identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0948FD3CFFCB9C731DFFFB62FEA40ADC.text	0948FD3CFFCB9C731DFFFB62FEA40ADC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hydrophis trachyceps Theobald 1868	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hydrophis trachyceps Theobald, 1868</p>
            <p> synonym of  Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin, 1803</p>
            <p>(Table 1; Fig. 1)</p>
            <p> Material Examined.   ZSI 8266 Syntype from  Mergui (Beik, Southern Myanmar)  . </p>
            <p>Description. Head robust, head shields large, regular; Nasal superior in position, nasal shield in contact with each other; Prefrontal short, 2 nd supralabial touching prefrontal; Frontal longer than the distance from the tip of the rostral; Parietal longer than wide; One large anterior temporal; One Supraocular on each sides of head; One Pre- and Postocular on each side of head; Seven Supralabials on each sides of head; 2 nd touching prefrontal; 3 rd and 4 th touching the eye on the left, 3 rd, 4 th and 5 th touching the eye on the right; 5 th broken; Infralabial 9; 3 infralabials touching chin shield; Chin shield well developed, both the pairs in contact with each other; Anterior Pair 2.5 mm, Posterior Pair 2.5 mm; Scales around neck and midbody, Ventrals and Preanals could not be counted with confidence, as they are in fragile condition due to suboptimal preservation; Head width 9.1 mm; Head depth 11.2 mm; Head length 19.1 mm; Snout to Vent length 860.0 mm; Tail length 78.0 mm. Dorsally and ventrally the entire body brown. Body encircled with dark brown bands, disappearing ventrally. Number of bands 56 around body till vent; Three bands on tail.</p>
            <p> Remarks. Wall (1906) did not feature this specimen or the nominal taxon either as valid or as a synonym of  H. cyanocinctus . Smith (1926) stated it to be a subadult female, with scale rows 31:43 and ventrals “?”. This was so due to the suboptimal preservation of the specimen. Since this was the case even in Smith’s days, we too were unable to score any more characters than those presented. Sclater (1891) listed  H. trachyceps under the synonymy of  H. cyanocinctus , whereas Boulenger (1890) did not. Also, Sclater (1891) listed two specimens “ZSI 8266-7” as the types of  H. trachyceps . Das et al. (1998) clarified that this second syntype ZSI 8267 was not present in the ZSI and that it was not received back from Boden Kloss, probably its collector / their associate in Myanmar or a naturalist who had earlier taken a study loan of that specimen. Boulenger (1896) treated  H. trachyceps as a synonym of  H. cyanocinctus . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0948FD3CFFCB9C731DFFFB62FEA40ADC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mondal, Sonia;Ganesh, S. R.;Sethy, P. G. S.;Raghunathan, C.;Raha, Sujoy;Sarkar, Sagnik	Mondal, Sonia, Ganesh, S. R., Sethy, P. G. S., Raghunathan, C., Raha, Sujoy, Sarkar, Sagnik (2022): Redescriptions of the type specimens of synonymous nominal taxa of sea snakes (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophis, Laticauda) at the Zoological Survey of India. Zootaxa 5169 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.4.1
0948FD3CFFCF9C771DFFFF73FF750E81.text	0948FD3CFFCF9C771DFFFF73FF750E81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hydrophis crassicollis Anderson 1871	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hydrophis crassicollis Anderson, 1871</p>
            <p> synonym of  Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin, 1803</p>
            <p>(Table 1; Fig. 2)</p>
            <p> Material Examined.  ZSI 8272 Holotype from Hughli, below Calcutta.</p>
            <p>Description. Head robust, head shields large, regular; Rostral broader than high; Nasal superior in position, nasal shields in contact with each other; Prefrontal short, squarish, 2 nd supralabial touching prefrontal; Frontal as long as the distance from the tip of the rostral; Length of Frontal scale-7.0 mm; distance from the tip of the rostral- 7.0 mm; Parietal longer than wide; Two Anterior Temporals; One Supraocular on each side of head; One Preocular on each side of head; Two Postoculars on each side of head; Eight Supralabial on each side of head; 2 nd touching prefrontal; 3 rd and 4 th touching the eye; 5 th broken; Eight Infralabials on right and nine on left side of head, cuneate scales present, 3 infralabials touching the chin shields; Chin shield well developed; both the pairs not in contact with each other; Scales around neck 34; Scales around Midbody 39; Ventrals 327, distinct from the adjacent dorsal scales; Preanal enlarged; No keel present on dorsal scales. Head width 15.1 mm; Head depth 13.7 mm; Head length 29.7 mm; Snout to Vent length 1340.0 mm; Tail length 113.0 mm. Dorsally and ventrally the entire body light brown. Body encircled with dark brown bands, broader dorsally, disappearing ventrally. Number of bands 62 around the body till vent; Five dark brown bands on tail.</p>
            <p> Remarks. This specimen and nominal taxon was curiously absent in the works of both Wall (1906) and Smith (1926). It was however mentioned as present in the ZSI collection by Das et al. (1998). Boulenger (1890) did not list  H. crassicollis as a synonym of  H. cyanocinctus . Sclater (1891) listed  H. crassicollis [as crassicollas] under the synonymy of  H. cyanocinctus and this arrangement was followed by (Boulenger 1896; Wall 1906, 1907; Smith 1926). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0948FD3CFFCF9C771DFFFF73FF750E81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mondal, Sonia;Ganesh, S. R.;Sethy, P. G. S.;Raghunathan, C.;Raha, Sujoy;Sarkar, Sagnik	Mondal, Sonia, Ganesh, S. R., Sethy, P. G. S., Raghunathan, C., Raha, Sujoy, Sarkar, Sagnik (2022): Redescriptions of the type specimens of synonymous nominal taxa of sea snakes (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophis, Laticauda) at the Zoological Survey of India. Zootaxa 5169 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.4.1
0948FD3CFFCF9C771DFFFC37FAEF0A4D.text	0948FD3CFFCF9C771DFFFC37FAEF0A4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hydrophis fayrerianus Anderson 1871	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hydrophis fayrerianus Anderson, 1871</p>
            <p> synonym of  Hydrophis curtus (Shaw, 1802)</p>
            <p>(Table 1; Fig. 3)</p>
            <p> Material Examined.   ZSI 8270 Holotype from  Puri , Odisha (Eastern India). </p>
            <p>Description. Head short, head shields large, regular; Rostral broader than high; Nasal superior in position, nasal shield in contact with each other; Prefrontal squarish, 2 nd supralabial touching prefrontal; Frontal longer than the distance from the tip of the rostral; Parietal broken; Two large anterior temporals; One Supraocular on each side of head; One Pre- and Postocular on each side of head; Eight Supralabial on each side of head; 2 nd touching prefrontal; 4 th touching the eye on left side of head, 3 rd and 4 th touching the eye on right side of head, 5 th broken; Ten infralabials on each side of head; 3 infralabials touching the chin shield; Chin shield well developed; both the pairs in contact with each other; Anterior Pair 4.9 mm, Posterior Pair 6.5 mm; Scales around neck 29-31; Scales around Midbody 35; Ventral 195, distinct, twice the size of the adjacent dorsal scales anteriorly, posteriorly divided with a suture; Preanal small; Dorsal scales with a faint single keel; Ventrals with spiked keels; Head width 21.1 mm; Head depth 18.3 mm; Head length 38.7 mm; Snout to Vent length 900.0 mm; Tail length 105.0 mm. Dorsally brownish grey with dark gray bands across the body till lateral / sides, band does not extend till belly and ventrally the entire body creamish yellow. Number of bands 57 around body till vent; One band present at the base of the tail; remaining part black.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The original description [incorrectly as  H. fayreriana ] stated the scale rows to be 35, ventral count to be 193 and body bands to be 39 (Anderson 1971). Following Boulenger (1890), Sclater (1891) listed the specimen, as the type of  H. fayrerianus under the synonymy of  H. hardwickii (Gray, 1834) . This was also followed by Boulenger (1896) and Wall (1906, 1909). However, Smith (1926, 1943) did not make any mention (also see Das et al. 1998) of either the specimen ZSI 8270 or of the nominal taxon  Hydrophis fayrerianus in his species accounts of both  H. curtus (Shaw, 1802) and  H. hardwickii (Gray, 1834) , which was treated as valid then. As is known, currently, only one species  H. curtus is recognized, with  H. hardwickii being treated as its subjective junior synonym (see Wallach et al. 2014; Boundy 2020). This specimen was included in the catalogue of available types by Das et al. (1998). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0948FD3CFFCF9C771DFFFC37FAEF0A4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mondal, Sonia;Ganesh, S. R.;Sethy, P. G. S.;Raghunathan, C.;Raha, Sujoy;Sarkar, Sagnik	Mondal, Sonia, Ganesh, S. R., Sethy, P. G. S., Raghunathan, C., Raha, Sujoy, Sarkar, Sagnik (2022): Redescriptions of the type specimens of synonymous nominal taxa of sea snakes (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophis, Laticauda) at the Zoological Survey of India. Zootaxa 5169 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.4.1
0948FD3CFFC29C7B1DFFFC13FB800CAD.text	0948FD3CFFC29C7B1DFFFC13FB800CAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hydrophis dayanus Stoliczka 1872	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hydrophis dayanus Stoliczka, 1872</p>
            <p> synonym of  Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin, 1803</p>
            <p>(Table 1; Fig. 5)</p>
            <p> Material Examined.   ZSI 8278 Holotype from  Karachi (in Sindh, Southern Pakistan). </p>
            <p>Description. Head robust, short, head shield large, regular; Rostral broader than high; Nasal superior, nasal shield in contact with each other; Prefrontal small, 2 nd supralabial touching prefrontal; Frontal shorter than the distance from the tip of the rostral; Parietal longer than wide; Temporals 1+2; One Supraocular on each side of head; One Preocular on each sides of head; Two Postoculars on each sides of head; Eight Supralabials on each sides of head; 2 nd touching the prefrontal; 3 rd, 4 th and 5 th touching the eye; 6 th broken; Eight infralabials on right and nine on left side of head; 3 infralabials touching the chin shield, small cuneate scales present; Chinshield well developed; both the pair not in contact with each other; Scales around neck 33; Scales around Midbody 40; Ventrals 327, very small but distinct from adjacent dorsal scales; Preanal small; Two white dots present on prefrontal, Head width 7.2 mm; Head depth 7.4 mm; Head length 14.9 mm; Snout to Vent length 550.0 mm; Tail length 54.0 mm. Head dark brown dorsally and ventrally with a weak light brown dots present on prefrontal, two lateral light brown C-shaped marks extending from eye to temporals. Entire body light brown, encircled by dark brown bands; interspaces light brown, broad dorsally and on flank, disappearing ventrally. All ventral scales light brown. Tail with dark brown bands both dorsally and ventrally. Number of bands 57 around body till vent; Seven bands on tail.</p>
            <p> Remarks. Wall (1906) stated its scale counts to be scale rows 33:39:40 and ventrals as 342, whereas Smith (1926) stated it to be a young male, with scale rows 33:43 and ventrals 343. Sclater (1891) listed  H. dayanus in the synonymy of  H. lapemoides (Gray, 1849) and this was also followed by Boulenger (1896). But Wall (1906) synonymized  H. dayanus with  H. cyanocinctus where it now rests (see Wall 1909; Smith 1926; Wallach et al. 2014; Ganesh et al. 2019).  Hydrophis lapemoides is a species originally described based on two specimens, a juvenile from Madras and a subadult from Sri Lanka (Stoliczka 1872). Rasmussen (1993) while redescribing this species illustrated and redescribed the type specimens of  H. lapemoides . Wallach et al. (2014) designated BMNH 1946.1.7.2 the subadult specimen from Sri Lanka as the lectotype and thus BMNH 1946.1.6.91 the juvenile from Madras became a paralectotype. Because the type of  H. dayanus is also a subadult, this probable confusion of  H. dayanus being conspecific with  H. lapemoides (see Sclater 1891; Boulenger 1896) had risen (see Wallach et al. 2014; Ganesh et al. 2019).  Hydrophis cyanocinctus young ones and subadults to certain extent, have much thicker and bolder bands, compared to the usual adult pattern in that species (Smith 1926, 1943; SRG pers. obs.). Rasmussen (1993) did not list  H. dayanus in the synonymy of  H. lapemoides . The unsettled opinions were also stated by Das et al. (1998). However, Das et al. (1998) reported ZSI 8278 as holotype and still remarked that another syntype is in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (NMW), Wienna, Austria. Stoliczka’s (1872) description clearly mentions two specimens (one 23 inches and the larger one 27 inches), and hence ZSI 8278 is a syntype, not holotype as reported by Das et al. (1998). Our perusal suggests that the 604 mm long specimen is the 23 inch long (total length) one dealt with by Stoliczka (1872). Similarly, Das et al. (1998) stated ZSI 8266 as a syntype that goes well with Smith’s (1926) remark of the same specimen as being one of the types of  H. trachyceps . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0948FD3CFFC29C7B1DFFFC13FB800CAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mondal, Sonia;Ganesh, S. R.;Sethy, P. G. S.;Raghunathan, C.;Raha, Sujoy;Sarkar, Sagnik	Mondal, Sonia, Ganesh, S. R., Sethy, P. G. S., Raghunathan, C., Raha, Sujoy, Sarkar, Sagnik (2022): Redescriptions of the type specimens of synonymous nominal taxa of sea snakes (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophis, Laticauda) at the Zoological Survey of India. Zootaxa 5169 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.4.1
0948FD3CFFC29C7A1DFFFF73FB880EA5.text	0948FD3CFFC29C7A1DFFFF73FB880EA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hydrophis tuberculatus Anderson 1871	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hydrophis tuberculatus Anderson, 1871</p>
            <p> synonym of  Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin, 1803</p>
            <p>(Table 1; Fig. 4)</p>
            <p> Material Examined.   ZSI 8271 Holotype from  Calcutta (in West Bengal Eastern India). </p>
            <p>Description. Head robust, head shields large, regular; Rostral broader than high; Nasal superior in position, nasal shield in contact with each other; Prefrontal short, squarish, 2 nd supralabial touching prefrontal; Frontal shorter than the distance from the tip of the rostral; Parietal longer than wide; Temporal 2; One Supraocular on each sides of head; One Preocular on each sides of the head; Two Postoculars on each sides of the head; Seven Supralabials on each sides of the head; 2 nd touching prefrontal; 4 th and 5 th touching the eye, 4 th &amp; 6 th broken; Nine Infralabials on right and eight on left side of the head; 3 infralabials touching chin shield; cuneate scales present; Chin shields well developed, both the pair in contact with each other Anterior Pair— 3.1 mm, Posterior Pair 3.7 mm; Scales around neck 31; Scales around Midbody 40; Ventrals 315, distinct from the adjacent dorsal scales; Preanal enlarged; Dorsal scales has a single keel. Head width 13.4 mm; Head depth 9.8 mm; Head length 26.8 mm; Snout to Vent length 1000.0 mm; Tail length 95.0 mm. Dorsally and ventrally the entire body light brown. Body encircled with dark brown bands, broader dorsally, disappearing ventrally. Number of bands 60 around the body till vent; Five dark brown bands on tail.</p>
            <p> Remarks. Wall (1906) stated the scale counts to be 32:40:39 and ventrals as 332, whereas Smith (1926) stated it to be an unsexed young one with scale rows 31:42 and ventrals 310. Anderson (1871) originally named this species as  Hydrophis tuberculata , with a feminine ending of specific epithet, whereas it must be masculine, as  H. tuberculatus (see Uetz et al. 2022; this work). Sclater (1891) treated it as a valid species that he listed as  Distira tuberculata . This was followed by Boulenger (1890, 1896). Wall (1906) synonymized  H. tuberculatus under  H. cyanocintus and this was subsequently followed (Wall 1909; Smith 1926, 1943). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0948FD3CFFC29C7A1DFFFF73FB880EA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mondal, Sonia;Ganesh, S. R.;Sethy, P. G. S.;Raghunathan, C.;Raha, Sujoy;Sarkar, Sagnik	Mondal, Sonia, Ganesh, S. R., Sethy, P. G. S., Raghunathan, C., Raha, Sujoy, Sarkar, Sagnik (2022): Redescriptions of the type specimens of synonymous nominal taxa of sea snakes (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophis, Laticauda) at the Zoological Survey of India. Zootaxa 5169 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.4.1
0948FD3CFFC39C7B1DFFFE1BFEEF080D.text	0948FD3CFFC39C7B1DFFFE1BFEEF080D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Distira andamanica Annandale 1905	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Distira andamanica Annandale, 1905</p>
            <p> synonym of  Hydrophis ornatus (Gray, 1842)</p>
            <p>(Table 1; Fig. 6)</p>
            <p> Material Examined.   ZSI 15238 Holotype, from  Andamans (in the Bay of Bengal) India. </p>
            <p>Description. Head robust, head shields large, regular; Rostral broader than high; Nasal superior in position, nasal shield in contact with each other; Prefrontal squarish, 2 nd Supralabial touching prefrontal; Frontal longer than the distance from the tip of the rostral; Parietal longer than wide; One large anterior temporal; One supraocular on each sides of head; One preocular on each sides of head; Three postoculars on each sides of head; Seven supralabials on each sides of head; 2 nd touching prefrontal, 3 rd and 4 th touching the eye, 4th below the eye; 6 th broken; Nine infralabials on each sides of head; 4 th infralabial touching chin shield; on right 2 nd infralabial is small, do not touch the Anterior Chin shield; Chin shield well developed; Anterior Pair in contact with each other, Posterior Pair separated from each other; Anterior Pair 4.7 mm, Posterior Pair 4.6 mm; Scales around neck 33: Scales around Midbody 38; Ventral 235, distinct, twice the size of the adjacent dorsal scales; Preanal Slightly enlarged; Dorsal scales with a single keel. Head width 13.6 mm; Head depth 11.7 mm; Head length 29.8 mm; Snout to Vent length 755.0 mm; Tail length 93.0 mm. Head dark dorsally, supralabials and venter of a lighter shade as of the dorsal colour. Body encircled by black bands, interspace white, broad dorsally and on flanks, disintegrating and eventually disappearing ventrally. All ventral scales white. Tail with black bands both dorsally and ventrally. Number of bands around the body till vent 35; Seven bands on tail.</p>
            <p> Remarks. Wall (1906) stated it to have scale rows 33:39:35 and ventrals 245, while Smith (1926) stated it to be an adult male, with scale rows 31:40 and ventrals 236. Wall (1909) synonymised  Distira andamanica Wall, 1906 with  H. ornatus (Gray, 1842) and this was followed by Smith (1926, 1943) and recent authors (Wallach et al. 2014; Ganesh et al. 2019). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0948FD3CFFC39C7B1DFFFE1BFEEF080D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mondal, Sonia;Ganesh, S. R.;Sethy, P. G. S.;Raghunathan, C.;Raha, Sujoy;Sarkar, Sagnik	Mondal, Sonia, Ganesh, S. R., Sethy, P. G. S., Raghunathan, C., Raha, Sujoy, Sarkar, Sagnik (2022): Redescriptions of the type specimens of synonymous nominal taxa of sea snakes (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophis, Laticauda) at the Zoological Survey of India. Zootaxa 5169 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.4.1
0948FD3CFFC39C7C1DFFFAB7FC2E0CF5.text	0948FD3CFFC39C7C1DFFFAB7FC2E0CF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hydrophis alcocki Wall 1906	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hydrophis alcocki Wall, 1906</p>
            <p> synonym of  Hydrophis fasciatus (Schneider, 1799)</p>
            <p>(Table 1; Fig. 7)</p>
            <p> Material Examined.   ZSI 8244 Holotype, from  Puri , Odisha (Eastern India). </p>
            <p>Description. Head small, head shields large, regular; Rostral broader than high; Nasal superior in position, nasal shield in contact with each other; Prefrontal short, 2 nd supralabial not touching prefrontal; Frontal longer than the distance from the tip of the rostral; Parietal longer than wide; One large anterior temporal; One supraocular on each side of head; One Pre and Postocular on each side of head; Six supralabials on each side of head; 2 nd not touching prefrontal; 3 rd and 4 th touching the eye; Seven infralabials on right side and eight on left side of head; 4 infralabials touching the chin shield; Chinshield well developed; both the pair in contact with each other; Anterior Pair 1.5 mm, Posterior Pair 2.0 mm; Scales around neck 25; Scales around Midbody 28; Ventrals 274, small, distinct from adjacent dorsal scales; Preanal small; No keel present on dorsal scales. Head width 5.8 mm; Head depth 4.6 mm; Head length 13.0 mm; Snout to Vent length 365.0 mm; Tail length 40.0 mm. Dorsally and ventrally the entire body light brown. Body encircled with dark brown bands. Number of bands around the body till vent 40; Four bands on tail.</p>
            <p> Remarks. Wall (1906) in his original description did not give scale counts for the type specimen. Smith (1926) stated it to be a male with scale rows 25:33 and ventrals 362. Wall (1909) synonymized  H. alcocki Wall, 1906 under  H. spiralis , but Smith (1926, 1943) treated it as a synonym of  H. atriceps , where it now rests (Wallach et al. 2014; Ganesh et al. 2019). Smith (1926) mixed up the registration numbers of the types of  H. alcocki and  H. melanocinctus , probably because both these specimens are from Puri, Odisha, India. Thus, the type of  H. alcocki is in fact ZSI 8244 and the specimen ZSI 14470 is the type of  H. melanocinctus (Das et al. 1998; this work). The nominal taxon  H. alcocki has been varyingly treated as a synonym of  H. fasciatus and  H. atriceps . The validity of  H. atriceps as a species distinct from  H. fasciatus itself is unsettled and dubious at best (Wallach et al. 2014). This taxon has also been recognized as a subspecies of  H. fasciatus (see Rasmussen et al. 2014). Boundy (2020) despite recognizing  H. atriceps as a valid species, did not list  H. alcocki as its synonym. Therefore, we follow Wall (1909) in treating  H. alcocki as a synonym of  H. fasciatus . We concur with Das et al. (1998) in that  H. alcocki is a synonym of  H. fasciatus and not  H. atriceps Günther, 1864 , an East Asian species (Wallach et al. 2014), absent in India (Whitaker &amp; Captain 2004; Ganesh et al. 2019). Incidentally, Das et al. (1998) had mixed up the taxon authorship of  H. fasciatus with that of  H. atriceps while clarifying the above point. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0948FD3CFFC39C7C1DFFFAB7FC2E0CF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mondal, Sonia;Ganesh, S. R.;Sethy, P. G. S.;Raghunathan, C.;Raha, Sujoy;Sarkar, Sagnik	Mondal, Sonia, Ganesh, S. R., Sethy, P. G. S., Raghunathan, C., Raha, Sujoy, Sarkar, Sagnik (2022): Redescriptions of the type specimens of synonymous nominal taxa of sea snakes (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophis, Laticauda) at the Zoological Survey of India. Zootaxa 5169 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.4.1
0948FD3CFFC49C7C1DFFFDDFFB9C09BB.text	0948FD3CFFC49C7C1DFFFDDFFB9C09BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hydrophis melanocinctus Wall 1906	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hydrophis melanocinctus Wall, 1906</p>
            <p> synonym of  Hydrophis spiralis (Shaw, 1802)</p>
            <p>(Table 1; Fig. 8)</p>
            <p> Material Examined.   ZSI 14470 Holotype from  Puri , Odisha (Eastern India). </p>
            <p>Description. Head small, head shields large, regular; Rostral broader than high; Nasal superior in position, nasal shield in contact with each other; Prefrontal elongate, 2 nd Supralabial touching prefrontal; Frontal longer than the distance from the tip of the rostral; Parietal longer than wide; One large anterior temporal; One Supraocular on each side of head; One Pre- and Postocular on each side of head; Supralabials 7; 3 rd and 4 th touching eye; Seven infralabials on each side of head; Chin shield and Scales around neck in fragile condition; Scales around midbody 40; Ventral, Preanal and Head width, depth and length not measurable as the specimen is in fragile condition; Snout to Vent length 228.0 mm;. Dorsally and ventrally the entire body brown. Number of bands not discernable due to faded colouration.</p>
            <p> Remarks. Specimen is in fragile condition and hence some of the measurements (e.g. tail length) could not be taken. Wall (1906) stated the counts to be scale rows 25:39:39 and ventrals 380, whereas Smith (1926) stated it to be an unsexed young one, with scale rows 25:44 and ventrals “366(?)” indicating his uncertainty over the count. Wall (1909) synonymized  H. melanocinctus under  H. fasciatus , but Smith (1926, 1943) treated it as a synonym of  H. spiralis , where it now rests (Wallach et al. 2014; Ganesh et al. 2019; Boundy 2020). See comments under  H. alcocki entry, for mix-up of the registration number with the type of  H. melanocinctus . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0948FD3CFFC49C7C1DFFFDDFFB9C09BB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mondal, Sonia;Ganesh, S. R.;Sethy, P. G. S.;Raghunathan, C.;Raha, Sujoy;Sarkar, Sagnik	Mondal, Sonia, Ganesh, S. R., Sethy, P. G. S., Raghunathan, C., Raha, Sujoy, Sarkar, Sagnik (2022): Redescriptions of the type specimens of synonymous nominal taxa of sea snakes (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophis, Laticauda) at the Zoological Survey of India. Zootaxa 5169 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.4.1
0948FD3CFFC49C7C1DFFFAEFFAD80AF7.text	0948FD3CFFC49C7C1DFFFAEFFAD80AF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hydrophis neglectus Wall 1906	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hydrophis neglectus Wall, 1906</p>
            <p> synonym of  Hydrophis stricticollis Günther, 1864</p>
            <p>(Table 1; Fig. 9)</p>
            <p> Material Examined.   ZSI 8598 Holotype from Rangoon (Yangon,  Southern Myanmar) </p>
            <p>Description. Head small, head shields large, regular; Rostral broader than high; Nasal superior in position, nasal shield in contact with each other; Prefrontal slightly elongated, 2 nd supralabial touching prefrontal; Frontal longer than the distance from the tip of the rostral; Parietal longer than wide; One large anterior temporal; One Supraocular on each side of head; One Pre- and Postocular on each side of head; Seven Supralabial on each side of head; 2 nd touching prefrontal; 3 rd and 4 th touching the eye; Infralabial in fragile condition; Chin shield and Scales around neck and midbody in fragile condition; Ventral and Preanal in fragile condition; Number of bands not discernable; Head width 3.9 mm; Head depth 4.1 mm; Head length 11.8 mm; Snout to Vent length 334.0 mm; Tail length 50.0 mm. Dorsally and ventrally the entire body brown. Number of bands not discernable due to faded colouration.</p>
            <p> Remarks. Specimen is in fragile condition, hence some of the measurements could not be taken. Wall (1906) stated its scale counts to be scale rows 48:54:45 and ventrals&gt; 420, whereas Smith (1926) stated it to be a young female, with scale rows 41:55 and ventrals 420.  Hydrophis neglectus Wall, 1906 was recognized as valid by Wall (1909), but Smith (1926, 1943) treated it as a synonym of  H. stricticollis . Wall (1909) whilst recognizing  H. neglectus , remarked that it has characters common with  H. caerulescens ,  H. ocellata and  H. fasciatus . Wall also alluded to specimens referred to by Sclater (1891) as  H. obscurus , by listing Sclater’s entry as a chresonym of  H. neglectus . The nominal taxon  H. neglectus was unfortunately missed out from the synonymy of  H. stricticollis or of any other species by Uetz et al. (2022). However, many treatises both historical (Smith, 1926, 1943) and recent (Wallach et al. 2014; Ganesh et al. 2019) have correctly listed  H. neglectus as a synonym of  H. stricticollis . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0948FD3CFFC49C7C1DFFFAEFFAD80AF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mondal, Sonia;Ganesh, S. R.;Sethy, P. G. S.;Raghunathan, C.;Raha, Sujoy;Sarkar, Sagnik	Mondal, Sonia, Ganesh, S. R., Sethy, P. G. S., Raghunathan, C., Raha, Sujoy, Sarkar, Sagnik (2022): Redescriptions of the type specimens of synonymous nominal taxa of sea snakes (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophis, Laticauda) at the Zoological Survey of India. Zootaxa 5169 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.4.1
0948FD3CFFD89C601DFFFF73FCCA0E81.text	0948FD3CFFD89C601DFFFF73FCCA0E81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platurus affinis Anderson 1871	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Platurus affinis Anderson, 1871</p>
            <p> synonym of  Laticauda laticaudata (Linnaeus, 1758)</p>
            <p>(Table 1; Fig. 10)</p>
            <p> Material Examined.   ZSI 8289 Holotype from  Fallahs Mullah ,  Calcutta (sic from  Tolly’s Nullah , Southern Calcutta, West Bengal, Eastern India fide Das et al. 1998). </p>
            <p>Description. Head robust, head shield large, regular; Rostral broader than high; Nasal on lateral side separated by a pair of internasal; Prefrontal large, squarish; Frontal larger than the distance from the tip of the rostral; Parietal longer than wide; Temporals 1+2; One Supraocular on each sides of head; One Preocular on each sides of head; Two Postoculars on each sides of head, lower postocular much larger than upper postocular; Eight supralabials on each sides of head; 3 rd and 4 th touching the eye; 1 st very small; Seven Infralabials on each side of head; 4 infralabials touching the chin shield, 1 st and 2 nd infralabials small; Chinshield well developed; both the pair not in contact with each other; Scales around neck 19; Scales around Midbody 19; Ventrals 229, large; Subcaudals 34; Preanal large, divided; Anal large, divided; Head width 14.6 mm; Head depth 15.9 mm; Head length 30.4 mm; Snout to Vent length 1145.0 mm; Tail length 111.0 mm; Gravid female with 7 eggs. Head brown dorsally and ventrally. The entire body light black dorsally, light brown ventrally. Body encircled by dark brown bands, interspaces grey, broad dorsally extending till ventrals. All ventral scales light brown. Tail with dark brown bands both dorsally and ventrally. Number of bands 56 around the body till vent; Five bands on tail.</p>
            <p> Remarks. Wall (1906) implicitly mentioned this specimen, but not in any detail. Smith (1926) stated it to be an adult female, with scale rows 19, ventrals 238 and subcaudals 35. Sclater (1891) listed ZSI 8289 from Tolly’s Nullah under the species account of “  Platurus laticaudatus ”, i.e. currently  Laticauda laticaudata , though he did not explicitly remark on the type status of the specimen mentioned. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0948FD3CFFD89C601DFFFF73FCCA0E81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mondal, Sonia;Ganesh, S. R.;Sethy, P. G. S.;Raghunathan, C.;Raha, Sujoy;Sarkar, Sagnik	Mondal, Sonia, Ganesh, S. R., Sethy, P. G. S., Raghunathan, C., Raha, Sujoy, Sarkar, Sagnik (2022): Redescriptions of the type specimens of synonymous nominal taxa of sea snakes (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophis, Laticauda) at the Zoological Survey of India. Zootaxa 5169 (4): 301-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.4.1
