!); Volcan Iliniza, N-side, 00 ° 38 ' S, 078 ° 41 ' W, 4200 - 4300 m, 20 June 1985, Laegaard 54554; 54555 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). Ruminahui, Bosque Protector Pasochoa, 00 ° 22 ' S, 078 ° 27 ' W, 3870 - 3900 m, 17 November 1990, Ceron 12323 (MO!). Rumipamba, Volcan Pasochoa, 00 ° 27 ' S, 078 ° 30 ' W, 2900 - 3300 m, 16 September 1985, Laegaard 55265 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!). Tambillo, Volcan Pasochoa, above house of Fundacion Natura, 00 ° 27 ' S, 078 ° 31 ' W, 2800 - 3300 m, 27 April 1985, Laegaard 54176 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Volcan Pasochoa, 00 ° 27 ' S, 078 ° 30 ' W, 3500 m, 16 September 1985, Laegaard 55273 (AAU!, MO!). s. d., Holmgren 962 (S); Volcan Iliniza, N-side, 4200 - 4300 m, 20 June 1985, Laegaard 54557 (QCA!); Volcan Pasochoa, Paramo and forest remains, 3500 m, 16 September 1985, Laegaard 55266; 55269 B; 55274 (QCA!); Bosque Protector Pasochoa, 30 km SE de Quito, 2850 m, 29 October 1988, Paz 105 (MO!, QCA!); Faldas del Pasochoa, coleccion al Sur-Oeste, 3800 m, 03 March 1980, Raza 167 (AAU!); Bosque Protector Pasochoa, 30 km SE de Quito, 2850 - 3900 m, 17 July 1986, Romoleroux 141 (AAU!, QCA!); 162; 164; 166; 295 (AAU!, QCA!); Pasochoa, 3556 m, 20 August 2008, Romoleroux 5367 (QCA!); Volcan Ruminahui, 4000 m, 19 December 2008, Salgado 595 (QCA!). Tungurahua: Mocha, Parroquia Pinguili, Reserva Faunistic del Chimborazo, pared de valle en U, 2 km antes de la Base del Lado Oriental del Caryguayrazo, cerro Pocacochas, paramo de Salasaca entrando por Mocha, 01 ° 24 ' S, 078 ° 45 ' W, 3860 m, 02 July 1992, Ceron 19203 (MO!). Pilaguin, Sabanza, about 5 km SE of Yatzapuzan, 01 ° 19 ' S, 078 ° 46 ' W, 3950 - 4050 m, 21 December 1982, Brandbyge 42024 (AAU!, MO!); Rio Negro, Cordillera de Llanganates, loma between Rio Topoand Rio Verde Grande, 3.5 km NW of Cerro Hermoso, 01 ° 12 ' S, 078 ° 18 ' W, 4000 m, 10 November 1980, Holm-Nielsen 28297 (AAU!); Cordillera de Llanganates, NW of saddle between Rio Topo and Rio Verde Grande on W slope of Cerro Hermoso, 2.5 km from summit, 01 ° 13 ' S, 078 ° 18 ' W, 3950 m, 10 November 1980, Holm-Nielsen 28330 (AAU!); 28371 (AAU!); Cordillera de los Llanganates, at Rio Verde Grande at base of Cerro Hermoso, 2 km WSW of the summit, 01 ° 13 ' S, 078 ° 18 ' W, 3800 m, 11 November 1980, Holm-Nielsen 28403 (AAU!); 28641 (AAU!); Cordillera de los Llanganates, loma 2.5 km W of Cerro Hermoso, 01 ° 13 ' S, 078 ° 18 ' W, 3800 m, 12 November 1980, Holm-Nielsen 28662 (AAU!); Quinuales, 01 ° 13 ' 18 " S, 078 ° 18 ' 16 " W, 3890 m, 15 February 2010, Romoleroux 5525 (MO!, QCA!, QCNE); 5529 (MO!, QCA!, QCNE); 5533 (MO!, QCA!, QCNE). Rio Verde, Cordillera de los Llanganates, at Rio Verde Grande at base of Cerro Hermoso, 2.5 km SW of the summit, 01 ° 14 ' S, 078 ° 18 ' W, 3700 m, 12 November 1980, Holm-Nielsen 28538 (AAU!); 28599 (AAU!); 28609 (AAU!). San Fernando, Quebrada Huarcusacha, 01 ° 15 ' S, 078 ° 47 ' W, 3800 - 3900 m, 27 January 1983, Brandbyge 42040 (AAU!, MO!); Near Calamaca, app. 20 km W of Ambato along old road Ambato-Guaranda, 01 ° 16 ' S, 078 ° 48 ' W, 3400 - 3900 m, 22 June 1985, Laegaard 54569 (AAU!, QCA!); 54574 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 54576 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). Santiago de Pillaro, Parque Nacional Llanganates, slopes of metamorphic rock, west of Cerro Hermoso, near saddle between headwaters of Rio Verde and Rio Topo, 01 ° 11 ' 40 " S, 078 ° 19 ' 34 " W, 3950 m, 12 November 1999, Neill 11944 (MO!, QCNE); 3500 m, s. d., Acosta-Solis 8736 (F!); 4200 m, s. d., Asplund 8464 (S, WIS); Paramo de Yatsaputzan, 3600 m, 05 February 2010, Caranqui 1912 (QCA!); Tamboloma, 3721 m, 29 April 2012, Caranqui 2052 (QCA!); Minza mountain Travesia de Utanag, 3600 m, s. d., Jameson s. n (US!, K); 3400 m, s. d., Penland 420 (F!, US!); Entrando por Baquerizo Moreno hacia el sector de Lagartococha, 3270 m, 01 March 2015, Perez 8424 (QCA!); Carretera Mocha-Hda. Atillo, 3000 m, 25 April 1988, Romoleroux 567 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 570 (AAU!, QCA!); Sendero El Triunfo-Los Llanganates, localidad El Playon, 3600 - 3800 m, 02 March 1989, Romoleroux 681 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 3200 m, s. d., Rimbach 26 (F!); s. d., Stuebel 201 (MO!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
C40C1410E42F75D2908F4388CAFF7141.taxon	description	Figs 44, 45	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
C40C1410E42F75D2908F4388CAFF7141.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Peru. Junin: Satipo, Pampa Hermosa, rural community of Santa Rosa de Toldopampa, buffer area of the Bosque de Proteccion Pui-Pui, 4221 m, 11 ° 29 ' 33.5 " S, 74 ° 56 ' 37.8 " W, 21 Apr 2015, Valenzuela & Rojas 28873 (holotype: HOXA!; isotypes: MO!, USM!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
C40C1410E42F75D2908F4388CAFF7141.taxon	description	Description. Shrubs or trees 1 - 8 m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 1 pair of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 1.4 - 1.6 x 1.5 - 2.0 cm; rachises glabrous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically with spurs, sparsely sericeous on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 0.9 - 1.1 x 0.4 - 0.6 cm; margin entire, apically emarginate with a projection of the mid-vein, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous to sparsely sericeous; lower leaflet surfaces sparsely to densely sericeous with whitish hairs 0.8 - 1.0 mm long. Inflorescences upright, 0.9 - 1.1 cm long, bearing 1 flower; floral bracts 4.0 - 4.8 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises glabrous. Flowers 5.7 - 6.6 mm diam.; sepals 3, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 9 - 10, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 3.6 - 4.1 mm long. Fruits turbinate often slightly twisted, with variable numbers and placement of short spines, densely sericeous; 4.8 - 6.0 x 2.6 - 2.9 mm including spines. Diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
C40C1410E42F75D2908F4388CAFF7141.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis rodolfovasquezii is distributed along the Eastern Cordillera of central Peru from San Martin to Cusco and Puno (Fig. 24). It occurs on wet rocky slopes at 3700 - 4750 m elevation. It commonly grows with trees of the genera Escallonia, Gynoxys, Hesperomeles and Clethra (Valenzuela and Villalba 2015). Growth of this species is most strongly correlated to growth season temperature (Requena-Rojas et al. 2020 a, 2020 b). Polylepis rodolfovasquezii remnants harbor several threatened bird species, including Anairetes alpinus (Quispe-Melgar et al. 2018, 2020).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
C40C1410E42F75D2908F4388CAFF7141.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Peru. Cusco: La Convencion, bosque de Mandor, 4200 m, 01 October 2004, Palomino 2043 (QCA!); Dist. Santa Teresa, Mountain edges on the lower Eastern portion of the Phachaq valley, Yanama, 13 ° 17 ' 11 " S, 072 ° 50 ' 13 " W, 4232 m, 28 April 2012, Sylvester 1451 (Z!); Dist. de Ollantaytambo, Mountain edges on the lower Eastern portion of the Phachaq valley, Yanama, 13 ° 17 ' 12 " S, 072 ° 50 ' 13 " W, 4211 m, 01 May 2012, Sylvester 1501 (Z!); Dist. de Santa Teresa, grazed slopes in the central Pacchaq valley on the East side of the river Yanama, 13 ° 15 ' 40 " S, 072 ° 50 ' 17 " W, 4268 m, 04 May 2012, Sylvester 1558 (Z!); Dist. Santa Teresa, Mountain edges on the lower Eastern portion of the Phachaq valley, Yanama, 13 ° 17 ' 12 " S, 072 ° 50 ' 13 " W, 4174 m, 05 May 2012, Sylvester 1564 (Z!); Dist. de Ollantaytambo, topmost forest found on the lower North side of the lower Phachaq valley, Yanama, 13 ° 17 ' 01 " S, 072 ° 50 ' 01 " W, 4566 m, 15 May 2012, Sylvester 1597 (Z!); 1598 (Z!). Urubamba, Q'esqa, 3960 m, 01 September 2002, Arce s. n. (USM!); Abra Malaga, 13 ° 08 ' 46 " S, 072 ° 18 ' 14 " W, 4284 m, 01 October 2002, Arce s. n (USM!); Paljay, 13 ° 08 ' 46 " S, 072 ° 18 ' 14 " W, 4177 m, 01 September 2002, Arce s. n (CUZ!); Chaupiwayco, 13 ° 14 ' 59 " S, 072 ° 29 ' 10 " W, 4290 m, 01 May 2002, Arce s. n (CUZ!); Pinasniocj, Panticalla pass, 3600 m, 15 July 1915, Cook 1241 (US!); 1837 (US!); Canon above Penas ruins towards Nevado Veronica, Penas Canon beyond Ollantaytambo on road to Abra Malaga, 4100 m, 26 August 1989, Driesch s. n (GOET!); Cumbre Malaga, 01 October 1984, Rivas s. n (USM!); Dist. de Ollantaytambo, Congunayoc; 3.5 km 175 South of the village Thastayoc, on SE facing slope facing towards Ollantaytambo, 13 ° 10 ' 26 " S, 072 ° 16 ' 06 " W, 4438 m, 09 March 2012, Sylvester 1392 (Z!); 13 ° 10 ' 24 " S, 072 ° 16 ' 14 " W, 4415 m, 09 March 2012, Sylvester 1393 (Z!); 13 ° 10 ' 26 " S, 072 ° 16 ' 06 " W, 4427 m, 10 March 2012, Sylvester 1396 (Z!); 13 ° 10 ' 22 " S, 072 ° 16 ' 11 " W, 4417 m, 10 March 2012, Sylvester 1397 (Z!); 13 ° 10 ' 25 " S, 072 ° 16 ' 14 " W, 4414 m, 10 March 2012, Sylvester 1398 (Z!); Machupicchu, Warmiwanuska, 13 ° 14 ' 21 " S, 072 ° 29 ' 06 " W, 4235 m, 13 September 2006, Toivonen 67; 68; 69; 70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75; 80 (CUZ!); Ollantaytambo, Abra Malaga, 13 ° 08 ' 40 " S, 072 ° 17 ' 51 " W, 4340 m, 10 May 2006, Toivonen 82 (CUZ!); Dist. Machupicchu, Microcuenca Pacaymayo; laguna Pacaymayo, 13 ° 13 ' 48 " S, 072 ° 29 ' 48 " W, 3900 m, 26 June 2001, Tupayachi 5049 (CUZ!); Machupicchu Microcuenca Cusichaca, Sisaypampa Abra Palkay, 13 ° 20 ' 00 " S, 072 ° 30 ' 44 " W, 4100 m, 28 June 2001, Tupayachi 5155 (CUZ!); 4350 m, 01 July 1915, Bingham 2068 (US!). Junin: Concepcion, Dist. de Comas, localidad de Pomamanta, 11 ° 44 ' 24 " S, 075 ° 09 ' 39 " W, 4400 m, 23 August 2017, Quispe 76 (CUZ!, USM!, Z!). Satipo, Pampa Hermosa, Toldopampa, 11 ° 29 ' 34 " S, 074 ° 56 ' 37 " W, 4160 m, 02 August 2016, Boza 3169; 3170; 3171; 3172; 3173; 3174; 3175; 3176; 3177; 3178 (USM!, Z!); Pampa Hermosa. Toldopampa, 13 ° 12 ' 15 " S, 075 ° 20 ' 22 " W, 4131 m, 02 August 2016, Boza 3179 (USM!, Z!); 3180 (USM!, Z!); Dist. Pampa Hermosa, Comunidad Campesina Santa Rosa de Toldopampa, 11 ° 29 ' 34 " S, 074 ° 56 ' 38 " W, 4221 m, 21 April 2015, Valenzuela 28873 (HOXA, MO!, USM!). Puno: Limbani, Huancasayani on road to Limbani just east of Abra Aricoma, 14 ° 13 ' S, 069 ° 42 ' W, 3750 m, 28 March 1987, Boertmann 130 (AAU!); 512 (AAU!). San Martin: Mariscal Caceres, Dist. de Huicungo, Callejon de Corneadas, 07 ° 57 ' 46 " S, 077 ° 23 ' 23 " W, 3925 m, 11 June 2001, Leon 5153 (USM!); Dist. Huicungo, en pirca, debajo del camino de abra Ventanas y Laguna Colorada, 08 ° 00 ' 53 " S, 077 ° 23 ' 30 " W, 3924 m, 20 June 2010, Leon 5539 (USM!). San Martin, Dist. de Huicungo, cerca a Laguna Colorada, camino al abra Ventanas, 3900 m, 18 June 2001, Leon 5260 (USM!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
14A9A1CF23860E771B8A094124D71EBE.taxon	description	Figs 99, 100	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
14A9A1CF23860E771B8A094124D71EBE.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Peru. Arequipa: Pampa behind train station, Arequipa to Puno line, 3800 m, Weberbauer 4881 (holotype: B destroyed; isotype: WRAT!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
14A9A1CF23860E771B8A094124D71EBE.taxon	description	Description. Trees 2 - 12 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 2.0 - 2.8 x 1.6 - 2.5 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, densely tomentose on the outer surfaces; leaflets broadly obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.2 - 1.6 x 0.6 - 0.9 cm; margin crenate with 5 - 8 teeth, apically obtuse or emarginate, basally unequally attenuate; upper leaflet surfaces strongly rugose, glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with whitish hairs 0.8 - 1.0 mm long, mixed with a dense layer of very short, white pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, 4.2 - 7.8 cm long, bearing 4 - 5 flowers; floral bracts 4.6 - 4.9 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely tomentose on the outer surface; rachises tomentose. Flowers 6.7 - 9.9 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely tomentose outside; stamens 11 - 15, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2. 1 - 3.5 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2 - 3 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 4.5 - 6.2 x 4.9 - 7.5 mm including spines. Tetraploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
14A9A1CF23860E771B8A094124D71EBE.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis rugulosa is distributed in Peru from western Arequipa, southern Cusco, Moquegua and western Tacna to northern Chile (Arica and Parinacota) (Fig. 103). It occurs in very dry Andean habitats with rocky soils at 2900 - 4550 m elevation. In Peru, average tree height of P. rugulosa is 1.0 - 1.5 m, with diameters typically less than 10 cm and tree density of 583 individuals ha- 1 (Rodriguez 2018). The highest density of adult trees and seedlings was found at 4300 m elevation (38 % slope) and the lowest density and coverage at 4180 m elevation (20 % slope), suggesting a preference for areas with steeper slopes or higher presence of rocks and shrubs. Seedling density was significantly higher under the crowns of Polylepis trees than under isolated bushes (Rodriguez 2018). Polylepis rugulosa populations in the pre-altiplano zone on the western slopes of the Andean Cordillera of northern Chile have an age structure that suggests highly episodic seedling establishment, due to sequences of wet years (Rundel et al. 2003). The maximum photosynthetic capacity of P. rugulosa in the wet season is 6.4 μmol m- 2 s- 1, although it can maintain relatively high rates of photosynthesis throughout the year (Rundel et al. 2003). Furthemore, P. rugulosa responds to elevation by changing in morphology (short trees with small leaves) and ecophysiological responses (decreased transpiration rate, higher nutrient concentration and enrichment in the 13 C isotope suggesting more water stress) (Macek et al. 2009). In a population at 3700 m elevation, P. rugulosa had 34 % higher total chlorophyll content during the morning hours, apparently due to de novo synthesis of both Chl a and Chl b (Garcia-Plazaola et al. 2015). In a dendrochronological study in Parinacota (Chile), average radial growth of P. rugulosa was 0.7 mm a- 1 (Silva 2012). Growth of P. rugulosa is determined by precipitation during the wet season of the preceding and growth years (Jomelli et al. 2012). Based on Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP), extensive gene flow has been found to occur within and between Chilean populations (Schmidt-Lebuhn et al. 2006 b). Polylepis rugulosa patches harbour specialized and endangered bird species (Miranda and Cardozo 2008; Samata et al. 2019).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
14A9A1CF23860E771B8A094124D71EBE.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Chile. Arica and Parinacota: Putre, 3500 m, 02 May 1987, Fjeldsa s. n (AAU!). Tarapaca: Region de Tarapaca, Strasse von Zapahuira zum Portezuelo de Chapiquina, s. d., Hellwig 513 (G). Peru. Arequipa: Arequipa, Cerca a Chiguata. SE de Arequipa, 3000 - 3500 m, 23 September 1966, Arenas 34 (USM!); Dist. Pocsi; Tuctumpaya, 3200 m, 03 April 2003, Caceres 3212 (USM!); El Cimbral-Chiguata, 3900 m, 09 November 1996, Caceres 47 (CUZ!); Arequipa / Puno:. Sihuata-La Cumbre, 3800 - 4000 m, 13 November 1947, Ferreyra 2594 (GOET!, MO!, US!, USM!); Chiguata, arriba de Miraflores, 3800 m, 10 November 2002, Quipuscoa 2810 (F!); Chiguata, 16 ° 23 ' 11 " S, 071 ° 20 ' 19 " W, 4000 - 4250 m, 13 February 2003, Quipuscoa 2857 (F!); Simbral, carretera de Chiguata-Juliaca, 3500 - 4000 m, 30 May 1999, Roque 880 (USM!); road to Chacayani to Chiva, 16 January 1977, Simpson 8570 c; 8570 d (USM!); Hacia el Cimbral, 3750 m, 11 April 1959, Vargas 12687 (CUZ!); Chiguata-Cimbral, 3700 - 4000 m, 13 October 1976, Vargas 22849 (CUZ!). Caylloma, Huambo. Dist. de Huambo, 4000 m, 03 October 1990, Rodriguez 2 (USM!); Dist. de Huambo, 4000 m, 01 August 1990, Rodriguez 3 (USM!); Huambo, Dist. Huambo, 3800 - 4200 m, 01 August 1990, Rodriguez 4 (USM!); 5 (USM!). Cayma, Estancia Cabrarias. Chacani. Norte de Arequipa, 3500 - 4000 m, 14 January 1966, Arenas 12 (USM!); Nevado Chachani, along dry stream-beds in open rocky valley, 4000 - 4200 m, 14 April 1925, Pennell 13295 (F!, US!); Volcan Chachani, on the road to the summit. Km 32 on the road from Chachani to Chivay in shallow ravines, 16 January 1977, Simpson 8570 (A!, MO!); 8570 b (USM!). Chiguata, 10 km above Chihuata (W slope of Misti), 16 ° 24 ' S, 071 ° 24 ' W, 4270 m, 07 April 1987, Boertmann 144; 145; 146; 147 (AAU!). Condesuyos, alturas cordilleranas, 4200 - 4600 m, 24 April 1967, Vargas 19466 (CUZ!). Cotahuasi, Camino a Cotahuasi, 3735 m, 30 June 2004, Caceres 3824 (USM!). Huambo, Huambo (Quebrada Sau Sau), 4000 m, 29 August 1987, Espinoza 7 (USM!). La Union, Dist. Cotahuasi; vista del condor, 3200 m, 05 June 2002, Caceres 5457 (USM!). Orcopampa, Orcopampa-Huancurama, 3875 m, 17 August 1987, Huamani 11 (USM!). Pampacolca, Chuquibamba-Pampacolca, 4000 m, 13 August 1987, Huamani 8 (USM!). Yura, Yura-Huanca, 3200 m, 09 June 1999, Roque 1048 (USM!); Quebrada Chontahuayco y Monte Barranco, 4020 m, 01 August 1987, Espinoza 1 (USM!); 4050 m, 11 August 1987, Espinoza 5 (USM!); Nevado de Coropuno, 06 May 1987, Fjeldsa s. n (AAU!); Between lake Salinas and Arequipa, 3962 m, 01 February 1943, Sandeman 3816 (F!). Cusco: Ushcopata Valley, above Sicuani, 3700 m, 09 April 1913, Cook 123 (US!). Moquegua: Gral. Sanchez Cerro, Dist. Ubinas, Zona Silvestre Querapi, 3880 m, 25 January 2004, Blanchard s. n (USM!); Dist. Ubinas, Tassa, camino en Mollemoco, 3800 m, 12 July 2006, Montesinos 1185 (USM!); Ladera de Mollemoco, Tassa Dist. Ubinas, 16 ° 11 ' 00 " S, 070 ° 42 ' 00 " W, 3690 m, 01 June 2011, Montesinos 3175 (USM!). Mariscal Nieto, Entre Chuculay y Qda. Cuellar, 3550 - 3600 m, 16 December 1995, Arakaki 257 (USM!); Carumas, 16 ° 52 ' 18 " S, 070 ° 39 ' 49 " W, 4086 m, 09 October 2014, Boza 3010 (USM!, Z!); Torata, Quebrada Cuellar, 16 ° 57 ' 57 " S, 070 ° 41 ' 02 " W, 4224 m, 09 October 2014, Boza 3011 (USM!, Z!); Between Torata and Carumas, km 75 - 76 from Moquegua to Puno, 3600 m, 14 February 1983, Dillon 3347 (F!, MO!, US!); ca. 67 km NE of Moquegua on road to Carumas, 3680 m, 15 November 1986, Dillon 4807 (F!, USM!); Cordillera above Torata, forming grove along brook, 3900 - 4000 m, 14 February 1925 - 15 February 1925, Weberbauer 7470 (F!, US!). Torata, Ponton Cuellar, 16 ° 59 ' 15 " S, 070 ° 41 ' 38 " W, 3950 m, 12 April 2005, Aedo 11309 (USM!). Tacna: Candarave, Candarave, Comunidad Viltahuira, 3600 m, 25 October 2000, Caceres 82 (USM!); Candarare, Yucamani, 3100 - 3400 m, 09 December 1997, La Torre 1987 (MO!, USM!); Tarata, Susapaya, 3950 - 4100 m, 06 December 1997, Arakaki 762 (MO!, USM!); Ticaco, 17 ° 25 ' 26 " S, 070 ° 03 ' 27 " W, 3458 m, 10 October 2014, Boza 3012 (USM!, Z!); Poma, 3900 - 4430 m, 04 December 1997, Cano 7962 (MO!, USM!); Cordillera Barroso, 4200 - 4580 m, 26 March 1998, Cano 8166 (MO!, USM!); 8167; 8245 (USM!); Ticaco, 3600 - 4000 m, 31 March 1998, Cano 8334 (USM!); Ticaco (Quebrada Ticalaco), 3300 - 3800 m, 16 June 1998, Cano 8420 (USM!); Cerros al SE de la Cordillera barroso, 4000 - 4270 m, 28 March 1998, La Torre 2153 (USM!); 4 km northeast of Tarata, 3840 m, 27 January 1952, Pearson 33 (F!); Entre Tarata y Chila, 3850 m, 31 January 1984, Rivas s. n (USM!); De Tarata a Chila, 3590 m, 01 January 1984, Rivas s. n (USM!); Bajando a Tarata, 4300 m, 06 April 1959, Vargas 12557 (CUZ!); bajando Tarata, 4300 m, 06 April 1959, Vargas 12557 (CUZ!); bajando Tarata, 3900 - 4100 m, 05 August 1967, Vargas 19927 (CUZ!); Candarave, 21 February 2009, Morales 1 (CUZ!); Cala-cala, 4100 m, 21 October 1976, Bernardi 16739 (F!); Pampa Arrieros Arequipa-Puno, 1901 - 1929, Weberbauer 4841 (B, F!, MO!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
900F49FBCC6D3475EE4B78C924419DC7.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Polylepis racemosa Ruiz & Pavon.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
900F49FBCC6D3475EE4B78C924419DC7.taxon	description	Description. Trees or shrubs 1 - 32 m tall; bark shredding, multilayered with thin exfoliating layers; branches twisted showing a striking arrangement of the leaves, young shoots with leaves usually all closely clustered at the top, causing a shrub-like growth, while the basal internodes stretch rather significantly afterwards. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate with 1 - 7 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 1.3 - 19.5 cm long, 0.6 - 10.7 cm wide; rachises lanate, pannose, sericeous, tomentose, villous or glabrous; point of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute, truncate or spurred, glabrous to densely covered with lanate, tomentose or villous hairs on the other surface; leaflets elliptic, ovate or obovate in outline, 0.3 - 5.4 cm long, 0.2 - 2.0 cm wide; margins entire, revolute, crenate to serrate, apically acute to deeply emarginate, attenuate, cuneate or unequally cordate, upper leaflet surfaces glabrous or sparsely to densely lanate, pilose, sericeous or tomentose; lower leaflet surfaces covered with very short pannose hairs, pannose mixed with another type of hairs or sparsely to densely lanate, pilose, sericeous, strigose, tomentose or villous. Inflorescences axillar, simple rarely branched, upright or pendant to 36.0 cm long, bearing 1 - 83 flowers; floral bracts 2.1 - 15.8 mm long, narrowly triangular. Flowers hermaphroditic; sepals 3 - 4; stamens 5 - 27, anthers orbicular with a dense tuft of straight white hairs in the upper half; styles fimbriate, 0.9 - 4.9 mm long, ovary inferior; carpel 1, ovule 1. Fruit indehiscent achene, fusiform turbinate with protuberances, flattened-spines, irregular flattened ridges, thick wings and ridges or thin wings, glabrous to densely sericeous, tomentose or villous, 1.7 - 15.1 mm long, 1.3 - 10.1 mm wide including spines.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
83766B617154295B5441BE256E13D606.taxon	description	Figs 88, 89	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
83766B617154295B5441BE256E13D606.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species differs from Polylepis lanata (Kuntze) M. Kessler & Schmidt-Leb. in having slightly narrower leaflets, crenate leaflet margins with more teeth per side, shorter inflorescences with more stamens and longer styles. Further, it also has a distinct geographical distribution with a very different climatic niche.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
83766B617154295B5441BE256E13D606.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Peru. Cusco: Urubamba, Mantanay, 13 ° 12 ' 03 " S, 072 ° 09 ' 20 " W, 3350 - 3800 m, 7 Sep 2002, J. Farfan et al. 281 (holotype: CUZ!; isotypes: AMAZ, HUT, MO!, USM!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
83766B617154295B5441BE256E13D606.taxon	description	Description. Trees 4 - 20 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2 - 3 pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (4.1 -) 5.1 - 7.1 x 2.0 - 4.9 cm; rachises densely lanate, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.6 - 2.6 x 0.6 - 1.1 cm; margin crenate with 6 - 11 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces sparsely lanate; lower leaflet surfaces densely lanate with whitish hairs 1.3 - 1.5 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, 5.0 - 8.8 cm long, bearing 5 - 11 flowers; floral bracts 5.0 - 7.5 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely lanate on the outer surface; rachises glabrous to villous. Flowers 8.2 - 11.0 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely lanate outside; stamens 23 - 27, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 3.3 - 4.1 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2 - 3 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely pilose; (7.3 -) 10.3 - 15.1 x 6.0 - 8.2 mm including spines. Octoploid, perhaps also tetraploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
83766B617154295B5441BE256E13D606.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis sacra is distributed from central Peru in Huarochiri (Lima) and northern Junin to southern Peru in Abancay (Apurimac) and Cusco (Fig. 92). The species occurs in relatively dry valleys at 3300 - 4600 m elevation. It often co-occurs with P. subsericans and P. rodolfovasquezii in the Vilcanota Mountain range (Cusco), but generally occurs at lower elevations than these two species. At 4300 m elevation, a stand of P. sacra had a mean maximum tree height of 18.5 m, whereas a stand at 3980 m was only 15.9 m tall, presumably because of drier conditions in the arid valley bottom (Kessler et al. 2014). Average morphological and physiological features of P. sacra estimated at Vilcanota are a leaf area of 6.27 cm 2, specific leaf area of 81.20 cm 2 g- 1, leaf thickness of 396.84 μm, epidermal cell length of 33.58 μm, chlorophyll parenchyma cell length of 95.77 μm, 11.02 stomata / mm 2, rhytidome thickness of 3.75 mm, water content of 16.3 %, relative water content of 77.6 % and water saturation deficit of 22.1 % (Arroyo 2015, as P. racemosa). The Cordillera Vilcanota has a high floristic diversity with over 144 plant species (Servat et al. 2002). The Polylepis forests in the region hold up to 60 species of birds (Yanacocha) (Servat et al. 2002) with a high number of endemic bird species (Fjeldsa et al. 1999; Fjeldsa 2002 a) including the endangered species Cinclodes excelsior, Anairetes alpinus and Leptasthenura xenothorax and the near-threatened species Leptasthenura yanacencis, Asthenes urubambensis, Conirostrum binghami (= Oreomanes fraseri) and Xenodacnis parina (Servat et al. 2002).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
83766B617154295B5441BE256E13D606.taxon	etymology	Etymology. We name this species after the Sacred Valley of the Incas stretching from Pisac to Ollantaytambo in Cusco (Peru) where the species is well distributed.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
83766B617154295B5441BE256E13D606.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Peru. Apurimac: Abancay, Bosque de Balcon, 4200 m, 16 June 2004, Palomino 3924 (QCA!). Cusco: Anta, Anta, 13 ° 28 ' 17 " S, 072 ° 08 ' 23 " W, 3546 m, 01 March 2003, Arce s. n (USM!); Pucaccacca, 13 ° 29 ' 21 " S, 072 ° 07 ' 59 " W, 3635 m, 01 March 2003, Arce s. n (USM!); Santa Ana, El Chaccan, 3500 m, 16 November 1972, Brunel 37 (MO!); Santa Ana, El Chaccan. Sub-xerofito, micro-thermico, 3490 m, 05 March 1973, Brunel 596 (MO!). Calca, Arin North of Cusco, road Cusco-Urubamba, 13 ° 20 ' S, 072 ° 01 ' W, 2897 m, 20 July 1992, Chavez 807 (CUZ!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 05 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 08 " W, 4245 m, 06 May 2011, Sylvester 1196 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 06 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 08 " W, 4250 m, 07 May 2011, Sylvester 1213 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 11 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 06 " W, 4230 m, 09 May 2011, Sylvester 1223 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 13 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 05 " W, 4243 m, 10 May 2011, Sylvester 1228 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 10 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 07 " W, 4237 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1230 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 05 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 16 " W, 4387 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1260 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, top of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 05 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 16 " W, 4395 m, 16 May 2011, Sylvester 1262 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found 700 m E of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 16 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 05 " W, 4242 m, 16 May 2011, Sylvester 1270 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, top of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 09 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 07 " W, 4243 m, 16 May 2011, Sylvester 1278 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca top of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 10 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 16 " W, 4261 m, 16 May 2011, Sylvester 1281 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, top of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 06 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 16 " W, 4405 m, 17 May 2011, Sylvester 1288 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 14 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 04 " W, 4258 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1310 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, top of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 06 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 17 " W, 4403 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1318 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the grassy grazed land found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 09 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 06 " W, 4247 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1338 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the grassy grazed land found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 05 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 03 " W, 4297 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1339 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the grassy grazed land found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 05 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 03 " W, 4297 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1340 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 03 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 02 " W, 4310 m, 02 June 2011, Sylvester 1342 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 04 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 04 " W, 4295 m, 02 June 2011, Sylvester 1343 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, Surayoc, in the deep forested valley 2 km NE of the small settlement of Churo and 6 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 15 ' 44 " S, 072 ° 59 ' 50 " W, 4354 m, 17 July 2011, Sylvester 1351 (CUZ!, Z!); 1352 (CUZ!, Z!); Surayoc, in the deep forested valley 2 km NE of the small settlement of Churo and 6 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 15 ' 47 " S, 071 ° 59 ' 49 " W, 4071 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1403 (CUZ!, Z!); 1406 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 09 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 06 " W, 4253 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1684 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, top of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 05 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 00 " W, 4319 m, 07 June 2012, Sylvester 1686; 1687 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca along track from Huaran to Cancha Cancha, 3.5 km north of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 38 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 44 " W, 3377 m, 22 June 2013, Sylvester 2236 (Z!, LPB). Cusco, Sacsayhuaman, 13 ° 30 ' 35 " S, 071 ° 58 ' 43 " W, 3391 m, 17 June 2015, Boza & Urquiaga 3081 (CUZ!, USM!, Z!); San Jeronimo, Hauccoto, Pachatusan, 13 ° 31 ' 02 " S, 071 ° 48 ' 39 " W, 4400 m, 23 October 2004, Galiano 6980 (AMAZ, CUZ!, F!, HUT, MO!, MOL, USM!). Espinar, Yauri, localidad Virginniyoc, 4100 m, 13 April 1987, Nunez 7889 B (CUZ!). Urubamba, Chicon, 13 ° 15 ' 01 " S, 072 ° 05 ' 16 " W, 3517 m, 01 April 2003, Arce s. n (CUZ!, USM!); Yanahuara, Mantanay, 13 ° 12 ' 51 " S, 072 ° 09 ' 46 " W, 4078 m, 17 June 2015, Boza & Urquiaga 3034; 3090; 3091 (CUZ!, USM!, Z!); above Urubamba, Chicon Valley below Nevado Chainapuerto, 13 ° 15 ' S, 072 ° 05 ' W, 3370 - 3550 m, 22 March 1987, Brandbyge 456 (AAU!); Urubamba, Mantanay, 13 ° 12 ' 03 " S, 072 ° 09 ' 20 " W, 3350 - 3800 m, 07 September 2002, Farfan 281 (CUZ!, F!, HUT, MO!, USM!); Urubamba, Pumahuanca, 13 ° 12 ' 36 " S, 072 ° 05 ' 56 " W, 3300 - 3850 m, 09 September 2002, Farfan 341 (AMAZ, CUZ!, F!, HUT, MO!, MOL, USM!); Huaran ca. Yanachoca, 13 ° 21 ' S, 072 ° 03 ' W, 3000 - 4000 m, 26 January 1991, Nunez 12568; 12655 (CUZ!, MO!); Huayoccari to Yanacocha, Urubamba, NW from Cusco, 13 ° 16 ' S, 072 ° 04 ' W, 14 February 1987, Nunez 6999; 7066 (MO!); desde Huayocri hasta Yanacocha, cerca a Huayllabamba, 13 ° 21 ' S, 072 ° 03 ' W, 3000 - 3890 m, 25 June 1988, Nunez 9222 (CUZ!, MO!); Pumahuanca, bosque de Quenaquenco-Cuyo, 4100 m, 16 June 2004, Palomino 4809 (QCA!); Urubamba, 1.5 km 100 NE up the valley from the Munaycha college, 5 km North upvalley from Urubamba, 13 ° 14 ' 39 " S, 072 ° 04 ' 46 " W, 3865 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1349; 1350 (CUZ!, Z!); Huayllabamba, grazed slope situated on the N side of Laguna Qellococha 500 m further N passing through the Polylepis forest 5 km N of Huayocari Village, 13 ° 16 ' 42 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 00 " W, 4168 m, 28 February 2011, Sylvester 604; 637; 643; 644 (CUZ!, Z!); Huayllabamba, grazed slope situated on the N side of Laguna Qellococha 500 m further N passing through the Polylepis forest 5 km N of Huayocari Village, 13 ° 16 ' 43 " S, 072 ° 02 ' 56 " W, 4182 m, 11 March 2011, Sylvester 700; 725 (CUZ!, Z!); Huayllabamba, grazed slope situated on the N side of Laguna Qellococha 500 m further N passing through tha Polylepis forest 5 km N of Huayocari Village, 13 ° 16 ' 43 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 00 " W, 4162 m, 12 March 2011, Sylvester 732 (CUZ!, Z!); Huayllabamba, grazed slope situated on the N side of Laguna Qellococha 500 m further N passing through tha Polylepis forest 5 km N of Huayocari Village, 13 ° 16 ' 36 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 03 " W, 4199 m, 13 March 2011, Sylvester 755 (CUZ!, Z!); Huayllabamba, grazed slope situated on the N side of Laguna Qellococha 500 m further N passing through tha Polylepis forest 5 km N of Huayocari Village, 13 ° 16 ' 42 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 07 " W, 4163 m, 13 March 2011, Sylvester 764 (CUZ!, Z!); Huayllabamba, grazed slope situated on the N side of Laguna Qellococha 500 m further N passing through tha Polylepis forest 5 km N of Huayocari Village, 13 ° 16 ' 42 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 07 " W, 4229 m, 14 March 2011, Sylvester 765; 773 (CUZ!, Z!); Huayllabamba, grazed slope situated on the N side of Laguna Qellococha 500 m further N passing through tha Polylepis forest 5 km N of Huayocari Village, 13 ° 16 ' 42 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 07 " W, 4215 m, 14 March 2011, Sylvester 781 (Z!); Huayllabamba, grazed land situated on the S side of Laguna Qellococha 5 km N of Huayocari Village 55 m S of Laguna Qellococha, 13 ° 16 ' 42 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 01 " W, 4151 m, 15 March 2011, Sylvester 789 (Z!); 796 (Z!); Huayllabamba, Yanacocha, 13 ° 17 ' 12 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 06 " W, 3760 m, 07 June 2006, Toivonen 43; 44; 45 (CUZ!); Huayllabamba, Yanacocha, 13 ° 16 ' 49 " S, 072 ° 59 ' 06 " W, 3960 m, 07 June 2006, Toivonen 47; 48 (CUZ!); Mantanay, 13 ° 12 ' 07 " S, 072 ° 09 ' 32 " W, 4100 m, 19 July 2007, Toivonen 5; 6; 7; 8 (CUZ!); Huayllabamba, Yanacocha, 13 ° 16 ' 55 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 00 " W, 3950 m, 16 June 2006, Toivonen 50; 51 (CUZ!); Huayllabamba, Qelloqocha, 13 ° 16 ' 52 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 07 " W, 4180 m, 31 August 2006, Toivonen 53; 54; 55; 56 (CUZ!); Urubamba, Pumahuanca, 13 ° 12 ' 30 " S, 072 ° 05 ' 53 " W, 4150 m, 13 June 2006, Toivonen 59 (CUZ!); Urubamba, Pumahuanca, 13 ° 12 ' 43 " S, 072 ° 05 ' 51 " W, 4140 m, 25 May 2006, Toivonen 61 (CUZ!). Huayllabamba, entre quebrada de Huayaccari y las lagunas de Yanacocha y Kellococha parte alta y media, 13 ° 21 ' 15 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 55 " W, 3400 - 4200 m, 17 - 18 May 1989, Tupayachi 1044 (MO!); entre la quebrada de Huayoccari y las lagunas de Yanacocha y Kellococha, hacia las laderas Sureste de las lagunas, 13 ° 19 ' 00 " S, 072 ° 02 ' 00 " W, 2900 - 3600 m, 19 - 23 June 1989, Tupayachi 1092 (GH!, MO!); Huayllabamba, entre Huayoccari y las lagunas de Yanacocha y Kellococha, 13 ° 13 ' S, 072 ° 16 ' W, 2900 - 4600 m, 17 - 18 July 1989, Tupayachi 1130 (MO!); 1138 (MO!); Huayllabamba, Lagunas Yanachocha y Quellococha hacia San Juan, NE de Cusco, 13 ° 16 ' S, 072 ° 04 ' W, 2900 - 4600 m, 19 August 1989, Tupayachi 1212 A (MO!); 1213 (MO!); Huayllabamba, Huayaccari-Yanaccocha; camino a Yanaccocha, 13 ° 21 ' S, 072 ° 03 ' W, 3000 - 4200 m, 03 March 1986, Tupayachi 137 (CUZ!, MO!); Huayllabamba. Laguna Yanaccocha y Kello ccocha, 13 ° 21 ' 15 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 55 " W, 3800 - 4200 m, 07 January 1989, Tupayachi 854 (MO!); Huayllabamba, entre la quebrada Huayoccari, Lagunas de Yanacocha y Kellococha, 13 ° 21 ' 15 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 55 " W, 2900 - 3860 m, 12 February 1989, Tupayachi 896 (MO!); Urubamba, Pumahuanca, 13 ° 14 ' 35 " S, 072 ° 06 ' 50 " W, 3543 m, 20 February 2006, Valenzuela 6154 (AMAZ, CUZ!, HUT, MO!, USM!); Pumahuanca, 3450 - 3850 m, 25 October 1952, Vargas 10799 (CUZ!); Quebrada Chicon, 3000 m, 14 August 1974, Vargas 22604 (CUZ!); Sutocc to Pacchacc, 3500 - 3650 m, 15 November 1962, Vargas 7855 (CUZ!); Yanahuara, 3600 m, 16 March 1950, Vargas 9315 (CUZ!). Junin: Jauja, Llocllapampa, 3350 m, Rosales 4 (USM!). Lago Chinchay Cocha Junin, Ondores, 11 ° 04 ' S, 076 ° 08 ' W, 4000 m, 05 February 1987, Boertmann 17 a (AAU!). Llocllapampa, Parco entre Jauja y Oroya, 3200 - 3300 m, 24 November 1947, Ferreyra 2833 (MO!, USM!). Tarma, Ayabamba, 27 April 1905, Soukup 2536 (F!). Lima: Huarochiri, Vista Alegre, Rio Blanco, 3923 m, 21 February 1990, Arce 205 (MO!); 3400 m, 03 June 1940, Asplund 11343 (US!); 3700 m, 04 June 1940, Asplund 11374 (US!). San Mateo, Rio Blanco; open hillside, 3000 - 3500 m, 15 - 17 April 1929, Killip 21745 (A!, F!, US!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
C33D820384CD889239E6D76F5A1A5814.taxon	description	Figs 39, 40	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
C33D820384CD889239E6D76F5A1A5814.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Venezuela. Merida: Sierra Nevada, 3500 m, Jun 1847, Funck & Schlim 1546 (lectotype, designated by Simpson 1979, pg. 28: P!; isolectotypes: G!; phot at F!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
C33D820384CD889239E6D76F5A1A5814.taxon	description	Description. Trees 3 - 7 (12) m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2 - 3 (- 4) pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 3.9 - 4.2 x 2.5 - 3.8 cm; rachises glabrous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight whitish hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, almost glabrous with some hairs at the edges on the outer surfaces and glabrous in the inner surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.8 - 2.1 x 0.8 - 1.0 cm; margin entire, coriaceous, apically emarginate to retuse, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely sericeous with whitish hairs 0.7 - 1.0 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, 3.3 - 4.5 cm long, bearing 9 - 15 flowers; floral bracts 4.1 - 6.4 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises sericeous. Flowers 4.2 - 8.1 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 13 - 15, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.9 - 2.5 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely sericeous; 4.0 - 7.4 x 3.4 - 9.6 mm including spines. Diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
C33D820384CD889239E6D76F5A1A5814.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis sericea is found in two distinct geographic areas, the Cordillera de Merida in the Andes of western Venezuela and the Cordillera Central of Colombia in Caldas, Quindio and Risaralda Departments (Fig. 41). It grows at 2800 - 4300 m elevation in humid montane forest, where it is the only species of the genus. In Venezuela, P. sericea mostly grows as homogeneous forest and sometimes mixed with Hesperomeles glabrata and H. pernettyoides (Arnal 1983). In Colombia, it represents 61.9 % (1893.07 ha) of the total Polylepis forest estimated for this country (Fadino and Caro 2009). In the Cordillera Central, it grows mixed with Myrsine parvifolia, Miconia salicifolia and Gynoxys baccharoides (Rangel-Ch and Arellano 2007). This species has been subject to detailed ecological and ecophysiological studies in Venezuela which, among other aspects, revealed that the net photosynthesis is highest at leaf temperatures of 13 ° C, but is still 80 % of this maximum at 3 ° C and that it has high concentrations of carbohydrates in its leaves that allow supercooling down to - 9 ° C (Rada et al. 1985, 1996, 2009; Goldstein et al. 1994). Leaf anatomy changes with elevation to account for lower temperatures and increasing water stress at high elevations (Colmenares-Arteaga et al. 2005). As in many species of the genus, natural regeneration is highest along forest margins and in open forests, where shading is low enough to allow for seedling growth, but where herb cover is too low to outcompete them (Rada et al. 2011).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
C33D820384CD889239E6D76F5A1A5814.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Colombia. Caldas: Pereira, El Cisne, Laguna del Otum, 04 ° 46 ' N, 075 ° 25 ' W, 3900 - 4200 m, 20 March 2009, Vargas 20063 (COL!). Villamaria, Cordillera central, vertiente occidental; cabeceras del rio Otun, Laguna del Mosquito y plan del Villar, 04 ° 58 ' N, 075 ° 21 ' W, 3650 - 3750 m, 26 November 1946, Cuatrecasas 23257 (COL!); Cordillera Central, vertiente occidental, vert. sudoeste del Ruiz, El Prisco, paramos, 04 ° 58 ' N, 075 ° 22 ' W, 3500 - 3600 m, 05 May 1940, Cuatrecasas 9327 (COL!). Quindio: Salento, Vereda Cocora; below Nevado del Quindio, 3800 m, 20 - 22 May 1989, Luteyn 12974 (MO!). Risaralda: Pereira, Cordillera central, en el paso de la Laguna del Otum hacia la Quebrada Africa, 04 ° 47 ' N, 075 ° 24 ' W, 4300 m, 09 February 1980, Jaramillo 6276 (COL!). Venezuela. Lara: Moran, Paramo del Jabon (Vertiente Oriental), 09 ° 34 ' N, 070 ° 06 ' W, 3100 - 3400 m, 02 November 1969, Cuatrecasas 28216 (MERF); Paramo Jabon, camino al paramo Cende, 09 ° 34 ' N, 070 ° 06 ' W, 3000 - 3200 m, 30 December 1999, Riina 1036 (VEN). Merida: Caracciolo Parra Olmedo, Paramo La Culata en quebrada, 08 ° 46 ' 43 " N, 071 ° 03 ' 04 " W, 3581 m, 07 October 2006, Bonifacino 2541 (VEN). Justo Briceno, Paramos de Laguna Grande, 08 ° 48 ' N, 070 ° 56 ' W, 21 January 1929, Pittier 13253 (MO!, VEN). Libertador, Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada. Loma Redonda Teleferico station and south, 08 ° 33 ' N, 071 ° 05 ' W, 4068 m, 20 May 1988, Dorr 5220 (AAU!); Pico Bolivar, 08 ° 33 ' N, 071 ° 02 ' W, 4200 m, 17 January 1968, Walter 443 (GOET!). Miranda, carretera hacia Pinango, Paramo Piedras Blancas, Dtto. Rangel, 09 ° 00 ' N, 070 ° 50 ' W, 3700 m, 03 March 1982, Aymard 1050 (MO!); Dist. Justo Briceno. Paramo y chirivital en la vertiente NW del Alto del Totumo, hoya del Rio Chiruri, a 19.5 km de El Aguila por la carretera a Pinango, 08 ° 51 ' N, 070 ° 49 ' W, 3900 - 4000 m, 02 April 1982, Berry 3812 (MO!); 3844 (MO!, VEN); de El Aguila a Pinango, 08 ° 56 ' 24 " N, 070 ° 50 ' 47 " W, 3820 m, 03 August 2010, Grande 2565 (VEN). Pueblo Llano, Andes de Merida / Steilhang oberhalb Laguna Negra, 08 ° 56 ' N, 070 ° 41 ' W, 3500 - 3700 m, 01 August 1958, Schwabe s. n (GOET!); Andes de Merida, 08 ° 56 ' N, 070 ° 41 ' W, 4000 m, 01 January 1973, Schwabe s. n (GOET!). Rangel, Margenes del Rio Chama, cerca de Apartadevos, 08 ° 47 ' N, 070 ° 51 ' W, 01 July 1971, Aristeguieta 7886 (MO!); Quebrada de la Mucuchache, SE de la entrada, 3600 m, 16 June 1981, Briceno 298 (VEN); Dist. Rangel, cascada SE of Laguna de Mucubaji and below Pico Mucunuque, Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada, 08 ° 48 ' N, 070 ° 49 ' W, 3600 - 3800 m, 15 June 1988, Dorr 5524 (MO!, VEN); Sierra Nevada, 08 ° 36 ' N, 070 ° 53 ' W, 3800 m, 20 July 1934, Farenholtz 1833 (GOET!); Sierra Nevada, 08 ° 36 ' N, 070 ° 53 ' W, 4000 m, 27 July 1934, Farenholtz 1927 (GOET!); Quebrada Yoyo, 08 ° 43 ' N, 070 ° 49 ' W, 3880 m, 12 April 1930, Gehriger 73 (MO!, VEN); Distr. Rangel. Sierra Nevada de Santo Domingo, road between Laguna de Mucubaji and Laguna Negra, 08 ° 47 ' N, 070 ° 48 ' W, 3400 m, 03 July 1979, Kieft 87 (MO!, VEN); moraine at the head of the valley above L. Mucubaji, on a small rocky cliff just above and east of the lowest falls, 08 ° 47 ' N, 070 ° 49 ' W, 3650 m, 21 July 1972, Loveless 1722 (MO!); Sierra Nevada, 08 ° 36 ' N, 070 ° 53 ' W, s. d., Moritz 1120 (MO!); La Nevada, 08 ° 36 ' N, 070 ° 53 ' W, 3352 m, 21 December 1904, Schlim 1546 (MO!); Berghange oberhalb Laguna Negra / Paramo, 08 ° 46 ' N, 070 ° 48 ' W, 3700 m, s. d., Schwabe s. n (GOET!); Paramo de Mucubaji, Paramo vegetation around Cascadas along the trail to Laguna Negra Paramo, 08 ° 46 ' 49 " N, 070 ° 49 ' 16 " W, 3640 m, 12 October 2007, Sklenar 10240 (VEN); Caserio Mifafi, camino quebrada de rio Chama-Caserio Mucumpis a traves del paramo Piedra Blanca (entrada por la carretera Apartaderous-Pico Aguila), 08 ° 48 ' N, 070 ° 50 ' W, 14 August 1980, Stergios 2116 (MO!); Paramo seco y humedo en el sector de Sto. Domingo de Mucubaji los alrededores de la Laguna de Mucubaji, 08 ° 46 ' N, 070 ° 49 ' W, 29 May 1986, Stergios 8378 (MO!). Santos Marquina, Sierra Nevada. Paramo alrededores de la Laguna Verde proximo Picos Humboldt y Bonpland, near edge of la LagunaVerde, 08 ° 34 ' N, 070 ° 59 ' W, 4000 m, 04 December 1959, Barclay 10034 (MO!); Cerro de Caballo, 08 ° 32 ' N, 070 ° 54 ' W, 3600 - 3850 m, 25 November 1959, Barclay 9816 (MO!); Sierra Nevada; alrededores de la Laguna Coromoto. Trail to Laguna Verde, 08 ° 34 ' N, 071 ° 00 ' W, 3300 - 3500 m, 03 December 1959, Barclay 9951 (MO!), Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada, Merida, Paramo Media Luna, 300 m Westl der Teleferico-Station Loma Redonda, 3920 m, 10 January 1995, Berg 517 (VEN); Paramo del Aguila, 10 March 1951, Croizat 66 (VEN); alrededores inmediatos de la Laguna Brava (Paramo de la Laguna Brava), sector del Paramo de los Granates, Sierra de Santo Domingo, Cordillera de los Andes, 3300 m, 20 May 1971, Lopez-Figueiras 8728 (VEN); Paramo, Los Colorados, 3900 m, 01 May 1988, Lopez del Pozo 416 (VEN); Paramo, 3550 m, July 1988, Lopez del Pozo 944 (VEN); Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada, Laguna Negra, 17 September 1998, Ramirez 5533 (VEN); Laguna Mucubaji, above Los Apartaderos, 3625 - 3655 m, 21 July 1944, Steyermark 57513 (VEN); Laguna Negra, 3520 m, 18 May 1952, Varechi 962 (VEN). Tachira: Jauregui, Paramo Sumusica along the trail heading northwest from the mountain pass (road La Grita-San Jose de Bolivar), 08 ° 01 ' 31 " N, 071 ° 57 ' 53 " W, 3340 m, 17 October 2007, Sklenar 10356 (VEN). Trujillo: Bocono, Mun. Carache, P. N. Dinira, arriba de Mesa Arriba, debajo del Pico Cende, ladera SO, 09 ° 32 ' N, 070 ° 07 ' W, 3200 m, 01 April 1999, Duno de Stefano 767 (MO!, VEN).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
AA8DE8CEC2F2C99BE13C3CDABBE24092.taxon	description	Figs 22, 23	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
AA8DE8CEC2F2C99BE13C3CDABBE24092.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Peru. Huanuco: Huamalics, southeast of Monzon, 3400 - 3500 m, 1903, Weberbauer 3354 (holotype: B destroyed; photos at MO!, US).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
AA8DE8CEC2F2C99BE13C3CDABBE24092.taxon	description	Description. Trees 3 - 27 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 4 - 7 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (5.4 -) 6.7 - 8.7 (- 11.1) x (3.2 -) 3.9 - 5.7 (- 6.4) cm; rachises densely tomentose; points of leaflet attachment with a ring of short tomentose hairs around; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.8 -) 2.4 - 3.5 x 0.8 - 1.0 (- 1.2) cm; margin serrate with 4 - 5 teeth, apically acute, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous or sparsely lanate mainly in the mid-vein depression; lower leaflet surfaces densely lanate with whitish hairs 0.7 - 1.2 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (7.6 -) 9.5 - 13.3 (- 17.3) cm long, bearing 16 - 35 flowers; floral bracts 3.4 - 4.5 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 5.2 - 5.9 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens (4 -) 6 - 14, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.2 - 2.3 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of thin spines, densely villous; (3.8 -) 6.1 - 6.7 x 5.6 - 8.8 mm including spines. Diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
AA8DE8CEC2F2C99BE13C3CDABBE24092.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis serrata is distributed from San Martin to Cusco, Peru (Fig. 24), where it occurs at 2000 - 3950 m elevation. It grows in relatively wet habitats usually mixed with or at the upper edge of the montane cloud forest, commonly with species of the genera Oreopanax and Weinmannia (Young 1993). It often also co-occurs with P. canoi and towards its upper distribution grades into forests of P. rodolfovasquezii (Boyle 2001; Kessler et al. 2014). This is one of the tallest Polylepis species, with heights of up to 27 m and diameters of up to 80 cm recorded (Toivonen et al. 2011). In a study in Cuzco, Peru, vegetative reproduction was found to be absent at 3000 m, but increased to around 80 % at 3500 - 3800 m (Toivonen et al. 2011). Based on pollen records, Polylepis of presumably this species was common at Laguna de Chochos in San Martin, Peru, at the beginning of the Holocene some 10,000 - 6,000 bp and later declined (Bush et al. 2005). The ecophysiology of this species has been studied by Toivonen et al. (2014; as P. pauta).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
AA8DE8CEC2F2C99BE13C3CDABBE24092.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Peru. Cusco: Calca, Lares Cuncani, 07 June 1991, Tupayachi 1505 (CUZ!). La Convencion, Prov. Machupicchu, Chakimayu, 3235 m, 01 September 2002, Arce s. n (CUZ!, USM!); Batiyayoc 13 ° 08 ' 01 " S, 072 ° 19 ' 45 " W, 3705 m, 01 October 2002, Arce s. n (CUZ!); Dist. Santa Teresa, Uchuyillaspay, 13 ° 07 ' 23 " S, 072 ° 37 ' 30 " W, 3883 m, 22 September 2005, Huamantupa 7018 (CUZ!, MO!); Dist. Echarate, Huayopata, San Luis, 13 ° 04 ' 43 " S, 072 ° 23 ' 25 " W, 2800 m, 30 March 2006, Huamantupa 7526 (CUZ!, MO!, USM!); Potrero, Bosque de Ukumuriyoc, 3600 m, 01 October 2002, Palomino 1737 (QCA!); Dist. Huayopata, Panticalle, Abra Malaga 13 ° 08 ' 02 " S, 072 ° 19 ' 41 " W, 3690 m, 30 May 2006, Toivonen 88 (CUZ!); 89 (CUZ!); 90 (CUZ!); 91 (CUZ!); Cerca Canchayoc, 3600 m, 29 June 1967, Vargas 19872 (CUZ!); Canchayoc, 3650 - 4000 m, 10 January 1968, Vargas 20086 (CUZ!); Canchayoc, 3700 m, 23 April 1980, Vargas 23311 (CUZ!); Yanamanche Quellomayo, 3600 - 4000 m, 25 July 1944, Vargas 4457 (CUZ!). Paucartambo, Challabamba, Pumataki, 13 ° 09 ' 16 " S, 071 ° 38 ' 33 " W, 3671 m, 10 December 2014, Boza 3024 (USM!, Z!); Challabamba, between Acjanaco and Tres Cruces, 13 ° 10 ' 07 " S, 071 ° 37 ' 58 " W, 3450 m, 10 December 2014, Boza 3025 (USM!, Z!); Trocha Ericsson, Acjanaco, Parque Nacional Manu, 3250 - 3350 m, 01 September 1990, Cano 4041 (USM!); Qollatambo, Parque Nacional Manu, 3700 - 3800 m, 10 September 1990, Cano 4319 (USM!); Tres Cruces, Parque Nacional Manu, 3600 - 3700 m, 06 March 1991, Cano 4588 (USM!); Cerro Chapuyoc, Challabamba, ParqueNacional Manu, 3350 - 3450 m, 15 March 1991, Cano 4689 (USM!); Valle del Pilcopata, near Accanaco Pass, turnoff to Tres Cruces, 13 ° 13 ' S, 071 ° 35 ' W, 3500 m, 15 December 1983, Foster 7548 (MO!, USM!); Acjanaco, Parque Nacional Manu, Trocha Ericsson, 3000 - 3200 m, 22 July 1991, Huapaya 221 (USM!); Region of Acanacu and the Cordillera or Tres Cruces, 3290 - 3500 m, 07 December 1978, Luteyn 6386 (AAU!, MO!, USM!); Pillahuata, alrededores, Tres cruces, 130 km de Cusco en el camino hacia Pilcopta, 13 ° 05 ' S, 071 ° 30 ' W, 2000 m, 04 April 1987, Nunez 7749 (CUZ!, MO!, USM!); Km 130 hacia Kosnipata; incluye Acjanacu, Pillahuata, parte alta del Parque Nacional del Manu y ceja de selva hacia Kosnipata, 13 ° 05 ' S, 071 ° 30 ' W, 2600 m, 30 October 1987, Nunez 8482 (CUZ!, MO!); Tres Cruces, Parque Nacional Manu, 3500 - 3700 m, 01 April 1989, Tovar 10081 (USM!); Abra de Acjanaco-Tres Cruces de Oro, carretera Acjanaco-Pillahuata, 13 ° 07 ' S, 071 ° 40 ' W, 3700 m, 13 November 1986, Tupayachi 44; Tupayachi 45 (CUZ!, MO!); Entre Paucartambo y Acjanacu, Abra de Acjanacu, 3500 m, 25 January 1960, Vargas 13130 (CUZ!); Hda. Pillco, Valle de Paucartambi, 2800 m, 12 April 1967, Vargas 19242 (CUZ!); Abra de Acjanacu, 3500 m, 20 June 1986, Vargas 24009 (CUZ!); Quebrada de Acjanacu, 3500 m, 11 December 1942, Vargas 3004 (CUZ!, MO!); Chacapampa, 1800 - 2000 m, 01 December 1950, Vargas 9909 (CUZ!, MO!). Quispicanchis, Marcapata; 176 km from Cusco on road to Maldonado, Marcapata remmant forest to Cocha, 13 ° 25 ' S, 070 ° 54 ' W, 3150 m, 08 March 1991, Nunez 13151 (CUZ!, MO!); entre Abra Walla Walla y Marcapata a 210 km de Cusco, 13 ° 25 ' S, 070 ° 54 ' W, 2800 - 4600 m, 21 - 25 April 1988, Nunez 9032 (CUZ!, IBE, MO!); Huaillai-Marcapata, junto al rio Araza, 2900 m, 11 December 1943, Vargas 3765 (CUZ!); Marcapata, 15 - 16 February 1929, Weberbauer 7803 (A!, MO!). Urubamba, Pakaymayu, 13 ° 14 ' 11 " S, 072 ° 29 ' 38 " W, 3861 m, 01 June 2002, Arce s. n (USM!); entre San Luis y Abra Malaga, 13 ° 06 ' S, 072 ° 22 ' W, 3500 m, 16 October 2002, Lehnert 444 (GOET!); Machu Picchu', in Urcoscancha, a pampa above the village of Palcay, 13 ° 09 ' 30 " S, 072 ° 31 ' 53 " W, 3645 m, 05 July 1982, Peyton 792 (MO!); Lado Oriental de Cumbre Malaga, 01 October 1984, Rivas s. n (USM!); Machupicchu, campamento (km 90), 13 ° 11 ' 17 " S, 072 ° 26 ' 10 " W, 3070 m, 02 August 2006, Toivonen 1 (CUZ!); Dist. Machupicchu, campamento (km 90), 13 ° 11 ' 17 " S, 072 ° 26 ' 10 " W, 3070 m, 02 August 2006, Toivonen 2 (CUZ!); Dist. Machupicchu, Pakaymayu, 13 ° 14 ' 9 " S, 072 ° 29 ' 36 " W, 3760 m, 24 August 2006, Toivonen 24, 25; 26; 27; 30 (CUZ!); Dist. Machupicchu. Pakaymayu, 13 ° 14 ' 9 " S, 072 ° 29 ' 36 " W, 3760 m, 13 September 2006, Toivonen 3760 (CUZ!). Huanuco: Pachitea, Dist. de Umari, Comunidad Campesina de San Marcos, 3400 m, 04 March 2010, Beltran 6740 (USM!); 6760 (USM!); 01 July 1903, Weberbauer 3354 (B, MO!). Junin: Satipo, Cordillera Vilcabamba, Rio Ene slope, near summit of divide, 11 ° 39 ' 36 " S, 073 ° 40 ' 02 " W, 3320 m, 14 June 1997, Boyle 4398 (USM!). San Martin: Mariscal Caceres, Primer derrumbe y laguna del pato y asociadas del P. N. del Rio Abiseo, 3250 - 3450 m, 24 June 1996, Cano 7265 (USM!); Dist. de Huicungo, Parque Nacional Rio Abiseo, Callejon Rojas, 3600 - 3700 m, 06 July 2011, Castillo 1026 (USM!); 959 (USM!); Dist. de Huicungo, zona de Alpamachay, 3200 - 3300 m, 14 June 2001, Leon 5224 (USM!); Rio Abiseo National Park; forest on edge of Laguna de Chochos, NW corner of park, 07 ° 00 ' S, 077 ° 00 ' W, 3300 m, 19 May 1986, Young 3175 (F!, MO!, USM!); Rio Abiseo National Park, jucture of Quebrada Misquichilca and Quebrada Quimar, 4 km SE of Condormarca, 07 ° 00 ' S, 077 ° 00 ' W, 3500 m, 05 June 1986, Young 3552 (F!, MO!, USM!); forest on the edge of Laguna de Chochos, Chochos, NW corner of Rio Abiseo National Park, 07 ° S, 077 ° W, 3300 m, 17 July 1987, Young 4863 (MO!, USM!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E22E0987847379E7794744F6786071BD.taxon	description	Figs 57, 58	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E22E0987847379E7794744F6786071BD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The species differs from Polylepis weberbaueri Pilg. in the smaller, broadly ovate leaflets (0.9 - 1.6 x 0.4 - 1.1 cm) and shorter inflorescences (2.5 - 5.5 cm long) bearing 3 - 5 flowers, with each flower having 11 - 13 stamens.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E22E0987847379E7794744F6786071BD.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Ecuador: Canar: along Paramo-road to Manu W of Canar, 02 ° 33 ' S, 79 ° 02 ' W, 3300 - 3700 m, 20 June 1988, S. Laegaard 71564 (holotype: QCA!; isotype: AAU!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E22E0987847379E7794744F6786071BD.taxon	description	Description. Trees 1 - 8 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2 - 3 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (2.3 -) 2.8 - 5.8 x (1.5 -) 1.9 - 3.3 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, lanate hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (0.9 -) 1.3 - 1.6 x (0.4 -) 0.7 - 1.1 cm; margin entire or slightly crenate with 2 - 4 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with whitish hairs 0.5 - 0.7 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (2.5 -) 3.7 - 3.9 (- 5.5) cm long, bearing 3 - 5 flowers; floral bracts 3.3 - 6.1 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely lanate on the outer surface; rachises tomentose. Flowers (6.1 -) 6.7 - 9.1 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely tomentose outside; stamens 11 - 13, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.8 - 3.3 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely villous; 2.4 - 5.8 x 5.1 - 7.5 mm including spines. Diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E22E0987847379E7794744F6786071BD.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat, and ecology. Polylepis simpsoniae occurs in southern Ecuador (Canar and Azuay) (Fig. 61). It grows on relatively dry slopes at 2500 - 3800 m elevation, where it often co-occurs with P. reticulata. When they co-occur, P. simpsoniae tends to occur at lower elevation (maximum probability of occurrence at 3300 - 3700 m) than P. reticulata (3800 - 4000 m) (Montalvo et al. 2018).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E22E0987847379E7794744F6786071BD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. We name the species in honor of Beryl B. Simpson (1942 -), professor emeritus in the Department of Integrative Biology at the University of Texas at Austin, who, apart from her important contributions to the knowledge of Polylepis (Simpson 1979, 1986), has conducted remarkable research on tropical angiosperms.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E22E0987847379E7794744F6786071BD.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Ecuador. Azuay: Banos, Parque Nacional de Las Cajas, along road Soldados-Angas app. 2 km above Soldados, 02 ° 56 ' S, 079 ° 12 ' W, 3480 m, 02 May 1992, Laegaard 102679 (AAU!, QCA!). Cuenca, Area Nacional de Recreacion Cajas, collection made along Rio Patul from the Comunidad Baute / Laguna Patul (watershed of Rio Patul), 02 ° 33 ' S, 079 ° 21 ' W, 3500 - 4200 m, s. d., Clark 6229 (QCA!, QCNE, US!). Jimbilla, along road Cuenca-Soldados, 03 ° 50 ' S, 079 ° 09 ' W, 3000 - 3300 m, 03 March 1985, Laegaard 53795 (AAU!, MO!). San Joaquin, from Soldados eastwards along the road until Hda. San Vicente (west of Cuenca), 02 ° 56 ' S, 079 ° 10 ' W, 3200 - 3300 m, 05 January 1981, Balslev 1546 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); Parque Nac. de Las Cajas, at entrance to the park at Soldados, 02 ° 56 ' S, 079 ° 13 ' W, 3900 m, 02 May 1992, Laegaard 102677 (AAU!, GOET!); Paramo de Soldados, SW of Cuenca, 02 ° 57 ' S, 079 ° 14 ' W, 3020 m, 24 October 1984, Laegaard 53234 (AAU!, MO!); between Cuenca and Soldados, 02 ° 57 ' S, 079 ° 10 ' W, 2800 - 3000 m, 28 August 1985, Laegaard 55082 (AAU!); at Soldados, 02 ° 57 ' S, 079 ° 14 ' W, 2800 - 3000 m, 28 August 1985, Laegaard 55083 (AAU!); 55087 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); at bridge 2 km below Soldados, 02 ° 56 ' S, 078 ° 13 ' W, 3200 m, 14 February 1988, Laegaard 70082 (AAU!, QCNE); 70084; 70085 (AAU!, MO!); cerca al Rio Yanuncay, carretera via San Joaquin-Soldados Angas, 02 ° 56 ' S, 079 ° 13 ' W, 3100 m, 07 April 2007, Romoleroux 4445 (CHEP, ECUAMZ, QCA!). Sayausi, Las Cajas National Park. Wet paramo near roadside, 02 ° 50 ' S, 079 ° 12 ' W, 3500 m, 19 September 1983, Brandbyge 42269 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); from Soldados E along the road until Hcda. San Vicente (W of Cuenca), 3200 - 3300 m, 05 January 1981, Balslev 1546 (QCA!); Zurucucho, Canton Cuenca, Valley bottom, along rivers, 3200 m, 11 August 1978, Boeke 2622 (QCA!); route de Cuenca a Angas, paramo de Cajas, peu au dessus du hameau de Soldados, 14 km en desous du col sur le versant interieur, 3250 m, 05 October 1988, Huttel 1136 (QCA!); Paramo de Soldados, SW of Cuenca, 3320 m, 24 October 1984, Laegaard 53234 (QCA!); between Cuenca and Soldados, 2800 - 3000 m, 28 August 1985, Laegaard 55082 (QCA!); at Soldados, 3200 - 3400 m, 28 August 1985, Laegaard 55083 (QCA!); at Soldados, 3200 m, 28 August 1985, Laegaard 55087 (QCA!); at bridge 2 km below Soldados, 3200 m, 14 February 1988, Laegaard 70084 (QCA!); Parque Nacional Cajas, 3850 - 3900 m, 10 September 2001, Romoleroux 4028 (QCA!); Est. San Pedro near Canar on steep slopes, 02 January 1977, Simpson 8532 (US!, USM!); 8532 a (USM!); Cajas, Rio Blanco, 3620 m, 28 August 1999, Smeets 791 (QCA!). Canar: Gualleturo, along Paramo-road to Manu W of Canar, W of pass, 02 ° 33 ' S, 079 ° 02 ' W, 3700 m, 20 June 1988, Laegaard 71561; 71564 (AAU!, QCA!); 71567 (MO!). Ingapirca, Comunidad San Isidro de Vendeleche, 02 ° 32 ' S, 078 ° 50 ' W, 3200 m, 04 March 1983, Brandbyge 42085 (AAU!, MO!, NY); Ingapirca Parish, Silante, 02 ° 29 ' S, 078 ° 49 ' W, 3450 m, 01 January 1992, Kohn 1526 (MO!). Zhud, along road to Culebrillas ca. km 6 - 10, 02 ° 26 ' S, 078 ° 57 ' W, 3400 - 3500 m, 04 February 2000, Laegaard 21006 (AAU!, MO!); at the antennas of Culebrillas ca. 17 km from Panamericana, 02 ° 26 ' S, 078 ° 57 ' W, 4000 m, 04 February 2000, Laegaard 21031 (AAU!, MO!). Guapan, 3525 m, 28 November 2000, Endara 760 (QCA!); along paramo road to Manu W of CaOar. W of pass, 3300 - 3700 m, 20 June 1988, Laegaard 71561 (QCA!); Pimo, entre Oyacshi y Zhud, 3250 m, 13 October 1987, Romoleroux 392 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); Desde Canar, km 10.5, Cerro Caucay, 3450 m, s. d., Romoleroux 586 (AAU!, QCA!); Oeste de Canar, Km 10.5, Cerro Cuacay, 3450 m, 27 April 1988, Romoleroux 587 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 589 (AAU!, QCA!); s. d., Rose 22722; 22733; 23792 (NY, US!); Cuenca del Rio Dudas (Fund. Cordillera Tropical), 3230 m, 17 October 2006, Salgado 1292 (QCA!). Chimborazo: Chimborazo / Canar: between Santa Rosa and Joyagshi, near Tipococha, 3500 m, s. d., Camp E- 4088 (F!, NY, US!). Tungurahua: Bellavista, 3700 m, 05 December 2009, Caranqui 1907 (QCA!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E6E102796C9D831275DDDE277CDEC87C.taxon	description	Figs 71, 72	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E6E102796C9D831275DDDE277CDEC87C.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Peru. Ayacucho: Hacienda Tortorabamba, 3500 - 3600 m, May 1910, Weberbauer 5487 (holotype: F!; isotypes: F!, G!)	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E6E102796C9D831275DDDE277CDEC87C.taxon	description	Description. Trees 3 - 10 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with one pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (1.7 -) 2.8 - 3.4 x 1.7 - 2.5 cm; rachises densely pilose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely strigose on the outer surfaces; leaflets narrowly elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.3 -) 1.7 - 2.8 x 0.5 - 0.7 cm; margin entire to slightly serrate at apex with 3 - 4 teeth, apically round or emarginate with the trichomes from the lower surface projecting into the notch, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces sparsely strigose; lower leaflet surfaces densely strigose with yellowish hairs 0.7 - 1.2 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (1.9 -) 2.5 - 4.9 (- 5.6) cm long, bearing 3 - 4 (- 6) flowers; floral bracts 3.2 - 6.6 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely pilose on the outer surface; rachises pilose. Flowers 7.7 - 9.6 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely pilose outside; stamens 9 - 13, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.0 - 4.2 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 3 - 4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely pilose; 7.5 - 9.1 x 4.3 - 5.9 mm including spines. Tetraploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E6E102796C9D831275DDDE277CDEC87C.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis subericans is distributed in the high mountains of southern Peru from Huaytara (Huancavelica) to (Urubamba) Cusco (Fig. 73). The species occurs in relatively dry and cold areas at 3760 - 4800 (- 5100) m elevation. Human activities cause variation of the forest structure, with forest in dry areas being more strongly degraded (Toivonen et al. 2011). During the rainy season, P. subsericans shows a positive correlation between temperature and tree-ring growth, pointing out the importance of temperature for its growth (Jomelli et al. 2012). Polylepis subsericans is amongst the highest-growing tree species in the world and in Vilcanota (Cusco), forests of P. subsericans reach mean maximum tree heights of 13 m at 4650 m (Kessler et al. 2014). These stands grow under mean growing season air temperatures of 3.8 ° C and mean growing season soil temperatures of 4.6 ° C. Polylepis subericans is adapted to high elevations and, relative to other species of Polylepis, has low levels of stomatal conductance and high levels of quantum use efficiency (Toivonen et al. 2014). The anatomical traits of the species have been studied in depth by Arroyo (2015). Stands of P. subsericans in the Vilcanota Mountains host a moderate diversity of plants (144 spp.) and specialist bird species (30 spp.) (Servat et al. 2002). Among the endemic birds, Leptasthenura xenothorax, Cinclodes excelsior and Anairetes alpinus are threatened by habitat reduction, making this habitat a priority for conservation (Fjeldsa 1987; Fjeldsa and Kessler 1996; Cardenas-Villavicencio and Arque 2010).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E6E102796C9D831275DDDE277CDEC87C.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Peru. Apurimac: Abancay, Bosque de Runtococha, 4150 m, 08 April 2003, Palomino 3964 (QCA!). Ayacucho: Huamanga, Torobamba, 3500 - 3600 m, 01 May 1910, Weberbauer 5487 (F!). La Mar, Laguna de Toctococha, 12 ° 57 ' 39 " S, 074 ° 05 ' 57 " W, 4200 m, 30 September 2003, Mendoza 1013 (MO!). Cusco: Calca, Sacsamonte-Huaran, 13 ° 12 ' 58 " S, 072 ° 02 ' 05 " W, 4340 m, 01 May 2003, Arce s. n (USM!); Lares, Quishuarani, 13 ° 08 ' 34 " S, 072 ° 02 ' 31 " W, 4281 m, 17 January 2014, Boza 3000 (USM!, Z!); 3121 (USM!, Z!); Bosque de Polylepis de Yanacocha, 13 ° 16 ' 59 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 02 " W, 4012 m, 17 August 1998, Mendoza 112 (CUZ!); Dist. Calca, ledge situated on the prominent cliff 1.5 km South (170) of Cancha Cancha Village Huaran, 13 ° 14 ' 37 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 14 " W, 4545 m, 27 March 2011, Sylvester 1013; 1025; 1027 (CUZ!, Z!); Dist. Calca, top of the prominent tower known by locals as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 06 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 16 " W, 4398 m, 17 May 2011, Sylvester 1287 (CUZ!, Z!); on the SW corner of the topmost part of tower, 13 ° 16 ' 06 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 16 " W, 4410 m, 17 May 2011, Sylvester 1328; 1329; 1344 (CUZ!, Z!); Dist. Calca, the eastern side of the valley 7.2 km 10 N from Huaran, 13 ° 15 ' 06 " S, 072 ° 00 ' 57 " W, 4649 m, 18 July 2011, Sylvester 1354; 1355; 1359 (CUZ!, Z!); Dist. Calca, upper Potreros forest, on the N facing mountainside above the main Potreros forest. 4 km SW of Cancha Cancha Village, Huaran, 13 ° 15 ' 46 " S, 072 ° 02 ' 51 " W, 4726 m, 18 July 2011, Sylvester 1361; 1362; 1364; 1365 (CUZ!, Z!); Dist. de Calca, the Wakapacana forest, on the eastern side of the Valley 7.2 km 10 N from Huaran, 13 ° 15 ' 05 " S, 072 ° 00 ' 56 " W, 4637 m, 26 March 2012, Sylvester 1408; 1413 (CUZ!, LPB, Z!); Dist. Calca, within the SW facing forest at the top of the prominent tower known by local as " Kontorqayku " 5 km NE of Huaran, 13 ° 16 ' 07 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 17 " W, 4388 m, 11 June 2012, Sylvester 1630; 1690 (CUZ!, Z!); Prominent ledge situated on the prominent SW facing cliff face 1.5 km South (170) of Cancha Cancha Village Huaran, 13 ° 14 ' 34 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 14 " W, 4517 m, 09 March 2011, Sylvester 804; 809; 813; 820; 868; 875; 876; 880; 881 (CUZ!, Z!); Dist. Calca. Ledge situated on the prominent cliff 1 km South (150) of Cancha Cancha Village Huaran, 13 ° 14 ' 35 " S, 072 ° 01 ' 14 " W, 4500 m, 27 March 2011, Sylvester 937; 947; 948; 973; 975; 977 (CUZ!, Z!). La Convencion, Ccayara 18 L 718405 / UTM 8540752, 4416 m, 01 August 2002, Arce s. n (CUZ!, USM!). Urubamba, Yanahuara, Mantanay, 13 ° 11 ' 57 " S, 072 ° 09 ' 33 " W, 4330 m, 17 June 2015, Boza 3033; 3085; 3086; 3087; 3088; 3089 (USM!, Z!); Dist. Urubamba, ACP Mantanay, 10 km up the valley from Yanahuara, by the side of Laguna Manalloqsa, in the small valley 3 km East of Laguna Ipsaycocha, 13 ° 12 ' 01 " S, 072 ° 08 ' 42 " W, 4640 m, 24 June 2012, Sylvester 1714 (Z!); 13 ° 12 ' 02 " S, 072 ° 08 ' 46 " W, 4638 m, 03 February 2011, Sylvester 405; 408; 512 (CUZ!, Z!); Dist. Urubamba, ACP Mantanay 10 km up the valley from Yanahuara, by the side of Laguna Manalloqsa, in the small valley 3 km of Laguna Ipsacocha, 13 ° 12 ' 08 " S, 072 ° 08 ' 44 " W, 4806 m, 03 February 2011, Sylvester 518; 531; 536; 544; 575; 576; 585 (CUZ!, Z!); Dist. Huayllabamba, terrace situated on the N side of Laguna Qellococha and to the E of the waterfall 5 km N of Huayocari Village, 13 ° 16 ' 34 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 09 " W, 4343 m, 10 March 2011, Sylvester 642; 671; 679 (CUZ!, Z!); 13 ° 16 ' 35 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 01 " W, 4227 m, 09 March 2011, Sylvester 684; 686; 688; 691 (CUZ!, Z!); 13 ° 16 ' 35 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 03 " W, 4226 m, 10 March 2011, Sylvester 695; 740 (CUZ!, Z!); Dist. de Huayllabamba. 5 km N of Huayocari village, 800 m NW of Laguna Qellococha along the path leading to higher lake, 13 ° 16 ' 32 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 10 " W, 4366 m, 10 March 2011, Sylvester 741; 742; 749; 751 (CUZ!, Z!); Mantanay, 13 ° 11 ' 08 " S, 072 ° 09 ' 20 " W, 4370 m, 19 July 2006, Toivonen 11; 12 (CUZ!); Dist. Huayllabamba, localidad Qelloqocha, 13 ° 16 ' 16 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 09 " W, 4350 m, 19 July 2006, Toivonen 38; 39; 40; 65 (CUZ!); Dist. Huayllabamba, entre Huayoccari y las lagunas de Yanacocha y Kellococha, 2900 - 4600 m, 17 - 18 July 1989, Tupayachi 1137 (MO!); 1140 (MO!); Huayllabamba, Lagunas Yanachocha y Quellococha hacia San Juan, NE de Cusco, 13 ° 16 ' S, 072 ° 04 ' W, 2900 - 4600 m, 19 August 1989, Tupayachi 1192; 1212 (MO!); Localidad Yucay-Puyuc-Hueskana, 4200 m, 24 April 1993, Tupayachi 2259 (CUZ!); Localidad Parte alta de Cuyuc, 4200 m, 28 May 1994, Tupayachi 2554 (CUZ!); Pumahuanca, Bosque de Quennaquemocuyo, 4400 m, 18 June 2004, Tupayachi 4808 (QCA!); Dist. Huayllabamba, Laguna Yanaccocha y Kello ccocha, 13 ° 21 ' 15 " S, 072 ° 03 ' 55 " W, 3800 - 4200 m, 07 January 1989, Tupayachi 859 (MO!); Localidad Mantanay, 13 ° 12 ' 02 " S, 072 ° 08 ' 57 " W, 4526 m, 01 May 2003, Arce s. n (CUZ!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
3258D39EC873B684827E0FD2A00DBDAE.taxon	description	Figs 101, 102	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
3258D39EC873B684827E0FD2A00DBDAE.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Bolivia. Cuesta Duraznillos, 2400 - 2600 m, Dec 1907, Herzog 712 (holotype: Z!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
3258D39EC873B684827E0FD2A00DBDAE.taxon	description	Description. Trees 3 - 10 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 1 (- 2) pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 1.8 - 2.1 (- 2.9) x 1.6 - 2.2 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, sparsely to densely tomentose on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 0.9 - 1.6 x 0.4 - 0.6 cm; margin serrate with 7 - 10 teeth, apically obtuse or emarginate, basally unequally attenuate; upper leaflet surfaces smooth to slightly rugose, glabrous to sparsely tomentose, lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose hairs 0.5 - 1.2 mm long, mixed with a dense layer of very short, white pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, 1.8 - 3.7 cm long, bearing 3 - 4 flowers; floral bracts 3.9 - 4.8 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely tomentose on the outer surface; rachises densely tomentose. Flowers 7.7 - 8.2 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely tomentose outside; stamens 19 - 21, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.8 - 3.4 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2 - 5 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, sparsely tomentose; 6.8 - 8.2 x 4.4 - 5.3 mm including spines. Tetraploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
3258D39EC873B684827E0FD2A00DBDAE.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis subtusalbida is distributed along the northern and western margins of the Cochabamba Basin and adjacent Potosi in Bolivia (Fig. 103). The species occurs in relatively dry areas at 2650 - 4450 m elevation. The vegetation, ecology and conservation of these forests has been studied in detail by Hensen (1994, 1995, 2002). Hybrids between P. subtusalbida and P. incanoides, P. besseri and P. lanata have been reported in Cochabamba (Kessler 1995 b).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
3258D39EC873B684827E0FD2A00DBDAE.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Bolivia. Cochabamba: Arani, Cuenca a Infiernillos, 3800 m, 24 February 1991, Hensen 1012 (GOET!, LPB); Alalay, Cabecera de Valle, 3700 m, 28 March 1991, Hensen 2063 (GOET!, LPB); Mojon 1 km N Cochabamba-Sta Cruz road, 17 ° 29 ' S, 065 ° 25 ' W, 3000 m, 14 August 1991, Kessler 2941; 2942 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB). Arque, Quillacollo 59 km hacia Oruro, 3580 m, 31 March 1979, Beck 933 (LPB); 79 Km from Cochabamba on road to Oruro, 17 ° 41 ' S, 066 ° 29 ' W, 3750 m, 28 August 1991, Kessler 2999; 3000 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); km 68 on the road from Cochabamba to La Paz, 17 ° 38 ' S, 066 ° 27 ' W, 3500 m, 25 October 1985, Solomon 14353; 14535 (LPB, MO!). Carrasco, Rodeo Grande, at km 140 on road from Cochabamba to Santa Cruz., 3000 m, 09 February 1971, Hawkes 4400 (MO!); Zapata Rancho, 3300 m, 19 March 1991, Hensen 1918 (LPB); Incallajta ruins, 15 km S Monte Punco, 17 ° 37 ' S, 065 ° 25 ' W, 3000 m, 15 August 1991, Kessler 2981 (GOET!, LPB). Cercado, Sapanani Alto, 3600 m, 07 January 1991, Hensen 2332 (LPB); Sapanani Alto, 3800 m, 07 April 1991, Hensen 2333 (GOET!, LPB); Sapanani, 3600 m, 28 July 1990, Hensen 855 (LPB); Sacaba, steep slope above Rio Hura Hura; ca. 1300 m beyond the junction with Quebrada Kuhlu, 3400 m, 17 March 1994, Ritter 645 (GH!); Quebrada Chaqui Mayu above the City of Cochabamba, 3600 m, 15 April 1994, Ritter 818 (GH!); Ladera Sur del Parque Nacional Tunari, 17 ° 16 ' 37 " S, 066 ° 19 ' 09 " W, 3400 m, Teran 4526 (BOLV). Chapare, Melgar 2 km hacia Punata, 17 ° 24 ' S, 065 ° 48 ' W, 3400 m, 14 January 1995, Beck 21712 (GOET!); Parque Tunari, 3700 m, 02 August 1990, Hensen 875 (LPB); Parque Tunari, 3400 m, 02 August 1990, Hensen 878 (GOET!, LPB); ca. 20 km above Sacaba on road to Palca, 17 ° 19 ' S, 066 ° 02 ' W, 3750 m, 13 August 1991, Kessler 2940 (GOET!). Mizque, Totora 35 kms hacia Cochabamba, 3000 m, 28 March 1979, Beck 861 (LPB, MO!). Morochata, P. N. Tunari, directly N of Cochabamba, 3650 m, 23 July 1989, Kessler 216 A (GOET!, Z!). Punata, Camino Melga y Punata, 3500 m, 03 March 1991, Hensen 1232 (LPB); entee Melga y Punata, 3500 m, 03 March 1991, Hensen 1264 (GOET!, LPB); Abajo del cerro Tuti, 3800 m, 10 March 1991, Hensen 1509 (GOET!, LPB); Quillacollo, Cochabamba 24 kms. hacia Morochata, 3180 m, 28 November 1981, Beck 7395 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); Lampaya, 3600 m, 05 March 1991, Hensen 1270 (LPB); entre Lampaya y Llanke, 3700 m, 05 March 1991, Hensen 1315 (LPB); 1319 (GOET!); camino Tiquipaya-Titiri, 3500 m, 09 March 1991, Hensen 1431 (LPB); entre San Miguel y Titiri, 3600 m, 16 March 1991, Hensen 1686 (GOET!, LPB); Palca Pampar, 3600 m, 01 April 1991, Hensen 2150 (LPB); Wayra Loma, 3600 m, 01 April 1991, Hensen 2215 (LPB); Lapia, 3700 m, 04 April 1991, Hensen 2300 (LPB); San Miguel, 3600 m, 13 April 1991, Hensen 2400 (GOET!, LPB); Cerca de Wakaplaya, camino Sipe-Sipe-Kami, 3700 m, 13 October 1988, Hensen 247 (GOET!, LPB); Tiquipaya-Apote, 3500 m, 13 October 1988, Hensen 256 (GOET!, LPB); Lapia, camino Tiquipaya-Titiri, 3500 m, 06 December 1988, Hensen 290 (LPB); Sipe Sipe-Lipichi, 3800 m, 30 March 1989, Hensen 318 (LPB); Camino a Independencia, San Miguel, 3300 m, 01 August 1990, Hensen 874 (GOET!, LPB); P. N. Tunari, directly N of Cochabamba, 17 ° 15 ' 00 " S, 066 ° 23 ' 00 " W, 3650 m, 23 July 1989, Kessler 216 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 40 km after Cochabamba on the road to Morochata, 17 ° 15 ' 01 " S, 066 ° 30 ' 59 " W, 3390 m, 05 January 1968, Vuilleumier 468 (GH!, MO!, US!). Tapacari, 68 km hacia Oruro, 3450 m, 03 November 1982, Beck 9033 (LPB); 68 km hacia Oruro, 3450 m, 03 November 1982, Beck 9034 (LPB); 74 km before Cochabamba on the road from Oruro, 3600 m, 03 November 1982, Vuilleumier 474 (G, GH!, US!); Tapacari, 84 km W of Cochabamba on the paved road La Paz-Cochabamba, 17 ° 40 ' S, 068 ° 45 ' W, 3800 m, 18 April 1987, Brandbyge 668 (AAU!); 72 km W of Cochabamba 0.5 km down a small road (the old Cochabamba road), 17 ° 40 ' S, 066 ° 40 ' W, 3730 m, 18 April 1987, Brandbyge 670 (AAU!); Tiraque, Quebrada alongside Rio Talpasale, near to the junction with the road to Rancho Choto, 3680 m, 02 July 1994, Ritter 1196 (GH!, MO!); Totora, road between Cochabamba and Santa Cruz 107 km from Cochabamba Gevinapampa, 17 ° 34 ' S, 065 ° 18 ' W, 3100 m, 21 April 1987, Brandbyge 711 a (AAU!); P. N. Tunari, directly N of Cochabamba, 3650 m, 23 July 1989, Kessler 216 B; 216 C; 216 D; 216 E (GOET!); 3600 - 4000 m, 18 March 1892, Lorentz s. n (B, NY, UC, US!); Cercado, Parque Tunari, 3500 m, 06 February 1986, Pedrotti s. n (GOET!, MO!). Potosi: Alonso de Ibanez, Pichata on Acasi-Uncia road, 18 ° 06 ' S, 066 ° 13 ' W, 3950 m, 23 August 1991, Kessler 3023 (AAU!, GOET!). Gral. Bilbao, 22 km SW Acacio on road to Sacaca and Uncia, 18 ° 06 ' S, 066 ° 08 ' W, 3400 m, 22 August 1991, Kessler 3021 (GOET!); 3412 (GOET!, LPB); 3413; 3414 (AAU!, GOET!); 3415 (GOET!); 3416 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3418; 3419 (AAU!, GOET!); 3553; 3554; 3556; 3557; 3648; 3650; 3651 (GOET!); Cuesta de Duraznillos, 2400 - 2600 m, 01 December 1907, Herzog 712 (Z!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
8BC858892DD057D2C09C014D8EE3D850.taxon	description	Figs 112, 113	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
8BC858892DD057D2C09C014D8EE3D850.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Chile. Tarapaca, near Cana, 3900 m, Philippi s. n (lectotype, designated by Simpson 1979, pg. 46: SGO!; isolectotypes: GH, SGO!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
8BC858892DD057D2C09C014D8EE3D850.taxon	description	Description. Trees 1 - 5 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with one pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 1.3 - 1.7 x 0.9 - 1.2 cm; rachises densely pannose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, densely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 0.7 - 0.8 x 0.3 - 0.4 cm; margin entire or very slightly crenate with 3 - 4 teeth, apically obtuse or acute, basally unequally attenuate; upper leaflet surfaces rugose, glabrous, usually covered with a layer of yellowish resinous exudate; lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short, yellowish pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, 0.7 - 1.5 cm long, bearing 1 - 2 flowers; floral bracts 3.0 - 3.5 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 5.1 - 8.0 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely villous outside; stamens 9 - 13, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.2 - 2.9 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 3 - 4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 4.1 - 5.2 x 3.1 - 7.2 mm including spines. Tetraploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
8BC858892DD057D2C09C014D8EE3D850.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis tarapacana is distributed in the volcanic western Andean cordillera from southern Peru to south-western Bolivia, northern Chile and adjacent northwest Argentina at 3400 - 5013 m elevation (Fig. 116). It has long been considered to be the highest-growing tree species in the Western Hemisphere, with records up to 5200 m by Jordan (1980). However, such high records have not been confirmed and the true upper elevational limit of the species appears to be at around 5000 m. Regeneration of this species is favoured by thermically sheltered and moist microhabitats (Lien et al. 2021). In Oruro (Bolivia), maximum tree height, annual shoot increment and mean tree-ring width decreased with elevation, reaching only 3.3 m of maximum height and 34 cm maximum diameter at 4820 m, where also the highest density of seedlings was found (Hoch and Koerner 2005). At higher elevations, there are only scattered individuals of shrubby growth form. Due to the highly seasonal climatic conditions in its distributional range, P. tarapacana forms clearly distinct annual rings, although it is common to find discontinuous rings and reaction tissue (Domic 2005). Tree ring chronologies of up to 705 years have been reconstructed for the Bolivian Altiplano (Argollo et al. 2006) and of up to 536 years in Chile (Moya and Lara 2011). The growth of P. tarapacana is positively related with precipitation in the year prior to the year of growth ring formation (Argollo et al. 2004; Domic 2005; Argollo et al. 2006; Domic and Capriles 2009; Moya and Lara 2011). The species has greater stomatal control when aridity increases and has a decoupling of physiological processes at leaf level versus wood formation depending on their sensitivity to climate (Rodriguez-Caton et al. 2021). The species is sensitive to the soil moisture content (and rainfall), distributing the biomass in small diameters and heights, with preferably multi-stemmed individuals, in order to retain the available moisture (Saavedra 2013). Polylepis tarapacana trees have various diffusive and metabolic compensatory adjustments that enable high assimilation rates sustained by a photosynthetic apparatus exceptionally well adapted to the effect of low temperatures and drought (Jaramillo 2015). Extensive gene flow has been found to occur within and between Chilean populations of P. tarapacana (Schmidt-Lebuhn et al. 2006 b; Moya and Lara 2011). Still, populations that were subject to less strong climatic fluctuations in the Pleistocene show higher genetic diversity than those in more climatically variable areas (Peng et al. 2015).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
8BC858892DD057D2C09C014D8EE3D850.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Bolivia. La Paz: Pacajes, Laguna Blanca, 14 km hacia la carretera a Tambo Quemado, 17 ° 39 ' S, 068 ° 43 ' W, 4110 m, 20 November 2006, Beck 29620 (LPB); Santiago de Machaca, 27 km hacia Berenguela, 4130 m, 24 April 1982, Beck 9008 (GOET!, LPB); ciudad de Piedra, 17 ° 31 ' 35 " S, 068 ° 53 ' 17 " W, 3888 m, 25 January 2012, Teran 5195 (BOLV). Jardin Botanico La Paz, from seeds collected at La Paz Sajama 1991, Kessler 12628 (GOET!). Oruro: Atahuallpa, Cerro Villa Pucarani en el salar de Coipasa, 19 ° 19 ' S, 068 ° 18 ' W, 4670 m, 04 November 1994, Beck 21570 (GOET!). 21569 (GOET!, LPB, MO!). Sajama, Volcan Sajama, 29 April 1987, Arctander s. n (AAU!); al Norte del pueblo de Sajama, 4300 m, 31 May 1991, Beck 19897 (LPB); de Turco 3 km hacia Curahua de Carangas, 3880 m, 18 March 1992, Beck 21044 (GOET!, LPB); 4600 m, 01 August 1989, Driesch s. n (Z!); arriba del pueblo sajama, 4600 m, 01 June 1991, Hensen 2610 (LPB, MO!); localidad Mamaniri proximo a la poblacion de Sajama, 4170 m, 02 April 1991, Huanca 69 (GOET!, LPB); proximo a la poblacion de Sajama a los pies del Cerro Sajama lado nor-este, 4325 m, 02 April 1991, Huanca 74 (GOET!); Cerro Sajama exposicion nor-oeste, 4570 m, 03 April 1991, Huanca 80 (GOET!); Cerro Sajama lado Nor-oeste, 4730 m, 03 April 1991, Huanca 81 (GOET!); Tirata, 30 km W C. de Carangas on road to Sajama, 17 ° 52 ' S, 068 ° 32 ' W, 4100 m, 27 July 1991, Kessler 2777 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); 2778 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 2 km W Tambo Colorado on road to Chile, 18 ° 17 ' S, 069 ° 02 ' W, 4500 m, 29 September 1991, Kessler 3284 (GOET!); 3285 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3286 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); ladera del Rio Sururia, 4650 - 4800 m, 20 April 1979, Liberman 70 (GOET!, MO!); Nevado Sajama, ca. 240 km SSO La Paz, in gelichteten Bestanden an FuBe des Berges, 4300 - 4800 m, 19 July 1983, Menzel s. n (GOET!); 6 km NE Laguna, foothills of Nevado Sajama, 4200 m, 18 ° 11 ' 26 " S, 068 ° 51 ' 13 " W, 4200 m, 05 December 1984, Schmitt 173 (MO!, NY); around bae of Volcano Sajama, 4350 m, 18 October 1967, Vuilleumier 316 (GH!, US!); 2 km south of the town of Sajama on the road to Tambo Quemado, 05 September 1986, Zeballos s. n (MO!). Potosi: Enrique Baldivieso, Cerro Chuhuilla on Alota-Lag Hedionda road, 21 ° 29 ' S, 067 ° 50 ' W, 4500 m, 13 September 1991, Kessler 3073; 3074; 3075 (AAU!, GOET!); 3076 (GOET!, LPB); ca. 20 km W Alota-Lag Hedionda road, 21 ° 23 ' S, 067 ° 43 ' W, 4050 m, 13 September 1991, Kessler 3078 (GOET!). Quijarro, near pass on rio Mulatos-Yura road, 19 ° 43 ' S, 066 ° 28 ' W, 4300 m, 11 September 1991, Kessler 3065 (GOET!); 3066; 3067 (GOET!, MO!); 3068 (GOET!); al Nor este en linea recta de la poblacion Pulacayo aprox 3 km, 20 ° 22 ' 25 " S, 066 ° 41 ' 11 " W, 4402 m, 13 March 2010, Zenteno 9828 (LPB). Sud Chichas, 20 mi E of Atoche and 1.5 mi above Santa Barbara on the southwest face of Nevada Choroloque, 4750 m, 15 March 1993, Peterson 12947 (AAU!, GOET!). Sud Lipez, Quetana Chico 18 km hacia el Volcan Uturuncu, 22 ° 13 ' 28 " S, 067 ° 13 ' 11 " W, 4500 m, 26 September 2006, Beck 32470 (LPB); 32 km E lag Colorada on road to Pena Barrosa, 22 ° 12 ' S, 062 ° 28 ' W, 4500 m, 14 September 1991, Kessler 3083; 3084 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 3429 (GOET!, USM!); 3430; 3595; 3596; 3597; 3598; 3599; 3600; 3601; 3602; 3603; 3604; 3605; 3606; 3607; 3608; 3610; 3611; 3612; 3613; 3614; 3615; 3616; 3617; 3618; 3619; 3620 (GOET!); Cerro Tapaquillacha, 4600 m, 12 April 1980, Libermann 171 (GOET!, LPB); 2.5 mi S of Yuray (Nuevo) San Antonio de Lipez on road towards Quetena Grande, 4300 m, 19 March 1993, Peterson 13014 (AAU!, GOET!), 26 August 1991, Killeen 2682. Chile. Parinacota: Putre, Tarapaca, Parinacota, Zapahuira, pres de puente Murmuntani, 18 ° 15 ' S, 069 ° 35 ' W, 3400 m, 05 November 1991, Billiet 5467 (MO!). Tarapaca: Parinacota, Lac Chungara, 18 ° 15 ' S, 069 ° 10 ' W, 4580 m, 06 November 1991, Billiet 5476 (MO!). ca. 5 km below Putre on road to Arica, 3500 m, 29 December 1995, Landrum 8885 (MO!); Philippi s. n (MO!). Peru. Puno: Puno, El Collao, Santa Rosa, 16 ° 45 ' 35 " S, 069 ° 53 ' 11 " W, 4131 m, 09 October 2014, Boza 3009 (USM!, Z!); Santa Rosa, 50 miles SSW of Llave, 4600 m, 25 July 1946, Olivera 16 (US!). Tacna: Tacna, Cord. Volcan Tacora, Chislluma, 4500 m, 01 April 1926, Werdermann 1143 (F!, GOET!, MO!, US!, Z!). Tarata, Laguna Casire, en borde y cercanias de la Laguna, 4700 - 4800 m, 03 April 1998, La Torre 2389 (MO!, US!, USM!); 2440 (MO!, USM!); Chiluyo Chico, 4270 m, 07 December 1997, Roque 503 (USM!); Weddell s. n (F!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
654E00442FFDD757B1E1874E4C8384AD.taxon	description	Figs 114, 115	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
654E00442FFDD757B1E1874E4C8384AD.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Bolivia. Chuquisaca, Cinti, Jan 1846, Weddell 3927 (lectotype, designated by Simpson 1979, pg. 46: P!; isolectotype: P!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
654E00442FFDD757B1E1874E4C8384AD.taxon	description	Description. Trees 1.5 - 5 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with one pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 1.2 - 2.9 x 1.3 - 2.1 cm; rachises densely villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate or slightly spurred, densely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.3 - 2.1 x 0.3 - 0.6 cm; margin serrate with 5 - 10 teeth, apically round or emarginate, basally unequally attenuate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous to sparsely villous; lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short, white or yellowish pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, 2.8 - 5.3 cm long, bearing 4 - 5 flowers; floral bracts 3.9 - 5.1 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 5.9 - 6.8 mm diam.; sepals 3, ovate, green, sparsely villous outside; stamens 19 - 23, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.4 - 2.5 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 3 - 4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 6.2 - 6.9 x 4.2 - 5.9 mm including spines. Tetraploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
654E00442FFDD757B1E1874E4C8384AD.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis tomentella is distributed in southern Bolivia and northwest Argentina at 2750 - 4950 m elevation (Fig. 116). The forests of this species are usually homogeneous, but are occasionally mixed with Dasyphyllum hystrix and Buddleia aromatica (Navarro et al. 2005). Polylepis tomentella flowers during the dry season (May-October) and fruits at the beginning of the wet season (August-December) (Domic et al. 2013). Trees produce three times more flowers (44.7 + / - 6.4 flowers / branch) and fruits (24 + / - 2.7 fruits / branch) than shrubs (15.86 + / - 2.18 flowers / branch; 9.3 + / - 1.3 fruits / branch) (Domic et al. 2013). Maternal tree size and seed mass have a positive effect of seed germination and survival (Domic et al. 2020). Populations of P. tomentella with different levels of human disturbance have also different percentage of saplings and seedings, with lower percentages in strongly disturbed than in moderately disturbed populations, even though reproductive individuals produce twice as many flowers and fruits. This suggests that fruit production does not limit regeneration and post-dispersal mechanisms may decrease seed germination and increase seedling mortality (Domic et al. 2014). Polylepis tomentella has a high proportion of non-viable seed that are aborted due a variety of reasons, including a fungal infection that might reduce the fecundity of the host tree (Domic et al. 2017). Hybrids between P. tomentella and P. besseri have been reported in Bolivia (Kessler 1995 b).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
654E00442FFDD757B1E1874E4C8384AD.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Argentina. Jujuy: Cochinoca, Rio Despensa, 4200 m, 19 January 1971, Boelcke 7133 (MO!); Humahuaca, Tres Cruces, Cerros, 17 February 1971, Cabrera 21424 (MO!); Hills 4 km N of Lagunilla on W side of Laguna Pozuelos, 3700 m, 20 November 1991, Kessler 3357 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); Hills 4 km N Lagunilla on W side of Laguna Pozuelos, 3700 m, 20 November 1991, Kessler 3355 (AAU!); 3356 (GOET); 3358 (AAU!, GOET!). Bolivia. Chuquisaca: Nor Cinti, Muyuquiri 6 kms hacia Camargo, 3510 m, 23 March 1979, Beck 686 (LPB, MO!); 30 Km N Camargo on road to Potosi, 20 ° 30 ' S, 065 ° 10 ' W, 3200 m, 22 September 1991, Kessler 3177 (GOET!, MO!); 3178 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 3179 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 3184 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3185 (GOET!); 32 km N Camargo on road to Potosi, 20 ° 30 ' S, 065 ° 10 ' W, 3200 m, 22 September 1991, Kessler 3186 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3187 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3188 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); Cerro Poquenita, 4050 m, 10 November 1990, Serrano 5 (GOET!); Cerro Peticoya, 3500 m, 10 November 1990, Serrano 6 (GOET!, LPB); along the road between Camargo and San Lucas, 3300 m, 10 December 1967, Vuilleumier 427 (GH!, US!); Oropeza, Cajamarca ca. 30 km hacia Revelo, 3300 m, 09 October 1984, Beck 8827 (GOET!, LPB); Comunidad Punilla a 25 km. de la ciudad de Sucre, en la ladera superior del Rio Kollpamayu, orientacion SW, 18 ° 57 ' 00 " S, 065 ° 23 ' 00 " W, 3260 m, 29 April 2000, Gutierrez 171 (MO!); ca. 35 km W Sucre on road to Macha, 18 ° 53 ' S, 065 ° 25 ' W, 3300 m, 26 September 1991, Kessler 3258 (GOET!); 3259 (AAU!). Tomina, Pass on San Pedro-Keluya road, 19 ° 55 ' S, 065 ° 11 ' W, 3450 m, 22 September 1991, Kessler 3189 (AAU!, GOET!); Pass on San Pedro-Keluya road, 19 ° 55 ' S, 065 ° 11 ' W, 3450 m, 22 September 1991, Kessler 3190 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 3191; 3192 (GOET!, MO!); 5 km W Tarabuco on road to Sucre, 19 ° 09 ' S, 064 ° 58 ' W, 3300 m, 22 September 1991, Kessler 3199 (GOET!, MO!); 3200 (GOET!, MO!); Yamparaez, Tarabuco unos 10 km hacia Surce, 3500 m, 13 October 1984, Beck 8858 (LPB, MO!); Tarabuco 10 km hacia Sucre, 19 ° 10 ' S, 064 ° 57 ' W, 3200 m, 29 October 1983, Beck 9859 (LPB, MO!); 5 km W Tarabuco on road to Sucre, 19 ° 09 ' S, 064 ° 58 ' W, 3300 m, 23 September 1991, Kessler 3201; 3202 (AAU!, GOET!); 20 km S Tarabuco on road to Lola, 19 ° 09 ' S, 064 ° 58 ' W, 3300 m, 23 September 1991, Kessler 3207 (AAU!, GOET!); Zudanez, 25 km S Icla on Tarabuco-Azurduy road, 19 ° 27 ' S, 064 ° 49 ' W, 3500 m, 24 September 1991, Kessler 3213 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); Cinti, Puna, Weddell 3927 (P!). - Cochabamba: Aiquile, Lajamayu, 18 ° 21 ' 31 " S, 065 ° 18 ' 29 " W, 10 May 1995, De la Barra 419 (MO!); Carrasco, Siberia, 17 ° 48 ' 11 " S, 064 ° 46 ' 12 " W, 2900 m, 16 April 2005, Fernandez 3594 (MO!); 3594 (BOLV); Siberia, 17 ° 48 ' 45 " S, 064 ° 45 ' 59 " W, 2950 m, 17 April 2005, Fernandez 3604 (MO!); 3604 (BOLV); El Churo-Sunchal, ca. de 10 km hacia Pojo, lado del camino carretero Comarapa-Cochabamba, 17 ° 47 ' 51 " S, 064 ° 47 ' 24 " W, 2780 m, 08 November 2003, Vargas 7053 (MO!); Tiraque, El Ronco, 17 ° 00 ' 05 " S, 065 ° 39 ' 20 " W, 3470 m, 10 May 2005, Alcazar-Johansen 387 (MO!); Andes de Cochabamba, 1826 - 1833, Orbigny s. n (MO!, P!); Saravia 1154 (BOLV). - Oruro: Avaroa, Challapata, 4000 m, 01 April 1921, Asplund 6169 (US!); Challapata, 4000 m, 01 April 1921, Asplund 6170 (US!); a pocos km de Challapata, camino a Sevonuyo, 19 ° 14 ' S, 066 ° 04 ' W, 3790 m, 06 March 1991, Huanca 31 (LPB); ca. 70 km W Potosi on road to Oruro, 19 ° 14 ' S, 066 ° 04 ' W, 3800 m, 22 November 1991, Kessler 3366 (GOET!, LPB); 3367 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3368 (AAU!); 3369 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 3378 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3379 (GOET!, LPB); 5 km S of Challapata, 18 ° 57 ' S, 066 ° 45 ' W, 3700 m, 22 November 1991, Kessler 3380 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); Challapata, Cordillera Azanaques, 18 ° 56 ' 02 " S, 066 ° 43 ' 13 " W, 4676 m, 04 March 2006, Torrico 378 (BOLV, MO!); Poopo, a 6 km de Challapata en direccion a Huari, 3750 m, 26 February 1991, Navarro 200 (LPB); Pazna, a 1 km este del balneario de Urmiri pasando la ex central electrica, 18 ° 34 ' 36 " S, 066 ° 51 ' 59 " W, 3729 m, 13 March 2006, Torrico 735 (BOLV, MO!). Sebastian Pagador, 1 km arriba de la tranca del pueblo de Huari, 18 ° 59 ' S, 066 ° 46 ' W, 3870 m, 13 December 2000, Michel 2844 (LPB); 5 mi S of Challapata on road toward Uyuni, 3620 m, 07 March 1993, Peterson 12723 (AAU!, GOET!); 4 mi E of Urmiri, 3770 m, 08 March 1993, Peterson 12788 (AAU!, GOET!). - Potosi: Chayanta, ca. 25 km E Ocuri on Sucre-Macha road, 18 ° 45 ' S, 065 ° 41 ' W, 3600 m, 27 September 1991, Kessler 3274 (GOET!, LPB); ca. 10 km Ocuri on road to Guadalupe, 18 ° 46 ' S, 065 ° 49 ' W, 3700 m, 27 September 1991, Kessler 3277 (AAU!, GOET!); 3278 (GOET!, MO!); 3279 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 3280 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3282 (AAU!, GOET!); 3283 (GOET!, LPB); entre Macha y Yocalla, 3600 m, 27 September 1991, Torrico 216 (LPB); Nor Chichas, nr. Quechisla on road to Chorolque, 3600 m, 01 December 1931, Cardenas 24 (GH!); camino Lique entre Yurtuy, Cancha a la Laguna, 3800 m, 19 November 1987, Schulte 22 (GOET!, LPB); cerca de Cotagaitilla, desde Cotagaita, al borde del rio, 2800 m, 13 May 1993, Torrico 502 (LPB); Sta. Barbara, on road from Quechisla, 4200 m, 22 February 1936, West 6110 (GH!, MO!, UC); Quijarro, 32 km de Potosi en camino a Uyuni, 4100 m, s. d., Liberman 229 (LPB); 4 mi SW of Vilacota on E facing slope above Lago, 3850 - 4130 m elev., 27 March 1993, Peterson 13113 (AAU!, GOET!); 9 mi NE of Tica Tica on road towards Potosi, 3800 m elev., 29 March 1993, Peterson 13132 (AAU!); 6 mi NE of Paratoya on road towards Potosi, 3650 m, 30 March 1993, Peterson 13147 (AAU!, GOET!); zona W camino hacia Uyuni, Kilpani hacia Landara, 3850 m, 25 March 1993, Torrico 222, 223 (LPB); zona W camino hacia Uyuni, Colina antes de llegar a Calasaya, 4000 m, 25 March 1993, Torrico 233 (LPB); Calasaya, 4000 m, 25 March 1993, Torrico 234 (LPB); entre Cebadilla y Condoriri, 3860 m, 25 March 1993, Torrico 256 (LPB); Sud Chichas, Cerro Pabellon 3 km W Atocha, 20 ° 59 ' S, 066 ° 16 ' W, 4000 m, 16 September 1991, Kessler 3085 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB), 3086 (GOET!, MO!), 3087 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!), 3088, 3089 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB), 3621 (GOET!, MO!), 3622 (GOET!, MO!), 3623 (GOET!, MO!), 3624 (GOET!); ca. 10 km N Salo on Atocha-Tupiza road, 21 ° 15 ' S, 065 ° 50 ' W, 4000 m, 16 September 1991, Kessler 3107 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 10.5 mi N of San Vicente on road towards Atocha, 3930 m, 17 March 1993, Peterson 12972 (AAU!, GOET!); Vilquiza, a 13 km de Tupiza, 3320 m, 25 March 1993, Torrico 436 (LPB); Mina Isca-Isca above the village of La Torre north of Tupiza, 3875 - 3880 m, 02 December 1967, Vuilleumier 402 (GH!, MO!); Quenua Pampa, al Este-Sur-Este en linea recta de Suripa aprox. 12.45 km, 21 ° 37 ' 21 " S, 065 ° 24 ' 26 " W, 3765 m, 05 March 2012, Zenteno 11825 (LPB); arriba del Mirador de Boris al Oeste en linea recta de la ciudad de Tupiza approx. 14 - 15 km, 21 ° 27 ' 10 " S, 065 ° 51 ' 29 " W, 4009 m, 10 March 2012, Zenteno 11974 (LPB); Santa Rosa al sur-sur-oeste en linea recta de la ciudad de Tupiza aprox. 5.67 km, 21 ° 29 ' 02 " S, 065 ° 41 ' 35 " W, 3439 m, 11 March 2012, Zenteno 12043 (LPB); Tomas Frias, Challapata 124 km hacia Potosi, 4080 m, Beck 674 (LPB); cerca de Ventilla, 4030 m, 17 February 1979, Ceballos 255 (G); Orocoro, bajando hacia Yocalla, 3850 m, 17 February 1979, Ceballos 273 (G); Thunarumi, proximo a la localidad Paco-grande, 3650 m, 19 April 1991, Huanca 100 (GOET!, LPB); Thunarumi, proximo a la localidad Paco-grande, 3650 m, 19 April 1991, Huanca 98 (LPB); 23 mi SW of Potosi, 4220 m, 30 March 1993, Peterson 13150 (AAU!, GOET!); 27.7 km SE of Cruce Ventilla on road from Oruro to Potosi, 19 ° 15 ' S, 066 ° 22 ' W, 4000 m, 12 May 1983, Solomon 10651 (LPB, MO!); 39 km northwest of Potosi on the road to Challapata, 3750 m, 14 December 1967, Vuilleumier 450 (GH!, US!); 3500 m, 30 October 1983, Beck 9860 (CUZ!, GOET!, LPB, MO!, QAME, TEX). - Santa Cruz: Vallegrande, A 19.5 km de Vallegrande camino a Pucara, 18 ° 35 ' 23 " S, 064 ° 07 ' 23 " W, 2721 m, 25 September 2011, Arroyo 5821 (MO!, USZ). - Tarija: Avilez, Reserva Biologica Cordillera de Sama, Cordillera alta de Sama, 21 ° 41 ' 28 " S, 065 ° 08 ' 56 " W, 3900 m, 27 February 2007, Zarate 2429 (BOLV, MO!); Mendez, Iscayachi, 5 km S turnoff to Tarija from Villazon-Camargo road, 21 ° 31 ' S, 065 ° 01 ' W, 3600 m, 17 September 1991, Kessler 3094 (AAU!, GOET!); Iscayachi, 5 km S of turnoff to Tarija from Villazon-Camargo road, 21 ° 31 ' S, 065 ° 01 ' W, 3600 m, 17 September 1991, Kessler 3095 (GOET!, LPB, MO!), 3096 (AAU!, GOET!), 3097, 3098 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB). Chile. Besser s. n (MO!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
FA83BCBA7A40390447DC7B405CBF02E6.taxon	description	Figs 90, 91	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
FA83BCBA7A40390447DC7B405CBF02E6.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Bolivia. La Paz: Larecaja near Sorata, Cochipata, 3300 m, 9 Oct 1818, Mandon 674 (lectotype designated by Simpson 1979, pg. 42: G!; isolectotypes: BM!, F! GH!, GOET!, K!, NY!, P!, S!, US!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
FA83BCBA7A40390447DC7B405CBF02E6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Trees 1 - 10 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 1 (- 2) pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (3.7 -) 4.4 - 4.9 x 3.2 - 4.1 cm; rachises densely lanate, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets narrowly elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (2.0 -) 2.6 - 3.3 x 0.7 - 1.1 cm; margin crenate with 8 - 12 teeth, apically acute to obtuse or slightly emarginate, basally cuneate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with whitish hairs 0.4 - 0.8 mm long mixed with pannose hairs, second pair of leaflet, if present, very small. Inflorescences pendant, (4.9 -) 5.5 - 7.0 (- 9.5) cm long, bearing 11 - 13 flowers; floral bracts 5.9 - 7.6 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 5.8 - 8.2 (- 10.1) mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely villous outside; stamens 21 - 23, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 3.3 - 3.8 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2 - 4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 4.9 - 5.7 x 3.4 - 5.7 mm including spines. Tetraploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
FA83BCBA7A40390447DC7B405CBF02E6.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis triacontandra has been found in southern Puno (Peru), where it has been collected at just one locality in Sandia Province, across the Cordillera Apolobamba to the northern Cordillera Real in La Paz (Bolivia) (Fig. 92). It grows on the upper limit of the humid Yungas forests at 2360 - 4310 m elevation. It has been often planted around communities near Titicaca Lake and in the City of La Paz (Kessler 1995 b). Many populations are remnants growing in areas with abrupt topography, such as inaccessible headwaters, micro-basins and rocky slopes (Navarro et al. 2010).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
FA83BCBA7A40390447DC7B405CBF02E6.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Bolivia. La Paz: Bautista Saavedra, Chajaya, a few kilometers from Charazani, 15 ° 13 ' S, 069 ° 01 ' W, 3500 m, 30 March 1985, Solomon 13346 (MO!). Camacho, Puerto Acosta, 3860 m, 05 April 1982, Beck 7662 (GOET!). Franz Tamayo, Madidi, Apolobamba, Agua Blanca, Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba, Agua Blanca y carretera hacia Antaquilla, 14 ° 49 ' 11 " S, 069 ° 07 ' 00 " W, 4031 m, 07 June 2008, Fuentes 12780 (BOLV, LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba, Keara Bajo, 14 ° 42 ' 43 " S, 069 ° 05 ' 03 " W, 3500 m, 18 June 2005, Fuentes 8390 (LPB, MO!, QCA!); Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba, Pelechuco camino hacia Agua Blanca, 14 ° 49 ' 19 " S, 069 ° 07 ' 01 " W, 3593 m, 07 June 2008, Huaylla 2566 (BOLV, LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); 2 km S Pelechuco on road to Ulla Ulla, 3700 m, 28 August 1991, Kessler 3051; 3052 (AAU!, GOET!); 3402 (AAU!); 3420 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3421 (GOET!); 3422 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3423 (GOET!); 3424 (AAU!, GOET!); 3425 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3558; 3559; 3560; 3561; 3562; 3563; 3564; 3565; 3566; 3567; 3568; 3569; 3570; 3571; 3572; 3573; 3574; 3575; 3576; 3578; 3579; 3580; 3581; 3582; 3583; 3584; 3585; 3586; 3587 (GOET!); Apolobamba, Puina, 14 ° 35 ' 43 " S, 069 ° 07 ' 05 " W, 3747 m, 24 April 2008, Quisbert 929 (LPB, MA, MO!, QCA!); Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba, Pelechuco, 3647 m, 24 May 2009, Reguerin 116 (QCA!); 116 (LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba, Pelechuco, 14 ° 49 ' 15 " S, 069 ° 04 ' 07 " W, 3614 m, 24 May 2009, Reguerin 118 (BOLV, LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); 119 (LPB, MA, MO!, USZ); Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba, Pelechuco, 14 ° 49 ' 17 " S, 069 ° 04 ' 10 " W, 3649 m, 25 May 2009, Reguerin 121 (LPB, MA, MO!, USZ); Madidi, Apolobamba, Pelechuco-rio abajo, Santa Ana, 14 ° 46 ' 14 " S, 068 ° 58 ' 21 " W, 2184 m, 16 May 2009, Torrez 550 (LPB, MA, MO!, QCA!); 550 (QCA!); 553 (LPB, MO!, QCA!); 553 (QCA!); Madidi, Apolobamba, Pelechuco-rio abajo, Santa Ana, 17 ° 49 ' 15 " S, 069 ° 04 ' 01 " W, 3547 m, 25 May 2009, Torrez 586 (LPB, MA, MO!, NY, QCA!); 58.5 km N of Sorata on road to Quiabaya, 15 ° 36 ' S, 068 ° 41 ' W, 3600 m, 16 December 1981, Solomon 6640 (MO!); Sorata, 15 ° 40 ' 03 " S, 068 ° 39 ' 18 " W, 3660 m, 31 July 2010, Steudel 426; 427; 428; 431; 433 (Z!). Murillo, Calacoto (La Paz), ornamental plants, 16 ° 31 ' S, 068 ° 08 ' W, 3300 m, 15 August 1986, Solomon 15492 (MO!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D24ACD4F9A7F2BA079FC53D3A03A3F12.taxon	description	Figs 59, 60	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D24ACD4F9A7F2BA079FC53D3A03A3F12.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Peru. Ancash: from Yanganuco to Yungay, 3800 m, 16 June 1903, Weberbauer 3287 (holotype: B destroyed; photos at F, GH, MO!, NY).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D24ACD4F9A7F2BA079FC53D3A03A3F12.taxon	description	Description. Trees 1 - 14 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2 - 3 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (3.2 -) 5.2 - 5.8 x (2.7 -) 3.2 - 3.5 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, lanate hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.6 - 2.1 x 0.6 - 0.9 cm; margin entire or slightly crenate at apex with 3 - 4 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with whitish hairs 0.4 - 0.5 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, 8.2 - 9.7 cm long, bearing 9 - 11 flowers; floral bracts 5.4 - 7.5 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely lanate on the outer surface; rachises tomentose. Flowers 8.6 - 10.4 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely tomentose outside; stamens 19 - 21, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.7 - 3.2 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely villous; 4.2 - 4.9 x 4.8 - 5.3 mm including spines. Diploid.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D24ACD4F9A7F2BA079FC53D3A03A3F12.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis weberbaueri is distributed in northern Peru in Ancash, Huanuco and Lima (Fig. 61). It occurs in dry and cold Andean habitats at 3500 - 4970 m elevation. Some stands of P. weberbaueri occur in semi-humid areas mixed with Gynoxys, Oreocallis, Alnus, Berberis and Buddleja, but it can also be found in large, homogeneous stands with dense vegetation cover and very robust trees (Sevillano-Rios et al. 2011). It often co-occurs with P. albicans, but P. weberbaueri tends to occur at higher elevations (ECOAN 2005; Fuentealba and Sevillano 2016; Sevillano-Rios and Rodewald 2017; Morales et al. 2018). In a study in Huascaran National Park, seedling density of P. weberbaueri increased with elevation and decreased with solar radiation (Morales et al. 2018). These forests also support the hemiparasite Tristerix chodatianus (Patschovky) Kuijt (Loranthaceae) at over 4400 m elevation (ECOAN 2005; Sevillano-Rios et al. 2011). Polylepis weberbaueri forests at higher elevations (> 4000 m) harbor some of the most specialized and endangered bird species (Sevillano-Rios et al. 2011; Sevillano-Rios and Rodewald 2017).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D24ACD4F9A7F2BA079FC53D3A03A3F12.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. Peru. Ancash: Bolognesi, Pachapaque, Distr de Aquia, 3900 m, 01 August 1972, Cerrate 2 (USM!); entre Llamac y Jahuacocha, 4900 m, 29 May 1954, Cerrate 2314 (USM!); road from Abra Janashalla down to Huallanca, below Huansala, 09 ° 52 ' 05 " S, 076 ° 59 ' 27 " W, 3390 m, 08 October 2007, Weigend 8810 (USM!). Carhuaz, Sonquenua, Shilla, 3950 m, 21 December 1989, Arce 187 (MO!); Huascaran National Park. Quebrada Ishinca, north side of valley, 09 ° 23 ' S, 077 ° 26 ' W, 4110 - 4350 m, 15 July 1985, Smith 11169 (MO!, USM!); Huascaran National Park, Quebrada Ishinca, south side of valley, 09 ° 23 ' S, 077 ° 26 ' W, 4200 - 4260 m, 17 July 1985, Smith 11236 (AAU!, F!, MO!, USM!); Huascaran National Park. Quebrada Ulta, on road to Ulta Pass, WNW-facing, steep slope, 09 ° 08 ' S, 077 ° 32 ' W, 4280 m, 29 July 1985, Smith 11383 (MO!, USM!); 11659 (F!, MO!, USM!); Huascaran National Park, Quebrada Ishinca, 09 ° 22 ' S, 077 ° 25 ' W, 4400 m, 13 February 1985, Smith 9535 (MO!, USM!); 09 ° 23 ' S, 077 ° 27 ' W, 4100 m, 14 February 1985, Smith 9568 (AAU!, F!, MO!, USM!). Chavin de Huantar, Cordillera Blanca, Quebrada Pucavada (road between Huaraz and Chavin, on eastern side of pass), 09 ° 40 ' S, 077 ° 15 ' W, 4100 m, 16 February 1987, Boertmann 62 (AAU!); 64 (AAU!). Cusca, Cordillera Blanca, Misquicyucu 20 km east of Yanac towards Sihuas, top of the pass, 08 ° 37 ' S, 077 ° 45 ' W, 4000 m, 20 February 1987, Boertmann 74 (AAU!). Huantar, Quebrada Carhuascancha, Cordillera Blanca, 09 ° 29 ' S, 077 ° 15 ' W, 3900 m, 15 August 1988, Frimer 131 (AAU!); 133 (AAU!); 134 (AAU!). Huaraz, Feria de plantas medicinales de Huaraz, 3052 m, 01 July 1988, Amaro s. n (USM!); Quebrada Pitec, 4000 m, 30 October 1989, Arce 162 (MO!); Llaca, 09 ° 28 ' 52 " S, 077 ° 27 ' 42 " W, 3909 m, 08 November 2014, Boza 3021 (USM!, Z!); Rajacolta, 4420 m, 06 June 2015, Boza 3148; 3149 (USM!, Z!); Ulta, 4450 m, 07 June 2015, Boza 3150; 3151 (USM!, Z!); Quebrada Shallap, Cordillera Blanca, 09 ° 31 ' S, 077 ° 24 ' W, 4000 m, 10 August 1988, Frimer 16; 17; 4 (AAU!); Huascaran National Park, Quebrada LLaca, NW-slope of valley, 09 ° 27 ' S, 077 ° 27 ' W, 4200 - 4400 m, 24 May 1985, Smith 10783 (MO!, USM!); Huascaran National Park, Quebrada Llaca, valley bottom and north side of valley, 09 ° 27 ' S, 077 ° 27 ' W, 4090 m, 13 July 1985, Smith 11143; 12432 (MO!, USM!); 8973 (AAU!, MO!, USM!); 9696 (MO!, USM!). Huari, 30 km N of Huari, 3960 m, 18 December 1979, Aronson 993 (F!, MO!); 3000 m, 15 August 1983, Basauri 3 (USM!); Cahuish, 09 ° 41 ' 30 " S, 077 ° 14 ' 30 " W, 4306 m, 08 November 2014, Boza 3017; 3018 (USM!, Z!); Chavin, antes del Tunel de Cahuish (Cuta Quenua), 3100 - 3200 m, 11 June 2002, Cano 12385 (MO!, USM!); 09 ° 33 ' S, 077 ° 10 ' W, 3500 m, 14 February 2006, Sayre 39 (USM!); Huascaran National Park, road to microwave tower passing Manto Mina, off Catac-Chavin road, 09 ° 42 ' S, 077 ° 15 ' W, 4400 m, 04 July 1985, Smith 10974 (MO!, USM!); Huascaran National Park, upper terrace, Quebrada Pachachaca a lateral valley of Quebrada Rurichinchay Bogs, 09 ° 23 ' S, 077 ° 17 ' W, 4040 - 4200 m, 13 June 1986, Smith 12586 (F!, MO!, USM!); Huascaran National Park. Catac-Chavin road, 44 km from Catac, 09 ° 42 ' S, 077 ° 13 ' W, 4200 m, 18 August 1984, Smith 8287 (MO!, USM!); Huascaran National Park, 0.25 km from Cahuish Tunnel, 09 ° 41 ' S, 077 ° 14 ' W, 4450 m, 23 December 1984, Smith 8752 (F!, MO!, USM!). Huaylas, Laguna Paron, 3860 - 4000 m, 15 October 1999, Cano 10023 (USM!); Quebrada Paron, Cordillera Blanca (east of L. Paron), 08 ° 58 ' S, 077 ° 38 ' W, 4200 m, 16 August 1988, Frimer 23; 24; 26 (AAU!); Huascaran National Park, Quebrada Paron, 09 ° 01 ' S, 077 ° 43 ' W, 3500 - 3760 m, 08 May 1985, Smith 10608 (AAU!, F!, MO!, USM!); Huascaran National Park, Paron valley E of lake, 08 ° 59 ' S, 077 ° 38 ' W, 4250 m, 27 September 1985, Smith 11477 (F!, MO!, USM!); Huascaran National Park. Quebrada Santa Cruz at base of and entering Quebrada Artizonraju, 08 ° 55 ' S, 077 ° 36 ' W, 4300 - 4800 m, 16 January 1985, Smith 9308 (MO!, USM!); Huascaran National Park, environs of Hatuncocha, 08 ° 52 ' S, 077 ° 45 ' W, 4600 m, 12 March 1985, Smith 9982 (AAU!, F!, MO!, USM!); Huascaran National Park. between Huiscash and Mirador, 08 ° 53 ' S, 077 ° 46 ' W, 3960 - 4400 m, 12 March 1985, Smith 9988 (MO!, USM!). Pomabamba, Pumacocha, 4200 m, 11 December 1989, Arce 175 (MO!); Pumacocha, 4300 m, 11 December 1989, Arce 177 (MO!); Quenuarajra, 3600 m, 12 December 1989, Arce 182 (MO!). San Marcos, San Marcos. Distr. Ccolla Chica, 09 ° 40 ' 28 " S, 077 ° 03 ' 10 " W, 5600 m, 04 May 2008, Beltran 6480 (USM!). Shilla, Quebrada Matara in Quebrada Ulta, Cordillera Blanca, 09 ° 07 ' S, 077 ° 32 ' W, 4250 m, 03 September 1988, Frimer 105; 106; 114 (AAU!). Sihuas, Distr. Cashapampa, Pasacancha, 08 ° 35 ' 01 " S, 077 ° 39 ' 09 " W, 3972 m, 03 February 2011, Gonzales 1423 (USM!). Tarica, Quebrada Ishinca, Cordillera Blanca, 09 ° 23 ' S, 077 ° 28 ' W, 3950 m, 23 August 1988, Frimer 72 (AAU!). Yungay, Yanama, 3950 m, 05 November 1989, Arce 166 (MO!); Llanganuco, fuera del parque Huascaran, 3500 m, 29 May 1981, Cerrate 7769 (USM!); ca. 25 km NE of Yungay, slopes below Laguna de Llanganuco, 3380 m, 28 January 1983, Dillon 3117 (F!, MO!, USM!); slopes below Laguna de Llanganuco in quebrada de Llanganuco ca. 25 km above Yungay, 3900 m, 27 June 1966, Edwin 3829 (F!); Llanganuco, 3700 - 3800 m, 02 May 1961, Ferreyra 14377 (GOET!, MO!, USM!); 37 km east of Yungay, 4200 m, 05 April 1988, Renvoize 5084 (AAU!, MO!); Huascaran National Park, Llanganuco sector, Quebrada Demanda, side valley to Nevado Pisco, 09 ° 01 ' S, 077 ° 37 ' W, 4600 - 4800 m, 13 April 1985, Smith 10299 (MO!, USM!); Smith 8794 (MO!, USM!); Huascaran National Park. Quebrada Ranincuray, 08 ° 59 ' S, 077 ° 34 ' W, 4000 - 4300 m, 12 January 1985, Smith 9139 (AAU!, MO!, USM!). 4000 m, 24 August 1977, Antunez de Mayolo 330 (MO!, USM!); Cordillera Blanca, East of Yungay Lagunas de Llanganuco lake side, 3800 m, 05 April 1988, Renvoize 5067 (AAU!); 16 June 1903, Weberbauer 3287 (B, MO!). Huanuco: Huallanca, Huansala 10 km from Huallanca, 09 ° 51 ' S, 076 ° 56 ' W, 3700 m, 14 February 1987, Boertmann 48 (AAU!). Lima: Cajatambo, Cerro San Cristobal, 3950 m, 12 March 1990, Arce 206 (MO!); Raura, 4600 m, 05 April 1988, Rivas s. n (USM!). Oyon, Laguna Guengue Grande, Quichas, 4200 m, 11 January 1990, Arce 190 (MO!); Pueblo Quichas above Oyon, 10 ° 36 ' S, 076 ° 45 ' W, 4000 m, 26 February 1987, Boertmann 81; 82; 85; 87 (AAU!); Oyon, Laguna grande, 10 ° 33 ' 48 " S, 076 ° 44 ' 25 " W, 4005 m, 24 May 2015, Boza 3026; 3047; 3048; 3049; 3050; 3051; 3052; 3053; 3054; 3055; 3056; 3057 (USM!, Z!); Bosque de Polylepis de Maticuna, 10 ° 39 ' 11 " S, 076 ° 50 ' 21 " W, 3990 m, 08 August 1998, Mendoza 173 (CUZ!). Ticlayan, Quichas, Bosque de Polylepis de Q'asacancha, 10 ° 33 ' S, 076 ° 04 ' W, 4200 m, 07 July 1998, Mendoza 170 (CUZ!).	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
120C8DD2246071CC2A6BE8867DA4B1DC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Trees; 1 - 3 lateral leaflet pairs; lower leaflet surfaces glabrous or densely lanate, tomentose or villous; fruits with 2 - 5 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely pilose, tomentose or villous.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
120C8DD2246071CC2A6BE8867DA4B1DC.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Polylepis racemosa Ruiz & Pav.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6BD95A98208D58E45C02DDDFB536466B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Trees; 2 - 7 lateral leaflet pairs; lower leaflets sericeous or villous; fruits with flattened spines, densely sericeous or villous.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6BD95A98208D58E45C02DDDFB536466B.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Polylepis sericea Wedd.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
14B5336B087D4FBBE735329B190755DD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Trees; 1 lateral leaflet pair; lower leaflet surfaces densely villous or strigose; fruits with 3 - 4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely pilose.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
14B5336B087D4FBBE735329B190755DD.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Polylepis subsericans J. F. Macbr.	en	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
