identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B0DE3BA9FAEBD859C8DD5DEC35D13907.text	B0DE3BA9FAEBD859C8DD5DEC35D13907.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Besseria T. Boza & M. Kessler 2022	<div><p>Subsection  Besseria T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler sect. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Trees; 1-2(-3) lateral leaflet pairs; lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short, white pannose hairs sometimes mixed with long tomentose hairs; fruits with 2-5 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, sparsely to densely tomentose or villous.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Polylepis besseri Hieron.</p><p>Note.</p><p>The subsectional epithet  Besseria is a noun in apposition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B0DE3BA9FAEBD859C8DD5DEC35D13907	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
8198FAFACD75AAD8EA64AB50D142BC87.text	8198FAFACD75AAD8EA64AB50D142BC87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Incanaee T. Boza & M. Kessler 2022	<div><p>Subsection  Incanaee T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler sect. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Trees or shrubs; one lateral leaflet pair; lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short, white or yellowish pannose hairs; fruits with 2-5 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Polylepis incana Kunth.</p><p>Note.</p><p>The subsectional epithet  Incanae is a plural adjective agreeing in gender with  Polylepis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8198FAFACD75AAD8EA64AB50D142BC87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
83FDE9C385A02D12A31A9875201B09A9.text	83FDE9C385A02D12A31A9875201B09A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lanuginosae T. Boza & M. Kessler 2022	<div><p>Subsection  Lanuginosae T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler subsect. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Trees; 3-6(-7) lateral leaflet pairs; lower leaflet surfaces lanate or villous; fruits with flattened spines, densely villous.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Polylepis lanuginosa Kunth.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The subsectional epithet  Lanuginosae is a plural adjective agreeing in gender with  Polylepis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/83FDE9C385A02D12A31A9875201B09A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6F00D7D2823D2CE71153C561B92B97E0.text	6F00D7D2823D2CE71153C561B92B97E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pauta T. Boza & M. Kessler 2022	<div><p>Subsection  Pauta T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler sect. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Trees; 4-6 lateral leaflet pairs; lowers leaflet surfaces lanate or sericeous; fruits with flattened or thin spines, densely villous.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Polylepis pauta Hieron.</p><p>Note.</p><p>The subsectional epithet  Pauta is a noun in apposition ['Nomen vernaculum:  Pauta '; fide: Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21(3): 314. 1895].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6F00D7D2823D2CE71153C561B92B97E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
FD091427C7D7605DA7CFB551FD3486A8.text	FD091427C7D7605DA7CFB551FD3486A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pepea T. Boza & M. Kessler 2022	<div><p>Subsection  Pepea T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler sect. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Shrubs or trees, 1-2 lateral leaflet pairs; lower leaflet surfaces lanate or sericeous; fruit slightly twisted with short spines, densely sericeous.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Polylepis pepei B.B. Simpson.</p><p>Note.</p><p>The subsectional epithet  Pepea is a noun in apposition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FD091427C7D7605DA7CFB551FD3486A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
9852C4C57FAD942457CF64C63C6BEBB1.text	9852C4C57FAD942457CF64C63C6BEBB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis (sect. Australes) T. Boza & M. Kessler 2022	<div><p>Section  Polylepis Australes T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler sect.nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Trees, 2-4 lateral leaflet pairs; lower leaflet surfaces glabrous, sparsely hispid or puberulous; fruits with irregular and pronounced wings, glabrous or sparsely hispid.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Polylepis australis Bitter.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The sectional epithet  Australes is a plural adjective agreeing in gender with  Polylepis . Section  Polylepis Australes contains two species with glabrous leaflet surfaces, 2-4 lateral leaflet pairs and winged fruits. Especially the latter are unique in  Polylepis and justify placing the two species in a section of its own. Table 6 provides an overview of the arrangement of the taxa by different authors.</p><p>Climatic niches in  Polylepis sect. Australes</p><p>The climatic niches of the two species are quite similar, but  P. australis grows in slightly warmer and substantially wetter areas than  P. neglecta (Fig. 62). In addition, being the southernmost species of the genus,  P. australis grows in a strongly seasonal climate with warm summers and cold winters, which is unique in the genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9852C4C57FAD942457CF64C63C6BEBB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
443C9D73FB293E9E50C2BCE4153D26BA.text	443C9D73FB293E9E50C2BCE4153D26BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis (sect. Incanaee) T. Boza & M. Kessler 2022	<div><p>Polylepis section Incanaee T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler sect. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Trees or shrubs; lower leaflet surfaces glabrous or with hispid, puberulous, lanate, tomentose, or villous hairs; fruits with irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, glabrous to densely hispid, tomentose or villous.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Polylepis incana Kunth.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The sectional epithet  Incanaee is a plural adjective agreeing in gender with  Polylepis . Section  Polylepis Incanaee contains species with usually few lateral leaflet pairs (often only one), frequently glabrous upper leaflet surfaces, lower leaflet surfaces glabrous or with a dense layer of very short pannose hairs rarely mixed with tomentose hairs (as in  P. besseri and  P. incarum) or mostly with tomentose, lanate or villous hairs. Furthermore, fruits in this section bear 2-5 irregular, hard, flattened ridges with a series of spines. Table 8 provides an overview of the arrangement of the taxa by different authors.</p><p>Within section  Polylepis Incanaee, we recognized three subsections, based on their morphological distinctness as follows: subsection  Polylepis Racemosae Racemosae (9 species) with lanate, tomentose or villous lower leaflet surfaces, 2-4 lateral leaflet pairs and fruits densely covered by tomentose or villous hairs; subsection  Polylepis Besseria Besseria (5 species) with short pannose or tomentose lower leaflet surfaces, 1-2 lateral leaflet pairs and fruits with 2-5 flattened ridges with a series of spines; and subsection  Polylepis Incanaee Incanaee (6 species) with pannose lower leaflet surfaces, one lateral leaflet pair and densely villous fruits. Within each subsection, species are essentially allopatric in distribution.</p><p>Climatic niches in  Polylepis sect. Incanaee</p><p>Climatic niches among the species of this group differ notably (Figs 74 - 76).  Polylepis tarapacana grows under the coldest conditions (mean of 2.6 °C Mean Annual Temperature, MAT); whereas other species, such  P. crista-galli (11.2 °C),  P. incanoides (11.0 °C),  P. besseri (10.8 °C) and  P. nana (10.4 °C), grow under noticeably higher temperatures. These differences of up to 7.6 °C correspond to about 1400 m elevation. Regarding Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP),  P. lanata grows under the most humid conditions (mean of 1547 mm MAP), followed by  P. triacontandra (1057 mm). In contrast, species growing in drier areas are  P. tarapacana (180 mm MAP),  P. rugulosa (210 mm) and  P. tomentella (412 mm).</p><p>Focussing on the individual subsections, the five species of subsect.  Polylepis Besseria Besseria are allopatric and mostly have rather similar climatic niches, although most species have some level of climatic differentiation; only  P. besseri and  P. crista-galli are identical. Subsection  Polylepis Racemosae Racemosae includes seven allopatric species that again mostly differ in either MAP or MAT, partly quite considerably. For example,  Polylepis lanata and  P. triacontandra occur close to each other in Bolivia, but have ecological differences, with  P. triacontandra growing under relatively colder and more humid conditions. Additionally,  P. lanata and  P. sacra, long thought to be the same species (Simpson 1979; Mendoza and Cano 2012), have distinct climatic niches, with  P. lanata growing under much warmer and humid conditions than  P. sacra . Within this subsection, only  P. acomayensis and  P. pacensis have identical climatic niches. Finally, in subsect.  Polylepis Incanaee Incanaee, all species are climatically distinct. For instance,  Polylepis incanoides,  P. nana and  P. tomentella all occur in Bolivia, but  P. tomentella grows under comparatively cold and dry conditions,  P. incanoides under warm and humid ones and  P. nana under warm and dry ones.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/443C9D73FB293E9E50C2BCE4153D26BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
64D123905DDC204B1D55457164B226C9.text	64D123905DDC204B1D55457164B226C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis (sect. Reticulatae) T. Boza & M. Kessler 2022	<div><p>Polylepis section Reticulatae T. Boza &amp; M.Kessler sect. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Trees or shrubs, lower leaflet surfaces tomentose; apices emarginate; fruits with variable numbers and placements of flattened, almost cylindrical or long spines, densely lanose, tomentose or villous.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Polylepis reticulata Hieron.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The sectional epithet  Reticulatae is a plural adjective agreeing in gender with  Polylepis . Section  Polylepis Reticulatae, first informally recognized by Simpson (1979) and later recovered as monophyletic in the phylogenetic analysis of Schmidt-Lebuhn et al. (2006a), contains species with relatively few lateral leaflets pairs, rugose or shiny upper leaflet surfaces, emarginate leaflet apices and felt-like covering on the lower leaflet surfaces. All species placed in this section have the lower leaflet surfaces with an evenly distributed dense layer of short, white to yellowish pannose hairs, admixed with short to moderately long tomentose hairs. As in section  Polylepis Sericeae, species in this section have fruits with straight or recurved spines.  Polylepis microphylla,  P. occidentalis and  P. quadrijuga have many lateral leaflet pairs (3-6), but all three have rugose or shiny upper leaflet surfaces and emarginate leaflet apices. The most distinct species of this section is  P. hieronymi, which has sparsely tomentose upper leaflet surfaces and almost cylindrical fruits with long spines. This is also the geographically most remote species, being separated by over 1500 km from the other members of the section.  Polylepis microphylla also has atypical, turbinate fruits.  Polylepis quadrijuga is similar in some ways to  P. frontinensis and  P. lanuginosa of section  Polylepis Sericeae, but these species do not have the dense layer of short pannose hairs admixed with tomentose hairs on the lower leaflet surfaces. Table 5 provides an overview of the arrangement of the taxa by different authors.</p><p>Climatic niches in  Polylepis sect. Reticulatae</p><p>Many species of this section differ notably in the Mean Annual Temperature (MAT) of their climatic niches, with only  P. quadrijuga and  P. simpsoniae not being statistically different (Fig. 46).  Polylepis hieronymi grows under the highest temperatures (mean of 12.3 °C MAT), followed by  P. occidentalis (10.7 °C), whereas  P. reticulata (6.4 °C) and  P. weberbaueri (5.2 °C) grow under the coldest conditions. These differences of up to 7 °C correspond to elevational differences of well over 1000 m. Regarding Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP), most of the species in this group grow under relatively arid conditions with similar averages of precipitation (807-835 mm MAP). Species growing in even drier areas are  P. microphylla (675 mm MAP) and  P. weberbaueri (731 mm), whereas those growing in most humid conditions are  P. reticulata (1021 mm) and  P. quadrijuga (1638 mm). Most species are allopatric, but in Ecuador,  P. reticulata and  P. simpsoniae co-occur close to each other and have distinct climatic niches, with  P. reticulata growing under colder and more humid and  P. simpsoniae under warmer and drier conditions.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/64D123905DDC204B1D55457164B226C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
08405EBFD7E5EF22E9D98BFF5F1A817D.text	08405EBFD7E5EF22E9D98BFF5F1A817D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis (sect. Sericeaee) T. Boza & M. Kessler, 2022	<div><p>Polylepis sect. Sericeaee T. Boza &amp; M. Kessler, sect. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Trees or shrubs; lower leaflet surfaces with sericeous, lanate or villous hairs; fruits with a variable number and placement of flattened, thin or short spines, densely sericeous or villous.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Polylepis sericea Wedd.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The sectional epithet  Sericeae is a plural adjective agreeing in gender with  Polylepis . This section, already defined as a group by Simpson (1986), includes species that usually have sericeous hairs on the lower leaflet surfaces and/or stipule sheaths and whose leaves usually contain many pairs of leaflets. Furthermore, fruits in this section are turbinate with a variable number of slender spines. However, not all species share these traits. For instance,  P. frontinensis and  P. multijuga have villous hairs on the lower leaflet surfaces, but  P. frontinensis has sericeous hairs on the stipule sheaths and  P. multijuga has many leaflets pairs (5-7). In the same way,  P. lanuginosa and  P. serrata have lanate hairs, but both have many lateral leaflets pairs.  Polylepis multijuga,  P. ochreata,  P. pauta and  P. serrata are the species with most leaflet pairs (4-7), whereas  P. rodolfovasquezii just has one pair. Moreover,  P. pepei and  P. rodolfovasquezii have turbinate, but slightly twisted fruits with short spines. This variation may reflect that this section is likely not monophyletic, but rather has been proposed to represent a basal grade within the genus (Schmidt-Lebuhn et al. 2006a).</p><p>The majority of species in this section are morphologically clearly distinct. Probably the two most similar species are  P. pepei and  P. rodolfovasquezii, which only differ in a few, partly overlapping characters. They might be treated at subspecies level, but as detailed in the Introduction, we decided not to accept infraspecific taxa because of the difficulty of deciding at which level to discriminate between species- and subspecies-level differentiation. Table 4 provides an overview of the arrangement of the taxa by different authors.</p><p>Within section  Polylepis Sericeae, we recognize four subsections, based on their morphological distinctness, as follows: subsection  Polylepis Lanuginosae Lanuginosae (two species) with lanate or villous lower leaflet surfaces and densely villous fruits; subsection  Polylepis Pauta Pauta (three species) with 4-6 lateral leaflet pairs and lanate or sericeous lower leaflet surfaces; subsection  Polylepis Sericeae Sericeae (eight species) with sericeous lower leaflet surfaces (except  P. frontinensis) and fruits with flattened spines; and subsection  Polylepis Pepea Pepea (two species) with 1-2 lateral leaflet pairs, emarginate leaflet apices and densely sericeous, slightly twisted fruits with short spines.</p><p>Climatic niches in  Polylepis sect. Sericeae</p><p>Many species of this section differ markedly in their climatic niches (Figs 12 and 13). For example,  Polylepis albicans and  P. sericea from subsect.  Polylepis Sericeae Sericeae and  P. pepei and  P. rodolfovasquezii from subsect.  Polylepis Pepea Pepea grow under the coldest conditions (about 5.5 °C Mean Annual Temperature - MAT), whereas other species, such  P. multijuga (10.0 °C) from subsect.  Polylepis Lanuginosae Lanuginosae and  P. serrata (9.6 °C) from subsect.  Polylepis Pauta Pauta, grow under noticeably higher temperatures. These differences of 4-5 °C correspond to 800-1000 m in elevation. Regarding Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP),  P. frontinensis grows under the most humid conditions (mean of 2048 mm MAP), followed by  P. canoi (1572 mm). In contrast,  P. albicans and  P. humboldtii on average receive only 744 mm per year, whereas  P. lanuginosa (847 mm),  P. pauta (941 mm) and  P. multijuga (986 mm) also grow in relatively dry conditions.</p><p>Focussing on the individual subsections, the two species in subsect.  Polylepis Lanuginosae Lanuginosae show minor ecological differences and replace each other geographically. In subsect.  Polylepis Pauta Pauta,  P. longipilosa and  P. pauta from northern Ecuador have quite similar climatic niches and replace each other geographically, whereas  P. serrata from Peru grows under substantially higher temperatures and higher precipitation. The two very similar species of subsect.  Polylepis Pepea Pepea have identical niches and complementary geographical distributions. These species clearly form a vicariant species pair, suggesting allopatric speciation after geographical isolation. Finally, in subsection  Polylepis Sericeae Sericeae, there are major differences among almost all species, with only  P. albicans and  P. humboldtii having similar climatic niches, but these are geographically well separated. Indeed, all species of this subsection are geographical vicariants, except for  P. argentea and  P. canoi, which broadly overlap geographically, but have quite different niches, with  P. argentea growing under colder and drier and  P. canoi under warmer and more humid conditions. These marked ecological differences between species show that they are evolutionarily and ecologically independent lineages and support their treatment as separate species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/08405EBFD7E5EF22E9D98BFF5F1A817D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
26217EA99334F56E96E16D901B454480.text	26217EA99334F56E96E16D901B454480.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis acomayensis T. Boza & M. Kessler 2022	<div><p>28.  Polylepis acomayensis T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 77, 78</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>This species differs from  P. triacontandra Bitter by its smaller leaflets with different type and length of hairs and shorter inflorescences with lower number of flowers.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Peru. Cusco: Acomayo. Rondocan, bosque de Llamacocha, 13°50'34"S, 072°02'31"W, 3933 m, 12 Jul 2015, T.E. Boza E. &amp; E. Urquiaga 3038 (holotype: USM!; isotype: Z!) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 3-8 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 1(-2) pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (2.7-)3.5-4.5  × 2.6-3.3 cm; rachises densely villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, densely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets narrowly obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.6-2.3  × 0.5-0.9 cm; margin crenate with 6-9 teeth, apically round or emarginate, basally acute; upper leaflet surfaces sparsely villous; lower leaflet surfaces densely villous with whitish hairs 0.9-1.1 mm long mixed with pannose hairs, second pair of leaflets, if present, very small. Inflorescences pendant, 2.0-4.0 cm long, bearing 5-7 flowers; floral bracts 3.9-4.2 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 10.2-10.7 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely villous outside; stamens 19-25, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.3-4.0 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2-3 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 4.2-5.7  × 3.2-4.4 mm including spines. Tetraploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis acomayensis occurs in southern Cusco (Peru) in relatively cold and dry Andes at 3800-4160 m elevation (Fig. 92). It grows in mixed forests with  Escallonia resinosa .</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>This species is named after Acomayo, the Province to which its distribution appears to be restricted.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis acomayensis is estimated as 110 km2, the AOO is assessed at 12 km2 and it is known only from three locations. The species is unprotected. Logging, grazing and agriculture are the most important activities affecting these forests. We assess  P. acomayensis as Endangered (A2a, B1a+B2a, C2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis acomayensis resembles  P. triacontandra in having 1(-2) lateral leaflets pairs as well as similar leaflet margin and density of hairs. However, it has narrowly obovate leaflets 1.6-2.3  × 0.5-0.9 cm long with villous hairs 0.9-1.1 mm long and inflorescences 2.0-4.0 cm long with 5-7 flowers, whereas  P. triacontandra has narrowly elliptic leaflets (2.0-)2.6-3.3  × 0.7-1.1 cm long with tomentose hairs 0.4-0.8 mm long and inflorescences 4.9-9.5 cm long with 11-13 flowers.  Polylepis acomayensis is also morphologically similar to  P. sacra with which it shares similar leaflet size, margin and hair density. The most obvious differences between  P. acomayensis and this species are the number of lateral leaflet pairs, with  P. acomayensis having 1(-2) pairs, whereas  P. sacra has 2-3 pairs. Furthermore,  P. acomayensis has villous hairs 0.9-1.1 mm long and inflorescences 2.0-4.0 cm long whereas  P. sacra has lanate hairs 1.3-1.5 mm long and inflorescences 5.0-8.8 cm long.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Peru. Cusco: Acomayo, Rondocan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.81175&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.994778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.81175/lat -13.994778)">Llamacocha</a>, 13°50'53.6"S, 71°45'32.7"W, 3933 m, 12 July 2015, Boza &amp; Urquiaga 3038; 3122; 3123; 3124; 3125; 3126; 3127; 3128; 3129; 3130; 3131; 3132 (USM!, Z!). Paruro, Accha, Kangal, 13°59'41.2"S, 71°48'42.3"W, 4194 m, 12 July 2015, Boza &amp; Urquiaga 3039; 3133; 3134; 3135; 3136; 3137; 3138; 3139; 3140; 3141; 3142; 3143 (USM!, Z!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/26217EA99334F56E96E16D901B454480	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F396A64A9AC299DA24BA745EACC85B54.text	F396A64A9AC299DA24BA745EACC85B54.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis albicans Pilger, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 535. 1906.	<div><p>6.  Polylepis albicans Pilger, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 535. 1906.</p><p>Figs 25, 26</p><p>Type.</p><p>Peru. Ancash: Cordillera Blanca above  Caraz, Jun 1903, Weberbauer 3229 (holotype: B destroyed; photos at F!, GH!, NY!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 3-7(12) m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 3-4 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 3.5-4.9  × (2.5-)2.8-3.4 cm; rachises densely sericeous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight hairs, with ferruginous resin at leaflet insertion; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely sericeous on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.4-2.0  × 0.4-0.7 cm; margin slightly crenate at the apex with 4-5 teeth, strongly revolute, coriaceous, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous or sparsely sericeous; lower leaflet surfaces densely sericeous with short silky hairs 0.3-0.5 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, 3.9-6.6(7.5) cm long, bearing 18-21 flowers; floral bracts 5.5-6.9 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises sericeous. Flowers 3.4-7.5 mm diam.; sepals 3-4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 7-18, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.4-3.2 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely sericeous; 3.1-5.6  × 2.3-5.6 mm including spines. Diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis albicans occurs in north-western Peru in the Cordillera Blanca in Ancash and in the adjacent high Andes of La Libertad (Fig. 41). It grows in semi-humid montane forest at 3400-4950 m elevation, often alongside  P. weberbaueri (Fig. 41). Where they co-occur,  P. albicans tends to grow at lower elevations (maximum probability of occurrence at 3750-3900 m) than  P. weberbaueri (4400 m) (Morales et al. 2018) and to generally grow in warmer and drier habitats than  P. weberbaueri ( Sevillano-Ríos and Morales 2021). Along with this, seedling density of  P. albicans decreases with elevation, whereas that of  P. weberbaueri increases (Morales et al. 2018). At 4350-4700 m elev. in Paria Valley, most trees of  P. albicans are 4-7 m tall (maximum 10-12.5 m) with diameters of 10-20 cm (maximum 50-60 cm) (Castro and Flores 2015). The  Polylepis forests in this region harbor diverse bird communities with a substantial proportion of threatened species, some of which are specialized to  Polylepis forests ( Sevillano-Ríos et al. 2011;  Sevillano-Ríos and Rodewald 2017, 2021).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The Extent of Occurrence (EOO) for  P. albicans is estimated as 13,028 km2, the area of occupancy (AOO) is assessed at 164 km2 and it is known from 24 locations. It occurs in  Huascarán National Park which encompasses almost the entire Cordillera Blanca. However, illegal mining occurs within the Park, becoming a direct threat to the species.  Polylepis albicans is subject to reforestation activities in  Huascarán National Park (Fuentealba and Sevillano 2016). We assess the species as Vulnerable (B1a+B2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>This species was described by Pilger (1906), based on material from Caraz, Cordillera Blanca, Peru. It was synonymized under  P. sericea by Simpson (1979) who mentioned that populations of  P. sericea from the Cordillera Blanca are distinct by having leaflets with pronounced pubescence in both sides. Based on its distinct morphology and ecology, this taxon was re-instated at species level by Boza Espinoza et al. (2019).  Polylepis albicans differs from  P. sericea by a sparse to dense sericeous hair cover on the upper leaflet surfaces and on the leaf rachises (versus glabrous in both cases in  P. sericea), shorter hairs (0.3-0.5 mm versus 0.7-1.0 mm) and commonly reddish glandular hairs at leaflet bases (lacking in  P. sericea). Occasionally, specimens of  P. albicans resemble those of  P. argentea in leaflet shape, but leaflet margins are slightly crenate in  P. albicans and entire in  P. argentea . Further,  P. argentea differs from  P. albicans by the lower number of flowers in the inflorescence (5-9 versus 18-21).</p><p>To us, the reddish glands, thick leaf texture and often emarginated leaflet apices suggest that  P. albicans may include some genetic elements from  P. weberbaueri, with which it co-occurs, but this remains to be tested by molecular studies.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Peru. Ancash: Carhuaz, Sonquenua, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Shilla</a>, 4020 m, 21 December 1989, Arce &amp;  Sánchez 188 (MO); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Valley of 
RioMarcara</a>, 2.5 hours from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Vicos</a> on trail to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Lejiacocha</a>, 09°19'00"S, 077°31'00"W, 3600 m, 11 March 1964, Hutchison &amp; Wright 4325 (F, MO, USM); Shacshicucho, 4050 m, 26 August 1978, Mostacero et al. 569 (MO); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Huascaran
National Park</a>; Quebrada Ulta, north side of valley; S-facing, moderate to gentle slopes, 09°07'S, 077°32'W, 3930 m, 29 July 1985, Smith 11410 (MO, USM); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Huascaran
National Park</a>. N-side of main valley, Quebrada Honda, 09°18'S, 077°25'W, 4200 m, 03 October 1985, Smith et al. 11641 (F, MO, USM); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, mouth of Quebrada Ishinca, 09°23'S, 077°29'W, 3880 m, 15 February 1985, Smith et al. 9597 (F, MO, USM). Huaraz, Quebrada Quillcayhuanca, 4200 m, 30 October 1989, Arce &amp; Martel 163 (MO); Quilcayhuanca, 09° 29'53.8"S, 77°24'59.6"W, 3831 m, 08 November 2014, Boza &amp; Urquiaga 3022 (USM, Z); Lance, 4500 m, 04 June 2015, Boza &amp; Urquiaga 3144 (USM, Z); Llanganuco, 09°04'47"S, 077°38'36"W, 4445 m, 03 June 2015, Boza &amp; Urquiaga 3145 (USM, Z); 3146 (USM, Z); 3147 (USM, Z); Ulta, 09°06'S, 077°32'W, 4300 m, 07 June 2015, Boza &amp; Urquiaga 3152 (USM, Z); 3153 (USM, Z); Llaca, 09°26'S, 077°26'W, 07 June 2015, Boza &amp; Urquiaga 3154 (USM, Z); 3155 (USM, Z); Boza &amp; Urquiaga 3156 (USM, Z); 28 May 1982, Cerrate 7696 (MO, USM); Comprado en la feria de plantas medicinales de Huaraz, 07 July 1988, Cerrate 9123 (USM); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, Quebrada Shallap, 09°30'S, 077°24'W, 3900 m, 20 February 1985, Smith et al. 9709 (F, MO, USM). Huari, Llanganuco, 4366 m, 29 November 2007, Lasermann I 12 (USM); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, southside of Quebrada Carhuazcancha, 09°28'S, 077°15'W, 4200 m, 06 May 1986, Smith et al. 12255 (MO, USM); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, Quebrada Pachachaca, a lateral valley of Quebrada Rurichinchay, 09°27'S, 077°16'W, 3860 m, 12 June 1986, Smith et al. 12542 (F, MO); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Quebrada de Yuraccocha</a>, a lateral valley of Quebrada Rurichinchay, 09°22'S, 077°17'W, 4300 m, 16 June 1986, Smith et al. 12737 (MO, USM); Acopalca, 09°20'25"S, 077°12'19"W, 3300 m, 11 August 2010, Xue-Jun 194 (USM). Huaylas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Paron</a>, 09°02'13"S, 77°43'52"W, 3357 m, 07 November 2014, Boza &amp; Urquiaga 3016 (USM, Z); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, Quebrada  Parón, 09°01'S, 077°43'W, 3760 m, 08 May 1985, Smith 10606 (MO); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, 09°00'S, 077°41'W, 4200 m, 29 September 1985, Smith 11537 (MO, USM); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Paron
Valley</a>, 09°00'S, 077°42'W, 4150 m, 01 January 1985, Smith &amp; Goodwin 8924 (AAU, F, MO, USM); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Paron
Valley</a>, 09°01'S, 077°43'W, 3700 m, 01 January 1985, Smith &amp; Goodwin 8939 (MO, USM); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, western flank of Cordillera Blanca, Alpamayo-Cashapampa trail, 08°53'S, 077°45'W, 3950 m, 13 March 1985, Smith &amp; Valencia 10013 (MO, USM); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, lower slopes of Cerro Pakla, 08°49'S, 077°57'W, 4300 m, 09 April 1986, Smith et al. 12055 (AAU, F, MO, USM); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, Quebrada Santa Cruz at base of and entering Quebrada Artizonraju, 08°55'S, 077°36'W, 4800 m, 16 January 1985, Smith et al. 9298 (F, MO, USM). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Yungay</a>, Ruta Vaqueria-Portachuelo, 3900 m, 05 November 1989, Arce 165 (MO); Huaytajirca, en el <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Dist. de Yanama</a>, procedencia Matca (Yanama), 16 December 1989, Arce &amp; Abilio 186 (MO); 30 km, hacia arriba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Parque Nacional de Huascaran</a>, 3850 m, 10 March 1983, Beck 7914 (GOET, MO); Llanganuco, 09°03'04"S, 77°36'42"W, 3852 m, 07 November 2014, Boza &amp; Urquiaga 3013 (USM, Z); Llanganuco encima de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Yungay</a>, 4000 m, 27 June 1966, Ferreyra 16860 (MO); Llanganuco arriba de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Yungay</a>, 4200 m, 14 December 1967, Ferreyra &amp; Blount 18727 (GOET, MO, USM); Llanganuco, arriba de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Yungay</a>, 3900 m, 22 October 1965, Ferreyra &amp; Tryon 16503 (MO, USM); slopes below Laguna de LLanganuco in quebrada de Llanganuco ca. 25 km above Yungay, just above and below the lake, 4100 m, 27 June 1966, Gabriel &amp; Schunke 3826 (A, F); Dist. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Yungay</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Laguna de Llanganuco</a>, 3800 m, 17 February 1968,  Gutiérrez 249 (F); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Laguna de Llanganuco</a>, 3800 m, 19 February 1968,  Gutiérrez 249-AGR (MO); Quebrada Llanganuco, cerca de la laguna y el albergue, 3850 m, 04 July 1981,  Peréz 62 (USM); Laguna Llanganuco, 3400 m, 01 November 1984,  Sagástegui &amp; Dillon 12315 (F, MO); near Laguna Llanganuco, 09°03'54"S, 077°38'00"W, 4300 m, 14 August 2002, Schmidt-Lebuhn 507 (USM); near laguna Llanganuco, 09°03'54"S, 077°38'00"W, 4300 m, 14 August 2002, Schmidt-Lebuhn 510 (USM); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Lake Llanganuco</a>, 09°05'S, 077°39'W, 3860 m, 16 August 1984, Smith 8210 (MO); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, Llanganuco sector, Quebrada Demanada, side valley to Nevado Pisco, 09°02'S, 077°37'W, 4250 m, 13 April 1985, Smith &amp; Cautivo 10302 (MO, USM); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, Quebrada Ranincuray, 09°00'S, 077°33'W, 3850 m, 11 January 1985, Smith et al. 9049 (AAU, F, MO, USM); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, Morococha at largest lake, 08°55'S, 077°35'W, 4550 m, 14 January 1985, Smith et al. 9215 (AAU, F, MO, USM); Llanganuco P. N.  Huascarán, 09°07'00"S, 077°37'00"W, 3475 m, 07 August 2010, Xue-Jun 25 (USM). Cordillera Blanca near Ingenio in <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">upper Pumapampa Valley</a>, 11°04'S, 077°36'W, 4350 m, 15 February 1987, Boertmann 53 (AAU); Quebrada Ishinca, Cordillera Blanca, 09°23'S, 077°28'W, 3950 m, 23 August 1988, Frimer &amp; Nielsen 101 (AAU); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Quebrada 
Matara
in Quebrada Ulta</a>, Cordillera Blanca, 09°07'S, 077°32'W, 4250 m, 03 September 1988, Frimer &amp; Nielsen 104 (AAU); Quebrada Ulta, Cordillera Blanca, 09°06'S, 077°32'W, 4050 m, 02 September 1988, Frimer &amp; Nielsen 107 (AAU); 108 (AAU); Quebrada Rurichinchay, Cordillera Blanca, 09°21'S, 077°18'W, 4000 m, 06 Oct 1988, Frimer &amp; Nielsen 118 (AAU); 123 (AAU); Quebrada Rurec, Cordillera Blanca, 09°25'S, 077°17'W, 3950 m, 11 October 1988, Frimer &amp; Nielsen 125 (AAU); Frimer &amp; Nielsen 126 (AAU); Quebrada Carhuasccancha. Cordillera Blanca, 09°29'S, 077°15'W, 3900 m, 15 October 1988, Frimer &amp; Nielsen 132 (AAU); Querada <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Paron</a>, Cordillera Blanca (W of Paron), 09°00'S, 077°41'W, 4150 m, 18 August 1988, Frimer &amp; Nielsen 42; 43; 44; 45; 59 (AAU); Quebrada Ishinca, Cordillera Blanca, 09°23'S, 077°28'W, 3950 m, 23 August 1988, Frimer &amp; Nielsen 70; 71; 73 (AAU); Quebrada Ishinca, Cordillera Blanca, 09°23'S, 077°28'W, 3950 m, 23 August 1988, Frimer &amp; Nielsen 74; 99 (AAU); road from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Yungay</a> to Yauya, vicinity of Lagunas Llanganuco, 09°02'S, 077°35'W, 3800 m, 10 July 1982, Gentry et al. 37376 (MO, USM); Llanganuco, 4377 m, 29 November 2007, Lasermann II /1 (USM); Cordillera Blanca, Laguna <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Paron</a>, 30 km NE of Caraz in <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">northern Huascaran National Park</a>, 4100 m, 10 October 1988, Peterson s.n (MO); Cordillera Blanca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">East of Yungay</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Laguna de Llanganuco</a>, 3800 m, 05 April 1988, Renvoize &amp;  Lægaard 5066 (AAU); Cordillera Blanca. 35 km east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Yungay</a>, 4000 m, 05 April 1988, Renvoize &amp;  Lægaard 5074 (AAU, MO); 5075 (AAU); 40 km east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Yungay.</a>, 4350 m, 05 April 1988, Renvoize &amp;  Lægaard 5088A; 5088B (AAU); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.5/lat -9.0)">Llanganuco Valley</a>, 09°00'S, 077°30'W, 1500 m, August 1959, Tothill 174 (F); 3700 m, 1901-1929, Weberbauer 3229 (B, MO); Parque Nacional  Huascarán . Llanganuco, 11 July 1982, Zardini 1535 (MO)  .   La Libertad:  Sánchez Carrión,  señal <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.03333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.03333/lat -7.883333)">Huayllides</a>, 07°53'S, 078°02'W, 4100 m, 21 August 1982, Smith 2278 (MO, USM)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F396A64A9AC299DA24BA745EACC85B54	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F98E5078066735F7E9E9C72D74D61AAD.text	F98E5078066735F7E9E9C72D74D61AAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis argentea T. Boza & H. Quispe, Syst. Bot. 44 (2): 327. 2019.	<div><p>7.  Polylepis argentea T.Boza &amp; H.Quispe, Syst. Bot.44(2): 327. 2019.</p><p>Figs 27, 28</p><p>Type.</p><p>Peru.  Junín:  Concepción, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.900276&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.691667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.900276/lat -11.691667)">Dist. de Andamarca</a>, a 2.5 km de la localidad de Alhuay, 11°41'30"S, 74°54'01"W, 4150 m, 10 Oct 2017, H.R. Quispe M. 85 (holotype: CUZ!; isotypes: USM!, Z!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 4-7 m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (2.9)3.3-4.3  × (2.6-)3.3-4.3 cm; rachises densely sericeous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight hairs, sometimes with resin at leaflet insertion; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely sericeous on the outer surfaces; leaflets narrowly elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.9)2.4-2.6  × 0.5-0.7 cm; margin entire, coriaceous, apically acute to slightly retuse, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces almost glabrous with some hairs on the mid-veins to densely sericeous with silky hairs throughout; lower leaflet surfaces densely sericeous with silky hairs 0.6-0.9 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, 7.2-8.1 cm long, bearing 5-6(-9) flowers; floral bracts 4.5-5.6 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises sericeous. Flowers 7-9 mm diam.; sepals 3-4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 7-10, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.7-4.4 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely sericeous; 2.3-2.5  × 3.5-5.3 mm including spines. Diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis argentea has been found in central Peru at La Mar (Ayacucho), Concepcion, Huancayo and Satipo (Junin) and La Convencion and Urubamba (Cusco) (Fig. 41). It grows mainly in humid Andean Forest at 3400-4400 m elevation. It often co-occurs with  P. canoi,  P. rodolfovasquezii and  P. serrata (Quispe-Melgar et al. 2018) and although hybrids are not yet known, these might occur. In the Cordillera Vilcabamba,  Polylepis argentea dominates the forest, with  P. canoi intermixed among it and  P. serrata in hilltop forest (Boyle 2001). The slightly different colours of the foliage of each species of  Polylepis make this gradation obvious even from a distance (Boyle 2001).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The estimated Extent of Occurrence (EOO) for  P. argentea is 23,788 km2 and the Area of Occupancy is 40 km2. It is known from just eight locations, but several of these encompass forests of several square kilometers. Boyle (2001) described extensive forest of this species in the remote Cordillera Vilcabamba, which is largely protected in Otishi National Park. We assess  Polylepis argentea as Vulnerable (B1a+B2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis argentea seems morphologically closest to  P. sericea and  P. canoi with which it shares similar lower leaflet surface hair type and density. The most obvious differences between  P. argentea and these species is leaflet size, with  P. argentea having leaflets of 1.9-2.6  × 0.5-0.7 cm, whereas  P. canoi has leaflets of 2.4-3.9  × 0.8-1.5 cm and  P. sericea of 1.8-2.1  × 0.8-1.0 cm. Further,  P. argentea has shorter hairs (0.6-0.9 mm versus 1.3-1.7 mm) than  P. canoi . In  P. canoi, the hairs on the lower leaflet surfaces are yellowish and often most pronounced on the secondary veins, whereas in  P. argentea, they are silky and more evenly distributed.  Polylepis argentea has the upper leaflet surfaces with a few hairs on mid-veins whereas  P. sericea has totally glabrous upper leaflet surfaces. Additionally, the inflorescence length and number of flowers per inflorescence differ between the species, with  P. argentea having inflorescences 7.2-8.1 cm long with 5-9 flowers, compared with values of 3.3-4.5 cm and 9-15 flowers in  P. sericea and 8.2-14.5 cm and 12-26 flowers in  P. canoi . The three species can also be distinguished by the number of stamens and style length, with  P. argentea having 7-10 stamens and styles 2.7-4.4 mm long, whereas the other two species have 13-15 stamens and styles 2.4-3.8 mm in  P. canoi and 1.9-2.5 mm in  P. sericea .</p><p>Polylepis argentea was first collected by B. Boyle during scientific expeditions carried out in 1997 and 1998 to the isolated Cordillera Vilcabamba where he recorded three species of  Polylepis (Boyle 2001). The first one, here called  P. argentea, he called  Polylepis sp1 and described as "a tree of 4-5 m with rather small silvery-tomentose leaflets" (specimen Boyle 4149) dominating the forest. A second species of  Polylepis (here  P. canoi) "with fewer, darker green and nearly glabrous leaflet", which he called  Polylepis cf. sericea (Boyle 4151), occurred patchily within stands of  Polylepis sp1, as well as in monospecific stands. The third species mentioned was  Polylepis cf. pauta (here  P. serrata) (Boyle 4398), described as "a common tall tree (to 25 m high) in the tall hilltop forest".</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Peru. Ayacucho: La Mar, Dist. Tambo, Estera Community, sector <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.804726&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.905277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.804726/lat -12.905277)">Muyuorco</a>, 12°54'19"S, 073°48'17"W, 3637 m, 29 June 2015, Boza 3036; 3096; 3097; 3098; 3099; 3100; 3101; 3102; 3103; 3104; 3105; 3106 (USM!, Z!)  .   Cusco: La  Convención, Dist. Huayopata Abra  Málaga, 13°08'05"S, 072°19'18"W, 3802 m, 13 June 2015, Boza 3032; 3082; 3083; 3084 (USM!, Z!); Cuzco. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.35083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.175278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.35083/lat -13.175278)">Provincia La 
Convencion</a>, Bosque Qulcamachay, 4200 m, 01 October 2002, Palomino 2030 (QCA!); Dist. Huayopata, localidad Panticalle, Abra  Málaga, 13°08'02"S, 072°19'32"W, 3725 m, 30 May 2006, Toivonen 84; 85; 86; 87 (CUZ!). Urubamba, Inkatambo, 13°18'06"S, 072°31'44"W, 4340 m, 01 September 2002, Arce s.n (USM!);  Qésqa, 13°17'51"S, 072°24'57"W, 4000 m, 01 October 2002, Arce s.n (USM!); Abra  Málaga, 13°08'43"S, 072°18'09"W, 4318 m, 01 October 2002, Arce s.n (CUZ!); Inkatambo 13°18'06"S, 072°31'44"W, 3840 m, 01 September 2002, Arce s.n (CUZ!); Dist. Ollantaytambo, Huaytampo, 13°10'47"S, 072°21'10"W, 3650 m, 07 November 2002, Calatayud 1035 (CUZ!, F!, MO!, USM!); Santuario  Histórico Machu Pichu, camino Inca, Km 88-112, por puente Ruinas, 13°18'S, 072°07'W, 2000-4100 m, 20-21 June 1988,  Núñez 9204 (MO!); Dist. Ollantaytambo, localidad Abra  Málaga, 13°09'02"S, 072°18'09"W, 4230 m, 29 May 2006, Toivonen 15 (CUZ!); 16 (CUZ!); Dist. Ollantaytambo, localidad Huaytampo, 13°10'31"S, 072°21'03"W, 3800 m, 06 July 2006, Toivonen 95 (CUZ!); 96 (CUZ!)  .   Junín: Concepcion, Andamarca, 11°41'30"S, 074°54'01"W, 2300 m, 14 June 2002, Martinez 18 (USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.66722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.658333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.66722/lat -11.658333)">Dist. de Andamarca</a>, a 2.5 km de la localidad de Alhuanay, 11°41'30"S, 074°54'01"W, 4150 m, 10 October 2017, Quispe 85 (CUZ!, USM!, Z!). Huancayo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.66722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.658333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.66722/lat -11.658333)">Dist. de Santo Domingo de Acobamba</a>, a 5 km de la localidad de Callanca, 11°45'43"S, 074°55'15"W, 4200 m, 12 October 2017, Quispe 87 (CUZ!, USM!, Z!). Satipo, Satipo/ La Convencion Cordillera Vilcabamba <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.66722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.658333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.66722/lat -11.658333)">Rio
Ene</a> slope, near summit of divide, 11°39'30"S, 073°40'02"W, 3350 m, 07 June 1997, Boyle 4149 (USM!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F98E5078066735F7E9E9C72D74D61AAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
BB148DFDD71877B3DFF5F0A004CED4A3.text	BB148DFDD71877B3DFF5F0A004CED4A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis australis Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 619. 1911.	<div><p>23.  Polylepis australis Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 619. 1911.</p><p>Figs 63, 64</p><p>Polylepis australis var. crenulata Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 625. 1911. Type. Based on  Polylepis australis Bitter.</p><p>Polylepis australis var. glabra (O. Kuntze) Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 622. 1911.</p><p>Polylepis racemosa var. glabra O. Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(1-3): 77. 1898. Basionym. Type. Argentina.  Córdoba: Sierra de  Córdoba, Schnyder 483 (holotype: B destroyed).</p><p>Polylepis australis var. glabrescens (O. Kuntze) Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 623. 1911.</p><p>Polylepis racemosa var. glabrescens O. Kuntze, Gen. Pl. 3(1-3): 77. 1898. Basionym. Type. Argentina. Catamarca: Cienaga, Lorentz 310 (holotype: B destroyed).</p><p>Polylepis australis var. subcalva Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 623. 1911. Type. based on  Polylepis australis var. glabrescens (O. Kuntze) Bitter</p><p>Polylepis australis var. oblanceolata Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 623. 1911.</p><p>Polylepis racemosa var. pubescens O. Kuntze, Gen. Pl. 3(1-3): 77. 1898. Basionym. Type. Argentina.  Córdoba: Sierra Achala, Cuesta de Copina, Hieronymus s.n (holotype: B destroyed).</p><p>Polylepis racemosa var. subresinosa O. Kuntze, Gen. Pl. 3(1-3): 77. 1898. Type. Argentina.  Córdoba: Sierra Achala, Cuesta de Copina, Hieronymus s.n (holotype: B destroyed).</p><p>Polylepis racemosa Lar. pubinervia O. Kuntze, Gen. Pl. 3(1-3): 77. 1898. Type. Argentina. Cerro Champaqui, F. Kurtz s.n (holotype: B destroyed).</p><p>Polylepis australis var. fuscitomentella (O. Kuntze) Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 625. 1911.</p><p>Polylepis racemosa var. fuscotomentella O. Kuntze, Gen. Pl. 3(1-3): 77. 1898. Basionym. Type. Argentina. Oyada: Lorentz 442 (holotype: B destroyed).</p><p>Polylepis australis var. latifoliolata Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 624. 1911. Type. Argentina.  Córdoba: Sierra Achala, north of the Cuesta de Copina, Hieronymus s.n (holotype: B destroyed).</p><p>Polylepis australis var. tucumanica Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 478. 1913. Type. Argentina.  Tucumán:  Cañada del  Muñoz, Tafi del Valle, Jan 1912, Castillon s.n (holotype: B destroyed; isotypes: CORD!, GOET!).</p><p>Polylepis australis var. tucumanica subvar. latifrons Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 479. 1913. Type. Based on  Polylepis australis var.  tucumánica Bitter.</p><p>Polylepis australis var. tucumanica subvar. majuscula Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 478. 1913. Type. Argentina.  Tucumán: La  Queñoa, 2600 m, 11 Mar 1912, Lillo 11257 (holotype: B destroyed; isotypes: CORD!, GOET!).</p><p>Polylepis australis var. tucumanica subvar. gracilescens Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 479. 1913. Type. Argentina.  Tucumán: Angostura, Tafi del Valle, Castillon s.n (holotype: B destroyed; isotypes: CORD!, GOET!, US!).</p><p>Polylepis australis var. tucumanica subvar. breviuscula Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 479. 1913. Type. Argentina.  Tucumán: La Cienaga, 2500 m, 19 Dec 1908, Lillo 8767 (holotype: B destroyed; isotypes: CORD!, GOET!).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Argentina. Jujuy:  Sierra Santa Barbara, 2500 m, 11 Ju1 1901, Fries 264 (lectotype designated by Simpson 1979, pg. 56: S!; isolectotype:  US!).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 3-8 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2-3 pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (2.0-)3.7-6.1(-7.2)  × (1.8-)2.9-4.1(-5.3) cm; rachises sparsely hispid, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long white hairs; stipular sheaths glabrescent or sparsely to densely villous with long hairs; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.0-)1.6-2.9(-4.0)  × 0.6-1.5 cm; margin serrate with 9-13 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces glabrous or sparsely hispid. Inflorescences pendant, (1.8-)4.2-5.0(-7.3) cm long, bearing 5-12 flowers; floral bracts 2.1-3.1 mm long, narrowly triangular; rachises villous. Flowers 4.4-8.5 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely villous outside; stamens 10-22, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 0.9-2.0 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2-3 irregular and pronounced thin wings, glabrous; 4.4-7.9  × 5.0-6.8 mm including wings. Diploid, triploid, tetraploid and hexaploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis australis is endemic to Argentina, where it is distributed from the northern Andes (Jujuy Province) to the central Sierra de  Córdoba ( Córdoba Province) Argentina (Fig. 73). It occurs in humid subtropical mountains, as well as in dry forest at 1230-3800 m elevation. The northernmost populations of  P. australis have higher genetic differentiation and lower genetic population diversity than southern and central populations (Hensen et al. 2011). Possibly, gene flow in the northern stands is restricted by geographic isolation, whereas the southern and central populations may be connected by effective long-distance pollination (Hensen et al. 2011). Dendroclimatic analyses from central Argentina show that growth of  P. australis at intermediate and high elevations growth is more strongly related to temperature than to rainfall (Lanza et al. 2018). Populations at the upper and lower elevational limits of the species are adapted to the respective climatic conditions, which should be considered in conservation action (Marcora et al. 2021). In many regions,  P. australis is confined to areas with high rock proportion, to where they have been restricted due to fires and long-term grazing pressure (Suarez et al. 2008).  Polylepis australis forms shrublands on ridges with poor, leached soils exposed to wind and frost and woodlands in sheltered ravines. The most critical stage of the species regeneration cycle in the shrublands is the transition from seedling to saplings, whereas in the woodlands, it is seed germination (Enrico et al. 2004). Overall, seed germination rates in  P. australis are low at 0% to 14% (Enrico et al. 2004; Renison et al. 2004; Menoyo et al. 2009; Pollice et al. 2013). Germination rates are higher in areas with reduced livestock density which have lower insect predation and fungal fructifications (Menoyo et al. 2009). Seed production increases with tree height, with highest seed production in areas without livestock. Seed mass also increases with tree height, but there is no livestock effect (Pollice et al. 2013). Seed viability is associated with relatively undisturbed soils with no erosion, suggesting a connection to nutrients and/or water stress (Renison et al. 2004). Maximum seed dispersal distance in  P. australis is 6 m and seedlings are found no more than 10 m from seed trees (Torres et al. 2008). However, extensive pollen flow between isolated fragments reduces the negative effects of seed quality resulting from reproductive isolation and inbreeding (Seltmann et al. 2009b). Seedling establishment is severely affected by livestock, so that there are more seedlings and seed trees in areas with less livestock than in degraded regions with historic and current grazing impact (Renison et al. 2006; Torres et al. 2008; Menoyo et al. 2009; Marcora et al. 2013). Livestock has considerable impact on soil degradation in the mountains of central Argentina (Renison et al. 2010), and these vegetation-soil alterations reduce the soil water storage capacity of  P. australis woodlands (Poca et al. 2018).  Polylepis forest in central Argentina have high polypore (wood-decay fungi) species richness in mature forest, with numerous threatened and rare species ( Postia caesia,  Fuscoporia gilva,  Polyporus arcularius and  Ceriporia spissa) found in the presence of large logs (Robledo and Renison 2010). Similarly, there is a high diversity of lichens (Rodriguez et al. 2020). In the southern Yungas (Jujuy Province), the  P. australis forests have high bird diversity, but  Polylepis specialist bird species are absent, possibly because these are small patches (Bellis et al. 2014). However, active forest restoration measures have locally increased bird diversity and abundance over 20 years (Barri et al. 2021).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis australis is estimated as 151,750 km2, the AOO is assessed at 604 km2 and it is known from 73 locations.  Polylepis australis has the most extensive forest in the southern sector of the Quebrada del Condorito National Park and surrounding private fields in  Córdoba Province. The best-preserved stands are located near the town of Los Molles at 1500-2650 m (Renison et al. 2013). In many stands of  P. australis, there is evidence of fire that is set to induce grass regrowth as feed for livestock (Renison et al. 2002, 2006, 2013; Argibay and Renison 2018). Fire, logging and browsing affect  P. australis forests and a reduction of such disturbances would increase the area covered by these forests and the vitality of the trees (Renison et al. 2011, 2013;  Cáceres et al. 2021). However, moderate livestock densities are compatible with forest conservation, if properly managed (Giorgis et al. 2020).  Polylepis australis is also affected by the invasion of exotic woody species, such as  Pinus sp. planted in large areas in  Córdoba Province, as well as other species like  Cotoneaster franchetii,  Betula pendula,  Rosa rubiginosa,  Rubus ulmifolius,  Salix viminalis and  S. aff. fragilis (Renison et al. 2013). Vegetation cover is very low in  P. australis forests, so that it is common to observe bare roots as an evidence of soil erosion (Cingolani et al. 2008; Renison et al. 2010, 2013). Nevertheless,  P. australis can regenerate even under such conditions, possibly due to the long history of fire in the region (Cingolani et al. 2014; Torres and Renison 2017).  Polylepis australis has been subject to reforestation activities in  Córdoba since 2002 (Renison et al. 2002;  Aráoz and Grau 2010; Renison et al. 2013). Seedling growth is six times slower in sowing experiments than the growth of planted  P. australis (Landi and Renison 2010). Thus, planting and not seeding has become the preferred method to re-establish this species. In addition, the construction of terraces with  Poa stuckertii as a nursery plant has been suggested. Moreover, biparental inbreeding depression is found especially in plants that cross with nearby neighbours (Seltmann et al. 2009a). This is more important to progeny fitness and mortality than to germination. Additionally, crosses between fragments have higher reproductive output than within-fragment crosses. We assess  P. australis as Least Concern (B1a+B2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis australis is easy to recognize by its glabrous leaflets (sometimes the lower leaflet surface can be sparsely hispid) and by its winged fruits, a character shared only with  P. neglecta . Specimens of  P. australis can resemble those of  P. neglecta in leaflet shape, size and margin, but leaflet apices are emarginate in  P. australis and acute in  P. neglecta . Further,  P. australis differs from  P. neglecta by it simple and villous inflorescences with 5-12 flowers, whereas  P. neglecta usually has branched and glabrous inflorescences with 14-27 flowers.</p><p>Polylepis australis is morphologically quite variable, as evidenced by the large number of varieties recognized by Bitter (1911). More recent studies have shown that  P. australis also has high variability of ploidy levels (Schmidt-Lebuhn et al. 2010; Kessler et al. 2014). In a study of 361 individuals, Kessler et al. (2014) found that, in the Andean part of the distributional range of the species, most populations are purely diploid (except at the southernmost tip of the Andean range), whereas in the isolated Sierra de  Córdoba, tetraploids dominate, but there are also diploid and triploid plants and even a single hexaploid plant was found. This diversity of ploidy levels raises several important questions. First, the degree to which the di- and tetraploids are reproductively isolated and might, therefore, be treated as distinct taxa, is unknown. Soltis et al. (2007) have proposed that populations of a species with different ploidy levels should be treated as distinct species if there is evidence of reproductive isolation or if they are morphologically or ecologically distinct. In the case of  P. australis, the different geographical ranges of the two main ploidy levels suggest that they have independent evolutionary trajectories. If this is confirmed, since the type collection of the species comes from the purely diploid part of the range, the unnamed form would be the tetraploid one. Following Soltis et al. (2007), a suitable name would be  Polylepis tetra-australis . Second, it is unknown whether the triploid individuals are only first-generation hybrids between di- and tetraploids or are also able to reproduce by apomixis, as is common in many  Rosaceae . Indeed, the low rate of seed germination of many individuals (Enrico et al. 2004; Renison et al. 2004; Menoyo et al. 2009) may be linked to the triploid ploidy level, but this also remains to be explored.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Argentina. Catamarca:  Andalgalá, East slope of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.03333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.03333/lat -27.366667)">Nevados de Aconquija</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.03333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.03333/lat -27.366667)">Estancia</a> "Yunca Suma", <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.03333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.03333/lat -27.366667)">Los 
Quenoales</a>, 27°22'S, 066°02'W, 2400 m, 20 February 1966, Hawkes 3547 (MO!)  .   Córdoba: Calamuchita, Sierra Grande (Falda E), al pie del <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.25/lat -31.916666)">Cerro 
Champaqui</a>, 2200 m, 26 September 1952, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.25/lat -31.916666)">Hunziker</a> 9942 (MO!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.25/lat -31.916666)">La Cumbrecita</a>, 31°55'S, 064°15'W, 1450 m, 17 December 1978, Solomon 4200 (MO!). Punilla, Dpto. Punilla, cerca del <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.25/lat -31.916666)">rio
Yatain</a>, 18 November 1971, Ancibor 2150 (MO!); Tanti, Ruta n° 20, km 757, 26 April 1963, Ariza 1604b (CORD); Cerro Los gigantes, 50 km west of  Córdoba, 2000-2050 m, 27 January 1974, Conrad 2455 (MO!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.25/lat -31.916666)">Barranca de 
Rio
Yuspe</a> (Puente), 1780 m, 16 December 1949, Meyer 15627 (GOET!). San Alberto, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.25/lat -31.916666)">Pampa de Achala</a>, 2200 m, 13 December 1945, Hunziker 1398 (MO!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.25/lat -31.916666)">Pampa de Achala</a>, ca. 40 km E Mina Clavero on road to  Córdoba, 1900 m, 13 November 1991, Kessler 3347 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3348 (GOET!, MO!); 3349; 3350 (AAU!)  .   Jujuy: Capital, Lagunas de Yala, 2100-2300 m, 18 November 1986, Charpin AC 20520 (MO!). Jujuy, Jala-Reyes, 30 October 1982, Zardini 1587 (MO!).  Sierra La Barbara, 2500 m, 11 July 2001, Fries 264 (US!). Valle Grande, Camino a  Altos de Calilegua, 2400 m, 31 October 1974, Cabrera 25659 (MO!)  .   Salta: Guachipas, Alto del Poronguito, 1900-2000 m, 07 February 1983, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.96667/lat -22.25)">Novara</a> 3157 (MO!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.96667/lat -22.25)">Santa Victoria</a>, 15 km. from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.96667/lat -22.25)">Santa Victoria</a> towards <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.96667/lat -22.25)">La Quiaca</a>, 22°15'S, 065°04'W, 3300-3400 m, 05 April 1979, Bothmer 6466 (MO!); Santa Victoria, ruta 5, alturas 10 km al W del pueblo, 2900 m, 14 May 1987, Novara 6695 (GOET!, Z!); Santa Victoria, por el camino 5-10 km al W del pueblo, 2700-3000 m, 10 November 1988, Novara 8210 (Z!); Santa Victoria Oeste, 22°15'00"S, 064°58'00"W, 21 January 1983, Zardini 1676 (MO!); La Huerta, 31 January 1983, Zardini 1903 (MO!) ;   San Luis:  Junín,  Sierra de Comechingones, al este de Merlo, ruta prov. 5, 1200 m, 16 December 2000, Leuenberger 4764 (GOET!); 5 km al este de Merlo (El Mirador), 26 January 2001, Scarpa 435 (SI)  .   Tucumán: Chicligasta, Saladillo, 1000 m, 18 May 1948, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.73&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.791111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.73/lat -26.791111)">Meyer</a> 14063 (MO!); 1800 m, 10 March 1924, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.73&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.791111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.73/lat -26.791111)">Venturi</a> 3010 (Z!); 2000 m, 13 December 1925, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.73&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.791111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.73/lat -26.791111)">Venturi</a> 3990 (MO!).  Tafí, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.73&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.791111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.73/lat -26.791111)">Quebrada</a> de los <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.73&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.791111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.73/lat -26.791111)">Alisos Tafi del Valle</a>, 01 January 2012,  Castillón 89344 (US!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.73&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.791111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.73/lat -26.791111)">Tafi
del Valle</a>, 2000 m, 24 September 1949, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.73&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.791111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.73/lat -26.791111)">Palacios</a> 19 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.73&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.791111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.73/lat -26.791111)">Ar</a> 106 (MO!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.73&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.791111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.73/lat -26.791111)">Tafi
del Valle</a>, 26°47'28"S, 065°43'48"W, s.d., Palacios s.n (MO!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.73&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.791111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.73/lat -26.791111)">Localidad La Cienaga</a>, 2800 m, 29 January 1950, Sleumer 204 (GOET!). Trancas, 01 August 2017, Schreiter 321 (MO!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.73&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.791111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.73/lat -26.791111)">Tafi del Valle</a>, 19 December 1965, Walter 614 (GOET!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BB148DFDD71877B3DFF5F0A004CED4A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
36890D747199BD8E1FCBCC9E02D8D6AE.text	36890D747199BD8E1FCBCC9E02D8D6AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis besseri Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21 (3): 312. 1896.	<div><p>35.  Polylepis besseri Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21(3): 312. 1896.</p><p>Figs 93, 94</p><p>Polylepis besseri var. longipedicellata Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 629. 1911. Type. Bolivia. Cochabamba: Puna of Mizque,  d’Orbigny 495 (holotype: G!; isotypes: F! NY, US, photos at US!, GH!).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Bolivia.  Capi: Mar 1890, Bang 769 (lectotype: G!; isolectotypes: BR!, E!, F!, GH, MO!, NY (2)!,  US!, W).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 2-6 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 1-2(-3) pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 3.6-4.0  × 2.5-3.0 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate or slightly spurred, densely tomentose on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.4-1.6  × 0.6-1.1 cm; margin crenate with 5-8 teeth, apically obtuse or emarginate, basally unequally attenuate or cordate; upper leaflet surfaces smooth to slightly rugose, glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose hairs 0.6-0.8 mm long, with a dense layer of very short, white pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, (3.6-)4.9-8.9 cm long, bearing 7-9 flowers; floral bracts 4.7-4.9 mm long, narrowly triangular, sparsely tomentose on the outer surface; rachises sparsely to densely tomentose. Flowers 8.3-8.6 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely tomentose outside; stamens 13-23, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.5-3.1 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2-5 flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely tomentose; 6.1-9.7  × 4.0-5.8 mm including spines. Tetraploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis besseri is restricted to the Departments of Cochabamba. Chuquisaca and  Potosí in Bolivia (Fig. 103). It occurs in relatively dry regions at 2200-4250 m elevation. Frequently, it forms pure stands, but it can also locally co-occur with  P. subtusalbida,  P. tomentella and  P. lanata (Kessler 1995b). It usually grows with  Escallonia myrtilloides in northern Chuquisaca (Navarro et al. 2010). At Sacha Loma (Cochabamba), low annual growth rates (&lt;1 mm/y) have been reported (Gareca et al. 2010). There as well, it was found that&gt; 90% of viable seeds germinate under appropriate laboratory conditions (Gareca et al. 2012). In the same region, there is a loss of genetic diversity and increasing differentiation in offspring related to adults, which suggest that  P. besseri is experiencing genetic erosion and genetic drift (Gareca et al. 2013). Forests of  P. besseri support specialist bird species, such as  Conirostrum binghami (=  Oreomanes fraseri),  Leptasthenura yanacensis and  Carduelis crassirostris, as well as other species that show marked affinity for this habitat, such as  Asthenes dorbignyi,  Phacellodomus straticeps,  Polioxolmis rufipennis,  Ochthoeca oenanthoides and  Pseudosaltator (=  Saltator) rufiventris (Herzog et al. 2002; Herzog et al. 2003). Larger forests with larger trees have higher arthropod density, allowing for higher bird densities (Cahill et al. 2021).  Carduelis crassirostris is one of the few bird species that specifically feed on the seeds of  Polylepis trees, but the effects of this remain unexplored.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis besseri is estimated as 58,954 km2, the AOO is assessed at 76 km2 and it is known from 18 locations.  Polylepis besseri was categorized as VU (A1abc, B1+2c) in the World List of Tthreatened Trees (Oldfield et al. 1998). Later, it was classified as EN B2ab(ii,iii) in the Red List of Threatened Flora of Bolivia ( Arrázola and Coronado 2012). It is not protected within any conservation area.  Polylepis besseri forests are under increasing threat from human activities and disturbance. We assess the species as Vulnerable (A1, B1a+B2a, C1).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis besseri is morphologically closest to  P. pacensis with which it shares similar obovate leaflet shape with crenate margins. It differs from this in its longer (0.6-0.8 mm), densely tomentose hairs mixed with a dense layer of very short, white pannose hairs compared to the shorter (0.4-0.9 mm), densely villous hairs without pannose hairs of  P. pacensis . Additionally,  P. besseri can be distinguished from  P. rugulosa by the number of lateral leaflet pairs (1-2(-3) versus 1) and lower leaflet hairs length (0.6-0.8 mm versus 0.8-1.0 mm) which, in  P. besseri, is mixed with a very dense layer of very short pannose hairs that is absent in  P. rugulosa . In  Potosí, hybrids have been found with  P. neglecta (Schmidt-Lebuhn et al. 2006a).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Bolivia. Chuquisaca: Belisario Boeto, Municipio Villa Serrano, Comunidad Nuevo Mundo, Piso Superior  Tucumáno Boliviano, 18°59'20"S, 064°18'17"W, 2369 m, 17 August 2005, Villalobos 56 (MO!). Oropeza, ca. 40 km W Sucre on road to Macha, 18°53'S, 065°26'W, 3300 m, 26 September 1991, Kessler 3263 (GOET!, LPB); 3264 (AAU!, GOET!); 3265 (GOET!); 3266 (AAU!, GOET!); 3267 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); Cerca de  Río Ravelo, 3800 m, 15 June 1918,  Murguía 145 (GOET!, LPB); Localidad Chataquilla, 3400 m, 06 December 1989,  Murguía 377 (GOET!).  Zudañez, 25 km S Icla on Tarabuco-Azurduy road, 19°27'S, 064°49'W, 3500 m, 24 September 1991, Kessler 3208 (GOET!); 3209 (AAU!); 3210; 3212 (AAU!, GOET!); 40 Km S Icla on Tarabuco Azurduy road, 19°33'S, 064°39'W, 3700 m, 24 September 1991, Kessler 3223 (AAU!, GOET!). Cochabamba: Arque, proximidades a la comunidad de Kutimarca, Sumuruni, camino hacia Arque, 3850 m, 11 April 1999, Mercado 2149 (MO!). Campero, Pallamiani Khasa, camino Aiquile-Rakaypampa, hacia Pallamiani Khasa-Lenkho, 3200 m, 09 May 1987, Estenssoro 692 (GOET!, LPB). Carrasco, Entrando uno 23 km de la carretera (cerca Epizana) a la ciudadela incaica Inkallajta, 17°36'15"S, 065°24'57"W, 3400 m, 09 May 2014, Beck 34452 (LPB); 6.6 km by road, NW Lopez Mendoza, at Km 98 from Cochabamba, 3250 m. Quebrado  Majón, 17°33'20"S, 065°21'31"W, 3250 m, 15 May 1984, Schmitt 108 (MO!); 5 km al este del puente sobre el  Río López Mendoza por el camino entre Cochabamba y Santa Cruz (19 km al oeste de Epizana), 17°32'S, 065°22'W, 2900 m, 11 February 1987, Solomon 16038 (LPB, MO!, NY). Cercado, Estancia Sipirita entre Apote y Tiquipaya, 2650 m, 18 January 1996, De la Barra 656 (BOLV); Parque Nacional Tunari, N and above the center of Cochabamba, at about km. 11.5 above the entrance, about 1 km by switchback road above and NE of the recreation area at "km 10.", 17°19'45"S, 066°08'15"W, 3500 m, 02 May 2005, Nee 52934 (MO!, NY, USZ!). Chapare, Parque Tunari; the road to Laguna Wara Wara, 3600 m, 28 May 1994, Ritter 1060 (GH!, MO!). Mizque,  Cañada Pucara Mayu, a 37 km de Rodeo Mizque, entre  Khewiña Khasa y Pucara Khasa, 17°49'S, 065°26'W, 3200 m, 08 May 1987, Estenssoro 810 (GOET!, LPB); Semborreto entre Markilla y Rodeo, 3630 m, 20 June 1987, Estenssoro 819 (LPB); Between Cerro Canto Monte and Mizque along Arani-Mizque road, 3600 m, 17 April 1987,  Fjeldså s.n (LPB); ca. 30 Km NW Mizque on road to Arani, 2950 m, 17 August 1991, Kessler 2985 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 2988 (AAU!, GOET!); 2989 (AAU!, GOET!); 2996 (GOET!, MO!). Tiraque, 12.8 km W of Koari, highway from Cochabamba to Epizana, 17°27'44"S, 065°41'01"W, 3475 m, 04 May 2007, Nee 55332 (MO!); San Isidro, A Km 88 carretera Cochabamba-Santa Cruz, entrando hacia al norte, 5 km de la comunidad de San Isidro, 17°26'54"S, 065°31'38"W, 4300 m, 18 March 2006,  Zárate 2306 (BOLV, MO!); 106.8 km E of Cochabamba on Carretera Fundamental, 4100 m, 05 December 1979, Davidson 3743 (F!, NY); Chapare Yungas de Espiritu, following the abandoned Chapare Road along the NW facing side of the Serrania de Callejas at the head waters of the  río Espíritu Santo, ca. 50 km 25 N of W from Cochabamba, 17°12'S, 065°42'W, 4000 m, 01 December 1985, Lewis s.n (F!, LPB, MO!). La Paz: Murillo,  Río Minasa, 1.5 km arriba del viejo puente del ferrocarril (ca. 3 km arriba de Villa Fatima, La Paz), 16°27'S, 068°07'W, 4000 m, 18 January 1987, Solomon 15783 (LPB, MO!).  Potosí: Charcas, de Ocuri hacia Pajri cuchu (bajando), 4000 m, 12 March 1993, Torrico 119 (LPB). Jose M. Linares, a 2 km de Lajas hacia Tambillo,  Serranía de Mataca, 3930 m, 05 April 1993, Torrico 346 (LPB). Capi, March 1890, Bang 769 (F!, G, GH!, MO!, NY, US!, W); Alturas de Chacatilla, 3500 m, 23 August 1980, Erquicia 60 (GOET!); 23 January 1905, Orbigny s.n (MO!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/36890D747199BD8E1FCBCC9E02D8D6AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
7FA69A96A7AC368EA790F78196E3AB26.text	7FA69A96A7AC368EA790F78196E3AB26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis canoi W. Mend., Rev. Peruana Biol. 12 (1): 104 – 106. 2005.	<div><p>8.  Polylepis canoi W.Mend., Rev. Peruana Biol. 12(1): 104-106. 2005.</p><p>Figs 29, 30</p><p>Type.</p><p>Peru. Cusco: La  Convención,  Cordillera del Vilcabamba, 30 km caminando de la Hacienda Luisiana y del  Río Apurimac, 3400 m, 17 Jul 1968, T.R. Dudley 11180 (holotype: MO!; isotypes: NA, F!) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 4-7(9) m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2-3(4) pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (4.0-)7.9-9.4  × (4.2-)6.7-7.5 cm; rachises densely sericeous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight yellowish hairs, with ferruginous resin at leaflet insertion; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, glabrous in both surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (2.4-)3.4-3.9  × (0.8-)1.1-1.5 cm; margin entire to slightly serrate with 4-6 teeth, coriaceous, apically slightly emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous or with sparse sericeous hairs; lower leaflet surfaces densely sericeous with yellowish hairs 1.3-1.7 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, 8.2-14.5 cm long, bearing 12-17(26) flowers; floral bracts 7.0-15.8 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises sericeous. Flowers 7.8-11.2 mm diam.; sepals 3-4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 13-15, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.4-3.8 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely sericeous; 5.2  × 7.5 mm including spines. Diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis canoi is distributed from the central-south-eastern Peruvian Andes to the central Bolivian Andes (Fig. 41). The species occurs in wet Andean Forest at 3150-4500 m elevation. It co-occurs with  P. argentea and  P. serrata in the Cordillera Vilcabamba in Peru, where it forms large pure stands and also grows intermixed with  P. argentea (Boyle 2001). In Bolivia, where it was long known as  P. sericea, it is only known from a few scattered localities where it has been recorded co-occurring with  P. lanata (Kessler 1995b). In Peru, maximum tree height decreases from 9 m at 3700 m to 4 m at 4250 m elev. (Toivonen et al. 2011; as  P. sericea). Along the same elevational gradient, the proportion of vegetative reproduction increases from 0% to 70% (Toivonen et al. 2011).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO is estimated as 98,800 km2 and AOO as 84 km2. The species is known from 17 locations in Peru and Bolivia. In Peru, it has been categorized as EN (B1ab(iii)) ( León-Yañez et al. 2006) and in Bolivia, as EN (B1ab(i,ii,iii)) ( Arrázola et al. 2012, as  P. sericea). Agricultural expansion, logging, cattle, burning of surrounding grasslands and mining are threats for this species ( Arrázola et al. 2012). We assess  Polylepis canoi as Endangered (B1a+B2a, C1).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis canoi seems morphologically closest to  P. ochreata and  P. sericea . However, it has obovate and larger (2.4-3.9  × 0.8-1.5 cm) leaflets than the other two species, which have elliptic and smaller (1.8-2.7  × 0.5-1.0 cm) leaflets. Additionally,  P. canoi has longer hairs (1.3-1.7 mm) than the other two species (0.7-1.2 mm).</p><p>This species was treated as endemic to Peru by Mendoza (2005) when he described it. Boza Espinoza et al. (2019) revised its distribution to extend it to Bolivia. The specimens from Puno (Peru) and La Paz and Cochabamba (Bolivia) were previously determined as  P. sericea (e.g., Kessler 1995a). Furthermore, the specimen cited by Schmidt-Lebuhn et al. (2006a) as the first record of  P. pauta for Bolivia was re-identified as  P. canoi by Boza Espinoza et al. (2019).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Bolivia. Cochabamba: Chapare, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.96667/lat -17.2)">Mayka Mayu</a>, 17°12'S, 065°58'W, s.d., Hensen 2248 (BOLV, LPB, MO!, TEX); Maycamayu, ca. 60 Km N Sacaba, 17°12'S, 065°58'W, 3300 m, 11 August 1991, Kessler 2874 (GOET!); 2875 (GOET!); 2877 (GOET!); 2878 (AAU!); 2879 (GOET!, MO!); 2880 (GOET!)  .   La Paz: Bautista Saavedra, Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba, bajada de Waricunca, mas  allá de Chaka, por el antiguo camino <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.182495&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.444722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.182495/lat -15.444722)">Sorapata-Apolo</a>, 14°53'19"S, 068°47'04"W, 3550 m, 28 March 2009, Fuentes 13589 (BOLV, LPB, MA, MO!, USZ); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.182495&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.444722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.182495/lat -15.444722)">Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba</a>, sector Chaka, bosque continuo al SE del campamento cerca de la cueva, por el antiguo camino Laji Sorapata-Apolo, 14°53'32"S, 068°47'12"W, 3461 m, 30 March 2009, Fuentes 13634 (LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); 13639 (BOLV, LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.182495&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.444722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.182495/lat -15.444722)">Area
Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba. Bajada de Wuaricunca</a>,  más allá de Chaka, por el antiguo camino Hilo-Hilo - Apolo, 14°53'11"S, 068°47'04"W, 3550 m, 06 April 2009, Fuentes 13897 (BOLV, LPB, MA, MO!, QCA!, USZ); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.182495&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.444722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.182495/lat -15.444722)">Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Madidi</a>, Hilo Hilo. Sobre el <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.182495&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.444722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.182495/lat -15.444722)">Rio
Tumamayu</a> en la localidad de Laji Sorapata, 14°53'14"S, 068°51'52"W, 4182 m, 10 April 2009, Loza 635A (LPB, MA, MO!); 645 (LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.182495&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.444722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.182495/lat -15.444722)">Area
Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba</a>, Hilo Hilo, Juchuy  Queñua a medio  día de Laji Sorapata, 14°54'52"S, 068°48'08"W, 3879 m, 16 April 2009, Loza 757 (LPB, MO!); 775 (BOLV, LPB, MA, MO!, USZ); 788 (LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); Chaka Machay(Laji), 14°53'S, 068°47'W, 3300 m, 14 September 2002, Zenteno 1507 (LPB). Franz Tamayo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.182495&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.444722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.182495/lat -15.444722)">Area
Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba</a>, Keara bajo, 14°42'09"S, 069°04'35"W, 3500 m, 21 November 2007, Araujo 4078 (LPB, MO!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.182495&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.444722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.182495/lat -15.444722)">Area
Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba</a>, Hilo Hilo, Chaka, sobre la senda hacia Amantala, 14°53'16"S, 068°47'16"W, 3576 m, 16 August 2009, Cayola 3417 (BOLV, LPB, MA, MO!, USZ); Parque Nacional Madidi, entre Queara y Mojos, sector Mosquito, 14°39'37"S, 068°57'54"W, 3400 m, 26 February 2008, Fuentes 12028 (BOLV, LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); Parque Nacional Madidi, Puina Viejo, ca. 3 km  río abajo por camino al W del  río, 14°34'58"S, 069°06'24"W, 3316 m, 21 June 2005, Fuentes 8549 (LPB, MO!); Parque Nacional Madidi, Hilo Hilo, arriba de la mina Kanupata en la localidad de Laji Sorapata, 14°52'28"S, 068°51'15"W, 4182 m, 11 April 2009, Loza 671 (BOLV, HSB, LPB, MA, MO!, NY, QCA!, USZ); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.182495&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.444722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.182495/lat -15.444722)">Bosque de 
Quenuari</a>, 14°54'31"S, 069°01'07"W, 4275 m, 28 September 2006, Palabral 489 (LPB); Senda Pelechuco-Mojo, sector Tambo Quemado, a media hora del campamento siguiendo senda Pelechuco Moxos, 14°41'03"S, 068°58'22"W, 3455 m, 01 May 2003, Paniagua 5710 (LPB, MA, MO!). Larecaja, bosque de a localidad de Hirola, pasando Lipichi, 15°26'41"S, 068°10'57"W, 3881 m, 05 November 2008, Palabral 705 (LPB). Murillo, 8 km after Palca on the road to Iquico, 4000 m, 10 November 1967, Vuilleumier 342 (MO!)  .</p><p>Peru. Cusco: La  Convención, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.5/lat -12.5)">Cordillera de Vilcabamba</a>, above Camp 7, ca. 30 km walking distance from Hacienda Luisiana and the Apurimac River, 12°30'S, 074°30'W, 3400 m, 17 July 1968, Dudley 11180 (F!, MO!, NA); usually on eastern slopes ca. 30 km walking distance NE from Hacienda Luisiana and the Apurimac River, 12°30'S, 073°30'W, 3400 m, 19 July 1968, Dudley 11221 (F!, USM!)  .   Junín: Jauja, Dist. Molinos, Comunidad Curimarca, Jucha, 11°33'53"S, 075°18'58"W, 3893 m, 10 November 2016, Ames s.n (Z!). Satipo, Dist. de Pampa Hermosa, Comunidad de Toldopampa, Tasta, 11°26'08"S, 074°53'58"W, 3754 m, 04 October 2016, Ames s.n (Z!); Junin / Cusco Prov. Satipo/ La  Convención, Cordillera Vilcabamba. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.66722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.658333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.66722/lat -11.658333)">Rio
Ene</a>, slope near summit of divide, 11°39'30"S, 073°40'02"W, 3350 m, 07 June 1997, Boyle 4151 (USM!)  .   Puno: Limbani, Huancasayani, on road to Limbani just east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.216666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.7/lat -14.216666)">Abra Aricoma</a>, 14°13'S, 069°42'W, 3750 m, 28 March 1987, Boertmann 129 (AAU!, QCA!); Huancasayani between Abra Aricoma and Limbani, 14°13'S, 069°42'W, 3750 m, 28 March 1987, Brandbyge 511 (AAU!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7FA69A96A7AC368EA790F78196E3AB26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F98DC02B44E7746E4274378D11008328.text	F98DC02B44E7746E4274378D11008328.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis crista-galli Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 633. 1911.	<div><p>36.  Polylepis crista-galli Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 633. 1911.</p><p>Figs 95, 96</p><p>Polylepis crista-gallii var. longiracemosa Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 634. 1911. Type. Bolivia. Tarija: Pinos, between Tarija and San Luis, 2500-2700 m, 1 Mar 1903, Fries 1296 (holotype: S!).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Bolivia. Tarija:  Tucumilla, 2500 m, Fiebrig 2020 (lectotype, designated by Simpson 1979, pg. 42: G!; lectoisotypes: A!, E!, K!, M!, P)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 3-6 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with (1-)2 pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 2.1-4.4(-6.2)  × 1.8-2.8(5.8) cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate or slightly spurred, densely tomentose on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.3-2.7(-3.2)  × (0.4-)0.8-1.1(-1.4) cm; margin serrate with 9-13 teeth, apically obtuse or emarginate, basally unequally attenuate; upper leaflet surfaces slightly rugose, glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short, white pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, (2.2-)3.4-5.0(-8.0) cm long, bearing 5-7 flowers; floral bracts 3.4-4.0 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely tomentose on the outer surface; rachises tomentose. Flowers 6.0-9.2 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, sparsely to densely tomentose outside; stamens 13-15, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.6-2.3 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2-4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, sparsely tomentose; 4.9-6.1  × 4.0-6.2 mm including spines. Tetraploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis crista-galli is distributed from central Bolivia to Jujuy (Argentina) (Fig. 103). It occurs in Boliviano-Tucumanic forests at 2200-4050 m elevation. It mostly grows as homogeneous forest and sometimes mixed with  Alnus acuminata (Kessler 1995b) or  Escallonia hypoglauca (Navarro et al. 2010). In Alto Calilegua (Jujuy), a stand of  P. crista-galli has canopy cover of 35% and tree heights of 2-5 m height (Renison et al. 2013).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis crista-galli is estimated as 46,634 km2, the AOO is assessed at 60 km2, and it is known from 14 locations.  Polylepis crista-galli was categorized as VU (A1acd, B1+2c) in the World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al. 1998) and as VU (B2ab(ii,iii)) in the Red List of Threatened Flora of Bolivia ( Arrázola and Coronado 2012). Later, it was categorized as EN B2ab(iii) in the Red List of Montane Tree species of the tropical Andes (Tejedor et al. 2014). No conservation actions have been taken to date. The area of occupation is in constant reduction, with small isolated and disconnect patches, and continuous population declines. We assess  P. crista-galli as Vunerable (A1+ A2a, B1a+B2a, C2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis crista-galli is similar to  P. subtusalbida, but differs by having leaflets 1.3-2.7(3.2) cm long (versus 0.9-1.6 cm in  P. subtusalbida), lower leaflet surface with a dense layer of very short pannose hairs (versus glabrous to sparsely longer tomentose hairs 0.5-1.2 mm), 5-7 flowers per inflorescence (versus 3-4), 13-15 stamens per flower (versus 19-21) and styles 1.6-2.3 mm long (versus 2.8-3.4 mm). Perhaps most importantly, the fruits of  P. crista-galli have larger, often red-tinted ridges, to which the species epithet refers.</p><p>Polylepis crista-galli has been suggested to have a hybridogenic origin, with a member of section  Polylepis Australes as one parent and one of subsection  Polylepis Besseria Besseria as the other (Schmidt-Lebuhn et al. 2006a). This is supported by the fact that  P. crista-galli is morphologically intermediate between the putative parents and is, in fact, indistinguishable from hybrids between  P. besseri and  P. neglecta found in Bolivia. Interestingly, the range of  P. crista-galli perfectly fills the gap between the ranges of  P. australis (to the south) and  P. neglecta (north), suggesting that the formation of  P. crista-galli might have obliterated part of a formerly continuous range of the progenitor of  P. australis and  P. neglecta .</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Bolivia. Chuquisaca: Azurduy, Trayecto  Azurduy-Río Pilcomayo, 20°12'52"S, 064°26'37"W, 3114 m, 14 October 2007, Portal 146 (HSB, MO!). Belisario Boeto, 1 km S Mendoza, 2830 m, 29 April 1987,  Murguía 46 (GOET!, LPB). Nor Cinti, ca. 40 km E Culpina on road to Chillajara, 20°37'S, 064°46'W, 3000 m, 21 September 1991, Kessler 3169 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 3170 (GOET!, MO!); 3171 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 3172 (GOET!, LPB); 3174 (AAU!, GOET!); 19.1 km S of Padcaya on the road to Camargo Solomon 10646 (LPB, MO!). Sud Cinti, Cerro Cobre Khasa, between Culpina and El Palmar, 20°48'S, 064°34'W, 3100 m, 21 September 1991,  Fjeldså s.n (GOET!). Tomina, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.52334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.949165" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.52334/lat -19.949165)">Bajando de Sombreros</a> (Cordillera Mandinga) hacia el <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.52334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.949165" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.52334/lat -19.949165)">Muncipio de Azurduy</a>, 19°56'57"S, 064°31'24"W, 2758 m, 14 October 2007, Cervantes 175 (HSB, MO!). Yamparaez, Sucre, ca. 50 kms. hacia Tarabuco, 3270 m, 07 March 1981, Beck 6203 (MO!)  .   Potosí: Chayanta, Ravelo 20 kms. hacia  Sucre, 3200 m, 30 September 1983, Beck 9343 (GOET!, LPB, MO!). Jose M. Linares,  Serranía entre Lajas y Tambillo, 3900 m, 05 April 1993, Torrico 344; 345 (LPB); a 2 km de  Lajas hacia  Tambillo,  Serrania
de Mataca
, 3930 m, 05 April 1993, Torrico 348 (LPB); Guerraloma, 2800 m, 01 May 1959,  Cárdenas 5724 (US!)  .   Tarija: Arce, de Camacho subiendo hacia Rejera, 2600 m, 01 November 1987, Beck 14309 (GOET!, LL, LPB, MO!, TEX). Mendez, Cerca Trancas, 3000 m, 13 May 1986, Bastian 1313 (GOET!); Strasse Carichi-Mayu-Leon Cancha, Passhohe, 2800 m, 01 February 1982, Gerold 97 (GOET!, LPB); Above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.433334/lat -21.45)">Tarija</a> on road to Villazon, 21°29'S, 064°55'W, 2900 m, 17 September 1991, Kessler 3109 (AAU!); 35 km W Tarija on road to  Villazón, 21°29'S, 064°55'W, 3000 m, 20 September 1991, Kessler 3165 (GOET!); 40 km W Tarija on road to  Villazón, 21°29'S, 064°55'W, 3300 m, 20 September 1991, Kessler 3166 (GOET!).  O’Connor, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.433334/lat -21.45)">Tarija</a> 53 kms. hacia Entre  Ríos, 2360 m, 22 October 1983, Beck 9641 (AAU!, MO!); ca 5 km pass on Tarija-Villa Montes road, 21°27'S, 064°22'W, 2500 m, 18 September 1991, Kessler 3110 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); ca 6 Km E of pass on Tarija-Entre  Ríos road., 21°27'S, 064°26'W, 2300 m, 20 September 1991, Kessler 3152 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3154; 3155; 3156 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 3431; 3432 (GOET!); ca. 70 km on road from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.433334/lat -21.45)">Tarija</a> to Entre Rios, 2200 m, 20 September 1991, Kessler 3661 (MO!). Tucumilla, pr. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.433334/lat -21.45)">Tarija</a>, 2600 m, Fiebrig 2020 (A!, B, G, MO!, P!); 21°27'S, 064°26'W, 2800 m, 20 September 1991, Kessler 3153 (GOET!, LPB); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.433334/lat -21.45)">Cuenca del 
Rio
Camacho</a>, entrando por el <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.433334/lat -21.45)">Rio
Lanurejoy</a>, subiendo al margen izquierdo del  río, frente a la <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.433334/lat -21.45)">Comunidad de Camacho</a>, 2490 m, 20 December 1987, Liberman 1514 (GOET!); entrando por el <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.433334/lat -21.45)">Rio
Carbonejo</a>, 2520 m, 03 February 1988, Liberman 2019 (GOET!);  Rincón de la Victoria, 2000 m, 07 November 1974, Zuerpe 5126 (NY)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F98DC02B44E7746E4274378D11008328	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D74E5044D7AD98FE785BB06912596A74.text	D74E5044D7AD98FE785BB06912596A74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis fjeldsaoi T. Boza & M. Kessler 2022	<div><p>40.  Polylepis fjeldsaoi T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 104, 105</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>This species differs from  Polylepis tomentella Wedd. in having broader leaflets (0.6-0.7 cm vs. 0.3-0.6 cm) with crenate margins (vs. serrate) and a lower number of stamens per flower ((9-)11-17 vs. 19-23).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Peru. Ayacucho, Lucanas, Puquio, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.0825&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.5758333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.0825/lat -4.5758333)">Queronta</a>, l 4°34'33"S, 74°04'57"W, 3879 m, 1 Jul 2015, Boza &amp; Urquiaga 3107 (holotype: USM!; isotypes: Z!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees to 2-10 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2 pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 2.8-3.4  × 1.6-2.8 cm; rachises sparsely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, glabrescent on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.2-2.1  × 0.6-0.7 cm; margin crenate with 5-10 teeth, apically obtuse to emarginate, basally unequally attenuate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous to sparsely tomentose on mid-vein depression; lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short, white or yellowish pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, 3.4-6.8 cm long, bearing 3-5 flowers; floral bracts 3.9-6.2 mm long, narrowly triangular, sparsely villous on the outer surface; rachises sparsely villous. Flowers 6.8-7.0 mm diam.; sepals 3, ovate, green, glabrous or sparsely villous outside; stamens (9-)11-17, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.4-3.3 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 3-4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 4.2-5.4  × 2.7-5.0 mm including spines. Diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis fjeldsaoi occurs in south-central Peru from southern Ayacucho to northern Caraveli (Arequipa) (Fig. 116). The species occurs in dry Andean habitats at 3300-4800 m elevation. It usually occurs in homogeneous stands.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>We name the species in honor of Jon  Fjeldså (1942-), professor and chief curator at the Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen (Denmark), in recognition of his pivotal contributions to the knowledge of the avifauna and biodiversity of  Polylepis forests ( Fjeldså 1987, 2002a, 2002b;  Fjeldså and Krabbe 1990;  Fjeldså and Kessler 1996;  Fjeldså et al. 1999).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis fjeldsaoi is estimated as 51,627 km2, the AOO is assessed at 76 km2 and it is known from 17 locations. The species is largely unprotected, except for the Pampa Galeras National Park which includes a few small stands. We assess  P. fjeldsaoi as Vunerable (B1a+B2a, C2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The population of  Polylepis from southern Ayacucho (Peru) has been previously identified as  P. tomentella (Mendoza and Cano 2012). Simpson (1979) already reported some specimens from eastern Peru as possible hybrids between  P. tomentella and  P. besseri with crenate leaflets like  P. tomentella, having the characteristic of densely pannose hairs of  P. besseri . Indeed,  P. fjeldsaoi resembles  P. tomentella in having just one lateral leaflet pair, same leaflet shape and same type and density of lower leaflet hairs. However, it has broader leaflets (0.6-0.7 cm wide vs. 0.3-0.6 mm), crenate leaflet margins (vs. serrate), and fewer stamens ((9-)11-17 per flower vs. 19-23). Additionally, on present knowledge,  P. fjeldsaoi is diploid, whereas  P. tomentella is tetraploid. Furthermore,  P. fjeldsaoi occurs in southern Peru, whereas  P. tomentella is distributed from Bolivia to Argentina. Ecologically,  P. fjeldsaoi grows under more humid conditions than  P. tomentella, albeit with considerable overlap.  Polylepis fjeldsaoi is also similar to  P. besseri, with which it shares similar obovate leaflets with obtuse to emarginate apices and crenate margins. It differs from this species by its larger leaflets (1.2-2.1  × 0.6-0.7 cm vs. 1.4-1.6  × 0.6-1.1 cm), lower leaflet surfaces pannose (vs. pannose mixed with tomentose hairs 0.6-0.8 mm long) and inflorescences with fewer flowers (3-5 vs. 7-9).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Peru. Apurimac: Cotabambas, Tambobamba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.178055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.919723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.178055/lat -13.919723)">Markarakay</a>, 13°55'11"S, 072°10'41"W, 4120 m, 14 January 2020, Paco s.n (CUZ!)  .   Arequipa: Caraveli, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.418884&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.458889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.418884/lat -15.458889)">Cerca de Cahuacho</a>, 15°27'32"S, 073°25'08"W, 4100-4300 m, 03 March 2002, La Torre 3345 (USM!)  .   Ayacucho: Huamanga, Hatumpampa-Vinchos, a la margen derecha del <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.95/lat -14.633333)">rio Vinchos</a>, en el km 270-281 de la carretera <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.95/lat -14.633333)">Liberadores</a>, 13°20'55"S, 074°27'28"W, 3100-3600 m, 29 September 2003, Mendoza 991 (MO!). Leoncio Prado,  Señal Cerro Palmaderes, near Pampa Galeras, between Nazca and Puquio, 14°40'S, 074°29'W, 3900 m, 11 March 1987, Boertmann 103; 104 (AAU!);  Señal Cerro Palmaderas ca. 80 km above Nazca on road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.95/lat -14.633333)">Puquio</a>, 14°40'S, 074°29'W, 3900 m, 11 March 1987, Brandbyge 280 (AAU!); arriba del Puerto Toro Muerto km 77-78 Carretera <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.95/lat -14.633333)">Nazca</a> <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.95/lat -14.633333)">Puquio</a>, 14°41'23"S, 074°30'36"W, 3500-3520 m, 23 February 2002, Cano 11877 (USM!); carretera a Minas Canarias aprox. km 15, 14°35'06"S, 074°25'08"W, 3800-3950 m, 23 February 2002, Cano 11885 (USM!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.95/lat -14.633333)">Lucanas</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.95/lat -14.633333)">Puquio</a>, Queronta, 14°34'33"S, 074°04'57"W, 3879 m, 01 July 2015, Boza 3037; 3107; 3108; 3109; 3110; 3111; 3112; 3113; 3114; 3115; 3116; 3117 (USM!, Z!); near hacienda Pachan about 7 km W of Lucanas on Nazca-Puquio road, 14°36'S, 074°17'W, 3600 m, 12 March 1987, Brandbyge 304 (AAU!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.95/lat -14.633333)">Puquio</a>; 13 km de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.95/lat -14.633333)">Puquio</a>, 14°46'39"S, 074°01'04"W, 4075 m, 27 February 2002, La Torre 3234 (USM!); Queronta, muy proximo a los  baños termales de  Bañochayoc, 14°35'S, 074°05'W, 3800-4000 m, 11 October 2003, Mendoza 1017; 1018; 1019 (MO!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.95/lat -14.633333)">Reserva Nacional de Pampas Galeras.</a> 563821/ 8374913, 3960 m, 25 April 2012, Morales 4124 (USM!); Pampa Galeras, Chuquijara, a 4 km S. del Campamento, 4100 m, 08 April 1970, Tovar 6755 (USM!); Pampa Galeras, 4000-4100 m, 02 December 1970, Tovar 6801 (USM!); subiendo galeras, 01 July 2004, Vargas 407 (USM!). Parinacochas, Incuyo, en las faldas del  Volcán Sarasara, 15°20'S, 073°26'W, 3800-4000 m, 14 October 2003, Mendoza 1029; 1032; 1039 (MO!); alrededor de la laguna de Ccaccapaqui, 12°00'S, 075°58'W, 3800-4000 m, 16 October 2003, Mendoza 1050; 1056; 1057 (MO!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.95/lat -14.633333)">Puquio</a>, Pampa Orccopa lakes E of Puquio Huachana SW of Yaurihuiri, 14°38'S, 073°57'W, 4300 m, 01 March 1987, Boertmann 108 (AAU!); Pampa Orccopa Huachana SW of Yaurihuiri lakes E. of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.95/lat -14.633333)">Puquio</a>, 14°38'S, 073°57'W, 4300 m, 12 March 1987, Boertmann 109 (AAU!); Laguna <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.95/lat -14.633333)">Yaurihuiri</a>, about 205 km from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.95/lat -14.633333)">Nazca</a> on the road to Abancay, 14°38'S, 073°57'W, 4300 m, 13 March 1987, Brandbyge 315 (AAU!), 1839-1840, Gay s.n (USM!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D74E5044D7AD98FE785BB06912596A74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
68079AAE92D6CAC63C7CFA7FBB373C4B.text	68079AAE92D6CAC63C7CFA7FBB373C4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis flavipila (Bitter) (Bitter) M. Kessler & Schmidt-Leb., Organisms Diversity Evol. 6 (1): 69. 2006.	<div><p>25.  Polylepis flavipila (Bitter) M.Kessler &amp; Schmidt-Leb., Organisms Diversity Evol. 6(1): 69. 2006.</p><p>Figs 67, 68</p><p>Basionym.</p><p>Polylepis incana var. flavipila Bitter., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 640. 1911.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Peru. Huancavelica: Castro-Virreyna, western slopes of the Andes between  Pisco and Ayacucho, 3900-4000 m, May 1910, Weberbauer 5433 (holotype: B destroyed; isotypes: F!, GH!, GOET!,  US!).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 3-8 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with one pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (1.9-)2.3-2.8  × 1.9-2.2 cm; rachises slightly villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths not spurred, densely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.2-)1.6-2.0  × 0.6-0.8 cm; margin crenate with 4-6 teeth, apically acute or emarginate, basally cuneate; upper leaflet surfaces sparsely pilose; lower leaflet surfaces densely pilose with yellowish hairs 0.5-0.6 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (2.7-)3.2-4.4 cm long, bearing 3-5 flowers; floral bracts 3.4-3.9 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely pilose on the outer surface; rachises pilose. Flowers 4.8-8.4 mm diam.; sepals 3-4, ovate, green to reddish, densely pilose outside; stamens 11-13, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.4-3.2 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 3-4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely pilose; 4.1-5.2  × 2.4-4.2 mm including spines. Tetraploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis flavipila is distributed on the western Andean slope of central Peru in the Departments of Lima, Huancavelica and Ayacucho (Fig. 73). It grows in relatively dry and cold areas at 3300-4660 m elevation. In Nor-Yauyos Cochas (Lima), forests of  P. flavipila have high floristic diversity, with 282 vascular plant species recorded, including 41 species endemics to Peru and 13 species categorized as threatened in Peru (Trinidad and Cano 2016). The structure of  P. flavipila forests is variable and depends on soil fertility and water availability (Camel et al. 2019b). The water potential of the trees is influenced by elevation and soil factors (Yaranga et al. 2021). An important factor that affects  P. flavipila is the presence of the hemiparasite  Tristerix chodatianus, which increases the mortality of the trees. The parasite damages the branches of the trees by causing water stress, forcing the host tree to increase its hydraulic conductivity which increases its vulnerability to drought and, about 15 years after colonization, leading to the death of the host branch (Camel et al. 2019a). If many branches are affected, ultimately the whole tree may die.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis flavipila is estimated as 21,371 km2, the AOO is assessed at 132 km2, and it is known from 22 locations. It was categorized as VU (A1acd, B1+2c) in the World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al. 1998, as  P. subsericans) and as VU B1ab(iii) in the Red List of Threatened Flora of Peru (Mendoza and  León 2006). It is protected within the Nor Yauyos-Cocha Landscape Reserve. However, its populations are fragmented and severely threatened by overgrazing and logging and forest cover has been reduced by 53% between 1975 and 2020, based on satellite images ( Ames-Martínez et al. 2021). We assess  P. flavipila as Endangered (B1a+B2a, C2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>This species was described by Bitter (1911) as a variety of  P. incana and was placed in synonymy with  P. subsericans by Simpson (1979), but elevated to species rank by Kessler and Schmidt-Lebuhn (2006) due to its morphological distinctness.  Polylepis flavipila differs from  P. subsericans by leaflet shape and margin (obovate with crenate margin versus narrowly elliptic with entire to slightly serrate margin) and different types of hairs (pilose versus strigose).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Peru. Ayacucho: Huamanga, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.45777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.348611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.45777/lat -13.348611)">Vinchos</a>, 13°20'55"S, 074°27'28"W, 3100-3600 m, 29 September 2003, Mendoza &amp; Roque 991 (MO!)  .   Huancavelica: Castrovirreyna, Chaupipata, 11°29'34"S, 074°56'37"W, 4200 m, 02 June 2016, Boza 3157; 3158; 3159; 3160; 3161; 3162; 3163; 3164; 3165; 3166; 3167; 3168 (USM!, Z!); cordillera between Pisco and Ayacucho, 3900-4000 m, 01 May 1910, Weberbauer 5433 (F!, GH!). Huancavelica, alrededores del Puente Licapa San Antonio, 13°22'39"S, 074°52'18"W, 4456 m, 19 June 2007,  Beltrán 6391 (USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.16195&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.618889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.16195/lat -12.618889)">Dist. de Manta</a>, localidad San Luis, cerca de la carretera que va hacia San Luis, 12°37'08"S, 075°09'43"W, 4350 m, 15 September 2017, Quispe 79 (CUZ!, USM!, Z!); Huaytamayoc-Tansiri, 4500 m, 01 May 1956, Tovar 2552 (USM!)  .   Lima: Canete,  Cañete Valley, above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.383333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.816666/lat -12.383333)">Hortigal</a> near madean, 12°57'S, 075°46'W, 3600 m, 07 March 1987, Brandbyge 237 (AAU!). Yauyos, Laraos, 12°23'S, 075°49'W, 04 February 2000,  Beltrán 3394 (GOET!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/68079AAE92D6CAC63C7CFA7FBB373C4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
7DE012AE4EE21E1E414462F1330F48D4.text	7DE012AE4EE21E1E414462F1330F48D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis frontinensis T. Boza & M. Kessler 2022	<div><p>9.  Polylepis frontinensis T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 31, 32</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>This species differs from  Polylepis quadrijuga Bitter (1911) in having obovate leaflets with shorter villous hairs and a lower number of stamens and from  P. sericea Wedd. (1857) by obovate leaflets (versus elliptic leaflets), serrate leaflet margins (versus entire) and longer styles.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Colombia. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.11667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.11667/lat 6.5)">Antioqui</a>: Urrao,  Páramo Frontino, 06°30'N, 76°07'W, 3400 m, 5 Sep 2000, J.A. Perez &amp; N. Parra 1477 (holotype: MEDEL!)</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 4-8 m tall. Leaves only slightly congested at the ends of the branches, imparipinnate with 3-4(5) pairs or lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (2.5-)3.3-5.2  × (1.8-)2.3-3.5 cm; rachises villous, point of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight hairs, slightly resinous, stipular sheaths acute at the apex with spurs, densely sericeous on the outer surface; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.1-)1.4-2.0  × 0.4-0.8 cm; margin serrate with 5-6 teeth, coriaceous, apically slightly emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaf surfaces glabrous with few trichomes in the mid-vein depression; lower surfaces densely villous with hairs 1.4-1.8 mm. Inflorescences pendant, 6.3-10.6 cm long, bearing 7-15 flowers; floral bracts 4.5-5.4 mm long, narrowly triangular, sparsely villous on the outer surface; rachises sparsely villous. Flowers 7.5-8.2 mm diam.; sepals 3-4, ovate, densely villous outside; stamens 9-11; styles fimbriate, 2.8-3.2 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable number of spines, densely villous; 3.3-3.6  × 4.7-5.6 cm including spines. Diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat, and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis frontinensis occurs in north-western Colombia in the  Páramo Frontino, also called  Páramo del Sol (Fig. 41). It grows at the upper limit of humid montane cloud forest at 2900-3680 m elevation.  Polylepis frontinesis forms 4.9% (132.74 ha) of the total area of  Polylepis forest identify for Colombia ( Fadiño and Caro 2009, as  P. quadrijuga). It occurs in small populations in a matrix of mixed forest dominated by species of the genera  Escallonia,  Hesperomeles,  Myrsine and  Weinmannia (Rangel-Ch and Arellano 2010). Some populations occur along streams, where they are mixed with  Gynoxys baccharoides (Rangel-Ch and Arellano 2010).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>This species is named after the  Páramo Frontino to which its distribution appears to be restricted.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Polylepis frontinensis is restricted to the upper humid montane cloud forest limit in the  Páramo Frontino. Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are 24 km2. The area of distribution of the species is largely unprotected, except for the private Reserva  Colibrí del Sol which only includes a few hundred individuals of this species (M. Kessler, pers. obs.). In addition, there is evidence of clearance of  Polylepis forests elsewhere in the  páramo (Rangel-Ch and Arellano 2010). We assess the species as Critically Endangered (B2ac, C2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The populations of  Polylepis from  Páramo Frontino have previously been identified either as  P. quadrijuga or  P. sericea (e.g., Rangel-Ch and Arellano 2010, Fajardo-Gutierrez et al. 2018). Indeed,  P. frontinensis resembles  P. quadrijuga in having 3-4 lateral leaflet pairs and long inflorescences with numerous flowers. However, it has obovate leaflets with villous hairs 1.4-1.8 mm long, whereas  P. quadrijuga has elliptic leaflets with tomentose hairs 0.7-0.9 mm long. Additionally,  P. frontinensis is morphologically similar to  P. lanuginosa and  P. sericea with which it shares similar lower leaflet surface hair density and the number of stamens (13-15). The most obvious differences between  P. frontinensis and these species is leaflet shape, with  P. frontinensis having obovate leaflets, whereas the other two species have elliptic leaflets. Furthermore,  P. frontinensis has longer styles (2.8-3.2 mm) than  P. lanuginosa and  P. sericea (1.9-2.5 mm). In  P. lanuginosa, the hairs on the lower leaflet surfaces are yellowish and lanate, whereas in  P. frontinensis they are whitish and villous. The three species can also be distinguished by the leaflet margins, with  P. frontinensis having serrate margins,  P. lanuginosa crenate margins and  P. sericea entire margins.</p><p>Considering the morphological intermediacy of  P. frontinensis with  P. quadrijuga and  P. sericea, we hypothesize that this species might be of hybridogenic origin between members of section  Sericeae subsection Sericeae and section  Polylepis Reticulatae .</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Colombia. Antioquia: Urrao, Vereda El Chuscal, sector Alto de las campanas, hacia La Laguna Campanas, 06°27'46"N, 076°07'37"W, 3830 m, 20 June 2013, Alvarez 84 (HUA!, MO!);  Páramo del Sol, Sector Alto del Burro, 3600 m, 17 April 2011, Alzate 4168 (HUA!); Chical, Reserva ProAves  “Colibrí del Sol"  Páramo frontino, 06°26'22"N, 076°05'47"W, 3300 m, 04 February 2015, Kessler 14772; 14773; 14774; 14775; 14776; 14777 (Z!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.4866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10916/lat 6.4866667)">Paramo
de Frontino</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.4866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10916/lat 6.4866667)">Llano Grande</a>, 3460 m, 06 January 1984,  Londoño 51 (HUA!,MEDEL); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.4866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10916/lat 6.4866667)">Paramo
de Frontino</a>, 06°30'N, 076°07'W, 3400 m, 05 September 2000, Perez &amp; Parra 1477 (MEDEL); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.4866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10916/lat 6.4866667)">Paramo
de Frontino</a>, 3450 m, 22 September 1994, Renteria 10555 (HUA!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.4866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10916/lat 6.4866667)">Paramo
de Frontino</a>, Zona situada entre el 15 y la Esperanza, 2980-3680 m, 18 May 1985, Renteria 4038 (HUA!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.4866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10916/lat 6.4866667)">Paramo
de Frontino</a>, sitio Llano grande, 06°27'24"N, 076°07'22"W, 3380 m, 10 September 1986,  Roldán 315 (COL!, MO!, HUA!);  Páramo frontino. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.4866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10916/lat 6.4866667)">Camino de Puente Largo</a> al cerro <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.4866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10916/lat 6.4866667)">Cuchilla de Frontino</a>, 06°30'N, 076°07'W, 3600-3800 m, 19 July 1995,  Sánchez 2244 (COL!, MEDEL); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.4866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10916/lat 6.4866667)">Paramo
de Frontino. Camino</a> entre Puente Largo y Llano Grande, 06°30'N, 076°07'W, 3550-3600 m, 20 July 1995,  Sánchez et al. 2289 (MEDEL);  Páramo El Sol, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.4866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10916/lat 6.4866667)">Vereda La 
Encarnacion</a>, 06°29'12"N, 076°06'33"W, 3518 m, 24 May 2014, Sarrazola 699 (HUA!).  Páramo Frontino, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.10916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.4866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.10916/lat 6.4866667)">Llano Grande</a>, 3450 m, 26 October 1976, Boeke 235 (MEDEL, MO!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7DE012AE4EE21E1E414462F1330F48D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
1E7DDCD7E47A73BAC5282FE0FA2DE348.text	1E7DDCD7E47A73BAC5282FE0FA2DE348.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis hieronymi Pilger, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 534. 1906.	<div><p>16.  Polylepis hieronymi Pilger, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 534. 1906.</p><p>Figs 47, 48</p><p>Polylepis hypoleuca (Weddell) Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 607. 1911.</p><p>Polylepis racemosa β Polylepis hypoleuca Weddell, Chlor. Andina 2:238. 1857 [1861]. Basionym. Type. Bolivia. Tarija: between Tarija and San Luis, July-August 1846, Weddell 4607 (lectotype, designated by Simpson 1979, pg. 23: P).</p><p>Polylepis racemosa var. albotomentella Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 77. 1898. Type. Argentina.  Córdoba: Sierra de  Córdoba, Los Gigantes, Kurtz 6926 (holotype: NY!).</p><p>Polylepis australis var. bijuga Bitter (1911: 624) Nom. illeg.</p><p>Polylepis hieronymi var. d olicholopha Bitter (1911:609). Nom. illeg.</p><p>Polylepis hieronymi var. saltensis Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 609. 1911. Type. Argentina. Salta: near Pampa Granda, pass "El Alizar", 2400-2600 m, 1900, Nelson 12584 (holotype: S).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Bolivia. Tarija: Salinas, Cuesta de Polla,  Valle del Tambo, June 1873, Lorentz &amp; Hieronymus 938a (holotype: B destroyed; isotypes: G!, GOET!, NY!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 3-8(-25) m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 3-4 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (3.3-)3.6-5.2  × 2.1-3.1 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, lanate hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate with spurs, densely sericeous on the outer surfaces; leaflets narrowly obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.2-)1.5-2.1  × 0.6-1.0 cm; margin crenate with 5-7 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces sparsely tomentose; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with whitish hairs 0.8-1.1 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (4.5-)5.6-7.5(-8.1) cm long, bearing 13-25 flowers; floral bracts 3.2-6.3 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely lanate on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 5.4-6.5 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 9-19, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.3-3.9 mm long. Fruits almost cylindrical, with variable numbers and placement of long spines, densely lanose; (4.1-)6.0-6.4(-8.3)  × 3.5-7.0 mm including spines. Diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis hieronymi occurs in Boliviano-Tucumanic forests at 1500-3450 m elevation (Fig. 61). It grows in relatively dry areas as a pioneer species that often colonizes landslides and roadsides in mixed forests with  Podocarpus parlatorei and  Alnus acuminata (Kessler 1995b; Gareca et al. 2010). Trees of  P. hieronymi often grow as isolated individuals or small stands mixed in forest dominated by typical high Yungas species. It also occurs on very steep slopes with shallow soils that do not permit persistence of taller trees (Bellis et al. 2014). Thus, the ecology of  P. hieronymi is different from that of almost all other  Polylepis species, which usually dominate the canopy of the forest they belong to (Renison et al. 2013).  Polylepis specialist birds are absent in forests of  P. hieronymi, possibly because they do not form large, mature forests (Bellis et al. 2014).  Polylepis hieronymi occasionally co-occurs with  P. australis in Salta and Jujuy (Argentina) and with  P. crista-galli in Chuquisaca (Bolivia), but hybrids have not been found to date.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Based on 28 collecting localities, the estimated EOO is 150,691 km2 and the AOO is 148 km2. It was categorized as VU (B1+2c) in the World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al. 1998). In Bolivia, it occurs in Cordillera de Sama Biological Reserve in Tarija. We assess  P. hieronymi as Vulnerable (B1a+B2ac).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Sterile individuals of  P. hieronymi can be confused with sterile plants of  P. besseri, also because both species broadly overlap in distribution. Both species have quite similar leaflet shapes and texture, numbers of lateral leaflet pairs and densely tomentose lower leaflet surfaces. If no fruits are available (spiny in  P. hieronymi, with broad ridges in  P. besseri), they are best distinguished by the sericeous hairs on the stipular sheaths in  P. hieronymi and tomentose hairs in  P. besseri .  Polylepis hieronymi also somewhat resembles  P. neglecta in having 3-4 lateral leaflet pairs and relatively long inflorescences with many flowers. However, it has narrowly obovate leaflets with crenate margin and tomentose hairs 0.8-1.1 mm long, styles 2.3-3.9 mm long and spiny fruits, whereas  P. neglecta has elliptic leaflets with serrate margins and glabrous to puberulous lower surfaces, shorter styles 1.5-2.2 mm long and winged fruits.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Argentina. Jujuy: Capital, Tiraxi,  Alto Salviar, ladera E, 08 November 1989, Tupayachi s.n (MO!)  .   Salta: Guachipas,  Cuesta del La jar, 1600-1700 m, 07 February 1983, Novara 3142 (MO!)  .</p><p>Bolivia. Chuquisaca: Azurduy, Saliendo de Azurduy hacia el <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.33194&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.550278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.33194/lat -19.550278)">rio
Pilcomayo</a>, 20°12'52"S, 064°26'37"W, 3114 m, 15 October 2007, Cervantes 187 (HSB, MO!); Belisario Boeto, Trayecto Villa Serrano hacia la comunidad de Tampa Mayu y <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.33194&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.550278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.33194/lat -19.550278)">Nuevo Mundo</a>, 19°00'04"S, 064°18'55"W, 2297 m, 12 December 2007, Cervantes 157 B (HSB, MO!); 1 km S Nuevo Mundo on road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.33194&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.550278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.33194/lat -19.550278)">Padilla</a>, 19°28'S, 064°10'W, 2200 m, 07 October 1991, Kessler 3306 (GOET!, LPB); 3307 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3308 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3309 (GOET!); 8 km SW Nuevo Mundo on road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.33194&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.550278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.33194/lat -19.550278)">Padilla</a>, 19°25'S, 064°11'W, 2500 m, 07 October 1991, Kessler 3317 (GOET!); 3318 (GOET!); 3321 (GOET!);  próximo a Lagunillas, 2240 m, 24 January 1988,  Murguía 128 (LPB); Hernando Siles, subiendo de la Hacienda Guzman para el Abra, 20°17'16"S, 064°02'56"W, 1993 m, 24 December 2005,  Peñaranda 22 (HSB, MO!, QCA!); Oropeza, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.33194&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.550278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.33194/lat -19.550278)">Municipio de Yotala</a>, Canton Huayllas. Comunidad Pitatorillas, 19°09'06"S, 065°20'48"W, 3374 m, 23 September 2007,  Jiménez 376 (HSB, MO!, QCA!). Sud Cinti, Cerro Cobre Khasa, between Culpina and El Palmar, 20°48'S, 064°34'W, 3100 m, 21 September 1991,  Fjeldså s.n (GOET!). Tomina, 25 km hacia Montegudo, 19°03'S, 064°16'W, 2400 m, 01 October 1983, Beck 9345 (BOLV, GOET!, LPB, MO!, NY); ca. 20 km SE Padilla on road to Monteagudo, 19°03'S, 064°16'W, 2450 m, 07 October 1991, Kessler 3319 (AAU!, GOET!); Trayecto Lima Bamba - EL Villar, 19°33'01"S, 064°19'55"W, 2553 m, 13 October 2007, Portal 138 (HSB, MO!)  .   Santa Cruz: Mairana, within the Flora de la Region del Parque Nacional Amboro, but above the 700 m contour, 18°06'30"S, 063°57'00"W, 2000-2100 m, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.031944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.6675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.031944/lat -18.6675)">Nee</a> 43429 (MO!, NY). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.031944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.6675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.031944/lat -18.6675)">Manuel Maria Caballero</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.031944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.6675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.031944/lat -18.6675)">Parque Nacional 
Amboro
. San Juan del Potrero</a>; entre <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.031944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.6675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.031944/lat -18.6675)">Yunguillas</a> y cabeceras del <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.031944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.6675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.031944/lat -18.6675)">rio
Zapallar</a>, 17°53'S, 064°25'W, 2300-2400 m, 12-13 May 1992, Vargas 1350 (MO!, NY, USZ). Vallegrande, between  “Mataralcito” and "El Palmar" on road from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.031944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.6675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.031944/lat -18.6675)">Valle Grande</a> to Tierras Nuevas, 17 km by air ESE of Valle Grande, 18°32'00"S, 065°57'00"W, 2150 m, 29 December 1988, Nee 37403 (NY); camino de Tierras Nuevas a Vallegrande, 18°30'27"S, 063°55'04"W, 2249 m, 31 July 2011, Parada-Gutierrez 3580 (MO!, USZ); camino hacia Khasa Monte, sobre la cima de la serrania, 18°38'09"S, 064°02'01"W, 2550 m, 04 August 2011, Parada-Gutierrez 3671 (MO!, USZ); camino del Cruce hacia Alto Seco, 18°44'45"S, 064°06'53"W, 2717 m, 08 July 2011, Parada-Gutierrez 3746 (MO!, USZ); Senegilla a 17 km de Vallegrande, 18°40'03"S, 064°01'55"W, 2400 m, 20 August 2012, Parada-Gutierrez 4828 (MO!, USZ); a 4 km al norte de Postrervalle sobre el camino a Mairana, 2000 m, 13 November 1999, Saldias 6192 (USZ). Vallegrande, 2363 m, 24 August 2008, Arroyo 4007 (QCA!); Meson at Samaipata, 2200 m, 01 March 1911, Herzog 1786a (GOET!)  .   Tarija: Arce, 43 km hacia Padcaya, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.333336/lat -21.45)">Huancanqui</a>, 2500-2600 m, 20 November 1986, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.333336/lat -21.45)">Beck</a> 14080 (GOET!); cerca de Camacho, 2600 m, 17 December 1987, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.333336/lat -21.45)">Beck</a> 16067 (GOET!); bajando del <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.333336/lat -21.45)">Abra del Cerro Cabildo</a> hacia el S via estancia <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.333336/lat -21.45)">Cabildo</a>, 2350 m, 29 January 1988, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.333336/lat -21.45)">Beck</a> 16240 (GOET!); ca. 5 km W Padcaya, 21°54'S, 064°46'W, 2200 m, 18 September 1991, Kessler 3114 (AAU!, GOET!); 3646 (GOET!); detras de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.333336/lat -21.45)">Padcaya</a>, 2450 m, 23 January 1988, Liberman 1637 (GOET!); Municipio <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.333336/lat -21.45)">Padcaya</a>,  Cantón Emborozú, Reserva Natural Alarachi, recorrido a cima  más alta de la Zona Alarachi,  próximo al Cerro Yauparuna, 22°10'44"S, 064°36'33"W, 2260-2380 m, 16 September 2004, Serrano 4828 (MO!); 39.9 km S of jct. of road to Entre Rios, on road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.333336/lat -21.45)">Padcaya</a>, 21°54'S, 064°41'W, 2100-2200 m, 29 April 1983, Solomon 10218 (LPB, MO!, NY).  O’Connor, ca. 5 Km W <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.333336/lat -21.45)">Padcaya</a>, 21°54'S, 064°46'W, 2200 m, 18 September 1991, Kessler 3113 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3115 (GOET!, MO!); ca. 70 km on road from Tarija to Entre Rios, 21°26'S, 064°19'W, 2200 m, 20 September 1991, Kessler 3123; 3124 (AAU!, GOET!); 3125 (GOET!, MO!); 3660 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 21.1 km on road to entre Rios, 21°27'S, 064°20'W, 1900 m, 01 October 1983, Solomon 10918 (LPB, MO!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.333336/lat -21.45)">Valle del Tambo</a> bei Tarija, 10 June 1973, Hieronymus 938 (GOET!); Cult. at Jardin Botanico La Paz 2000 from seeds, s.d., Kessler 12625 (GOET!). s.d.,  Cárdenas 3906 (US!); 3907 (US!); Salinas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.333336/lat -21.45)">Cuestas de Polla</a>, in valle Tambo, June 1873, Hieronymus 938a (B, F!); s.d., Hieronymus 938a (B, MO!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1E7DDCD7E47A73BAC5282FE0FA2DE348	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6C3831B83DF030A390BE368EB39441B4.text	6C3831B83DF030A390BE368EB39441B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis humboldtii T. Boza, K. Romoleroux & M. Kessler, Phytoxa 454 (2): 113. 2020	<div><p>10.  Polylepis humboldtii T.Boza, K.Romoleroux &amp; M.Kessler, Phytoxa 454(2): 113. 2020</p><p>Figs 33, 34</p><p>Type.</p><p>Ecuador. Chimborazo: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.1333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.566666/lat -2.1333334)">Lagunas de Atillo</a>, 02°08'S, 78°34'W, 3465 m, 17 Dec 2019, K. Romoleroux, T.E. Boza E. &amp; E. Bastidas 6199 (holotype: QCA!; isotype: Z!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 4-12 m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 3-4 pairs of the lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 4.5-6.3  × 3.4-4.3 cm; rachises densely sericeous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight whitish hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely sericeous in the upper surface; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.8-2.8  × 0.6-0.9 cm; margin entire, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely sericeous with whitish hairs 0.2-0.4 mm. long. Inflorescences pendant, 13.0-17.9(-20.4) cm long, bearing 23-29 flowers; floral bracts 9.3-11.1 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises glabrous. Flowers 7.4-8.4 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 9-15, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.9-2.9 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely sericeous; 3.3-5.1  × 3.1-7.4 mm including spines. Diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis humboldtii is restricted to Chimborazo Province in Ecuador (Fig. 41). It occurs in small populations in mixed Andean Forest at 3800-4000 m elevation.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The AOO is estimated as 4 km2 and it has been collected at only two locations in Ecuador. Although it is protected within Sangay National Park, burning of the  páramo grassland matrix likely affects the remaining  Polylepis forest patches. Therefore, we assess  P. humboldtii as Critically Endangered (B2a, C2).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis humboldtii seems morphologically closest to  P. sericea with which it shares similar leaflet shape, margin, apex and upper and lower leaflet surfaces hairs type and density. The most obvious differences between these species are leaflet hair length, with  P. humboldtii having shorter hairs than  P. sericea (0.2-0.4 mm versus 0.7-1.0 mm) and longer inflorescences (13.0-20.4 cm) with more flowers (23-29) than  P. sericea (3.3-4.5 cm, 9-15 flowers). Additionally,  P. humboldtii occurs in central Ecuadorean Andes, whereas  P. sericea is distributed from western Venezuela to central Colombia.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Ecuador. Chimborazo:  Alausí, Achupallas, alrededores, 2°17'S, 78°39'W, 3300 m, 11 July 2013, Caranqui 2565 (QCA!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.1333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.566666/lat -2.1333334)">Lagunas de Atillo</a>, 2°8'S, 78°34'W, 3465 m, 13 April 2009, Carate et al. 184; 185; 188 (QCA!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6C3831B83DF030A390BE368EB39441B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
435076A496BD2C0EDF325D4E1E683B28.text	435076A496BD2C0EDF325D4E1E683B28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis incana Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto ed.) 6: 227. 1824.	<div><p>41.  Polylepis incana Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto ed.) 6: 227. 1824.</p><p>Figs 106, 107</p><p>Polylepis incana subsp. villosistyla Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 642. 1911. Type. Ecuador. Chimborazo:  Volcán El Altar, 3900 m, Meyer 177 (holotype: B, destroyed).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Colombia.  Los Pastos: Guachucal along the  Río Blanco, 3150 m, Dec, Bonpland 2191 (holotype: P!; isotypes: HAL!, P!; photo at F!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 2-15 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with one pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (1.9-)2.1-3.5(-4.4)  × 1.8-2.9 cm; rachises glabrous to sparsely villous with resinous exudate, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute, densely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic to obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.4-)1.8-2.7  × 0.4-0.7 cm; margin crenate with 5-9 teeth, apically obtuse to emarginate, basally attenuate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces covered with very short, white pannose hairs and resinous exudate. Inflorescences pendant, (2.1-)2.7-7.1 cm long, bearing 5-11 flowers; floral bracts 3.8-4.9 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 5.4-8.8 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely villous outside; stamens 17-25, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.1-3.0 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2-5 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 3.9-7.2  × 3.8-6.5 mm including spines. Diploid, hexaploid in cultivated plants.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Natural populations of  P. incana are known from southernmost Colombia to Ecuador and in central to southern Peru at 2150-4700 m elevation (Fig. 116). In Ecuador,  P. incana often is mixed with low densities of  Gynoxys acostae in unburned forests, but  G. acostae has better survival after fire (Cierjacks et al. 2008). Based on an AFLP study, genetic diversity of seedlings in isolated forest patches is lower than in the adults, suggesting that current fragmentation leads to a loss of genetic diversity (Hensen et al. 2012). The density of seedlings and saplings of  P. incana decreases notably with increasing elevation, so that vegetative reproduction becomes important at high elevations (Cierjacks et al. 2007b). Modelling the potential distribution of  P. incana in Colombia shows that its climatic niche is not only present in the current distributional area of the Chiles and Cumbal volcanoes ( Nariño), but also in the Cordillera Central where there are no reports of the species (Fajardo-Gutierrez et al. 2018). The species has been widely planted throughout and outside of its range, so that the naturalness of many populations may be questioned. Mature forests harbor more diverse small mammal communities than successional ones (Ojala-Barbour et al. 2019).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis incana is estimated as 1,445,546 km2, the AOO is assessed at 612 km2 and it is known from 101 locations. It is protected within El Cajas National Park, Illinizas and El Angel Ecological Reserves in Ecuador and  Huascarán National Park and Cordillera Huayhuash Reserve Zone in Peru. The species was categorized as VU (A1a,c,d) in the World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al. 1998). Later, it was classified as CR (SERFOR 2006). At many of its locations, the species grows in habitats that are strongly affected by human activities including grazing and burning. In Ecuador, survival of adult trees after a fire event was only 6.2% suggesting that single fire events strongly decrease adult and seedling populations (Cierjacks et al. 2008). Based on its wide distribution and occurrence in various protected areas, we assess  P. incana as Least Concern (A1, B1a+B2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>As circumscribed here,  Polylepis incana includes only those individuals with one lateral leaflet pair having the lower leaflet surfaces covered with very short, white pannose hairs and resinous exudate.  Polylepis incana can be distinguished from the most similar species  P. tomentella by it longer leaflets ((1.4-)1.8-2.7 cm vs. 1.3-2.1 cm), leaflet margins crenate versus serrate and numbers of flowers per inflorescence (5-11 versus 4-5). Individuals with 1-2 lateral leaflet pairs and tomentose hairs in the lower leaflet surface are referred to as  P. racemosa . Simpson (1979) reported hybrids between these two species in central Peru, especially in the Pampa de  Junín and from La Libertad. Romoleroux (1996) reported hybrids between  P. incana and  P. ochreata (as  P. sericea),  P. pauta and  P. reticulata .</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Ecuador. Azuay:  Baños, P. N. de Las Cajas, along road Soldados-Angas aprox. 2 km above Soldados, 02°56'S, 079°12'W, 3300 m, 02 May 1992,  Lægaard 102678 (AAU!, GOET!, QCA!). Chaucha, P. N. LasCajas,  Páramo de Soldados, road Cuenca-San  Joaquín-Soldados, above Soldados, off road within the Park, km 51.7, 3680-3870 m, 08 January 2000,  Jørgensen 1711 (ILLS, MO!, QCNE);  Páramo de Soldados, SW of Cuenca, 02°53'S, 079°18'W, 3000-3300 m, 03 March 1985,  Lægaard 53796 (AAU!, MO!);  Páramo de Soldados, 02°53'S, 079°18'W, 3700-4000 m, 28-29 August 1985,  Lægaard 55098B (AAU!). Checa (Jidcay), Chiquintad-Chanlud-Tuni, km 26.9, 02°43'S, 079°06'W, 3400-3500 m, 29 December 1990,  Jørgensen 92918 (AAU!). Coronel Lorenzo De Garaicoa (Pedregal), Area Nacional de  Recreación Cajas, 40 km al w de Cuenca, 02°05'S, 079°20'W, 3450 m, 30 October 1986, Neill 7384 (AAU!, MO!). Cuenca, Area Nacional de  Recreación Cajas, collection made along  Río Patul from the Comunidad Baute/Lagnua Patul (watershed of  Río Patul), 02°33'S, 079°21'W, 3500-4200 m, 05 February 2001, Clark 6228 (QCA!, QCNE, US!); Cuenca-Molleturo road. 45 k NW of Cuenca, 26 July 1982, Clemants 2177 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); Cajas near headquarters on Cuenca-Guayaquil road, 3900 m, 12 March 1991, Kessler 2745 (GOET!). Molleturo, Cuenca-Molleturo road ca. 5 km W of pass in Las Cajas, 02°49'S, 079°16'W, 3700 m, 01 May 1992,  Lægaard 102647 (AAU!, GOET!);  Páramo de las Cajas. W of pass, 02°46'S, 079°15'W, 3500 m, 27 August 1985,  Lægaard 55043 (AAU!, MO!); 55046 (AAU!); Carretera  Sayausí-Molleturo km 10-31, Parque Recreacional Las Cajas, 02°50'S, 079°15'W, 3750-3950 m, 28 November 1992, Romoleroux 1485 (AAU!, QCA!). San Antonio, 3-5 km W of pass at Las Cajas, W of Cuenca, 02°40'S, 079°14'W, 3800-4000 m, 22 October 1984,  Lægaard 53197 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 53198 (AAU!, QCA!); 53203 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). San  Joaquín, San  Joaquín-Soldados-Angas, km 33.1, 02°55'S, 079°15'W, 3470 m, 12 May 1990,  Jørgensen 92856 (AAU!, MO!); road Cuenca-Soldados, 02°57'S, 079°10'W, 3200-3300 m, 23 October 1984,  Lægaard 53232 (AAU!);  Páramo de Soldados SW of Cuenca, 02°53'S, 079°17'W, 3700-3800 m, 24 October 1984,  Lægaard 53235A; 53235C; 53235E; 53235G (AAU!); at Soldados, 02°57'S, 079°14'W, 3200-3400 m, 28 August 1985,  Lægaard 55089 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!). Sayausi, Area Recreacional Las Cajas, 02°49'S, 079°07'W, 3740-4070 m, Romoleroux 1191 (AAU!). 3200-4000 m, Barclay 8932 (MO!, US!); 3700-4000 m, Boeke 638 (QCA!); Harling 24611 (GB, MO!, QCA!); 3140 m, 04 December 1990,  Jørgensen 92856 (AAU!); 3400-3500 m, 29 December 1990,  Jørgensen 92918 (AAU!, MO!);  colección en ladera SO de la propiedad Dos Chorreras, 3995 m, 07 July 1995,  León 3595 (AAU!); 3750 m, Molau 1477 (GB, QCA!); Romoleroux 402 (NY, QCA!); 3900 m, Steyermark 53038 (F!, NY); 3240 m, Valencia 409 (QCA!).  Bolívar: Guaranda, W of Crus de Los Arenales along road to Guaranda, 01°28'S, 078°57'W, 3500 m, 02 October 1985,  Lægaard 55372 (AAU!). Salinas, Km 5-10. Salinas-Guaranda, 01°27'S, 079°02'W, 2700 m, 01 October 1985,  Lægaard 55314 (AAU!, MO!). San Juan, along road Guaranda-Riobamba, km 27 at pass, 01°38'S, 078°51'W, 4150 m, 24 August 1985,  Lægaard 54997 (AAU!, MO!). Carchi: Chitan de Navarrete, Carretera antigua El  Angel-Tulcán,  desvío a La Esperanza, 00°40'N, 077°50'W, 3300 m, 03 September 1988, Romoleroux 602 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). Espejo, Reserva  Ecológica El Angel, La  Libertad-Morán, 00°45'N, 077°54'W, 3500 m, 30 October 1993, Palacios 11615 (MO!, QCNE). La Libertad (Alizo), Hacienda La Esperanza, NE of El Angel, 00°39'N, 077°54'W, 3300 m, 08 October 1984,  Lægaard 53120 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!);  Páramo de El  Ángel-La Libertad, 00°42'07"N, 077°59'37"W, 3490 m, 05 October 2012, Ulloa 2401 (MO!, QCA!).  Tufiño, road Tulcan-Maldonado, near  Volcán Chiles, 00°49'N, 077°56'W, 2000-3500 m, 16 August 1985,  Lægaard 54985 (AAU!); near  Tufiño, 00°48'N, 077°51'W, 3050-3150 m, 17 August 1985,  Lægaard 54989 (AAU!, MO!). 3300-3800 m,  Acosta-Solís 10547 (F!); Benoist 3623 (S);  Páramo El Angel, colecciones entre El Angel, sector San  jerónimo, 3500 m, 03 September 1988, Jaramillo 10401 (AAU!, QCA!); just below  Páramo El Angel, 18 February 1995, Svenning 126 (AAU!). Chimborazo: Pablo Sexto, Collanes Valley,  Páramo de los Altares, 01°40'S, 078°24'W, 3850 m, 03 September 1987, Ramsay 391 (QCNE). Riobamba, Parroquia Quimiag. Sector San Miguel de Chancay, 01°39'57"S, 078°30'56"W, 3575 m, 07 December 2004, Caranqui 1350 (CHEP), 3500 m, Jaramillo 9539 (NY, QCA!). Cotopaxi: El Chaupi, road El Chaupi-Illiniza, 00°37'S, 078°40'W, 3400 m, 16 June 1984,  Lægaard 54541 (AAU!, QCA!); Illinizas, 3995-4103 m, 04 June 2011, Ulloa 2046 (MO!, QCA!). Machachi, Parque Nacional Cotopaxi, Limpio Punga, 00°37'S, 078°27'W, 3830 m, 10 May 1984,  Lægaard 52103B (AAU!, QCA!). Mulalo, Pansachi, 00°45'S, 078°30'W, 2700 m, 01 April 1983, Brandbyge 42105 (AAU!, MO!, NY, QCA!); western part of Parque Nacional Cotopaxi, 00°41'S, 078°33'W, 3400 m, 16 June 1985,  Lægaard 54528 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). San Juan de Pastocalle, Illiniza Sur, Corralpampa, 6-8 km de Pastocalle, 00°40'S, 078°40'W, 3300-3600 m, 12 February 1991, Romoleroux 1226 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Illiniza Sur, Corralbamba, 6-8 km de Pastocalle, 00°40'S, 078°40'W, 3033-3600 m, 12 February 1991, Romoleroux 1231 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). 3830 m,  Argüello 453 (AAU!); 3400 m, Asplund 6476 (S, US!). Imbabura: El Quinche, Laguna Grande de Mojanda, 15 km S of Otavalo, around laguna Grande and Laguna Negra, 00°08'S, 078°16'W, 3750 m, 13 May 1985, Eriksen 59359 (AAU!). Gonzalez Suarez, Laguna Mojanda, at the southern part of Laguna Negra, 00°08'N, 078°15'W, 3700 m, 29 June 1983, Brandbyge 42207 (AAU!, MO!, NY, QCA!). Otavalo, at Laguna Grande de Mojanda, 00°08'N, 078°17'W, 3850 m, 18-19 November 1985,  Lægaard 55661B (AAU!); Holmgren 913 (S). Loja: Manu,  Río Negro, along side-road ca 8 km S of Manu-Saraguro road, from junction ca 8 km E of Manu, 03°34'S, 079°26'W, 3200 m, 13 September 1999,  Lægaard 20551 (AAU!, MO!). Saraguro,  Manú,  Río Negro, La Playa, 26 June 1994, Vivar 4254 (AAU!). Napo: Papallacta, road Quito-Papallacta hot springs, 00°21'S, 078°10'W, 3500 m, 01 April 1998, Clark 4991 (MO!); Pifo-Papallacta, 3-5 km E of Paso de La Virgen, 00°21'S, 078°11'W, 3700-3900 m, 09 June 1992,  Lægaard 103112 (AAU!); along  río Pifo-Papallacta, E of Paso de la Virgen, 00°21'S, 078°11'W, 3750-3850 m, 21 June 1985,  Lægaard 54559E (AAU!);  Páramo de  Guamaní alrededores de la laguna de Papallacta, 3900-4000 m, 06 December 1987, Romoleroux 488 (AAU!). Pichincha: along  Volcán Illiniza, NE slope below the refugio, 00°32'S, 078°41'W, 4000 m, 13 August 1980, Holm-Nielsen 25019 (AAU!). Cayambe, Carretera Cayambe-Hda. Piamonte-Patapampa, 00°02'S, 078°04'W, 3700 m, 04 December 1993, Freire 2603 (AAU!); Cangahua,  vía Quito-Cayambe, 00°02'S, 078°15'W, 3500-3900 m, 8-12 February 1995,  Núñez 91 (MO!, QCNE). Checa (Chilpa), road Pifo-Papallacta, km 20, 00°10'S, 078°14'W, 3600 m, 30 September 1997, Klitgaard 639 (AAU!). El Chaupi,  Volcán Illiniza, NE slope below the refugio, 00°38'S, 078°42'W, 4300 m, 14 August 1980, Holm-Nielsen 24968 (AAU!);  Volcán Illiniza, N-side, 00°38'S, 078°41'W, 4200-4300 m, 20 June 1985,  Lægaard 54553 (AAU!, QCA!); 54556 (AAU!, QCA!); Loma Pilongo, NE slope of Nevado Illiniza, 00°38'S, 078°42'W, 3900-4200 m, 28 December 1987, Molau 2241 (GB, MO!, QCA!). El Quinche, Laguna Grande de Mojanda, 00°08'S, 078°16'W, 3725-3750 m, 30 June 1988, Romoleroux 662 (AAU!, QCA!). Machachi, 00°35'S, 078°21'W, 3480 m, 01 June 1985, Nowak 162 (AAU!); camino  Sangolquí a Limpiopungo cerca de dos y medio Km antes del cruce del  río Pita para llegar a la  estación de agua potable, 00°35'S, 078°21'W, 3480 m, 01 June 1985, Nowak 163A (AAU!); 162C (AAU!).  Mejía,  Páramo, ca. 3 km NE of the volcano Illiniza Sur, 00°24'S, 078°42'W, 4000-4600 m, 19 March 1995, Clark 479 (MO!, QCNE). Mulalo,  Páramo at Hacienda Pauzacha south of Volcan Cotopaxi, 00°44'S, 078°29'W, 4000-4050 m, 28 November 1985,  Lægaard 55731 (AAU!, MO!). Pifo, about 4 km from La Virgin on the road from Pifo to Papallacta, 00°17'S, 078°12'W, 3750 m, 21 May 1984, Brandbyge 42641 (AAU!, MO!); E of Papallacta pass, 00°18'S, 078°13'W, 3700-3800 m, 20 October 1984,  Jørgensen 56199 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Pifo-Pintag, in valley 2  ½ hours horseride above Inga Monserat, 00°19'S, 078°17'W, 3625-3725 m, 11 April 1992,  Lægaard 102261 (AAU!, GOET!, QCA!); Pifo-Pintag, in valley 2  ½ hours horseride above Inga Monserat, 00°19'S, 078°17'W, 3950 m, 12 April 1992,  Lægaard 102274 (AAU!, GOET!); Pifo-Pintag, in valley 2  ½ hours horseride above Inga Monserat, 00°19'S, 078°17'W, 3600-3625 m, 12 April 1992,  Lægaard 102282 (AAU!, GOET!, QCA!); Pifo (road to Ibarra)-Papallacta km 15 along new road, 00°16'S, 078°17'W, 2450 m, 16 April 1992,  Lægaard 102309 (AAU!); Pifo (road to Ibarra)-Papallacta km 18 along new road, 00°16'S, 078°17'W, 3700 m, 16 April 1992,  Lægaard 102319 (AAU!, QCA!); 102320 (AAU!, GOET!, QCA!);  Páramo de Guamani, app. 5 km W of Paso de la Virgen, 00°19'S, 078°13'W, 3700-3800 m, 19-20 May 1984,  Lægaard 52189 (AAU!, QCA!); 52190 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); road Pifo-Papallacta, km 10, 00°18'S, 078°14'W, 2900 m, 17 January 1985,  Lægaard 53487 (AAU!, MO!); Road Pifo-Papallacta, 3 km W of Paso de la Virgen, 00°18'S, 078°14'W, 3700-3900 m, 07 August 1985,  Lægaard 54878; 54902A; 54902B; 54902C; 54902D; 54902E; 54902F; 54902G; 54902H; 54902I; 54902L; 54902N; 54902Q; 54902R; 54902T (AAU!); carretera Quito-Papallacta km 40-53, 00°16'S, 078°15'W, 3300-3500 m, 27 December 1992, Romoleroux 1501 (AAU!, QCA!); carretera Pifo-Papallacta, sector Cuchaico, 00°15'S, 078°20'W, 3200 m, 11 September 1987, Zak 3547 (AAU!, GB, MO!). Pintag,  Cantón Mejía, Parroquia El Chaupi, faldas del  Volcán El  Corazón, 00°30'S, 078°25'W, 3300 m, 23 May 1988, Zak 3685 (AAU!, MO!). Quito, Parroquia de Tumbaco, area de influencia de la Reserva  Ecológica Antisana, 00°19'S, 078°16'W, 3700 m, 08 March 1994, Alvarez 1344 (MO!, QCNE); 1389 (MO!, QCNE); Papallacta road, ca. 26.4 km E of Tumbaco, 00°13'N, 078°15'W, 3692 m, 07 November 1990, Luteyn 14069 (AAU!, MO!); Pifo. Hacienda Los Andes, 00°13'S, 078°16'W, 3500 m, 24 January 1991, Palacios 6907 (AAU!, MO!). Tocachi, at Laguna Grande de Mojanda, 00°08'N, 078°16'W, 3725-3750 m, 24-27 June 1984,  Lægaard 52345 (AAU!, QCA!); 52349 (AAU!, MO!); 52357 (AAU!); 52365 (AAU!, QCA!);  Páramo de Mojanda, at Laguna Grande, 00°08'N, 078°16'W, 3700-3800 m, 10 November 1984,  Lægaard 53332; 53333 (AAU!); 53334 (AAU!, MO!); 53336 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!);  Páramo de Mojanda, at Laguna Negra and S-side of Laguna Grande, 00°08'N, 078°16'W, 3800 m, 14 May 1985,  Lægaard 54339 (AAU!, MO!); 54349 (AAU!, QCA!); Laguna Grande de Mojanda, 00°08'N, 078°16'W, 3725-3750 m, 30 June 1988, Romoleroux 651 (MO!); 663 (AAU!, QCA!). 3500 m,  Acosta-Solís 8434 (F!); 3600-3800 m, Asplund 8747 (MO!, QCA!); Napo-Pastaza; Cordillera Oriental; entre Pifo y el  boquerón de Cerro de Corrales;  Páramo de  Guamaní, 3350 m, 15-16 August 1959, Barclay 8932 (MO!); Fagerlind s.n (S); Freire 23 (QCA!); ruta Tumboco Papallacta, 3600 m, 19 January 1979, Halloy B-26 (AAU!); along the main road east of Quito towards Baeza, near Paso  Guamaní, 3500 m, 17 April 1973, Humbles 6303 (AAU!, GB, MO!, QCA!); 5 km W pass on Quito-Papallacta road, 3500 m, 06 April 1991, Kessler 2756; 2757; 2758 (GOET!); Kieft 229 (NY, QCA!); road Pifo-Papallacta, 3 km W of Paso de la Virgen, 00°18'S, 074°18'W, 3700-3900 m, 07 August 1985,  Lægaard 54902O (AAU!); 3625-3950 m, Luteyn 14457 (QCA!); 3480 m, Nowak 162 (AAU!, QCA!); 162b (QCA!); 163 (AAU!, QCA!); Romoleroux 352; 65 (QCA!); 3700 m, 12 January 1875, Sodiro s.n. (AAU!);  Volcán Illiniza, northern slope, 4200 m, 19 April 1967, Sparre 15625 (S); El Chaupi, along the road to Illiniza, 3300 m, 19 April 1967, Sparre 15644 (AAU!, S). Quito: Pintag, road from Quito via Pifo to Papallacta, 00°29'S, 078°24'W, 3600 m, 04 July 2014, Kessler 14600; 14601 (Z!). Rumipamba, road from Quito via Pifo to Papallacta, 00°26'S, 078°25'W, 3450 m, 04 July 2014, Kessler 14598; 14599 (Z!). Tungurahua: San Fernando (Pasa San Fernando), near Calamaca, app. 20 km W of Ambato along old road Ambato-Guaranda, 01°16'S, 078°48'W, 3400-3900 m, 22 June 1985,  Lægaard 54563 (AAU!, QCA!); Rose 22392 (NY); Tal Collanes, 3700 m, 09 August 1935, Heinrichs 921 (GOET!); Humboldt 2191 (MO!); 3700 m, Sodiro s.n. (QCA!); Illiniza, Wagner 77 (GOET!); Vulkane Copac Urao und Condorarto, Wagner s.n (GOET!).</p><p>Peru. Ancash: Bolognesi, entre Ticllos y Llaclla, 3400 m, 26 May 1962, Cerrate 4033 (USM!); Acas, 3700 m, 14 June 1979, Cerrate 7483 (USM!); road from Abra Janashalla down to Huallanca, below  Huansalá, 09°52'S, 076°59'W, 3390 m, 08 October 2007, Weigend 8811 (USM!). Huaraz,  Huascarán National Park, Quebrada Shallap, 09°30'S, 077°24'W, 3700-4000 m, 22 May 1985, Smith 10713 (MO!, USM!). Huaylas,  Huascarán National Park, Quebrada Santa Cruz between Hatun-quiswar and Lago Santa Cruz Chico, 08°55'S, 077°40'W, 4000-4100 m, 16 January 1985, Smith 9270 (AAU!, F!, MO!, USM!). Independencia, Pitec, Cordillera Blanca, 09°30'S, 077°30'W, 3700 m, 11 August 1988, Frimer 11 (AAU!). Apurimac: Andahuaylas, Pampachiri, Santa Rosa, 3700 m, 01 January 2004, Vargas 187 (USM!). Aymaraes, Cotarusi, localidad de  Sorak’asa rodal de titanka, 14°44'26"S, 073°33'43"W, 3944 m, 14 December 2006, Huamantupa 8375 (CUZ!, F!, MO!). Cotaruse,  Río Cotaruse, 7 km SW of Cotaruse, 14°27'S, 073°14'W, 3500 m, 14 March 1987, Boertmann 115a; 116a (AAU!);  Río Cotaruse, about 10 km above Cotaruse, 14°28'S, 073°14'W, 3550 m, 14 March 1987, Brandbyge 351 (AAU!);  Río Cotaruse. 7 km above Cotaruse, 14°27'S, 073°14'W, 3550 m, 14 March 1987, Brandbyge 362 (AAU!). Ayacucho: Huamanga, Bosque de Ccenhuacucho, 3650 m, 01 November 2004, Barrientos 10 (USM!); Bosque de Ccenhuacucho, 3700 m, 01 January 2005, Barrientos 18 (USM!); Bosque de Ccenhuacucho, 3590 m, 01 November 2004, Barrientos 6 (USM!); Vinchos, 13°21'15"S, 074°24'16"W, 3435 m, 28 June 2015, Boza 3035; 3092; 3093; 3094; 3095 (USM!, Z!); Hatumpampa-Vinchos, a la margen derecha del  Río Vinchos, en el km 270-281 de la carretera Liberadores, 13°20'55"S, 074°27'28"W, 3100-3600 m, 29 September 2003, Mendoza 992 (MO!). Leoncio Prado, ca. 80 km from Nazca, 14°41'S, 074°30'W, 3600 m, 10 March 1987, Brandbyge 270 (AAU!). Southern Peru aprox. 500 km S of Lima, near small lake Laguna de Parinacochas, 3800 m, 01 February 1986, Brondal s.n (AAU!). Cusco: Calca, rocky wayside on slopes east of Pisac, 3500-3600 m, 01 May 1925, Pennell 13731 (A!, F!). Cusco, road to Pisaq, ca. 1 km after ruins of Sacsayhuaman, 13°30'07"S, 071°58'50"W, 3700 m, 10 September 2002, Ackermann 261 (GOET!, USM!); Ccorca, 13°33'43"S, 072°01'41"W, 3990 m, 01 May 2003, Arce s.n (USM!); Huacoto, 13°30'46"S, 071°50'55"W, 3960 m, 01 May 2003, Arce s.n (CUZ!);  K’enko ruins, above Cuzco, 3700 m, 20 August 1989, Kessler 390 (GOET!); Plaza de Armas, 3450 m, 21 August 1989, Kessler 392 (GOET!); Chucan S of Cusco, 13°29'S, 072°00'W, 3900 m, 10 February 2003,  Lægaard 22353 (AAU!); Ccorca, 13°33'42"S, 072°01'38"W, 3940 m, 29 May 2006, Toivonen 102; 103 (CUZ!); alrededores de Cusco, 01 April 1936, Vargas 340 (CUZ!); Callachaca, 3400 m, 26 December 1945, Vargas 5502 (CUZ!, MO!). Paucartambo, Paucartambo Valley, Ccatcca, 3800 m, 01 August 1926, Herrera 1129 (F!, US!); Huancarani, carretera a Paucartambo, 3500 m, 20 July 1963, Vargas 14731 (CUZ!); 3 km east of Cusco; 3600 m, 01 October 1936, West 8053 (MO!). Huancavelica: Huancavelica, Huancavelica, localidad de Ranracancha, 12°48'22"S, 075°03'06"W, 3850 m, 06 August 2017, Quispe 73 (CUZ!, USM!, Z!); Cerro Santa Barbara, 3500-3600 m, 01 May 1958, Tovar 3037 (US!, USM!).  Huánuco: Ambo, 100 km S of Huanuco, 3360 m, 03 August 1978, Aronson 601 (MO!). Chavinillo, Near Chavinillo, 48 km W of  Huánuco towards La Union, 09°47'S, 076°35'W, 3800 m, 13 February 1987, Boertmann 43. Dos de Mayo, cerca de la mina de Huallanca, 3880 m, 20 March 1983, Tovar 9797 (USM!); Huallanca, alrededores, 3700 m, 23 March 1983, Tovar 9877 (USM!). Huallanca, Huansala, 10 km from Huallanca, 09°51'S, 076°56'W, 3700 m, 14 February 1987, Boertmann 47 (AAU!).  Huánuco, Lauricocha, San Miguel de Cauri, Laguna Lauricocha, lado sur oeste a pocos metros de la laguna, 3845 m, 08 August 2002, Salvador 424 (USM!); Km 321 on Route 3 (north of Quinua), 11 January 1977, Simpson 8554d (A!, MO!, US!). Jacas Grande, 3 km south of Quivilla on road between  Huánuco and La Union, 09°32'S, 076°41'W, 3900 m, 13 February 1987, Boertmann 44 (AAU!); on road from  Huánuco to Cerro de Pasco at ca. km 370, 3621 m, 04 August 1977, Duncan 2700 (AAU!); along road from Huanuco to Cerro de Pasco at km 324, 3962 m, 05 August 1977, Duncan 2701 (MO!, USM!); Llata, 3133 m, 21 August 1922, Macbride 2249 (A!, US!); San Miguel de Cauri, Lauricocha, Jesus  Río Lauricocha, 3326 m, 08 August 2003, Salvador 541b (USM!); Chiklin, 28 October 1927, Sawada P83 (F!).  Junín: Concepcion, road from Huancayo to San Vicente de  Cañete, in San Jose de Quero, 12°05'23"S, 075°32'09"W, 3974 m, 22 September 2001, Weigend 5865 (GOET!, USM!). La Libertad: Bolivar, Uchumarca, Shalca Pata, Uchumarca, 07°00'10"S, 077°47'29"W, 3360 m, 12 September 2010, Monigatti 283 (MO!). Sanchez Carrion, La Arena, 11 km lineales al SO de Huamachuco, 818432, 9126738, 3060 m, 21 March 2006, Roque 5042 (USM!); Santo Domingo y alrededores, 15 km lineales al SO de Huamachuco, 07°52'16"S, 078°08'36"W, 3150-3270 m, 05 July 2006, Roque 5352 (USM!). Santiago de Chuco, Santuario Nacional de Calipuy, 800385 9078342 UTM, 3600 m, 12 December 2011,  Beltrán 7404 (USM!); 3100-3250 m, 08 June 1953,  López 983 (US!). Lambayeque: Ferrenafe, road from Ullupampa (Syn Uyurpampa) towards  Cañaris (syn  Kañaris) upper reaches of eastern flank of Cerro Negro/Cerro Tembladera, 06°10'02"S, 079°22'10"W, 3698 m, 02 May 2006, Weigend 8566 (F!, USM!). Lima: Canta, Quebrada Minaquicche, en el distrito de Huaros, 10 October 1989, Arce 154 (MO!); 155 (MO!); Cullhuay, alrededores de la  población, 3500 m, 25 February 1992, Vilcapoma 1590 (USM!). Huanuco, road from  Junín to Huanuco, 9 km S of Chirtin near border with Pasco, 3660 m, 12 April 1977, Gentry 19224 (MO!). Huarochiri, Quebrada Cayula, 3100 m, 21 November 2006, Zapata s.n (USM!); Parte baja del cerro Potrero Grande, Quichas, 3900 m, Arce 191 (MO!); Chilcorral, Quichas, 3850 m, 13 January 1990, Arce 193 (MO!); Pueblo Quichas above Oyon, 10°36'S, 076°45'W, 4000 m, 07 February 1987, Boertmann 77; 78; 79 (AAU!); Oyon Laguna, 10°34'09"S, 076°45'29"W, 4048 m, 24 May 2015, Boza 3027; 3058; 3059; 3060; 3061; 3062; 3063 (USM!, Z!); Near  Oyón,  Río Huaura, 3800 m, 29 November 1964, Koepcke 1861bd (US!); 186bd (US!); carretera a  Oyón, ladera del  Río Quichas, a 1 km de Quichas, 3900-4000 m, 14 May 2004, Salvador 993 (USM!). Yauyos, road from Yauyos to Jauja, 12°16'35"S, 075°42'14"W, 3700 m, 07 October 2002, Weigend 7265 (GOET!). Pasco: Huariaca, 95 km S from Huanuco, on road to Cerro de Pasco, 10°25'S, 076°10'W, 3590 m, 15 July 1982, Gentry 37484 (MO!). Pasco, between Cerro de Pasco and La Quinua, 5 km along highway above La Quinua, 3600 m, 21 June 1940, Asplund 11847 (US!);  Yarusyacán, La Quinua, 10°36'34"S, 076°10'47"W, 3600 m, 26 May 2015, Boza 3028; 3064; 3065; 3066; 3067; 3068; 3069 (USM!, Z!); Pariamarca, 3720 m, 05 November 1985, ONERN 106 (USM!); Pariamarca, 3720 m, 30 October 1985, ONERN 107 (USM!); Pariamarca, 3720 m, 05 November 1985, ONERN 108 (US!, USM!); La Quinua, 3540 m, 01 December 1986, Rivas s.n (USM!); Cerro de Pasco-Huanuco km 16, 10°39'12"S, 076°10'06"W, 4000 m, 22 August 2002, Schmidt-Lebuhn 521 (GOET!, USM!); below Cerro de Pasco road to Ambo, 24 November 1945, Shibert 2202 (US!); North of Quinua on route 3, 11 January 1977, Simpson 8554a (USM!); North of Quinua on Route 3, 11 January 1977, Simpson 8554b; 8554C (USM!). Yanacancha, upper  Río Huallaga at Pariamarca, 10°40'S, 076°10'W, 3800 m, 07 February 1987, Boertmann 23; 24; 32; 33 (AAU!). Km 317, ca. 20 km NE of Cerro de Pasco on route 3. W side of upper  Río Huallaga, Huallaga Canyon, 12400 ft, 06 November 1975, Davidson 3373 (MO!, US!); Cerro de Pasco, below Cerro de Pasco road to Ambo, 24 November 1945, Seibert 2202 (MO!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/435076A496BD2C0EDF325D4E1E683B28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
2EC5ECDB65D5F07A491475669DDB9DEB.text	2EC5ECDB65D5F07A491475669DDB9DEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis incanoides (Boza Espinoza & Kessler 2022) T. Boza & M. Kessler 2022	<div><p>42.  Polylepis incanoides (M.Kessler) T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler, comb. et stat. nov.</p><p>Figs 108, 109</p><p>Polylepis tomentella subsp. incanoides M.Kessler, Candollea 50(1): 164. 1995. Type. based on  Polylepis incanoides (M.Kessler) T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Bolivia. Dept. Cochabamba, Prov. Carrasco, surroundings of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.28333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.28333/lat -7.6)">Monte Punco</a>, l 7°36'S, 65°17'W, 2800 m, 14 Aug1991, Kessler 2954 (holotype: LPB!; isotypes: AUU!, GOET!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees to 2-5 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with one pair of leaflets, trullate in outline, 2.3-4.1  × 2.0-3.7 cm; rachises sparsely villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, glabrescent to sparsely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.3-2.0  × 0.5-0.7 cm; margin serrate with 7-15 teeth, apically obtuse to slightly acute, basally unequally attenuate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous to sparsely villous on mid-vein depression; lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short, white or yellowish pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, 3.2-3.7 cm long, bearing 5-7 flowers; floral bracts 2.6-4.6 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 5.5-7.1 mm diam.; sepals 3, ovate, green, glabrous or sparsely villous outside; stamens 15-19, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.8-2.1(-2.7) mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 3-4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 3.9-4.8  × 3.1-4.5 mm including spines. Tetraploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis incanoides occurs in small populations in Cochabamba (Bolivia). It grows mainly in relatively dry areas at 2650-3750 m elevation (Fig. 116). It occurs as homogeneous stands or in mixed stands with  Podocarpus parlatorei,  Alnus acuminata,  Clethra sp.,  Weinmannia sp.,  Schinopsis haenkeana and  Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco at its distributional limits (Kessler 1995b). Kessler (1995b) reported hybrids between  P. incanoides and both  P. besseri and  P. subtusalbida at their narrow sympatry zones.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis incanoides is estimated as 5,649 km2, the AOO is assessed at 64 km2, and it is known from 11 locations. No conservation action has been taken to date. The species was categorized as VU (B1+2c, D2) in the World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al. 1998). However, based on its restricted distribution in Cochabamba,  P. incanoides was categoriszed as EN (B2ab(i,ii,iii)) in Bolivia ( Arrázola and Coronado 2012). The best-preserved remnant forests are found in the north-western mountains of Epizana (Navarro et al. 2010). Based on its fragmented distribution and degraded habitat, we assess  P. incanoides as Endangered (A1+A2a, B1a+B2a, D1).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis incanoides is very similar to  P. tomentella and, in fact, it was treated as a subspecies of  P. tomentella by Kessler (1995b). We here elevate  P. incanoides to species rank based on morphological, ecological and biogeographical grounds.  Polylepis incanoides differs from  P. tomentella by leaflet apex (obtuse to slightly acute versus round to emarginate), inflorescence length (3.2-3.7 cm versus 2.8-5.3 cm), number of flowers (5-7 versus 4-5) and stamen number (15-19 versus 19-23). In addition, within its geographically restricted and isolated range,  P. incanoides grows under significantly higher temperatures and levels of precipitation than  P. tomentella .</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Bolivia. Cochabamba: Arani, al borde de la carretera Cochabamba-Santa Cruz, 3400 m, 04 November 1988, Hensen 222 (GOET!, LPB); Mojon, 1 km N Cochabamba-Sta Cruz road, 17°29'S, 065°25'W, 3000 m, 14 August 1991, Kessler 2943 (GOET!, LPB); 6 km E Mojon on Cochabamba-Comarapa road, 17°30'S, 065°23'W, 2850 m, 05 October 1991, Kessler 3287, 3288 (GOET!, LPB); 3289 (GOET!, MO!). Arque, proximidades a la comunidad de Kutimarca y Sumuruni, camino hacia Arque, 3850 m, 11 April 1999, Mercado 2169 (MO!). Carrasco, Cochabamba 142 km hacia Santa Cruz, 16°58'25"S, 065°20'49"W, 3050 m, 24 March 1981, Beck 6827 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); Cochabamba 161 km hacia Santa Cruz, 3100 m, 27 September 1981, Beck 7047 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); Epizana, 3000 m, 01 November 1954, Cardenas 5221 (US!); 2 km despues de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.183334/lat -17.733334)">Totora</a>, 2900 m, 20 February 1979, Ceballos 407 (G); Carretera Fundamental 4.7 km E Epizana, 2956 m, 05 December 1975, Davidson 3760 (F!, NY); Montepunco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.183334/lat -17.733334)">Canyon of 
Rio
Huairamayu</a> (R. Montepunco) 40 km N of Totora, 2800 m, 22 August 1947, Fosberg 28456 (NY); Llutupampa, 3300 m, 14 April 1991, Hensen 2416 (LPB); 2420 (GOET!); Llutupampa, 3100 m, 14 April 1991, Hensen 2450; 2463; 2473 (LPB); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.183334/lat -17.733334)">Surroundings of Monte Punco</a>, 17°36'S, 065°17'W, 2800 m, 14 August 1991, Kessler 2953 (GOET!); 2954; 2955 (AAU!, GOET!); 3 km E Epizana on Cochabamba-Comarapa road, 17°40'S, 065°05'W, 3000 m, 05 October 1991, Kessler 3290 (GOET!); 8 km E Epizana on Cochabamba-Comarapa road, 17°41'S, 065°04'W, 3000 m, 05 October 1991, Kessler 3292 (GOET!); 3293 (AAU!, GOET!); 81 miles our of Cochabamba on road to Santa Cruz, 9400 ft, 13 November 1959, Maguire 44482 (GH!, NY, US!); Km. 135 hacia <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.183334/lat -17.733334)">Totora</a>, proximidades del lugar llamado  Cañada hornillas, 17°44'07"S, 065°11'28"W, 3000 m, 21 March 1999, Mercado 1970 (MO!); 8.7 km al este de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.183334/lat -17.733334)">Epizana</a> por el camino entre Cochabamba y Santa Cruz, 17°40'S, 065°09'W, 3200 m, 04 February 1987, Solomon 15922 (MO!, NY); Subiendo el <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.183334/lat -17.733334)">Rio
Mizque</a> hacia <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.183334/lat -17.733334)">Totora</a> pasando <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.183334/lat -17.733334)">Totora</a>, 17°45'S, 065°12'W, 20 October 1995, Torrico 713 (LPB). Mizque, Khuchu 23 km E Vacas, 3500 m, 03 March 1991, Hensen 1924 (LPB). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.183334/lat -17.733334)">Totora</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.183334/lat -17.733334)">Totora</a> and Duraznillo, 17°44'00"S, 065°11'00"W, 2500 m, 20 December 1921, Steinbach 6031 (A!, G). a unos 97 km de la capital en  dirección a Santa Cruz, matorral alto, 3565 m, 25 December 1982,  Fernández 3565 (MO!)  .   Potosí: Charcas, de Acasio 23 km hacia Uncia, 1 km antes del  desvío a San Pedro, 18°06'36"S, 066°06'26"W, 3450 m, 02 February 2015, Beck 34512 (LPB); entre Caracollo y Cochabamba, Pongo, Kulku Mayu, 3800 m, 24 December 1982,  Fernández 7699 (MO!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2EC5ECDB65D5F07A491475669DDB9DEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
74A61B06706942AD1F80B3469EC26E91.text	74A61B06706942AD1F80B3469EC26E91.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis incarum (Bitter) (Bitter) M. Kessler & Schmidt-Leb., Oranisms Diversity Evol. 6 (1): 69. 2006.	<div><p>29.  Polylepis incarum (Bitter) M.Kessler &amp; Schmidt-Leb., Oranisms Diversity Evol. 6(1): 69. 2006.</p><p>Figs 79, 80</p><p>Polylepis besseri Hieron. subsp. incarum (Bitter) M.Kessler, Candollea 50(1): 157. 1995. Type. Based on  Polylepis incarum Kunth subsp.  Polylepis incarum Incarum Bitter.</p><p>Polylepis incana Kunth subsp. brachypoda Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 644. 1911. Type. Bolivia. Lago Titicaca, Isla del Sol, near Challa, Seler 148a (holotype: B destroyed).</p><p>Basionym.</p><p>Polylepis incana Kunth subsp. incarum Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 643. 1911.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Bolivia. Lago Titicaca, Isla del Sol near Challa, Seler 148 (holotype: B destroyed).</p><p>Neotype.</p><p>Bolivia. La Paz, Prov. Manco Capac, Isla del Sol, Yumani, 16°2'S, 69°8'W, 3980 m, 19 Feb 2005, I.  Jiménez &amp; G. Cory 2716 (neotype, designated by Kessler and Schmidt-Lebuhn 2006, pg. 6: LPB!; isoneotypes: AAU!, GOET!, MO!, NY!).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 3-8 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with one pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 3.3-4.5(-5.1)  × 2.8-4.0 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely tomentose on the outer surfaces; leaflets broadly elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.5-)2.2-3.6  × 0.7-1.3 cm; margin serrate with 8-11 teeth, apically acute, obtuse or slightly emarginate, basally unequally cordate to obtuse; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose hairs 0.7-1.0 mm long, mixed with a dense layer of very short white pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, 5.1-7.5(-8.9) cm long, bearing 5-7 flowers; floral bracts 4.7-9.0 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely tomentose on the outer surface; rachises tomentose. Flowers 8.4-10.1 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely tomentose outside; stamens 15-21, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 3.1-3.4 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2-5 flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely tomentose; 4.5-8.0  × 3.1-4.1 mm including spines. Tetraploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis incarum is distributed in the areas surrounding Lake Titicaca in Puno (Peru) and La Paz (Bolivia) (Fig. 92). It occurs as small, isolated patches in rocky places at 3250-4110 m elevation where it is usually planted. In Bolivia, there are only five remaining forests as well as isolated individuals or small groups of trees at various locations around Lake Titicaca (Navarro et al. 2010) covering a total area of 45.12 ha (Domic et al. 2017). The population structure of  P. incarum shows drastic differences, ranging from 0.6 individuals/100 m2 to 71 individuals/100 m2 (Domic et al. 2017). Patches of  P. incarum forest in Bolivia host 58 species of plants, including  Hieracium padcayense and  Calceolaria bartsifolia, which are endemic to the country (Hurtado et al. 2018).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis incarum is estimated as 20,736 km2, the AOO is assessed at 76 km2 and it is known from 12 locations. The species was categorized as EN (B2ab(i,ii,iii)) ( Arrázola et al. 2012) and, due to its reduced distribution range, it was reclassified as CR (Domic et al. 2017) in Bolivia. Since the 70s, several reforestation campaigns have been carried out in the Bolivian Altiplano, which mostly promoted the use of exotic species ( Eucalyptus,  Pinus and  Cupressus) over the  P. incarum patches, due to the high demand for wood and rapid growth of these genera (Liberman et al. 2015; Domic et al. 2017). At many of its locations, the species grows in habitats that are strongly affected by human activities including livestock grazing, logging and burning. In addition, there is indication of reduced reproduction due to pollen limitation and reproductive incompatibility ( López et al. 2021). We assess  P. incarum as Critically Endangered (A1, B1a+B2a, C1+C2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis incarum is morphological similar to  P. pallidistigma with which it has been previously confused (Mendoza and Cano 2012). Both species share the elliptic leaflet shape, unequally cordate bases of the leaflets and number of flowers per inflorescence. However,  P. incarum has one pair of lateral leaflets, serrate leaflet margins, lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with hairs 0.7-1.0 mm long and mixed with a dense layer of very short pannose hairs and inflorescences 5.1-8.9 cm long, whereas  P. pallidistigma has 1(-2) lateral leaflet pairs, crenate leaflet margin, a dense layer of very short pannose hairs and inflorescences 2.7-6.0 cm long.  Polylepis incarum is also similar to  P. subtusalbida . It differs from this species by having larger and broader leaflets ((1.5-)2.2-3.6  × 0.7-1.3 cm versus 0.9-1.6  × 0.4-0.6 cm), lower leaflet surface densely tomentose with hairs 0.7-1.0 mm long and mixed with a dense layer of very short pannose hairs (glabrous to sparsely tomentose hairs 0.5-1.2 mm long in  P. subtusalbida) and longer inflorescences (5.1-8.9 cm) with 5-7 flowers ( P. subtusalbida 1.8-3.7 cm, 3-4 flowers).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Bolivia. La Paz: Camacho, Puerto Acosta 6 kms. hacia <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.855835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.151112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.855835/lat -16.151112)">La Paz</a>, 3950 m, 06 April 1982, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.855835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.151112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.855835/lat -16.151112)">Beck</a> 7689 (MO!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.855835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.151112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.855835/lat -16.151112)">Copacabana</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.855835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.151112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.855835/lat -16.151112)">Lake Titicaca</a>, pr.  Ch’alla (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.855835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.151112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.855835/lat -16.151112)">Isla del Sol</a>), s.d., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.855835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.151112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.855835/lat -16.151112)">Seler</a> 148 (B). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.855835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.151112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.855835/lat -16.151112)">La Paz</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.855835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.151112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.855835/lat -16.151112)">JardinBotanico
La Paz</a>, s.d., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.855835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.151112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.855835/lat -16.151112)">Kessler</a> 12626 (GOET!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.855835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.151112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.855835/lat -16.151112)">Manco Kapac</a>,  apróx . 5-10 min de la  población de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.855835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.151112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.855835/lat -16.151112)">Copacabana</a>, camino a <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.855835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.151112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.855835/lat -16.151112)">Casani</a>, comunidad <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.855835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.151112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.855835/lat -16.151112)">Copacati</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.855835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.151112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.855835/lat -16.151112)">Ladera</a> colindante <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.855835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.151112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.855835/lat -16.151112)">Cerro Pumacato</a>, 16°11'06"S, 069°04'43"W, 3934 m, 17 October 2014, Bermejo PMC1, (LPB, Z!);  población de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.855835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.151112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.855835/lat -16.151112)">Copacabana</a>, 19 October 2014, Bermejo SAM7 (LPB, Z!); Chapampa, 1 km S Copacabana, 16°11'S, 069°06'W, 3900 m, 31 July 1991, Kessler 2782; 2783; 2784; 3438; 3439; 3440; 3441; 3442; 3443; 3444; 3445; 3446; 3448; 3449; 3450; 3451; 3452; 3453; 3454; 3455; 3456; 3457; 3458; 3459; 3460; 3461; 3462; 3463; 3464; 3465; 3466; 3467; 3468; 3469; 3471; 3472; 3473; 3474; 3475; 3476; 3477; 3645 (GOET!); Hac. Challa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.855835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.151112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.855835/lat -16.151112)">Isla del Sol</a>, 3850 m, 01 August 1991, Kessler 3636; 3637; 3638; 3639; 3640 (GOET!); Cerro  Kheñwani ( Orientación Sur-W) ladera rocosa, 3900 m, 22 January 1986, Liberman 1164 (GOET!). Murillo, ciudad de La Paz, Sector Kamirpata (Parche3) Dist. once, MacroDist.  Periférica, area Forestal municipal, 16 September 2014, Bermejo 4 (LPB); PP-K 1 (LPB, Z!); PP-K3 (LPB, Z!); PP-K4 (LPB, Z!). Omasuyos, por la carretera entre Huarina y Kalaque, 16°09'04"S, 068°51'21"W, 3860 m, 22 February 2018, Fuentes 20182 (LPB). Insel Coaty, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.855835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.151112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.855835/lat -16.151112)">Lake Titicaca</a>, 3840 m, 01 March 1910, Buchtien 4243 (GH!, GOET!); ciudad de La Paz, Av. Ballivian, 09 August 2010, Steudel 447 (Z!); 449 (Z!); Steudel 449b (Z!)  .</p><p>Peru. Cusco: Quispicanchis, Dist. Huaro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.63944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.683611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.63944/lat -13.683611)">Urpay</a>, 13°41'01"S, 071°38'22"W, 3200 m, 01 November 2002, Galiano 4475 (CUZ!, F!, MO!)  .   Puno: Atuncolla, Lago Umayo, slope below  Sillustani ruins, 4100 m, 04 September 2006, Kessler 13534; 13535; 13536 (GOET!).  Lake Titicaca,  Lake Titikaka, on  Taquile Island, 3800 m, 23 July 1995,  Lægaard 17730 (AAU!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/74A61B06706942AD1F80B3469EC26E91	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
71A931A93A8F5DF1B5A26D8A45C920EE.text	71A931A93A8F5DF1B5A26D8A45C920EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis lanata (Kuntze) (Kuntze) M. Kessler & Schmidt-Leb., Organisms Diversity Evol. 6 (1): 69. 2006.	<div><p>30.  Polylepis lanata (Kuntze) M.Kessler &amp; Schmidt-Leb., Organisms Diversity Evol. 6(1): 69. 2006.</p><p>Figs 81, 82</p><p>Polylepis racemosa Ruiz &amp; Pav. subsp. lanata (Kuntze) M. Kessler, Candollea 50(1): 147. 1995. Type: based on  Polylepis racemosa Ruiz &amp; Pav. var. lanata Kuntze.</p><p>Basionym.</p><p>Polylepis racemosa Ruiz &amp; Pav. var. lanata Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 77. 1898.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Bolivia. Cochabamba:  Tunari, 3000-4000 m, Kuntze s.n (holotype: B destroyed; isotype: NY)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 2-20(-32) m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2-3 pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (4.2-)6.6-8.1  × 2.9-5.1 cm; rachises densely lanate, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate to broadly obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.8-)2.2-2.7  × 0.9-1.4 cm; margin crenate with 5-9 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces sparsely lanate; lower leaflet surfaces densely lanate with whitish hairs 1.4-1.5 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (5.0-)6.1-12.3 cm long, bearing 5-7(-11) flowers; floral bracts 4.7-7.5 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely lanate on the outer surface; rachises lanate. Flowers 8.4-9.4 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely lanate outside; stamens 15-19, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.5-3.2 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2-4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely pilose; 5.5-10.0  × 4.9-7.7 mm including spines. Tetraploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis lanata is restricted to the Cordillera Tunari and the adjacent Cotacajes Valley in Cochabamba (Bolivia) (Fig. 92). It occurs at 2800-3970 m elevation in humid Yungas forest where it co-occurs with  P. canoi in mixed forest with  Alnus acuminata,  Vallea stipularis,  Prumnopithys exigua,  Podocarpus glomerata,  Weinmannia fagaroides and  Oreopanax spp. (Kessler 1995b). In the Tunari mountains at 3220-3420 m elevation,  P. lanata grows in mixed forest dominated by typical Yungas species, such as  Hesperomeles lanuginosa and  Escallonia myrtilloides (Navarro et al. 2005). In general, the Cochabamba region is considered as an important area for Neotropical bird conservation (Wege and Long 1995;  Fjeldså and Kessler 1996). This region is one of the areas with the greatest diversity of birds of  Polylepis forests in Bolivia, including species, such as  Pseudosaltator (=  Saltator) rufiventris and  Cranioleuca pyrrhophia which occur in drier areas and typical humid Yungas species, such as  Conirostrum ferrugineiventre and  Thlypopsis ruficeps, as well as specialists like  Conirostrum binghami (=  Oreomanes fraseri) (Navarro et al. 2010). Forests of  P. lanata are often isolated from the closed treeline because ground fires can spread through open  Polylepis forest, but not through the humid cloud forest (Kessler 2000). An isolated forest patch at 3650 m elevation had a mean tree height of about 20 m, with individual trees reaching 32 m, making this one of the tallest species of  Polylepis (Hertel and Wesche 2008).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis lanata is estimated as 5,683 km2, the AOO is assessed at 60 km2 and it is known from 13 locations. It is protected within Carrasco National Park. The species was categorized as VU (B1+2c, D2) in the World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al. 1998). However, later it was categorized as EN (B1+2ab(ii,iii,iv)) in the Red List of Threatened Flora of Bolivia ( Arrázola and Coronado 2012). Logging, firewood, livestock and fire are threats for its ecosystem (Navarro et al. 2010;  Arrázola and Coronado 2012). We assess the species as Endangered (B1a+B2a, D2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis lanata can be distinguished from the most similar species  P. triacontandra by having 2-3 versus 1(-2) lateral leaflet pairs, emarginate versus acute to revolute leaflet apices and lanate, 1.4-1.5 mm long versus tomentose, 0.4-0.8 mm long hairs on the lower leaflet surfaces.  Polylepis lanata further has fewer flowers per inflorescence (15-19 versus 21-23) and shorter styles (2.5-3.2 mm versus 3.3-3.8 mm). Occasionally, specimens of  P. lanata resemble those of  P. pacensis in having the same number of lateral leaflet pairs, leaflet shape, apex and margins, but it differs in hair length and type (lanate, 1.4-1.5 mm versus villous, 0.4-0.9 mm).  Polylepis lanata has also been confused with  P. sacra (see  P. sacra). Hybrids of  P. lanata with both  P. besseri and  P. subtusalbida have been reported by Kessler (1995b).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Bolivia. Cochabamba: Ayopaya, 3 km al N de Saila Pata, 16°54'S, 066°56'W, 3150 m, 14 November 1997, Kessler 12440 (GOET!); Bosque situado a 5 km, subiendo en  dirección Oeste de Independencia, cerca de la comunidad de Kuri Barranca, parte alta, 3500 m, 05 November 1987,  Mérida 4 (GOET!, MO!). Carrasco, Com. Lachujmayu, 3200 m, 22 November 1991, Hensen 934 (GOET!); Surroundings of Monte Punco, 17°36'S, 065°17'W, 2800 m, 15 August 1991, Kessler 2956 (GOET!); 3 Km N Cocapata off Cochabamba-Santa Cruz road, 17°34'S, 065°19'W, 3000 m, 15 August 1991, Kessler 2961 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 2962 (GOET!); 2963 (AAU!, GOET!); 2964; 2965 (GOET!, MO!); 3493 (GOET!); Lope Mendoza, 17°32'58"S, 065°21'58"W, 3453 m, 27 December 1998, Mercado 1959 (MO!). Cercado, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.316668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.35/lat -17.316668)">Ladera Sur del Parque Nacional Tunari</a>, 17°05'42"S, 066°19'52"W, 3800 m,  Terán 4421 (BOLV). Chapare,  Cantón <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.316668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.35/lat -17.316668)">Colomi</a> 8 km al NW de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.316668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.35/lat -17.316668)">Colomi</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.316668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.35/lat -17.316668)">Candelaria Pie</a> de gallo, zona Chimparancho, 17°10'00"S, 065°58'00"W, 3200 m, 23 April 1989, Beck 18100 (GOET!, MO!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.316668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.35/lat -17.316668)">Mayka Mayu</a>, 3300 m, 02 April 1991, Hensen 2249 (MO!); Candelaria, 3300 m, 04 April 1991, Hensen 2280 (GOET!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.316668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.35/lat -17.316668)">Mayka Mayu</a>, 3300 m, 28 July 1990, Hensen 850 (GOET!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.316668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.35/lat -17.316668)">Mayka Mayu</a>, ca. 60 km N Sacaba, 17°12'S, 065°58'W, 3300 m, 11 August 1991, Kessler 2850 (AAU!, GOET!); 2851 (AAU!); 2870; 2871; 2873; 2876 (GOET!); 3402 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3483; 3484; 3485; 3486; 3487; 3488 (GOET!); ca. 4 km N Mayka Mayu, ca. 65 km from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.316668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.35/lat -17.316668)">Sacaba</a>, 17°12'S, 065°58'W, 3350 m, 13 August 1991, Kessler 2933 (AAU!, GOET!); 3490; 3491; 3492 (GOET!); Km 76 camino antiguo a los yungas del Chapare entrando por Aguirre, 24 April 1999, Mercado 2213 (MO!); 14.7 km N of Colomi (junction of the road to Candelaria) on road to the Chapare, 17°15'S, 065°53'W, 3300 m, 19 October 1985, Solomon 14421 (LPB, MO!). Vinto, Tunari, 17°19'00"S, 066°21'00"W, 3000-4000 m, Kuntze s.n (B, NY)  .   La Paz: Inquisivi, Unos 8 km. de Quime hacia Inquisivi, Camillaya arriba del pueblo, 16°58'S, 067°12'W, 3000 m, 29 September 1997, Beck 24367 (MO!); along the trail and on slopes W of trail, between Pongo Chico and Laguna Naranjani, 16°59'S, 067°15'W, 08 July 1988, Lewis 881028 (MO!). Irupana, Kakhani, 16°41'00"S, 067°36'00"W, 3322 m, 27 June 2004, Chumacero 483 (LPB); 484 (LPB); 485 (LPB). Sud Yungas, camino a Lambate, 16°36'10"S, 067°42'25"W, 3386 m, 26 July 2009, Palabral 670A (LPB). Cult. at  Jardín Botánico La Paz 2000, from seeds collected at Cochabamba: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.70694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.602777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.70694/lat -16.602777)">Mayka Mayu</a> 1991, Kessler 12629 (GOET!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/71A931A93A8F5DF1B5A26D8A45C920EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E69E8E2938C7EAAB1B2FBFCCBD3F6C61.text	E69E8E2938C7EAAB1B2FBFCCBD3F6C61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis lanuginosa Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto ed.) 6: 228. 1824.	<div><p>1.  Polylepis lanuginosa Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto ed.) 6: 228. 1824.</p><p>Figs 14, 15</p><p>Polylepis lehmannii Hieron. Bot. Jahrb. Syst.20: Beibl. 49: 29. 1895. Type. Ecuador. Azuay: west of Cuenca, Lehmann 6487 (holotype: B destroyed; isotype: F!).</p><p>Polylepis coriacea Bitter Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 603. 1911. Type. Ecuador. Chimborazo: Valley of Pangor Spruce s.n (holotype: W, photos at F!, MO!, US!).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Ecuador. Chimborazo: near  Calpi "ad radicem montis Chimborazo", June 1903, Humboldt &amp; Bondpland 2191 (holotype: P!; isotypes: P!, photo at F!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 3-8 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2-3 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (4.5-)5.2-7.7  × 3.4-4.5 cm; rachises densely villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, lanate hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.7-2.8  × 0.7-1.4 cm; margin crenate with 8-9 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous or sparsely lanate; lower leaflet surfaces densely lanate with yellowish hairs 1.5-2.5 mm long. Inflorescences branched at the base or simple, pendant, (4.3-)6.2-9.5(-13.0) cm long, bearing 13-16 flowers; floral bracts 3.8-5.5 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely lanate on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 5.8-7.5 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 13-15, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.9-2.3 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely villous; 4.4-6.0  × 6.1-7.4(-9.8) mm including spines. Diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis lanuginosa is endemic to central and southern Ecuador (Azuay,  Bolívar,  Cañar and Chimborazo) (Fig. 24). It occurs in Andean forests at 2300-4200 m elevation. It has been recorded within Cajas National Park where it forms patches mainly on hillsides. Among the  Polylepis species that co-occur in this area ( P. incana,  P. lanuginosa,  P. reticulata,  P. simpsoniae and introduced  P. racemosa),  P. lanuginosa occupies the warmest habitats, has the largest foliar area (17.3 cm2) and the highest leaf mass (&gt; 200 mg). In its forest habitat,  P. lanuginosa is co-dominant with other tree species, such as  Oreopanax andreanus,  Weinmannia fagaroides and  Sessea corymbosa, which often exceed it in height (Montalvo et al. 2018).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Based on 17 collecting localities, the estimated EOO is 6,910 km2 and the occupied habitat or AOO is 96 km2. It is protected within Cajas National Park. The species was categorized as VU B1+2c by Oldfield et al. (1998) and as VU B1ab(iii) by  León-Yánez et al. (2011). Small patches of  Polylepis lanuginosa growing close to roads are especially exposed to erosion and logging. We assess  P. lanuginosa as Endangered (B1a+B2a, C1).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis lanuginosa is most similar to  P. multijuga, with which it shares the leaflet shape and hair density. However, it differs from it and all other members of the genus by its branched inflorescences. Further,  P. lanuginosa has crenate leaflets 1.7-2.8 cm long, whereas  P. multijuga has serrate leaflets 2.9-5.4 cm long. In  P. lanuginosa, the hairs on the lower leaflet surfaces are densely lanate, whereas in  P. multijuga, they are densely villous.  Polylepis lanuginosa is also morphologically similar to  P. canoi, but differs in its elliptic and shorter (1.7-2.8 cm long) leaflets (versus leaflets obovate and 2.4-3.9 cm long). Additionally,  P. lanuginosa has shorter styles (1.9-2.3 mm long) than  P. canoi (2.4-3.8 mm long).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Ecuador. - Azuay: Chaucha, Angas on western slope of western cordillera (due west of Cuenca), 02°55'S, 079°25'W, 3400 m, 05 January 1981, Balslev 1507 (AAU!, NY, QCA!, S); Angas "Parroquia chaucha" colecciones en margenes de  Río Angas, 3400 m, 02 August 1983, Jaramillo 5464 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); 5468 (AAU!); 5478 (AAU!, MO!, NY, QCA!); Cuenca, Area Nacional de  Recreación Cajas, collection made along  Río Patul from the Comunidad Baute/Laguna Patul (watershed of  Río Patul), 02°33'S, 079°21'W, 3500-4200 m, 05 February 2001, Clark 6227 (QCA!, QCNE, US!); Molleturo, on the road from Las Cajas National Park to Molleturo, about 10 km from Molleturo, 02°50'S, 079°20'W, 3400 m, 19 September 1983, Brandbyge 42264 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Cuenca-Molleturo road ca. 11 km W of pass in Las Cajas, 02°48'S, 079°18'W, 3350 m, 01 May 1992,  Lægaard 102637 (AAU!, QCA!);  Páramo de Cajas, W of Cuenca, along new road, ca. 14 km W of pass, 02°48'S, 079°17'W, 3450 m, 31 March 1985,  Lægaard 53932 (AAU!);  Páramo de Cajas, W of Cuenca, along new road, ca. 20 km W of pass, 02°48'S, 079°17'W, 2900 m, 31 March 1985,  Lægaard 53934 (AAU!, MO!, QCNE);  Páramo de las Cajas, W of pass, 02°46'S, 079°15'W, 2500 m, 26 August 1985,  Lægaard 55036 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); carretero Cuenca-Molleturo-Naranjal, 4.2 km de Molleturo,  desvío a  Río Blanco 16.4 km, 02°48'40"S, 079°23'07"W, 3630 m, 15 January 2003, Ulloa 1203 (HA, MO!, US!); Sayausi, Area Recreacional Las Cajas, 02°49'S, 079°07'W, 3740-4070 m, Romoleroux 1192 (AAU!); Zhud, at Panamericana, app. 3 km S of Zhud, 02°29'S, 079°00'W, 2800 m, 02 May 1992,  Lægaard 102697 (AAU!, QCA!);  límite del parque nacional, 3359 m, 20 April 2012, Barba BOP236 (QCA!);  Río Blanco, Curiquinga, 3645 m, 05 May 2001, Calle 1 (QCA!); Cuenca-Molleturo road, 49 km NW of Cuenca, 26 July 1982, Clemants 2184 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); El Chorro ca. 6 km above Molleturo on road to Cuenca, 2800-2900 m, 07 March 1985, Harling 22858 (AAU!, GB, MO!, QCA!); Molleturo, 2600-2700 m, 31 October 1988, Harling 25539 (GB, MO!); Descente occidentale du  páramo de Cajas vers Molleturo, 3350 m, 14 April 1988, Huttel 1021 (QCA!);  Vallée du  río Angas,  à 1 Km au-dessus du hameau  d’Angas, zone  trés humide, 3300 m, 10 May 1988, Huttel 1112 (QCA!); Vertiente del  Pacífico, 3200 m, 07 July 1995,  León 3601 (QCA!);  Área recreacional Cajas, 3470 m, 21 September 2000, Lizarzaburu 25 (QCA!); 3500 m, Romoleroux 408 (NY); Parque Nacional Cajas, carretera Soldados, 3260 m, 04 April 2007, Romoleroux 4461 (QCA!); 3040 m, 04 April 2007, Romoleroux 4466 (QCA!);  Vía Soldados Angas, al frente del  caserío Angas, 3321 m, 19 August 2008, Romoleroux 5030 (QCA!); Carretera Soldados-Angas, 3040 m, 04 April 2007, Romoleroux GPI4466 (QCA!); Cajas, found along path from Cochapamba to Molleturo, 3500-3600 m, 22 July 1999, Smeets 559 (QCA!); 2670-3275 m, Steyermark 52599 (F!); 3160 m, Valencia 458 (QCA!). -  Bolívar: carretera Guaranda-Santiago-Totoras, 3000-3150 m, 21 February 1987, Romoleroux 269 (AAU!, QCA!).  Cañar: Molleturo, along  Páramo road to Manu W of  Cañar, W of pass, 02°33'S, 079°02'W, 3300-3700 m, 20 June 1988,  Lægaard 71563, 71565, 71569 (AAU!, QCNE); Molleturo,  Páramo de Cajas, W of Cuenca, aong new road, ca. 11 km W of pass, 02°48'S, 079°17'W, 3200 m, 30 March 1985,  Lægaard 53911 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Zhud, along Panamericana, 4 km S of Zhud, 02°28'S, 079°00'W, 3000 m, 26 August 1985,  Lægaard 55030 (AAU!, MO!); along a paved road to Carshao, ca. 15 km off the Panamerican highway, 02°29'S, 079°00'W, 3180 m, 10 June 1999, Sklenar 7115 (AAU!); carretera entre Dacur y Gun, 2250 m, 08 October 1999, Bonifaz 3974 (QCA!); North rim of the valley of the  río Cañar, between Tambo and Suscal, 3000 m, 23 April 1944, Camp E-2773 (F!, NY, VEN); colecciones entre Zhud, Joyagshi, 3500 m, 31 December 2007, Jaramillo 26120 (QCA!); 3300-3700 m, Romoleroux 1563 (QCA!); 3270 m, Romoleroux 384 (QCA!); 3100 m, Romoleroux 387 (NY, QCA!); carretera entre Zhud y El Tumbo, 3011 m, 06 December 2007, Romoleroux 4681 (QCA!); Oeste de  Cañar, Km 10.5, Cerro Caucay, 3450 m, 27 April 1988, Romoleroux 588 (AAU!, MO!); Rose 2389 (NY). Chimborazo: Columbe, road Pallantanga-Riobamba, 01°55'S, 078°50'W, 2400-2900 m, 01 April 1993, Romoleroux 1565 (AAU!, QCA!); Juan de Velasco, Pangor-Tepeyac, 01°48'S, 078°52'W, 3200 m, 09 February 1983, Brandbyge 42059 (AAU!, MO!);, 3300 m, 03 May 1983, Brandbyge 42153 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Colta (Cajabamba)-Pallatanga, km 27, 01°50'S, 078°53'W, 2880 m, 21 May 1990,  Jørgensen 91822 (AAU!); Km 64-68 on road  Cumandá-Cajabamba, at  Río Pangor, 01°55'S, 078°54'W, 2750-2800 m, 08 April 1985,  Lægaard 54125 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!), 54128 (AAU!, QCA!); road Pallatanga-Cajabamba, 32 km from Pallatanga, 01°51'S, 078°53'W, 3000 m, 28 August 1976,  Øllgaard 8959 (AAU!, MO!, NY, S). Penipe, Parroquia Puela, Palictahua, 01°31'05"S, 078°29'43"W, 2600 m, 20 January 1997, Estudiantes ESPOCH 701 (CHEP); Colta, Pangor, puente del  Río Agua Dulce, 3000 m, 31 January 2007, Caranqui 1659 (QCA!); Colta. Pangor,  Achín alto, 3140 m, 21 May 2013, Caranqui 2290 (QCA!); Comunidad de Tauris, Zona Zagin, 3700-3900 m, 03 September 2009,  Cárate 1202 (QCA!); Comunidad de Ambrosio Lazo, Quebrada de Cumbo, 3374 m, 07 June 2009,  Cárate 623, 624 (QCA!);  Páramo cerca de la comunidad Yerba Buena,  Cantón Pallatanga, 3374 m, 19 July 2012, Peyre 315 (QCA!); 2800-3200 m, Romoleroux 373 (NY, QCA!);  Vía Cajabamba-Pallatanga (km 24 desde la Y), entrada a Pangar, 3298 m, 27 December 2011, Romoleroux 5696 (QCA!);  Vía Cajabamba-Palatanga (km 24 desde la Y), entrada al Pangar, 3298 m, 27 December 2011, Romoleroux 5697 (QCA!); Carretera  Alausi-Cañar, km 16, localidad Achupallas, 3400 m, 26 April 1988, Romoleroux 574 (AAU!, QCA!);  Cañar, 2 km al sur de Zhud, 2850 m, 27 April 1988, Romoleroux 584 (AAU!, QCA!); 3250 m, Romoleroux 591 (QCA!), W Andes of Cuenca, Lehmann 6487 (F!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E69E8E2938C7EAAB1B2FBFCCBD3F6C61	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6DE4ED6333B1E084AEBE5C2FDC64A8D5.text	6DE4ED6333B1E084AEBE5C2FDC64A8D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis longipilosa T. Boza, K. Romoleroux & M. Kessler, Phytoxa 454 (2): 116. 2020	<div><p>3.  Polylepis longipilosa T.Boza, K.Romoleroux &amp; M.Kessler, Phytoxa 454(2): 116. 2020</p><p>Figs 18, 19</p><p>Type.</p><p>Ecuador. Carchi:  Cantón Montúfar, Loma El  Corazón ( Bretaña), al sureste de Huaca, al este de la Colonia  Huaqueña, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.5833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.7/lat 0.5833333)">Rio
Minas</a>, 00°35'N, 077°42'W, 3200-3500 m, 9 Apr 1989, Tipaz 35 (holotype: QCA!; isotypes: AAU!, MO!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 5-10 m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with (4-)5-6 pairs of the lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (3.8-)4.3-7.3  × 2.4-4.5 cm; rachises densely sericeous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight whitish to yellowish hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, densely sericeous in the upper surface; leaflets narrowly to ovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.4-2.2  × 0.4-0.5 cm; margins entire to slightly crenate with 6-7 teeth, apically slightly emarginate seemingly acute by the prolongation of hairs, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely lanate with whitish silky hairs 1.1-1.6 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (6.8-)11.1-16.6 cm long, bearing 19-29 flowers; floral bracts 6.1-9.4 mm long, narrowly triangular, glabrous on the outer surface; rachises densely sericeous. Flowers 4.8-5.5 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, glabrous outside; stamens 8-10, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.6-2.0 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely sericeous; 3.9-6.7  × 4.3-7.5 mm including spines. Diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis longipilosa is restricted to north-western Ecuador (Carchi) (Fig. 24). It is highly likely that the species also occurs in adjacent Colombia. It grows in humid  páramo habitats at 3200-3900 m elevation where it often co-occurs with  P. ochreata, with which it hybridizes (Romoleroux 1996). It grows in mixed forest with  Espeletia pycnophylla,  Weinmannia sp. and  Oreopanax sp. (Boada et al. 2008).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis longipilosa is estimated as 17,689 km2, the AOO is assessed at 60 km2 and it is known from eight locations. It occurs in Reserva  Ecológica El Angel. However, the Andean Forest and  páramos at Carchi have, in recent years, come under increasing threat from timber cutting and forest burning and advancement of the agricultural frontier, which has contributed to the fragmentation and destruction of high Andean ecosystems (Boada et al. 2008). Based on its degraded and fragmented distribution, we assess  P. longipilosa as Critically Endangered (A2a, B1a+B2a, C1+C2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The populations of  Polylepis from Carchi on the southern slopes of  Volcán Chiles and on the road between Maldonado and  Tulcán have previously been identified either as  P. ochreata (Simpson 1979; Romoleroux 1996, as  P. sericea) or  P. pauta (Romoleroux 1996). Here, we treat it as a distinct species which is morphologically closest to  P. ochreata and  P. pauta . The most obvious differences between  P. longipilosa and these species are its longer (1.1-1.6 mm), densely lanate hairs compared to the shorter (0.3-0.5 mm), densely sericeous hairs of  P. ochreata and relatively short (0.4-0.9 mm), sparsely sericeous hairs of  P. pauta; the hairs of  P. longipilosa are concentrated on the leaflet veins (as is also the case in  P. pauta), whereas in  P. ochreata, the hairs are generally evenly distributed.  Polylepis longipilosa also differs from the other two species by the leaflet apex, with  P. longipilosa having acute or rarely emarginate leaflet apices, whereas  P. ochreata and  P. pauta have always emarginate leaflet apices. Additionally,  P. longipilosa has shorter styles (1.6-2.0 mm), whereas  P. ochreata and  P. pauta have styles 2.1-2.6 mm and 2.2-3.0 mm long, respectively. Romoleroux (1996) reported hybrids between  P. longipilosa and  P. ochreata (as  P. sericea).</p><p>There are three distinctive collections of the  P. pauta /  Polylepis sericea complexes that Boza Espinoza et al. (2020a) were unable to assign to species: Loja, Cerro Chinchilla, J. Jaramillo 7312B, AAU!, QCA!; Pichincha, Laguna Mojanda, Brandbyge 42200, AAU!, MO!, NY, QCA! and Molau 2294, AAU!, GB, QCA!. These collections resemble  P. longipilosa, but have different leaflet shape (obovate vs. ovate) with serrate margins (vs. entire to slightly crenate), longer lower leaflet surface hairs (1.5-1.8 mm vs. 1.1-1.6 mm) and longer styles (2.7-3.0 mm vs. 1.6-2.0 mm). Despite targeted fieldwork at both collecting localities, we have been unable to study this form in the field. The specimens at Mojanda were collected in a well-known hybrid zone and although they are not simply intermediate between the potential parent species ( P. incana,  P. ochreata,  P. pauta) so that they cannot simply be interpreted as hybrids, it is possible that some unique gene combinations in hybrids might lead to morphotypes that fall outside of the morphological range of the parent taxa. In Loja, the situation is somewhat different, because the only species present there is  P. loxensis, so that a hybrid origin is less likely, although in a wind-pollinated genus, such as  Polylepis, pollen dispersal might conceivably take place over long distances. Should these collections represent one or even two separate species, then, on present knowledge, they would be very rare or even on the verge of extinction.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Ecuador. Carchi:  Tulcán, carretera  Túlcan-Tufiño-Maldonado-Chical col. en km 12 de  Tufiño, cerca de las lagunas, 00°48'N, 077°55'W, 3900 m, 23 April 1993, Freire &amp; Andersen 2547 (AAU!); road  Tulcán-Maldonado, near  Volcán Chiles, 00°48'N, 077°56'W, 3850-4000 m, 16 August 1985, Laegaard 54965 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!), 54967A, 54967B, 54967C (AAU!), 54967D, 54967E, 54967F (AAU!, QCA!); along the road from  Tulcán to  Volcán Chiles, 3900 m, 6 October1995,  Sklenár &amp; Kosteckova 1412A (QCA!); camino  Tufiño, sitio Agua Hediondas, en la base del  Volcán Chiles,  límite con Colombia, 00°48'N, 077°54'W, 3500 m, 8 November 1993, Palacios 11847 (AAU!, MO!, QCNE); carretera entre  Tulcán y Maldonado, faldas del  Volcán Chiles, punto  más alto del cruce de carretera, 00°45'N, 077°59'W, 3800 m, 19 May 1991, Palacios &amp; Rubio 7349 (AAU!, MO!); southern slopes of Volcan Chiles, 00°49'N, 077°57'W, 3600 m, Ramsay 911 (QCA!, QCNE); route de  Tufiño a <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.81666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.95/lat 0.81666666)">Maldonado</a>, 10 km  après Tufiño, zone  très humide, 3850 m, 06 July 1988, Huttel 1390 (QCA!); carretera San  Gabriel-Shután alto, 3500 m, 25 March 1989, Jaramillo-Asanza 10862 (QCA!); comuna La Esperanza,  páramo de El  Artezón, sector Monte Redondo, 3789 m, 18 September 2007, Salgado 220B, 239A (QCA!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6DE4ED6333B1E084AEBE5C2FDC64A8D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
057840FAD829FF7AE21F99A6BBD16035.text	057840FAD829FF7AE21F99A6BBD16035.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis loxensis T. Boza, K. Romoleroux & M. Kessler, Phytoxa 454 (2): 118. 2020.	<div><p>11.  Polylepis loxensis T.Boza, K.Romoleroux &amp; M.Kessler, Phytoxa 454(2): 118. 2020.</p><p>Figs 35, 36</p><p>Type.</p><p>Ecuador. Loja: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.38555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.6055555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.38555/lat -3.6055555)">Laguna Chinchilla</a>, 03°36'20"S, 079°23'08"W, 3610 m, 21 Dec 2019, T.E. Boza E. &amp; C. Medina 3185 (holotype: QCA!; isotypes: Z!, CUZ!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 4-10 m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 3-4(-5) pairs of the lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 2.6-3.6  × 2.1-3.2 cm; rachises densely sericeous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight whitish hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, densely sericeous in the upper surface; leaflets narrowly to broadly obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.2-1.6  × 0.5-0.8 cm; margin serrate at apex with 3-4 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous with few hairs on mid-depression; lower leaflet surfaces densely sericeous with whitish silky hairs 0.2-0.6 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (3.5-)4.3-10.5(-12.2) cm long, bearing 9-27 flowers; floral bracts 5.5-6.3 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises densely sericeous. Flowers 4.4-5.2 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 7-9, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.7-2.0 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely sericeous; 1.7-3.0  × 1.4-1.5 mm including spines. Diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis loxensis is restricted to south-western Ecuador (Fig. 41). It has been collected in southern Azuay Province (Nabon) and at Laguna Chinchilla and Fierro Urco in northwest Loja Province bordering with El Oro Province. The  páramos in this region are part of the physiographic unit called  ‘Páramos del  Sur’ of the Western Cordillera or Ecuador. The species occurs in the humid  páramo at 2650-3700 m elevation, where it grows in mixed forest with  Gynoxis cuicochensis,  Brachyotum ledifolium and  Weinmannia glabra (Lassermann 2009). In this region, a new, endemic species of hummingbird has recently been discovered (Sornoza-Molina et al. 2018), which together with this new  Polylepis species suggests that this mountain region may be a center of endemism.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Polylepis loxensis is known from six locations with an EOO of 728 km2 and an estimated AOO of 32 km2. No conservation actions have been taken to date. The area is heavily grazed by cattle and horses, pine plantations occupy large extensions and a large proportion of the area is under gold mining concessions (Sornoza-Molina et al. 2018). Based on its restricted distribution, fragmented and degraded habitat with low populations size and lack of habitat protection, we assess  P. loxensis as Critically Endangered (A2a, B1a+B2a, C2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis loxensis is most similar to  P. ochreata, with which it shares the emarginate leaflet apices and subcordate leaflet bases and similar dense, short, white silky hair on the lower leaflet surfaces. Indeed, they were treated as conspecific by Boza Espinoza et al. (2019), but later, Boza Espinoza et al. (2020a) recognized their morphological and ecological distinctness. The two species differ in number of leaflet pairs, with  P. loxensis having 3-4(-5) and  P. ochreata 4-7.  Polylepis loxensis further has shorter inflorescences (3.5-12.2 cm) bearing 9-27 flowers, fewer stamens (7-9) and shorter styles (1.7-2.0 mm), whereas  P. ochreata has longer inflorescences (8.1-17.4 cm) bearing 21-49 flowers, more stamens (9-15) and longer styles (2.1-2.6 mm).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Ecuador. Azuay:  Nabón, 3°28'20"S, 79°02'24"W, 2800-3300 m, 15 November 2008, Salgado 1419 (LOJA!) ;   Loja: Loja, Fierro Urco, 03°36'20"S, 079°23'08"W, 3610 m, 19 December 2019, Boza &amp; Medina 3184 (QCA!, Z!, CUZ!); Fierro Urco, Saraguro-Loja, km 12.4 turnoff towards Fierro Urco, km 23.8, 03°43'10"S, 079°19'18"W, 3840 m, 6 December 1994,  Jørgensen et al. 1240 (AAU!, LOJA!, MO!); road San Lucas-Saraguro, km 9, turn off to Fierro Urco, 11 km to the pass, 03°43'03"S, 079°19'25"W, 3630 m, 4 November 2000,  Jørgensen et al. 2228 (QCA!); ca. 10 km along road to Fierro Urco, 03°41'S, 079°01'W, 2850 m, 8 September 1998, Laegaard 19109 (AAU!, LOJA!, QCA!); Fierro Urco, grass  Páramo 12 km to the left (northbound) from the Panamericana highway, 03°43'S, 079°19'W, 3600-3650 m, 9 June 1999,  Sklenár &amp; Laegaard 7096 (AAU!, GOET!); ca. km 12 along  Páramo road to Fierro Urco, 03°41'S, 079°01'W, 3650 m elev., 9 June 1999, Laegaard &amp;  Sklenár 20279 (AAU!, LOJA!, QCA!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.39694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.604722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.39694/lat -3.604722)">Paramo
of Fierro Urco</a> SW of Saraguro, 03°43'S, 079°19'W, 3500 m elev., 21 November 1996, Lewis et al. 2121 (AAU!); road Loja-Cuenca, km 50, track to Fierro Urco, km 5-7, 03°41'S, 079°17'W, 3150-3350 m elev., 25 October 1996, Lewis &amp; Lozano 2724 (AAU!, LOJA!, MO!, QCA!); road Loja-Saraguro, km 52, track to Fierro Urco, km 10, 03°42'S, 079°18'W, 3350-3450 m elev., 17 January 1997, Lewis et al. 2932 (AAU!, LOJA!, MO!); road Loja-Saraguro, 8.5 km N of San Lucas, track to Fierro Urco, km 11, 03°43'10"S, 079°19'18"W, 3550 m elev., 15 January 1998, Lewis &amp; Hughes 3804 (AAU!, LOJA!, MO!, QCA!); Fierro Urco, 03°41'S, 079°22'W, 3700 m elev., 11 January 1995, P. Lozano 172 (LOJA!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.39694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.604722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.39694/lat -3.604722)">Saraguro</a>, Laguna Chinchilla, 03°36'20"S, 079°23'08"W, 3610 m elev., 21 December 2019, Boza &amp; Medina 3186 (QCA!, Z!, CUZ!), cerro Chinchilla,  parroquía Celén, 03°35'44"S, 079°20'17"W, 3000 m elev., 19 September 1984, Jaramillo 7332 (QCA!), 7335 (GB, QCA!); Laguna Chinchilla, 03°36'17"S, 079°23'49"W, 11 November 2008, Salgado et al. 1392; 1394 (LOJA!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/057840FAD829FF7AE21F99A6BBD16035	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
F6AC72C1ACD6A8C34FADDEC442534EE2.text	F6AC72C1ACD6A8C34FADDEC442534EE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis microphylla (Wedd.) (Wedd.) Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 611. 1911.	<div><p>17.  Polylepis microphylla (Wedd.) Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 611. 1911.</p><p>Figs 49, 50</p><p>Polylepis microphylla var. polyarthotricha Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 612. 1911. Type. Goudot 1 (holotype: W).</p><p>Basionym.</p><p>Polylepis lanuginosa var. microphylla Weddell, Chlor. Andina 2:238.1861.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Ecuador. Chimborazo: Humboldt &amp; Bonpland 3141 (holotype: P!; isotypes: F!, GOET! US!).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shrubs and trees 1.5-8 m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 3-6 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (1.3-)2.0-3.5  × (0.6-)1.2-1.5 cm; rachises densely tomentose often intermixed with twisted dark red hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely tomentose on the outer surfaces; leaflets broadly elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 0.3-0.7  × 0.2-0.5 cm; margin entire, apically deeply emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous or sparsely tomentose mainly in the mid-vein depression; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with whitish hairs 0.8-1.0 mm long. Inflorescences branched at the base or simple, pendant, 3.8-5.3 cm long, bearing 1-3 flowers; floral bracts 2.2-2.5 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely tomentose on the outer surface; rachises tomentose. Flowers 4.0-6.4 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, glabrous outside; stamens 9-11, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.6-3.5 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers of long spines, densely tomentose; 2.7-4.3  × 1.3-2.1 mm including spines. Diploid and tetraploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis microphylla occurs in small, isolated populations in the central Ecuadorian Andes on the slopes of  Volcán Chimborazo, in north-western Peru in the high Andes of Cajamarca, the Cordillera Blanca and the adjacent Cordillera Huayhuash at the boundaries of Ancash and Lima and in Arequipa and Cusco (Fig. 61). It grows mainly in arid zones at 3150-4550 m elevation where it usually forms small groves, but many populations in areas strongly affected by human activities contain mostly small shrubs. However, in the Cordillera Huayhuash, extensive stands with trees about 3-5 m tall can be found. The populations in Cusco are close to Incan ruins and might represent historical transplantations (Kessler and Schmidt-Lebuhn 2006).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO is estimated as 407,902 km2 and AOO as 100 km2. The species is known from 18 locations. The two forests in Ecuador form a single genetic population ( Bastidas-León et al. 2021). It is protected within Sangay National Park in Ecuador and  Huascarán National Park and Cordillera Huayhuash Reserved Zone (within Huayllapa Private Conservation Area) in Peru. The species was categorized as VU (B1+2c) in the World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al. 1998). Lately, based on its restricted distribution in Chimborazo,  P. microphylla was categorized as CR (B2ab(iii)) in Ecuador ( León-Yánez et al. 2011; Tejedor et al. 2014, 2015). In Peru, where it is more widespread,  P. microphylla was categorized as EN (SERFOR 2006). At many of its locations, the species grows in habitats that are strongly affected by human activities including grazing and burning. We assess  P. microphylla as Endangered (B1a+B2ab).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis microphylla was included in  P. weberbaueri by Simpson (1979), based on material from  Cañar (Ecuador) that contains lower mature leaves like those of  P. weberbaueri (here assigned to  P. simpsoniae) and upper young leaves similar to those of the specimens placed under  P. microphylla by Bitter (1911). Later,  P. microphylla was considered as a distinct species by Romoleroux (1996), based on newly collected material from Chimborazo that does not have such differences between mature and younger leaves.  Polylepis microphylla differs from  P. simpsoniae by smaller leaflet size (0.3-0.7  × 0.2-0.5 cm versus 0.9-1.6  × 0.4-1.1 cm), longer leaflet hairs (0.8-1.0 mm versus 0.5-0.7 mm) and inflorescences with lower number of flowers (1-3 versus 3-5).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Ecuador. Chimborazo:  Alausí, camino Totoras-Charicando, 02°11'30"S, 078°42'18"W, 3500 m, 08 July 2004, Caranqui 1205B (CHEP); Shumit, Pucara Achupallas, 3986 m, 04 September 2009,  Cárate 1200 (QCA!); carretera  Alausí-Achupallas-Osogoche, 3300-3400 m, 10 August 1987, Romoleroux 372 (AAU!, NY, QCA!);  Vía Achupallas-Osogoche, km 14.5, localidad Zula, 3600 m, 24 March 2001, Romoleroux 3995 (QCA!);  Alausí-Achupallas,  Páramo Parada 1, 3576 m, 17 March 2007, Romoleroux 4414 (QCA!);  Alausí-Achullapas, 3655 m, 17 March 2007, Romoleroux 4435 (QCA!);  Vía Totoras Achupallas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.7025&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.264722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.7025/lat -2.264722)">Lagunas de Osogoche</a>, 3626 m, 08 November 2008, Romoleroux 5325 (QCA!);  Vía desvío Osogoche-Achupallas, 3589 m, 28 December 2011, Romoleroux 5704 (QCA!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.7025&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.264722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.7025/lat -2.264722)">Via
Achupallas-lagunas de Osogoche</a>, km 11.5, 3000 m, 26 April 1988, Romoleroux 576 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.7025&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.264722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.7025/lat -2.264722)">Via
Achupallas-lagunas de Osogoche</a> km 11.5, 3650 m, 26 April 1988, Romoleroux 577 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); 3650 m, s.d., Romoleroux 578 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.7025&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.264722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.7025/lat -2.264722)">Via
Achuapallas-Lagunas de Osogoche</a>, km. 15, 3650 m, 26 April 1988, Romoleroux 579 (AAU!, MO!, NY, QCA!); 3650 m, Romoleroux 580 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.7025&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.264722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.7025/lat -2.264722)">Via
Achupallas-Lagunas de Osogoche</a>, km 15, 3650 m, 26 April 1988, Romoleroux 581 (AAU!, NY, QCA!);  Vía Osogoche-Achupallas, 3610 m, 30 September 2016, Romoleroux 6126 (QCA!);  Vía Osogoche-Achupallas, 3610 m, 30 September 2016, Romoleroux 6127 (QCA!);  Vía Osogoche-Achupallas, 02°15'53"S, 078°42'09"W, 3610 m, 09 March 2017, Romoleroux 6148 (QCA!);  Alausí-Achupallas, 3655 m, 17 March 2007, Romoleroux GPI4435 (QCA!), Quitesian Andes, s.d., Cothouy s.n (NY); 1857-1864, Spruce s.n (MO!)  .</p><p>Peru. Ancash: Huaylas, Caraz, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.69056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.998611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.69056/lat -8.998611)">Laguna 
Paron</a>, flanco norte, 4170 m, 27 April 2013,  Baldeón 7816 (USM!); Caraz, Laguna Paron,  Irazábal 199 (CUZ!); Yungay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.69056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.998611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.69056/lat -8.998611)">Parque Nacional de Huascaran</a>, laguna Paron, 08°59'55"S, 077°41'26"W, 4200 m, 11 February 1997, Tupayachi 3271 (CUZ!)  .   Cajamarca: San Miguel, San Miguel de Pallaques, road  Agua blanca to  Oyotum,  Ponga la Mesa, 3500-3600 m, 14 October 2000, Weigend 2000/748 (F!, USM!)  .   Cusco: Acomayo,  Queuñayocpampa, 14°04'01"S, 071°35'08"W, 3940 m, 01 April 2003, Arce s.n (USM!); Rondocan, localidad Parara, 13°47'10"S, 071°45'08"W, 4085 m, Pfuro AS-133 (Z!). Calca, Pisac, 13°25'S, 071°51'W, 3400 m, 10 February 2003,  Lægaard 22250 (AAU!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.63944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.683611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.63944/lat -13.683611)">Cusco</a>, Huacoto, 13°30'54"S, 071°51'19"W, 3960 m, 01 May 2003, Arce s.n (USM!); Chacan, 13°29'04"S, 071°59'26"W, 3805 m, 17 September 2014, Boza 3001; 3002 (USM!, Z!); Cuzco, Chacan camino al grupo  arqueológico, borde de la microcuenca Chacan, 3600 m, 03 October 2000, Galiano 3999 (QCA!); Huacoto, 3991 m,  Irazábal 204 (CUZ!); Chacan S of Cusco, 13°29'S, 072°00'W, 3900 m, 10 February 2003,  Lægaard 22350 (AAU!, US!); San  Jerónimo, localidad de Huacoto, 13°31'06"S, 071°51'32"W, 3940 m, 25 May 2006, Toivonen 19 (CUZ!); 20 (CUZ!); 21 (CUZ!); Chacan, 14 June 2006, Toivonen 98 (CUZ!); Chacan, 14 June 2006, Toivonen 99 (CUZ!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.63944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.683611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.63944/lat -13.683611)">Ruinas de Pisac</a>, 3200 m, 01 May 2002, Toivonen s.n (CUZ!); Chacan, 3600 m, 28 April 1993, Tupayachi 2280 (CUZ!). Quispicanchis, Dist. Huaro, Urpay, 13°41'01"S, 071°38'22"W, 3200 m, 01 November 2002, Galiano 4512 (AMAZ, CUZ!, HUT, MO!, MOL, USM!). Urubamba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.63944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.683611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.63944/lat -13.683611)">Cusco. Prov.</a> Urubamba, Yucay, Hatum Wayko, 3500 m, 09 September 2001, Herrera 4175 (QCA!); Yucay, 3833 m,  Irazábal 207 (CUZ!); Yucay, cerro Turukuntur, 3750 m, 13 January 1991, Tupayachi 1460 (CUZ!)  .   Lima: Cajatambo,  Huayllapa. Dist. de Copa, cerro empinado a 115 km del pueblo, 3360 m, 13 May 2001, Callupe 1 (USM!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F6AC72C1ACD6A8C34FADDEC442534EE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
905FE1B975AB9786D3D2EB9627B2F994.text	905FE1B975AB9786D3D2EB9627B2F994.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis multijuga Pilg., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 536. 1906.	<div><p>2.  Polylepis multijuga Pilg., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 536. 1906.</p><p>Figs 16, 17</p><p>Type.</p><p>Peru. Cajamarca: at Chugur near  Hualgayoc, 2700-3000 m, May 1904, Weberbauer 4098 (holotype: G!; isotypes: MOL!; photos at F!, MO!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 5-15 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 5-7 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (11.0-)14.6-19.5  × 6.2-9.1(-10.7) cm; rachises densely lanate, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, lanate hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 2.9-3.6(-5.4)  × 1.1-2.0 cm; margin serrate with 6-10 teeth, apically obtuse, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous or sparsely villous; lower leaflet surfaces densely villous with whitish hairs 0.9-2.3 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (15.4-)21.7-28.2(-36.0) cm long, bearing 47-83 flowers; floral bracts 7.6-9.7 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 6.4-7.5 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely lanate outside; stamens 7-13, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.9-3.8 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of irregular spines, densely villous; 4.5-9.6  × 6.0-10.1 mm including spines. Diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis multijuga is restricted to northern Peru (Fig. 24). It grows mainly in the upper montane forest at 2700-3750 m elevation, usually in mixed forest with species of  Cyathea,  Escallonia,  Gynoxys and  Weinmannia (Weberbauer 1911). Its branches are often covered with epiphytes (Simpson 1979).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Based on 22 localities, the EOO for  Polylepis multijuga is estimated at 17,200 km2 and the AOO at 116 km2. The species was categorized as VU (B1+2c, D2) in the World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al. 1998). Later, based on its fragmented habitat affected by human disturbance, it was listed as EN (B1ab(iii)) in the Red List of Peru (SERFOR 2006;  León-Yánez et al. 2011). It does not occur in any protected area and mining and forestry activities have led to its disappearance at several former locations (Guerrero 2009). Deforestation of remnant  P. multijuga patches and extended reforestation with  Pinus, which dries and acidifies the soils, are further reducing populations. The small, fragmented, and declining populations of this species are characterized by low genetic diversity (Quinteros-Casaverde et al. 2012). Based on its fragmented and degraded distribution, continuing habitat loss, and lack of habitat protection, we assess  P. multijuga as Critically Endangered (A1, B1a+B2a, C1).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis multijuga is similar to  P. canoi but has 5-7 pairs of elliptic leaflets, whereas the latter has 2-4 pairs of obovate leaflets.  Polylepis multijuga also has longer inflorescences (15.4-36.0 cm) with 47-83 flowers ( P. canoi 8.2-14.5 cm, 12-26 flowers).  Polylepis multijuga is also similar to  P. ochreata, but differs by having larger and broader leaflets (2.9-5.4  × 1.1-2.0 cm versus 1.6-3.0  × 0.5-0.7 cm) and densely villous lower leaflet surfaces (densely sericeous in  P. ochreata).  Polylepis ochreata also has shorter inflorescenses (8.1-17.4 cm) with fewer flowers (21-49).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Peru. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Dist. Leymebamba, surroundings of La Esperanza, 06°49'04"S, 077°43'01"W, 3200-3300 m, 27 June 2010, Glenn 411 (CAS, COL!, F!, K, MO!, P!); Dist. Leymebamba.  Río El  Jardín, 06°55'52"S, 077°43'09"W, 3370 m, 30 June 2009, Gruhn 173 (MO!); Dist. Leymebamba, a 2 Km de la Laguna de Los  Cóndores, ruta hacia Leymebamba, 2700-2950 m, 18 August 1998, Quipuscoa 1329 (MO!); Quintecocha. Dist. Leymebamba, vicinity of guard cabin at Quintecocha, 06°51'33"S, 077°42'15"W, 3134 m, 12 July 2008, Rothrock 239 (BRIT, MO!); Balsas, Chuquillurco, ruta a Calla Calla, 3400 m, 06 October 2001,  Sánchez 11018 (MO!); Chachapoyas-Cajamarca road, jalca de Calla-Calla, 30-37 km from Leimebamba Natural grassland,  ‘Jalca’, and 'ceja de  selva’ just leaving the pass entering the  Marañon valley, 06°50'S, 077°50'W, 3500-3600 m, 04 September 1983, Smith 5037 (MO!, USM!); Leimebamba, Oseres, 06°58'05"S, 077°39'57"W, 2542 m, 22 May 2015, Vega 257 (HAO, MO!); road Balsas to Chachapoyas, upper eastern Calla-calla slopes descending from pass, 3000-3300 m, 02 June 1998, Weigend 98/330 (USM!). Luya, Distr. Conila-Cohechan, 06°16'25"S, 078°00'10"W, 3050 m, 23 August 2012, Bussmann 17289 (MO!); Colcamar, 3200-3300 m, 24-26 June 1948, Pennell 15632 (USM!). Cajamarca: Chota, Bosque de Pagaibamba (Ocshawilca), al oeste del Chorroblanco, entre Huambos y Querocoto, 2500 m, 18 October 1987,  Sánchez 4588 (F!); Paccha, al O de Chadin, 3650 m, 22 July 1993,  Sánchez 6586 (F!). Cutervo, Gruta de San Andres, 2200 m, 15 July 1990, Llatas 2749 (F!, MO!). Hualgayoc, Dist. de Chugur, 06°43'08"S, 078°42'58"W, 3222-3568 m, 12 August 2009, Castillo 786 (USM!); Hacienda Taulis, 13 km beyond Palmito junction towards La Playa, 2900 m, 02 September 1964, Hutchison 6463 (MO!, USM!); Chugur, sobre la ruta de Perlamayo, 2950-3000 m, 20 March 1988,  Sánchez 4681 (AAU!, F!). San Miguel, El Prado, Hacienda Taulis, 06°59'02"S, 078°58'21"W, 3398 m, 01 June 2015, Boza 3029; 3070; 3071; 3072; 3073; 3074; 3075; 3076; 3077; 3078; 3079; 3080 (USM!, Z!); Quishuarpampa (Agua Blanca), 2900 m, 04 July 1986, Mostacero 1201 (F!, MO!); Quishuarpampa (El Tingo-Jalca de las Estacas), 07°21'00"S, 077°50'00"W, 2950 m, 12 May 1977,  Sagástegui 8833 (MO!);  Millán (El Tingo-Taulis), 3000 m, 20 June 1980,  Sagástegui 9536 (F!, MO!, USM!); Sobre el desvio a Tongot, entre Quilcate bajo y Catilluc, 3050 m, 13 September 1991,  Sánchez 5762 (MO!). Santa Cruz, Distr.  Pulán, parte baja de la Quebrada Cocan, ladera Oeste, 3280 m, 02 November 2001,  Sánchez 11112 (MO!); Dist. Pulan, La Palma, 2800 m, 12 February 2007, Santa 927 (USM!); ad Chugur versus Hualgayoc, 2700-2900 m, 1901-1929, Weberbauer 4098 (G, MO!). La Libertad: Bolivar, District Uchumarca,  Páramo in surroundings of Vira Vira/Lagunas La Quinua, 07°00'12"S, 077°45'07"W, 3670 m, 17 May 2011, Bussmann 16931 (MO!). Huicungo, Dist. Uchumarca, 06°59'30"S, 077°43'07"W, 3140 m, 02 November 2012, Paniagua 8642 (MO!). Lambayeque: Ferrenafe, Dos Puentes, arriba de Incahuasi, 2900-3000 m, 09 July 1987, Ferreyra 20908 (USM!); road Incahuasi to Sinchihual and Tungula, 06°12'07"S, 079°17'57"W, 2897 m, 24 November 2014, Weigend 9660 (USM!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/905FE1B975AB9786D3D2EB9627B2F994	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
38510DF88AE66728C2924F9DDA01F10A.text	38510DF88AE66728C2924F9DDA01F10A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis nana (M. Kessler) (M. Kessler) T. Boza & M. Kessler, comb. et 2022	<div><p>43.  Polylepis nana (M.Kessler) T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler, comb. et stat. nov.</p><p>Figs 110, 111</p><p>Polylepis tomentella subsp. nana M. Kessler (1995b: 166). Type. Based on  Polylepis nana (M.Kessler) T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Bolivia. Dept. Cochabamba, Prov. Arani, 2 km W turn-off to Vacas from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.7/lat -7.55)">Arani-Mizque</a> road, l 7°33'S, 65°42'W, 3200 m, 18 Aug1991, Kessler 3409 (holotype: LPB!; isotypes: AUU!, GOET!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shrub to 2 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with one pair of leaflets, trullate in outline, 1.7-2.4  × 1.2-1.9 cm; rachises densely villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate or slightly spurred, densely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.0-1.2  × 0.3-0.5 cm; margin serrate with 5-8 teeth, apically acute, basally unequally attenuate; upper leaflet surfaces often with dark sheen, glabrous to sparsely villous; lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short, white or yellowish pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, 0.9-1.2 cm long, bearing 2-4 flowers; floral bracts 2.4-3.1 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 5.4-6.8 mm diam.; sepals 3, ovate, green, sparsely villous outside; stamens 12-15, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 3.0-3.3 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 3-4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 5.0-7.7  × 3.0-3.3 mm including spines. Tetraploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis nana is restricted to Cochabamba (Bolivia) where it has been collected at just one locality in Arani Province (Fig. 116). It grows at 3200-3450 m elevation.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis nana is estimated as 8 km2, the AOO is assessed at 8 km2 and it is known from only one location. No conservation action has been taken to date.  Polylepis nana was categorized as CR (B1+2c, C2b) in the World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al. 1998). However, it was classified as EN (B1ab(i,ii,iii)) in the Red List of Threatened Flora of Bolivia ( Arrázola et al. 2012). The only known locality consists of extensive, but heavily degraded stands in the Arani-Vacas area where they are strongly threatened by overgrazing, logging and burning of grasslands. We assess  P. nana as Critically Endangered (A1+A2a, B1a, C1+ C2a, D2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis nana can be distinguished from the most similar species  P. tomentella by its shrubby growth form, smaller leaflets (1.0-1.2  × 0.3-0.5 cm vs. 1.3-2.0  × 0.5-0.7 cm) with acute apex (vs. round to slightly emarginated), shorter inflorescences (0.9-1.2 cm vs. 2.8-5.3 cm) with fewer flowers (2-4 vs. 4-5), fewer stamens per flower (12-15 vs. 19-25) and longer styles (3.0-3.3 mm vs. 2.4-2.5 mm).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Bolivia. Cochabamba: Arani, between Arani and  Cañadas on the road to Vacas, 17°34'S, 065°40'W, 3100 m, 20 April 1987, Brandbyge 708 (AAU!);  Kewiñal, 3300 m, 24 March 1991, Hensen 1949 (LPB); 2012 (LPB); 2 km after turnoff to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.7/lat -17.55)">Vacas on Mizque-Arani</a> road, 17°33'S, 065°42'W, 3100 m, 18 August 1991, Kessler 2998 (GOET!, LPB); 2 km W turnoff to Vacas from Arani-Mizque road, 17°33'S, 065°42'W, 3200 m, 18 August 1991, Kessler 3403; 3404 (GOET!, LPB); 3405 (GOET!); 3406; 3407 (GOET!, LPB); 3408 (GOET!, LPB, USM!); 3409 (AAU!, GOET!); 3495; 3501; 3514; 3518; 3519; 3521; 3641 (GOET!); 3642 (GOET!); camino a Vacas, 3170 m, 11 January 1990, Saravia 17 (LPB)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/38510DF88AE66728C2924F9DDA01F10A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
B11E467B99FEF1798BEFF54A3B787A4D.text	B11E467B99FEF1798BEFF54A3B787A4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis neglecta M. Kessler, Candollea 50 (1): 140. 1995.	<div><p>24.  Polylepis neglecta M. Kessler, Candollea 50(1): 140. 1995.</p><p>Figs 65, 66</p><p>Type.</p><p>Bolivia. Potosi: Prov. Bilbao, 31 km SW Acacio on road to Sacaca and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.13333/lat -18.1)">Uncia</a>, 18°06'S, 66°08'W, 3500 m, 22 Aug 1991, Kessler 3410 (holotype: LPB!; isotypes: AUU!, F!, G!, GOET!, MO!, NY,  US!, USM!).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 4-12 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 3-4 pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (3.9-)4.6-7.1(-8.5)  × (2.7-)3.2-5.3 cm; rachises glabrescent to sparsely hispid, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, white hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, glabrescent to sparsely hispid on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.6-2.9  × 0.6-1.2 cm; margin serrate with 12-18 teeth, apically acute, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces glabrous or puberulous. Inflorescences branched, pendant, (4.3-)5.2-12.7(-14.0) cm long, bearing 14-27 flowers; floral bracts 2.8-4.6 mm long, narrowly triangular, glabrous to sparsely hispid on the outer surface; rachises glabrous. Flowers 4.6-6.3 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, sparsely hispid outside; stamens 7-20, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.5-2.2 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2-3(-4) irregular and pronounced wings, glabrous or sparsely hispid; 4.8-9.8  × 3.4-5.5 mm including spines. Diploid and hexaploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis neglecta is endemic to central Bolivia. It occurs in the Boliviano-Tucumanic Forest at 2100-3700 m elevation (Fig. 73). It often occurs together with  P. hieronymi and  P. besseri or in mixed forest with  Podocarpus parlatorei,  Alnus acuminata,  Juglans australis,  Azara salicifolia,  Fagara coco,  Prunus tucumanensis,  Schinus microphyllus and  Escallonia millegrana (Kessler 1995b; Navarro and Maldonado 2002; Navarro et al. 2005; Gareca et al. 2010). In  P. neglecta, a germination rate of 10% has been recorded (Vega et al. 2018). The seeds have low humidity, being able to be treated as orthodox seeds with the capability of being stored for a long time without losing their germinative power (Vega et al. 2018).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis neglecta is estimated as 24,431 km2, the AOO is assessed at 44 km2 and it is known from nine locations. The species was categorized as VU (A1acd, B1+2c) by Oldfield et al. (1998). Later, based on its severely fragmented habitat and the constant deterioration by collection of firewood for charcoal and fire regimens, it was listed as VU (B1ab(ii,iii)) in the Red List of Bolivia ( Arrázola and Coronado 2012). It does not occur in any protected area and the agricultural expansion, logging and fire regime are reducing populations. Based on its fragmented and degraded distribution and the lack of habitat protection, we assess  P. neglecta as Vulnerable (A1,2a, B1a+B2a, C2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>For morphological similarities, see under  P. hieronymi and  P. australis .</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Bolivia. Chuquisaca: Azurduy, ca. 20 km NW Tarvita on road to Tarabuco, 19°54'S, 064°34'W, 2900 m, 24 September 1991, Kessler 3434 (AAU!, GOET!); ca. 20 km NW Tarvita on road to Tarabuco, 19°54'S, 064°34'W, 2900 m, 24 September 1991, Kessler 3435 (GOET!); 3436; 3437 (AAU!, GOET!); 3625; 3626; 3627; 3628; 3629; 3630; 3631; 3633; 3634; 3635; 3663; 3664; 3665; 3666; 3667; 3668 (GOET!). Belisario Boeto, trayecto <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.26667/lat -19.05)">Villa Serrano</a> hacia la comunidad de Tampa Mayu y <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.26667/lat -19.05)">Nuevo Mundo</a> hacia el <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.26667/lat -19.05)">Cuenca del 
Rio
Grande</a>, 19°00'04"S, 064°18'55"W, 1250 m, 12 October 2007, Cervantes 164 (HSB, MO!); 8 km SW Nuevo Mundo on road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.26667/lat -19.05)">Padilla</a>, 19°25'S, 064°11'W, 2500 m, 07 October 1991, Kessler 3316 (AAU!, GOET!); 18 km de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.26667/lat -19.05)">Villa Serrano</a> hacia Valle Grande, 18°57'S, 064°20'W, 2500 m, 27 August 1994, Moraes 1840 (LPB); 18 m by road NE of Villa Serrano on road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.26667/lat -19.05)">Nuevo Mundo</a>, 19°00'42"S, 064°20'04"W, 2550 m, 20 July 2004, Nee 52789 (MO!, NY, USZ); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.26667/lat -19.05)">Municipio de Villa Serrano</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.26667/lat -19.05)">Comunidad de Ovejeros</a>, 19°01'32"S, 064°20'20"W, 2489 m, 18 December 2003, Portal 618 (HSB, MO!). Tomina, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.26667/lat -19.05)">Padilla</a> 26 kms hacia Monteagudo, 2600 m, 08 March 1981, Beck 6323 (GOET!); ca. 20 km SE Padilla on road to Monteagudo, 19°03'S, 064°16'W, 2450 m, 07 October 1991, Kessler 3320 (GOET!)  .   Cochabamba: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.433334/lat -17.816668)">Mizque</a>, 17°49'S, 065°26'W, 3200 m, 05 May 1987, Estenssoro 802 (LPB). s.d., Saravia 1165 (BOLV)  .   Potosí: Alonso de Ibanez, antes de llegar a Chiro  Q’asa, 18 March 1993, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.13333/lat -18.1)">Torrico</a> 198 (GOET!); 199 (GOET!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.13333/lat -18.1)">Gral. Bilbao</a>, 31 km SW de Acacio, camino <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.13333/lat -18.1)">Sacaca</a> y <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.13333/lat -18.1)">Uncia</a>, 18°06'S, 066°08'W, 3500 m, 22 August 1991, Kessler 3019 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); 31 km SW Acacio on road to Sacaca and Uncia, 18°06'S, 066°08'W, 3500 m, 22 August 1991, Kessler 3411 (AAU!, GOET!); 3522; 3523; 3524; 3525; 3526; 3528; 3529; 3531; 3532; 3533; 3534; 3535; 3536; 3537; 3538; 3539; 3540; 3541; 3542; 3543; 3544; 3545; 3546; 3547; 3548; 3550; 3551; 3552; 3555; 3647 (GOET!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.13333/lat -18.1)">San Pedro de Buena Vista</a>, Bilbao 31 km. SW <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.13333/lat -18.1)">Acacio</a> on road to Sacaca and Uncia, 18°06'S, 066°08'W, 3500 m, 22 August 1991, Kessler 3410 (AAU!, G, GOET!, LPB, MO!, NY, US!, USM!)  .   Santa Cruz: Comarapa, about 25 km from Pojo, the road <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.75/lat -17.833334)">Cochabamba-Santa Cruz</a> about 215 km from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.75/lat -17.833334)">Cochabamba</a>, 17°50'S, 064°40'W, 2950 m, 21 April 1987, Brandbyge 717 (AAU!). Manuel Maria Caballero, ca. 55 km W Comarapa on road to Cochabmaba, 17°50'S, 064°42'W, 2600 m, 06 October 1991, Kessler 3302 (AAU!); ca. 50 km W Comarapa on road to Cochabamba, 17°50'S, 064°41'W, 2800 m, 06 October 1991, Kessler 3303 (GOET!); Siberia, alrrededores de la escuela y tramo de 2 km al S bajando por el camino a Oconi. Ladera SSW, 17°50'S, 064°45'W, 25 July 2000, Vargas 4975 (GOET!, NY, USZ)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B11E467B99FEF1798BEFF54A3B787A4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
4C5CEB8E7CB2E60E133EE7F05137DE4F.text	4C5CEB8E7CB2E60E133EE7F05137DE4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis occidentalis T. Boza & M. Kessler 2022	<div><p>18.  Polylepis occidentalis T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 51, 52</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Resembles the Ecuadorian species,  P. reticulata Hieron. by having 3-5 lateral leaflet pairs and similar type and density of hairs, but differs by its shorter hairs (0.3-0.6 mm vs. 0.6-1.5 mm), shorter inflorescences (2.4-6.7 cm vs. 2.3-13.8 cm) and shorter styles (1.5-2.0 mm vs. 2.6-3.9 mm).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Peru: Piura: Huancabamba,  Talanco, 2900 m, 5 Nov 1976, A. Sagastegui A.8635 (holotype: MO!; isotype: UMO!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 3-15 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 3-5 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 3.1-4.7  × 1.8-2.9 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, lanate hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.1-1.9  × 0.5-0.8 cm; margin entire or slightly crenate at the apex with 3-6 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with whitish hairs 0.3-0.6 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, 2.4-6.7 cm long, bearing 4-12 flowers; floral bracts 6.8-7.6 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely lanate on the outer surface; rachises tomentose. Flowers 6.8-7.6 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely tomentose outside; stamens 9-15, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.5-2.0 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely villous; 3.8-4.1  × 5.8-7.1 mm including spines. Diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis occidentalis is distributed in the high mountains of western Peru from Huancabamba (Piura) to Pataz (La Libertad) (Fig. 61). The species occurs in relatively dry forest at 2200-3990 m elevation.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species epithet  “occidentalis” (Latin: western) refers to the distribution range occupying the western mountains in Peru.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis occidentalis is estimated as 12,906 km2 and the AOO at 52 km2. It is known from 11 locations. It has been found in monospecific forests at the southern margins of the Huancabamba Andean Depression, which forms an important dispersal corridor for Andean tree species (Richter et al. 2009; Peters et al. 2014). However, collections from Cajamarca, La Libertad and Lambayeque are mostly old and the collection areas have undergone heavy deforestation. Based on the reduction of its restricted distribution and its habitat degradation, we assess  P. occidentalis as Endangered (A1, B1a+B2a, C1).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The populations of  Polylepis section Reticulatae from western Peru have been previously identified either as  P. reticulata (Lassermann 2009) or  P. weberbaueri (Simpson 1979; Lassermann 2009; Mendoza and Cano 2012; Peters et al. 2014) (Fig. 34). Certainly,  P. occidentalis resembles  P. reticulata in having 3-5 lateral leaflet pairs and same type and density of hairs. However, it has shorter lower leaflet surface hairs (0.3-0.6 mm long), shorter inflorescences (2.4-6.7 cm long) and shorter styles (1.5-2.0 mm long), whereas  P. reticulata has lower surface hairs 0.6-1.5 mm long, inflorescences (2.1-)4.3-13.8 cm long and styles 2.6-3.9 mm long. Additionally,  P. occidentalis occurs in western Peru, whereas  P. reticulata is distributed in Ecuador.  Polylepis occidentalis is morphologically also similar to  P. weberbaueri, with which it shares similar leaflet size and lower leaflet surface hair type and density. The most obvious differences between  P. occidentalis and  P. weberbaueri are leaflet pair number, inflorescence length, style length and number of stamens, with  P. occidentalis having 3-5 leaflet pairs, inflorescences 2.4-6.7 cm long, styles 1.5-2.0 mm long and 9-15 stamens, whereas  P. weberbaueri has 2-3 leaflet pairs, inflorescences 8.2-9.7 cm long, styles 2.7-3.2 mm long and 19-21 stamens.</p><p>Simpson (1979) considered  P. reticulata and  P. weberbaueri to occur in both Ecuador and Peru, with the populations of each species separated by the low elevation Huancabamba depression. Interestingly, however, defined in this way in Ecuador, P. "  Polylepis reticulata " occurs at higher elevations than P. "  Polylepis weberbaueri ", whereas in Peru, the reverse is the case. In addition to the morphological traits outlined above, we consider this intriguing distributional pattern to support treatment as four species, with the original  P. reticulata restricted to Ecuador and  P. weberbaueri to Peru and the respective other populations here described as  P. occidentalis (Peruvian P. "  Polylepis reticulata ") and  P. simpsoniae (Ecuadorean P. "  Polylepis weberbaueri ").</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Peru. Cajamarca: Cajamarca, Dist. La  Encañada, San Pedro de Lipiac, 07°03'38"S, 078°20'00"W, 3738 m, 07 September 2010,  Beltrán 6933 (USM!). Chota, Llama;  caserío Callampampa; afluente de Huarimarca, 2800-3000 m, 19 January 1990,  Díaz 4012 (MO!, USM!); Laguna Yahuarcocha (arriba de Incahuasi), 07°34'45"S, 077°58'29"W, 3600 m, 14 September 1985,  Sagástegui 12896 (GOET!, IBE, MO!); Tucupampa (Llama-Huambos), 2500 m, 17 March 1997,  Sagástegui 15950 (F!, MO!); Miracosta, entre Miracosta y Pampa del Lirio, 06°23'S, 079°15'W, 3250 m, 11 November 2000,  Sánchez 10285 (MO!); Huambos, 2000 m, 11 September 1956, Soukup 4457 (F!). Cutervo, carretera entre Llama y Huambos, Tunaspampa, 06°31'52"S, 079°05'26"W, 2600-2900 m, 21 April 1988,  Díaz 2879 (F!, MO!). Huambos, 65 km E of bridge over  Río Maichil, 25 km W of Huambos, 06°25'S, 079°00'W, 2700 m, 09 February 1988, Gentry 61439 (MO!, USM!). Llama, El Pargo, 4.2 km E of Llama, ca. 1.4 km SE of Tunas Pampas, 06°30'S, 079°31'W, 3000 m, 08 September 1991, Gentry 74575 (MO!, USM!). La Libertad: Pataz, Chirimachay, 07°00'S, 077°00'W, 3450 m, 24 February 1986, Young 2966 (MO!). Lambayeque: Ferrenafe, Ca. 7 km NW of Incahuasi; near Cerro Punamachay on trail to Laguna Hualtaco, 3300-3550 m, 16 November 1984, Dillon 4145 (MO!, USM!). Piura: Huancabamba, 38 km above Canchaque, just below summit, 05°18'08"S, 079°29'54"W, 3120 m, 13 September 1964, Hutchison 6578 (A!, MO!, USM!); Talaneo (Jalca - Cixse), 2900 m, 05 September 1976,  Sagástegui 8635 (MO!, UMO). Unknown minor area, La Cruz, 04 June 1961, Acleto 364 (GOET!, USM!); Paso de la Cruz Blanca, 3307- 3154 m, 13 November 2007, Lasermann I5-8 (USM!); Paso de la Cruz Blanca, 3307 m, 13 November 2007, Lasermann V/3 (USM!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C5CEB8E7CB2E60E133EE7F05137DE4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
B089ACECD1DD6BF5CB2639DD9155E640.text	B089ACECD1DD6BF5CB2639DD9155E640.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis ochreata (Wedd.) (Wedd.) Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 597 – 598. 1911.	<div><p>12.  Polylepis ochreata (Wedd.) Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 597-598. 1911.</p><p>Figs 37, 38</p><p>Polylepis ochreata var. integra Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 598, fig. 4. 1911. Type. Ecuador. Imbabura: Volcan Mojanda, Mar. 1901, Sodiro s.n. (holotype: FI n.v.; isotype: GOET!).</p><p>Polylepis subintegra Benoist, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 326. 1934. Type. Ecuador. Pichincha: W slopes of Cerro Pichincha, Taurichupa, 4000 m, 28 Nov 1930, Benoist 3356 (holotype: P!).</p><p>Basionym.</p><p>Acaena ochreata Wedd., Chlor. And. 2: 240. 1855.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Ecuador.  Pichincha: W slopes of Cerro Pichincha, 3600 m, May 1856, Jameson 73 (lectotype, designated by Simpson 1979, pg. 28: P; isolectotypes: A!, G!, GH!, US!; photos at F!, MO!, US!) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 2-10 m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 4-7 pairs of the lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (3.9-)4.4-7.0  × 2.9-4.7 cm; rachises glabrous to densely sericeous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight whitish hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute, glabrous to sparsely sericeous (adult) or densely sericeous (juvenile) in the upper surface; leaflets narrowly elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.6-3.0  × 0.5-0.7 cm; margin entire to slightly serrate with 4-6 teeth, coriaceous, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely sericeous with whitish silky hairs 1.3-2.0 mm long in juvenile plants and 0.3-0.5 mm long in adult plants. Inflorescences pendant, 8.1-15.5(-17.4) cm long, bearing (21-)26-49 flowers; floral bracts 5.9-12.8 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises sericeous. Flowers 6.6-9.0 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 9-13, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.1-2.6 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely sericeous; 4.7-7.5  × 6.1-7.9 mm including spines. Diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid.</p><p>Distribution habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis ochreata is distributed in the Andes of Ecuador and in  Nariño, southernmost Colombia (Fig. 41). It occurs at 2950-4350 m elevation in humid montane forest habitats. In northernmost Ecuador,  P. ochreata often co-occurs with  P. longipilosa, with which it hybridizes (Romoleroux 1996). These species have quite similar morphological characters which has complicated the taxonomic classification, mainly in the Province of Carchi, where they occur in sympatry.  Polylepis ochreata occurs in mixed population with other woody species, such as  Brachyotum ledifolium and  Miconia latifolia (Salgado 2008). Pollen viability of  P. ochreata has been measured as 60% (Caiza et al. 2018). In Colombia, the forest remnants of  P. ochreata harbor the  Polylepis specialist bird species  Conirostrum binghami (=  Oreomanes fraseri) (Valderrama and Verhelst 2007).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO is estimated at 7,525 km2 and AOO at 112 km2. The species is known from 16 locations. In Colombia, remnants of  P. ochreata forests are under pressure by the expansion of potato cropland, so that the Cumbal population has been assessed as EN and  Chile’s population as VU (Rangel-Ch and Arellano 2007, as  P. sericea). In Ecuador,  P. ochreata is protected within the El Angel Ecological Reserve in Carchi and Yanacocha Reserve in Pichincha, where it is also subject to reforestation activities. Nevertheless, based on its restricted and fragmented distribution and continuing population losses, we assess  P. ochreata as Vulnerable (B1a+B2a, C1).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Described by Bitter in 1911, this species was synonymized under  P. sericea by Simpson (1979), a course of action followed by Romoleroux (1996). It was re-instated at species level by Boza Espinoza et al. (2019) based on its distinctive morphology characters, including having four or more leaflet pairs, glabrous to sparsely sericeous leaf rachises and leaflet margins, short (0.3-0.5 mm long), evenly distributed hairs on the lower leaflet surfaces and 21-43 flowers per inflorescence.  Polylepis ochreata is most similar to  P. albicans and  P. argentea, with which it shares the elliptic leaflet shape and subcordate bases of the leaflets. However, the three species differ in number of lateral leaflet pairs, with  P. ochreata having 4-7 pairs,  P. albicans 3-4 and  P. argentea 2.  Polylepis ochreata has (21)26-49 flowers per inflorescence, whereas  P. albicans has 18-21 and  P. argentea 5-6(-9).</p><p>Boza Espinoza et al. (2019) considered that  P. ochreata is the only member of the  Polylepis sericea complex in Ecuador. However, K. Romoleroux recognized further variation in the country, resulting in the separation of both  P. humboldtii and  P. loxensis from  P. ochreata by Boza Espinoza et al. (2020a).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Ecuador.  Bolívar: Guaranda, Parroquia Salinas, recorrido entre los Arrayanes y Pambabuela, 01°22'06"S, 079°03'47"W, 3615 m, 10 Febrero 2005, Vargas  López 4696 (AAU!, K, MO!, QCNE, US!). Carchi: Cumbal, 00°48'19"N, 077°53'03"W, 3500 m, Bensman 418 (MO!, WIS); Km 31 west of  Tulcán on road to Maldonado, 00°52'N, 077°55'W, 3900 m, 21 June 1984, Todzia 2485 (MO!). La Libertad (Alizo), 00°45'N, 077°59'W, Asplund 17037 (S);  Páramos de El Angel S of  Volcán Chiles, 00°45'N, 077°58'W, 3850 m, 14 March 1985, Eriksen 59086 (AAU!, MO!). Maldonado,  Volcán Los Chiles, along road 9 km W of  Tufiño, 00°49'N, 077°57'W, 3500 m, 10 March 1992,  Lægaard 101661 (AAU!, GOET, QCA!);  Tufiño, Road  Tulcán-Maldonado, near  Volcán Chiles, 00°48'N, 077°56'W, 3850-4000 m, 16 August 1985,  Lægaard 54966 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); S slopes of  volcán Chiles, 14-16 km W of  Tufiño on road to Maldonado, 0-1 km S of the road, 00°47'N, 077°57'W, 3850-3900 m, 18 January 1988, Molau 2536 (AAU!, GB, MO!, QCA!); a 33 km de  Tulcán, 00°48'N, 077°54'W, 3900 m, Romoleroux 173 (AAU!, QCA!); Carretera  Tulcán-Tufiño-Maldonado, 00°47'N, 077°57'W, 3800-3900 m, 12 October 1986, Romoleroux 189 (AAU!, QCA!);  Tulcán, 33.4 km W of  Tulcán on road to Maldonado,  Páramo de Chilos on Colombia border, 00°48'19"N, 077°53'03"W, 3900 m, 22 September 1979, Gentry 26342 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). Cotopaxi: Toacaso, Quebrada Faldiguera, 00°41'S, 078°45'W, 3750 m, 16 February 1991,  Jørgensen 93000 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). Imbabura: Gonzalez Suarez, Laguna Mojanda, camino,  forêt d’altitude, 00°08'N, 078°15'W, 2500 m, 01 February 1996, Billiet 6762 (BR, MO!). La Merced de Buenos Aires: at road Chauasqui-Merced de Buenos Aires, km 20, near pass, 00°33'N, 078°17'W, 3700-3850 m, 10 December 1984,  Lægaard 53475 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). Otavalo: forested path to Laguna Mojanda (La via antigua a Mojanda por el cementerio), 00°10'00"N, 078°15'00"W, 3800 m, 31 December 2000, Clark 5820 (QCA!, US). San Rafael, W slopes of  Volcán Cayambe, 00°10'00"N, 078°15'00"W, 3700-3900 m, 27 July 1967, Sparre 17789 (AAU!, S). Napo: Nono, N-side of  Volcán Pichincha above Hacienda Yanacocha, 00°07'S, 078°34'W, 3950-4050 m, 02 June 1985,  Lægaard 54457 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). Pichincha: along, Northern slopes of Cerro  Corazón, 2-4 km W along on the road to Hacienda El Pongo, 00°28'S, 078°36'W, 3100-3200 m, 13 May 1979, Holm-Nielsen 18007 (AAU!, MO!);  Corazón, 00°31'53"S, 078°39'36"W, 3260 m, Sodiro s.n. (AAU!); Lloa,  Volcán Atacazo, W slope, 17 km from San Juan, 00°20'S, 078°38'W, 2850 m, 25 August 1980, Holm-Nielsen 25115 (AAU!); 25148 (AAU!);  Volcán Atacazo, SW slope, km 19 from San Juan, 00°21'S, 078°39'W, 2900 m, 25 August 1980, Holm-Nielsen 25169 (AAU!); West-side of  Volcán Atacazo, along drinkwater canal, 00°20'S, 078°38'W, 3700-3750 m, 11 August 1984,  Lægaard 52639 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 52641 (AAU!); along drinkwater-canal on W-side of Atacazo, ca. 5 km S of Campamento, 00°20'S, 078°38'W, 3700-3800 m, 24 October 1984,  Lægaard 53256 (AAU!); along drinkwater-canal on W-side of Atacazo, ca. 5 km S of Camparmento, 00°20'S, 078°38'W, 3750 m, 28 October 1984,  Lægaard 53259 (AAU!); 53260 (AAU!); along drinkwater-canal on W-side of Volcan Atacazo, 00°20'S, 078°38'W, 3200 m, 24 November 1985,  Lægaard 55665 (AAU!, GOET, MO!, QCA!);  Volcán Atacatzo, 00°20'S, 078°37'W, 3500 m, Mille 364 (US); carretera Quito-San Juan-San  José de la Victoria, 00°17'53"S, 078°38'20"W, 2900-3400 m, 24 December 1987, Zak 3265 (AAU!, GB, MO!); Nono, Camino Yanacocha NW of Volcan Pichincha, 00°05'S, 078°33'W, 3200-3800 m, 03 October 1981, Balslev 2049 (AAU!, MO!, NY, QCA!); 28 November 1930, Benoist 3356 (P); Yanococha, faldas noroccidentales, 00°07'S, 078°35'W, 22 March 1987, Jaramillo Asanza 9573 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); 9588 (AAU!, QCA!); N-side of  Volcán Pichincha above Hacienda Yanacocha, 00°07'S, 078°34'W, 3800 m, 04 June 1985,  Lægaard 54458 (AAU!, MO!); 54459 (AAU!); 54462 (AAU!, QCA!); 54463; 54467 (AAU!, MO!); 54474; 54476; 54477 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Carretera Quito-Nanegalito-Santa Ana del  Tablón,  desvío Hda Yanacocha km 1-10 desde el  desvío, 00°07'S, 078°34'W, 3500-3600 m, 06 December 1992, Romoleroux 1495A (AAU!); Yanacocha, 3617 m, 28 November 2008, Romoleroux 5342 (QCA!); Yanacocha, sector La Despensa, 00°07'52"S, 078°35'06"W, 3837 m, 14 Febrero 2009, Romoleroux 5413 (MO!, QCA!); Reserva Yanacocha, Trocha  “Inca” 1-600 m, 00°06'44"S, 078°34'24"W, 3536 m, 11 June 2011, Ulloa Ulloa 2171 (MO!, QCA!); carretera Quito-Nono-Tandayapa,  desviación a Yanacocha en la localidad de Guanto-Pugro, en la hacienda "Alto  Perú”, estribaciones N.O. del  Volcán Pichincha, 00°05'S, 078°35'W, 3200-3300 m, 17 November 1987, Zak 2946 (AAU!, GB, MO!); Quito, SW-slopes of volcan Atacazo, 00°20'S, 078°35'W, 3650 m, 11 October 1984, Brandbyge 42817 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); SW-slopes of  volcán Atacazo, 00°20'S, 078°35'W, 3700-3800 m, 28 October 1984, Brandbyge 42837 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!);  Volcán Pichincha, N slopes, road to Hda. Yanacocha from pass on Quito-Nono road, km 7-11.2, 00°07'S, 078°33'W, 3600- 3500 m, 12 October 1991,  Øllgaard 99187 (AAU!); Carretera a San Juan-Atacazo, km 1-12, 00°20'S, 078°35'W, 3700-4000 m, 02 September 1990, Romoleroux 1060 (AAU!, QCA!); Tocachi, 00°08'N, 078°16'W, 3260 m, Asplund 17103 (S); 00°08'N, 078°16'W, Benoist 4549 (S); NW side of Pichincha, 00°08'N, 078°16'W, Fagerlind s.n (S); 00°08'N, 078°16'W, Holmgren 664 (S); 00°08'N, 078°16'W, Jameson s.n (MO!);  Páramo de Mojanda, at Laguna Negra and S-side of Laguna Grande, 00°08'N, 078°16'W, 3800 m, 14 May 1985,  Lægaard 54316A (AAU!, QCA!); 00°08'N, 078°16'W, Romoleroux 1495 (AAU!, QCA!); 243 (QCA!); 245 (NY, QCA!); 305 (QCA!); 00°08'N, 078°16'W, 3700 m, Romoleroux 350 (QCA!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B089ACECD1DD6BF5CB2639DD9155E640	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
CACD4E35E213D782302CC6BC56A4194B.text	CACD4E35E213D782302CC6BC56A4194B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis pacensis M. Kessler & Schmidt-Leb., Organisms Diversity Evol. 6 (1): 67, f. 1. 2006.	<div><p>31.  Polylepis pacensis M.Kessler &amp; Schmidt-Leb., Organisms Diversity Evol. 6(1): 67, f. 1. 2006.</p><p>Figs 83, 84</p><p>Type.</p><p>Bolivia. La Paz: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.8356&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.6853" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.8356/lat -16.6853)">Murillo</a>, sobre el camino de herradura entre Cohoni y Jalancha, 16.6853°S, 67.8356°W, 3853 m, Mendez &amp; Arcienga 18 (holotype: GOET!; isotype: LPB!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 3-8 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2-3 pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 3.4-5.2  × 2.4-3.4 cm; rachises densely villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.7-2.4  × 0.6-0.8 cm; margin crenate, apically emarginate, basally cuneate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous to sparsely villous; lower leaflet surfaces with an evenly distributed dense layer short white pannose hairs, admixed with villous whitish hairs 0.4-0.9 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, 3.7-7.7(-10.0) cm long, bearing 5-11 flowers; floral bracts 4.3-5.0 mm long, narrowly triangular, sparsely to densely villous on the outer surface; rachises densely villous. Flowers 6.5-8.1 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely pannose outside; stamens 17-23, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.3-2.7 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 3-4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely pilose; 5.4-7.3  × 4.7-5.6 mm including spines. Tetraploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis pacensis is distributed in southern La Paz and western Cochabamba Departments (Bolivia) (Fig. 92). It occurs in relatively dry inter-Andean valleys at 3400-4700 m elevation. It co-occurs with  P. triacontandra on Cerro Illimani (Kessler and Schmidt-Lebuhn 2006). Some forests of  P. pacensis show an influence of humid Yungas forests, as indicated by the presence of  Oreopanax macrocephalus,  Brachyotum microdon and  Phytolacca bogotensis . In drier areas, close to inaccessible streams with steep slopes and, therefore, unsuitable for crops,  P. pacensis co-occurs with other native species, such as  Escallonia resinosa,  Puya sp.,  Schinus microphylla and  Azorella multifida (Hurtado et al. 2018). In a study in Cohoni (La Paz), natural regeneration was abundant and successful in places protected by topography where human and animal access is difficult, with an average of 1312 seedlings/ha.  Polylepis pacensis has a mean germination rate of 8%, which decreases with elevation (Mendez 2005; Vega et al. 2018).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis pacensis is estimated as 15,486 km2, the AOO is assessed at 44 km2 and it is known from 44 locations. No conservation actions have been taken to date. It has been categorized as EN (B1ab(i,ii)) ( Arrázola and Coronado 2012). Based on the small size of the remaining populations, the extraction of firewood represents a major threat. We assess  P. pacensis as Endangered (A2b, B1a+B2a, C1).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis pacensis was considered by Simpson (1979) to belong to the broadly defined  P. racemosa . Kessler (1995b) was unable to place the few specimens available at that time under either  P. triacontandra (which occurs mainly to the north) and  P. lanata (southwards). It was only when new herbarium collections were gathered that the taxonomic distinctness of the species became apparent (Kessler and Schmidt-Lebuhn 2006).  Polylepis pacensis is similar to  P. triacontandra, but has 2-3 pairs of obovate leaflets with villous hairs, whereas the latter has 1(-2) pairs of narrowly elliptic leaflets with tomentose hairs.  Polylepis pacensis also has fewer flowers per inflorescence (5-11 versus 11-13) and shorter styles (2.3-2.7 mm versus 3.3-3.8 mm). For additional morphological similarities, see under  P. lanata .</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Bolivia. Cochabamba: Ayopaya,  Piusilla, 3300 m, 30 March 1991, Hensen 2134 (GOET!, LPB)  .   La Paz: Bautista Saavedra, 2 kms. arriba de Chajaya, Quebrada de Janajj  Wayq’o, 15°11'53"S, 069°00'14"W, 3740 m, 04 August 1985, Beck 11350 (LPB, MO!). Inquisivi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.2/lat -17.0)">Quime</a> 7 km hacia Caxata, 3420 m, 19 February 1981, Beck 4378 (LPB); 8 km W Quime on road to Caxata, 17°03'00"S, 067°17'00"W, 3350 m, 24 August 1991, Kessler 3029 (AAU!); 3030 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3031 (GOET!, MO!); 3032 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!). Murillo, Palca 28.5 km hacia <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.2/lat -17.0)">Cohoni</a>, 3440 m, 14 October 1990, Beck 17832 (GOET!, LPB); aprox. 14 km de  población <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.2/lat -17.0)">Cohoni</a> (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.2/lat -17.0)">Municipio de Palca</a>) sobre ruta Cohoni-Cayimbaya, 16°41'51"S, 067°00'00"W, 3586 m, 10 November 2014, Bermejo PP 2 S5 (LPB); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.2/lat -17.0)">Subcuenca de Cohoni</a>, camino de herradura Cohoni-Jalancha, 16°39'36"S, 067°49'12"W, 4989 m, 05 January 2003, Mendez 1; 2 (LPB); 3 (GOET!, LPB); 4; 5 (LPB); 6 (GOET!, LPB); 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13 (LPB); 14 (GOET!, LPB); 15 (LPB); Sobre el camino carretero a 6 km de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.2/lat -17.0)">Cohoni</a> hacia Palca, 16°40'48"S, 067°51'00"W, 3457 m, 05 January 2003, Mendez 16 (GOET!, LPB); Sobre el camino de herradura entre Cohoni y Jalancha, 16°40'48"S, 067°49'48"W, 3856 m, 13 November 2003, Mendez 17; 18; 19 (GOET!, LPB); Sobre el camino de herradura entre Cohoni y Jalancha, 16°40'12"S, 067°49'48"W, 3879 m, 13 November 2003, Mendez 20 (GOET!, LPB); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.2/lat -17.0)">Subcuenca de Cohini</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.2/lat -17.0)">Cohoni</a> lado de la <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.2/lat -17.0)">Jalancha</a> (caida de agua), 16°39'36"S, 067°49'12"W, 4173 m, 13 November 2003, Mendez 21 (GOET!, LPB); ciudad de La Paz, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.2/lat -17.0)">Zona La Portada</a>, Av. Final Kollasuyo interseccion con Av. Naciones Unidas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.2/lat -17.0)">Plaza La Portada. Jardinera</a> de plaza, 16°29'13"S, 068°09'57"W, 3995 m, 04 March 2016, Vega MUNAY 1 (LPB). Palca, Catagna au pied S  I’Illimani, 4511 m, Pentland 47 (GOET!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.2/lat -17.0)">Quime</a>, about 10 km from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.2/lat -17.0)">Quime</a> on the road to Caxata, 17°00'S, 067°12'W, 3400 m, 25 April 1987, Brandbyge 769 (AAU!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CACD4E35E213D782302CC6BC56A4194B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D1B9088C89833B3DA455707D5B7EA81C.text	D1B9088C89833B3DA455707D5B7EA81C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis pallidistigma Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 645. 1911.	<div><p>37.  Polylepis pallidistigma Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 645. 1911.</p><p>Figs 97, 98</p><p>Type.</p><p>Peru. Puno: Prov. Azangaro,  Muñani, ca. 3650 m, Weberbauer 1369 (holotype: B destroyed; isotypes: F!, GOET!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 2-13 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 1(-2) pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 2.6-4.0  × 2.8-4.0 cm; rachises densely villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, densely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.2-2.0  × 0.5-0.8 cm; margin crenate with 5-8 teeth, apically round or emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces slightly rugose, glabrous to sparsely villous; lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short, white pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, 2.7-6.0 cm long, bearing 5-6 flowers; floral bracts 4.2-4.9 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 6.8-9.2 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely villous outside; stamens 17-21, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 3.3-3.6 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2-3 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 4.4-5.9  × 3.8-5.9 mm including spines. Tetraploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis pallidistigma is distributed in southern Peru from southern Cusco to Puno (Fig. 103). It grows on relatively dry slopes at 3700-4580 m elevation in a region with calcareous rocks. It typically grows on rocky outcrops (Yallico 1992, as  P. incana). Average tree height of  P. pallidistigma is 2.5-5.0 m with diameters of 5-15 cm (ECOAN 2006).  Polylepis pallidistigma patches harbour some of the most specialized and endangered of bird species, such as  Anairetes alpinus (Endangered) and  Leptasthenura yanacensis (Near Threatened) in the forests of Lawa Lawani and Chingo (Carabaya Province),  Asthenes arequipae and  Leptasthenura andicola in the Torno (Huancane Province), Bellavista and Quilcapuncu forests (San Antonio de Putina Province) and  Conirostrum binghami (=  Oreomanes fraseri) (Near Threatened) present in all evaluated forests (ECOAN 2006).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis pallidistigma is estimated as 17,670 km2, the AOO is assessed at 112 km2 and it is known from 17 locations. No protection action has been taken to date. We assess  P. pallidistigma as Vulnerable (B1a+B2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis pallidistigma was treated as a synonym of  P. besseri by previous authors (e.g., Simpson 1979; Kessler 1995b) and a synonym of  P. subtusalbida by Mendoza and Cano (2012). However, based on its distinct morphology, ecology and distribution, we consider that this taxon should be recognized as different from  P. besseri and  P. subtusalbida .  Polylepis pallidistigma differs from  P. besseri by having longer and narrower elliptic leaflets 1.2-2.0  × 0.5-0.8 cm with the lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short of pannose hairs, whereas  P. besseri has shorter and broader obovate leaflets 1.4-1.6  × 0.6-1.1 cm with the layer of pannose hairs and mixed with densely tomentose hairs. Further,  P. pallidistigma has a lower number of flowers per inflorescence (5-6) and longer styles (3.3-3.6 mm), whereas  P. besseri has 7-9 flowers and styles 2.5-3.1 cm long.  Polylepis pallidistigma differs from  P. subtusalbida by larger elliptic leaflets (1.2-2.0  × 0.5-0.8 cm versus 0.9-1.6  × 0.4-0.6 cm) with different margins (crenate versus serrate), different hair type of the lower leaflet surfaces (pannose versus tomentose), relatively longer inflorescences (2.7-6.0 cm versus 1.8-3.7 cm) with more flowers per inflorescence (5-6 versus 3-4) and longer styles (3.3-3.6 mm versus 2.8-3.4 mm).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Peru. Cusco: Espinar,  Zona del Mamaniwaita, 3900-4100 m, 13 July 1967, Vargas 19893 (CUZ!)  .   Puno: Azangaro, Putina, 4200 m, 04 April 1959, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.905555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.755/lat -14.905555)">Vargas</a> 12528 (CUZ!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.905555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.755/lat -14.905555)">Carabaya</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.905555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.755/lat -14.905555)">Coasa</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.905555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.755/lat -14.905555)">Chingo</a>, 14°02'25"S, 70°08'07"W, 4299 m, 07 October 2014, Boza 3005 (USM!, Z!); Coasa. Chingo, 14°02'49"S, 070°09'19"W, 4511 m, 07 October 2015, Boza 3006 (USM!, Z!); Entre Macusanin  Nuñoa, 4000 m, 29 February 1948, Vargas 7139 (CUZ!, MO!). Huancane, rock outcrop 450 m <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.905555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.755/lat -14.905555)">East</a> of the Huancane coliseo, 15°11'40"S, 069°45'26"W, 3910 m, 06 November 2012, Sylvester 1822 (CUZ!, Z!); 900 m <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.905555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.755/lat -14.905555)">East</a> up the slope from the Huancane coliseo in the centre of the main  Polylepis forest, 15°11'32"S, 069°45'21"W, 3999 m, 06 November 2012, Sylvester 1825; 1827 (CUZ!, Z!); 700 m <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.905555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.755/lat -14.905555)">East</a> up the slope from the Huancane coliseo in the centre of the main  Polylepis forest, 15°11'35"S, 069°45'26"W, 3927 m, 06 November 2012, Sylvester 1829 (CUZ!, Z!); 500 m <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.905555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.755/lat -14.905555)">East</a> up the slope from the Huancane coliseo in the centre of the main  Polylepis forest, 15°11'38"S, 069°45'28"W, 3892 m, 06 November 2012, Sylvester 1830; 1831 (CUZ!, Z!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.905555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.755/lat -14.905555)">Lampa</a>, Quebrada Metara, 15°10'S, 070°22'W, 3880 m, 01 April 1987, Boertmann 136; 137; 138; 139 (AAU!); Pampa Changanchaca between Lampa and Pucara, 15°10'S, 070°22'W, 3800 m, 02 April 1987, Boertmann 141 (AAU!); Inticancha in <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.905555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.755/lat -14.905555)">lower Quebrada Metara</a> N of Centro Yaurinco, 15°10'S, 070°22'W, 3850-4000 m, 01 April 1987, Brandbyge 569; 573 (AAU!); Cerro Chacapacha, 3900-4000 m, 21 May 1988, Del Carpio 728; 729 (USM!); Cara-cara, cerca a  Pucará, 3900 m, 27 September 1984,  Fernández 544 (USM!); Inticancha in <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.905555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.755/lat -14.905555)">lower Quebrada Metara</a> N of Cerro Yaurinco, 15°10'S, 070°22'W, 3850-4000 m, 01 April 1987, Kessler 573 (AAU!); Areas rocosas, Lamparaquen, 15°19'00"S, 070°27'00"W, 4130 m, 06 June 2009, Montesinos 2675 (USM!); SW facing slope 900 m NE of a large lake 8.5 km East of Lampa, close to the hamlet  Chañacahua, 15°23'11"S, 070°17'22"W, 3986 m, 06 November 2012, Sylvester 1802 (CUZ!, Z!); Base of south facing cliff on the south facing slope overlooking the hamlet of  Chañacahua, 15°22'54"S, 070°17'04"W, 4075 m, 06 November 2012, Sylvester 1816 (CUZ!, Z!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.905555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.755/lat -14.905555)">Alrededores de 
Pucara</a>, 3850-3900 m, 12 March 1966, Tovar 5342 (USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.905555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.755/lat -14.905555)">Laderas de 
Pucara</a>, 3850 m, 03 November 1966, Vargas 18293 (CUZ!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.905555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.755/lat -14.905555)">Lampa</a>, 3900-4400 m, 25 March 1988,  Velásquez 1; 2; 3; 4; 8; 9; 11 (MO!); Melgar,  Ñuñoa, 14°28'24"S, 070°35'43"W, 4038 m, 06 October 2014, Boza 3003 (USM!, Z!);  Ñuñoa, 14°25'38"S, 070°34'01"W, 4094 m, 06 October 2014, Boza 3004 (USM!, Z!). Palca, Palca, 15°15'08"S, 070°32'05"W, 3960 m, 04 April 2005, Aedo 11124 (USM!). Puno, Slopes east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.905555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.755/lat -14.905555)">Puno</a>, 3800 m, 29 January 1975, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.905555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.755/lat -14.905555)">Antunez de Mayolo</a> 87 (USM!); On dry places, 3125 m, 02 January 1920, Shepard 150 (A!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.905555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.755/lat -14.905555)">San Antonio de Putina</a>, Quilcapuncu, 14°54'20"S, 069°45'18"W, 3952 m, 08 October 2014, Boza 3007 (CUZ!, USM!); Near Puno, 4000 m, 01 July 1936, Soukup 365 (F!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D1B9088C89833B3DA455707D5B7EA81C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
8644932DA0DCD57A2CBED07B68E567B9.text	8644932DA0DCD57A2CBED07B68E567B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis pauta Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21: 313. 1895.	<div><p>4.  Polylepis pauta Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21: 313. 1895.</p><p>Figs 20, 21</p><p>Polylepis annulatipilosa Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 596. 1911. Type. Ecuador. Pichincha: Andes of Quito, Jameson 16 (lectotype, designated by Simpson 1979, pg. 27: W, isolectotypes: G, GH; photos at F!, MO!, US!).</p><p>Polylepis stuebelii Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21: 313. 1896. Type. Ecuador. Napo: E slope of Cerro  Quilindaña near Bambasacha, 3700 m,  Stübel 204 (holotype: B destroyed; photos at F!, MO!, NY!, US!).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Ecuador. Pichincha: "Corredor Machai", 3900 m, Oct 1871,  Stübel 232a (holotype: B destroyed; photos at F!, GH!, MO!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 2-12 m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 4-5(-6) pairs of the lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 3.2-4.9  × 2.2-3.0 cm; rachises sparsely sericeous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight whitish hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, glabrous to sparsely sericeous (adult) or densely sericeous (juvenile) in the upper surface; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.1-)1.4-1.6  × 0.5-0.6 cm; margin crenate with 4-6 teeth, subcoriaceous, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous or sparsely sericeous with few hairs on the mid-veins; lower leaflet surfaces sparsely sericeous with whitish hairs 0.4-0.9 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (8.1-)12.6-14.3(-19.3) cm long, bearing 9-15(-21) flowers; floral bracts (9.1-)10.0-12.2 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises densely villous. Flowers 6.0-7.4(-9.2) mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 9-15, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.2-3.0 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely sericeous; (2.6-)3.4-5.5  × 3.3-6.0(-8.2) mm including spines. Tetraploid, aneuploid; perhaps also diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis pauta occurs in the north-eastern Cordillera Oriental of Ecuador (Fig. 24). It grows in high Andean Forest at 2600-4200 m elevation, often mixed with other tree species such as  Gynoxys acostae,  Solanum stenophyllum and  Hesperomeles obtusifolia (Cierjacks et al. 2007b, 2008). Many populations are restricted to small, isolated forest patches, but in Napo, Ecuador, the species shows no evidence of genetic isolation by distance (Aragundi et al. 2011). Larger forest patches with broader elevational ranges have higher genetic diversity than forest patches on steeper slopes and at higher elevations, possibly due to increasing vegetative reproduction with elevation (Cierjacks et al. 2007a; Aragundi et al. 2011). In the same general region, Cierjacks et al. (2008) found a decrease of the number of inflorescences with elevation. Overall, reproductive success is low and decreases with elevation, being higher in the forest interior than outside and even higher when the litter layer is removed (Cierjacks et al. 2007b). Forests of  P. pauta support a diverse bryophyte flora with numerous endemic species (Gradstein and  León-Yañez 2018).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis pauta is estimated as 1,590 km2, the AOO is assessed at 132 km2 and it occurs at 14 locations. Large populations occur within Cayambe-Coca National Park and Antisana Ecological Reserve, but there is genetic evidence for a loss of genetic diversity due to forest fragmentation (Aragundi et al. 2011). Moderate cattle grazing increases seedling abundance, presumably due to the removal of the litter layer (Cierjacks et al. 2008). We assess  P. pauta as Vulnerable (A1, B1a+B2a, C1).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Simpson (1979) noticed that it is possible to morphologically differentiate various geographical populations within  P. pauta as defined by her to include the populations here separated under  P. longipilosa and  P. serrata . Based on our fieldwork in Ecuador to clarify the taxonomic position of the ecologically well-studied populations to the east of Quito, we recognize two species based on their morphology, ecology and geographical distribution: the populations of the north-eastern Cordillera Oriental as  P. pauta and the northern population as  P. longipilosa (Boza Espinoza et al. 2020a).  Polylepis pauta differs from  P. longipilosa by having shorter leaflets (1.1-1.6 cm versus 1.4-2.2 cm in  P. longipilosa) with crenate margins and emarginate apex (versus entire to slightly crenate margins and acute to rarely emarginate apex), shorter hairs (0.4-0.9 mm versus 1.1-1.6 mm) and fewer flowers per inflorescence (9-21 versus 19-29). Occasionally, specimens of  P. pauta resemble those of  P. ochreata in having the same number of lateral leaflets, but leaflet margins are crenate in  P. pauta and entire to slightly serrate in  P. ochreata .</p><p>An outstanding feature of  P. pauta are the differences in leaflet number, shape and indument between young and adult plants. On young plants, leaves look very similar to those of  P. longipilosa, whereas as the plants mature, the leaves become almost glabrous and have 4-5 lateral leaflet pairs.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Ecuador. Cotopaxi: 2 km S of Paso de la Virgen on road Quito-Baeza, 00°20'S, 078°13'W, 3850-4000 m, 16 May 1984,  Lægaard 52133 (AAU!, QCA!). Imbabura:  González Suárez, Lagunas de Mojanda, Laguna Negra, 00°08'N, 078°15'W, 3700 m, 22 September 1990,  Øllgaard 98194 (AAU!);  vía hacia la laguna de Mojanda, 00°08'N, 078°15'W, 3500-3700 m, 02 November 1987, Romoleroux 475 (AAU!, QCA!). Otavalo, road from Otavalo to lagunas Mojanda, ca. 3 km before the lakes, 00°10'N, 078°17'W, 3500-3700 m, 23 October 1983, Balslev 4450 (AAU!, QCA!). Quiroga, Cotacachi, Reserva  Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas, 00°18'N, 078°22'W, 3300-3350 m, 02 March 1992,  Peñafiel 1091 (MO!). Tocachi, Laguna Grande de Mojanda, 15 km S of Otavalo, 00°08'N, 078°16'W, 3750 m, 14 May 1985, Eriksen 59359 (AAU!); 59374 (AAU!). Mojanda, Tomauco, 3309 m, 05 June 2008, Salgado 428 (QCA!); Mojanda, Tomauco, 3274 m, 05 June 2008, Salgado 458 (QCA!);  Páramo de Mojanda, on the SW slope of the peak Nudo de Mojanda, 4130 m, 06 November 2007, Sklenar 10746 (QCA!). Napo: Oyacachi, 0°12'S, 78°8'W, 3680 m, 08 April 2012, Homeier 4948 (QCA!); N of  Volcán Los Puntos, 00°12'S, 078°10'W, 4200 m, 27 July 1985,  Lægaard 54756A (AAU!); N of  Volcán Los Puntos, 00°12'S, 078°10'W, 3850-3900 m, 28 July 1985,  Lægaard 54756B (AAU!); N of  Volcán Los Puntos, 00°12'S, 078°10'W, 3850-3900 m, 28 July 1985,  Lægaard 54756C (AAU!); 54756D (AAU!); 54756E (AAU!); 54756F (AAU!); 54761 (AAU!, MO!); Reserva  Ecológica Oyacachi, 00°13'49"S, 078°08'44"W, 3915 m, 16 December 2008, Romoleroux 5346 (MO!, QCA!). Papallacta, Oyacachi, 0°18'6"S, 78°8'28"W, 3970 m, 10 June 2009, Homeier 4191 (QCA!);  Páramo de Papallacta, 00°20'S, 078°10'W, 12 January 2015, Kessler s.n (Z!); Pifo-Papallacta, 3-5 km E of Paso de La Virgen,  Páramo-swamp, 00°21'S, 078°11'W, 3700-3900 m, 09 June 1992,  Lægaard 103115 (AAU!, GOET!, QCA!); 3 km E of Paso de la Virgen on road Pifo-Papallacta, 00°20'S, 078°11'W, 3950-4050 m, 02 June 1985,  Lægaard 54442 (AAU!, QCA!); 54443 (AAU!); 54444 (AAU!, MO!); 54446 (AAU!); 54447 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 54448 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 54449 (AAU!, QCA!); 54450 (AAU!, MO!); 54451 (AAU!, MO!); 54452 (AAU!, MO!); along road Pifo-Papallacta, E of Paso de la Virgen, 00°21'S, 078°11'W, 3750-3850 m, 21 June 1985,  Lægaard 54558B (AAU!); 54558C (AAU!); 54558D (AAU!); 54559 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 54560 (AAU!, MO!); 54561 (AAU!); road Quito-Baeza, 7-8 km NW of Laguna de Papallacta ( Páramo de  Guamaní), 00°19'S, 078°08'W, 3800 m, 20 July 1976,  Øllgaard 8156 (AAU!, MO!, NY); Reserva  Ecológica Oyacachi, 00°17'46"S, 078°08'49"W, 3927 m, 20 September 2008, Romoleroux 5194 (MO!, QCA!); carretera Quito-Baeza,  páramo above Papallacta, 00°21'S, 078°10'W, 3400-3700 m, 28 May 1987, van der Werff 9638 (AAU!, GB, MO!). Pintag, Paso de  Guamaní, quebrada, about +- 4 km E Paso de  Guamaní, on road to Papallacta, 00°20'S, 078°20'W, 3900 m, 26 March 1967, Sparre 15029 (AAU!, S). Quijos, Parroquia Papallacta, 00°21'S, 078°11'W, 3700 m, 28 May 1990,  Cerón 10054 (MO!); Reserva  Ecológica Antisana, carretera Pifo-Baeza,  Páramo de la Virgen, 00°20'S, 078°12'W, 3960 m, 23 November 1998, Freire 2852 (AAU!, ILLS, MO!, QCNE); Reserva  Ecológica Antisana, carretera Pifo-Baeza,  Páramo de la Virgen, 00°23'S, 078°12'W, 3730 m, 24 November 1998, Freire 2870 (ILLS, MO!, QCNE); Reserva  Ecológica Antisana,  Páramo de  Guamaní, carretera Pifo-Papallacta, La Virgen, 00°20'S, 078°12'W, 4140 m, 24 July 1998, Vargas 1946 (AAU!, ILLS, MO!, QCNE); carretera Quito-Tena via Baeza km 52, 3820 m, 03 August 1984, Dodson 14832 (MO!); 8 kms de la  población de Oyacachi, siguiendo el sendero hacia Cochapamba, 3500 m, 12 March 1991,  Gavilánez 462 (QCA!); carretera Oyacachi-Papallacta, colecciones a 11 km de la Laguna de Loreto, 3800 m, 27 April 1998,  Guerrón 343 (QCA!); Papallacta, 3400-3600 m, 16 August 1990, Jaramillo 11832 (AAU!, MO!); Papallacta, 3400 m, 17 August 1990, Jaramillo 11842 (MO!);  Páramo de  Guamaní, road Quito Papallacta, 4000 m, 04 March 1979, Kieft 228 (QCA!); 3 km E of Paso de la Virgen on road Pifo-Papallacta, 3951-4050 m, 06 February 1985,  Lægaard 54452 (QCA!); along road Pifo-Papallacta, E of Paso de la Virgen, 3750 m,  Lægaard 54558 (QCA!); along road Pifo-Papallacta, E of Paso de la Virgen, 3750-3850 m, 21 June 1985,  Lægaard 54560 (QCA!); N of  Volcán Los Puntos, 3850 m,  Lægaard 54756 (QCA!); N of  Volcán Los Puntos, 3850-3900 m, 28 July 1985,  Lægaard 54757 (QCA!); N of  Volcán Los Puntos, 3851-3900 m, 28 July 1985,  Lægaard 54758 (QCA!); 54759 (QCA!); Oyacachi, Yarupaccha, 3620-3680 m, 16 January 1996, Navarrete 1449 (QCA!); Reserva  Ecológica Oyacachi, 3940 m, 28 January 2007, Romoleroux 4282 (QCA!); 4297 (QCA!); Reserva  Ecológica Oyacachi, 3895 m, 23 February 2007, Romoleroux 4340 (QCA!); Reserva  Ecológica Oyachachi, 3465 m, 08 March 2008, Romoleroux 4751 (QCA!);  Páramo de  Guamaní, alrededores de la laguna de Papallacta, 3900-4000 m, 06 December 1987, Romoleroux 491 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); Reserva  Ecológica Oyachachi, 3929 m, 13 September 2008, Romoleroux 5167 (QCA!); 3681 m, 06 February 1985, Romoleroux 5168 (QCA!); 3917 m, 14 April 2009, Romoleroux 5475 (QCA!); 3880 m, 16 May 2009, Romoleroux 5489 (QCA!); Reserva  Ecológica Oyacachi, 3560 m, 2 February 2007, Romoleroux A4321 (QCA!);  Páramo de la Virgen, 3904 m, 29 September 2004, Salgado 1 (QCA!); about 3 km W of Oyacachi, 3550 m, 27 March 1996,  Ståhl 2278 (QCA!); crescit prope Bambasacha in declivibus orientalibus mentis  Quilindaña sitis, 3700 m, s.d.,  Stübel 204 (B, F!, MO!, NY, US!). Pichincha: Cayambe, carretera Cayambe-Hda. Piamonte-Patapamba, 00°02'S, 078°04'W, 3700 m, 04 December 1993, Freire 2606 (AAU!, QCA!). Papallacta, Along road Pifo-Papallacta, E of Paso de la Virgen, 00°21'S, 078°11'W, 4200-4300 m, 20 June 1985,  Lægaard 54558A (AAU!); Pichincha-Napo, base del  Volcán Antisana, entrada por Pintag hacia laguna Micacocha, campamento de EMAP, 00°27'S, 078°10'W, 4000-4100 m, 09 October 1990, Romoleroux 1117 (AAU!, QCA!); Pichincha-Napo, base del  Volcán Antisana, entrada por Pintag hacia laguna Micacocha campamento EMAP, 00°27'S, 078°10'W, 4000-4100 m, 09 October 1990, Romoleroux 1118 (AAU!, QCA!);  Páramo de la Virgen, camino antiguo, 0°20'S, 78°12'W, 3938 m, 20 September 2004, Salgado 3A (QCA!). Pifo, Mount  Guamaní, 0°20'S, 78°33'W, 3600-3800 m, 15 September 1939, Asplund 8767 (QCA!); 2 km west of La Virgin on the road from Pifo to Papallacta, 00°17'S, 078°12'W, 3950-4050 m, 20 May 1984, Brandbyge 42638 (AAU!, MO!); Pifo-Papallacta (new road) app. 1 km W of Paso de la Virgen, 00°19'S, 078°13'W, 3700 m, 16 April 1992,  Lægaard 102327 (AAU!, GOET!); 2 km S of Paso de la Virgen on road Quito-Baeza, 00°20'S, 078°13'W, 4000-4200 m, 19-20 May 1984,  Lægaard 52134 (AAU!); 52135 (AAU!); 52138 (AAU!, MO!); 52162 (AAU!); 52176 (AAU!, QCA!); road Pifo-Papallacta, near Paso de la Virgen, 00°19'S, 078°13'W, 4000-4100 m, 13 March 1985,  Lægaard 53849 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); road Pifo-Papallacta, 3 km W of Paso de la Virgen, 00°18'S, 078°14'W, 3700-3900 m, 07 August 1985,  Lægaard 54901A; 54901B; 54901C; 54901D; 54902AA; 54902K; 54902M; 54902P; 54902S; 54902U; 54902W; 54902Y (AAU!); at Paso de la Virgen, 00°18'S, 078°12'W, 4000-4050 m, 28 November 1985,  Lægaard 55729 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); carretera Quito-Papallacta, 1 km al este de la cumbre (La Virgen), 00°20'S, 078°15'W, 3800 m, 06 October 1986, Neill 7378A (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 2 km al E de la cumbre de la carretera Pifo-Papallacta (La Virgen), 00°20'S, 078°15'W, 3900 m, 28 November 1987, Neill 8018 (AAU!, GB, MO!, QCA!, QCNE);  Vía Baeza, 1 km antes del cruce de la Virgen, 00°18'S, 078°12'W, 3950 m, 01 March 1989, Palacios 3994 (AAU!, MO!); carretera Quito-Papallacta km 40-53, 00°16'S, 078°15'W, 3300-3800 m, 27 December 1992, Romoleroux 1507 (AAU!, QCA!); 00°21'S, 078°13'W, Romoleroux 353 (QCA!);  Páramo de  Guamaní, on the left side of the road Quito-Papallacta, 0°19'S, 78°12'W, 4000 m, 28 June 1997,  Sklenár 2019 (QCA!). Quito, Parroquia Pifo, carretera Quito-Baeza,  Páramo de la Virgen, 00°14'S, 078°20'W, 3500-3900 m, 25 April 1992,  Cerón 18792 (MO!); Jameson 16 (MO!); road from Quito via Pifo to Papallacta, 00°34'S, 078°19'W, 3950 m, 04 July 2014, Kessler 14602; 14603; 14604; 14605 (Z!); Pass on Quito-Papallacta road, 3800-3900 m, 06 April 1991, Kessler 2750 (GOET!); 2755 (GOET!);  Páramo de  Guamaní, carretera Pifo-Papallacta, Km 27, 00°19'S, 078°12'W, 3960 m, 13 June 1990,  León 1149 (QCA!); Baeza-Quito km 53, 00°20'S, 078°12'W, 4200 m, 08 July 2002, Schmidt-Lebuhn 378 (GOET!, QCA!). Tabacundo, at highest pass on road Mojanda-Tabacundo, 00°07'N, 078°15'W, 4030 m, 08 April 2001,  Lægaard 21538A; 21538B (AAU!). Tocachi,  Páramo de Mojanda, at Laguna Negra and S-side of Laguna Grande, 00°08'N, 078°16'W, 3800 m, 14 May 1985,  Lægaard 54316B (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 54330 (AAU!, MO!); 54333 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 54336 (AAU!); 54346 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Lagunas Mojanda, 00°07'N, 078°16'W, 3800 m, 30-31 Jul 1992, Palacios 10210 (AAU!, MO!); 10239 (AAU!, MO!); Lagunas de Mojanda, ca. Laguna Grande, 00°08'N, 078°16'W, 3700-3800 m, 01 June 1988, Romoleroux 654 (AAU!, QCA!); 3400-3500 m,  Acosta-Solís 8379 (F!); 3700-4000 m, s.d., Asplund 18244 (S); alrededores de la Laguna Grande de Mojanda Cajas, 3960 m, 27 February 1999, Jaramillo 20986 (QCA!); the pass on Quito-Papallacta road, 3800-3900 m, 06 April 1991, Kessler 2749 (GOET!, MO!); 2750 (GOET!, MO!); 2753 (GOET!, MO!); 2754 (GOET!, LPB, MO!);  Páramo de la Virgen, 3100 m, 01 November 2006,  Muñoz 4 (QCA!); Laguna grande de Mojanda-Cajas, 3800 m, 19 September 2011,  Pérez 5117 (QCA!); 3960 m, 01 August 1975, Little 22 (MO!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8644932DA0DCD57A2CBED07B68E567B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
5F5F14688EDD3268D6584EB70C83D73F.text	5F5F14688EDD3268D6584EB70C83D73F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis pepei B. B. Simpson, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 43: 32. 1979.	<div><p>14.  Polylepis pepei B.B. Simpson, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 43: 32. 1979.</p><p>Figs 42, 43</p><p>Type.</p><p>Bolivia. Cochabamba: 77 km after Chapare on the road to Todos Santos, 4200 m, 4 Jan 1968, Vuilleumier 465 (holotype: US!; isotypes: MO!, NY!, P!, TEX!, US!, VEN!) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shrubs or trees 2-7(9) m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2 pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (1.3-)1.7-2.6  × 1.2-2.0 cm; rachises densely sericeous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long; stipular sheaths apically truncate or with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 0.8-1.3  × 0.2-0.7 cm; margin entire, apically emarginate or tridentate due to a projection of the mid-vein, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces sparsely to densely sericeous; lower leaflet surfaces densely sericeous with whitish hairs 0.6-0.9 mm long. Inflorescences upright, 1.2-1.6(-3.5) cm long, bearing 3 flowers; floral bracts 4.0-7.3 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises densely sericeous. Flowers 4.9-5.9 mm diam.; sepals 3-4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 5-9, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 3.0-4.9 mm long. Fruits turbinate often slightly twisted, with variable numbers and placement of short spines, densely sericeous; 2.3-5.7  × 1.9-3.9 mm including spines. Diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis pepei has been found in northern to central Bolivia and southern Puno (Peru) where it has been collected at one locality in San Antonio de Putina Province close to the border with Bolivia (Fig. 24). It grows at 3550-4800 m elevation, where it typically forms the uppermost forests, often in isolated patches high above the closed treeline, often on rocky slopes (Sylvester et al. 2017). Forest remnants in sites that are topographically inaccessible to grazing animals and man-made fires support a unique flora with many previously undescribed species (Sylvester et al. 2016) that presumably represents remnants of the natural potential vegetation (Sylvester et al. 2014a). Such inaccessible forest remnants are also characterized by a high proportion (on average 30%) of dead, standing trees, which support a diverse flora of epiphytic bryophytes and lichens (Sylvester et al. 2017). In accessible forests, such dead trees are harvested by the local inhabitants as firewood (Toivonen et al. 2018). The  world’s highest vascular epiphytes ( Melpomene spp.,  Polypodiaceae) have been found at elevations of up to 4550 m in forest of  P. pepei (Sylvester et al. 2014b). These forests also support the hemiparasite  Tristerix longebracteatus (Desr.) Barlow &amp; Wiens ( Loranthaceae) at over 4600 m elevation (Sylvester et al. 2014b). Stands of  P. pepei are often very dense, with numerous trunks of relatively small diameters of around 10 cm (Toivonen et al. 2018). Radial tree growth of the species is enhanced by rains in the dry season and varies depending on local conditions including slope and substrate (Jomelli et al. 2012). Vegetative reproduction increases with elevation, to the degree that the uppermost stands have no reproduction by seeds at all (Hertel and Wesche 2008; Toivonen et al. 2018).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Polylepis pepei is known from 12 locations with an EOO of 35,111 km2 and an estimated AOO of 68 km2.  Polylepis pepei was categorized as VU (A1c) in the World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al. 1998). Later, it was classified as EN (B1b(i,iii)) in the Red List of Threatened Flora of Bolivia ( Arrázola and Coronado 2012). It is protected within Madidi and Carrasco National Parks of Bolivia. A stand above Unduavi has been focus of conservation attention due to the presence of the critically endangered bird species  Anairetes alpinus (Navarro et al. 2010). Stands of  P. pepei are severely threatened by livestock activities that involve annual burns of the grasslands that often extend into the forests. This species survives low to moderate levels of direct use by local extraction of firewood (Navarro et al. 2010). We assess  P. pepei as Endangered (A2a, B1a+B2a, C1, D1).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis pepei is very similar to  P. rodolfovasquezii . It differs by having two pairs of lateral leaflets (versus one pair in  P. rodolfovasquezii) and longer inflorescences (1.2-1.6(-3.5) cm) bearing three flowers, whereas  P. rodolfovasquezii has shorter inflorescences (0.9-1.1 cm) bearing just one flower. Additionally,  P. pepei may be confused with  P. subsericans and  P. flavipila because they all share short leaflets and inflorescences.  Polylepis pepei differs from these by having two pairs of lateral leaflets and sericeous hairs, whereas the other two species have one pair of lateral leaflets and strigose hairs in  P. subsericans and pilose hairs in  P. flavipila .</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Bolivia. Cochabamba: Chapare, Km 74 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.655556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.001389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.655556/lat -17.001389)">Camino</a> antiguo a los yungas del <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.655556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.001389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.655556/lat -17.001389)">Chapare</a> entrando por <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.655556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.001389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.655556/lat -17.001389)">Aguirre</a>, 3760 m, 24 April 1999, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.655556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.001389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.655556/lat -17.001389)">Mercado</a> 2207 (MO!); 77 km. after <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.655556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.001389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.655556/lat -17.001389)">Cochabamba</a> on the road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.655556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.001389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.655556/lat -17.001389)">Todos Santos</a>, 4200 m, 04 January 1967, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.655556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.001389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.655556/lat -17.001389)">Vuilleumier</a> 465 (MO!, NY, US!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.655556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.001389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.655556/lat -17.001389)">Tiraque</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.655556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.001389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.655556/lat -17.001389)">El Ronco</a>, ceja de monte yungena, 17°00'05"S, 065°39'20"W, 3930 m, 11 May 2005,  Alcázar-Johansen 403 (BOLV); El Ronco, Ceja de monte yunguena, 17°00'05"S, 065°39'20"W, 3710 m, 11 May 2005, Johansen 403 (MO!)  .   La Paz: Bautista Saavedra, Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.933334/lat -16.3)">Hilo Hilo</a>, a una hora y media de Pallalani en direccion a <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.933334/lat -16.3)">Laji Sorapata</a>, sobre el camino, 14°52'40"S, 068°55'34"W, 4300 m, 06 April 2009, Loza 589 (LPB, MA, MO!, USZ); 590 (LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ). Franz Tamayo, Parque Nacional Madidi, Queara, sector Quecara, Llantai Cunca, 14°39'01"S, 069°05'01"W, 21 April 2008, Fuentes 12687 (BOLV, CTES, HSB, LPB, MA, MO!, QCA!, USZ); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.933334/lat -16.3)">Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.933334/lat -16.3)">Keara</a>, hacia el NW, 14°41'03"S, 069°05'35"W, 4151 m, 17 June 2005, Fuentes 8282 (LPB, MA, MO!, QCA!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.933334/lat -16.3)">Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba</a>, Waca Cocha, 4.7 km al SE de Keara, 14°43'47"S, 069°04'17"W, 18 June 2005, Fuentes 8341 (LPB, MO!, QCA!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.933334/lat -16.3)">Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba</a>, Hilo Hilo, frente a Pallalani, 14°52'49"S, 068°57'09"W, 4286 m, 05 April 2009, Loza 587 (LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); 588 (BOLV, LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); Parque Nacional Madidi, Queara nuevo,  Chuñuña,  queñual al N del pueblo, 14°41'04"S, 069°05'36"W, 4100 m, 09 April 2008, Paco 1 (BOLV, DAV, HSB, LPB, MA, MO!, USZ); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.933334/lat -16.3)">Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba</a>, Queara nuevo Toilcacocha, 14°41'12"S, 069°05'17"W, 3930 m, 11 April 2008, Paco 80 (LPB, MA, MO!, QCA!, US!); Apolobamba, Puina, cerca de  Queñuapata, 14°36'26"S, 069°05'52"W, 4365 m, 10 April 2008, Quisbert 801 (BOLV, LPB, MA, MO!, NY, USZ); 810 (LPB, MA, MO!, USZ); Apolobamba, entre la comunidad de Puina y cerro  k’akepununa, 14°36'24"S, 069°05'47"W, 4458 m, 11 April 2008, Quisbert 821 (LPB, MA, MO!, USZ); 825 (BOLV, LPB, MA, MO!, QCA!, USZ); Apolobamba, Palomani, 14°34'58"S, 069°07'38"W, 4286 m, 12 April 2008, Quisbert 844 (BOLV, HSB, LPB, MA, MO!, QCA!, USZ); 848 (BOLV, LPB, MA, MO!, USZ). Inquisivi, 15 Km N Villa Victoria, ca. 15 km SE Quime, 17°06'S, 067°14'W, 4050 m, 05 December 1991, Kessler 3385 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3386 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!). Murillo, entre Pongo y Unduavi, MIna 50, subiendo hacia la Mina SAn Luis, 3960 m, 28 October 1994, Beck 21532 (LPB); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.933334/lat -16.3)">Pongo</a> bajanado a los Yungas, del pueblo <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.933334/lat -16.3)">Pongo</a> subiendo a los restos del bosque de  Polylepis pepei, 16°19'32"S, 067°57'26"W, 3950 m, 10 January 2007, Beck 29771 (LPB); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.933334/lat -16.3)">Valle del Zongo</a> entrando arriba de Botijalca (Tiquimani) haia el Este, Umapalca media hora y entrando en Valle Latera, 16°12'S, 068°03'W, 4000 m, 31 January 2004, Beck 30014 (LPB); 14.8 km N of the pass at the head of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.933334/lat -16.3)">The Zongo Valley</a>, 16°13'S, 068°07'W, 3850-4050 m, 11 April 1987, Brandbyge 584 (AAU!); 854 (MO!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.933334/lat -16.3)">Valle del 
Rio
Zongo.</a> 14.8 km al norte de la cumbre, 16°12'S, 068°07'W, 3900-4000 m, 20 February 1987, Solomon 16172 (LPB, MO!); 17.0 km al este de La Cumbre (vieja  estación de ferrocarril) por el camino a <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.933334/lat -16.3)">Unduavi</a> (4.2 km al oeste de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.933334/lat -16.3)">Unduavi</a>), 16°19'S, 067°55'W, 3350 m, 11 April 1988, Solomon 18267 (LPB, MO!). Nor Yungas, arriba de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.933334/lat -16.3)">Unduavi</a> subiendo aproximadamente 45 min hacia los bosques de  Polylepis pepei, 16°18'S, 067°56'W, 4120 m, 13 September 2016, Escobari 78 (LPB). Sud Yungas, debajo de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.933334/lat -16.3)">Unduavi</a>, subiendo el valle de Cerromarca, 3450 m, 28 August 1988, Beck 14680 (LPB)  .</p><p>Peru. Puno: San Antonio de Putina, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.605835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.732222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.605835/lat -14.732222)">Tocko-Tocko</a>, 14°43'56"S, 69°36'21"W, 4560 m, 10-12 June 1969, Vargas 21596 (CUZ!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F5F14688EDD3268D6584EB70C83D73F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
5EFE418C7532A8831593A4571412355F.text	5EFE418C7532A8831593A4571412355F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis pilosissima T. Boza & M. Kessler 2022	<div><p>26.  Polylepis pilosissima T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 69, 70</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>This species differs from  Polylepis flavipila (Bitter) M.Kessler &amp; Schmid-Leb. (2006) in having longer leaflets with dense long hairs on the lower surfaces and crenate margins with more teeth per side.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Peru. Lima: Huarochiri, Carapoma, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.452774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.636389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.452774/lat -11.636389)">Bosque de Japani</a>, 11°38'11"S, 076°27'10"W, 3859 m, 11 Nov 2014, T.E. Boza E. &amp; E. Urquiaga 3023 (holotype: USM!; isotype: Z!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 4-8 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with one pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (1.9-)2.8-3.6  × 1.9-3.7 cm; rachises densely villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths not spurred, densely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.6-)1.9-2.7  × 0.5-0.9 cm; margin crenate with 7-14 teeth, apically acute or emarginate, basally cuneate; upper leaflet surfaces densely pilose; lower leaflet surfaces densely pilose with yellowish hairs 1.0-1.2 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (1.5-)2.1-5.2 cm long, bearing 3-5 flowers; floral bracts 2.5-3.9 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 7.3-8.5 mm diam.; sepals 3-4, ovate, green to reddish, densely villous outside; stamens 11-17, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.5-3.9 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 3-4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely pilose; 5.4-6.4(-8.8)  × 1.9-3.1(-5.1) mm including spines. Tetraploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis pilosissima is restricted to the Department of Lima, Peru (Fig. 73). The species occurs in dry and relatively cold areas at 3500-4400 m elevation. It grows in mixed forests with  Gynoxyis nitida (Rivera Paucar 2018). The largest forest of  P. pilosissima is "Japani forest", located in Carampoma (Huarochiri, Lima) with 665 ha ( Ñingle and Florencio 2013; Rivera Paucar 2018). It hosts a high diversity of birds (74 spp.), including endemic and threatened species, such as  Oreotrochilus melanogaster,  Ochthoeca oenanthoides and  Conirostrum binghami (=  Oreomanes fraseri) (Sembrero and Valencia 2016; Rivera Paucar 2018). Japani forest stores about 47,000 t of biomass and 24,500 t of carbon in the above-ground woody part (Rivera Paucar 2018).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species epithet  “pilosissima” refers to the characteristic dense, long pilose hairs of the species.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  P. pilosissima is estimated as 5,129 km2, the AOO is assessed at 28 km2 and it is known from only five locations. The largest stand of this species is protected within the  “Japani” Private Conservation Area. Based on its fragmented and restricted distribution, we assess  P. pilosissima as Critically Endangered (CR A2a, B2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The populations of  Polylepis in Huarochiri Province (Lima) have previously been identified as  P. flavipila (Kessler and Schmidt-Lebuhn 2006; Mendoza and Cano 2012). Indeed,  P. pilosissima resembles  P. flavipila in having one lateral leaflet pair, obovate leaflets with crenate margin with pilose hairs and short inflorescences with few flowers. However, it has leaflets (1.6-)1.9-2.7 cm long, crenate leaflet margins with 7-14 teeth per side, upper leaflet surfaces densely pilose and lower leaflet surface hairs 1.0-1.2 mm long, whereas  P. flavipila has leaflets (1.2-)1.6-2.0 cm long, crenate margins with 4-6 teeth per side, upper surface sparsely pilose and lower leaflet surface hairs 0.5-0.6 mm long. Additionally,  P. pilosissima is morphologically similar to  P. subsericans, with which it shares lower leaflet surface hair density and length. However,  P. pilosissima has obovate leaflets with crenate margins, pilose hairs which are dense on both leaflet surfaces and 11-17 flowers per inflorescence, whereas  P. subsericans has narrowly elliptic leaflets with entire to slightly serrate apex margins, strigose hairs which are sparse on the upper leaflet surfaces and dense on the lower ones and 9-13 flowers per inflorescence.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Peru. Lima: Huarochiri, Quebrada Yanac in Valle Sta.  Eulalia, 11°35'S, 076°27'W, 4000 m, 27 January 1987, Boertmann 9 (AAU!); Carapoma, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.433334/lat -11.616667)">Bosque de Japani</a>, 11°38'11"S, 076°27'10"W, 3859 m, 11 November 2014, Boza 3023 (USM!, Z!); 10 km NE of Suchi, ca. 61 road km NE of Chosica on road to Huanza, 11°41'24"S, 076°34'48"W, 3900-4000 m, 06 May 1978, Gentry 21638 (MO!, USM!); huacamachay (Alto <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.433334/lat -11.616667)">rio
Sta.</a> Eulalia), 4000 m, 09 October 1987, Hocking s.n (USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.433334/lat -11.616667)">Comunidad Campesina de Llacuas</a>, 06 November 1995, Ignacio s.n (USM!); Sta.  Eulalia Valley, ca. 15 km NE Huansa, 11°37'S, 076°26'W, 3800 m, 06 September 1991, Kessler 3063 (GOET!); 3064 (GOET!); 3426 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3427 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3428 (AAU!); 3588 (GOET!); 3589 (GOET!); 3590 (GOET!); 3591 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3593 (GOET!); 3653 (GOET!); arriba de Santa  Eulalia, 01 March 1966, Koepcke s.n (USM!). Yauyos, entre Pallaca y Huacracocha a 14 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.433334/lat -11.616667)">Km. de Tupe</a>, 4000 m, 22 January 1952, Cerrate 1265 (GOET!, MO!, USM!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5EFE418C7532A8831593A4571412355F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
741F0E6B5D9745B46AA99759DDF294FC.text	741F0E6B5D9745B46AA99759DDF294FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis quadrijuga Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 613, pl. 6. 1911.	<div><p>19.  Polylepis quadrijuga Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 613, pl. 6. 1911.</p><p>Figs 53, 54</p><p>Polylepis boyacensis Cuatrecasas, Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 4: 343, f. 13-14. 1941. Type. Colombia.  Boyacá: Cordillera Oriental,  Páramo de Santa Rosita between Belen and Susacon, 3300-3400 m, 3 August 1940, Cuatrecasas 10374 (holotype: P!; isotypes: COL!, US!).</p><p>Polylepis cocuyensis Killip &amp; Cuatrecasas, Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 5(17): 33. F. 19.1942. Type. Colombia.  Boyacá: Nevado del Cocuy in the Quebrada of San Paulino, El  Morrón, 3800 m, 11 September 1938, Cuatrecasas 1405 (holotype: US!; isotypes: P!, U!).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Colombia. Cundinamarca: Cordillera Oriental,  Páramos de   Bogota,  Muzo, May 1844, Goudot s.n (holotype: P!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 2-10 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 3-4 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (4.2-)4.4-5.3(-6.5)  × 2.4-3.2 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, lanate hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.5-2.0  × 0.7-1.1 cm; margin entire or slightly crenate with 4-6 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with whitish hairs 0.7-0.9 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (6.0-)7.3-10.5(-12.3) cm long, bearing 11-19 flowers; floral bracts 4.3-4.7 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely lanate on the outer surface; rachises tomentose. Flowers 6.8-9.5 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely tomentose outside; stamens 9-19, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 3.7-4.6 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely villous; 4.6-6.5(-7.2)  × 5.1-7.2 mm including spines. Diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat, and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis quadrijuga is found in north-eastern Colombia from  Páramo de la Rusia (Santander) across  Páramo Guina,  Páramo Belen,  Páramo Guantiva and Sierra Nevada Cocuy ( Boyacá) to Maciso de  Sumapáz and Chingaza National Natural Park (Cundinamarca) (Fig. 61). It grows in humid  Páramos at 2200-4250 m elevation.  Polylepis quadrijuga represents 33.7% (1032.2 ha) of the total area of  Polylepis forest identified for Colombia ( Fadiño and Caro 2009). It is often associated with  Diplostephium tenuifolium ( Asteraceae) and  Escallonia myrtilloides ( Escalloniaceae) (Rangel-Ch and Arellano 2010).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The estimated EOO for  Polylepis quadrijuga is 16,286 km2 and the AOO is 84 km2. It is known from 16 locations.  Polylepis quadrijuga is protected within Chingaza and Sumapaz National Natural Parks and Cocuy National Park. Although the species occurs within these protected areas, it is also found in heavily fragmented forest regions. Perhaps the most worrying area is the corridor Rusia-Guantiva  Páramos because of the absence of protected areas that would help to mitigate the current pressures (Rangel-Ch and Arellano 2007). The rising of the potato crop line is a strong threat to the permanence of these forests (Rangel-Ch and Arellano 2010), as is the reduction of the potential range due to climate change (Caballero-Villalobos et al. 2021). We assess  P. quadrijuga as Vulnerable (A2a, B1a+B2a, D2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis quadrijuga resembles  P. frontinensis . It differs from it by its elliptic leaflets with tomentose hairs 0.7-0.9 mm long, whereas  P. frontinensis has obovate leaflets with villous hairs 1.4-1.8 mm long. Further,  P. quadrijuga is morphologically similar to  P. occidentalis, with which it shares elliptic leaflets, with deeply emarginate apices, entire to slightly crenate margins and densely tomentose lower leaflet surfaces. However,  P. quadrijuga has broader leaflets 0.7-1.1 cm, longer lower leaflet surface hairs 0.7-0.9 mm, longer inflorescences 6.0-12.3 cm, bearing 11-19 flowers and longer styles 3.7-4.6 mm, whereas  P. occidentalis has leaflets 0.5-0.8 cm width, lower leaflet hairs 0.3-0.6 mm long, inflorescences 2.4-6.7 cm long with 4-12 flowers and styles 1.5-2.0 mm long.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Colombia.  Boyacá: Duitama, Corregimiento El Carmen,  vía a <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Virolin</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Paramo
de La Rusia</a>, 3400-3500 m, 19 November 1994, Betancur 5610 (COL!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Paramo
de Rusia. Km</a> 3 from the summit of the road  Duitama-Abendaños, 3500 m, 12 February 1999,  Stancík 2384 (COL!). El Cocuy, Cordillera Oriental, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Sierra Nevada del Cocuy</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Quebrada de San Paulino</a> próximo Alto Ritacuva, 3500 m, 07 April 1959, Barclay 7303 (COL!, MO!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Cocuy National Park</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Concavito Valley</a>, 06°25'39"N, 072°19'15"W, 4000 m, 07 February 2017, Olivares 570 (Z!).  Guicán, Guican. Alto de la Cueva limite Cocuy-Guican, Finca Eudoro  Carreño y Margarita  Carreño,  estación del Himat, 06°24'33"N, 072°22'40"W, 3930 m, 14 October 1996, Cruz 164 (COL!). Susacon, 20 km passing Sussacon in direction to soata, 3150 m, 23 February 1999,  Stancík 2463 (COL!). Cordillera Oriwntal; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Paramo
de Guina-Santa Rosita</a>, 3300-3400 m, 03 August 1940, Cuatrecasas 10374 (US!); NNW de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Duitama</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Paramo
de La Rusia</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Avenida de 
Penas
Negras</a> (Buenos Aires), 3550 m, 11 September 1989, Cuatrecasas 27741 (COL!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Hoya del 
Rio
Cusiana</a>, Vadohondo, 2880 m, 31 March 1973, Cuatrecasas 28708 (COL!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Mpio. de Guican</a>, vereda La Guaca, El Junco, 3716 m, 23 July 1981,  López s.n (COL!); arriba de la confluencia con el <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">rioUpia</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Rio
Olarte</a>, 3015 m, 27 February 1955, Molano s.n (COL!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Paramo
de Colorado</a>, 3200 m, 11 May 1960, Montenegro 2717A (COL!). Cundinamarca: Pasca, Vereda Cajita, borde de Laguna Cajitas en el <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Paramo
de 
Chisaca</a>, 3700 m, 04 October 1983, Sarmiento 2000 (COL!).  Santafé de  Bogotá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Macizo de 
Sumapaz</a>; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Cuchilla La Rabona</a>, 04°04'40"N, 074°13'00"W, 3900-3950 m, 17 July 1981,  Díaz 2902B (COL!, MO!);  Bogotá, D.C. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Paramo
de Sumapaz.</a> ladera de la laguna Tunjos ( Chisacá), 04°16'36"N, 074°12'17"W, 3725 m, 19 February 1997, Franco 5632 (COL!, MO!). Subachoque, Vereda Tobal, 2800 m, 09 November 2003,  Hernández 1407 (COL!); carretera Cogua-San Cayetano, cebeceras <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Rio
Guandoque</a>, 3 km al SW de la Laguna Verde, 3400 m, 01 June 1972, Cleef 4213 (COL!); Macizo de  Bogotá, eastern slopes of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Paramo
de Chisaca. Quebrada de Santa Rosa</a>,  subPáramo, 3300-3350 m, 16 September 1961, Cuatrecasas 25999 (COL!); Dist. Especial de  Bogotá; cordillera Oriental; lagunas de  Chisacá; 40 km al N de Sumapaz, 3300-4000 m, 10 September 1959,  García 17192 (AAU!); Fomeque, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Paramo
de Chingaza</a>, a orillas de La Laguna, 3200 m, 03 November 1966, Huertas 6565 (COL!); Mpio. Bogota, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Paramo
de Sumapaz</a>, entre la <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Laguna de Chisaca</a> y Santa Rosa, 01 May 1989, Mahecha 10121 (COL!); Usme, al sur de  Bogotá, 01 January 1944, Ranghel s.n (COL!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.20472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.276667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.20472/lat 4.276667)">Macizo de Sumapaz</a>, cerca a Santa Rosa, 3600-3700 m, 30 September 1963, Uribe 4491 (COL!)  .   Santander: Encino, Vereda Rionegro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.9833336" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.066666/lat 5.9833336)">Microcuenca</a> de la quebrada <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.9833336" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.066666/lat 5.9833336)">Chontales</a>, 05°59'N, 073°04'W, 3400-3500 m, 15 December 1999, Galindo 300 (COL!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/741F0E6B5D9745B46AA99759DDF294FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6DC4D3C287F30A8EDEB5D01434C7F578.text	6DC4D3C287F30A8EDEB5D01434C7F578.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis racemosa Ruiz & Pav., Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. Chil. 139. 1798.	<div><p>32.  Polylepis racemosa Ruiz &amp; Pav., Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. Chil. 139. 1798.</p><p>Figs 85, 86</p><p>Polylepis villosa Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto ed.) 6: 228. 1824. Type. Peru. Caxamarca: 8784 ft. (2700 m), Aug 1802, Bonpland 3685 (holotype: P!; isotype: P!).</p><p>Polylepis incana subsp icosandra Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 641. 1911. Type. Peru. Ancash: Cajatambo, between Tallenga and Piscapaccha, Weberbaueri 2886 (holotype: B destroyed).</p><p>Polylepis incana subsp. micranthera Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 642. 1911. Type. Peru.  Huanúco: Sierra, Caxamarquilla, without collector (holotype: W!).</p><p>Polylepis incana var. primovestita Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 645. 1911. Type. Peru. Caxamarquilla: Ruiz s.n An illegitimate name since it is based on the same collection as the type of  P. racemosa .</p><p>Polylepis incana var. connectens Bitter (1911:645). Type. Peru,  Huanúco: mountains of  Huanúco, Haenke s.n (holotype: PR).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Peru. Caxamarquilla and Pillao Ruiz s.n (holotype: P!; isotype: G!).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 2-15 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 1-2 pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (3.9-)4.5-5.8(-6.5)  × (2.6-)3.1-4.6(-6.1) cm; rachises densely villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute, glabrescent on the outer surfaces with long trichomes at the apex; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (2.3-)3.1-3.9  × (0.7-)0.9-1.5 cm; margin serrate with 8-14 teeth, apically round, basally attenuate to unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces sparsely to densely tomentose with yellowish hairs 0.4-1.5(-2.0) mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (4.2-)5.0-9.4(-11.7) cm long, bearing 7-21 flowers; floral bracts (3.8-)4.6-6.0 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely tomentose on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers (6.6-)7.8-8.1(-11.9) mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely villous outside; stamens 9-19, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.2-3.7 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2-5 irregular ridges with a series of spines, densely pilose; (4.2-)5.0-8.1(-10.3)  × (3.3-)3.8-6.0 mm including spines. Tetraploid to octoploid with many intermediates.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis racemosa has been recorded from Cajamarca to Cusco in Peru and, in recent decades, has been introduced to Ecuador from Pichincha to Azuay (Fig. 92). It has been recorded at 2750-4660 m elevation. To our knowledge, all records of this species refer to planted individuals, mostly close to villages and houses.  Polylepis racemosa is probably the fastest growing species of the genus (Montalvo et al. 2018; Rosero et al. 2018), presumably as a result of hybridogenic polyploidy and associated hybrid vigor. This species is currently being widely used in reforestation programmes in the Andes of Ecuador and Peru.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis racemosa is estimated as 461,319 km2, the AOO is assessed at 128 km2 and it is known from 24 locations. The species was categorized as VU (A1c) in the World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al. 1998). In Peru, it has been categorized as CR (SERFOR 2006). This species is fast-growing, more ecologically adaptable than others in the genus and extensively used for reforestation and agroforestry. We assess  P. racemosa as Least Concern (B1a+B2a), unless a natural population is found, which would then be of high conservation concern.</p><p>Polylepis racemosa has been observed to hybridize with other species of  Polylepis, potentially threatening the genetic integrity of natural  Polylepis populations. This process is especially apparent in Ecuador, where the species has, in recent decades, been widely planted even in conservation areas, such as Cajas National Park where first generation hybrids with all four native species can now be seen (Caiza et al. 2021). We strongly argue against using this species for afforestation projects.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis racemosa can be distinguished from the most similar species  P. acomayensis by having larger leaflets (2.3-3.9  × 0.7-1.5 cm versus 1.6-2.3  × 0.5-0.9 cm), serrate versus crenate leaflet margins, tomentose, 0.4-2.0 mm long versus villous, 0.9-1.1 mm long hairs on the lower leaflet surfaces, inflorescences 4.2-11.7 cm with 7-21 flowers versus 2.0-4.0 cm with 5-7 flowers and 9-19 versus 19-25 stamens. Occasionally, specimens of  P. racemosa resemble those of  P. triacontandra in having the same number of lateral leaflet pairs and same lower leaflet surface hair type (tomentose), but it differs in leaflet margin (serrate versus crenate), leaflet apices (round versus acute to revolute), lower leaflet surface hair length (0.4-2.0 mm versus 0.4-0.8 mm), number of flowers per inflorescence (7-21 versus 11-13) and number of stamens (9-19 versus 21-23).</p><p>Polylepis racemosa is the taxonomically most enigmatic species of the genus. No natural populations are known, but it is very fast growing and the most commonly cultivated species of the genus. Various ploidy levels have been documented in the species, with tetra- and octoploids dominating, but there are also indications of diploids and aneuploids (Fig. 87). We recognize three distinct morphotypes in this species: type A from Ecuador and northern Peru with leaflets 2.9-3.6  × 0.9-1.2 cm and lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with 1.5-2.0 mm long hairs (Fig. 85E, F), type B mostly from central Peru with leaflets 2.3-2.9.0  × 0.8-0.9 cm and lower leaflet surfaces sparsely tomentose with 0.8-1.1 mm long hairs (Fig. 85C, D) and type C mostly from southern Peru with leaflets 3.1-3.9  × 1.2-1.5 cm and lower leaflet surfaces sparsely tomentose with 0.4-0.5 mm long hairs (Fig. 85I, J).</p><p>We hypothesize that  P. racemosa is a species of hybridogenic origin that had already been adopted by prehispanic Andean inhabitants because of its fast growth. It is unknown whether the original hybrid or hybrids originated naturally or because the parent species were cultivated in close proximity, as has been shown for species of  Leucaena ( Leguminosae) in Mexico (Hughes et al. 2007). Based on the relatively low ploidy level (tetra- and possibly diploids) and morphological intermediacy, we propose that type B may be closest to the ancestral hybrid and that  P. fjeldsaoi or  P. incana on the one hand and  P. flavipila on the other hand are possible parent taxa. Once the species was widely cultivated, there probably were additional hybridization and polyploidization events, leading to the morphological and cytological variability seen today. Translocations of individuals between different human population centers would then lead to the complex present-day geographical distribution of the forms.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Ecuador. Azuay: Cuenca, carretera Molleturo,  Naranjal, 3778 m, 21 August 2008, Romoleroux 5155 (QCA!)  .   Chimborazo: Riobamba, Parroquia Licto, comuna <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.7666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.6/lat -1.7666667)">Molobog</a>,  vía <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.7666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.6/lat -1.7666667)">Riobamba-Licto</a>, 01°46'S, 078°36'W, 2900 m, 30 November 2004, Caranqui 1303 (CHEP)  .   Pichincha: Cayambe, Parroquia El Quinche, comunidad <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.149445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.35916665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.149445/lat -0.35916665)">Chumillos</a>, sitio  arqueológico <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.149445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.35916665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.149445/lat -0.35916665)">Quito Loma</a>, a 10 km al este de El Quinche, 00°06'16"S, 078°12'43"W, 3650 m, 26 August 2009, Asanza 2088 (QCNE). Papallacta, Papallacta along track from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.149445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.35916665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.149445/lat -0.35916665)">Termas de Papallacta</a> to entrance of Cayambe-Coca NP, 00°21'33"S, 078°08'58"W, 3350 m, 04 July 2014, Kessler 14608 (Z!)  .</p><p>Peru. Ancash: Casma, El Tambo, 3600 m, 25 August 1978, Mostacero 531 (MO!). Huaraz, Quebrada Quillcayhuanca, 3620 m, 30 October 1989, Arce 161 (MO!); Q. Quillcayhuanca, 3650 m, 30 October 1989, Arce 164 (MO!); en vivero forestal de Yanama, procedencia: Qilllcayhuanca, 15 December 1989, Arce 183 (MO!); Yupa, E of Huaraz on road to Pitec, agricultural land, trees along edge of fields, 09°31'S, 077°28'W, 3700 m, 22 May 1985, Smith 10701 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!, USM!); just below the summit of Huaraz-Casma road, 09°33'S, 077°34'W, 3900 m, 05 June 1985, Smith 10846 (MO!, USM!); plants purchased in the weekly herb market, the Thursday market, 09°31'S, 077°31'W, 4500 m, 05 June 1986, Smith 12449 (MO!). Huari, en vivero forestal de Yanama, procedencia: Sapsha, en el Dist. de Chacas, 15 December 1989, Arce 184 (MO!). Independencia, Pitec, Coordillera Blanca, 09°30'S, 077°30'W, 3800 m, 11 August 1988, Frimer 10 (AAU!). Recuay,  Cátac, cerca a Querococha, 09°42'57"S, 077°18'45"W, 4185 m, 08 November 2014, Boza &amp; Urquiaga 3020 (USM!, Z!); Laguna Querococha, 09°40'33"S, 077°19'54"W, 4000-4100 m, 11 June 2002, Cano 12412 (MO!, USM!); Dist. Marca, 3600 m, 13 June 1998, Gamarra 816 (USM!); Conococha-Pativilca, near Puente Santa Rosa, roadside slope, 4000 m, 16 August 2002, Schmidt-Lebuhn 520 (GOET!, USM!);  Huascarán National Park, sector Querococha, alluvial fan at W end of lake, 09°44'S, 077°20'W, 3950-4080 m, 05 July 1985, Smith 11076 (MO!, USM!). San Marcos, the town of Chavin, Cordillera Blanca, 09°35'S, 077°10'W, 3150 m, 02 October 1988, Frimer 116 (AAU!); the town of Chavin, Cordillera Blanca, 09°35'S, 077°10'W, 3150 m, 02 October 1988, Nielsen 116 (AAU!). Ticapampa, Cord. Blanca Western end of Lag. Querococha, on road between Huaraz and  Chavín, western side of pass, 09°42'S, 077°20'W, 4000 m, 17 February 1987, Boertmann 71 (AAU!, QCA!). from Huaraz towards Casma, 3500 m, 04 April 1988, Renvoize 5052 (AAU!). Apurimac: Andahuaylas, Dist. Pampachiri, 3700 m, 01 January 2004, Vargas 186 (USM!). Carhuacahua, Pacachacas Valley, 3200 m, 07 November 1935, West 3787 (MO!). Ayacucho: Huamanga, Quinua, centro urbano de Quinua, 3250 m, 01 May 2013, Hurtado JAHH030 (USM!); Dist. de Quinua, centro urbano de Quinua, 3270 m, 01 May 2013, Hurtado JAHH031 (USM!); Dist. Acocro; alrededor de Juiza, 09 April 2002, Vargas 103 (USM!). La Mar, Laguna de Toctococha, 12°58'09"S, 074°00'00"W, 4200 m, 30 September 2003, Mendoza 1015 (MO!); Aypacorral, camino a Uras. Dist San Miguel, 3100-3180 m, 04 April 2005, Roque 4717 (USM!); Dist. Luis Carranza, alrededor de Sacsamarca, 22 February 2001, Vargas 58 (USM!); Dist. Luis Carraza, alrededor de Sacsamarca, 22 February 2001, Vargas 59 (USM!). Vilcas Huaman, Dist. Vilcashuaman, Cerro Anahuarje subiendo por Allaspina y Churiaccaza, 3800 m, 27 September 2004,  Baldeón 6141 (USM!); Dist. Vilcashuaman, Qapap  Ñan (Camino Inca) por Viscachayoc, 13°39'18"S, 073°56'13"W, 3650-3680 m, 29 September 2004,  Baldeón 6159 (USM!); cerca del puente Rumichaca II, en la carretera Los Libertadores, Dist. Pilpichaca, 26 June 2001, Roque 3328 (USM!). Cajamarca: Celendin, Celendin-Cajamarca km 28, cultivated as field border post, 08 August 2002, Schmidt-Lebuhn 490 (GOET!, USM!); Celendin-Cajamarca rd, 27-40 km from Celendin, 07°02'S, 078°14'W, 3200-3400 m, 25 February 1984, Smith 6247 (MO!, UMO, USM!).  Encañada, Pampa del Toro on the road between Cajamarca and Celendin, 07°02'S, 078°16'W, 3400 m, 15 February 1987, Brandbyge 99 (AAU!). Hualgayoc, Hualgayoc, 06°53'16"S, 078°40'05"W, 3683 m, 31 May 2015, Boza &amp; Urquiaga 3008; 3118; 3119 (USM!, Z!); Chugur, sobre la ruta a Perlamayo, 2950-3000 m, 20 March 1988,  Sánchez 4679 (AAU!). Magdalena, near Cumbe Mayo, 07°11'S, 078°35'W, 3500-3650 m, 26 January 2003,  Lægaard 22233 (AAU!). San Marcos, Bajada de la Totorilla, siguiendo el curso del  Río Shitmalca, 3550 m, 31 October 1992,  Sánchez 6412 (F!, QCA!). San Miguel, Cajamarca-Bambamarca road, about 60 km from Cajamarca, 06°50'S, 078°40'W, 3800 m, 17 February 1983, Smith 3499 (F!, MO!, USM!). San Pablo, Tumbaden, camino a Vista Alegre, entre la escuela de Antevo y Vista Alegre, 06°58'15"S, 078°42'59"W, 3300 m, 15 January 2004,  Sánchez 12517 (US!), 2687 m, August 1802, Humboldt 3685 (B, F!, MO!); Cajamarca to Bambamarca, side road to Chugur (95 km from Cajamarca), 20 March 1988, Renvoize 4846 (AAU!); Micuypampa, 66 km from Cajamarca towards Celendin, 3450 m, 26 1988, Renvoize 4951 (AAU!); Cumbe Mayo. 16 km from Cajamarca, 3500 m, 27 March 1988, Renvoize 4980 (AAU!); entre Cajamarca y Cumbe Mayo, km 13, 3200 m, 11 June 1990,  Sánchez 5322 (F!). Cusco: Cusco Sacsayhuaman, 13°30'35"S, 071°58'43"W, 3391 m, 11 June 2015, Boza &amp; Urquiaga 3030 (USM!, Z!); Cusco Tambomachay, 13°30'35"S, 071°58'43"W, 3550 m, 11 June 2015, Boza &amp; Urquiaga 3031 (USM!, Z!); Dist. Cusco, Chacan, 13°30'06"S, 071°59'03"W, 3500-3600 m, 21 March 2003, Calatayud 1247 (CUZ!, F!, MO!); 100m von FuSptad nach Sacsayhuaman, 3600 m, 20 August 1989, Kessler 391 (GOET!, Z!); Sacsayhuaman, 3600 m, 07 July 1999,  Lægaard 20465 (AAU!); Chacan S of Cusco, 13°29'S, 072°00'W, 3900 m, 10 February 2003,  Lægaard 22351 (AAU!); 22352 (AAU!); cultivated on the Plaza de Armas, 13°32'S, 071°59'W, 3400 m, 16 August 2000, Schmidt-Lebuhn 39 (GOET!); cultivated on the Plaza de Armas, 13°32'S, 071°59'W, 3400 m, 22 August 2000, Schmidt-Lebuhn 40 (GOET!); Calca, Taray Chitapampa, a 16 km de Cusco en la carretera Cusco-Urubamba, 3500 m, 16 May 1987,  Núñez 8117 (MO!, USM!). Chumbivilcas,  Río de Velille, 3850 m, 18 December 1962, Vargas 14090 (CUZ!). Cusco,  C’orao, 3653 m, 01 May 2003, Arce s.n (USM!); Miskahuara (margenes del  río), 3300 m, 01 February 1970, Vargas 21978 (CUZ!); Pumamarca, 3400 m, 11 May 1946, Vargas 6044 (CUZ!). Espinar, Yauri Virginniyoc, ca. 35 km de Yauri, camino de Yauri, puente viejo, Maucallacta hacia Suicutambo, por carretera y caminos de Herradura, 4100 m, 13 April 1987,  Núñez 7889 (MO!, USM!). Urubamba, Chicon, 3517 m, 01 April 2003, Arce s.n (CUZ!); Chincheros, around community of Taucca, 13°25'S, 072°00'W, 4050 m, 14 January 1982, Davis 1578 (A!, USM!); Tankarpata, above Cusco airport, valley between dry steep hillsides, 13°31'S, 071°58'W, 3500 m, 23 July 1983, Gentry 43217 (F!, MO!, USM!); Dist. Huayllabamba, entre Huayoccari y las lagunas de Yanacocha y Kellococha, 13°13'S, 072°16'W, 2900-4600 m, 17 July 1989 - 18 July 1989, Tupayachi 1139 (MO!); Dist. Huayllabamba, Quebrada de Huayoccari-Laguna de Yanaccocha, 13°21'15"S, 072°03'55"W, 2900-3860 m, 21 December 1988, Tupayachi 808 (MO!). 3300-3800 m, 19-21 May 1958, Humbert 1958 (US!); San  Sebastián, 25 March 1988,  Velásquez 12 (MO!).  Huánuco: Huamalies, 17.5 km N of Llata by Singa, 09°23'S, 076°52'W, 3600 m, 16 September 1965, Bird 1383 (MO!), Lauricocha, Jesus,  río Lauricocha, ladera, Dist. San Miguel de Cauri, 3326 m, 08 August 2003, Salvador 541a (USM!).  Junín: Huancayo,  Concepción, 20 September 1982, Aguilar s.n (USM!); Pampas Valley, 3300 m, 24 May 1948, Anderson 695 (US!); Chongos al sur de Huancayo, 3500 m, 24 March 1983,  Castañeda s.n (USM!); Cerca a Huancayo, 3800 m, 01 July 1957, Ferreyra 12418 (MO!, USM!); 3400 m, 03 December 1960, Kunkel 5626 (GOET!); Huayucachi, 3260 m, 05 January 1974,  Rosales 5 (USM!); 3317 m, 01 March 1945, Soukup 2720 (F!); Quilcas, alrededores de Shuckto-Loma, 3500 m, 09 January 1994,  Yarupaitán 1154 (USM!). Jauja, Common along at stream in sheltered valley east of Concepcion; foliage bluish-green, 3500 m, 09 January 1945, Hodge 6221 (A!, US!); Quinual Dist. Mito, 3295 m, 14 August 1974,  Rosales s.n (USM!).  Junín, collected near Chongos Bajo, 3300 m, 19 February 1974, Antunez de Mayolo 18 (USM!); Tarma, Huacapo near Tarma, 11°25'S, 075°42'W, 4030 m, 01 February 1987, Boertmann 13 (AAU!); Cerca a cumbre entre Tarma y Oroya, 3500-3600 m, 29 June 1948, Ferreyra 3792 (MO!, US!, USM!); Casa Blanca cerca de Tarma verdosas, 3300-3350 m, 08 April 1952, Ferreyra 8259 (MO!, USM!); along shaded stream bank, 3000-3200 m, 20-22 April 1929, Killip 21899 (A!, F!, US!); Palcamayo, 3000 m, 09 March 1960, Kunkel 4439 (GOET!); 6 km north of Jauja on the road to Tarma, 07 January 1977, Simpson 8544 (USM!). Yauli, La Oroya, 11°32'S, 075°53'W, 3700 m, 07 January 1983, Smith 2973 (MO!, USM!), between La Quinua and Huariaca, Estancia La Aurora, rivershore, 3300 m, 24 June 1940, Asplund 11944 (US!); Ataura, cerca Jauja, Mucha s.n (MO!, USM!); Runatullo, 3500 m, 01 July 1940, Ridoutt 11775 (USM!); Tingopacha along a stream runing through the village, 07 January 1977, Simpson 8543 (US!, USM!); Km 72 along 3-S from Jauja to La Oroya, 4 km south of Parco along the fence of a house, 09 January 1977, Simpson 8549 (US!, USM!); North of Junin near a house along the road, 11 January 1977, Simpson 8556 (USM!); Palca, 01 August 1947, Soukup 3498 (F!). La Libertad: Otuzco, Ruta Salpo-Samne, 3200 m, 27 May 1993, Leiva 741 (MO!, QCA!). Sanchez Carrion, Trujillo-Huamachuco road, about 10 km W of Huamachuco, 07°50'S, 078°15'W, 3400 m, 14 February 1983, Smith 3354 (MO!, USM!). Santiago de Chuco, Quiruvilca, margen derecha del  río Chuyunhual, 3620 m, 02 May 2003, Cano 13106 (USM!); 13110 (USM!); Dist. Quiruvilca. El Sauco, 3605 m, 16 June 2013,  Gonzáles 2286 (USM!); Los Quinuales (al norte de Quiruvilca), 3775 m, 24 March 1994, Leiva 1090 (F!, QCA!); Sauca (Santiago de Chuco), 3300 m, 16 June 1984,  Sagástegui 11941 (MO!). Trujillo, purchased in the Mayorista Market. Medicinal plant area, 08°07'S, 079°01'W, 12 January 2010, Meyer 881 (MO!); purchased at Mercado Mayorista, 08°07'S, 079°01'W, 23 June 2008, Rothrock 3 (MO!). Lima: Canta, Lachaqui, 05 October 1989, Arce 101 (MO!); Lachaqui, camino al cerro Llamarume, 3850 m, 11 September 1991, Vilcapoma 1202 (USM!). Chicla, Chicla on Route 20 from Lima to La Oroya, 12 January 1977, Simpson 8560 (A!, MO!, USM!). Huarochiri, Carampoma, 3876 m, 18 November 1989, Arce 167 (MO!); Vista Alegre,  Río Blanco, 3600 m, 21 February 1990, Arce 204 (MO!); San Juan de Tantaracnche, 3500 m, 22 March 1990, Arce 207 (MO!). Oyon, Oyon, 3600-3700 m, 25 June 2000, Cano 10818 (USM!); Cacray towards la Oroya, Weberbauer 220 (F!). Pasco: Pasco, La Quinua, 3540 m, 01 December 1986, Rivas s.n (USM!); between Huanuco and Pampayacu, eastern side, 3657 m, 04 February 1927, Kanehira 5 (A!, F!). 1839-1840, Gay s.n (USM!); San Buena Ventura,  Née s.n (F!); 1778-1788,  Rodríguez s.n (F!); 1779-1854, Ruiz s.n (G, MO!); entre Tarma y Oroya a 10 km de Tarma, 3600-3700 m, 30 June 1954, Tovar 2371 (MO!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6DC4D3C287F30A8EDEB5D01434C7F578	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
90B8A195AB78BA4D367A16149660A9AE.text	90B8A195AB78BA4D367A16149660A9AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis reticulata Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21: 312. 1896.	<div><p>20.  Polylepis reticulata Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21: 312. 1896.</p><p>Figs 55, 56</p><p>Polylepis brachyphylla Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 616. 1911. Type. Ecuador. Bolivar:  Volcán Chimborazo, slopes towards Guaranda, 4 November 1856, Remy s.n (holotype: P!; isotypes: GOET!, P!).</p><p>Polylepis nitida Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 615. 1911. Type. Ecuador. Tungurahua: Minza at Volcan Tungurahua, 3600 m,  Stübel 287 (holotype: B destroyed; photos at F!, GH, MO!, NY, US!).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Ecuador. Pichincha: near  Las Calderas de Pasachoa and  Rumiñaqui,  Stübel 20a. (holotype: B destroyed; photos at F!, GH, NY,  US).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 2-15 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with (1-)2-3(-4) pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (1.3-)2.6-4.2(-7.0)  × (1.5-)2.2-3.6 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, lanate hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic to obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (0.9-)1.2-2.2  × 0.4-1.1 cm; margin entire or slightly crenate at the apex with 3-5 teeth, apically deeply emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with whitish hairs 0.6-1.5 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (2.3-)4.3-13.8) cm long, bearing 5-9 flowers; floral bracts 3.1-8.0 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely lanate on the outer surface; rachises tomentose. Flowers 6.2-12.2 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely tomentose outside; stamens 7-9, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.6-3.9 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely villous; 3.4-6.0  × 2.9-8.3 mm including spines. Diploid and hexaploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis reticulata is found in Carchi, Imbabura, Pichincha, Tungurahua, Bolivar, Chimborazo, Azuay and Loja (Ecuador) (Fig. 61). It grows under relatively dry conditions (except at Llanganates and Pasochoa that are more humid) in Andean forest at 2750-4600 m elevation. It often co-occurs with  P. simpsoniae in Azuay. In Sacha Huayco Forest (Chimborazo) at 4000-4500 m elevation, the canopy layer is comprised almost completely by  P. reticulata, with  Gynoxys sp. dominating the subcanopy (Osha 2000). At 4300 m elevation in Chimborazo Wildlife Production Reserve, trees of  P. reticulata are, on average, 2.8 m tall (maximum 8.2 m) with diameters of 8.6 cm (maximum 16.9 cm) (Castillo et al. 2017). In Cuenca (Ecuador), the minimum temperature threshold of vegetative growth activity was found to be close to 6 °C (Saravia et al. 2016). In the same forest, mean annual litterfall is 3.77 Mg ha-1, representing 51% of the canopy leaf biomass, indicating a leaf life span of 1.98 years and a mean decomposition rate of 0.38 year-1 (Pinos et al. 2017). Diameter growth rates measured over seven years average 1.2 mm/year and the average carbon sequestration rate is 2.6+/-0.3 Mg C. ha-1 year-1, which is high for this generally slow-growing genus (Montalvo et al. 2018). Tree rings of  P. reticulata are characterized by semi-ring porosity and minor changes in fiber wall thickness between latewood and earlywood. Tree ring width is more related to temperature than precipitation (Alvites et al. 2019). Based on an AFLP study, clonal propagation affects the fine-scale genetic structure within a spatial distance of 3 m (Peng et al. 2015). In a forest of  P. reticulata, the soil had low microbiological quality with low biological activity, even though there were some beneficial nematodes representing a great advantage for the elimination of insect pests that could affect  Polylepis (Castillo et al. 2017). Hybrids with  P. pauta have been found in Pichincha.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis reticulata is estimated as 33,103 km2, the AOO is assessed at 324 km2 and it is known from 40 locations. Most of the populations occur in protected areas. There are populations in the Cajas (Azuay), Llanganates (Tungurahua) and Yacuri (Loja) National Parks, Chimborazo Wildlife Production Reserve, Illinizas Ecological Reserve (Pichincha) and in part of Pasochoa Ecological Reserve. However,  P. reticulata was categorized as Vulnerable VU (A4c) ( León-Yánez et al. 2011). Although the species occurs within national parks, its populations are heavily fragmented. We assess  P. reticulata as Vulnerable (B1a+B2a, C1).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis reticulata shows some degree of morphological differentiation between juvenile and adult leaves, with the young leaves having more lateral leaflet pairs (4 versus 1-3), slightly crenate margins (versus entire) and sparsely tomentose in the upper leaflet surfaces (versus glabrous). This differentiation was the basis for the recognition of three species by Bitter (1911) in what is now recognized to be a single species.</p><p>Polylepis reticulata is morphologically closest  P. occidentalis, with which it shares similar leaflet size, margin types and number of lateral leaflets pairs. It differs by its longer lower leaflet surface hairs (0.6-1.5 mm), longer inflorescences ((2.3-)4.3-13.8 cm) and longer styles (2.6-3.9 mm), compared to the shorter lower leaflet surface hairs (0.3-0.6 mm), shorter inflorescences (2.4-6.7 cm) and shorter styles (1.5-2.0 mm) of  P. occidentalis .  Polylepis reticulata is also morphologically close to  P. simpsoniae, with which it shares similar leaflet surface hair type and density. The most obvious differences between  P. reticulata and this species are leaflet length (0.9-2.2 cm versus 0.9-1.6 cm), length of hairs on the lower leaflet surfaces (0.6-1.5 mm versus 0.5-0.7 mm) and longer inflorescences ((2.3-)4.3-13.8 cm versus (2.5-)3.7-3.9(-5.5) cm).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Ecuador. Azuay: Chaucha,  Páramo de Soldados, 02°53'S, 079°18'W, 3700-4000 m, 28-29 August 1985,  Lægaard 55114C (AAU!). Cuenca,  Páramo de Cajas, 3650-3890 m, s.d., Boeke 631 (MO!, QCA!); Parque Nacional El Cajas, 02°50'S, 079°12'W, 3500 m, 19 September 1983, Brandbyge 42269 (MO!); Along the  río Matadero, west Cuenca, 03 March 1945, Camp E-2000 (MO!); along the  río Matadero, west Cuenca, 3500 m, 03 March 1945, Camp E-2000 (MO!, NY, US!); Area Nacional de  Recreación Cajas, Laguna Toreadora and Virgen Machay, 02°46'S, 079°13'W, 4000-4400 m, 18 December 1995, Clark 1794 (MO!, QCNE); Parque Nacional El Cajas, Laguna Toreador, 02°53'S, 079°08'W, 3500 m, 19 April 1998, Clark 4992 (AAU!, MO!); Area Nacional de  Recreación “Cajas” Sayausi-Molleturo road W of Cuenca, 02°53'S, 079°59'W, 3910 m, 21 June 1989, Dorr 6391 (AAU!); Parque Nacional de Cajas, WNW of Cuenca, 02°52'S, 079°09'W, 3450 m, 28 December 1979, Holm-Nielsen 20927 (AAU!); Parque de  Recreación Cajas, 4000-4100 m, 02 September 1983, Jaramillo 7185 (AAU!, GB, QCA!); Parque Reacreacional Cajas, Strasse von Cuenca nach Morlleturo, 3900 m, 14 March 1991, Kessler 2746B (GOET!); Cuenca-Molleturo road ca. 5 km W of pass in Las Cajas, 02°49'S, 079°16'W, 3350 m, 01 May 1992,  Lægaard 102646 (AAU!, GOET!, QCA!); Parque Nacional de Las Cajas, along road Soldados-Angas, in pass app. 13 km from Soldados, 02°53'S, 079°17'W, 4000 m, 02 May 1992,  Lægaard 102691 (AAU!, GOET!, QCA!); 102696 (AAU!, QCA!);  Páramo de las Cajas W of Cuenca, 02°47'S, 079°14'W, 4000-4150 m, 02 September 1984,  Lægaard 52870 (AAU!, QCA!); 52878 (AAU!, MO!, QCNE); 52885 (AAU!, MO!, QCNE); 52888 (AAU!); 52891C (AAU!);  Páramo de Soldados SW of Cuenca, 02°53'S, 079°17'W, 3700-3800 m, 24 October 1984,  Lægaard 53243 (AAU!);  Páramo de Soldados, SW of Cuenca, 02°53'S, 079°18'W, 3750-3850 m, 03 March 1985,  Lægaard 53800 (AAU!, MO!);  Páramo de Cajas, W of Cuenca, along new road, ca. 6-8 km W of pass, 02°48'S, 079°17'W, 3800 m, 31 March 1985,  Lægaard 53935 (AAU!, QCA!);  Páramo de Soldados, 02°53'S, 079°18'W, 3700-4000 m, 28-29 August 1985,  Lægaard 55098 (AAU!); 55098C (AAU!); 55098D (AAU!); 55113 (AAU!); 55114A (AAU!); 55114B (AAU!);  Páramo de Soldados-Angas, at highest point of road, 02°52'S, 079°17'W, 4000 m, 14 February 1988,  Lægaard 70122 (AAU!, MO!); Area Nacional Recreacional Cajas, sector Llavinco, 02°50'S, 079°20'W, 3450-3550 m, 09 January 1991,  León 2606 (USM!); Parque Nacional Cajas, km 32.1 desde redondel Cuenca-Molleturo, sendero este alrededor de Laguna Toreadora, 3850-3870 m, 08 January 2003, Ulloa 1013 (BRIT, HA, K, MO!, QCNE, US!); 1014 (HA, MO!, NY, QCNE); Parque Nacional Cajas, km 28 redondel Cuenca-Molleturo, sendero izquierdo Laguna Patoquinoas, 3730-3800 m, 12 January 2003, Ulloa 1130 (HA, ILLS, MO!); Parque Nacional Cajas, km 35 Cuenca-Molleturo, Centro de  Información, Laguna Toreadora sendero oeste, 3880-3890 m, 16 January 2003, Ulloa 1234 (HA, ILLS, MO!, QCNE). Molleturo,  Páramo de las Cajas, W of pass, 02°46'S, 079°15'W, 3700 m, 27 August 1985,  Lægaard 55047 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); Area Nacional Recreacional Cajas, sector La Toreadora, 02°50'S, 079°20'W, 3950 m, 12 January 1991,  León 2624 (USM!); Area nacional Recreacional Cajas, sector La Toreadora, 02°50'S, 079°20'W, 3800 m, 13 January 1991,  León 2651 (QCA!, USM!); Carretera Sayausi-Molleturo km 10-31, Parque Recreacional Las Cajas, 02°50'S, 079°15'W, 3350-3950 m, 28 November 1992, Romoleroux 1482 (AAU!, QCA!). San Antonio, 3-5 km W of pass at Las Cajas, W of Cuenca, 02°40'S, 079°14'W, 3800-4000 m, 22 October 1984,  Lægaard 53199 (AAU!); Las Cajas, near Laguna Toreadora, 02°43'S, 079°12'W, 3900 m, 13 September 1983, Larsen 45141 (AAU!, QCA!). San Joaquin,  Páramo de Soldados SW of Cuenca, 02°53'S, 079°17'W, 3700-3800 m, 24 October 1984,  Lægaard 53235; 53235B; 53235D; 53235F; 53235H; 53245; 53246 (AAU!); between Cuenca and Soldados, 02°57'S, 079°10'W, 2800-3000 m, 28 August 1985,  Lægaard 55081 (AAU!); at Soldados, 02°57'S, 079°14'W, 3200-3400 m, 28 August 1985,  Lægaard 55084 (AAU!);  Páramo de Soldadas-Angas, at highest point of road, 02°52'S, 079°17'W, 3950-4050 m, 14 February 1988,  Lægaard 70101 (AAU!);  Páramo de Soldadas-Angas, at highest point of road, 02°52'S, 079°17'W, 3200-3300 m, 14 February 1988,  Lægaard 70101A (AAU!); 70101B (AAU!); 70101C (AAU!); 70101D (AAU!). Sayausi, Parque Nacional de Cajas, WNW of Cuenca, 02°52'S, 079°09'W, 3450 m, 28 December 1979, Holm-Nielsen 20926 (AAU!);  Páramo de las Cajas W of Cuenca, 02°47'S, 079°14'W, 4000-4150 m, 02 September 1984,  Lægaard 52879; 52886; 52890; 52891; 52891A; 52891B; 52891D (AAU!); Cuenca-Area Recreacional Las Cajas, 26-30 km de Cuenca, 02°50'S, 079°06'W, 3360-3500 m, 17 November 1991, Romoleroux 1187 (AAU!, QCA!). Zurucucho, Canton Cuenca, 3200 m, 11 August 1978, Boeke 2622 (AAU!); ca. de la laguna La Toreadora, 3850 m, 26 December 1997, Burnham 3007 (QCA!); Dudahuaycu,  Mazán, 3300 m, 28 May 1994,  Chacón 211 (QCA!);  Cantón Cuenca, collection made along  río Patul from the Comuidad Baute Laguna Patul, watershed of  río Patul, 3500-4200 m, 05 February 2001, Clark 6229 (QCA!); Parque Nacional Cajas, morenas ca. de la Laguna Toreadora, 4025 m, 15 November 2000, Endara 520 (QCA!); Parque Nacional Cajas, morrenas cerca de la Laguna de Soldados, 3830 m, 17 November 2000, Endara 564 (QCA!); ca. 10 km W of Sayausid, 3300 m, 04 November 1982, Harling 20218 (AAU!, GB); above Sayausi at first bridge over  Río Tomebamba, 3200 m, 03 March 1985, Harling 22671 (AAU!, GB, QCA!);  Páramo de Cajas, versant oriental; zone  très humide; relique  forestière dégradée, 3650 m, 10 April 1989, Huttel 1668 (QCA!);  Páramo de Cajas, versant oriental, zone  très humide, 3350-3950 m, 14 April 1988, Huttel 995 (QCA!); carretera Cuenca-Sayausid-Area de  Recreación Cajas, 3900 m, 16 August 1987, Jaramillo 9898 (MO!); Parque Nacional Cajas, near headquarters on cuenca-Guayaquil road, 3900 m, 12 March 1991, Kessler 2746 (QCA!); Parque Recreacional Cajas, Strasse von Cuenca nach Molleturo, 3900 m, 14 March 1991, Kessler 2746A (GOET!);  Páramo de Soldados, 3700 m, s.d.,  Lægaard 55096 (QCA!); 55114 (QCA!); at bridge 2 km below Soldados, 3200 m, s.d.,  Lægaard 70082 (QCA!); at bridge 2 km below Soldados, 3200 m, s.d.,  Lægaard 70083 (QCA!); s.d.,  León 2527 (QCA!);  colección en parcela del bosque, arriba del lago Dos Chorreras, 3940 m, 05 July 1995,  León 3541 (QCA!); arriba de laguna Chorreras, 3940 m, 05 July 1995,  León 3542 (AAU!, QCA!);  colección en bosque en la base del valle de Cajas cerca del hotel Dos Chorreras y en la ladera SO de la propiedad Dos Chorreras, 3400 m, 06 July 1995,  León 3577 (QCA!); Vertiente oriental, 3100 m, 07 July 1995,  León 3611 (QCA!);  Área recreacional Cajas, 4000 m, 21 September 2000, Lizarzaburu 24 (QCA!); Fierroloma. Zorrocucho, ribera de  Río Taitachugo, 3400 m, 20 May 1997, Minga 125 (QCA!); Totorococha-Mazan valley, 3500-4000 m, 12 September 1987, Ramsay 507 (QCA!); Parque Nacional Cajas, 3850-3900 m, 10 September 2001, Romoleroux 4028 (QCA!); Area de  Recreación Cajas. km 1 de la via Miguir-Naranjal, 3500, 16 August 1987, Romoleroux 404 (QCA!); Hacienda Gulag, Masan, 3000-3200 m, 17 August 1987, Romoleroux 417 (QCA!); carretera Soldados-Angas, 3620 m, 04 April 2007, Romoleroux 4459 (QCA!); Bosque San Luis, 3939 m, 20 August 2008, Romoleroux 5108 (QCA!); 5127 (QCA!); carretera Molleoto Naranjal, parches de bosque fuera del parque nacional Cajas, 3939 m, 21 August 2008, Romoleroux 5157 (QCA!);  Baños, 3300 m, 17 July 2006, Salgado 165 (QCA!); Cajas, 3725-3830 m, 24 June 1999, Smeets 432 (QCA!);  Río Machangara, NW Cuenca, 3300-3400 m, 17 September 1967, Sparre 18568 (AAU!, S); s.d., Valverde 912 (MO!); carretera  Sayausí-Quinona-Tres cruces, Area recreacional Cajas, 3500-4050 m, 10 April 1987, Zak 1894 (AAU!).  Bolívar: upper west mountain Chimborazo, 3500-4000 m, 19 June 1887, Lehmann 4457 (MO!).  Cañar:  Vía Queseras-Rumiloma (Fund. Cordillera Tropical), 3353 m, 03 October 2006, Salgado 1181 (QCA!). Carchi: Espejo, parche de bosque alrededor de laguna Rasococha, 00°44'N, 078°04'W, 3600 m, 09 November 1993, Palacios 11897 (AAU!, MO!, QCNE). Chimborazo: Pungala, Near Alao, along  Río Alao, 01°52'S, 078°30'W, 3200-3400 m, 21-22 September 1985,  Lægaard 55295 (AAU!). Riobamba, Reserva Faunistica Chimborazo, 01°32'41"S, 078°53'05"W, 4100 m, 01 June 2006, Caranqui 1541 (CHEP, MO!); 3350-3500 m, 01 March 1944,  Acosta-Solís 7524 (F!); 3750 m, s.d.,  Acosta-Solís 7696 (F!); 4000 m, s.d.,  André 3933 (F!, US!); San Juan, Chimborazo, 4350 m, 05 November 2013, Cardoso 4262 (QCA!); San Juan. Pasguazo Sambrano, 4100 m, 31 October 2013, Cardoso 4266 (QCA!);carretera Penipe a  Utuñac Paramito, 2800 m, 07 April 2008, Jaramillo 26496 (QCA!); Sector  Utuñac, Pijipamba, 3250-3330 m, 03 December 2008, Jaramillo 28123 (QCA!); Sector  Utuñac, Pijipamba, 2800 m, 04 December 2008, Jaramillo 28132 (QCA!); E of Cordillera, 3400 m, s.d., Rimbach 14 p. p. (F!, NY, US!); 3400 m, s.d., Rimbach 156 (US!); s.d., Rimbach 498 (S);  Vía Chambo-Guayllabamba-Aloa, 2900-3000 m, 09 August 1987, Romoleroux 366 (NY, QCA!). Imbabura: 4000-4300 m, s.d., Hirsch E-113 (NY). Loja: Manu, Cerro de Arcos W of road Manu-Zaruma, 03°34'S, 079°28'W, 3250-3600 m, 14 September 1999,  Lægaard 20601 (AAU!, MO!). Napo: 3 km E of Paso de la Virgen on road Pifo-Papallacta, 3950-4050 m, 06 February 1985,  Lægaard 54450 (QCA!); Parque Nacional Llanganates, 12 February 2009, Salgado 820 (QCA!). Pichincha: Cotogchoa,  Volcán Pasochoa,  Páramo and forest remains, 00°27'S, 078°30'W, 3500 m, 16 September 1985,  Lægaard 55269A (AAU!, MO!); 55278 (AAU!, MO!); Bosque Protector Pasochoa, 30 km SE de Quito, 00°27'S, 078°28'W, 2850-3900 m, 08 September 1986, Romoleroux 161; 171 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). El Chaupi, road El  Chaupi-Iliñiza, 00°37'S, 078°40'W, 3200-3700 m, 20 June 1985,  Lægaard 54547 (AAU!, QCA!); 54548 (AAU!, MO!);  Volcán Iliñiza, N-side, 00°38'S, 078°41'W, 4200-4300 m, 20 June 1985,  Lægaard 54554; 54555 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!).  Rumiñahui, Bosque Protector Pasochoa, 00°22'S, 078°27'W, 3870-3900 m, 17 November 1990,  Cerón 12323 (MO!). Rumipamba,  Volcán Pasochoa, 00°27'S, 078°30'W, 2900-3300 m, 16 September 1985,  Lægaard 55265 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!). Tambillo,  Volcán Pasochoa, above house of  Fundación Natura, 00°27'S, 078°31'W, 2800-3300 m, 27 April 1985,  Lægaard 54176 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!);  Volcán Pasochoa, 00°27'S, 078°30'W, 3500 m, 16 September 1985,  Lægaard 55273 (AAU!, MO!). s.d., Holmgren 962 (S);  Volcán Iliñiza, N-side, 4200-4300 m, 20 June 1985,  Lægaard 54557 (QCA!);  Volcán Pasochoa,  Páramo and forest remains, 3500 m, 16 September 1985,  Lægaard 55266; 55269B; 55274 (QCA!); Bosque Protector Pasochoa, 30 km SE de Quito, 2850 m, 29 October 1988, Paz 105 (MO!, QCA!); Faldas del Pasochoa,  colección al Sur-Oeste, 3800 m, 03 March 1980, Raza 167 (AAU!); Bosque Protector Pasochoa, 30 km SE de Quito, 2850-3900 m, 17 July 1986, Romoleroux 141 (AAU!, QCA!); 162; 164; 166; 295 (AAU!, QCA!); Pasochoa, 3556 m, 20 August 2008, Romoleroux 5367 (QCA!);  Volcán Rumiñahui, 4000 m, 19 December 2008, Salgado 595 (QCA!). Tungurahua: Mocha, Parroquia Pinguili, Reserva  Faunístic del Chimborazo, pared de valle en U, 2 km antes de la Base del Lado Oriental del Caryguayrazo, cerro Pocacochas,  páramo de Salasaca entrando por Mocha, 01°24'S, 078°45'W, 3860 m, 02 July 1992,  Cerón 19203 (MO!). Pilaguin, Sabanza, about 5 km SE of Yatzapuzan, 01°19'S, 078°46'W, 3950-4050 m, 21 December 1982, Brandbyge 42024 (AAU!, MO!);  Río Negro, Cordillera de Llanganates, loma between  Río Topoand  Río Verde Grande, 3.5 km NW of Cerro Hermoso, 01°12'S, 078°18'W, 4000 m, 10 November 1980, Holm-Nielsen 28297 (AAU!); Cordillera de Llanganates, NW of saddle between  Río Topo and  Río Verde Grande on W slope of Cerro Hermoso, 2.5 km from summit, 01°13'S, 078°18'W, 3950 m, 10 November 1980, Holm-Nielsen 28330 (AAU!); 28371 (AAU!); Cordillera de los Llanganates, at  Río Verde Grande at base of Cerro Hermoso, 2 km WSW of the summit, 01°13'S, 078°18'W, 3800 m, 11 November 1980, Holm-Nielsen 28403 (AAU!); 28641 (AAU!); Cordillera de los Llanganates, loma 2.5 km W of Cerro Hermoso, 01°13'S, 078°18'W, 3800 m, 12 November 1980, Holm-Nielsen 28662 (AAU!); Quinuales, 01°13'18"S, 078°18'16"W, 3890 m, 15 February 2010, Romoleroux 5525 (MO!, QCA!, QCNE); 5529 (MO!, QCA!, QCNE); 5533 (MO!, QCA!, QCNE).  Río Verde, Cordillera de los Llanganates, at  Río Verde Grande at base of Cerro Hermoso, 2.5 km SW of the summit, 01°14'S, 078°18'W, 3700 m, 12 November 1980, Holm-Nielsen 28538 (AAU!); 28599 (AAU!); 28609 (AAU!). San Fernando, Quebrada Huarcusacha, 01°15'S, 078°47'W, 3800-3900 m, 27 January 1983, Brandbyge 42040 (AAU!, MO!); Near Calamaca, app. 20 km W of Ambato along old road Ambato-Guaranda, 01°16'S, 078°48'W, 3400-3900 m, 22 June 1985,  Lægaard 54569 (AAU!, QCA!); 54574 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 54576 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!). Santiago de  Píllaro, Parque Nacional Llanganates, slopes of metamorphic rock, west of Cerro Hermoso, near saddle between headwaters of  Río Verde and  Río Topo, 01°11'40"S, 078°19'34"W, 3950 m, 12 November 1999, Neill 11944 (MO!, QCNE); 3500 m, s.d.,  Acosta-Solís 8736 (F!); 4200 m, s.d., Asplund 8464 (S, WIS);  Páramo de Yatsaputzan, 3600 m, 05 February 2010, Caranqui 1912 (QCA!); Tamboloma, 3721 m, 29 April 2012, Caranqui 2052 (QCA!); Minza mountain Travesia de  Utañag, 3600 m, s.d., Jameson s.n (US!, K); 3400 m, s.d., Penland 420 (F!, US!); Entrando por Baquerizo Moreno hacia el sector de Lagartococha, 3270 m, 01 March 2015,  Pérez 8424 (QCA!); Carretera Mocha-Hda. Atillo, 3000 m, 25 April 1988, Romoleroux 567 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 570 (AAU!, QCA!); Sendero El Triunfo-Los Llanganates, localidad El  Playón, 3600-3800 m, 02 March 1989, Romoleroux 681 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 3200 m, s.d., Rimbach 26 (F!); s.d.,  Stübel 201 (MO!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/90B8A195AB78BA4D367A16149660A9AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
C40C1410E42F75D2908F4388CAFF7141.text	C40C1410E42F75D2908F4388CAFF7141.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis rodolfovasquezii L. Valenzuela & I. Villalba, Arnaldoa 22 (2): 335, f. 1 – 2. 2015.	<div><p>15.  Polylepis rodolfovasquezii L.Valenzuela &amp; I.Villalba, Arnaldoa 22(2): 335, f. 1-2. 2015.</p><p>Figs 44, 45</p><p>Type.</p><p>Peru. Junin: Satipo, Pampa Hermosa, rural community of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.94383&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.49264" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.94383/lat -11.49264)">Santa Rosa de Toldopampa</a>, buffer area of the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.94383&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.49264" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.94383/lat -11.49264)">Bosque de Proteccion Pui-Pui</a>, 4221 m, 11°29'33.5"S, 74°56'37.8"W, 21 Apr 2015, Valenzuela &amp; Rojas 28873 (holotype: HOXA!; isotypes: MO!, USM!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shrubs or trees 1-8 m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 1 pair of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 1.4-1.6  × 1.5-2.0 cm; rachises glabrous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically with spurs, sparsely sericeous on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 0.9-1.1  × 0.4-0.6 cm; margin entire, apically emarginate with a projection of the mid-vein, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous to sparsely sericeous; lower leaflet surfaces sparsely to densely sericeous with whitish hairs 0.8-1.0 mm long. Inflorescences upright, 0.9-1.1 cm long, bearing 1 flower; floral bracts 4.0-4.8 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises glabrous. Flowers 5.7-6.6 mm diam.; sepals 3, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 9-10, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 3.6-4.1 mm long. Fruits turbinate often slightly twisted, with variable numbers and placement of short spines, densely sericeous; 4.8-6.0  × 2.6-2.9 mm including spines. Diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis rodolfovasquezii is distributed along the Eastern Cordillera of central Peru from San Martin to Cusco and Puno (Fig. 24). It occurs on wet rocky slopes at 3700-4750 m elevation. It commonly grows with trees of the genera  Escallonia,  Gynoxys,  Hesperomeles and  Clethra (Valenzuela and Villalba 2015). Growth of this species is most strongly correlated to growth season temperature (Requena-Rojas et al. 2020a, 2020b).  Polylepis rodolfovasquezii remnants harbor several threatened bird species, including  Anairetes alpinus (Quispe-Melgar et al. 2018, 2020).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The estimated EOO is 164,207 km2 and AOO is 116 km2. The species is known from 19 locations. Although it is protected within the Pui-Pui Protection Forest in Junin, the species was categorized as VU for Peru (SERFOR 2006, as  P. pepei). Burning activities for the expansion of pastures for livestock grazing are causing a reduction of the small remnants, even within the protected area. We assess  P. rodolfovasquezii as Vulnerable (A1, B1a+B2a, C1).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Specimens of this recently described species were long identified as  Polylepis pepei, based on their very similar morphology. However,  P. rodolfovasquezii differs from  P. pepei by having only one pair of lateral leaflets (versus two pairs) and shorter inflorescences (0.9-1.1 cm long) bearing just one flower (versus 1.2-1.6(-3.5) cm long bearing three flowers). When  Polylepis rodolfovasquezii was described by Valenzuela and Villalba (2015), they did not realize that their newly described species had been treated as  P. pepei since Simpson (1979). Nevertheless, Simpson (1979) already mentioned that "the collection from Peru has only one pair of leaflets, reduced inflorescences and denser covering of trichomes on the under-leaflet surfaces". Despite these differences from the Bolivian specimens, she recognized just the single taxon  P. pepei . This was presumably the result of the low number of specimens known for the two species at that time and the broad species concept adopted by Simpson. Clearly, the two species are closely related allopatric taxa that could conceivably also be treated as subspecies.</p><p>Polylepis rodolfovasquezii also resembles  P. subsericans and  P. flavipila . It differs from these in its shorter inflorescence (0.9-1.1 cm) bearing just one flower, whereas in  P. subsericans, the inflorescences are 1.9-5.6 cm long with 3-6 flowers and in  P. flaviplia 2.7-4.4 cm long with 3-5 flowers.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Peru. Cusco: La  Convención, bosque de Mandor, 4200 m, 01 October 2004, Palomino 2043 (QCA!); Dist. Santa Teresa, Mountain edges on the lower Eastern portion of the Phachaq valley, Yanama, 13°17'11"S, 072°50'13"W, 4232 m, 28 April 2012, Sylvester 1451 (Z!); Dist. de Ollantaytambo, Mountain edges on the lower Eastern portion of the Phachaq valley, Yanama, 13°17'12"S, 072°50'13"W, 4211 m, 01 May 2012, Sylvester 1501 (Z!); Dist. de Santa Teresa, grazed slopes in the central Pacchaq valley on the East side of the river Yanama, 13°15'40"S, 072°50'17"W, 4268 m, 04 May 2012, Sylvester 1558 (Z!); Dist. Santa Teresa, Mountain edges on the lower Eastern portion of the Phachaq valley, Yanama, 13°17'12"S, 072°50'13"W, 4174 m, 05 May 2012, Sylvester 1564 (Z!); Dist. de Ollantaytambo, topmost forest found on the lower North side of the lower Phachaq valley, Yanama, 13°17'01"S, 072°50'01"W, 4566 m, 15 May 2012, Sylvester 1597 (Z!); 1598 (Z!). Urubamba,  Q’esqa, 3960 m, 01 September 2002, Arce s. n. (USM!); Abra Malaga, 13°08'46"S, 072°18'14"W, 4284 m, 01 October 2002, Arce s.n (USM!); Paljay, 13°08'46"S, 072°18'14"W, 4177 m, 01 September 2002, Arce s.n (CUZ!); Chaupiwayco, 13°14'59"S, 072°29'10"W, 4290 m, 01 May 2002, Arce s.n (CUZ!);  Piñasniocj, Panticalla pass, 3600 m, 15 July 1915, Cook 1241 (US!); 1837 (US!);  Cañon above  Peñas ruins towards Nevado Veronica,  Peñas Cañon beyond Ollantaytambo on road to Abra Malaga, 4100 m, 26 August 1989, Driesch s.n (GOET!); Cumbre Malaga, 01 October 1984, Rivas s.n (USM!); Dist. de Ollantaytambo, Congunayoc; 3.5 km 175 South of the village Thastayoc, on SE facing slope facing towards Ollantaytambo, 13°10'26"S, 072°16'06"W, 4438 m, 09 March 2012, Sylvester 1392 (Z!); 13°10'24"S, 072°16'14"W, 4415 m, 09 March 2012, Sylvester 1393 (Z!); 13°10'26"S, 072°16'06"W, 4427 m, 10 March 2012, Sylvester 1396 (Z!); 13°10'22"S, 072°16'11"W, 4417 m, 10 March 2012, Sylvester 1397 (Z!); 13°10'25"S, 072°16'14"W, 4414 m, 10 March 2012, Sylvester 1398 (Z!); Machupicchu,  Warmiwañuska, 13°14'21"S, 072°29'06"W, 4235 m, 13 September 2006, Toivonen 67; 68; 69; 70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75; 80 (CUZ!); Ollantaytambo, Abra Malaga, 13°08'40"S, 072°17'51"W, 4340 m, 10 May 2006, Toivonen 82 (CUZ!); Dist. Machupicchu, Microcuenca Pacaymayo; laguna Pacaymayo, 13°13'48"S, 072°29'48"W, 3900 m, 26 June 2001, Tupayachi 5049 (CUZ!); Machupicchu Microcuenca Cusichaca, Sisaypampa Abra Palkay, 13°20'00"S, 072°30'44"W, 4100 m, 28 June 2001, Tupayachi 5155 (CUZ!); 4350 m, 01 July 1915, Bingham 2068 (US!).  Junín: Concepcion, Dist. de Comas, localidad de Pomamanta, 11°44'24"S, 075°09'39"W, 4400 m, 23 August 2017, Quispe 76 (CUZ!, USM!, Z!). Satipo, Pampa Hermosa, Toldopampa, 11°29'34"S, 074°56'37"W, 4160 m, 02 August 2016, Boza 3169; 3170; 3171; 3172; 3173; 3174; 3175; 3176; 3177; 3178 (USM!, Z!); Pampa Hermosa. Toldopampa, 13°12'15"S, 075°20'22"W, 4131 m, 02 August 2016, Boza 3179 (USM!, Z!); 3180 (USM!, Z!); Dist. Pampa Hermosa, Comunidad Campesina Santa Rosa de Toldopampa, 11°29'34"S, 074°56'38"W, 4221 m, 21 April 2015, Valenzuela 28873 (HOXA, MO!, USM!). Puno: Limbani, Huancasayani on road to Limbani just east of Abra Aricoma, 14°13'S, 069°42'W, 3750 m, 28 March 1987, Boertmann 130 (AAU!); 512 (AAU!). San  Martín: Mariscal Caceres, Dist. de Huicungo,  Callejón de Corneadas, 07°57'46"S, 077°23'23"W, 3925 m, 11 June 2001,  León 5153 (USM!); Dist. Huicungo, en pirca, debajo del camino de abra Ventanas y Laguna Colorada, 08°00'53"S, 077°23'30"W, 3924 m, 20 June 2010,  León 5539 (USM!). San  Martín, Dist. de Huicungo, cerca a Laguna Colorada, camino al abra Ventanas, 3900 m, 18 June 2001,  León 5260 (USM!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C40C1410E42F75D2908F4388CAFF7141	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
14A9A1CF23860E771B8A094124D71EBE.text	14A9A1CF23860E771B8A094124D71EBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis rugulosa Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 638. 1911.	<div><p>38.  Polylepis rugulosa Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 638. 1911.</p><p>Figs 99, 100</p><p>Polylepis tenuiruga Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 635. 1911. Type. Chile. Without precise locality, Besser s.n (holotype: B destroyed, photos at F!, GH, NY!).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Peru. Arequipa: Pampa behind train station, Arequipa to  Puno line, 3800 m, Weberbauer 4881 (holotype: B destroyed; isotype: WRAT!) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 2-12 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 2.0-2.8  × 1.6-2.5 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, densely tomentose on the outer surfaces; leaflets broadly obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.2-1.6  × 0.6-0.9 cm; margin crenate with 5-8 teeth, apically obtuse or emarginate, basally unequally attenuate; upper leaflet surfaces strongly rugose, glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with whitish hairs 0.8-1.0 mm long, mixed with a dense layer of very short, white pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, 4.2-7.8 cm long, bearing 4-5 flowers; floral bracts 4.6-4.9 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely tomentose on the outer surface; rachises tomentose. Flowers 6.7-9.9 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely tomentose outside; stamens 11-15, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2. 1-3.5 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2-3 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 4.5-6.2  × 4.9-7.5 mm including spines. Tetraploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis rugulosa is distributed in Peru from western Arequipa, southern Cusco, Moquegua and western Tacna to northern Chile (Arica and Parinacota) (Fig. 103). It occurs in very dry Andean habitats with rocky soils at 2900-4550 m elevation. In Peru, average tree height of  P. rugulosa is 1.0-1.5 m, with diameters typically less than 10 cm and tree density of 583 individuals ha-1 ( Rodríguez 2018). The highest density of adult trees and seedlings was found at 4300 m elevation (38% slope) and the lowest density and coverage at 4180 m elevation (20% slope), suggesting a preference for areas with steeper slopes or higher presence of rocks and shrubs. Seedling density was significantly higher under the crowns of  Polylepis trees than under isolated bushes ( Rodríguez 2018).  Polylepis rugulosa populations in the pre-altiplano zone on the western slopes of the Andean Cordillera of northern Chile have an age structure that suggests highly episodic seedling establishment, due to sequences of wet years (Rundel et al. 2003). The maximum photosynthetic capacity of  P. rugulosa in the wet season is 6.4  μmol m-2s-1, although it can maintain relatively high rates of photosynthesis throughout the year (Rundel et al. 2003). Furthemore,  P. rugulosa responds to elevation by changing in morphology (short trees with small leaves) and ecophysiological responses (decreased transpiration rate, higher nutrient concentration and enrichment in the 13C isotope suggesting more water stress) (Macek et al. 2009). In a population at 3700 m elevation,  P. rugulosa had 34% higher total chlorophyll content during the morning hours, apparently due to de novo synthesis of both Chl a and Chl b ( García-Plazaola et al. 2015). In a dendrochronological study in Parinacota (Chile), average radial growth of  P. rugulosa was 0.7 mm a-1 (Silva 2012). Growth of  P. rugulosa is determined by precipitation during the wet season of the preceding and growth years (Jomelli et al. 2012). Based on Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP), extensive gene flow has been found to occur within and between Chilean populations (Schmidt-Lebuhn et al. 2006b).  Polylepis rugulosa patches harbour specialized and endangered bird species (Miranda and Cardozo 2008; Samata et al. 2019).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis rugulosa is estimated as 35,293 km2, the AOO is assessed at 172 km2 and it is known from 24 locations. The extent of  P. rugulosa forests in Arequipa (Peru) is estimated at 76,566 ha, where large forests are found around Ampato Volcano (20,114 ha), Pichupichu Volcano (5,395 ha) and at the high Andes of Yura (Esquerra 3,249 ha and Palca 1,071 ha) (Jururo 2018). Only small extents of  P. rugulosa forest are currently protected in Chile within Lauca and  Volcán Islunga National Parks, Las  Vicuñas National Reserve and in Peru in Chili-Quilca (Arequipa) in the buffer zone of Salinas y Aguada Blanca National Reserve. The species was categorized as VU (A1c) in the World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al. 1998). In Peru, it has been categorized as VU (SERFOR 2006) and, in Chile, as VU (Benoit 1989; Miranda and Cardozo 2008).  Polylepis rugulosa has been harvested for fuel in the early 20th century and is severely impacted by the mining activity in Chile (Rundel et al. 2003). We assess  P. rugulosa as Vulnerable (B1a+B2a, C1).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis rugulosa is similar to  P. subtusalbida, but has just one lateral leaflet pair and broader leaflets (0.6-0.9 mm wide) with crenate margins, whereas the latter has 1(-2) pairs and narrower leaflets (0.4-0.6 mm wide) with serrate margin.  Polylepis rugulosa also has longer inflorescences (4.2-7.8 cm) with 4-5 flowers and 11-15 stamens ( P. subtusalbida 1.8-3.7 cm, 3-4 flowers and 19-21 stamens). Mendoza and Cano (2012) considered that both  P. rugulosa and  P. subtusalbida occur in southernmost Peru, but according to our assessment of these species, only  P. rugulosa occurs in this region, whereas  P. subtusalbida is endemic to central Bolivia. For additional morphological similarities, see under  P. besseri .</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Chile. Arica and Parinacota: Putre, 3500 m, 02 May 1987,  Fjeldså s.n (AAU!).  Tarapacá:  Región de  Tarapacá, Strasse von Zapahuira zum  
Portezuelo de 
Chapiquina, s.d., Hellwig 513 (G)  .</p><p>Peru. Arequipa: Arequipa, Cerca a  Chiguata. SE de Arequipa, 3000-3500 m, 23 September 1966, Arenas 34 (USM!); Dist. Pocsi; Tuctumpaya, 3200 m, 03 April 2003,  Cáceres 3212 (USM!); El Cimbral-Chiguata, 3900 m, 09 November 1996,  Cáceres 47 (CUZ!) ;   Arequipa / Puno:. Sihuata-La Cumbre, 3800-4000 m, 13 November 1947, Ferreyra 2594 (GOET!, MO!, US!, USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.338615&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.386389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.338615/lat -16.386389)">Chiguata</a>, arriba de Miraflores, 3800 m, 10 November 2002, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.338615&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.386389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.338615/lat -16.386389)">Quipuscoa</a> 2810 (F!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.338615&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.386389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.338615/lat -16.386389)">Chiguata</a>, 16°23'11"S, 071°20'19"W, 4000-4250 m, 13 February 2003, Quipuscoa 2857 (F!); Simbral, carretera de Chiguata-Juliaca, 3500-4000 m, 30 May 1999, Roque 880 (USM!); road to Chacayani to Chiva, 16 January 1977, Simpson 8570c; 8570d (USM!); Hacia el Cimbral, 3750 m, 11 April 1959, Vargas 12687 (CUZ!); Chiguata-Cimbral, 3700-4000 m, 13 October 1976, Vargas 22849 (CUZ!). Caylloma, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.338615&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.386389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.338615/lat -16.386389)">Huambo. Dist. de Huambo</a>, 4000 m, 03 October 1990, Rodriguez 2 (USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.338615&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.386389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.338615/lat -16.386389)">Dist. de Huambo</a>, 4000 m, 01 August 1990, Rodriguez 3 (USM!); Huambo, Dist. Huambo, 3800-4200 m, 01 August 1990, Rodriguez 4 (USM!); 5 (USM!). Cayma, Estancia Cabrarias. Chacani. Norte de   Arequipa, 3500-4000 m, 14 January 1966, Arenas 12 (USM!); Nevado Chachani, along dry stream-beds in open rocky valley, 4000-4200 m, 14 April 1925, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.4/lat -16.4)">Pennell</a> 13295 (F!, US!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.4/lat -16.4)">Volcan Chachani</a>, on the road to the summit. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.4/lat -16.4)">Km</a> 32 on the road from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.4/lat -16.4)">Chachani</a> to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.4/lat -16.4)">Chivay</a> in shallow ravines, 16 January 1977, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.4/lat -16.4)">Simpson</a> 8570 (A!, MO!); 8570b (USM!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.4/lat -16.4)">Chiguata</a>, 10 km above Chihuata (W slope of Misti), 16°24'S, 071°24'W, 4270 m, 07 April 1987, Boertmann 144; 145; 146; 147 (AAU!). Condesuyos, alturas cordilleranas, 4200-4600 m, 24 April 1967, Vargas 19466 (CUZ!). Cotahuasi, Camino a Cotahuasi, 3735 m, 30 June 2004,  Cáceres 3824 (USM!). Huambo, Huambo (Quebrada Sau Sau), 4000 m, 29 August 1987, Espinoza 7 (USM!). La Union, Dist. Cotahuasi; vista del condor, 3200 m, 05 June 2002,  Cáceres 5457 (USM!). Orcopampa, Orcopampa-Huancurama, 3875 m, 17 August 1987, Huamani 11 (USM!). Pampacolca, Chuquibamba-Pampacolca, 4000m, 13 August 1987, Huamani 8 (USM!). Yura, Yura-Huanca, 3200 m, 09 June 1999, Roque 1048 (USM!); Quebrada Chontahuayco y Monte Barranco, 4020 m, 01 August 1987, Espinoza 1 (USM!); 4050 m, 11 August 1987, Espinoza 5 (USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.4/lat -16.4)">Nevado de Coropuno</a>, 06 May 1987,  Fjeldså s.n (AAU!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.4/lat -16.4)">Between 
lake Salinas</a> and  Arequipa, 3962 m, 01 February 1943, Sandeman 3816 (F!) .   Cusco: Ushcopata Valley, above  Sicuani, 3700 m, 09 April 1913, Cook 123 (US!)  .   Moquegua: Gral. Sanchez Cerro, Dist. Ubinas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.68389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.965834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.68389/lat -16.965834)">Zona Silvestre Querapi</a>, 3880 m, 25 January 2004, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.68389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.965834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.68389/lat -16.965834)">Blanchard</a> s.n (USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.68389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.965834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.68389/lat -16.965834)">Dist. Ubinas</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.68389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.965834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.68389/lat -16.965834)">Tassa</a>, camino en <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.68389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.965834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.68389/lat -16.965834)">Mollemoco</a>, 3800 m, 12 July 2006, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.68389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.965834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.68389/lat -16.965834)">Montesinos</a> 1185 (USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.68389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.965834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.68389/lat -16.965834)">Ladera de Mollemoco</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.68389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.965834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.68389/lat -16.965834)">Tassa Dist.
Ubinas</a>, 16°11'00"S, 070°42'00"W, 3690 m, 01 June 2011, Montesinos 3175 (USM!). Mariscal Nieto, Entre Chuculay y Qda. Cuellar, 3550-3600 m, 16 December 1995, Arakaki 257 (USM!); Carumas, 16°52'18"S, 070°39'49"W, 4086 m, 09 October 2014, Boza 3010 (USM!, Z!); Torata, Quebrada Cuellar, 16°57'57"S, 070°41'02"W, 4224 m, 09 October 2014, Boza 3011 (USM!, Z!); Between Torata and Carumas, km 75-76 from  Moquegua to   Puno, 3600 m, 14 February 1983, Dillon 3347 (F!, MO!, US!); ca. 67 km NE of Moquegua on road to Carumas, 3680 m, 15 November 1986, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.69389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.987501" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.69389/lat -16.987501)">Dillon</a> 4807 (F!, USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.69389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.987501" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.69389/lat -16.987501)">Cordillera</a> above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.69389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.987501" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.69389/lat -16.987501)">Torata</a>, forming grove along brook, 3900-4000 m, 14 February 1925 - 15 February 1925, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.69389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.987501" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.69389/lat -16.987501)">Weberbauer</a> 7470 (F!, US!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.69389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.987501" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.69389/lat -16.987501)">Torata</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.69389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.987501" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.69389/lat -16.987501)">Ponton Cuellar</a>, 16°59'15"S, 070°41'38"W, 3950 m, 12 April 2005, Aedo 11309 (USM!)  .   Tacna: Candarave, Candarave, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.0575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.42389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.0575/lat -17.42389)">Comunidad Viltahuira</a>, 3600 m, 25 October 2000,  Cáceres 82 (USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.0575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.42389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.0575/lat -17.42389)">Candarare</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.0575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.42389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.0575/lat -17.42389)">Yucamani</a>, 3100-3400 m, 09 December 1997, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.0575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.42389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.0575/lat -17.42389)">La Torre</a> 1987 (MO!, USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.0575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.42389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.0575/lat -17.42389)">Tarata</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.0575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.42389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.0575/lat -17.42389)">Susapaya</a>, 3950-4100 m, 06 December 1997, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.0575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.42389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.0575/lat -17.42389)">Arakaki</a> 762 (MO!, USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.0575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.42389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.0575/lat -17.42389)">Ticaco</a>, 17°25'26"S, 070°03'27"W, 3458 m, 10 October 2014, Boza 3012 (USM!, Z!); Poma, 3900-4430 m, 04 December 1997, Cano 7962 (MO!, USM!); Cordillera Barroso, 4200-4580 m, 26 March 1998, Cano 8166 (MO!, USM!); 8167; 8245 (USM!); Ticaco, 3600-4000 m, 31 March 1998, Cano 8334 (USM!); Ticaco (Quebrada Ticalaco), 3300-3800 m, 16 June 1998, Cano 8420 (USM!); Cerros al SE de la Cordillera barroso, 4000-4270 m, 28 March 1998, La Torre 2153 (USM!); 4 km northeast of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.0575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.42389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.0575/lat -17.42389)">Tarata</a>, 3840 m, 27 January 1952, Pearson 33 (F!); Entre Tarata y Chila, 3850 m, 31 January 1984, Rivas s.n (USM!); De Tarata a Chila, 3590 m, 01 January 1984, Rivas s.n (USM!); Bajando a Tarata, 4300 m, 06 April 1959, Vargas 12557 (CUZ!); bajando Tarata, 4300 m, 06 April 1959, Vargas 12557 (CUZ!); bajando Tarata, 3900-4100 m, 05 August 1967, Vargas 19927 (CUZ!); Candarave, 21 February 2009, Morales 1 (CUZ!); Cala-cala, 4100 m, 21 October 1976, Bernardi 16739 (F!); Pampa Arrieros Arequipa-Puno, 1901-1929, Weberbauer 4841 (B, F!, MO!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/14A9A1CF23860E771B8A094124D71EBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
900F49FBCC6D3475EE4B78C924419DC7.text	900F49FBCC6D3475EE4B78C924419DC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis Ruiz & Pavon 1794	<div><p>Polylepis Ruiz &amp; 
Pavon
(1794:80)</p><p>Type.</p><p>Polylepis racemosa Ruiz &amp;  Pavón .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees or shrubs 1-32 m tall; bark shredding, multilayered with thin exfoliating layers; branches twisted showing a striking arrangement of the leaves, young shoots with leaves usually all closely clustered at the top, causing a shrub-like growth, while the basal internodes stretch rather significantly afterwards. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate with 1-7 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 1.3-19.5 cm long, 0.6-10.7 cm wide; rachises lanate, pannose, sericeous, tomentose, villous or glabrous; point of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute, truncate or spurred, glabrous to densely covered with lanate, tomentose or villous hairs on the other surface; leaflets elliptic, ovate or obovate in outline, 0.3-5.4 cm long, 0.2-2.0 cm wide; margins entire, revolute, crenate to serrate, apically acute to deeply emarginate, attenuate, cuneate or unequally cordate, upper leaflet surfaces glabrous or sparsely to densely lanate, pilose, sericeous or tomentose; lower leaflet surfaces covered with very short pannose hairs, pannose mixed with another type of hairs or sparsely to densely lanate, pilose, sericeous, strigose, tomentose or villous. Inflorescences axillar, simple rarely branched, upright or pendant to 36.0 cm long, bearing 1-83 flowers; floral bracts 2.1-15.8 mm long, narrowly triangular. Flowers hermaphroditic; sepals 3-4; stamens 5-27, anthers orbicular with a dense tuft of straight white hairs in the upper half; styles fimbriate, 0.9-4.9 mm long, ovary inferior; carpel 1, ovule 1. Fruit indehiscent achene, fusiform turbinate with protuberances, flattened-spines, irregular flattened ridges, thick wings and ridges or thin wings, glabrous to densely sericeous, tomentose or villous, 1.7-15.1 mm long, 1.3-10.1 mm wide including spines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/900F49FBCC6D3475EE4B78C924419DC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
83766B617154295B5441BE256E13D606.text	83766B617154295B5441BE256E13D606.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis sacra T. Boza & M. Kessler 2022	<div><p>33.  Polylepis sacra T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 88, 89</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>This species differs from  Polylepis lanata (Kuntze) M.Kessler &amp; Schmidt-Leb. in having slightly narrower leaflets, crenate leaflet margins with more teeth per side, shorter inflorescences with more stamens and longer styles. Further, it also has a distinct geographical distribution with a very different climatic niche.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Peru. Cusco: Urubamba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.155556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.155556/lat -13.200833)">Mantanay</a>, 13°12'03"S, 072°09'20"W, 3350-3800 m, 7 Sep 2002, J. Farfan et al. 281 (holotype: CUZ!; isotypes: AMAZ, HUT, MO!, USM!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 4-20 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2-3 pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (4.1-)5.1-7.1  × 2.0-4.9 cm; rachises densely lanate, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.6-2.6  × 0.6-1.1 cm; margin crenate with 6-11 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces sparsely lanate; lower leaflet surfaces densely lanate with whitish hairs 1.3-1.5 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, 5.0-8.8 cm long, bearing 5-11 flowers; floral bracts 5.0-7.5 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely lanate on the outer surface; rachises glabrous to villous. Flowers 8.2-11.0 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely lanate outside; stamens 23-27, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 3.3-4.1 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2-3 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely pilose; (7.3-)10.3-15.1  × 6.0-8.2 mm including spines. Octoploid, perhaps also tetraploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis sacra is distributed from central Peru in Huarochiri (Lima) and northern  Junín to southern Peru in Abancay (Apurimac) and Cusco (Fig. 92). The species occurs in relatively dry valleys at 3300-4600 m elevation. It often co-occurs with  P. subsericans and  P. rodolfovasquezii in the Vilcanota Mountain range (Cusco), but generally occurs at lower elevations than these two species. At 4300 m elevation, a stand of  P. sacra had a mean maximum tree height of 18.5 m, whereas a stand at 3980 m was only 15.9 m tall, presumably because of drier conditions in the arid valley bottom (Kessler et al. 2014). Average morphological and physiological features of  P. sacra estimated at Vilcanota are a leaf area of 6.27 cm2, specific leaf area of 81.20 cm2 g-1, leaf thickness of 396.84  μm, epidermal cell length of 33.58  μm, chlorophyll parenchyma cell length of 95.77  μm, 11.02 stomata/mm2, rhytidome thickness of 3.75 mm, water content of 16.3%, relative water content of 77.6% and water saturation deficit of 22.1% (Arroyo 2015, as  P. racemosa). The Cordillera Vilcanota has a high floristic diversity with over 144 plant species (Servat et al. 2002). The  Polylepis forests in the region hold up to 60 species of birds (Yanacocha) (Servat et al. 2002) with a high number of endemic bird species ( Fjeldså et al. 1999;  Fjeldså 2002a) including the endangered species  Cinclodes excelsior,  Anairetes alpinus and  Leptasthenura xenothorax and the near-threatened species  Leptasthenura yanacencis,  Asthenes urubambensis,  Conirostrum binghami (=  Oreomanes fraseri) and  Xenodacnis parina (Servat et al. 2002).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>We name this species after the Sacred Valley of the Incas stretching from Pisac to Ollantaytambo in Cusco (Peru) where the species is well distributed.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis sacra is estimated as 62,397 km2, the AOO is assessed at 120 km2 and it is known from 15 locations. In Cusco, it is protected within the Private Conservation Areas Network of the Vilcanota Mountain range. It has been subject to reforestation activities since 2001 by ECOAN, a non-profit NGO dedicated to the conservation of endangered species and threatened Andean ecosystems. However, at many of its locations, the species grows in habitats that are strongly affected by human activities including grazing and burning. We assess  P. sacra as Vulnerable (B1a+B2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The taxonomic status of Peruvian populations of  Polylepis from the Sacred Valley (also known as Vilcanota Valley) related to  P. racemosa has long been confused. These plants have previously been identified as  P. racemosa (Simpson 1979; Lloyd 2008a, b; Lloyd and Marsden 2008) or as  P. lanata (Mendoza and Cano 2012). However, Simpson (1979) already pointed out that collections from Lima (Killip &amp; Smith 21745, Asplund 11374) with more than one pair of large leaflets and longer inflorescences with numerous flowers are a morphologically extreme type of  P. racemosa as defined by her. We consider that the recognition of  P. sacra as a distinct species is justified, based on morphological, ecological and geographical grounds.  Polylepis sacra resembles  P. lanata in having 2-3 lateral leaflet pairs, lanate hairs and relatively long inflorescences. However, it has narrower leaflets with crenate margins with more teeth per side (0.6-1.1 cm with 6-11 teeth versus 0.9-1.4 cm with 5-9 teeth), shorter inflorescences (5.0-8.8 cm versus (5.0-)6.1-12.3 cm), more stamens per flower (23-27 versus 15-19) and longer styles (3.3-4.1 versus 2.5-3.2 mm).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Peru. Apurimac: Abancay, Bosque de Balcon, 4200 m, 16 June 2004, Palomino 3924 (QCA!). Cusco: Anta, Anta, 13°28'17"S, 072°08'23"W, 3546 m, 01 March 2003, Arce s.n (USM!); Pucaccacca, 13°29'21"S, 072°07'59"W, 3635 m, 01 March 2003, Arce s.n (USM!); Santa Ana, El Chaccan, 3500 m, 16 November 1972, Brunel 37 (MO!); Santa Ana, El Chaccan. Sub-xerofito, micro-thermico, 3490 m, 05 March 1973, Brunel 596 (MO!). Calca, Arin North of Cusco, road Cusco-Urubamba, 13°20'S, 072°01'W, 2897 m, 20 July 1992,  Chávez 807 (CUZ!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'05"S, 072°01'08"W, 4245 m, 06 May 2011, Sylvester 1196 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'06"S, 072°01'08"W, 4250 m, 07 May 2011, Sylvester 1213 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'11"S, 072°01'06"W, 4230 m, 09 May 2011, Sylvester 1223 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'13"S, 072°01'05"W, 4243 m, 10 May 2011, Sylvester 1228 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'10"S, 072°01'07"W, 4237 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1230 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'05"S, 072°01'16"W, 4387 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1260 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, top of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'05"S, 072°01'16"W, 4395 m, 16 May 2011, Sylvester 1262 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found 700 m E of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'16"S, 072°01'05"W, 4242 m, 16 May 2011, Sylvester 1270 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, top of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'09"S, 072°01'07"W, 4243 m, 16 May 2011, Sylvester 1278 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca top of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'10"S, 072°01'16"W, 4261 m, 16 May 2011, Sylvester 1281 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, top of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'06"S, 072°01'16"W, 4405 m, 17 May 2011, Sylvester 1288 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'14"S, 072°01'04"W, 4258 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1310 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, top of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'06"S, 072°01'17"W, 4403 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1318 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the grassy grazed land found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'09"S, 072°01'06"W, 4247 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1338 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the grassy grazed land found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'05"S, 072°01'03"W, 4297 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1339 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the grassy grazed land found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'05"S, 072°01'03"W, 4297 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1340 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'03"S, 072°01'02"W, 4310 m, 02 June 2011, Sylvester 1342 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'04"S, 072°01'04"W, 4295 m, 02 June 2011, Sylvester 1343 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, Surayoc, in the deep forested valley 2 km NE of the small settlement of Churo and 6 km NE of  Huarán, 13°15'44"S, 072°59'50"W, 4354 m, 17 July 2011, Sylvester 1351 (CUZ!, Z!); 1352 (CUZ!, Z!); Surayoc, in the deep forested valley 2 km NE of the small settlement of Churo and 6 km NE of  Huarán, 13°15'47"S, 071°59'49"W, 4071 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1403 (CUZ!, Z!); 1406 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, the SW facing slopes found to the immediate E of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'09"S, 072°01'06"W, 4253 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1684 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca, top of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of  Huarán, 13°16'05"S, 072°01'00"W, 4319 m, 07 June 2012, Sylvester 1686; 1687 (CUZ!, Z!); Calca along track from Huaran to Cancha Cancha, 3.5 km north of Huaran, 13°16'38"S, 072°01'44"W, 3377 m, 22 June 2013, Sylvester 2236 (Z!, LPB). Cusco, Sacsayhuaman, 13°30'35"S, 071°58'43"W, 3391 m, 17 June 2015, Boza &amp; Urquiaga 3081 (CUZ!, USM!, Z!); San  Jerónimo, Hauccoto, Pachatusan, 13°31'02"S, 071°48'39"W, 4400 m, 23 October 2004, Galiano 6980 (AMAZ, CUZ!, F!, HUT, MO!, MOL, USM!). Espinar, Yauri, localidad Virginniyoc, 4100 m, 13 April 1987,  Núñez 7889B (CUZ!). Urubamba,  Chicón, 13°15'01"S, 072°05'16"W, 3517 m, 01 April 2003, Arce s.n (CUZ!, USM!); Yanahuara, Mantanay, 13°12'51"S, 072°09'46"W, 4078 m, 17 June 2015, Boza &amp; Urquiaga 3034; 3090; 3091 (CUZ!, USM!, Z!); above Urubamba, Chicon Valley below Nevado  Chaiñapuerto, 13°15'S, 072°05'W, 3370-3550 m, 22 March 1987, Brandbyge 456 (AAU!); Urubamba, Mantanay, 13°12'03"S, 072°09'20"W, 3350-3800 m, 07 September 2002,  Farfán 281 (CUZ!, F!, HUT, MO!, USM!); Urubamba, Pumahuanca, 13°12'36"S, 072°05'56"W, 3300-3850 m, 09 September 2002,  Farfán 341 (AMAZ, CUZ!, F!, HUT, MO!, MOL, USM!); Huaran ca. Yanachoca, 13°21'S, 072°03'W, 3000-4000 m, 26 January 1991,  Núñez 12568; 12655 (CUZ!, MO!); Huayoccari to Yanacocha, Urubamba, NW from Cusco, 13°16'S, 072°04'W, 14 February 1987,  Núñez 6999; 7066 (MO!); desde Huayocri hasta Yanacocha, cerca a Huayllabamba, 13°21'S, 072°03'W, 3000-3890 m, 25 June 1988,  Núñez 9222 (CUZ!, MO!); Pumahuanca, bosque de  Queñaquenco-Cuyo, 4100 m, 16 June 2004, Palomino 4809 (QCA!); Urubamba, 1.5 km 100 NE up the valley from the Munaycha college, 5 km North upvalley from Urubamba, 13°14'39"S, 072°04'46"W, 3865 m, 25 May 2011, Sylvester 1349; 1350 (CUZ!, Z!); Huayllabamba, grazed slope situated on the N side of Laguna Qellococha 500 m further N passing through the  Polylepis forest 5 km N of Huayocari Village, 13°16'42"S, 072°03'00"W, 4168 m, 28 February 2011, Sylvester 604; 637; 643; 644 (CUZ!, Z!); Huayllabamba, grazed slope situated on the N side of Laguna Qellococha 500 m further N passing through the  Polylepis forest 5 km N of Huayocari Village, 13°16'43"S, 072°02'56"W, 4182 m, 11 March 2011, Sylvester 700; 725 (CUZ!, Z!); Huayllabamba, grazed slope situated on the N side of Laguna Qellococha 500 m further N passing through tha  Polylepis forest 5 km N of Huayocari Village, 13°16'43"S, 072°03'00"W, 4162 m, 12 March 2011, Sylvester 732 (CUZ!, Z!); Huayllabamba, grazed slope situated on the N side of Laguna Qellococha 500 m further N passing through tha  Polylepis forest 5 km N of Huayocari Village, 13°16'36"S, 072°03'03"W, 4199 m, 13 March 2011, Sylvester 755 (CUZ!, Z!); Huayllabamba, grazed slope situated on the N side of Laguna Qellococha 500 m further N passing through tha  Polylepis forest 5 km N of Huayocari Village, 13°16'42"S, 072°03'07"W, 4163 m, 13 March 2011, Sylvester 764 (CUZ!, Z!); Huayllabamba, grazed slope situated on the N side of Laguna Qellococha 500 m further N passing through tha  Polylepis forest 5 km N of Huayocari Village, 13°16'42"S, 072°03'07"W, 4229 m, 14 March 2011, Sylvester 765; 773 (CUZ!, Z!); Huayllabamba, grazed slope situated on the N side of Laguna Qellococha 500 m further N passing through tha  Polylepis forest 5 km N of Huayocari Village, 13°16'42"S, 072°03'07"W, 4215 m, 14 March 2011, Sylvester 781 (Z!); Huayllabamba, grazed land situated on the S side of Laguna Qellococha 5 km N of Huayocari Village 55 m S of Laguna Qellococha, 13°16'42"S, 072°03'01"W, 4151 m, 15 March 2011, Sylvester 789 (Z!); 796 (Z!); Huayllabamba, Yanacocha, 13°17'12"S, 072°03'06"W, 3760 m, 07 June 2006, Toivonen 43; 44; 45 (CUZ!); Huayllabamba, Yanacocha, 13°16'49"S, 072°59'06"W, 3960 m, 07 June 2006, Toivonen 47; 48 (CUZ!); Mantanay, 13°12'07"S, 072°09'32"W, 4100 m, 19 July 2007, Toivonen 5; 6; 7; 8 (CUZ!); Huayllabamba, Yanacocha, 13°16'55"S, 072°03'00"W, 3950 m, 16 June 2006, Toivonen 50; 51 (CUZ!); Huayllabamba, Qelloqocha, 13°16'52"S, 072°03'07"W, 4180 m, 31 August 2006, Toivonen 53; 54; 55; 56 (CUZ!); Urubamba, Pumahuanca, 13°12'30"S, 072°05'53"W, 4150 m, 13 June 2006, Toivonen 59 (CUZ!); Urubamba, Pumahuanca, 13°12'43"S, 072°05'51"W, 4140 m, 25 May 2006, Toivonen 61 (CUZ!). Huayllabamba, entre quebrada de Huayaccari y las lagunas de Yanacocha y Kellococha parte alta y media, 13°21'15"S, 072°03'55"W, 3400-4200 m, 17-18 May 1989, Tupayachi 1044 (MO!); entre la quebrada de Huayoccari y las lagunas de Yanacocha y Kellococha, hacia las laderas Sureste de las lagunas, 13°19'00"S, 072°02'00"W, 2900-3600 m, 19-23 June 1989, Tupayachi 1092 (GH!, MO!); Huayllabamba, entre Huayoccari y las lagunas de Yanacocha y Kellococha, 13°13'S, 072°16'W, 2900-4600 m, 17-18 July 1989, Tupayachi 1130 (MO!); 1138 (MO!); Huayllabamba, Lagunas Yanachocha y Quellococha hacia San Juan, NE de Cusco, 13°16'S, 072°04'W, 2900-4600 m, 19 August 1989, Tupayachi 1212A (MO!); 1213 (MO!); Huayllabamba, Huayaccari-Yanaccocha; camino a Yanaccocha, 13°21'S, 072°03'W, 3000-4200 m, 03 March 1986, Tupayachi 137 (CUZ!, MO!); Huayllabamba. Laguna Yanaccocha y Kello ccocha, 13°21'15"S, 072°03'55"W, 3800-4200 m, 07 January 1989, Tupayachi 854 (MO!); Huayllabamba, entre la quebrada Huayoccari, Lagunas de Yanacocha y Kellococha, 13°21'15"S, 072°03'55"W, 2900-3860 m, 12 February 1989, Tupayachi 896 (MO!); Urubamba, Pumahuanca, 13°14'35"S, 072°06'50"W, 3543 m, 20 February 2006, Valenzuela 6154 (AMAZ, CUZ!, HUT, MO!, USM!); Pumahuanca, 3450-3850 m, 25 October 1952, Vargas 10799 (CUZ!); Quebrada Chicon, 3000 m, 14 August 1974, Vargas 22604 (CUZ!); Sutocc to Pacchacc, 3500-3650 m, 15 November 1962, Vargas 7855 (CUZ!); Yanahuara, 3600 m, 16 March 1950, Vargas 9315 (CUZ!).  Junín: Jauja, Llocllapampa, 3350 m,  Rosales 4 (USM!). Lago Chinchay Cocha Junin, Ondores, 11°04'S, 076°08'W, 4000 m, 05 February 1987, Boertmann 17a (AAU!). Llocllapampa, Parco entre Jauja y Oroya, 3200-3300 m, 24 November 1947, Ferreyra 2833 (MO!, USM!). Tarma, Ayabamba, 27 April 1905, Soukup 2536 (F!). Lima: Huarochiri, Vista Alegre,  Río Blanco, 3923 m, 21 February 1990, Arce 205 (MO!); 3400 m, 03 June 1940, Asplund 11343 (US!); 3700 m, 04 June 1940, Asplund 11374 (US!). San Mateo,  Río Blanco; open hillside, 3000-3500 m, 15-17 April 1929, Killip 21745 (A!, F!, US!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/83766B617154295B5441BE256E13D606	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
C33D820384CD889239E6D76F5A1A5814.text	C33D820384CD889239E6D76F5A1A5814.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis sericea Wedd., Chlor. Andina 2: 238. 1857.	<div><p>13.  Polylepis sericea Wedd., Chlor. Andina 2: 238. 1857.</p><p>Figs 39, 40</p><p>Polylepis hypargyrea Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 600. 1911. Type. Venezuela.  Páramo de la Culata, Sierra Nevada Moritz 1120 (holotype: B destroyed; isotypes: BM!; photos at F!, GH!).</p><p>Polylepis quindiensis Cuatrecasas, Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 4: 343.1941. Type. Colombia. Caldas: Cordillera Central, W of Macizo del Quindio, Nevado del Ruiz, 3400-3500 m, 5 May 1940, Cuatrecasas 9327 (holotype: COL!; isotypes: BC!,US!).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Venezuela.  Mérida:  Sierra Nevada, 3500 m, Jun 1847, Funck &amp; Schlim 1546 (lectotype, designated by Simpson 1979, pg. 28: P!; isolectotypes: G!; phot at F!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 3-7(12) m tall. Leaves strongly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2-3(-4) pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 3.9-4.2  × 2.5-3.8 cm; rachises glabrous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, straight whitish hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, almost glabrous with some hairs at the edges on the outer surfaces and glabrous in the inner surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.8-2.1  × 0.8-1.0 cm; margin entire, coriaceous, apically emarginate to retuse, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely sericeous with whitish hairs 0.7-1.0 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, 3.3-4.5 cm long, bearing 9-15 flowers; floral bracts 4.1-6.4 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely sericeous on the outer surface; rachises sericeous. Flowers 4.2-8.1 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens 13-15, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.9-2.5 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely sericeous; 4.0-7.4  × 3.4-9.6 mm including spines. Diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis sericea is found in two distinct geographic areas, the Cordillera de  Mérida in the Andes of western Venezuela and the Cordillera Central of Colombia in Caldas, Quindio and Risaralda Departments (Fig. 41). It grows at 2800-4300 m elevation in humid montane forest, where it is the only species of the genus. In Venezuela,  P. sericea mostly grows as homogeneous forest and sometimes mixed with  Hesperomeles glabrata and  H. pernettyoides (Arnal 1983). In Colombia, it represents 61.9% (1893.07 ha) of the total  Polylepis forest estimated for this country ( Fadiño and Caro 2009). In the Cordillera Central, it grows mixed with  Myrsine parvifolia,  Miconia salicifolia and  Gynoxys baccharoides (Rangel-Ch and Arellano 2007). This species has been subject to detailed ecological and ecophysiological studies in Venezuela which, among other aspects, revealed that the net photosynthesis is highest at leaf temperatures of 13 °C, but is still 80% of this maximum at 3 °C and that it has high concentrations of carbohydrates in its leaves that allow supercooling down to -9 °C (Rada et al. 1985, 1996, 2009; Goldstein et al. 1994). Leaf anatomy changes with elevation to account for lower temperatures and increasing water stress at high elevations (Colmenares-Arteaga et al. 2005). As in many species of the genus, natural regeneration is highest along forest margins and in open forests, where shading is low enough to allow for seedling growth, but where herb cover is too low to outcompete them (Rada et al. 2011).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The estimated Extent of Occurrence (EOO) for  Polylepis sericea is 36,560 km2. The Area of Occupancy (AOO) is 100 km2. The species is known from 16 locations. It is protected in Venezuela within the Sierra Nevada and Sierra de la Culata National Parks, with some minor relicts in the highest areas of the Trujillo State, where more than 50% of the remnant forest of  P. sericea are conserved (Arnal 1983). In Colombia, forest remnants of  P. sericea are protected within Los Nevados National Park. We assess  P. sericea as Vulnerable (B1a+B2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>In her seminal taxonomic revision of the genus  Polylepis, Simpson (1979) adopted a broad species concept of  P. sericea, with the result that it was long considered the most widespread species of the genus. However, Boza Espinoza et al. (2019) subdivided the species into five morphologically, geographically and ecologically different species, namely  P. albicans,  P. argentea,  P. canoi,  P. ochreata and  P. sericea . This treatment is also supported by the fact that, in Peru, two of these species ( P. argentea and  P. canoi) co-occur in mixed forests without interbreeding (Boyle 2001). Later, Boza Espinoza et al. (2020a) further separated  P. humboldtii and  P. loxensis from  P. ochreata, resulting in the current recognition of seven species within what Simpson (1979) recognized as the single species  P. sericea .</p><p>As defined by Boza Espinoza et al. (2019) and here,  P. sericea can be distinguished from the most similar species  P. ochreata by the number of leaflet pairs (2-3(-4) versus 4-7), leaflet margin (entire versus entire to slightly serrate), leaflet hair length (0.7-1.0 mm versus 0.3-0.5 mm), inflorescence length (3.3-4.5 cm versus 8.1-17.4 cm) and flower number (9-15 versus 21-49).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Colombia. Caldas: Pereira, El Cisne, Laguna del  Otúm, 04°46'N, 075°25'W, 3900-4200 m, 20 March 2009, Vargas 20063 (COL!).  Villamaría, Cordillera central, vertiente occidental; cabeceras del  río Otún, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.9666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.36667/lat 4.9666667)">Laguna del Mosquito</a> y plan del Villar, 04°58'N, 075°21'W, 3650-3750 m, 26 November 1946, Cuatrecasas 23257 (COL!); Cordillera Central, vertiente occidental, vert. sudoeste del Ruiz, El Prisco,  páramos, 04°58'N, 075°22'W, 3500-3600 m, 05 May 1940, Cuatrecasas 9327 (COL!)  .   Quindío: Salento, Vereda  Cocóra; below  Nevado del Quindio, 3800 m, 20-22 May 1989, Luteyn 12974 (MO!)  .   Risaralda: Pereira, Cordillera central, en el paso de la <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.7833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.4/lat 4.7833333)">Laguna del 
Otum</a> hacia la Quebrada Africa, 04°47'N, 075°24'W, 4300 m, 09 February 1980, Jaramillo 6276 (COL!)  .</p><p>Venezuela. Lara:  Morán,  Páramo del Jabon (Vertiente Oriental), 09°34'N, 070°06'W, 3100-3400 m, 02 November 1969, Cuatrecasas 28216 (MERF);  Páramo Jabón, camino al  páramo Cendé, 09°34'N, 070°06'W, 3000-3200 m, 30 December 1999, Riina 1036 (VEN).  Mérida: Caracciolo Parra Olmedo,  Páramo La Culata en quebrada, 08°46'43"N, 071°03'04"W, 3581 m, 07 October 2006, Bonifacino 2541 (VEN). Justo  Briceño,  Páramos de Laguna Grande, 08°48'N, 070°56'W, 21 January 1929, Pittier 13253 (MO!, VEN). Libertador, Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada. Loma Redonda Teleferico station and south, 08°33'N, 071°05'W, 4068 m, 20 May 1988, Dorr 5220 (AAU!); Pico Bolivar, 08°33'N, 071°02'W, 4200 m, 17 January 1968, Walter 443 (GOET!). Miranda, carretera hacia  Piñango,  Páramo Piedras Blancas, Dtto. Rangel, 09°00'N, 070°50'W, 3700 m, 03 March 1982, Aymard 1050 (MO!); Dist. Justo  Briceño .  Páramo y chirivital en la vertiente NW del Alto del Totumo, hoya del  Río Chirurí, a 19.5 km de El Aguila por la carretera a  Piñango, 08°51'N, 070°49'W, 3900-4000 m, 02 April 1982, Berry 3812 (MO!); 3844 (MO!, VEN); de El Aguila a  Piñango, 08°56'24"N, 070°50'47"W, 3820 m, 03 August 2010, Grande 2565 (VEN). Pueblo Llano, Andes de Merida /Steilhang oberhalb Laguna Negra, 08°56'N, 070°41'W, 3500-3700 m, 01 August 1958, Schwabe s.n (GOET!); Andes de Merida, 08°56'N, 070°41'W, 4000 m, 01 January 1973, Schwabe s.n (GOET!). Rangel, Margenes del  Río Chama, cerca de Apartadevos, 08°47'N, 070°51'W, 01 July 1971, Aristeguieta 7886 (MO!); Quebrada de la Mucuchache, SE de la entrada, 3600 m, 16 June 1981,  Briceño 298 (VEN); Dist. Rangel, cascada SE of Laguna de Mucubaji and below Pico  Mucuñuque, Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada, 08°48'N, 070°49'W, 3600-3800 m, 15 June 1988, Dorr 5524 (MO!, VEN); Sierra Nevada, 08°36'N, 070°53'W, 3800 m, 20 July 1934, Farenholtz 1833 (GOET!); Sierra Nevada, 08°36'N, 070°53'W, 4000 m, 27 July 1934, Farenholtz 1927 (GOET!); Quebrada Yoyo, 08°43'N, 070°49'W, 3880 m, 12 April 1930, Gehriger 73 (MO!, VEN); Distr. Rangel. Sierra Nevada de Santo Domingo, road between Laguna de Mucubaji and Laguna Negra, 08°47'N, 070°48'W, 3400 m, 03 July 1979, Kieft 87 (MO!, VEN); moraine at the head of the valley above L.  Mucubají, on a small rocky cliff just above and east of the lowest falls, 08°47'N, 070°49'W, 3650 m, 21 July 1972, Loveless 1722 (MO!); Sierra Nevada, 08°36'N, 070°53'W, s.d., Moritz 1120 (MO!); La Nevada, 08°36'N, 070°53'W, 3352 m, 21 December 1904, Schlim 1546 (MO!); Berghange oberhalb Laguna Negra/  Páramo, 08°46'N, 070°48'W, 3700 m, s.d., Schwabe s.n (GOET!);  Páramo de  Mucubají,  Páramo vegetation around Cascadas along the trail to Laguna Negra  Páramo, 08°46'49"N, 070°49'16"W, 3640 m, 12 October 2007, Sklenar 10240 (VEN); Caserio Mifafi, camino quebrada de  río Chama-Caserio Mucumpis a  través del  páramo Piedra Blanca (entrada por la carretera Apartaderous-Pico Aguila), 08°48'N, 070°50'W, 14 August 1980, Stergios 2116 (MO!);  Páramo seco y  húmedo en el sector de Sto. Domingo de  Mucubají los alrededores de la Laguna de  Mucubají, 08°46'N, 070°49'W, 29 May 1986, Stergios 8378 (MO!). Santos Marquina, Sierra Nevada.  Páramo alrededores de la Laguna Verde proximo Picos Humboldt y Bonpland, near edge of la LagunaVerde, 08°34'N, 070°59'W, 4000 m, 04 December 1959, Barclay 10034 (MO!); Cerro de Caballo, 08°32'N, 070°54'W, 3600-3850 m, 25 November 1959, Barclay 9816 (MO!); Sierra Nevada; alrededores de la Laguna Coromoto. Trail to Laguna Verde, 08°34'N, 071°00'W, 3300-3500 m, 03 December 1959, Barclay 9951 (MO!), Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada,  Mérida,  Páramo Media Luna, 300 m Westl der Teleferico-Station Loma Redonda, 3920 m, 10 January 1995, Berg 517 (VEN);  Páramo del Aguila, 10 March 1951, Croizat 66 (VEN); alrededores inmediatos de la Laguna Brava ( Páramo de la Laguna Brava), sector del  Páramo de los Granates, Sierra de Santo Domingo, Cordillera de los Andes, 3300 m, 20 May 1971,  López-Figueiras 8728 (VEN);  Páramo, Los Colorados, 3900 m, 01 May 1988,  López del Pozo 416 (VEN);  Páramo, 3550 m, July 1988,  López del Pozo 944 (VEN); Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada, Laguna Negra, 17 September 1998, Ramirez 5533 (VEN); Laguna  Mucubají, above Los Apartaderos, 3625-3655 m, 21 July 1944, Steyermark 57513 (VEN); Laguna Negra, 3520 m, 18 May 1952, Varechi 962 (VEN). Tachira: Jauregui,  Páramo Sumusica along the trail heading northwest from the mountain pass (road La Grita-San Jose de Bolivar), 08°01'31"N, 071°57'53"W, 3340 m, 17 October 2007, Sklenar 10356 (VEN). Trujillo:  Boconó, Mun. Carache, P.N. Dinira, arriba de Mesa Arriba, debajo del Pico  Cendé, ladera SO, 09°32'N, 070°07'W, 3200 m, 01 April 1999, Duno de Stefano 767 (MO!, VEN).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C33D820384CD889239E6D76F5A1A5814	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
AA8DE8CEC2F2C99BE13C3CDABBE24092.text	AA8DE8CEC2F2C99BE13C3CDABBE24092.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis serrata Pilg., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 536. 1906.	<div><p>5.  Polylepis serrata Pilg., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 536. 1906.</p><p>Figs 22, 23</p><p>Polylepis serrata var. parcipila Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 593. 1911. Type. Peru. Cusco: La Convencion, Yanamanche, between Cusco and Santa Ana, 3500-3800 m, Weberbauer 4954 (holotype: B destroyed; isotype: Vratisl).</p><p>Polylepis serrata var. psilanthera Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 593. 1911. Type. Based on  Polylepis serrata Pilg.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Peru. Huanuco: Huamalics, southeast of  Monzon, 3400-3500 m, 1903, Weberbauer 3354 (holotype: B destroyed; photos at MO!,  US).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 3-27 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 4-7 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (5.4-)6.7-8.7(-11.1)  × (3.2-)3.9-5.7(-6.4) cm; rachises densely tomentose; points of leaflet attachment with a ring of short tomentose hairs around; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.8-)2.4-3.5  × 0.8-1.0(-1.2) cm; margin serrate with 4-5 teeth, apically acute, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous or sparsely lanate mainly in the mid-vein depression; lower leaflet surfaces densely lanate with whitish hairs 0.7-1.2 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (7.6-)9.5-13.3(-17.3) cm long, bearing 16-35 flowers; floral bracts 3.4-4.5 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 5.2-5.9 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely sericeous outside; stamens (4-)6-14, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 1.2-2.3 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of thin spines, densely villous; (3.8-)6.1-6.7  × 5.6-8.8 mm including spines. Diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis serrata is distributed from San  Martín to Cusco, Peru (Fig. 24), where it occurs at 2000-3950 m elevation. It grows in relatively wet habitats usually mixed with or at the upper edge of the montane cloud forest, commonly with species of the genera  Oreopanax and  Weinmannia (Young 1993). It often also co-occurs with  P. canoi and towards its upper distribution grades into forests of  P. rodolfovasquezii (Boyle 2001; Kessler et al. 2014). This is one of the tallest  Polylepis species, with heights of up to 27 m and diameters of up to 80 cm recorded (Toivonen et al. 2011). In a study in Cuzco, Peru, vegetative reproduction was found to be absent at 3000 m, but increased to around 80% at 3500-3800 m (Toivonen et al. 2011). Based on pollen records,  Polylepis of presumably this species was common at Laguna de Chochos in San  Martín, Peru, at the beginning of the Holocene some 10,000-6,000 bp and later declined (Bush et al. 2005). The ecophysiology of this species has been studied by Toivonen et al. (2014; as  P. pauta).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis serrata is estimated as 68,454 km2, the AOO is assessed at 100 km2 and it occurs at 18 locations. In Peru, was categorized as Near Threatened (SERFOR 2006, as  P. pauta). It is restricted to small areas of eastern Peru where it is protected within  Río Abiseo and Manu National Parks. However, the habitat of  P. serrata is threatened by fires and forest destruction. We assess this species as Vulnerable (B1a+B2a, C1).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>This species is quite similar to  P. pauta and, in fact, it was treated as a junior synonym by Simpson (1979). Nevertheless, Simpson already pointed out the morphological diagnosability of geographical populations of  P. pauta as defined by her. We consider that the recognition of  P. serrata is justified, based on morphological, ecological and geographical grounds, and suggest that this taxon should be re-instated at species level.  Polylepis serrata differs from  P. pauta by having longer leaflets (1.8-3.5 cm versus 1.7-2.2 cm long) with different type and relatively shorter hairs (0.7-1.2 mm, lanate versus 0.9-1.9 mm, sericeous).  Polylepis serrata further has shorter styles (1.2-2.3 mm;  P. pauta: 2.3-2.5 mm).</p><p>Polylepis serrata also is morphologically similar to  P. ochreata, with which it shares the number of leaflets (4-7 pairs). The most obvious differences between  P. serrata and this species are the leaflet width, margin, apex and hair type and length, with  P. serrata having elliptic leaflets 0.8-1.2 cm long, with acute apex and longer lanate hairs (0.7-1.2 mm) on the lower surface, whereas  P. ochreata has narrowly elliptic leaflets 0.5-0.7 cm long, emarginate apex and short sericeous hairs (0.3-0.5 mm) on the lower surface.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Peru. Cusco: Calca, Lares Cuncani, 07 June 1991, Tupayachi 1505 (CUZ!). La  Convención, Prov. Machupicchu, Chakimayu, 3235 m, 01 September 2002, Arce s.n (CUZ!, USM!); Batiyayoc 13°08'01"S, 072°19'45"W, 3705 m, 01 October 2002, Arce s.n (CUZ!); Dist. Santa Teresa, Uchuyillaspay, 13°07'23"S, 072°37'30"W, 3883 m, 22 September 2005, Huamantupa 7018 (CUZ!, MO!); Dist. Echarate, Huayopata, San Luis, 13°04'43"S, 072°23'25"W, 2800 m, 30 March 2006, Huamantupa 7526 (CUZ!, MO!, USM!); Potrero, Bosque de Ukumuriyoc, 3600 m, 01 October 2002, Palomino 1737 (QCA!); Dist. Huayopata, Panticalle, Abra  Málaga 13°08'02"S, 072°19'41"W, 3690 m, 30 May 2006, Toivonen 88 (CUZ!); 89 (CUZ!); 90 (CUZ!); 91 (CUZ!); Cerca Canchayoc, 3600 m, 29 June 1967, Vargas 19872 (CUZ!); Canchayoc, 3650-4000 m, 10 January 1968, Vargas 20086 (CUZ!); Canchayoc, 3700 m, 23 April 1980, Vargas 23311 (CUZ!); Yanamanche Quellomayo, 3600-4000 m, 25 July 1944, Vargas 4457 (CUZ!). Paucartambo, Challabamba, Pumataki, 13°09'16"S, 071°38'33"W, 3671 m, 10 December 2014, Boza 3024 (USM!, Z!); Challabamba, between Acjanaco and Tres Cruces, 13°10'07"S, 071°37'58"W, 3450 m, 10 December 2014, Boza 3025 (USM!, Z!); Trocha Ericsson, Acjanaco, Parque Nacional Manu, 3250-3350 m, 01 September 1990, Cano 4041 (USM!); Qollatambo, Parque Nacional Manu, 3700-3800 m, 10 September 1990, Cano 4319 (USM!); Tres Cruces, Parque Nacional Manu, 3600-3700 m, 06 March 1991, Cano 4588 (USM!); Cerro Chapuyoc, Challabamba, ParqueNacional Manu, 3350-3450 m, 15 March 1991, Cano 4689 (USM!); Valle del Pilcopata, near Accanaco Pass, turnoff to Tres Cruces, 13°13'S, 071°35'W, 3500 m, 15 December 1983, Foster 7548 (MO!, USM!); Acjanaco, Parque Nacional Manu, Trocha Ericsson, 3000-3200 m, 22 July 1991, Huapaya 221 (USM!); Region of Acanacu and the Cordillera or Tres Cruces, 3290-3500 m, 07 December 1978, Luteyn 6386 (AAU!, MO!, USM!); Pillahuata, alrededores, Tres cruces, 130 km de Cusco en el camino hacia Pilcopta, 13°05'S, 071°30'W, 2000 m, 04 April 1987,  Núñez 7749 (CUZ!, MO!, USM!); Km 130 hacia  Kosñipata; incluye Acjanacu, Pillahuata, parte alta del Parque Nacional del Manu y ceja de selva hacia  Kosñipata, 13°05'S, 071°30'W, 2600 m, 30 October 1987,  Núñez 8482 (CUZ!, MO!); Tres Cruces, Parque Nacional Manu, 3500-3700 m, 01 April 1989, Tovar 10081 (USM!); Abra de Acjanaco-Tres Cruces de Oro, carretera Acjanaco-Pillahuata, 13°07'S, 071°40'W, 3700 m, 13 November 1986, Tupayachi 44; Tupayachi 45 (CUZ!, MO!); Entre Paucartambo y Acjanacu, Abra de Acjanacu, 3500 m, 25 January 1960, Vargas 13130 (CUZ!); Hda. Pillco, Valle de Paucartambi, 2800 m, 12 April 1967, Vargas 19242 (CUZ!); Abra de Acjanacu, 3500 m, 20 June 1986, Vargas 24009 (CUZ!); Quebrada de Acjanacu, 3500 m, 11 December 1942, Vargas 3004 (CUZ!, MO!); Chacapampa, 1800-2000 m, 01 December 1950, Vargas 9909 (CUZ!, MO!). Quispicanchis, Marcapata; 176 km from Cusco on road to Maldonado, Marcapata remmant forest to Cocha, 13°25'S, 070°54'W, 3150 m, 08 March 1991,  Núñez 13151 (CUZ!, MO!); entre Abra Walla Walla y Marcapata a 210 km de Cusco, 13°25'S, 070°54'W, 2800-4600 m, 21-25 April 1988,  Núñez 9032 (CUZ!, IBE, MO!); Huaillai-Marcapata, junto al  río Araza, 2900 m, 11 December 1943, Vargas 3765 (CUZ!); Marcapata, 15-16 February 1929, Weberbauer 7803 (A!, MO!). Urubamba, Pakaymayu, 13°14'11"S, 072°29'38"W, 3861 m, 01 June 2002, Arce s.n (USM!); entre San Luis y Abra Malaga, 13°06'S, 072°22'W, 3500 m, 16 October 2002, Lehnert 444 (GOET!); Machu  Picchu’, in Urcoscancha, a pampa above the village of Palcay, 13°09'30"S, 072°31'53"W, 3645 m, 05 July 1982, Peyton 792 (MO!); Lado Oriental de Cumbre  Málaga, 01 October 1984, Rivas s.n (USM!); Machupicchu, campamento (km 90), 13°11'17"S, 072°26'10"W, 3070 m, 02 August 2006, Toivonen 1 (CUZ!); Dist. Machupicchu, campamento (km 90), 13°11'17"S, 072°26'10"W, 3070 m, 02 August 2006, Toivonen 2 (CUZ!); Dist. Machupicchu, Pakaymayu, 13°14'9"S, 072°29'36"W, 3760 m, 24 August 2006, Toivonen 24, 25; 26; 27; 30 (CUZ!); Dist. Machupicchu. Pakaymayu, 13°14'9"S, 072°29'36"W, 3760 m, 13 September 2006, Toivonen 3760 (CUZ!).  Huánuco: Pachitea, Dist. de Umari, Comunidad Campesina de San Marcos, 3400 m, 04 March 2010,  Beltrán 6740 (USM!); 6760 (USM!); 01 July 1903, Weberbauer 3354 (B, MO!).  Junín: Satipo, Cordillera Vilcabamba,  Río Ene slope, near summit of divide, 11°39'36"S, 073°40'02"W, 3320 m, 14 June 1997, Boyle 4398 (USM!). San  Martín: Mariscal Caceres, Primer derrumbe y laguna del pato y asociadas del P. N. del  Río Abiseo, 3250-3450 m, 24 June 1996, Cano 7265 (USM!); Dist. de Huicungo, Parque Nacional  Río Abiseo,  Callejón Rojas, 3600-3700 m, 06 July 2011, Castillo 1026 (USM!); 959 (USM!); Dist. de Huicungo, zona de Alpamachay, 3200-3300 m, 14 June 2001,  León 5224 (USM!);  Río Abiseo National Park; forest on edge of Laguna de Chochos, NW corner of park, 07°00'S, 077°00'W, 3300 m, 19 May 1986, Young 3175 (F!, MO!, USM!);  Río Abiseo National Park, jucture of Quebrada Misquichilca and Quebrada Quimar, 4 km SE of Condormarca, 07°00'S, 077°00'W, 3500 m, 05 June 1986, Young 3552 (F!, MO!, USM!); forest on the edge of Laguna de Chochos, Chochos, NW corner of  Río Abiseo National Park, 07°S, 077°W, 3300 m, 17 July 1987, Young 4863 (MO!, USM!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AA8DE8CEC2F2C99BE13C3CDABBE24092	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E22E0987847379E7794744F6786071BD.text	E22E0987847379E7794744F6786071BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis simpsoniae T. Boza & M. Kessler 2022	<div><p>21.  Polylepis simpsoniae T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 57, 58</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The species differs from  Polylepis weberbaueri Pilg. in the smaller, broadly ovate leaflets (0.9-1.6  × 0.4-1.1 cm) and shorter inflorescences (2.5-5.5 cm long) bearing 3-5 flowers, with each flower having 11-13 stamens.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Ecuador:  Cañar: along  Páramo-road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.03333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.03333/lat -2.55)">Manu</a> W of  Cañar, 02°33'S, 79°02'W, 3300-3700 m, 20 June 1988, S. Laegaard 71564 (holotype: QCA!; isotype: AAU!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 1-8 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2-3 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (2.3-)2.8-5.8  × (1.5-)1.9-3.3 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, lanate hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (0.9-)1.3-1.6  × (0.4-)0.7-1.1 cm; margin entire or slightly crenate with 2-4 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with whitish hairs 0.5-0.7 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (2.5-)3.7-3.9(-5.5) cm long, bearing 3-5 flowers; floral bracts 3.3-6.1 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely lanate on the outer surface; rachises tomentose. Flowers (6.1-)6.7-9.1 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely tomentose outside; stamens 11-13, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.8-3.3 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely villous; 2.4-5.8  × 5.1-7.5 mm including spines. Diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat, and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis simpsoniae occurs in southern Ecuador ( Cañar and Azuay) (Fig. 61). It grows on relatively dry slopes at 2500-3800 m elevation, where it often co-occurs with  P. reticulata . When they co-occur,  P. simpsoniae tends to occur at lower elevation (maximum probability of occurrence at 3300-3700 m) than  P. reticulata (3800-4000 m) (Montalvo et al. 2018).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>We name the species in honor of Beryl B. Simpson (1942-), professor emeritus in the Department of Integrative Biology at the University of Texas at Austin, who, apart from her important contributions to the knowledge of  Polylepis (Simpson 1979, 1986), has conducted remarkable research on tropical angiosperms.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Based on 15 collecting localities, the estimated EOO is 12,905 km2, and the AOO is 92 km2. It has been collected in Cajas National Park, but populations there are heavily fragmented and degraded. Indeed, many  P. simpsoniae forests occur at low elevations outside of the protected area where they are subject to continuing fragmentation and habitat degradation from livestock grazing and firewood extraction. We assess  P. simpsoniae as Endangered (A1, B1a+B2a, C2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis simpsoniae was treated as  P. weberbaueri by previous authors (e.g. Simpson 1979; Romoleroux 1996), including within  P. weberbaueri populations from central Ecuador and northern Peru. However, based on its distinct morphology and ecology, this taxon should be recognized as different from  P. weberbaueri .  Polylepis simpsoniae resembles  P. weberbaueri in having 2-3 leaflet pairs and same type and density of hairs, but it has broadly ovate leaflets and smaller (0.9-1.6  × 0.4-1.1 cm) leaflets than  P. weberbaueri, which has elliptic leaflets 1.6-2.1  × 0.6-0.9 cm. Further,  P. simpsoniae has shorter inflorescences (2.5-5.5 cm) bearing 3-5 flowers, with each flower having 11-13 stamens, whereas  P. weberbaueri has longer inflorescences (8.2-9.7 cm) bearing 9-11 flowers, with each flower having 19-21 stamens.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Ecuador. Azuay:  Baños, Parque Nacional de Las Cajas, along road Soldados-Angas app. 2 km above Soldados, 02°56'S, 079°12'W, 3480 m, 02 May 1992,  Lægaard 102679 (AAU!, QCA!). Cuenca, Area Nacional de  Recreación Cajas, collection made along  Río Patul from the Comunidad Baute/Laguna Patul (watershed of  Río Patul), 02°33'S, 079°21'W, 3500-4200 m, s.d., Clark 6229 (QCA!, QCNE, US!). Jimbilla, along road Cuenca-Soldados, 03°50'S, 079°09'W, 3000-3300 m, 03 March 1985,  Lægaard 53795 (AAU!, MO!). San Joaquin, from Soldados eastwards along the road until Hda. San Vicente (west of Cuenca), 02°56'S, 079°10'W, 3200-3300 m, 05 January 1981, Balslev 1546 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); Parque Nac. de Las Cajas, at entrance to the park at Soldados, 02°56'S, 079°13'W, 3900 m, 02 May 1992,  Lægaard 102677 (AAU!, GOET!);  Páramo de Soldados, SW of Cuenca, 02°57'S, 079°14'W, 3020 m, 24 October 1984,  Lægaard 53234 (AAU!, MO!); between Cuenca and Soldados, 02°57'S, 079°10'W, 2800-3000 m, 28 August 1985,  Lægaard 55082 (AAU!); at Soldados, 02°57'S, 079°14'W, 2800-3000 m, 28 August 1985,  Lægaard 55083 (AAU!); 55087 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); at bridge 2 km below Soldados, 02°56'S, 078°13'W, 3200 m, 14 February 1988,  Lægaard 70082 (AAU!, QCNE); 70084; 70085 (AAU!, MO!); cerca al  Río Yanuncay, carretera via San Joaquin-Soldados Angas, 02°56'S, 079°13'W, 3100 m, 07 April 2007, Romoleroux 4445 (CHEP, ECUAMZ, QCA!). Sayausi, Las Cajas National Park. Wet  páramo near roadside, 02°50'S, 079°12'W, 3500 m, 19 September 1983, Brandbyge 42269 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); from Soldados E along the road until Hcda. San Vicente (W of Cuenca), 3200-3300 m, 05 January 1981, Balslev 1546 (QCA!); Zurucucho,  Cantón Cuenca, Valley bottom, along rivers, 3200 m, 11 August 1978, Boeke 2622 (QCA!); route de Cuenca  à Angas,  páramo de Cajas, peu au dessus du hameau de Soldados, 14 km en desous du col sur le versant  intérieur, 3250 m, 05 October 1988, Huttel 1136 (QCA!);  Páramo de Soldados, SW of Cuenca, 3320 m, 24 October 1984,  Lægaard 53234 (QCA!); between Cuenca and Soldados, 2800-3000 m, 28 August 1985,  Lægaard 55082 (QCA!); at Soldados, 3200-3400 m, 28 August 1985,  Lægaard 55083 (QCA!); at Soldados, 3200 m, 28 August 1985,  Lægaard 55087 (QCA!); at bridge 2 km below Soldados, 3200 m, 14 February 1988,  Lægaard 70084 (QCA!); Parque Nacional Cajas, 3850-3900 m, 10 September 2001, Romoleroux 4028 (QCA!); Est. San Pedro near Canar on steep slopes, 02 January 1977, Simpson 8532 (US!, USM!); 8532a (USM!); Cajas,  Río Blanco, 3620 m, 28 August 1999, Smeets 791 (QCA!).  Cañar: Gualleturo, along  Páramo-road to Manu W of  Cañar, W of pass, 02°33'S, 079°02'W, 3700 m, 20 June 1988,  Lægaard 71561; 71564 (AAU!, QCA!); 71567 (MO!). Ingapirca, Comunidad San Isidro de Vendeleche, 02°32'S, 078°50'W, 3200 m, 04 March 1983, Brandbyge 42085 (AAU!, MO!, NY); Ingapirca Parish, Silante, 02°29'S, 078°49'W, 3450 m, 01 January 1992, Kohn 1526 (MO!). Zhud, along road to Culebrillas ca. km 6-10, 02°26'S, 078°57'W, 3400-3500 m, 04 February 2000,  Lægaard 21006 (AAU!, MO!); at the antennas of Culebrillas ca. 17 km from Panamericana, 02°26'S, 078°57'W, 4000 m, 04 February 2000,  Lægaard 21031 (AAU!, MO!).  Guapán, 3525 m, 28 November 2000, Endara 760 (QCA!); along  páramo road to Manu W of  CaÒar . W of pass, 3300-3700 m, 20 June 1988,  Lægaard 71561 (QCA!); Pimo, entre Oyacshi y Zhud, 3250 m, 13 October 1987, Romoleroux 392 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); Desde  Cañar, km 10.5, Cerro Caucay, 3450 m, s.d., Romoleroux 586 (AAU!, QCA!); Oeste de  Cañar, Km 10.5, Cerro Cuacay, 3450 m, 27 April 1988, Romoleroux 587 (AAU!, MO!, QCA!); 589 (AAU!, QCA!); s.d., Rose 22722; 22733; 23792 (NY, US!); Cuenca del  Río Dudas (Fund. Cordillera Tropical), 3230 m, 17 October 2006, Salgado 1292 (QCA!). Chimborazo: Chimborazo /  Cañar: between Santa Rosa and Joyagshi, near Tipococha, 3500 m, s.d., Camp E-4088 (F!, NY, US!). Tungurahua: Bellavista, 3700 m, 05 December 2009, Caranqui 1907 (QCA!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E22E0987847379E7794744F6786071BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
E6E102796C9D831275DDDE277CDEC87C.text	E6E102796C9D831275DDDE277CDEC87C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis subsericans J. F. Macbr., Candollea 5: 367. 1934.	<div><p>27.  Polylepis subsericans J.F.Macbr., Candollea 5: 367. 1934.</p><p>Figs 71, 72</p><p>Type.</p><p>Peru. Ayacucho:  Hacienda Tortorabamba, 3500-3600 m, May 1910, Weberbauer 5487 (holotype: F!; isotypes: F!, G!)</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 3-10 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with one pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (1.7-)2.8-3.4  × 1.7-2.5 cm; rachises densely pilose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely strigose on the outer surfaces; leaflets narrowly elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (1.3-)1.7-2.8  × 0.5-0.7 cm; margin entire to slightly serrate at apex with 3-4 teeth, apically round or emarginate with the trichomes from the lower surface projecting into the notch, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces sparsely strigose; lower leaflet surfaces densely strigose with yellowish hairs 0.7-1.2 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, (1.9-)2.5-4.9(-5.6) cm long, bearing 3-4(-6) flowers; floral bracts 3.2-6.6 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely pilose on the outer surface; rachises pilose. Flowers 7.7-9.6 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely pilose outside; stamens 9-13, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.0-4.2 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 3-4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely pilose; 7.5-9.1  × 4.3-5.9 mm including spines. Tetraploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis subericans is distributed in the high mountains of southern Peru from  Huaytará (Huancavelica) to (Urubamba) Cusco (Fig. 73). The species occurs in relatively dry and cold areas at 3760-4800(-5100) m elevation. Human activities cause variation of the forest structure, with forest in dry areas being more strongly degraded (Toivonen et al. 2011). During the rainy season,  P. subsericans shows a positive correlation between temperature and tree-ring growth, pointing out the importance of temperature for its growth (Jomelli et al. 2012).  Polylepis subsericans is amongst the highest-growing tree species in the world and in Vilcanota (Cusco), forests of  P. subsericans reach mean maximum tree heights of 13 m at 4650 m (Kessler et al. 2014). These stands grow under mean growing season air temperatures of 3.8 °C and mean growing season soil temperatures of 4.6 °C.  Polylepis subericans is adapted to high elevations and, relative to other species of  Polylepis, has low levels of stomatal conductance and high levels of quantum use efficiency (Toivonen et al. 2014). The anatomical traits of the species have been studied in depth by Arroyo (2015). Stands of  P. subsericans in the Vilcanota Mountains host a moderate diversity of plants (144 spp.) and specialist bird species (30 spp.) (Servat et al. 2002). Among the endemic birds,  Leptasthenura xenothorax,  Cinclodes excelsior and  Anairetes alpinus are threatened by habitat reduction, making this habitat a priority for conservation ( Fjeldså 1987;  Fjeldså and Kessler 1996; Cardenas-Villavicencio and Arque 2010).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis subsericans is estimated as 15,223 km2, the AOO is assessed at 84 km2 and it is known from 11 locations. It has been categorized as EN (B1b(iii)) (Mendoza and  León 2006; SERFOR 2006). In Cusco, it is protected within the Private Conservation Areas Network of the Vilcanota Mountain range. Since 2001, it has been subject to reforestation activities by ECOAN, a non-profit NGO dedicated to the conservation of endangered species and threatened Andean ecosystems. However, populations from Ayacucho have high anthropogenic impact from the surrounding communities to the point of almost disappearing completely (Mendoza and Roque 2007). We assess  P. subsericans as Vulnerable (B1a+B2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis subsericans may be confused with  P. rodolfovasquezii, with which it hybridizes. They share the lateral leaflet pair number and more or less same leaflet hair length.  Polylepis subsericans differs by having leaflets (1.3-)1.7-2.8 cm long, strigose hairs and longer inflorescences (1.9-5.6 cm) with 3-6 flowers, whereas  P. rodolfovasquezii has leaflets 0.9-1.1 cm long, sericeous hairs and inflorescences 0.9-1.1 cm long with just one flower. For additional morphological similarities, see under  P. flavipila and  P. pilosissima .</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Peru. Apurimac: Abancay,  Bosque de Runtococha, 4150 m, 08 April 2003, Palomino 3964 (QCA!)  .   Ayacucho: Huamanga, Torobamba, 3500-3600 m, 01 May 1910, Weberbauer 5487 (F!). La Mar, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.09917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.960834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.09917/lat -12.960834)">Laguna de Toctococha</a>, 12°57'39"S, 074°05'57"W, 4200 m, 30 September 2003, Mendoza 1013 (MO!)  .   Cusco: Calca,  Sacsamonte-Huarán, 13°12'58"S, 072°02'05"W, 4340 m, 01 May 2003, Arce s.n (USM!); Lares, Quishuarani, 13°08'34"S, 072°02'31"W, 4281 m, 17 January 2014, Boza 3000 (USM!, Z!); 3121 (USM!, Z!); Bosque de  Polylepis de Yanacocha, 13°16'59"S, 072°03'02"W, 4012 m, 17 August 1998, Mendoza 112 (CUZ!); Dist. Calca, ledge situated on the prominent cliff 1.5 km South (170) of Cancha Cancha Village Huaran, 13°14'37"S, 072°01'14"W, 4545 m, 27 March 2011, Sylvester 1013; 1025; 1027 (CUZ!, Z!); Dist. Calca, top of the prominent tower known by locals as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of Huaran, 13°16'06"S, 072°01'16"W, 4398 m, 17 May 2011, Sylvester 1287 (CUZ!, Z!); on the SW corner of the topmost part of tower, 13°16'06"S, 072°01'16"W, 4410 m, 17 May 2011, Sylvester 1328; 1329; 1344 (CUZ!, Z!); Dist. Calca, the eastern side of the valley 7.2 km 10 N from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.14916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.14916/lat -13.200556)">Huaran</a>, 13°15'06"S, 072°00'57"W, 4649 m, 18 July 2011, Sylvester 1354; 1355; 1359 (CUZ!, Z!); Dist. Calca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.14916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.14916/lat -13.200556)">upper 
Potreros forest</a>, on the N facing mountainside above the main <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.14916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.14916/lat -13.200556)">Potreros forest</a>. 4 km SW of Cancha Cancha Village, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.14916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.14916/lat -13.200556)">Huaran</a>, 13°15'46"S, 072°02'51"W, 4726 m, 18 July 2011, Sylvester 1361; 1362; 1364; 1365 (CUZ!, Z!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.14916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.14916/lat -13.200556)">Dist. de Calca</a>, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.14916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.14916/lat -13.200556)">Wakapacana forest</a>, on the eastern side of the Valley 7.2 km 10 N from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.14916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.14916/lat -13.200556)">Huaran</a>, 13°15'05"S, 072°00'56"W, 4637 m, 26 March 2012, Sylvester 1408; 1413 (CUZ!, LPB, Z!); Dist. Calca, within the SW facing forest at the top of the prominent tower known by local as  “Kontorqayku” 5 km NE of Huaran, 13°16'07"S, 072°01'17"W, 4388 m, 11 June 2012, Sylvester 1630; 1690 (CUZ!, Z!); Prominent ledge situated on the prominent SW facing cliff face 1.5 km South (170) of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.14916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.14916/lat -13.200556)">Cancha Cancha Village</a> <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.14916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.14916/lat -13.200556)">Huaran</a>, 13°14'34"S, 072°01'14"W, 4517 m, 09 March 2011, Sylvester 804; 809; 813; 820; 868; 875; 876; 880; 881 (CUZ!, Z!); Dist. Calca. Ledge situated on the prominent cliff 1 km South (150) of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.14916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.14916/lat -13.200556)">Cancha Cancha Village</a> <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.14916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.14916/lat -13.200556)">Huaran</a>, 13°14'35"S, 072°01'14"W, 4500 m, 27 March 2011, Sylvester 937; 947; 948; 973; 975; 977 (CUZ!, Z!). La  Convención, Ccayara 18L 718405/ UTM 8540752, 4416 m, 01 August 2002, Arce s.n (CUZ!, USM!). Urubamba, Yanahuara, Mantanay, 13°11'57"S, 072°09'33"W, 4330 m, 17 June 2015, Boza 3033; 3085; 3086; 3087; 3088; 3089 (USM!, Z!); Dist. Urubamba, ACP Mantanay, 10 km up the valley from Yanahuara, by the side of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.14916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.14916/lat -13.200556)">Laguna</a> Manalloqsa, in the small valley 3 km East of Laguna Ipsaycocha, 13°12'01"S, 072°08'42"W, 4640 m, 24 June 2012, Sylvester 1714 (Z!); 13°12'02"S, 072°08'46"W, 4638 m, 03 February 2011, Sylvester 405; 408; 512 (CUZ!, Z!); Dist. Urubamba, ACP Mantanay 10 km up the valley from Yanahuara, by the side of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.14916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.14916/lat -13.200556)">Laguna</a> Manalloqsa, in the small valley 3 km of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.14916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.14916/lat -13.200556)">Laguna</a> Ipsacocha, 13°12'08"S, 072°08'44"W, 4806 m, 03 February 2011, Sylvester 518; 531; 536; 544; 575; 576; 585 (CUZ!, Z!); Dist. Huayllabamba, terrace situated on the N side of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.14916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.14916/lat -13.200556)">Laguna Qellococha</a> and to the E of the waterfall 5 km N of Huayocari Village, 13°16'34"S, 072°03'09"W, 4343 m, 10 March 2011, Sylvester 642; 671; 679 (CUZ!, Z!); 13°16'35"S, 072°03'01"W, 4227 m, 09 March 2011, Sylvester 684; 686; 688; 691 (CUZ!, Z!); 13°16'35"S, 072°03'03"W, 4226 m, 10 March 2011, Sylvester 695; 740 (CUZ!, Z!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.14916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.14916/lat -13.200556)">Dist. de Huayllabamba.</a> 5 km N of Huayocari village, 800 m NW of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.14916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.14916/lat -13.200556)">Laguna Qellococha</a> along the path leading to higher lake, 13°16'32"S, 072°03'10"W, 4366 m, 10 March 2011, Sylvester 741; 742; 749; 751 (CUZ!, Z!); Mantanay, 13°11'08"S, 072°09'20"W, 4370 m, 19 July 2006, Toivonen 11; 12 (CUZ!); Dist. Huayllabamba, localidad Qelloqocha, 13°16'16"S, 072°03'09"W, 4350 m, 19 July 2006, Toivonen 38; 39; 40; 65 (CUZ!); Dist. Huayllabamba, entre Huayoccari y las lagunas de Yanacocha y Kellococha, 2900-4600 m, 17-18 July 1989, Tupayachi 1137 (MO!); 1140 (MO!); Huayllabamba, Lagunas Yanachocha y Quellococha hacia San Juan, NE de Cusco, 13°16'S, 072°04'W, 2900-4600 m, 19 August 1989, Tupayachi 1192; 1212 (MO!); Localidad Yucay-Puyuc-Hueskana, 4200 m, 24 April 1993, Tupayachi 2259 (CUZ!); Localidad Parte alta de Cuyuc, 4200 m, 28 May 1994, Tupayachi 2554 (CUZ!); Pumahuanca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.14916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.14916/lat -13.200556)">Bosque de 
Quennaquemocuyo</a>, 4400 m, 18 June 2004, Tupayachi 4808 (QCA!); Dist. Huayllabamba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.14916&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.200556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.14916/lat -13.200556)">Laguna</a> Yanaccocha y Kello ccocha, 13°21'15"S, 072°03'55"W, 3800-4200 m, 07 January 1989, Tupayachi 859 (MO!); Localidad Mantanay, 13°12'02"S, 072°08'57"W, 4526 m, 01 May 2003, Arce s.n (CUZ!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E6E102796C9D831275DDDE277CDEC87C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
3258D39EC873B684827E0FD2A00DBDAE.text	3258D39EC873B684827E0FD2A00DBDAE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis subtusalbida (Bitter) (Bitter) M. Kessler & Schmidt-Leb. Organisms Diversity Evol. 6 (1): 69. 2006.	<div><p>39.  Polylepis subtusalbida (Bitter) M. Kessler &amp; Schmidt-Leb. Organisms Diversity Evol. 6(1): 69. 2006.</p><p>Figs 101, 102</p><p>Polylepis besseri subsp. subtusalbida (Bitter) M. Kessler, Candollea 50: 154. 1995. Type. based on  Polylepis subtusalbida (Bitter) M. Kessler &amp; Schmidt-Leb.</p><p>Polylepis racemosa var. tomentosa Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 77. 1898. Type. Bolivia. Cochabamba: between Challa and Tapacari, 3600-4000 m, 18 Mar 1892, Lorenz &amp; Hieronymus s.n (holotype: B destroyed; isotypes: NY!, UC!, US!).</p><p>Polylepis besseri var. abbreviata Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 628. 1911. Nom. illeg. (based on the type of  P. racemosa var. tomentosa Kuntze).</p><p>Basionym.</p><p>Polylepis incana subsp. subtusalbida Bitter, (1911:640).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Bolivia.  Cuesta Duraznillos, 2400-2600 m, Dec 1907, Herzog 712 (holotype: Z!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 3-10 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 1(-2) pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 1.8-2.1(-2.9)  × 1.6-2.2 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, sparsely to densely tomentose on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 0.9-1.6  × 0.4-0.6 cm; margin serrate with 7-10 teeth, apically obtuse or emarginate, basally unequally attenuate; upper leaflet surfaces smooth to slightly rugose, glabrous to sparsely tomentose, lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose hairs 0.5-1.2 mm long, mixed with a dense layer of very short, white pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, 1.8-3.7 cm long, bearing 3-4 flowers; floral bracts 3.9-4.8 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely tomentose on the outer surface; rachises densely tomentose. Flowers 7.7-8.2 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely tomentose outside; stamens 19-21, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.8-3.4 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2-5 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, sparsely tomentose; 6.8-8.2  × 4.4-5.3 mm including spines. Tetraploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis subtusalbida is distributed along the northern and western margins of the Cochabamba Basin and adjacent  Potosí in Bolivia (Fig. 103). The species occurs in relatively dry areas at 2650-4450 m elevation. The vegetation, ecology and conservation of these forests has been studied in detail by Hensen (1994, 1995, 2002). Hybrids between  P. subtusalbida and  P. incanoides,  P. besseri and  P. lanata have been reported in Cochabamba (Kessler 1995b).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis subtusalbida is estimated as 149,135 km2, the AOO is assessed at 164 km2 and it is known from 29 locations. It is represented by numerous stands varying in extent and structure on the mountainous slopes in Tunari National Park and stands surrounding Chayanta,  Queñoani and Colcha, except for the Tiraque mountain range where these forests have been practically exterminated by the land use of the dense populations historically settled in the area (logging, crops, livestock and annual grasslands burns) and reduced to scattered remnants in the form of isolated individuals or small groups in very steep topography (Navarro et al. 2010).  Polylepis subtusalbida is formally protected within Tunari National Park where large areas of  Polylepis forest have been planted with  Eucalyptus globulus and  Pinus radiata (Navarro et al. 2010). It was classified as VU (B1b(ii,iii)) in the Red List of Threatened Flora of Bolivia ( Arrázola and Coronado 2012). We assess  P. subtusalbida as Vulnerable (A1, B1a+B2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>For morphological similarities, see under  P. crista-galli,  P. pallidistigma, and  P. rugulosa .</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Bolivia. Cochabamba: Arani, Cuenca a <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.3/lat -17.566668)">Infiernillos</a>, 3800 m, 24 February 1991, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.3/lat -17.566668)">Hensen</a> 1012 (GOET!, LPB); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.3/lat -17.566668)">Alalay</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.3/lat -17.566668)">Cabecera de Valle</a>, 3700 m, 28 March 1991, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.3/lat -17.566668)">Hensen</a> 2063 (GOET!, LPB); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.3/lat -17.566668)">Mojon</a> 1 km N Cochabamba-Sta Cruz road, 17°29'S, 065°25'W, 3000 m, 14 August 1991, Kessler 2941; 2942 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB). Arque, Quillacollo 59 km hacia Oruro, 3580 m, 31 March 1979, Beck 933 (LPB); 79 Km from Cochabamba on road to Oruro, 17°41'S, 066°29'W, 3750 m, 28 August 1991, Kessler 2999; 3000 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); km 68 on the road from Cochabamba to La Paz, 17°38'S, 066°27'W, 3500 m, 25 October 1985, Solomon 14353; 14535 (LPB, MO!). Carrasco, Rodeo Grande, at km 140 on road from Cochabamba to Santa Cruz., 3000 m, 09 February 1971, Hawkes 4400 (MO!); Zapata Rancho, 3300 m, 19 March 1991, Hensen 1918 (LPB); Incallajta ruins, 15 km S Monte Punco, 17°37'S, 065°25'W, 3000 m, 15 August 1991, Kessler 2981 (GOET!, LPB). Cercado, Sapanani Alto, 3600 m, 07 January 1991, Hensen 2332 (LPB); Sapanani Alto, 3800 m, 07 April 1991, Hensen 2333 (GOET!, LPB); Sapanani, 3600 m, 28 July 1990, Hensen 855 (LPB); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.3/lat -17.566668)">Sacaba</a>, steep slope above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.3/lat -17.566668)">Rio
Hura Hura</a>; ca. 1300 m beyond the junction with Quebrada Kuhlu, 3400 m, 17 March 1994, Ritter 645 (GH!); Quebrada Chaqui Mayu above the City of Cochabamba, 3600 m, 15 April 1994, Ritter 818 (GH!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.3/lat -17.566668)">Ladera Sur del Parque Nacional Tunari</a>, 17°16'37"S, 066°19'09"W, 3400 m,  Terán 4526 (BOLV). Chapare, Melgar 2 km hacia Punata, 17°24'S, 065°48'W, 3400 m, 14 January 1995, Beck 21712 (GOET!); Parque Tunari, 3700 m, 02 August 1990, Hensen 875 (LPB); Parque Tunari, 3400 m, 02 August 1990, Hensen 878 (GOET!, LPB); ca. 20 km above Sacaba on road to Palca, 17°19'S, 066°02'W, 3750 m, 13 August 1991, Kessler 2940 (GOET!). Mizque, Totora 35 kms hacia Cochabamba, 3000 m, 28 March 1979, Beck 861 (LPB, MO!). Morochata, P. N. Tunari, directly N of Cochabamba, 3650 m, 23 July 1989, Kessler 216A (GOET!, Z!). Punata, Camino Melga y Punata, 3500 m, 03 March 1991, Hensen 1232 (LPB); entee Melga y Punata, 3500 m, 03 March 1991, Hensen 1264 (GOET!, LPB); Abajo del cerro Tuti, 3800 m, 10 March 1991, Hensen 1509 (GOET!, LPB); Quillacollo, Cochabamba 24 kms. hacia Morochata, 3180 m, 28 November 1981, Beck 7395 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.3/lat -17.566668)">Lampaya</a>, 3600 m, 05 March 1991, Hensen 1270 (LPB); entre Lampaya y Llanke, 3700 m, 05 March 1991, Hensen 1315 (LPB); 1319 (GOET!); camino Tiquipaya-Titiri, 3500 m, 09 March 1991, Hensen 1431 (LPB); entre San Miguel y Titiri, 3600 m, 16 March 1991, Hensen 1686 (GOET!, LPB); Palca Pampar, 3600 m, 01 April 1991, Hensen 2150 (LPB); Wayra Loma, 3600 m, 01 April 1991, Hensen 2215 (LPB); Lapia, 3700 m, 04 April 1991, Hensen 2300 (LPB); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.3/lat -17.566668)">San Miguel</a>, 3600 m, 13 April 1991, Hensen 2400 (GOET!, LPB); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.3/lat -17.566668)">Cerca de Wakaplaya</a>, camino Sipe-Sipe-Kami, 3700 m, 13 October 1988, Hensen 247 (GOET!, LPB); Tiquipaya-Apote, 3500 m, 13 October 1988, Hensen 256 (GOET!, LPB); Lapia, camino Tiquipaya-Titiri, 3500 m, 06 December 1988, Hensen 290 (LPB); Sipe Sipe-Lipichi, 3800 m, 30 March 1989, Hensen 318 (LPB); Camino a Independencia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.3/lat -17.566668)">San Miguel</a>, 3300 m, 01 August 1990, Hensen 874 (GOET!, LPB); P.N. Tunari, directly N of Cochabamba, 17°15'00"S, 066°23'00"W, 3650 m, 23 July 1989, Kessler 216 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 40 km after Cochabamba on the road to Morochata, 17°15'01"S, 066°30'59"W, 3390 m, 05 January 1968, Vuilleumier 468 (GH!, MO!, US!). Tapacari, 68 km hacia Oruro, 3450 m, 03 November 1982, Beck 9033 (LPB); 68 km hacia Oruro, 3450 m, 03 November 1982, Beck 9034 (LPB); 74 km before Cochabamba on the road from Oruro, 3600 m, 03 November 1982, Vuilleumier 474 (G, GH!, US!);  Tapacarí, 84 km W of Cochabamba on the paved road La Paz-Cochabamba, 17°40'S, 068°45'W, 3800 m, 18 April 1987, Brandbyge 668 (AAU!); 72 km W of Cochabamba 0.5 km down a small road (the old Cochabamba road), 17°40'S, 066°40'W, 3730 m, 18 April 1987, Brandbyge 670 (AAU!); Tiraque, Quebrada alongside <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.3/lat -17.566668)">Rio
Talpasale</a>, near to the junction with the road to Rancho Choto, 3680 m, 02 July 1994, Ritter 1196 (GH!, MO!); Totora, road between Cochabamba and Santa Cruz 107 km from Cochabamba  Geviñapampa, 17°34'S, 065°18'W, 3100 m, 21 April 1987, Brandbyge 711a (AAU!); P. N. Tunari, directly N of Cochabamba, 3650 m, 23 July 1989, Kessler 216B; 216C; 216D; 216E (GOET!); 3600-4000 m, 18 March 1892, Lorentz s.n (B, NY, UC, US!); Cercado, Parque Tunari, 3500 m, 06 February 1986, Pedrotti s.n (GOET!, MO!)  .   Potosí: Alonso de Ibanez, Pichata on Acasi-Uncia road, 18°06'S, 066°13'W, 3950 m, 23 August 1991, Kessler 3023 (AAU!, GOET!). Gral. Bilbao, 22 km SW Acacio on road to Sacaca and Uncia, 18°06'S, 066°08'W, 3400 m, 22 August 1991, Kessler 3021 (GOET!); 3412 (GOET!, LPB); 3413; 3414 (AAU!, GOET!); 3415 (GOET!); 3416 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3418; 3419 (AAU!, GOET!); 3553; 3554; 3556; 3557; 3648; 3650; 3651 (GOET!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.13333/lat -18.1)">Cuesta de Duraznillos</a>, 2400-2600 m, 01 December 1907, Herzog 712 (Z!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3258D39EC873B684827E0FD2A00DBDAE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
8BC858892DD057D2C09C014D8EE3D850.text	8BC858892DD057D2C09C014D8EE3D850.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis tarapacana Phil. Anales Mus. Nac. Santiago de Chile. Segunda Sección – Botánica 8: 21. 1891.	<div><p>44.  
Polylepis tarapacana Phil. Anales Mus. Nac. Santiago de Chile. Segunda 
Seccion-Botanica
8: 21. 1891.</p><p>Figs 112, 113</p><p>Polylepis tarapacana var. multisquamata Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 654. 1911. Type. Chile.  Tarapacá, 3900 m, Philippi s.n (holotype: B, destroyed). Probably an illegitimate name since it was based on a Phillippi specimen that was most likely part of the type collection of  P. tarapacana .</p><p>Polylepis tarapacana var. sajamensis Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 654. 1911. Type. Bolivia. Oruro, Sajama, 4500 m,  Stübel 1 (holotype: B, destroyed).</p><p>Polylepis tarapacana var. brevifilamentosa Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 654. 1911. Type. Bolivia. Oruro, Tacna  Perú,  Stübel 112 (holotype: B, destroyed).</p><p>Polylepis tarapacana var. pycnolopha Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 654. 1911. Type. Bolivia. Between La Paz and Tacna, 12 300-13 400 ft, 1838, Pentland s.n (holotype: P!).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Chile.  Tarapacá, near  Caña, 3900 m, Philippi s.n (lectotype, designated by Simpson 1979, pg. 46: SGO!; isolectotypes: GH, SGO!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 1-5 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with one pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 1.3-1.7  × 0.9-1.2 cm; rachises densely pannose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, densely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 0.7-0.8  × 0.3-0.4 cm; margin entire or very slightly crenate with 3-4 teeth, apically obtuse or acute, basally unequally attenuate; upper leaflet surfaces rugose, glabrous, usually covered with a layer of yellowish resinous exudate; lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short, yellowish pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, 0.7-1.5 cm long, bearing 1-2 flowers; floral bracts 3.0-3.5 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 5.1-8.0 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely villous outside; stamens 9-13, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.2-2.9 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 3-4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 4.1-5.2  × 3.1-7.2 mm including spines. Tetraploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis tarapacana is distributed in the volcanic western Andean cordillera from southern Peru to south-western Bolivia, northern Chile and adjacent northwest Argentina at 3400-5013 m elevation (Fig. 116). It has long been considered to be the highest-growing tree species in the Western Hemisphere, with records up to 5200 m by Jordan (1980). However, such high records have not been confirmed and the true upper elevational limit of the species appears to be at around 5000 m. Regeneration of this species is favoured by thermically sheltered and moist microhabitats (Lien et al. 2021). In Oruro (Bolivia), maximum tree height, annual shoot increment and mean tree-ring width decreased with elevation, reaching only 3.3 m of maximum height and 34 cm maximum diameter at 4820 m, where also the highest density of seedlings was found (Hoch and  Körner 2005). At higher elevations, there are only scattered individuals of shrubby growth form. Due to the highly seasonal climatic conditions in its distributional range,  P. tarapacana forms clearly distinct annual rings, although it is common to find discontinuous rings and reaction tissue (Domic 2005). Tree ring chronologies of up to 705 years have been reconstructed for the Bolivian Altiplano (Argollo et al. 2006) and of up to 536 years in Chile (Moya and Lara 2011). The growth of  P. tarapacana is positively related with precipitation in the year prior to the year of growth ring formation (Argollo et al. 2004; Domic 2005; Argollo et al. 2006; Domic and Capriles 2009; Moya and Lara 2011). The species has greater stomatal control when aridity increases and has a decoupling of physiological processes at leaf level versus wood formation depending on their sensitivity to climate (Rodriguez-Caton et al. 2021). The species is sensitive to the soil moisture content (and rainfall), distributing the biomass in small diameters and heights, with preferably multi-stemmed individuals, in order to retain the available moisture (Saavedra 2013).  Polylepis tarapacana trees have various diffusive and metabolic compensatory adjustments that enable high assimilation rates sustained by a photosynthetic apparatus exceptionally well adapted to the effect of low temperatures and drought (Jaramillo 2015). Extensive gene flow has been found to occur within and between Chilean populations of  P. tarapacana (Schmidt-Lebuhn et al. 2006b; Moya and Lara 2011). Still, populations that were subject to less strong climatic fluctuations in the Pleistocene show higher genetic diversity than those in more climatically variable areas (Peng et al. 2015).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis tarapacana is estimated as 127,498 km2, the AOO is assessed at 448 km2 and it is known from 69 locations. The species was categorized as NT in the World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al. 1998). Based on its restricted distribution in these countries,  P. tarapacana was categorized as Vulnerable in Chile (Benoit 1989) and Peru (SERFOR 2006). In Bolivia, where it is more widespread,  P. tarapacana was categorized as VU (B1b(i,ii,iii)) ( Arrázola et al. 2012). Main threats for the species are livestock grazing (camelids), grassland burning, firewood collection and farming activities. In Chile, it is also affected by mining activities which are partly compensated for by conservation measures. It is protected within Sajama National Park in Bolivia. We assess  P. tarapacana as Near Threatened (A1+A2a, B1a+B2a, C1).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>In southern Bolivia, it is often difficult to differentiate between  P. tarapacana and  P. tomentella . In fact, Simpson (1979) considered both forms as conspecific, before separating them in a later publication (Simpson 1986). The challenge in distinguishing the two species is posed by a wide transition zone between both taxa, where populations present intermediate characters and do not show typical traits of either species (Simpson 1979; Kessler 1995b). However, throughout most of their distributional ranges, both species are quite distinct, with  P. tarapacana having shorter leaflets (0.7-0.8 cm vs. 1.3-2.1 cm), entire to very slightly crenate leaflet margin and obtuse to acute apices (vs. serrate margins and round to emarginate apices) and shorter inflorescences (0.7-1.5 cm vs. 2.8-5.3 cm) with 1-2 flowers (vs. 4-5 flowers).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Bolivia. La Paz: Pacajes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.888054&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.526388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.888054/lat -17.526388)">Laguna</a> Blanca, 14 km hacia la carretera a <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.888054&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.526388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.888054/lat -17.526388)">Tambo
Quemado</a>, 17°39'S, 068°43'W, 4110 m, 20 November 2006, Beck 29620 (LPB); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.888054&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.526388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.888054/lat -17.526388)">Santiago de Machaca</a>, 27 km hacia Berenguela, 4130 m, 24 April 1982, Beck 9008 (GOET!, LPB); ciudad de Piedra, 17°31'35"S, 068°53'17"W, 3888 m, 25 January 2012,  Terán 5195 (BOLV).  Jardín Botánico <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.888054&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.526388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.888054/lat -17.526388)">La Paz</a>, from seeds collected at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.888054&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.526388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.888054/lat -17.526388)">La Paz</a> Sajama 1991, Kessler 12628 (GOET!)  .   Oruro: Atahuallpa, Cerro Villa Pucarani en el salar de Coipasa, 19°19'S, 068°18'W, 4670 m, 04 November 1994, Beck 21570 (GOET!). 21569 (GOET!, LPB, MO!). Sajama,  Volcán Sajama, 29 April 1987, Arctander s.n (AAU!); al Norte del pueblo de Sajama, 4300 m, 31 May 1991, Beck 19897 (LPB); de Turco 3 km hacia <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.85361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.190556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.85361/lat -18.190556)">Curahua de Carangas</a>, 3880 m, 18 March 1992, Beck 21044 (GOET!, LPB); 4600 m, 01 August 1989, Driesch s.n (Z!); arriba del pueblo sajama, 4600 m, 01 June 1991, Hensen 2610 (LPB, MO!); localidad Mamaniri proximo a la  población de Sajama, 4170 m, 02 April 1991, Huanca 69 (GOET!, LPB);  próximo a la  población de Sajama a los pies del Cerro Sajama lado nor-este, 4325 m, 02 April 1991, Huanca 74 (GOET!); Cerro Sajama  exposición nor-oeste, 4570 m, 03 April 1991, Huanca 80 (GOET!); Cerro Sajama lado Nor-oeste, 4730 m, 03 April 1991, Huanca 81 (GOET!); Tirata, 30 km W C. de Carangas on road to Sajama, 17°52'S, 068°32'W, 4100 m, 27 July 1991, Kessler 2777 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); 2778 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 2 km W Tambo Colorado on road to Chile, 18°17'S, 069°02'W, 4500 m, 29 September 1991, Kessler 3284 (GOET!); 3285 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3286 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); ladera del <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.85361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.190556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.85361/lat -18.190556)">Rio
Sururia</a>, 4650-4800 m, 20 April 1979, Liberman 70 (GOET!, MO!); Nevado Sajama, ca. 240 km SSO La Paz, in gelichteten Bestanden an <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.85361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.190556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.85361/lat -18.190556)">FuBe des Berges</a>, 4300-4800 m, 19 July 1983, Menzel s.n (GOET!); 6 km NE Laguna, foothills of Nevado Sajama, 4200 m, 18°11'26"S, 068°51'13"W, 4200 m, 05 December 1984, Schmitt 173 (MO!, NY); around bae of Volcano Sajama, 4350 m, 18 October 1967, Vuilleumier 316 (GH!, US!); 2 km south of the town of Sajama on the road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.85361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.190556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.85361/lat -18.190556)">Tambo</a> Quemado, 05 September 1986, Zeballos s.n (MO!)  .   Potosí: Enrique Baldivieso, Cerro Chuhuilla on Alota-Lag Hedionda road, 21°29'S, 067°50'W, 4500 m, 13 September 1991, Kessler 3073; 3074; 3075 (AAU!, GOET!); 3076 (GOET!, LPB); ca. 20 km W Alota-Lag Hedionda road, 21°23'S, 067°43'W, 4050 m, 13 September 1991, Kessler 3078 (GOET!). Quijarro, near pass on <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-62.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -62.466667/lat -22.2)">rio
Mulatos-Yura</a> road, 19°43'S, 066°28'W, 4300 m, 11 September 1991, Kessler 3065 (GOET!); 3066; 3067 (GOET!, MO!); 3068 (GOET!); al Nor este en linea recta de la  población Pulacayo aprox 3 km, 20°22'25"S, 066°41'11"W, 4402 m, 13 March 2010, Zenteno 9828 (LPB). Sud Chichas, 20 mi E of Atoche and 1.5 mi above Santa Barbara on the southwest face of Nevada Choroloque, 4750 m, 15 March 1993, Peterson 12947 (AAU!, GOET!). Sud Lipez, Quetana Chico 18 km hacia el  Volcán Uturuncu, 22°13'28"S, 067°13'11"W, 4500 m, 26 September 2006, Beck 32470 (LPB); 32 km E lag Colorada on road to Pena Barrosa, 22°12'S, 062°28'W, 4500 m, 14 September 1991, Kessler 3083; 3084 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 3429 (GOET!, USM!); 3430; 3595; 3596; 3597; 3598; 3599; 3600; 3601; 3602; 3603; 3604; 3605; 3606; 3607; 3608; 3610; 3611; 3612; 3613; 3614; 3615; 3616; 3617; 3618; 3619; 3620 (GOET!); Cerro Tapaquillacha, 4600 m, 12 April 1980, Libermann 171 (GOET!, LPB); 2.5 mi S of Yuray (Nuevo) <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-62.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -62.466667/lat -22.2)">San Antonio de Lipez</a> on road towards Quetena Grande, 4300 m, 19 March 1993, Peterson 13014 (AAU!, GOET!), 26 August 1991, Killeen 2682  .</p><p>Chile. Parinacota: Putre, Tarapaca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.166664/lat -18.25)">Parinacota</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.166664/lat -18.25)">Zapahuira</a>, pres de puente <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.166664/lat -18.25)">Murmuntani</a>, 18°15'S, 069°35'W, 3400 m, 05 November 1991, Billiet 5467 (MO!).  Tarapacá: Parinacota, Lac Chungara, 18°15'S, 069°10'W, 4580 m, 06 November 1991, Billiet 5476 (MO!). ca. 5 km below Putre on road to Arica, 3500 m, 29 December 1995, Landrum 8885 (MO!); Philippi s.n (MO!)  .   Peru. Puno: Puno, El Collao, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.88638&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.759722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.88638/lat -16.759722)">Santa Rosa</a>, 16°45'35"S, 069°53'11"W, 4131 m, 09 October 2014, Boza 3009 (USM!, Z!); Santa Rosa, 50 miles SSW of Llave, 4600 m, 25 July 1946, Olivera 16 (US!). Tacna: Tacna, Cord.  Volcán Tacora, Chislluma, 4500 m, 01 April 1926, Werdermann 1143 (F!, GOET!, MO!, US!, Z!). Tarata, Laguna Casire, en borde y cercanias de la Laguna, 4700-4800 m, 03 April 1998, La Torre 2389 (MO!, US!, USM!); 2440 (MO!, USM!); Chiluyo Chico, 4270 m, 07 December 1997, Roque 503 (USM!); Weddell s.n (F!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8BC858892DD057D2C09C014D8EE3D850	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
654E00442FFDD757B1E1874E4C8384AD.text	654E00442FFDD757B1E1874E4C8384AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis tomentella Wedd., Chlor. Andina 2: 237, pl. 78. 1857 1861	<div><p>45.  Polylepis tomentella Wedd., Chlor. Andina 2: 237, pl. 78. 1857 [1861].</p><p>Figs 114, 115</p><p>Polylepis tomentella Wedd. subsp. tomentella M. Kessler (1995b:162). Type: based on  Polylepis tomentella Wedd.</p><p>Polylepis tomentella subsp. pentaphylla Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 648. 1911. Type. Argentina. Jujuy, Laguna Tres Cruces, Dec 1900-Feb 1901, Clarin 11688 (holotype: S!).</p><p>Polylepis tomentella subsp. tetragona Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 649. 1911. Type. Argentina. Jujuy, Salina Grande nahe Jujuy, 3500 m, Hauthal 141 (holotype: B destroyed; isotype: GOET!).</p><p>Polylepis tomentella subsp. dentatialata Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 650. 1911. Type. Bolivia.  Potosí, in valle inter Chorolque at Tacna (Quechisla-Kasni), 3600-3800 m, Hauthal 117 (holotype: B destroyed; isotype: GOET!).</p><p>Polylepis tomentella var. pilosior Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 647. 1911. Type. Bolivia. Chuquisaca, Cinti, Jan 1846, Weddell 3947 (holotype: P!).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Bolivia. Chuquisaca,  Cinti, Jan 1846, Weddell 3927 (lectotype, designated by Simpson 1979, pg. 46: P!; isolectotype: P!)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 1.5-5 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with one pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 1.2-2.9  × 1.3-2.1 cm; rachises densely villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate or slightly spurred, densely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets obovate in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.3-2.1  × 0.3-0.6 cm; margin serrate with 5-10 teeth, apically round or emarginate, basally unequally attenuate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous to sparsely villous; lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short, white or yellowish pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, 2.8-5.3 cm long, bearing 4-5 flowers; floral bracts 3.9-5.1 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 5.9-6.8 mm diam.; sepals 3, ovate, green, sparsely villous outside; stamens 19-23, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.4-2.5 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 3-4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 6.2-6.9  × 4.2-5.9 mm including spines. Tetraploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis tomentella is distributed in southern Bolivia and northwest Argentina at 2750-4950 m elevation (Fig. 116). The forests of this species are usually homogeneous, but are occasionally mixed with  Dasyphyllum hystrix and  Buddleia aromatica (Navarro et al. 2005).  Polylepis tomentella flowers during the dry season (May-October) and fruits at the beginning of the wet season (August-December) (Domic et al. 2013). Trees produce three times more flowers (44.7  ± 6.4 flowers/branch) and fruits (24  ± 2.7 fruits/branch) than shrubs (15.86  ± 2.18 flowers/branch; 9.3  ± 1.3 fruits/branch) (Domic et al. 2013). Maternal tree size and seed mass have a positive effect of seed germination and survival (Domic et al. 2020). Populations of  P. tomentella with different levels of human disturbance have also different percentage of saplings and seedings, with lower percentages in strongly disturbed than in moderately disturbed populations, even though reproductive individuals produce twice as many flowers and fruits. This suggests that fruit production does not limit regeneration and post-dispersal mechanisms may decrease seed germination and increase seedling mortality (Domic et al. 2014).  Polylepis tomentella has a high proportion of non-viable seed that are aborted due a variety of reasons, including a fungal infection that might reduce the fecundity of the host tree (Domic et al. 2017). Hybrids between  P. tomentella and  P. besseri have been reported in Bolivia (Kessler 1995b).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis tomentella is estimated as 94,183 km2, the AOO is assessed at 436 km2, and it is known from 75 locations. The species was categorized as NT in the World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al. 1998). Based on its fragmented habitat affected by human disturbance, it was listed as EN (B2b(i,iii)) in the Red List of Bolivia ( Arrázola et al. 2012). No conservation actionshave been taken to date. Specific threats are traditional use for extensive livestock grazing, firewood extraction and additionally in rainy areas, for Andean tuber crops, cereals and fodder. We assess  P. tomentella as VU (A1, B1a+B2a, C2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis tomentella can be distinguished from the most similar species  P. incana by the leaflet margins (serrate versus crenate), lower leaflet surface (with resinous exudate versus without exudate) and inflorescences with fewer flowers (4-5 versus 5-11). For additional morphological similarities, see under  P. fjeldsaoi,  P. incanoides,  P. nana and  P. tarapacana .</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Argentina. Jujuy: Cochinoca,  Río Despensa, 4200 m, 19 January 1971, Boelcke 7133 (MO!); Humahuaca, Tres Cruces, Cerros, 17 February 1971, Cabrera 21424 (MO!); Hills 4 km N of Lagunilla on W side of Laguna Pozuelos, 3700 m, 20 November 1991, Kessler 3357 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); Hills 4 km N Lagunilla on W side of Laguna Pozuelos, 3700 m, 20 November 1991, Kessler 3355 (AAU!); 3356 (GOET); 3358 (AAU!, GOET!). Bolivia. Chuquisaca: Nor Cinti, Muyuquiri 6 kms hacia Camargo, 3510 m, 23 March 1979, Beck 686 (LPB, MO!); 30 Km N Camargo on road to  Potosí, 20°30'S, 065°10'W, 3200 m, 22 September 1991, Kessler 3177 (GOET!, MO!); 3178 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 3179 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 3184 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3185 (GOET!); 32 km N Camargo on road to  Potosí, 20°30'S, 065°10'W, 3200 m, 22 September 1991, Kessler 3186 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3187 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3188 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); Cerro  Poqueñita, 4050 m, 10 November 1990, Serrano 5 (GOET!); Cerro Peticoya, 3500 m, 10 November 1990, Serrano 6 (GOET!, LPB); along the road between Camargo and San Lucas, 3300 m, 10 December 1967, Vuilleumier 427 (GH!, US!); Oropeza, Cajamarca ca. 30 km hacia Revelo, 3300 m, 09 October 1984, Beck 8827 (GOET!, LPB); Comunidad Punilla a 25 km. de la ciudad de Sucre, en la ladera superior del  Río Kollpamayu,  orientación SW, 18°57'00"S, 065°23'00"W, 3260 m, 29 April 2000,  Gutiérrez 171 (MO!); ca. 35 km W Sucre on road to Macha, 18°53'S, 065°25'W, 3300 m, 26 September 1991, Kessler 3258 (GOET!); 3259 (AAU!). Tomina, Pass on San Pedro-Keluya road, 19°55'S, 065°11'W, 3450 m, 22 September 1991, Kessler 3189 (AAU!, GOET!); Pass on San Pedro-Keluya road, 19°55'S, 065°11'W, 3450 m, 22 September 1991, Kessler 3190 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 3191; 3192 (GOET!, MO!); 5 km W Tarabuco on road to Sucre, 19°09'S, 064°58'W, 3300 m, 22 September 1991, Kessler 3199 (GOET!, MO!); 3200 (GOET!, MO!); Yamparaez, Tarabuco unos 10 km hacia Surce, 3500 m, 13 October 1984, Beck 8858 (LPB, MO!); Tarabuco 10 km hacia Sucre, 19°10'S, 064°57'W, 3200 m, 29 October 1983, Beck 9859 (LPB, MO!); 5 km W Tarabuco on road to Sucre, 19°09'S, 064°58'W, 3300 m, 23 September 1991, Kessler 3201; 3202 (AAU!, GOET!); 20 km S Tarabuco on road to Lola, 19°09'S, 064°58'W, 3300 m, 23 September 1991, Kessler 3207 (AAU!, GOET!);  Zudañez, 25 km S Icla on Tarabuco-Azurduy road, 19°27'S, 064°49'W, 3500 m, 24 September 1991, Kessler 3213 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); Cinti, Puna, Weddell 3927 (P!). - Cochabamba: Aiquile, Lajamayu, 18°21'31"S, 065°18'29"W, 10 May 1995, De la Barra 419 (MO!); Carrasco, Siberia, 17°48'11"S, 064°46'12"W, 2900 m, 16 April 2005,  Fernández 3594 (MO!); 3594 (BOLV); Siberia, 17°48'45"S, 064°45'59"W, 2950 m, 17 April 2005,  Fernández 3604 (MO!); 3604 (BOLV); El Churo-Sunchal, ca. de 10 km hacia Pojo, lado del camino carretero Comarapa-Cochabamba, 17°47'51"S, 064°47'24"W, 2780 m, 08 November 2003, Vargas 7053 (MO!); Tiraque, El Ronco, 17°00'05"S, 065°39'20"W, 3470 m, 10 May 2005,  Alcázar-Johansen 387 (MO!); Andes de Cochabamba, 1826-1833, Orbigny s.n (MO!, P!); Saravia 1154 (BOLV). - Oruro: Avaroa, Challapata, 4000 m, 01 April 1921, Asplund 6169 (US!); Challapata, 4000 m, 01 April 1921, Asplund 6170 (US!); a pocos km de Challapata, camino a Sevonuyo, 19°14'S, 066°04'W, 3790 m, 06 March 1991, Huanca 31 (LPB); ca. 70 km W Potosi on road to Oruro, 19°14'S, 066°04'W, 3800 m, 22 November 1991, Kessler 3366 (GOET!, LPB); 3367 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3368 (AAU!); 3369 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 3378 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3379 (GOET!, LPB); 5 km S of Challapata, 18°57'S, 066°45'W, 3700 m, 22 November 1991, Kessler 3380 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); Challapata, Cordillera Azanaques, 18°56'02"S, 066°43'13"W, 4676 m, 04 March 2006, Torrico 378 (BOLV, MO!); Poopo, a 6 km de Challapata en  dirección a Huari, 3750 m, 26 February 1991, Navarro 200 (LPB);  Pazña, a 1 km este del balneario de Urmiri pasando la ex central  eléctrica, 18°34'36"S, 066°51'59"W, 3729 m, 13 March 2006, Torrico 735 (BOLV, MO!).  Sebastían Pagador, 1 km arriba de la tranca del pueblo de Huari, 18°59'S, 066°46'W, 3870 m, 13 December 2000, Michel 2844 (LPB); 5 mi S of Challapata on road toward Uyuni, 3620 m, 07 March 1993, Peterson 12723 (AAU!, GOET!); 4 mi E of Urmiri, 3770 m, 08 March 1993, Peterson 12788 (AAU!, GOET!). -  Potosí: Chayanta, ca. 25 km E Ocuri on Sucre-Macha road, 18°45'S, 065°41'W, 3600 m, 27 September 1991, Kessler 3274 (GOET!, LPB); ca. 10 km Ocuri on road to Guadalupe, 18°46'S, 065°49'W, 3700 m, 27 September 1991, Kessler 3277 (AAU!, GOET!); 3278 (GOET!, MO!); 3279 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 3280 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!); 3282 (AAU!, GOET!); 3283 (GOET!, LPB); entre Macha y Yocalla, 3600 m, 27 September 1991, Torrico 216 (LPB); Nor Chichas, nr. Quechisla on road to Chorolque, 3600 m, 01 December 1931,  Cárdenas 24 (GH!); camino Lique entre Yurtuy, Cancha a la Laguna, 3800 m, 19 November 1987, Schulte 22 (GOET!, LPB); cerca de Cotagaitilla, desde Cotagaita, al borde del  río, 2800 m, 13 May 1993, Torrico 502 (LPB); Sta. Barbara, on road from Quechisla, 4200 m, 22 February 1936, West 6110 (GH!, MO!, UC); Quijarro, 32 km de  Potosí en camino a Uyuni, 4100 m, s.d., Liberman 229 (LPB); 4 mi SW of Vilacota on E facing slope above Lago, 3850-4130 m elev., 27 March 1993, Peterson 13113 (AAU!, GOET!); 9 mi NE of Tica Tica on road towards Potosi, 3800 m elev., 29 March 1993, Peterson 13132 (AAU!); 6 mi NE of Paratoya on road towards Potosi, 3650 m, 30 March 1993, Peterson 13147 (AAU!, GOET!); zona W camino hacia Uyuni, Kilpani hacia Landara, 3850 m, 25 March 1993, Torrico 222, 223 (LPB); zona W camino hacia Uyuni, Colina antes de llegar a Calasaya, 4000 m, 25 March 1993, Torrico 233 (LPB); Calasaya, 4000 m, 25 March 1993, Torrico 234 (LPB); entre Cebadilla y Condoriri, 3860 m, 25 March 1993, Torrico 256 (LPB); Sud Chichas, Cerro Pabellon 3 km W Atocha, 20°59'S, 066°16'W, 4000 m, 16 September 1991, Kessler 3085 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB), 3086 (GOET!, MO!), 3087 (AAU!, GOET!, MO!), 3088, 3089 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB), 3621 (GOET!, MO!), 3622 (GOET!, MO!), 3623 (GOET!, MO!), 3624 (GOET!); ca. 10 km N Salo on Atocha-Tupiza road, 21°15'S, 065°50'W, 4000 m, 16 September 1991, Kessler 3107 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB); 10.5 mi N of San Vicente on road towards Atocha, 3930 m, 17 March 1993, Peterson 12972 (AAU!, GOET!); Vilquiza, a 13 km de Tupiza, 3320 m, 25 March 1993, Torrico 436 (LPB); Mina Isca-Isca above the village of La Torre north of Tupiza, 3875-3880 m, 02 December 1967, Vuilleumier 402 (GH!, MO!);  Queñua Pampa, al Este-Sur-Este en linea recta de Suripa aprox. 12.45 km, 21°37'21"S, 065°24'26"W, 3765 m, 05 March 2012, Zenteno 11825 (LPB); arriba del Mirador de Boris al Oeste en linea recta de la ciudad de Tupiza approx. 14-15 km, 21°27'10"S, 065°51'29"W, 4009 m, 10 March 2012, Zenteno 11974 (LPB); Santa Rosa al sur-sur-oeste en  línea recta de la ciudad de Tupiza aprox. 5.67 km, 21°29'02"S, 065°41'35"W, 3439 m, 11 March 2012, Zenteno 12043 (LPB); Tomas Frias, Challapata 124 km hacia  Potosí, 4080 m, Beck 674 (LPB); cerca de Ventilla, 4030 m, 17 February 1979, Ceballos 255 (G); Orocoro, bajando hacia Yocalla, 3850 m, 17 February 1979, Ceballos 273 (G); Thunarumi,  próximo a la localidad Paco-grande, 3650 m, 19 April 1991, Huanca 100 (GOET!, LPB); Thunarumi,  próximo a la localidad Paco-grande, 3650 m, 19 April 1991, Huanca 98 (LPB); 23 mi SW of Potosi, 4220 m, 30 March 1993, Peterson 13150 (AAU!, GOET!); 27.7 km SE of Cruce Ventilla on road from Oruro to Potosi, 19°15'S, 066°22'W, 4000 m, 12 May 1983, Solomon 10651 (LPB, MO!); 39 km northwest of  Potosí on the road to Challapata, 3750 m, 14 December 1967, Vuilleumier 450 (GH!, US!); 3500 m, 30 October 1983, Beck 9860 (CUZ!, GOET!, LPB, MO!, QAME, TEX). - Santa Cruz: Vallegrande, A 19.5 km de Vallegrande camino a Pucara, 18°35'23"S, 064°07'23"W, 2721 m, 25 September 2011, Arroyo 5821 (MO!, USZ). - Tarija: Avilez, Reserva  Biológica Cordillera de Sama, Cordillera alta de Sama, 21°41'28"S, 065°08'56"W, 3900 m, 27 February 2007,  Zárate 2429 (BOLV, MO!); Mendez, Iscayachi, 5 km S turnoff to Tarija from Villazon-Camargo road, 21°31'S, 065°01'W, 3600 m, 17 September 1991, Kessler 3094 (AAU!, GOET!); Iscayachi, 5 km S of turnoff to Tarija from Villazon-Camargo road, 21°31'S, 065°01'W, 3600 m, 17 September 1991, Kessler 3095 (GOET!, LPB, MO!), 3096 (AAU!, GOET!), 3097, 3098 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB). Chile. Besser s.n (MO!).</p><p>Hybrids</p><p>Polylepis incana × P. lanuginosa</p><p>Ecuador. Azuay:  área recreacional Cajas, 02°49'S, 79°07'W, 3740-4070 m, Romoleroux 1192 (QCA!);  Páramo de las Cajas, W of pass, 02°46'S, 79°15'W, 3500 m, 27 August 1985,  Lægaard 55043 (AAU!).</p><p>Polylepis incana × P. pauta</p><p>Ecuador. Imbabura:  Páramo de Mojanda, at Laguna Grande, 00°08'N, 78°16'W, 3700-3800 m, 10 November 1984,  Lægaard 52349, 53333, 55661A (AAU!); same locality as preceeding, 00°08'N, 78°16'W, 3725-3750 m, 30 June 1988, Romoleroux 652, 661, 662, 670, 673 (QCA!); Tomauco, 3309 m, 05 June 2008, Salgado 427 (QCA!); Otovalo to Laguna Mojanda, 00°10'N, 78°20'W, 3770 m, 22 May 1989, Smith 1992 (QCA!). - Napo: road Pifo-Papallacta, 3 km W of Paso de la Virgen, 00°18'S, 78°14'W, 3700-3900 m, 7 August 1987,  Lægaard 54877, 54900, 54902B, 54902C, 54902D, 54902I, 54902J, 54902L, 54902N, 54902O, 54902Q, 54902R, 54902T, 54902Z, 54903, 54904 (AAU!, QCA!); km 18 along the new road, 3700 m,  Lægaard 102310, 102321 (QCA!); Quijos, Oyacachi, 19.5 km al SE Cangahua  Páramo, 3800 m, 00°04'S, 78°09'W, 30 June 2003, Zambrano G147 (QCA!). - Pichincha: road El Chaupi-Illiniza, 3200-3700 m, 00°37'S, 78°40'W, 20 June 1985,  Lægaard 54546 (QCA!).</p><p>Polylepis incana × P. ochreata</p><p>Ecuador. Imbabura:  Páramo de Mojanda, at Laguna Grande, 3725-3750 m,  Lægaard 52358, 53330, 53331, 53332, 53335, 53337, 54338, 54342, 54344, 54345, 54347, 54559, 54589, 55662 (AAU!, QCA!); Laguna Grande, 00°08'N, 78°16'W, 3725-3750 m, 30 June 1988, Romoleroux 655, 656, 660, 664, 665, 666, 668, 669, 671, 672, 673 (AAU!, QCA, 3500-3700 m, 2 November 1987, Romoleroux 478 (AAU!, NY, QCA!); road from Otovalo to Laguna Mojanda, 00°10'N, 078°20'W - 00°15'N, 078°20'W, 3700 m, 22 May 1989, Smith 1992 (MO!). - Napo: along road Pifo-Papallacta, E of El Paso de la Virgen, 3750-3850 m,  Lægaard 54559E (AAU!); 3 km E of Paso de la Virgen, 3950-4050 m, 2 June 1985,  Lægaard 54445 (QCA!), 3-5 km E of Paso de La Virgen, 00°21'S, 78°11'W, 3700-3900 m, 9 June 1992,  Lægaard 103112 (QCA!).</p><p>Polylepis incana × P. reticulata</p><p>Ecuador. Azuay:  Páramo de Soldados, 3700-4000 m,  Lægaard 55098A (AAU!). - Pichincha: road El Chaupi-Illiniza, 3200-3700 m,  Lægaard 54546, 54557 (AAU!, QCA!).</p><p>Polylepis incana × P. racemosa</p><p>Ecuador. Azuay:  Área Recreacional Las Cajas, 02°49'S, 79°07'W, 3740-4070 m, Romoleroux 1192 (QCA!). - Imbabura: Laguna Grande de Mojanda, 00°08'N, 78°16'W, 3725-3750 m, 30 June 1988, Romoleroux 651, 653, 661, 663 (QCA!)</p><p>Polylepis laniginosa × P. reticulata</p><p>Ecuador.  Cañar: Oeste de  Cañar, km 10.5, Cerro Caucay, 3450 m, 27 April 1988, Romolerous 588 (QCA!).</p><p>Polylepis pauta × P. ochreata</p><p>Ecuador. Imbabura: Laguna Grande de Mojanda, 3725-3800 m, 14 May 1985,  Lægaard 52360, 52367A, 54316, 54331, 54334, 54335, 54343, 54345 (AAU!, QCA!); 30 June 1988, Romoleroux 650, 657, 658, 659, 667 (AAU!, QCA!); Mojanda alrededores de Laguna Grande, 3700-3800 m, 24 May 1987, Romoleorux 339 (QCA!); camino hacia la laguna Mojanda, 3000-3500 m, 2 November 1987, Romoleroux 476 (AAU!, QCA!); Laguna Mojanda en los alrededores de la orilla, 3770 m, 21 September 2000, Lizarzaburu 21 (QCA!). - Pichincha: along drinking-water canal on W side of Cerro Atacazo, 3750 m,  Lægaard 53261 (AAU!). - Napo:  Páramo de Guamani, about 4 km E of the pass on road to Papallacta, 3900 m, Sparre 15029 (S); N of Cerro Puntas, 3850-3900 m,  Lægaard 54756G, 54757, 54758, 54759 (AAU!).</p><p>Polylepis subsericans × P. rodolfovasquezii</p><p>Peru. Cusco: Urubamba. ACP Mantanay 10 km in the valley from Yanahuara, by the side of Laguna Manalloqsa, in the small valley 3 km of Laguna Ipsacocha, 13°12'01"S, 072°08'47"W, 4627 m elev., 3 February 2011, Sylvester 556, 568, 595 (CUZ!, Z!).</p><p>Polylepis racemosa × P. incana</p><p>Peru. Ancash: Mariscal Luzuriaga, en vivero forestal de Yanama, procedencia: Casca, 15 December 1989, Arce 185 (MO!). - Cajamarca: Cajamarca to Bambamarca, side road to Chugur (95 km from Cajamarca), 20 March 1988, Renvoize 4847 (AAU!). - Cusco: Cusco, Chacan, 13°29.38'S, 071°59.32'W, 3782 m, 07 November 2004,  Farfán 543 (CUZ!, F!, MO!, USM!); Acomayo, Rondocan, localidad Huacuy 13°46'21"S, 71°44'46"W, 3842 m, Pfuro 130 (Z!); Urubamba, Trail behind Chincheros centre, past Antasaka rock to spring called Parqo, first kilometre out of the populated area, 13°24'S, 072°03'W, 3810 m, 12 January 1982, Davis 1359 (A!, USM!); Chincheros, quebrada above Pojpoj waterfall, 13°23'S, 072°03'W, 3450-3550 m, 14 January 1982, Davis 1466 (A!, USM!). - La Libertad: above Cachicadan; in quebradas, forming a grove, only large tree in quebradas towards top of hills north of Cachicadan, 2900 m, 25 November 1938, Stork 9972 (F!). - Lima: Oyon, Laguna Guengue Grande, Quichas, 4215 m, 11 January 1990, Arce 189 (MO!).</p><p>Polylepis neglecta × P. subtusalbida</p><p>Bolivia. Potosi: Bilbao, antes de Sakani Khasa, 3400 m, 18 March 1993, Torrico 199 (LPB!); 31 km SW Acacio on road to Sacaca and Uncia, l 8°06'S, 66°08'W, 3500 m, 22 August 1991, Kessler 3417 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB!, USM!), Kessler 3555 (GOET!).</p><p>Polylepis triacontandra × P. incarum</p><p>Bolivia. La Paz: Camacho, Puerto Acosta, 3680 m, 5 April 1982, Beck 7662 (GOET!, LPB!); Puerto Acosta, Estancia Kerojani, 3900 m, 26 January 1980, Jordan 51 (LPB!); Murillo, Palca 28.5 km hacia Cohoni, 3440 m, 14 October 1990, Beck 17832 (GOET!, LPB!),  río Minasa, 1.5 km arriba del viejo puente del ferrocarril (ca. 3 km arriba de Villa Fatima), l 6°27'S, 68°07'W, 4000 m, 18 January 1987, Solomon 15783 (LPB!, MO!, NY).</p><p>Polylepis triacontandra × P. lanata</p><p>Bolivia. Cochabamba: Ayopaya, 10 NW de Independencia, alredor de la Cima de la Loma, 3250 m, Beck 14528 (GOET!, LPB). - La Paz: 8 km W Quime on road to Caxata, 17°03'00"S, 067°17'00"W, 3350 m, 24 August 1991, Kessler 3028 (GOET!).</p><p>Polylepis lanata × P. subtusalbida</p><p>Bolivia. Cochabamba: Ayopaya, cerca de Morochata, 3300 m, 1 August 1991, Hensen 872 (LPB!); Carrasco, Zapata Rancho, 3200 m, 22 November 1989, Hensen 945 (LPB!);  Mojón, 3300 m, 19 March 1991, Hensen 1765 (GOET!, LPB!).</p><p>Polylepis besseri × P. tomentella</p><p>Bolivia. Chuquisaca: Zudafiez, 25 km S Icla on Tarabuco-Azurduy road, l 9°27'S, 64°49'W, 3500 m, 24 September 1991, Kessler 3209 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB!), 3211 (GOET!, LPB!).</p><p>Polylepis besseri × P. incanoides</p><p>Bolivia. Cochabamba: Arani, 49.3 km E of bridge over the  río Pucara (at Punata) on the road to Sta. Cruz, l 7°26'S, 65°29'W, 3100-3300 m, 20 October 1985, Solomon 14452 (NY, LPB!); Vacas (village Rodeo W of Vacas?), 3650 m, 17 April 1987, Arctander s.n (AAU!).</p><p>Polylepis subtusalbida × P. incaniodes</p><p>Bolivia. Cochabamba: Arani, 5 km E  Mojón on Cochabamba-Comarapa road, l 7°30'S, 65°24'W, 3000 m, 5 October 1991, Kessler 3287 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB!); Carrasco, 6.6 km by road NW of Lopez Mendoza, at km 198 from Cochabamba, Q.  Majón, 3250 m, 15 May 1984, Schmitt 108 (MO!); Yana Qhara, 3300 m, 14 April 1991, Hensen 2463 (LPB); Llutu Pampa, 3300 m, 14 April 1991, Hensen 2489 (LPB!); 8 km E Epizana on Cochabamba-Comarapa road, 17°41'S, 65°04'W, 3000 m, 5 October 1991, Kessler 3291 (GOET!); Rodeo Grande, at km 140 on road from Cochabamba to Santa Cruz, 3000 m, 9 February 1971, Hawkes 4400 (MO!); a unos 97 km de la capital en  dirección a Sta. Cruz, 3650 m, 25 December 1982, Casas 7746 (NY).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654E00442FFDD757B1E1874E4C8384AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
FA83BCBA7A40390447DC7B405CBF02E6.text	FA83BCBA7A40390447DC7B405CBF02E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis triacontandra Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 630. 1911.	<div><p>34.  Polylepis triacontandra Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 630. 1911.</p><p>Figs 90, 91</p><p>Polylepis racemosa Ruiz &amp; Pav. subsp. triacontandra (Bitter) M. Kessler, Candollea 50: 144. 1995. Type: based on  Polylepis triacontandra Bitter.</p><p>Polylepis subquinquefolia Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 636. 1911. Type. Peru. Puno: Sandia above Cuyoenyo, 3600 m, Weberbaueri 931 (holotype: B destroyed, photos at F!, GH!, MO!, NY!, US!).</p><p>Type.</p><p>Bolivia. La Paz: Larecaja near Sorata,  Cochipata, 3300 m, 9 Oct 1818, Mandon 674 (lectotype designated by Simpson 1979, pg. 42: G!; isolectotypes: BM!, F! GH!, GOET!, K!, NY!, P!, S!,  US!).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Trees 1-10 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 1(-2) pair of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (3.7-)4.4-4.9  × 3.2-4.1 cm; rachises densely lanate, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets narrowly elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair (2.0-)2.6-3.3  × 0.7-1.1 cm; margin crenate with 8-12 teeth, apically acute to obtuse or slightly emarginate, basally cuneate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with whitish hairs 0.4-0.8 mm long mixed with pannose hairs, second pair of leaflet, if present, very small. Inflorescences pendant, (4.9-)5.5-7.0(-9.5) cm long, bearing 11-13 flowers; floral bracts 5.9-7.6 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 5.8-8.2(-10.1) mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely villous outside; stamens 21-23, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 3.3-3.8 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2-4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 4.9-5.7  × 3.4-5.7 mm including spines. Tetraploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis triacontandra has been found in southern Puno (Peru), where it has been collected at just one locality in Sandia Province, across the Cordillera Apolobamba to the northern Cordillera Real in La Paz (Bolivia) (Fig. 92). It grows on the upper limit of the humid Yungas forests at 2360-4310 m elevation. It has been often planted around communities near Titicaca Lake and in the City of La Paz (Kessler 1995b). Many populations are remnants growing in areas with abrupt topography, such as inaccessible headwaters, micro-basins and rocky slopes (Navarro et al. 2010).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO for  Polylepis triacontandra is estimated as 27,030 km2, the AOO is assessed at 60 km2 and it is known from 12 locations.  Polylepis triacontandra was categorized as VU (B1+2c, D2) in the World List of Threatened Trees (Oldfield et al. 1998). Later, it was classified as VU (B1b(i,ii,iii)) in the Red List of Threatened Flora of Bolivia ( Arrázola et al. 2012). It is protected within the Apolobamba Integrated Management Natural Area. Although the species is under some protection, its populations are also heavily fragmented. We assess  P. triacontandra as Endangered (A1, B1a+B2a, C1).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis triacontandra resembles  P. subtusalbida in having 1(-2) lateral leaflet pairs and tomentose hairs. However, it has narrowly elliptic leaflets with crenate margin, inflorescences 4.9-9.5 cm long with 11-13 flowers and styles 3.3-3.8 mm long, whereas  P. subtusalbida has obovate leaflets with serrate margin, inflorescences 1.8-3.7 cm long with 3-4 flowers and styles 2.8-3.4 mm long.  Polylepis triacontandra is also morphologically similar to  P. pallidistigma with which shares the number of lateral leaflets and margin type. It differs by its leaflets (2.0-)2.6-3.3  × 0.7-1.1 cm long with tomentose hairs on the lower leaflet surfaces, and inflorescences 4.9-9.5 cm long with 11-13 flowers, compared to the smaller leaflets (1.2-.2.0  × 0.5-0.8 cm) with pannose hairs on the lower leaflet surfaces and shorter inflorescences (2.7-6.0 cm) with 5-6 flowers of  P. pallidistigma . For additional morphological similarities, see under  P. lanata .</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Bolivia. La Paz: Bautista Saavedra, Chajaya, a few kilometers from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.13333/lat -16.516666)">Charazani</a>, 15°13'S, 069°01'W, 3500 m, 30 March 1985, Solomon 13346 (MO!). Camacho, Puerto Acosta, 3860 m, 05 April 1982, Beck 7662 (GOET!). Franz Tamayo, Madidi, Apolobamba, Agua Blanca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.13333/lat -16.516666)">Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba</a>, Agua Blanca y carretera hacia Antaquilla, 14°49'11"S, 069°07'00"W, 4031 m, 07 June 2008, Fuentes 12780 (BOLV, LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.13333/lat -16.516666)">Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba</a>, Keara Bajo, 14°42'43"S, 069°05'03"W, 3500 m, 18 June 2005, Fuentes 8390 (LPB, MO!, QCA!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.13333/lat -16.516666)">Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.13333/lat -16.516666)">Pelechuco</a> camino hacia Agua Blanca, 14°49'19"S, 069°07'01"W, 3593 m, 07 June 2008, Huaylla 2566 (BOLV, LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); 2 km S Pelechuco on road to Ulla Ulla, 3700 m, 28 August 1991, Kessler 3051; 3052 (AAU!, GOET!); 3402 (AAU!); 3420 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3421 (GOET!); 3422 (AAU!, GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3423 (GOET!); 3424 (AAU!, GOET!); 3425 (GOET!, LPB, MO!); 3558; 3559; 3560; 3561; 3562; 3563; 3564; 3565; 3566; 3567; 3568; 3569; 3570; 3571; 3572; 3573; 3574; 3575; 3576; 3578; 3579; 3580; 3581; 3582; 3583; 3584; 3585; 3586; 3587 (GOET!); Apolobamba, Puina, 14°35'43"S, 069°07'05"W, 3747 m, 24 April 2008, Quisbert 929 (LPB, MA, MO!, QCA!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.13333/lat -16.516666)">Area Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.13333/lat -16.516666)">Pelechuco</a>, 3647 m, 24 May 2009, Reguerin 116 (QCA!); 116 (LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.13333/lat -16.516666)">Area
Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.13333/lat -16.516666)">Pelechuco</a>, 14°49'15"S, 069°04'07"W, 3614 m, 24 May 2009,  Reguerín 118 (BOLV, LPB, MO!, QCA!, USZ); 119 (LPB, MA, MO!, USZ); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.13333/lat -16.516666)">Area
Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.13333/lat -16.516666)">Pelechuco</a>, 14°49'17"S, 069°04'10"W, 3649 m, 25 May 2009,  Reguerín 121 (LPB, MA, MO!, USZ); Madidi, Apolobamba,  Pelechuco-río abajo, Santa Ana, 14°46'14"S, 068°58'21"W, 2184 m, 16 May 2009, Torrez 550 (LPB, MA, MO!, QCA!); 550 (QCA!); 553 (LPB, MO!, QCA!); 553 (QCA!); Madidi, Apolobamba,  Pelechuco-río abajo, Santa Ana, 17°49'15"S, 069°04'01"W, 3547 m, 25 May 2009, Torrez 586 (LPB, MA, MO!, NY, QCA!); 58.5 km N of Sorata on road to Quiabaya, 15°36'S, 068°41'W, 3600 m, 16 December 1981, Solomon 6640 (MO!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.13333/lat -16.516666)">Sorata</a>, 15°40'03"S, 068°39'18"W, 3660 m, 31 July 2010, Steudel 426; 427; 428; 431; 433 (Z!). Murillo, Calacoto (La Paz), ornamental plants, 16°31'S, 068°08'W, 3300 m, 15 August 1986, Solomon 15492 (MO!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA83BCBA7A40390447DC7B405CBF02E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
D24ACD4F9A7F2BA079FC53D3A03A3F12.text	D24ACD4F9A7F2BA079FC53D3A03A3F12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polylepis weberbaueri Pilg., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 535. 1906.	<div><p>22.  Polylepis weberbaueri Pilg., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 535. 1906.</p><p>Figs 59, 60</p><p>Type.</p><p>Peru. Ancash: from Yanganuco to  Yungay, 3800 m, 16 June 1903, Weberbauer 3287 (holotype: B destroyed; photos at F, GH, MO!, NY)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Trees 1-14 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 2-3 pairs of lateral leaflets, obtrullate in outline, (3.2-)5.2-5.8  × (2.7-)3.2-3.5 cm; rachises densely tomentose, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long, lanate hairs; stipular sheaths apically acute with spurs, densely lanate on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.6-2.1  × 0.6-0.9 cm; margin entire or slightly crenate at apex with 3-4 teeth, apically emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces glabrous; lower leaflet surfaces densely tomentose with whitish hairs 0.4-0.5 mm long. Inflorescences pendant, 8.2-9.7 cm long, bearing 9-11 flowers; floral bracts 5.4-7.5 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely lanate on the outer surface; rachises tomentose. Flowers 8.6-10.4 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely tomentose outside; stamens 19-21, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 2.7-3.2 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with variable numbers and placement of flattened spines, densely villous; 4.2-4.9  × 4.8-5.3 mm including spines. Diploid.</p><p>Distribution, habitat and ecology.</p><p>Polylepis weberbaueri is distributed in northern Peru in Ancash,  Huánuco and Lima (Fig. 61). It occurs in dry and cold Andean habitats at 3500-4970 m elevation. Some stands of  P. weberbaueri occur in semi-humid areas mixed with  Gynoxys,  Oreocallis,  Alnus,  Berberis and  Buddleja, but it can also be found in large, homogeneous stands with dense vegetation cover and very robust trees ( Sevillano-Ríos et al. 2011). It often co-occurs with  P. albicans, but  P. weberbaueri tends to occur at higher elevations (ECOAN 2005; Fuentealba and Sevillano 2016;  Sevillano-Ríos and Rodewald 2017; Morales et al. 2018). In a study in  Huascarán National Park, seedling density of  P. weberbaueri increased with elevation and decreased with solar radiation (Morales et al. 2018). These forests also support the hemiparasite  Tristerix chodatianus (Patschovky) Kuijt ( Loranthaceae) at over 4400 m elevation (ECOAN 2005;  Sevillano-Ríos et al. 2011).  Polylepis weberbaueri forests at higher elevations (&gt; 4000 m) harbor some of the most specialized and endangered bird species ( Sevillano-Ríos et al. 2011;  Sevillano-Ríos and Rodewald 2017).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The EOO is estimated as 15 388 km2 and AOO as 224 km2. The species has been collected in 39 locations. It is protected within  Huascarán National Park and was categorized as VU (SERFOR 2006). It is subject to reforestation activities in  Huascarán National Park (Fuentealba and Sevillano 2016). We assess  P. weberbaueri as Vulnerable (B1a B2a).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Polylepis weberbaueri can be distinguished from the most similar species  P. occidentalis by the number of lateral leaflet pairs (2-3 versus 3-5), inflorescence length (8.2-9.7 cm versus 2.4-6.7 cm), style length (2.7-3.2 mm versus 1.5-2.0 mm) and number of stamens (19-21 versus 9-15).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Peru. Ancash: Bolognesi, Pachapaque, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Distr de Aquia</a>, 3900 m, 01 August 1972, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Cerrate</a> 2 (USM!); entre Llamac y Jahuacocha, 4900 m, 29 May 1954, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Cerrate</a> 2314 (USM!); road from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Abra Janashalla</a> down to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huallanca</a>, below  Huansalá, 09°52'05"S, 076°59'27"W, 3390 m, 08 October 2007, Weigend 8810 (USM!). Carhuaz, Sonquenua, Shilla, 3950 m, 21 December 1989, Arce 187 (MO!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huascaran
National Park</a>. Quebrada Ishinca, north side of valley, 09°23'S, 077°26'W, 4110-4350 m, 15 July 1985, Smith 11169 (MO!, USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, Quebrada Ishinca, south side of valley, 09°23'S, 077°26'W, 4200-4260 m, 17 July 1985, Smith 11236 (AAU!, F!, MO!, USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huascaran
National Park</a>. Quebrada Ulta, on road to Ulta Pass, WNW-facing, steep slope, 09°08'S, 077°32'W, 4280 m, 29 July 1985, Smith 11383 (MO!, USM!); 11659 (F!, MO!, USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, Quebrada Ishinca, 09°22'S, 077°25'W, 4400 m, 13 February 1985, Smith 9535 (MO!, USM!); 09°23'S, 077°27'W, 4100 m, 14 February 1985, Smith 9568 (AAU!, F!, MO!, USM!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Chavin de Huantar</a>, Cordillera Blanca, Quebrada Pucavada (road between Huaraz and Chavin, on eastern side of pass), 09°40'S, 077°15'W, 4100 m, 16 February 1987, Boertmann 62 (AAU!); 64 (AAU!). Cusca, Cordillera Blanca, Misquicyucu 20 km east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Yanac</a> towards Sihuas, top of the pass, 08°37'S, 077°45'W, 4000 m, 20 February 1987, Boertmann 74 (AAU!). Huantar, Quebrada Carhuascancha, Cordillera Blanca, 09°29'S, 077°15'W, 3900 m, 15 August 1988, Frimer 131 (AAU!); 133 (AAU!); 134 (AAU!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huaraz</a>, Feria de plantas medicinales de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huaraz</a>, 3052 m, 01 July 1988, Amaro s.n (USM!); Quebrada Pitec, 4000 m, 30 October 1989, Arce 162 (MO!); Llaca, 09°28'52"S, 077°27'42"W, 3909 m, 08 November 2014, Boza 3021 (USM!, Z!); Rajacolta, 4420 m, 06 June 2015, Boza 3148; 3149 (USM!, Z!); Ulta, 4450 m, 07 June 2015, Boza 3150; 3151 (USM!, Z!); Quebrada Shallap, Cordillera Blanca, 09°31'S, 077°24'W, 4000 m, 10 August 1988, Frimer 16; 17; 4 (AAU!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, Quebrada LLaca, NW-slope of valley, 09°27'S, 077°27'W, 4200-4400 m, 24 May 1985, Smith 10783 (MO!, USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, Quebrada Llaca, valley bottom and north side of valley, 09°27'S, 077°27'W, 4090 m, 13 July 1985, Smith 11143; 12432 (MO!, USM!); 8973 (AAU!, MO!, USM!); 9696 (MO!, USM!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huari</a>, 30 km N of Huari, 3960 m, 18 December 1979, Aronson 993 (F!, MO!); 3000 m, 15 August 1983, Basauri 3 (USM!); Cahuish, 09°41'30"S, 077°14'30"W, 4306 m, 08 November 2014, Boza 3017; 3018 (USM!, Z!);  Chavín, antes del <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Tunel de Cahuish</a> (Cuta  Queñua), 3100-3200 m, 11 June 2002, Cano 12385 (MO!, USM!); 09°33'S, 077°10'W, 3500 m, 14 February 2006, Sayre 39 (USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, road to microwave tower passing Manto Mina, off Catac-Chavin road, 09°42'S, 077°15'W, 4400 m, 04 July 1985, Smith 10974 (MO!, USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, upper terrace, Quebrada Pachachaca a lateral valley of Quebrada Rurichinchay Bogs, 09°23'S, 077°17'W, 4040-4200 m, 13 June 1986, Smith 12586 (F!, MO!, USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huascaran
National Park</a>. Catac-Chavin road, 44 km from Catac, 09°42'S, 077°13'W, 4200 m, 18 August 1984, Smith 8287 (MO!, USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, 0.25 km from Cahuish Tunnel, 09°41'S, 077°14'W, 4450 m, 23 December 1984, Smith 8752 (F!, MO!, USM!). Huaylas, Laguna  Parón, 3860-4000 m, 15 October 1999, Cano 10023 (USM!); Quebrada Paron, Cordillera Blanca (east of L. Paron), 08°58'S, 077°38'W, 4200 m, 16 August 1988, Frimer 23; 24; 26 (AAU!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, Quebrada  Parón, 09°01'S, 077°43'W, 3500-3760 m, 08 May 1985, Smith 10608 (AAU!, F!, MO!, USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Paron
valley</a> E of lake, 08°59'S, 077°38'W, 4250 m, 27 September 1985, Smith 11477 (F!, MO!, USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huascaran
National Park</a>. Quebrada Santa Cruz at base of and entering Quebrada Artizonraju, 08°55'S, 077°36'W, 4300-4800 m, 16 January 1985, Smith 9308 (MO!, USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, environs of Hatuncocha, 08°52'S, 077°45'W, 4600 m, 12 March 1985, Smith 9982 (AAU!, F!, MO!, USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huascaran
National Park</a>. between Huiscash and Mirador, 08°53'S, 077°46'W, 3960-4400 m, 12 March 1985, Smith 9988 (MO!, USM!). Pomabamba, Pumacocha, 4200 m, 11 December 1989, Arce 175 (MO!); Pumacocha, 4300 m, 11 December 1989, Arce 177 (MO!); Quenuarajra, 3600 m, 12 December 1989, Arce 182 (MO!). San Marcos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">San Marcos. Distr.</a> Ccolla Chica, 09°40'28"S, 077°03'10"W, 5600 m, 04 May 2008,  Beltrán 6480 (USM!). Shilla, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Quebrada 
Matara
in Quebrada Ulta</a>, Cordillera Blanca, 09°07'S, 077°32'W, 4250 m, 03 September 1988, Frimer 105; 106; 114 (AAU!). Sihuas, Distr. Cashapampa, Pasacancha, 08°35'01"S, 077°39'09"W, 3972 m, 03 February 2011,  Gonzáles 1423 (USM!). Tarica, Quebrada Ishinca, Cordillera Blanca, 09°23'S, 077°28'W, 3950 m, 23 August 1988, Frimer 72 (AAU!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Yungay</a>, Yanama, 3950 m, 05 November 1989, Arce 166 (MO!); Llanganuco, fuera del parque  Huascarán, 3500 m, 29 May 1981, Cerrate 7769 (USM!); ca. 25 km NE of Yungay, slopes below <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Laguna de Llanganuco</a>, 3380 m, 28 January 1983, Dillon 3117 (F!, MO!, USM!); slopes below <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Laguna de Llanganuco</a> in quebrada de Llanganuco ca. 25 km above Yungay, 3900 m, 27 June 1966, Edwin 3829 (F!); Llanganuco, 3700-3800 m, 02 May 1961, Ferreyra 14377 (GOET!, MO!, USM!); 37 km east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Yungay</a>, 4200 m, 05 April 1988, Renvoize 5084 (AAU!, MO!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huascaran
National Park</a>, Llanganuco sector, Quebrada Demanda, side valley to Nevado Pisco, 09°01'S, 077°37'W, 4600-4800 m, 13 April 1985, Smith 10299 (MO!, USM!); Smith 8794 (MO!, USM!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Huascaran
National Park</a>. Quebrada Ranincuray, 08°59'S, 077°34'W, 4000-4300 m, 12 January 1985, Smith 9139 (AAU!, MO!, USM!). 4000 m, 24 August 1977, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">Antunez de Mayolo</a> 330 (MO!, USM!); Cordillera Blanca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -8.983334)">East of 
Yungay Lagunas de Llanganuco lake</a> side, 3800 m, 05 April 1988, Renvoize 5067 (AAU!); 16 June 1903, Weberbauer 3287 (B, MO!)  .   Huánuco: Huallanca, Huansala 10 km from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.933334/lat -9.85)">Huallanca</a>, 09°51'S, 076°56'W, 3700 m, 14 February 1987, Boertmann 48 (AAU!)  .   Lima: Cajatambo, Cerro San Cristobal, 3950 m, 12 March 1990, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.066666/lat -10.55)">Arce</a> 206 (MO!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.066666/lat -10.55)">Raura</a>, 4600 m, 05 April 1988, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.066666/lat -10.55)">Rivas</a> s.n (USM!). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.066666/lat -10.55)">Oyon</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.066666/lat -10.55)">Laguna Guengue Grande</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.066666/lat -10.55)">Quichas</a>, 4200 m, 11 January 1990, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.066666/lat -10.55)">Arce</a> 190 (MO!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.066666/lat -10.55)">Pueblo Quichas</a> above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.066666/lat -10.55)">Oyon</a>, 10°36'S, 076°45'W, 4000 m, 26 February 1987, Boertmann 81; 82; 85; 87 (AAU!); Oyon, Laguna grande, 10°33'48"S, 076°44'25"W, 4005 m, 24 May 2015, Boza 3026; 3047; 3048; 3049; 3050; 3051; 3052; 3053; 3054; 3055; 3056; 3057 (USM!, Z!); Bosque de  Polylepis de Maticuna, 10°39'11"S, 076°50'21"W, 3990 m, 08 August 1998, Mendoza 173 (CUZ!). Ticlayan, Quichas, Bosque de  Polylepis de  Q’asacancha, 10°33'S, 076°04'W, 4200 m, 07 July 1998, Mendoza 170 (CUZ!)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D24ACD4F9A7F2BA079FC53D3A03A3F12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
120C8DD2246071CC2A6BE8867DA4B1DC.text	120C8DD2246071CC2A6BE8867DA4B1DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Racemosae T. Boza & M. Kessler 2022	<div><p>Subsection  Racemosae T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler sect. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Trees; 1-3 lateral leaflet pairs; lower leaflet surfaces glabrous or densely lanate, tomentose or villous; fruits with 2-5 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely pilose, tomentose or villous.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Polylepis racemosa Ruiz &amp; Pav.</p><p>Note.</p><p>The subsectional epithet  Racemosae is a plural adjective agreeing in gender with  Polylepis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120C8DD2246071CC2A6BE8867DA4B1DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
6BD95A98208D58E45C02DDDFB536466B.text	6BD95A98208D58E45C02DDDFB536466B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sericeae T. Boza & M. Kessler 2022	<div><p>Subsection  Sericeae T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler sect. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Trees; 2-7 lateral leaflet pairs; lower leaflets sericeous or villous; fruits with flattened spines, densely sericeous or villous.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Polylepis sericea Wedd.</p><p>Note.</p><p>The subsectional epithet  Sericeae is a plural adjective agreeing in gender with  Polylepis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6BD95A98208D58E45C02DDDFB536466B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
14B5336B087D4FBBE735329B190755DD.text	14B5336B087D4FBBE735329B190755DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Subsericantes T. Boza & M. Kessler 2022	<div><p>Section  Subsericantes T.Boza &amp; M.Kessler sect. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Trees; 1 lateral leaflet pair; lower leaflet surfaces densely villous or strigose; fruits with 3-4 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely pilose.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Polylepis subsericans J.F. Macbr.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The sectional epithet  Subsericantes is a plural adjective agreeing in gender with  Polylepis . Section  Polylepis Subsericantes contains species with pilose or strigose lower leaflet surfaces, one lateral leaflet pair and densely pilose fruits with 3-4 irregular flattened ridges bearing a series of spines. This peculiar combination of characters, which combines traits of sections  Sericeae and  Incanaee, was already noted by Simpson (1979). Schmidt-Lebuhn et al. (2006a) recovered the species  P. subsericans as sister to those here placed in section  Polylepis Incanaee . Given their distinctness, we place this species and two closely related ones in a separate section. All three species only occur in central Peru, where they occupy parapatric ranges. Table 7 provides an overview of the arrangement of the taxa by different authors.</p><p>Climatic niches in  Polylepis sect. Subsericantes</p><p>Climatic niches among the species of this section do not differ with respect to the temperature under which they grow, but have clear differences with respect to mean annual rainfall:  Polylepis subsericans grows under the most humid conditions,  P. flavipila has an intermediate position and  P. pilosissima grows under the most arid conditions (Fig. 62).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/14B5336B087D4FBBE735329B190755DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika;Kessler, Michael	Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika, Kessler, Michael (2022): A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PhytoKeys 203: 1-274, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529
