taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CA878CFFBAFFCAFCB0FC6EFD982369.taxon	description	Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 8 EB 3 A 791 - F 22 F- 4 C 24 - B 9 DF- 498 E 41 DFF 74 C	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFBAFFCAFCB0FC6EFD982369.taxon	discussion	Comment: The monophylum herein labelled ‘ clade A’ and described as the new subfamily Libitiinae, includes four terminals of our analysis, which may be extrapolated to ten species. Libitia bipunctata Sørensen, 1932 and * Libitia cordata (Gervais, 1844) here represent the genus Libitia Simon, 1879, which has two further species, all four of them from Colombia (Medrano et al., 2020). * Ambatoiella vigilans Mello-Leitão, 1943 stands for the genus Ambatoiella Mello-Leitão, 1943, which has a second species, both occurring in Ecuador (Medrano & Kury, 2017). * Oligovonones brunneus Caporiacco, 1951 here represents the genus Oligovonones Caporiacco, 1951, which has further three species, all found in Venezuela (González-Sponga, 1992). All three genera in their current configurations may, for the present purposes, be treated as probable monophyletic units.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFBAFFCAFCB0FC6EFD982369.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Small animals with short legs. DS alphatype with large coda. Fe IV curved and shorter than DS length. DS flat in lateral view, areas of mesotergum without any armature. Coxa IV entirely visible in dorsal view, convex and short (0.3 × DS length in dorsal view). Leg I with five tarsomeres; leg III with five to six tarsomeres. Penis with two pairs of MS-A. Yellow spots mostly reduced to small dots in laterals of scutal grooves, extending medially in Libitia.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFBAFFCAFCB0FC6EFD982369.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus: Libitia Simon, 1879.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFBAFFCAFCB0FC6EFD982369.taxon	synonymic_list	Included genera: Ambatoiella Mello - Leitão, 1943; Libitia Simon, 1879; and Oligovonones Caporiacco, 1951.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFBAFFCAFCB0FC6EFD982369.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Northern Andes (Fig. 7).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA5FFCAFEE9FDE2FAA727F6.taxon	discussion	Comment: The monophylum labelled ‘ clade C’ is herein called Cosmetinae, with a radically restricted sense as opposed to traditional sense in which it included 95 % of the species in the family. In our analysis it comprises 14 terminals, representing three genera and roughly 20 species. Cosmetus Perty, 1833 is critical because it is the onomatophore of the family and the nominal subfamily. Medrano et al., (in press) deal with this genus (which has 22 species) and discuss its clear heterogeneity. Herein we included three better-known species from Brazil: Cosmetus arietinus (Mello-Leitão, 1940), Cosmetus delicatus (Soares & Soares, 1946) and * Cosmetus varius Perty, 1833, which are deemed to represent a natural nucleus of six or seven Brazilian species of the genus. Species from Panama, Venezuela and the Andes should probably not be included here (Medrano et al., in press). Following the restricted sense proposed in Kury & Medrano (2018), Metavononoides Roewer, 1928 is represented in our analysis by three terminals: * Metavononoides barbacenensis (Mello- Leitão, 1923), Metavononoides guttulosus (Mello-Leitão, 1935) and Metavononoides orientalis (Mello-Leitão, 1923). Paecilaema C. L. Koch, 1839 currently includes c. 100 species (Kury et al., 2021) of which only a fraction may represent a monophylum (as hypothesized by Kury & Medrano, 2018). Eight species of Paecilaema are included in our analysis. Neither Metavononoides nor Paecilaema resolve here unambiguously as clades, but this subfamily clearly needs more focused study to determine their composition and which possible extra genera might still be added or created to allocate some species.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA5FFCAFEE9FDE2FAA727F6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Small and delicate cosmetids with long and unarmed legs (Fig. 4 B, C). Area I unarmed or with small, rounded tubercles and area III with two paramedian spines (Fig. 4 B, C) that may be fused into one thick spine (Cosmetus). Other areas unarmed. Dorsal scutum (DS) beta-type, constriction between carapace and abdomen (scutal groove) marked in lateral view (Fig. 4 B, C). Chelicerae monomorphic without a basal spine in the movable finger. Yellowish spots in the form of a lyre (except in some members of Cosmetus) or as large dots, sparse all over the scutum (Fig. 4 B, C). Smooth claws in legs III and IV (except for some Cosmetus). Lateral part of coxa IV uniformly brown, but yellow spots may be present in Cosmetus. Basitarsomeres slightly enlarged in males, but not inflated. Ventral plate of the penis not elongated with enormous MS-C contrasting with other MS, flattened and curved. The MS-A and MS-D are short.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA5FFCAFEE9FDE2FAA727F6.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus: Cosmetus Perty, 1833.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA5FFCAFEE9FDE2FAA727F6.taxon	synonymic_list	Included genera: Cosmetus Perty, 1833, Metavononoides Roewer, 1928 and Paecilaema C. L. Koch, 1839.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA5FFCAFEE9FDE2FAA727F6.taxon	distribution	Combined distribution: Central portion of Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Fig. 8).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA5FFCAFEE9FDE2FAA727F6.taxon	discussion	Comment: This monophylum includes the Discosomaticinae (which is treated later in greater detail than the other clades) and the clade F.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA5FFCAFEE9FDE2FAA727F6.taxon	discussion	Comment: This monophylum includes the clades G and H, each of which includes two subfamilies and sundry unassigned genera.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA5FFCAFEE9FDE2FAA727F6.taxon	discussion	Comment: This clade includes two well-supported new subfamilies: Ferkeriinae subfam. nov. and Taitoinae subfam. nov., plus four isolated genera: Acantholibitia, Eulibitia, Libitioides and Qarikichkauru.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA5FFCBFCD7F974FB742188.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Acantholibitia, from Greek άΚανθα (thorn) + pre-existing genus Libitia; gender feminine. Bodunius, from Portuguese bodum (pungent stink), referring to the repugnatory secretion; gender masculine. Fortalezius from toponym Fortaleza; gender masculine. Elleria from the middle name of Estonian / Brazilian arachnologist Hélia Eller Monteiro Soares; gender feminine. Diagnosis: Small cosmetids (DS length <3 mm) with short and delicate legs. Outline of DS gamma- type, with narrow carapace and well-marked constriction. DS covered with notable granules, sometimes white coloured. Interocular distance narrow (one-fifth of carapace width). Areas I – III with paramedian spines, other areas may be armed or not. Stylus of penis not enlarged and with a complete wattle going to the base of glans. Stylus with stylar barbs. Included species: Acantholibitia pustulosa Mello-Leitão, 1928; A. biocellata (Mello-Leitão, 1935) comb. nov.; A. excellens (Roewer, 1947) comb. nov. and A. pluriarcuata (Mello-Leitão, 1936) comb. nov. Combined distribution: Brazilian portion of semi-arid diagonal of South America (Fig. 10).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA4FFCBFCB3FE81FB492544.taxon	description	(FIGS 10, 11)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA4FFCBFCB3FE81FB492544.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Syntypes: Brazil. ‘ Matto Grosso’ [Mato Grosso do Sul]: Campo Grande [– 20.450189 °, – 54.560608 °], five ind. (MNRJ 1379). Type: Brazil. ‘ Mato Grosso’ [Mato Grosso do Sul]: [Ribas do Rio Pardo], Bálsamo [– 20.38248 °, – 53.94669 °], (whereabouts unknown, holotype of A. armata). Non-type material: Brazil. Mato Grosso do Sul: Campo Grande, 50 km S Campo Grande [– 20.98449 °, – 54.63616 °, 464 m], P Salinas leg., 17. vii. 1988, three ind. (AMNH AK 145).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA4FFCBFCB3FE81FB492544.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Differs from its congeners by having areas I – V armed with paramedian low spines and lateral margins of abdomen with strong rounded tubercles, perceptible in dorsal view (Fig. 11).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA4FFCBFCB3FE81FB492544.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Known from Cerrado ecoregion in Mato Grosso do Sul State of Brazil (Fig. 10).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA4FFCEFCABFBD8FBC524AF.taxon	description	(FIGS 10, 12, 13)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA4FFCEFCABFBD8FBC524AF.taxon	discussion	Comments: The species A. excellens was not included in the present key because detailed examination of specimens was not possible. Future research with fresh material from the type locality is needed for unveiling the identity and validity of the species. It seems to be more related to A. biocellata comb. nov.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA4FFCEFCABFBD8FBC524AF.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype: Brazil. ‘ Minas Gerais’ [Goiás]: Barro Alto [– 14.964327 °, – 48.907321 °], 1 ♀ (IBSP 49, not examined), Paratypes: Brazil. ‘ Minas Gerais’ [Goiás]: Barro Alto [– 14.964327 °, – 48.907321], 1 ♂ (MNRJ 42363, examined). Holotype: Brazil. Mato Grosso do Sul: Três Lagoas, Jupiá [– 20.83689 °, – 51.70717], A Zamith & A Correa leg., xii. 1946, 1 ♀ (formerly MZLQ A 0127, now IBSP 10102, holotype of Elleriana bilunata, examined by photograph). Non-type material examined: Brazil. Tocantins: Lagoa da Confusão, Lagoa das Confusões: Caverna da Igreja [– 10.8218 °, – 49.61977 °], A Chagas, A Giupponi, A Kury & A Pérez leg., 8. vi. 2007, 7 ♂ 12 ♀ (MNRJ 18972); Lagoa da Confusão, Lagoa das Confusões: Morro da Gruta [– 10.81665 °, – 49.61745 °, 183 m], A Chagas, A Giupponi, A Kury & A Pérez leg., 7. vi. 2007, 5 ♂ 5 ♀ (MNRJ 19042); Lagoa da Confusão, Lagoa das Confusões: Morro da Gruta, [– 10.81665 °, - 49.61745 °, 183 m], A Chagas, A Giupponi, A Kury & A Pérez leg., 7. vi. 2007, 2 ♂ 4 ♀ (MNRJ 18973). Bahia: Maracás, [– 13.4051 °, – 40.3579 °], A Chagas-Jr, A Kury, D Pedroso, A Giupponi & V Dill leg., 03 - 05. vi. 2009, 1 ♀ (MNRJ 19171). Maranhão: Buriticupu, [– 4.32872 °, – 46.35761 °], C Junior leg., 12. viii. 2015, (post-fire material) 13 ♂ 17 ♀ (MNRJ 60365). Goiás: Minaçu, [– 13.53085 °, – 48.22101 °], LCF Alvarenga, CN Ricci & DF Moraes Jr leg., i. 1998, 1 ♂ 2 ♀ (MNRJ 2150). Mato Grosso do Sul: Aparecida do Taboado, Complexo Hidrelétrico de Urubupungá, Ilha Solteira, [– 20.27267 °, – 51.15576 °], A Mantovan leg., 1. ii. 1965, 2 ♂ 5 ♀ (MNRJ 2273); Águas Claras, Rio Sucuriú, Chapadão do Sul, [– 18.79433 °, – 52.61919 °], I Oliveira leg., 29 – 30. x. 2007, 1 ♂ 2 ♀ (MNRJ 7076); Brasilandia, Usina hidrelétrica Sergio Mota, [– 21.25227 °, – 52.00895 °], IBSP leg., 2000, (postfire material) 6 ♂ 13 ♀ (IBSP 1867). ‘ Mato Grosso’ [São Paulo]: Presidente Epitácio, Usina hidrelétrica Porto Primavera, [– 21.80364 °, – 52.12917 °], Equipe IBSP leg., i. 1999, (post-fire material) 4 ♂ 11 ♀ 0 imm (IBSP 1215).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA4FFCEFCABFBD8FBC524AF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Differs from the other members of the genus by having two reniform well-marked spots in the laterals of area I (Fig. 12 A). Differs from A. pustulosa by having unarmed areas II and V (Fig. 12 E).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA4FFCEFCABFBD8FBC524AF.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 10): Acantholibitia biocellata is distributed in: (1) Cerrado ecoregion of Brazilian States of Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo, Goiás and Tocantins; (2) Bahia interior forest of Bahia State; and (3) Maranhão Babaçu forest ecoregion in Maranhão State (where it is sympatric with A. pluriarcuata).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA4FFCEFCABFBD8FBC524AF.taxon	description	Description of male MNRJ 18973 (with extra figures from other specimens): Measurements: CL: 0.98, CW: 1.44, AL: 1.80, AW: 2.44, IOD: 0.35, FeIV: 3.24. Dorsum (Fig. 12 A, C – E). DS lambda-type with marked constriction. Areas I, III and IV with two paramedian spines, those of area IV are the largest. Dorsal scutum flat in lateral view. Scutal grooves perceptible by slighter coloration. Anterior edge of dorsal scutum with protoglyphs shallow, with lateral triangular borders. Ocularium low and with a few granules near the eyes. Posterior border and free tergites each containing a transverse row of minute granules. Anal operculum with scattered granules. Venter (Fig. 12 B). Coxae I – III triangular, transverse to main body axis. Coxae II – IV connected by tubercular bridges. Coxae I – II with a longitudinal row of granules. Coxa IV pentagonal, greatly developed, oriented obliquely, but almost parallel to body axis; laterally with proximal clavi inguines. Stigmatic area inverted T-shaped with stigmata large, unconcealed. Free sternites each with a row of granules. Chelicerae (Fig. 13 F, G). Hand not swollen. Basichelicerite short, with well-marked bulla and uniformly granulated dorsally. Posterior margin of bulla fringed with four tubercles. Movable finger of cheliceral hand with six trapezoidal tubercles. Fixed finger with four triangular tubercles. Pedipalps (Fig. 13 E). Elongate trochanter, foliaceus femur; convex dorsally, with a dorsal row of four fused setiferous tubercles and a ventral row of eight setiferous tubercles. Tibia only slightly convex in ectal border, which have one lateral row of setae, distalmost setae larger than others. Tarsus conical, with scattered dorsal setae and two ventral rows of subequal thin setae. Legs (Figs 12, 13 H). Short and unarmed legs, femora straight. Coxa IV convex in dorsal view with few apical granules and basally without clavi inguines. Pectinate claws in legs II and IV in one row with three spines. Tarsal counts: 5, 9, 6, 6 (Mello-Leitão, 1935). Colour (in alcohol, Fig. 12). DS moderate orange (53), with numerous sparced pale yellow (89) spots on granules that occur in all DS and free tergites. Area I with lateral large waning crescent moon-like spots. Pedipalpi, chelicerae and coxae of appendages moderate orange (53). Other podomeres of legs pale greenish-yellow (104) mottled in black (267). Penis (Fig. 13 A – D). Ventral plate long, subrectangular with invagination at level of MS-C in lateral sides. Subdistal lateral margin of VP with two pairs of MS-C, large, curved and flattened in the tip. Two pairs of MS-D located in apical half of VP, MS-D 1 twice longer than MS-D 2 and closer to MS-C 2, both MS-D straight and conical. One pair of MS-A in the basal region of VP, straight, conical and as long as MS-D 1. Two pairs of MS-E in apical portion of latero-ventral surface and one pair of MS-B in the basal portion of ventral surface of VP. Ventral surface with two latero-basal thick stripes composed with microsetae type 1 (T 1) surrounding MS-B not occupying truncus, apical portion smooth without microsetae. Glans with a long rounded dorsal process, stylus with a large wattle with an extended serrate part and with stylar barbs.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA1FFC2FCCAF9A2FAC92525.taxon	description	(FIGS 4 G, 10, 14, 15)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA1FFC2FCCAF9A2FAC92525.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Syntypes: Brazil. Pernambuco: Tapera, [– 8.10405 °, – 35.09284 °], D Bento Pickel leg., two ind. (MNRJ 42530). Non-type material examined: Brazil. Rio Grande do Norte: Natal, [– 5.77927 °, – 35.2009 °], M Alvarenga leg., 1951, 1 ♂ 5 ♀ (MNRJ 4319); iii. 1952, 1 ♂ 2 ♀ (MNRJ 2765); Natal, [– 5.77927 °, – 35.2009 °], M Alvarenga leg., viii. 1951, 1 ♂ (MZUSP 48836); Natal, [– 5.77927 °, – 35.2009 °], M Alvarenga leg., 1951, 1 ♀ (MZUSP 29815). Paraíba: Gurinhém, torre estação repetidora SBT alto do morro, [– 7.12387 °, – 35.42567 °], AB Kury & APL Giupponi leg., 15. iii. 1999, 1 ♀ (MNRJ 2764); João Pessoa, [– 7.12514 °, – 34.849 °], E Parelli leg., ii. 1978, 1 ♂ (MNRJ 17950). Piauí: PN Sete Cidades, [– 4.08736 °, – 41.70638 °], W Roth leg., 13. XII. 1977, 1 ♂ 7 ♀ (MNRJ 6242); Piracuruca, PARNA Sete Cidades, [– 4.08736 °, – 41.70638 °], LS Carvalho & FM Oliveira- Neto leg., 2005, 2 ♀ (MZUSP 36767); Piracuruca, PARNA Sete Cidades, [– 4.08736 °, – 41.70638 °], LS Carvalho & FM Oliveira-Neto leg., 2005, 3 ♀ (MZUSP 36768), 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MZUSP 36764). Maranhão: Buriticupu, [– 4.32872 °, – 46.35761 °], C Junior leg., 12. viii. 2015, (post-fire material) 3 ♂ 4 ♀ (MNRJ 60255). Pernambuco: Timbaúba, Engenho Água Azul, [– 7.60861 °, – 35.37861 °], EP Lorenzo leg., 6 – 8. vii. 2013, (post-fire material) 1 ind. (UFPB OP 0093); Triunfo, Mata de Triunfo, [– 7.838703 °, – 38.110514 °], F Moura leg., 14 – 15. i. 2012, (post-fire material) 1 ind. (UFPB OP 0498); Ilha de Itamaracá, Engenho Amparo, [– 7.76494 °, – 34.85062 °], Exp Acad Bras Cienc leg., 06. x. 1971, 1 ♂ (MZUSP 48841). Ceará: Ubajara, Chapada de Ibiapaba, Cachoeira bica do Vitalino, [– 3.866499 °, – 40.892339 °], E Araújo et al. leg., 26. x. 2011, (post-fire material) 1 ind. (UFPB OP 0262); PN Ubajara, Trilha do portão Araticum, [– 3.812652 °, – 40.892457 °], AM de Souza & ES Araújo leg., 26. x. 2011, (post-fire material) 11 ind. (UFPB OP 0289). Other records: Brazil, Piauí, Teresina: Mocambinho Environment Park; Sítio Carlos Brasil; Sítio Ouro Verde; Campus of UFPI; José de Freitas: Nazareth Farm; Brasileira and Piracuruca: Sete Cidades National Park (Pinto-da-Rocha & Carvalho, 2009).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA1FFC2FCCAF9A2FAC92525.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: This species differs from its congeners for: (1) pattern of yellow spots boarding lateral sulcus of areas forming arcs and posterior to spines of area III (Fig. 14 A); (2) area IV unarmed (Fig. 14 C); (3) movable and fixed finger of chelicera unarmed (Fig. 15 F; and (4) MS-A of the penis without a clear demarcated base (Fig. 15 A – C).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA1FFC2FCCAF9A2FAC92525.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Acantholibitia pluriarcuata is present in the following ecoregions: (1) Maranhão Babaçu forest ecoregion in Piauí and Maranhão States of Brazil; (2) Caatinga Enclaves moist forest in Ceará State; (3) Caatinga ecoregion of Paraíba and Pernambuco; (4) Southern Atlantic mangroves and Pernambuco coastal forest of Pernambuco State; and (5) Pernambuco interior forest in Paraíba State (Fig. 10).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA1FFC2FCCAF9A2FAC92525.taxon	description	Description of male MZUSP 48841 (with extra figures from other specimens): Measurements: CL: 1.27, CW: 1.74, AL: 2.36, AW: 3.27, IOD: 0.43, FeIV: 3.97. Dorsum (Fig. 14). DS lambda-type with marked constriction and short coda. Area I with two low, rounded tubercles and area III with two spines, other areas of mesotergum unarmed. DS in lateral view flat. Scutal grooves effaced, only perceptible by spots of coloration. Anterior edge of dorsal scutum with protoglyphs slightly concave with lateral low triangular borders. Ocularium low and with a few granules near the eyes. Posterior border and free tergites each containing a transverse row of minute granules. Anal operculum with scattered granules. Venter. Coxae I – III triangular, transverse to main body axis. Coxae II – IV connected by tubercular bridges. Coxae I – II with a longitudinal row of granules. Coxa IV pentagonal, greatly developed, oriented obliquely, but almost parallel to body axis; laterally without proximal clavi inguines. Stigmatic area T-shaped with stigmata large, unconcealed. Free sternites each with a row of granules. Chelicerae (Fig. 15 F, G). Hand not swollen. Basichelicerite short, with well-marked bulla and uniformly granulated dorsally. Posterior margin of bulla fringed with four tubercles of different sizes. Movable finger of cheliceral hand without any tubercles and fixed finger with a keel. Pedipalps (Fig. 15 E). Elongate trochanter, foliaceus femur; convex dorsally, with a dorsal row of three fused setiferous tubercles and a ventral row of ten setiferous tubercles. Tibia only slightly convex in the ectal border, which has one lateral row of setae. Tarsus conical, with scattered dorsal setae and three ventral rows of subequal thin setae. Legs (Figs 14, 15 H). Short and unarmed legs, femora straight. Coxa IV convex in dorsal view with few apical granules and basally without clavi inguines. Pectinate claws in legs II and IV in one row with three spines. Tarsal counts: 7, 11, 7, 7 (Mello-Leitão, 1936). Colour (in alcohol, Fig. 14). Dorsal scutum, pedipalp, chelicerae and coxae of legs strong orange-yellow (68), DS with numerous sparse pale yellow (89) spots on granules that occur in all DS, but mesotergum. Free tergites with granules of the same colour of background. Areas I – III with lateral pale yellow (89) stripes forming arcs, area III with transversal arcs in scutal groove posterior to the spines. Other podomeres of legs pale greenish-yellow (104). Penis (Fig. 15 A – D). Ventral plate subrectangular not elongate and triangular lateral-apical borders. Subdistal lateral margin of VP with two pairs of MS-C, large, curve and flattened. Two pairs of MS-D located in apical half of VP, MS-D 1 twice longer than MS-D 2 and closer to MS-C 2, both MS-D straight and conical. One pair of MS-A in the median region of VP, straight, conical and diffuse base, as long as MS-D 1. Ventral surface with two latero-basal thick stripes composed with microsetae type 4 (T 4) occupying a portion of the truncus. Glans with a rounded dorsal process, stylus with a large wattle with an extended serrate part and with stylar barbs.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFADFFC2FC4FFB2CFB01258B.taxon	description	(FIGS 10, 16)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFADFFC3FCD7FABEFEF52081.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype: Brazil. Ceará: Fortaleza, [– 3.81059 °, – 38.53147 °], 1 ♂ (SMF RII 1493 / 8. examined by photograph). Diagnosis: Acantholibitia excelens differs from A. biocellata by having paramedian spots occupying laterals of areas I and II (Fig. 16 A). Differs from the other members of the genus by having paramedian spines in area IV longer than those of areas I and III (Fig. 16 A). Distribution: Only known from its type locality, which is in the Caatinga ecoregion of Fortaleza City (Ceará, Brazil, Fig. 10).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFACFFC3FF45FD9AFDC924FA.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species by original designation: Libitioides ornata Roewer, 1912 (non Gonyleptes ornatum Say, 1821).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFACFFC3FF45FD9AFDC924FA.taxon	discussion	Comment. The genus Libitioides is herewith revalidated from the synonymy of Vonones Simon, 1879. There is an ongoing study on this genus (Kury & Medrano, in prep.) and detailed explanations and further combinations and synonymies will be given therein. For now, we may consider that there are at least five species from the United States, Mexico and Cuba, three of which make part of the present analysis.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFACFFC3FF45FD9AFDC924FA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Constriction of scutal groove well marked in lateral view. Coxa IV in both sexes entirely covered by DS in dorsal view (except the apical region), parallel with the main body axis, armed with well-marked prodorso-apical apophysis. Leg I with five tarsomeres. Chevron and omega-stripe present (both rudimentary or absent in some specimens of Libitioides sayi (Simon, 1879) comb. rest.). MS-A 1 much reduced. Wattle extending from the middle to the tip of stylus; stylar barbs reaching dorsal margins of stylus.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFACFFC3FC9AFD4CFAF82768.taxon	description	Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: DFDB 7 F 99 - B 283 - 4 AFB-AF 50 - 33 B 81 B 28 C 67 F	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFACFFC3FC9AFD4CFAF82768.taxon	etymology	Etymology: From Quechua qari (strong) + kichka (spine) + uru (spider). As Quechua does not have genders, we determine here this name to be the neuter gender.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFACFFC3FC9AFD4CFAF82768.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Robust cosmetids with extremely thick spines in areas I and III; other areas of mesotergum unarmed (Figs 17, 18). DS beta type. Spines in area I with yellow tip (Fig. 18 A). Coxa IV convex with groin warts and yellow spots without a recognizable pattern in the lateral region (Fig. 17 B). Long and unarmed legs (Figs 17, 18).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFACFFC3FC9AFD4CFAF82768.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Cynorta oxapampa Roewer, 1952.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFACFFC3FC9AFD4CFAF82768.taxon	synonymic_list	Included species: Qarikichkauru albireticulatum (Roewer, 1952) comb. nov.; Q. oxapampa (Roewer, 1952) comb. nov.; Q. azucarium (Roewer, 1959) comb. nov.; Q. pichitanum (Roewer, 1959) comb. nov.; and Q. krausi (Roewer, 1963) comb. nov.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFACFFC0FCC5F978FD0B2472.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype: Peru. Cajamarca: Chirinos, [– 5.30829 °, – 78.89751 °, 1800 m], Weyrauch leg., 1 ♂ (SMF RII 9793 / 15, examined by photograph).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFACFFC0FCC5F978FD0B2472.taxon	description	QARIKICHKAURU AZUCARIUM (ROEWER,	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFAFFFC0FF6FFA85FD7927F7.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype: PERU, Junín, Pan de Azucar, Tarma River, heads of Chanchamayo River, in subtropical rainforest, in dark places among stones, 1 ♂ (SMF RII 12779, examined by photograph). Paratypes: Same data as holotype, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (SMF RII 12779, not examined); same data as holotype, 2 ♂ 1 ♀ (WPC, not examined).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFAFFFC0FF6FF901FA2D24E0.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype: Peru, Pasco, Eastern Andean slope, Varisca near Oxapampa, Ucayali basin, 1500 m, in rotten logs in pasture, 1 ♂ (SMF RII 13953, examined by photograph). Paratypes: same data as holotype, 1 ♀ (SMF RII 13953, not examined); Peru, Junín, Pan de Azucar, at Tarma River, Ucayali basin, 1400 m.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFAFFFC0FCD7FA50FAEE27ED.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype: Peru, Pasco, Oxapampa, + 1700 m, 1 ♂ (SMF RII 9791, examined by photograph). QARIKICHKAURU PICHITANUM (ROEWER,	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFAFFFC1FCD7F97CFD7725CA.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype: Peru, Junín, Eastern slope of western Andes, road San Ramón-Pichita-Caluga, Chanchamayo Valley, on the border of the road, 1700 612 M. MEDRANO ET AL. m. 1 ♂ (SMF RII 12780, examined by photograph). Paratype: Peru, Junín, Shicsha, Tarma River, 2650 m, in Tillandsia, 1 ♀ (SMF RII 12780, not examined). FERKERIINAE MEDRANO, KURY & MENDES	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFAEFFC7FC78F95DFD292027.taxon	description	Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: A 56 D 20 FB- 66 FE- 446 B-B 561 - 546 B 84 F 42712	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFAEFFC7FC78F95DFD292027.taxon	discussion	Comment: What we herein call Taitoinae is a well-supported clade (see above at the beginning of the ‘ Results’ section). A possible relationship among its genera has been anticipated by Kury & Barros (2014) when commenting on the equuleus. The interrelationships among the genera and the definition of the genera themselves still need resolution, and we can consider that, presently, the Taitoinae include some 40 species. We were in the process of gathering enough specimens of Taitoinae to provide a reappraisal of the generic diagnoses when this material was all destroyed in 2018. Now we are gradually rebuilding our taitoine collection, aiming to review the subfamily.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFAEFFC7FC78F95DFD292027.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Medium-sized animals with medium-length legs. DS beta-type or beta elongate-type (Fig. 4 F), flat in lateral view, areas I and III armed with paramedian low spines (when present). Anal operculum armed with blunt protuberance in some species. Pattern of spots in DS either as an equuleus (majority of genera) or in form of two subparallel longitudinal stripes (Acritas and Eucynortella Roewer, 1912). With elongate coda and a transversal yellow stripe in area V, that may be dissociated (free-tergite zero). Clavi inguines may be present. Coxa IV elongate (0.8 × DS length in dorsal view), with straight outline and directed backwards. Femur IV median-sized (1.5 × DS length) sometimes curved, and with a retrolateral row of equally spaced tubercles. Pro-ventral armature variable. A comb of prolateral hooks may be present in distal Fe IV (neither in all genera nor in all species of each genus).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFAEFFC7FC78F95DFD292027.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus: Taito Kury & Barros, 2014.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFAEFFC7FC78F95DFD292027.taxon	distribution	Combined distribution: North-western South America, except Guyana shield (Fig. 8).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFAEFFC7FC78F95DFD292027.taxon	synonymic_list	Acritas Sørensen, 1932. Monotypic. Acritas bilineatus Sørensen, 1932 from the Andean slopes in Venezuela (García et al., 2017). Chusgonobius Roewer, 1952. Type-species Chusgonobius weyrauchi Roewer, 1952. Currently two species from Andean slopes in Peru. The second species was transferred from Platymessa Mello-Leitão, 1941 by Medrano & Kury (2016). Cynortopyga Roewer, 1947. Monotypic. Type-species Cynortopyga h-album Roewer, 1947 is a junior synonym of Eucynortella pauper Piza, 1938 (syn. nov.; holotype examined), which is herewith removed from Eucynortella, creating the new combination Cynortopyga pauper comb. nov .. Brazilian Amazon lowland forest. Taito Kury & Barros, 2014. Type-species Taito spaceinvaders Kury & Barros, 2014. Currently 15 species, 14 of which either reviewed or described in Kury & Barros (2014), three of which are included in the present analysis and fail to resolve as a wellsupported clade. A more recently described species is herein transferred to Vononana. Vononana Roewer, 1928. Currently two species. The type-species Vononana peruviana (Chamberlin, 1916) is from Peru and the second species, from Mexico, probably does not belong here. The genus now includes species from western Brazil, Argentina and Peru. It should also include two species which form new combinations: Cynortula patellaris Roewer, 1947, now Vononana patellaris comb. nov. and Taito adrik Friedrich & Lehmann, 2020, now Vononana adrik comb. nov. There is also an undescribed species from western Brazil, which was in process of description but this material was burned, so we only indicate it as ‘ Vononana sp. A’ (MNRJ 2780, MNRJ 2739, MNRJ 2741, MNRJ 3453). Vononoides Roewer, 1912. Monotypic. Type-species Vononoides unimaculatus Roewer, 1912. Probably closely related to Vononella Roewer 1925, also monotypic, also from Ecuador.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFAEFFC7FC78F95DFD292027.taxon	synonymic_list	Chinchipea Roewer, 1952. Monotypic. Peruvian Andes. The type-species Chinchipea bicurvata Roewer, 1952 possesses an equuleus, retrolateral apophyses in trochanters I – III, groin warts and free tergite-zero. Not examined. Chirinosbius Roewer, 1952. Two species. Peruvian Andes. The type-species Chirinosbius poecilis Roewer, 1952 possesses an equuleus, raised laterals of scutum, retrolat. apophyses, in trochanters I – III, groin warts and free tergite-zero. Examined only by photographs (courtesy of Pinto-da-Rocha). Cynortoplus Roewer, 1925. Monotypic. Western Andean slope (Ecuador). The type-species Cynortoplus albimaculatus Roewer, 1925 possesses an equuleus, retrolateral apophyses, in trochanters I – III, groin warts, distal prolateral comb of hooks on Fe IV and free tergite-zero. Not examined. Eucynortella Roewer, 1912. Probably artificial, widespread genus with 14 species. The type-species Eucynortella spectabilis Roewer, 1912 (from French Guiana) is probably closely related to Acritas bilineatus Sørensen, 1932 (with scutum outline beta elongatetype, raised laterals of scutum and identical white blots). * Eucynortella cryptogramma Mello-Leitão, 1942 used in the present analysis, belongs to Taitoinae but probably does not belong in Eucynortella. Likewise, Eucynortella pauper Piza, 1938, used in the present analysis, is herein considered a senior subjective synonym of Cynortopyga h-album Roewer, 1947. Pygocynorta Roewer, 1925. Monotypic. Eastern Andean slope (Ecuador). Type-species Pygocynorta festae Roewer, 1925 possesses an equuleus, scutum outline beta elongate-type, retrolateral apophyses in trochanters I – II, groin warts, coxae IV extremely elongated, directed backwards, with straight external outline and free tergitezero (as defined in Kury & Barros, 2014). Examined only by photographs (courtesy of Pinto-da-Rocha).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA8FFC7FF29FCC9FCAF2570.taxon	description	(FIG. 4 B)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA8FFC7FF16FD52FCAB2230.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species by monotypy: Paravonones peruvianus Chamberlin, 1916.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA8FFC4FF30F9C4FE3E222A.taxon	discussion	Comment: The nomen Cynortinae is available (Kury, 2018), being currently under the synonymy of Cosmetinae, but it is herein restored to include a monophylum (clade I) of 11 terminals that we group into five genera. The real extension of this clade is currently unknown and, depending on future revisions, can easily reach 100 – 120 species. Cynorta C. L. Koch, 1839, with 145 valid species (Kury et al., 2021) is one of the most diverse genera in Opiliones and surely one of its worst nightmares. Out of the five species included in our analysis, only the type species, * Cynorta conspersa (Perty, 1833) (redescribed in Kury et al., 2007) remains and it is paired with a species incorrectly placed in Gryne (see below). Both species occur in the Lower / Mid-Amazon basin. Cynortoides includes here two traditional species: * Cynortoides cubana (Banks, 1909) and Cynortoides v-album (Simon, 1879) plus two newly combined ones that have been incorrectly described in Cynorta following the Goodnight’s scheme, as explained in the Introduction. There are currently eight species officially included in Cynortoides (Kury et al., 2021), but not all of them might belong here, probably only the ones from the Greater Antilles. Holovonones Roewer, 1912 has only two species from Mexico and Central America, of which only the type-species was included in the analysis. Metagryne Roewer, 1912 has currently four species from disparate localities. As a member of Discosomaticinae, all of them are included in our analysis: Metagryne albireticulata Roewer 1952 is here made part of the new genus Qarikichkauru (see above). Metagryne bicolumnata Roewer 1959 is here made part of the new genus Kayania gen. nov. (see below). Metagryne elegans Roewer 1947 is here made part of the new genus Marronia gen. nov. (see below). And only the type-species, * Metagryne ferruginea Roewer, 1912, is left in the genus. The monotypic Paragryne Roewer, 1912 appears as the sister-group to the lonely Metagryne and, as such, we decided to synonymize both monotypic genera. Their combined distribution (Bahia and Paraguay) suggests a distribution in the interior forests, where more potential species of Metagryne need to be investigated. Vonones Simon, 1879 is one of the infamous trio spared in Goodnight & Goodnight’s (1953) revision, when it engulfed 19 junior genera. It currently has six species, four of which are included as terminals here. The two American species of Vonones ended up in Libitioides (see above), while the other two used here remained as ‘ true’ Vonones: * Vonones octotuberculatus Simon, 1879 and Vonones planus Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942 from the Lesser Antilles. After being once more shrunk by the revalidation of its numerous synonyms (Kury, 2003), it now includes only species from the Caribbean.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA8FFC4FF30F9C4FE3E222A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Small animals, with variable length of legs, from elongate (Cynorta) to short (in Vonones). DS outline beta-type (alpha-type in Holovonones and Vonones). DS without chevron (except in Cynortoides). Lateral borders of scutum in posterior view following the general body curvature. Armature of scutal areas variable, often with paramedian armature on all areas, stouter on areas III or IV. Area III always armed. Chelicera sexually dimorphic, with hand moderately swollen and basichelicerite thicker in males (except in Metagryne). Movable finger of cheliceral hand without distal teeth. Femur IV of male distally incrassate or clavate, with serrulae of teeth in more than one surface (except in Cynorta); this trait can be much more exaggerated in Cynortoides [e. g. Cynortoides lithoclasica (Avram, 1981), which has the femur crooked as a multi-serrate stout hook]. Fe IV may be entirely thickened in Holovonones. Penial MS-A 1 much reduced.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA8FFC4FF30F9C4FE3E222A.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus: Cynorta C. L. Koch 1839.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA8FFC4FF30F9C4FE3E222A.taxon	synonymic_list	Included genera: Cynorta C. L. Koch 1839, Cynortoides Roewer, 1912, Holovonones Roewer, 1912, Metagryne Roewer, 1912 and Vonones Simon, 1879.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFA8FFC4FF30F9C4FE3E222A.taxon	distribution	Combined distribution: From Mexico to Paraguay, skipping the Andes, but including the Greater and the Lesser Antilles (Fig. 8).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFABFFC4FED5FC2FFB0123A6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: see Kury et al. (2007). Included species: A complete list may be found in Kury et al. (2021) under the heading Cynorta. Some taxonomic changes were made in the last years involving the genus: (1) Kury & García (2016) gave a new name to a misidentified species until then treated as Flirtea picta Perty, 1833: Cynorta pictoides Kury & García, 2016; (2) Kury & Barros (2014) transferred three species (Cynorta insperata Soares, 1970, Cynorta juruensis Soares, 1970 and Cynorta litterata Soares, 1970) to the new genus Taito; (3) species Neocynorta m-inscripta Mello-Leitão, 1939 was transferred to Cynorta by Medrano et al. (2019).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFABFFC4FCCBFCB4FB292232.taxon	description	(FIG. 19)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFABFFC5FCD7FCE4FCAB2069.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Syntypes: Brazil. Amazonas: Manaus, [– 2.978 °, – 60.1435 °], 1 ♀ (SMF RII 186 / 5, examined by photograph); Simon leg., 2 ♂ (MNHN 9654, examined by photograph). Diagnosis: Dorsal scutum beta-type, long and unarmed legs (Fig. 19 A). Area I with low rounded tubercles and area III with long and acuminate spines (Fig. 19 B). Large spots scattered in all dorsal scutum, except a part of the carapace anterior to ocularium. Free tergites with equally spaced yellow dots (Fig. 19 A).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFAAFFC5FC83FED4FAFC2277.taxon	description	(FIG. 20)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFAAFFC5FC83FED4FAFC2277.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype: Paraguay. 1 ♂ (SMF RI 428 / 33, examined by photograph). Distribution: Known only from Paraguay, without further information (Roewer, 1912). METAGRYNE QUADRIMACULATA (ROEWER,	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFAAFFC5FF1CFEE7FCCF2069.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Metagryne from Greek μετά (after) + preexisting genus Gryne. Gender feminine. Paragryne from Greek παρά (beside) + pre-existing genus Gryne. Gender feminine. Diagnosis: Outline of DS beta-type, area III with a pair of large acuminate spines and area I with a pair of median size tubercles (Fig. 21 A, B). Carapace with headless arborescent chevron, abdomen with an omega stripe (dissociated in Metagryne quadrimaculata comb. nov.) with reticulate laterals (Figs 20 A, 21 A). Long legs with femora straight, Fe IV with disto-basal incrassation (Figs 20 B, C, 21 C). Included species: Metagryne ferruginea Roewer, 1912 and Metagryne quadrimaculata (Roewer, 1912) comb. nov.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF95FFFAFC93FB98FB4B273A.taxon	description	Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: F 3 DFCC 14 - 05 D 9 - 4302 - 85 BB-AB 0243 D 39355	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF95FFFAFC93FB98FB4B273A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Large cosmetids with long, strong but entirely unarmed legs. Dorsal scutum beta-type with weakly marked constrictions (Fig. 4 D). Scutal areas without prominent ornamentation (spines or tubercles) or with spines in area III. Some species with dimorphic chelicera (P. ornata, Fig. 22). Coxa IV entirely visible and concave in dorsal view (Fig. 5 E).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF95FFFAFC93FB98FB4B273A.taxon	type_taxon	Flirtea C. L. Koch, 1839 (type genus)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF95FFFAFC93FB98FB4B273A.taxon	synonymic_list	and Paecilaemella Roewer, 1925. Other included genera (according to the present diagnosis): Paecilaemana Roewer, 1928.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF95FFFBFCB1F9CCFE202771.taxon	materials_examined	Non-type material: Ecuador. Santa Elena: La Rinconada [– 1.71333 °, – 80.79667 °, 100 m]), S Aguilar leg., 11. x. 2013, 2 ♂ 1 ♀ (QCAZ AK 389); [– 1.70778 °, – 80.79667 °, 200 m], A Calle leg., 12. x. 2013, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (QCAZ AK 390). Remarks: Kury & Medrano (2018) recently revalidated the genus Paecilaemella from the synonymy with Paecilaema (here considered as Cosmetinae s. s.) and restored the combination Paecilaemella festae Roewer, 1925 from Paecilaema festivum Kury, 2003 (change in specific epithet is because the new combination rejects the homonymy with Paecilaema festae Roewer, 1925). It is interesting to note that P. albantica was described by Roewer (1947) as congeneric of P. festae [situation changed by the extensive synonymies proposed by Goodnight & Goodnight (1953)]. The cladistic analysis, here presented, agrees with the vision of Roewer that those species are part of the same group; however, a detailed study of the Flirteinae subfam. nov. is necessary because of the lack of description of genital morphology in several species. (1953: 54); synonymy rejected by Kury & Medrano (2018: 210). Type-species by monotypy: Paecilaemella festae Roewer, 1925.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF94FFFBFF44F987FB89251E.taxon	conservation	(FIG. 22)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF94FFFBFF44F987FB89251E.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype: Ecuador. [Chimborazo]: Riobamba, [– 1.66482 °, – 78.71318], 1 ♀ (SMF RI	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF94FFFBFF44F987FB89251E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: It differs from P. festae and from P. multimaculata (Wood, 1869) by: (1) the pattern of coloration in DS (Fig. 22 A); (2) dimorphic chelicerae in males, having inflated cheliceral hands in males (Figs 22 C, D); and (3) legs III and IV with bipectinate tarsal claws (Roewer, 1912).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF94FFF8FC94FB16FE0023B6.taxon	description	Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 373 A 3784 - 6 B 06 - 45 E 9 - 9947 - 1 F 0 BB 08 BCF 16	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF94FFF8FC94FB16FE0023B6.taxon	discussion	Comment. The terminals here representing the genera of Metergininae are only a short summary of the real diversity of this group. As demonstrated above, there is a subgroup of Andean species in the genera Rhaucus, Rhaucoides and Rhauculus, which should be modified to accommodate them. A new combination in Rhaucoides is formally proposed below in this section. The other clade comprises species from Mexico, Central America and the Greater Antilles.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF94FFF8FC94FB16FE0023B6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Robust cosmetids with strong legs, may vary in length. DS alpha-type with large to moderate coda. Areas I – IV with paramedian ornamentation. Area V may bear a transversal yellow stripe. Femora III and IV with spines or large tubercles in a ventral portion (except for Poecilaemula Roewer, 1912). Inflated cheliceral hand in males, with basal triangular tubercle in movable hand. Pedipalpal tibiae widest at the middle and with a prolateral flap along the inner side. Macrosetae D 2 shifted to distal (except in Rhaucus). Stylar barbs present.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF94FFF8FC94FB16FE0023B6.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus: Meterginus Pickard-Cambridge, 1905.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF94FFF8FC94FB16FE0023B6.taxon	synonymic_list	Included genera (from the analysis): Arucillus Šilhavý, 1971; Erginulus Roewer, 1912; Meterginus Pickard-Cambridge, 1905; Poecilaemula Roewer, 1912; Rhaucoides Roewer, 1912; Rhauculus Roewer, 1928; Rhaucus Simon, 1879; and Trinimontius Šilhavý, 1970. Other included genera (according to the present diagnosis): Cumbalia Roewer, 1963 and Rhauculanus Roewer, 1928.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF94FFF8FC94FB16FE0023B6.taxon	distribution	Combined distribution: From Mexico to Peru, including Central America, northern Andes and Greater Antilles (Fig. 8).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF97FFF8FEFEFBEAFADF2631.taxon	description	Discosominae Pickard-Cambridge, 1904: 549. Nomen permanently invalid, being based on a genus nomen preoccupied by Discosoma Rueppell & Leuckart, 1828 (Cnidaria).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF97FFF8FEFEFBEAFADF2631.taxon	discussion	Comment: Our clade E corresponds to Discosomaticinae sensu Medrano & Kury (2018), contra Roewer (1923) although this time, the lenticular species are recovered as a clade, contra Medrano & Kury (2018). Two subclades may be recognized here, which interestingly correspond to a north-western versus south-eastern distribution areas. These subclades are here called tribes. Diagnosis: Lateral borders of DS following the general body curvature. Pattern of white blots variable: mostly reticulated or punctate in Roquetteini, and with a blurred ring in some Sibambea. Coxa IV covered by DS so that only the posterior margin is apparent (except in Kayania). Tarsomeres of leg III seven or more, often nine. Tarsal claws of legs III – IV bipectinated (provided with two rows of denticles). Lateral patches of cteniform T 4 microsetae restricted to the corners of VP. Wattle stylar barbs reaching the ventral margin of the stylus and forming a ventral peak. Combined distribution: Restricted to South America; notably absent in southern Brazil and in Venezuela. Present in the northern and southern Andes, Upper and Lower Amazon, the semi-arid diagonal, including flooded regions in Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraguay and Argentina, and the northern half of the Atlantic Forest (Fig. 7).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF97FFF8FEFEFBEAFADF2631.taxon	description	2. Armature of area III with shape of columns or thick rounded tubercles and area I with two yellowish paramedian spots (Fig. 24 D); coxa IV with basal incrassation and medially compressed (Figs 24 A, 25 A) and with a lateral yellow stripe (Fig. 24 D, E) ............................................................................................. Kayania 2 ’. Armature of area III with acuminate tubercles; area I entirely brown; coxa IV convex, not compressed and without any coloured stripe (Fig. 27) ..................................................................................... Marronia 3. DS delta-type without constriction I (Figs 5 A, 42 A); mesotergal areas smooth or with extremely reduced ornamentations (Fig. 42 D); coxa IV with basal thickening (Figs 5 I, 42 E) ...................................... Sibambea 3 ’. DS beta-type with poorly marked constriction I (Fig. 5 A); areas of mesotergum with low ornamentation, as rounded buttons (Fig. 33 A, B); coxa IV with or without basal thickening ........................................... 4 4. Ocularium clearly darker than background (Fig. 28 A); leg I with four BaTa ............................... Paraprotus 4 ’. Ocularium the same colour as the background (Fig. 33 A); leg I with three or four BaTa .............. Protus	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF97FFF8FEDDFCB3FD002211.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species by original designation: Rhaucoides ornatus Roewer, 1912.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF97FFF8FF2EFC2AFD242551.taxon	description	(FIG. 3 F)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF96FFFEFF4DFAD1FDDA2005.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Small and delicate cosmetids with long and unarmed legs (Figs 42 B, 46 B). Area III of mesotergum may be unarmed (Fig. 46 C, D), bear acuminated spines (Marronia) or high, rounded tubercles (Kayania, Fig. 24 D, E). Area I with small, rounded tubercles, sometimes coloured (Fig. 33 B). Other areas may be unarmed or with paramedian, low, yellow tubercles. DS rounded in dorsal view (delta-type) and lenticular in lateral view (Fig. 42 A, C), constriction between carapace and abdomen not well marked (= constriction C 1, Fig. 5 A). Chelicerae monomorphic without basal spine in movable finger (Fig. 43 E). Yellowish spots (if present) are mostly restricted to four dots in areas I and III, and as marginal stripes in DS (Figs 35 A, 42 A). Lateral part of coxa IV sometimes with yellowish markings (from dots to stripes, Figs 33 B, 44 C). Bipectinate claws in legs III and IV, (Figs 32 E, F, 36 H, I). Basitarsomeres slightly enlarged in males, but not inflated.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF96FFFEFF4DFAD1FDDA2005.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus: Discosomaticus Roewer, 1923 (a junior subjective synonym of Sibambea).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF96FFFEFF4DFAD1FDDA2005.taxon	synonymic_list	Included genera: Paraprotus Roewer, 1912; Protus Simon, 1879; Sibambea Roewer, 1917; Kayania Medrano, Kury & Mendes gen. nov. and Marronia Medrano, Kury & Mendes gen. nov.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF96FFFEFF4DFAD1FDDA2005.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The original name of the type genus Discosoma Perty, 1833 was pre-occupied by a genus of cnidarians, therefore, Roewer proposed the replacement name Discosomaticus Roewer, 1923 and at the same time he proposed the new replacement name Discosomaticinae for the subfamily (ICZN Art. 39; Kury, 2018).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF91FFFEFC8CFE6BFBDE229C.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 E, F, 23, 24)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF91FFFEFC8CFE6BFBDE229C.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype: Ecuador. Pastaza: Shill- Mera [Mera-Shell], in 1 m high bushes, [– 1.466078 °, – 78.070913 °, 1000 m], 1 ♂ (SMF RII 12782 / 16, examined by photograph).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF91FFFEFC8CFE6BFBDE229C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: It differs from K. compressicoxa by having lateral margin of scutum yellow coloured, but without coloration in anterior margin and by ornamentation of area III concolourous with background (Fig. 24 A).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF91FFFEFC8CFE6BFBDE229C.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Only known from the type locality in the Eastern Cordillera real montane forest in Pastaza Province of Ecuador (Fig. 23).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF91FFFEFF55FE1EFBC520D5.taxon	description	Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 317 ABFDD- 2 AAE- 4716 - BF 47 - D 27 D 8256416 D	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF91FFFEFF55FE1EFBC520D5.taxon	etymology	Etymology: In honour and memory of the late Andreas Kay, German photographer and naturalist, established in Ecuador, who photographed males and females of the type species in nature. Gender feminine.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF91FFFEFF55FE1EFBC520D5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: DS rounded in dorsal view (Fig. 24 A). Area I with two paramedian rounded and small yellow spots and area III with robust and granular tubercles / columns, all other areas without ornamentation (Figs 24 D, 25 A). Long and slender legs without any ornamentation. Coxa IV with medial depression and basal incrassation, with a large, lateral, yellow strip (Figs 24 A, B, E, 25 A, B, E). Penis unknown.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF91FFFEFF55FE1EFBC520D5.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Metagryne bicolumnata Roewer, 1959.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF91FFFEFF55FE1EFBC520D5.taxon	synonymic_list	Included species: Kayania bicolumnata (Roewer, 1959) comb. nov. and K. compressicoxa (Avram & Soares, 1983) comb. nov.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF91FFFEFF55FE1EFBC520D5.taxon	distribution	Combined distribution: Eastern Andean slopes of Ecuador and Peru (Fig. 23).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF90FFFFFF33FF73FD512229.taxon	description	(FIGS 23, 25)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF90FFFFFF33FF73FD512229.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype: Peru. Huanuco: Tingo Maria, Castillos, 700 m [– 9.273059 °, – 76.020610 °, 700 m], 2 ♀ (MZTU, not examined). Paratypes: Same data as holotype 3 ♀ (MBSVE, not examined)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF90FFFFFF33FF73FD512229.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: It differs from K. bicolumnata by having anterior and lateral border of the carapace yellow coloured, but without yellow coloration in lateral margins of abdomen. Ornamentation of area III yellow, instead of brown (Fig. 25 A).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF90FFFFFF33FF73FD512229.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Male unknown.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF90FFFFFF33FF73FD512229.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Only known from the type locality. Ucayali moist forest in Huanuco Department of Peru (Fig. 23).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF90FFFFFCB2FCEFFC032478.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype: Suriname. Paramaribo: [5.86348 °, – 55.25442 °], 1 ♂ (SMF RII 8681 / 13, examined by photograph).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF90FFFFFCB2FCEFFC032478.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Same as for the genus.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF90FFFFFCB2FCEFFC032478.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Only known from type locality reported by Roewer (1947) that lies in the Amazon- Orinoco Southern Caribbean mangroves ecoregion (Fig. 26).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF90FFFFFF52FC21FC182251.taxon	description	Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: F 76760 C 6 - 6 D 06 - 460 A-A 369 - 8 C 7 F 7546 E 6 B 6	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF90FFFFFF52FC21FC182251.taxon	etymology	Etymology: This genus honours the descendants of freed African slaves in Suriname, there often referred to as ‘ boslandcreolen’ in Dutch or ‘ bushinengue’ in Surinamese, literally meaning ‘ people of the forest’. Currently the more neutral word ‘ marrons’ is used, which is derived from the French ‘ couleur marron ’, meaning chestnut coloured. Gender feminine.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF90FFFFFF52FC21FC182251.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Delicate animals with rounded DS in dorsal view. Long and slender legs without any ornamentation. Coxa IV covered by DS and, therefore, not visible in dorsal view. Colour entirely reddish brown without any yellow strip. Area I with two paramedian rounded and small tubercles and area III with high acuminate tubercles, all other areas without ornamentation. Leg I with three basitarsomeres.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF90FFFFFF52FC21FC182251.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Metagryne elegans Roewer, 1947.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF90FFFFFF52FC21FC182251.taxon	synonymic_list	Included species: Only the type species.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF90FFFFFF52FC21FC182251.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Although superficial similarity is present with other Discosomaticinae, the results do not support its inclusion in none of the genera recovered in the cladistic analysis. Type material is mixed with specimens of a Gryne species, possibly Gryne marginalis.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF92FFFDFF1AFD58FAC3236E.taxon	description	(FIG. 28)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF92FFFDFF1AFD58FAC3236E.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype: Ecuador. ‘ Zamora Valley’ [= Zamora-Chinchipe: – 4.037058 °, – 78.994712 °], 1 ♀ (SMF RII 132 / 2, examined by photograph). Diagnosis: It differs from P. atroluteus by having carapace almost entirely coloured by a large, yellow spot, not occurring on ocularium (Figs 28 A – C). Tarsal counts: 7 (3), 16 (3), 10 / 11, 13. Distribution: Only known from the type locality. Eastern Cordillera real montane forest ecoregion in Zamora Chinchipe Province of Ecuador (Fig. 23).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF92FFFDFC7EFDE6FB0723E1.taxon	description	(FIG. 29)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF92FFFDFECBFF72FDD323C3.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Paraprotus fromGreekπαρά (beside) + preexisting genus Protus. Gender masculine. Diagnosis: It differs from other discosomaticines by having ocularium area darker than the rest of the DS and for not having paired dots in any mesotergal area (Figs 28, 29). Clearly differs from Kayania and Marronia by having low rounded tubercles in area III instead of large spines or columns. Leg I with four basitarsomeres. Penis unknown. Included species: Paraprotus atroluteus Roewer, 1912 and Paraprotus albithorax Roewer, 1947.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF92FFF2FCC5FD16FAE82772.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Syntypes: Ecuador. ‘ Columbien’ [Zamora- Chinchipe]: Sabanilla [– 3.95843 °, – 79.04729 °, 1800 m], 3 ♂ 1 ♀ (SMF RI 291, examined by photograph). Records: ECUADOR [Zamora-Chinchipe], Zamora Valley (Roewer, 1928). Diagnosis: It differs from P. albithorax by having in carapace the same colour of abdomen (Fig. 29 A) instead of yellow spots. Abdomen with slightly yellowish coloration in lateral margins (Fig. 29 A). Tarsal counts: 7 (3), 17 (3) / 19 (3), 9, 10. Distribution: Only known from the type locality. Eastern Cordillera real montane forest ecoregion in Zamora Chinchipe Province of Ecuador (Fig. 23). Remarks: Although it was described from ‘ Columbien (Sabanilla) ’ (Fig. 28 D), the correct place is possibly ECUADOR, Zamora-Chinchipe, Sabanilla. In the description of various species, Roewer (1913; 1923) inconsistently cited Sabanilla either as being in ‘ Kolumbien’ or in ‘ Venezuela’. Sabanilla, in this case, probably refers to a small village called Sabanilla [– 4.03333 °, – 79.01667 °, c. 1500 m], on the old road between Loja and Zamora (Zamora-Chinchipe, southern Ecuador). A subsequent record (Roewer, 1928) reinforces our interpretation. Although external similarity is encountered comparing the type specimens of both species of Paraprotus (Figs 29, 30), Roewer (1912: 120) made a detailed description of the coloration of P. atroluteus, remarking that dorsal scutum was mostly light rustyellow except for brown-black coloration of ocularium and ventral surface (coxae and free sternites). Then, no yellow mark is described by Roewer (1912) for P. atroluteus, which is a remarkable feature present in P. albithorax, described and illustrated by Roewer (1947: 33, pl. 12, fig. 106) and visible in Fig. 28 A.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF9DFFF3FC1DF99BFDA527DE.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Protus insolens Simon, 1879, by monotypy.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF9DFFF3FC1DF99BFDA527DE.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Protus is a character of Plutarch´s Dion. Gender masculine.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF9DFFF3FC1DF99BFDA527DE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: It differs from the other Discosomaticinae by having two white tubercles in area III (Fig. 31 B, C) and by having the dorsal process of glans slender and acuminate (Figs 35 G, 41 A). Some species have the facies of Sibambea and Kayania because of the coloration of coxa IV with yellow spots (Figs 33 B, 44 C), for having a yellowish border in anterior margin of DS (Figs 25, 37, 42 A) and for the absence of constriction I in the outline of DS in dorsal view. It differs from Sibambea by having a long VP of penis (Fig. 35 G, except for P. distinctus and P. bolivari). Protus differs from Kayania and Marronia by not having strong ornamentation on the scutal area III (Fig. 35 F vs. Fig. 24).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF9DFFF3FC1DF99BFDA527DE.taxon	synonymic_list	Included species: Protus bolivari (Roewer, 1952) comb. nov., P. distinctus (Avram & Soares, 1983) comb. nov., P. insolens Simon, 1879, P. quadripunctatus (Roewer, 1947) comb. nov., P. marllusi Medrano, Kury & Mendes sp. nov. and P. speciosus (Roewer, 1928) comb. nov.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF9DFFF3FC1DF99BFDA527DE.taxon	distribution	Combined distribution: Upper Amazon basin, eastern Andean slope in Peru (Fig. 30).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF9CFFF3FF3AF8B2FB2D261B.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 G, H, 30 – 32)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF9CFFF3FF3AF8B2FB2D261B.taxon	materials_examined	Non-type material: Peru. [San Martín]: Juanjui, Huallaga River, [– 7.20416 °, – 76.73819 °, 350 m], Ortiz & Beltran leg., examined by photograph, 1 ♀ (AMNH). Madre de Dios: distrito de Tambopata, Reserva Nacional de Tambopata [– 12.82822 °, – 69.29056 °], 1 ♂ (USNMENT 511638); [– 12.52339 °, – 71.18131 °], 1 ♂ (USNMENT 511626); Zona reservada Tambopata [– 12.83333 °, – 69.28333 °, 290 m], J Coddington leg., 7. vi. 1988, (post-fire material) 1 ♂ (USNMENT 1538074); 8. vi. 1988, (post-fire material) 1 ♀ (USNMENT 1538075). Diagnosis: It differs from the other members of Protus by having area III armed with larger paramedian yellow tubercles than those of area II (Fig. 31 A – C), DS with scattered yellow dots in abdomen and carapace (Fig. 31 A) and by the combination of the following features: carapace with a thin, yellow stripe bordering anterior margin of carapace (Fig. 31 A), VP of the penis not elongated and with distal border substraight (Fig. 32 C), stylus with short wattle (Fig. 32 D).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF98FFF7FC47FAADFB6B2428.taxon	description	(FIGS 30, 35, 36)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF98FFEAFCC5FADEFAD424BA.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype: Brazil. [Amazonas]: Tefé, upper Amazonas [– 3.40357 °, – 64.76333 °], 1 ♂ 3 ♀ (MNHN ES 3021, examined). Paratypes: Same data as holotype 1 ind. (ZMUC, not examined). Non-type material: Brazil. Amazonas: Coari, Base de Operações Geólogo Pedro de Moura, Porto Urucu [– 4.87528 °, – 65.17417 °], 1 ♂ (MPEG 858); [– 4.86056 °, – 65.33444 °], SC Dias leg., 29. x. 2006, 1 ♂ (MPEG 855); [– - 4.85306 °, – 65.13472 °], 12. ix. 2006, 1 ♀ (MPEG 856); [– 4.86833 °, – 65.26444 °], 26. vii. 2006, 1 ♀ (MPEG 857); [– 4.86861 °, – 65.25639 °], SO Dias leg., 19. vii. 2003, 1 imm. (MPEG 859); [– 4.80639 °, – 65.03472 °], SC Dias leg., 09. vii. 2006, 1 ♂ (MPEG 860); [– 4.84222 °, – 65.06889 °], DF Candiani leg., 5. ix. 2006, 1 ♂ (MPEG 861); [– 4.89167 °, – 65.33528 °], NF Lo Man Hung leg., 1. xi. 2006, 2 ♂ (MPEG 862); [– 4.85722 °, – 65.10167 °], 9. ix. 2006, 1 ♂ (MPEG 863); [– 4.89167 °, – 65.33528 °], 1. xi. 2006, 1 ♂ (MPEG 864); [– 4.83361 °, – 65.06472 °], SC Dias leg., 03. ix. 2006, 1 ♂ (MPEG 865); [– 4.88528 °, – 65.26472 °], AB Bonaldo leg., 21. vii. 2003, 1 ♀ (MPEG 866); [– 4.84222 °, – 65.06889 °], SC Dias leg., 05. ix. 2006, 1 ♂ (MPEG 867); [– 4.86861 °, – 65.26472 °], AB Bonaldo leg., 15. vii. 2003, 2 ♂ (MPEG 870); 19. vii. 2003, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MPEG 871); [– 4.84222 °, – 65.06889 °], CAC Santos Jr leg., 05. ix. 2006, 1 ♀ (MPEG 872); [– 4.90444 °, – 65.32694 °], SC Dias leg., 21. ix. 2006, 1 ♀ (MPEG 873); [– 4.86861 °, – 65.26472 °], AB Bonaldo leg., 18. vii. 2003, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MPEG 874); [– 4.87361 °, – 65.15139 °], SC Dias leg., 14. x. 2006, 1 ♀ (MPEG 875); [– 4.88722 °, – 65.22694 °], 22. ix. 2006, 2 ♂ (MPEG 876); [– 4.87944 °, – 65.16389 °], 12. ix. 2006, 1 ♀ (MPEG 877); [– 4.86972 °, – 65.13472 °], 1 ♂ (MPEG 878); [– 4.81139 °, – 65.03361 °], LT Miglio leg., vii. 2006, 1 ♂ (MPEG 879); [– 4.90444 °, – 65.32694 °], CAC Santos Jr leg., 21. ix. 2006, 1 ♀ (MPEG 880); [– 4.86833 °, – 65.26444 °], SC Dias leg., vii. 2006, 1 ♀ (MPEG 881); [– 4.88722 °, – 65.22694 °], CAC Santos Jr leg., 22. ix. 2006, 1 ♀ (MPEG 882); [– 4.87361 °, – 65.15139 °], NC Bastos leg., 1. x. 2006, 1 ♂ (MPEG 883); [– 4.90417 °, – 65.20583 °], LT Miglio leg., vii. 2006, 1 ♀ (MPEG 884). Records: Amazonas (H. Soares, 1970), probably Upper Amazonas. Diagnosis: It differs from other Protus by the combination of the following characteristics: (1) coxa IV uniformly reddish without any yellow spots (Fig. 35 F), (2) DS only with paired dots in areas I and III and minor dots in laterals of areas I – IV of mesotergum, borders the same colour of the rest of DS (Fig. 35 A), (3) stylus with an extended wattle going to the base (Figs 35 G, 36 A – C). Distribution: Upper Amazonas in Juruá-Purus moist forest ecoregion (Fig. 30). Description of holotype (with extra figures from other specimens): Measurements: CL: 1.62, CW: 2.55, AL: 3.47, AW: 4.44, IOD: 0.66, FeIV: 11.28. Dorsum (Fig. 35 A – F). DS beta-type and lenticular in lateral view, without remarkable ornamentation, only low, coloured tubercles in areas I and III. Anterior edge of dorsal scutum with protoglyphs slightly concave with lateral rounded borders. Ocularium low and with a few granules near the eyes. Mesotergum convex, higher at level of area II, scutal areas I and III armed with a pair of rounded tubercles, other areas unarmed. Posterior border and free tergites each containing a transverse row of minute granules, anal operculum with scattered granules. Venter (Fig. 35 C). Coxae I – III triangular, transverse to the main body axis, with a longitudinal row of granules, more remarkable in coxa I. Coxae II – IV connected by tubercular bridges. Coxa IV pentagonal, greatly developed, oriented obliquely, but almost parallel to the body axis. Stigmatic area T-shaped with stigmata large, unconcealed. Free sternites each with a row of granules. Chelicerae (Fig. 36 D, E). Hand not swollen. Basichelicerite short, with well-marked bulla and uniformly tuberculated dorsally. Meso-distal corner of bulla with one setiferous tubercle larger than dorsal ones. Posterior and ectal margins of bulla fringed with many tubercles. Movable finger of cheliceral hand with ten trapezoidal tubercles. Fixed finger with six triangular tubercles of different sizes. Pedipalps (Fig. 36 F, G). Elongate trochanter, foliaceus femur; this is convex dorsally, with a dorsal row of seven setiferous tubercles and a ventral row of 14 setiferous tubercles. Tibia only slightly convex in ectal border, with a ventro-marginal row of small setae, mesal region three equally spaced large setae. Tarsus conical, with scattered dorsal setae and three well-marked ventral rows of subequal setae. Legs (Fig. 35 A – F). Long and unarmed legs, femora straight. Coxa IV convex in dorsal view with few apical granules, no clavi inguines (also known as groin warts). Bipectinate claws in legs II and IV, inner row with larger spines. Tarsal counts: 7 (3), 16 (3), 10, 11. Colour (in alcohol, Fig. 35 A – F). Dorsal scutum, venter and free tergites vivid orange (48), with paramedian rounded pale yellow (89) spots in areas I, III and IV. Appendages brilliant greenish-yellow (98). Penis (Figs 35 G, H, 36 A – C). Ventral plate rectangular elongate, with apical corners rounded, distal margin convex. Sub-distal lateral margin of VP with two pairs of MS-C, large, slender and conical, flattened at the tip. Two pairs of MS-D located in apical half of VP, MS-D 1 twice longer than MS-D 2 and closer to MS-C 2, both MS-D straight and conical. One pair of MS-A basally in VP, straight, conical and as long as MS-C. Two pairs of MS-E in apical portion of lateroventral surface and one pair of MS-B in the basal portion of ventral surface of VP. Ventral surface glabrous apically, two wide basal regions with microsetae type 1 (T 1) near MS-B and invading truncus. Glans with dorsal process thin and acuminate, stylus with a large wattle with an extended serrate part and without stylar barbs. PROTUS MARLLUSI MEDRANO, KURY & MENDES	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF86FFE9FC36FD45FBC3246E.taxon	description	(FIGS 30, 39)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF86FFE9FC36FD45FBC3246E.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Syntypes: Brazil. Amazonas: Manaus [– 2.978 °, – 60.1435 °], 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (SMF RII 1489 / 7 a – b, examined by photograph). Diagnosis: DS beta-type, lenticular in lateral view higher at areas II – III (Fig. 39 C). May be differentiated from other Protus by having 10 coloured tubercles in lateral coxa IV near DS (Fig. 39 B – D). Distribution: Only known from the type locality. Uatuma-Trombetas moist forest ecoregion in the Amazonas State of Brazil.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF86FFECFCAFFAE6FB7E27EA.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 I, 40, 41)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF86FFECFCAFFAE6FB7E27EA.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype, Brazil. [Maranhão], ‘ Sierra da Cinta’, 1 ♂ (SMF RII 185 / 4, examined by photograph). Non-type material: Brazil. Amazonas: Parque Nacional do Jaú, Rio Papagaio, [– 2.27395 °, – 62.64949 °, 61 m], 1 ♀ (INPA-OP 1208); Tabatinga [– 4.23083 °, – 69.93504 °], 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MNRJ 6379). 1 ♂ (INPA-OP 1204). Colombia. Amazonas: Leticia, km 10 vía Tarapacá, la arenosa, [– 4.12796 °, – 69.95197 °, 93 m], 2 ♂ 2 ♀ (ICN-Ao- 381); Leticia, Comunidad Monifue-Amena, [– 4.12264 °, – 69.94925 °, 70 m], 1 ♂ (MPUJ _ ENT 0011415), 1 ♂ (MPUJ _ ENT 0011416); Monilla-Amena, [– 4.11276 °, – 69.95967 °, 90 m], 1 ♂ (MPUJ _ ENT 0058149); Monifue-Amena, [– 4.12264 °, – 69.94925 °], 1 ♂ (MPUJ _ ENT 0058150); km 11, vía Tarapacá, near sendero quebrada Tacaia, [– 4.08304 °, – 69.93814 °], 1 ♂ (ICN-Ao- 849); km 11 N of Leticia, near Omshanty and Tanimboca reserve, forest floor and low vegetation trunks, etc. [– 4.1214 °, – 69.9509 °, 88 m], 1 ♀ (MNRJ 19407); km 11 vía a Tarapaca, [– 4.11944 °, – 69.95556 °], 1 ♂ (ICN-Ao- 467); km 7, vía Tarapaca, [– 4.06598 °, – 69.94552 °, 100 m], 1 ♀ (ICN-Ao- 248); [– 4.08304 °, – 69.93814 °], 1 ♂ 5 ♀ (ICN-Ao- 222), 1 ♂ (ICN-Ao- 246); Leticia, Monilla- Amena, Varzea, [– 4.11276 °, – 69.95967 °, 60 m], D Rodriguez leg., 18. iii. 2004, (post-fire material) 2 ♀ (MPUJ-ENT 0064474); Chagra, 28. ix. 2003, (postfire material) 1 ♂ (MPUJ-ENT 0064475); Manual, [– 4.11276 °, – 69.95967 °, 70 m], D Abondano, E Daza & C Forero leg., 3. x. 2004, (post-fire material) 1 ♂ (MPUJ-ENT 0064476); Chagra, Pitfall, iv. 2003, (postfire material) 1 ♂ (MPUJ-ENT 0064477); Monifue- Amena, [– 4.12264 °, – 69.94925 °, 70 m], A Salcedo, M Charry & E Ruge leg., 30. ix. 2004, (post-fire material) 1 ♀ (MPUJ-ENT 0064478).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF86FFECFCAFFAE6FB7E27EA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: May be differentiated from other Protus by the combination of the following features: lateral margins of DS with a yellow stripe going from carapace to area IV in abdomen, but without invading mesotergum (Fig. 40 A); coxa IV with one yellow dot in lateral side (Fig. 40 B); distal border of VP of the penis convex without median cleft and stylus with distal wattle not going to the base (Fig. 41 A – C).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF86FFECFCAFFAE6FB7E27EA.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Solimões-Japurá moist forest in Amazonas department of Colombia, Southwest Amazon moist forest and Japurá-Solimões-Negro moist forest in Amazonas state of Brazil (Fig. 30).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF86FFECFCAFFAE6FB7E27EA.taxon	description	Description of male ICN-Ao- 381 (with extra figures from other specimens): Measurements: CL: 1.70, CW: 2.58, AL: 3.05, AW: 4.35, IOD: 0.72, FeIV: 14.62. Dorsum (Fig. 40). DS beta-type and lenticular in lateral view, without remarkable ornamentation, only low, coloured tubercles in areas I and III. Anterior edge of dorsal scutum with protoglyphs slightly concave with lateral triangular borders. Ocularium low and with a few granules near the eyes. Mesotergum convex, higher at level of area II, scutal areas I and III armed with a pair of rounded tubercles, other areas unarmed. Posterior border and free tergites each containing a transverse row of minute granules, anal operculum with scattered granules. Venter. Coxae I – III triangular, transverse to main body axis, each with a longitudinal row of granules. Coxae II – IV connected by tubercular bridges. Coxa IV pentagonal, greatly developed, oriented obliquely, but almost parallel to the body axis. Stigmatic area T-shaped with stigmata large, unconcealed. Free sternites each with a row of granules. Chelicerae (Fig. 41 D, E). Hand not swollen. Basichelicerite short, with well-marked bulla and uniformly granulated dorsally. Mesal margin of bulla with three setiferous tubercles, larger than dorsal ones. Posterior and ectal margins of bulla fringed with many tubercles. Movable finger of cheliceral hand with nine trapezoidal tubercles. Fixed finger with three triangular tubercles of different sizes. Pedipalps (Fig. 41 F – H). Elongate trochanter, foliaceus femur, convex dorsally, with a dorsal row of seven setiferous tubercles and a ventral row of 14 setiferous tubercles. Tibia only slightly convex in the mesal side, with two ventro-marginal rows of small setae each side, mesal region three equally spaced large setae. Tarsus conical, with scattered dorsal setae and three well-marked ventral rows of subequal setae. Legs (Fig. 40). Long and unarmed legs, femora straight. Coxa IV convex in dorsal view with few apical granules, no clavi inguines. Pectinate claws in legs II and IV in two rows. Tarsal counts: 7 (3), 15 (3), 11, 12 / 13 (from Roewer, 1928). Colour (in alcohol, Fig. 40). DS and coxae dark reddish-brown (44), with numerous two lateral stripes and two paramedian spots brilliant greenish-yellow (98) in each area I and III. Coxa IV with one spot of the same colour than stripes in DS. Trochanters vivid greenish-yellow (97) and the rest of podomeres brilliant yellow-green (116) and dark olive (108). Chelicerae and pedipalps deep orange (51) mottled in dark brown (59) Penis (Fig. 41 A – C). Ventral plate rectangular elongate, with apical corners rounded, distal margin convex. Sub-distal lateral margin of VP with two pairs of MS-C, large, slender and conical. Two pairs of MS-D located in apical half of VP, MS-D 1 twice longer than MS-D 2 and closer to MS-C 2, both MS-D straight and conical. One pair of MS-A basally in VP, straight, conical and as long as MS-D 1. Two pairs of MS-E in apical portion of lateroventral surface and one pair of MS-B in the basal portion of ventral surface of VP. Ventral surface glabrous apically, two wide basal regions with microsetae type 1 (T 1) near MS-B and invading truncus. Glans with dorsal process thin and acuminate, stylus with a reduced distal wattle with serrate part and without stylar barbs.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF83FFE2FC35F97FFAD02318.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species by monotypy: Sibambea rotunda Roewer, 1917.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF83FFE2FC35F97FFAD02318.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Sibambea from toponym Sibambe, E c u a do r. G e n de r f e m in in e. D i s c o s o m a from Greek δίσκος (disk) + σῶμα (body). Gender neuter. Discosomaticus (gender masculine) and Discosominana (gender feminine) are derivations of the last same.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF83FFE2FC35F97FFAD02318.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: DS delta-type and lenticular in lateral view (Fig. 44 C); differs from other genera of the subfamily by the combination of the following features: (1) armature of areas of mesotergum absent or extremely reduced (Fig. 46 D); (2) coxa IV with basal thickening (Fig. 46 C); penis with rectangular and short VP with concave apical margins (Fig. 43 C); and (3) stylus with remarkable stylar barbs perpendicular to a short wattle (Fig. 43 D).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF83FFE2FC35F97FFAD02318.taxon	synonymic_list	Included species: Sibambea rotunda Roewer, 1917, S. cincta (Perty, 1833) comb. nov. and S. waorani Medrano, Kury & Mendes sp. nov.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF82FFE0FC99F9C7FD5D2773.taxon	description	(FIGS 26, 42, 43)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF82FFE0FC99F9C7FD5D2773.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotypes: ‘ Brazil’. ‘ Bahia’: one ind (ZSMC, lost, holotype of D. cinctum). Peru. [Loreto]: Ucayali, Bosque Humboldt, 90 km from Pucallpa, [– 8.37578 °, – 74.47218 °], 1 ♂ (MZTU, holotype of D. sturmi, examined by photograph). Paratypes: Peru. [Loreto]: Ucayali, Bosque Humboldt, 90 km from Pucallpa, [– 8.37578 °, – 74.47218 °], 1 ♀ (MZTU, paratype of D. sturmi, examined by photograph). Non-type material examined: Brazil. Amazonas: Benjamin Constant [– 5.64837 °, – 70.40685 °, 100 m], JCM Carvalho & A Viegas-Filho leg., v. 1950, 2 ♀ (MNRJ 05072); Tabatinga, Tabatinga [– 4.24278 °, – 69.92875 °], W Roth leg., viii. 1984, 1 ♀ (MNRJ 05694); Benjamin Constant, [– 5.64837 °, – 70.40685 °, 100 m], Carvalho, J. C. M. & Viegas Filho, Argentino leg., v. 1950, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MNRJ-HS 0008); Igarapé Belem, near confluence with Rio Solimões, Amazonas [– 3.01855 °, – 60.12808 °], 1 ♂ (AMNH 320); 1 ♀ (MNRJ 2612); Fonte Boa, Rio Içá, [– 2.51625 °, – 66.05593 °], 1 ♂ (MZUSP 71685); Alto Solimões [– 3.48605 °, – 68.97014 °], 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MCN 634); 1 ♀ (INPA-OP 1205). Colombia. Amazonas: Rio Suarez [– 1.21628 °, – 70.95594 °], 9 ♂ 15 ♀ (AMNH 318); rio Apaporis [– 4.18056 °, – 70.25 °], 1 ♂ (CAS AK 109); Leticia, km 11 vía a Tarapaca, [– 4.11842 °, – 69.95347 °, 90 m], 1 ♀ (ICN-Ao- 461); Leticia, Monifue- Amena, Varzea [– 4.12264 °, – 69.94925 °, 70 m], V Beltrán & M Castro leg., 5. x. 2005, (post-fire material) 1 ♂ (MPUJ _ ENT 0011391); Rodriguez leg., 30. iii. 2005, (post-fire material) 2 ♂ 1 ♀ (MPUJ _ ENT 0064470); Cubillos, Castañeda & Sanchez leg., 5. x. 2005, (postfire material) 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MPUJ _ ENT 0064471); foliage shaking, A Diaz leg., 3. x. 2004, (post-fire material) 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MPUJ _ ENT 0064472). Vaupés: Taraira, Lago Taraira, Estación Biológica Mosiro Itajura-Caparú, [– 1.06667 °, – 69.51667 °, 200 m], 3 ♂ 3 ♀ (ICN-Ao- 972). Peru, Loreto: Estiron, Rio Ampiacu, forest night sweep [– 4.122 °, – 70.73128 °, 82 m], 1 ♂ 2 ♀ (AMNH 241); Genaro Herrera [– 4.92722 °, – 73.76194 °], 1 ♀ (CAZ AK 104); Estiron, rio Ampiacu Loreto [– 4.13308 °, – 70.73815 °], 1 ♂ (AMNH 238).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF82FFE0FC99F9C7FD5D2773.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: It differs from other Sibambea species by having the combination of the following features: (1) DS with a well-marked yellow ring with inner border entire (instead of reticulate), and without occupying areas of mesotergum (Fig. 42 A, C, D); (2) fixed finger of chelicera with well-marked teeth (Fig. 43 E); (3) coxa IV uniformly brown (Fig. 42 C); and (4) dorsal process of the stylus subdivided in lobes (Fig. 43 D).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF82FFE0FC99F9C7FD5D2773.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Upper Amazonas in ecoregions: (1) Caquetá moist forest, Solimões-Japura moist forest in Colombia; (2) Purus Várzea in Colombia and Brazil; (3) south-west Amazon moist forest in Peru and Brazil; (4) Iquitos Várzea in Peru; and (5) Uatuma-Trombetas moist forest in Brazil as the easternmost locality (Fig. 26).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF82FFE0FC99F9C7FD5D2773.taxon	discussion	Remarks: ‘ Habitat in Provincia Bahiensi ’ (Perty, 1833) is probably not Bahia State which is markedly distant from the nearest point here reported. An ambiguous locality related with ‘ Bahia’ is shown in Roewer species Metagryne quadrimaculata.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF82FFE0FC99F9C7FD5D2773.taxon	description	Description of male MPUJ _ ENT 00644772 (with extra figures from other specimens): Measurements: CL: 1.20, CW: 2.34, AL: 3.01, AW: 3.84, IOD: 0.59, FeIV: 11.74. Dorsum (Fig. 42). DS delta-type and lenticular in lateral view, without remarkable ornamentation, only low rounded tubercles in areas I – III. Anterior edge of dorsal scutum with protoglyphs slightly concave with lateral triangular borders. Ocularium low and with a few granules near the eyes. Mesotergum convex, higher at level of area II, scutal posterior border and free tergites each containing a transverse row of minute granules, anal operculum with scattered granules. Venter (Fig. 42 E). Coxae I – III triangular, transverse to main body axis, each with a longitudinal row of granules, more developed in coxa I. Coxae II – IV connected by tubercular bridges. Coxa IV pentagonal, greatly developed, oriented obliquely, but almost parallel to the body axis. Stigmatic area T-shaped with stigmata large, unconcealed. Free sternites each with a row of granules. Chelicerae (Fig. 43 E, F). Hand not swollen. Basichelicerite short, with well-marked bulla and uniformly tuberculated dorsally. Posterior and ectal margins of bulla fringed with several tubercles. Movable finger of cheliceral hand with nine trapezoidal tubercles. Fixed finger with five triangular tubercles of different sizes, basalmost larger and isolated. Pedipalps (Fig. 42 G – I). Elongate trochanter, foliaceus femur; convex dorsally, with a dorsal keel composed by a row of six setiferous tubercles and a ventral row of nine setiferous tubercles. Tibia only slightly convex in ectal border, with a ventro-marginal row of small setae, mesobasal region with five equally spaced large setae. Tarsus conical dorsally and ventrally flattened, with scattered dorsal setae and ventrally with two well-marked rows of subequal setae. Legs (Fig. 42). Long and unarmed legs, femora straight. Coxa IV convex in dorsal view with few apical granules, no clavi inguines, probasal region with a slight incrassation. Pectinate claws in legs II and IV in two rows. Tarsal counts: 6 (3),?, 10, 14 (Simon, 1880). Colour (in alcohol, Fig. 42). Dorsal scutum and coxae dark reddish-brown (44). Brilliant greenish yellow (98) ring-like mark contouring dorsal scutum, except for the posterior border, the ring is complete with the coloration of free tergites. Appendages light deepyellow (85). Anal operculum same colour of DS. Penis (Fig. 43 A – D). Ventral plate subrectangular, with triangular apical corners, distal margin concave. Sub-distal lateral margin of VP with two pairs of MS-C, large, curved and flattened. Two pairs of MS-D located in apical half of VP, MS-D 1 twice longer than MS-D 2 and closer to MS-C 2, both MS-D straight and conical. One pair of MS-A basally in VP, straight, conical and almost as long as MS-D 1. Two pairs of MS-E in apical portion of latero-ventral surface and one pair of MS-B in the basal portion of ventral surface of VP. Ventral surface with two wide lateral regions with microsetae type 3 (T 3) near MS-B and MS-E. Glans with dorsal process rounded and tip divided in five lobes, wattle going to median part of stylus and stylar ventral barbs.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF8FFFE0FF04F98EFDEE2709.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 C, D, 26, 44, 45)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF8FFFE1FF6FF93FFA2C24EA.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype: Ecuador. [Chimborazo]: Sibambe [– 2.22279 °, – 78.89538 °, 2400 m], 1 ♀ (SMF RI. examined by photograph). Non-type material: Ecuador. Napo: [– 0.98833 °, – 77.76667 °], 1 ♀ (QCAZ 125); Jumandi [– 1.02881 °, – 77.82591 °], 1 ♀ (QCAZ 154); Yasuni [– 0.63333 °, – 76.5 °], 1 ♀ (QCAZ 153); Estación Biológica Jatún-Sacha [– 1.06597 °, – 77.61672 °], 2 ♀ (UFMG 9213); 20 km East of Puerto Napo, Aliñahui [– 1.00 °, – 77.41667 °, 450 m], BT & VD Roth leg., 1 – 14. xii. 1994, (post-fire material) 1 ♂ (CAS AK 103); [– 1.00 °, – 77.41667 °], 1 ♀ (CAS AK 112). Pastaza: Puyo, [– 1.51056 °, – 78.59528 °], 1 ♀ (QCAZ 129); 2 – 8 mi. N. Puyo, [– 1.42101 °, – 78.00358 °], 1 ♂ (CAS AK 003). Diagnosis: It differs from other Sibambea species by having coxa IV yellowish lateral tubercles (Fig. 44 C); by having the marginal yellow ring of scutum reticulated and invading gently areas of mesotergum (Fig. 44 A) and by having the fixed finger of chelicera with keel instead of teeth (Fig. 45 E). Distribution: It is known from ecoregions: northwestern Andean montane forest, Northern Andean páramo, Eastern Cordillera real montane forest and Napo moist forest in Ecuador (Fig. 26) Description of male CAS AK 003: Measurements: CL: 1.19, CW: 2.54, AL: 3.47, AW: 4.04, IOD: 0.70, FeIV: 12.42. Dorsum (Fig. 44). DS delta-type and lenticular in lateral view, without remarkable ornamentation. Anterior edge of dorsal scutum with protoglyphs slightly concave with lateral triangular borders. Ocularium low, with a few granules near the eyes. Mesotergum convex, higher at level of area II, scutal posterior border and free tergites each containing a transverse row of minute granules, anal operculum with scattered minute granules. Venter. Coxae I – III triangular, transverse to main body axis. Coxae II – IV connected by tubercular bridges. Coxae I – III with a longitudinal row of granules. Coxa IV pentagonal, greatly developed, oriented obliquely, but almost parallel to the body axis. Stigmatic area T-shaped with stigmata large, unconcealed. Free sternites each with a row of granules. Chelicerae (Figs 45 D, E). Hand not swollen. Basichelicerite short, with well-marked bulla and uniformly granulated. Posterior margin of the bulla fringed with several tubercles and lateral margin with one isolated tubercle. Movable finger of cheliceral hand without tubercles. Fixed finger with a low keel. Pedipalps (Fig. 45 F, G). Elongate trochanter, foliaceus femur; convex dorsally, with a dorsal keel and a ventral row of eight setiferous tubercles. Tibia slightly convex to mesal side, with a ventro marginal row of small setae. Tarsus conical dorsally and ventrally flattened, with scattered dorsal setae and ventrally with three well-marked rows of subequal setae. Legs (Fig. 44). Long and unarmed legs, femora straight. Coxa IV convex in dorsal view with few apical granules, no clavi inguines, probasal region with a slight incrassation. Pectinate claws in legs II and IV in two rows. Tarsal counts: 6 (3), 15 (3), 10, 11 (Roewer, 1917). Colour (in alcohol, Fig. 44). Dorsal scutum and coxae vivid orange (48). Light greenish-yellow (101) ring-like mark bording dorsal scutum and free tergites, entering into carapace in operculum and posterior to eyes and entering in mesotergum in areas II to IV. Area IV and anal operculum, each with two paramedian dots of the same colour. Coxa IV laterally with remarkable nine tubercles of the same colour of DS spots. Podomeres of legs (except coxae) brilliant greenish-yellow (98). Penis (Fig. 45 A – C). Ventral plate subrectangular, with triangular apical corners, distal margin concave. Subdistal lateral margin of VP with two pairs of MS-C, large, curved and flattened. Two pairs of MS-D located in apical half of VP, MS-D 1 twice longer than MS-D 2 and closer to MS-C 2, both MS-D straight and conical. One pair of MS-A basally in VP, straight, conical and almost as long as MS-D 1. Two pairs of MS-E in apical portion of lateroventral surface and one pair of MS-B in the basal portion of ventral surface of VP. Ventral surface with two wide lateral regions with microsetae type 3 (T 3) near MS-B and MS-E. Glans with dorsal process rounded, wattle going to median part of stylus and stylar ventral barbs. Variation. The pattern of spots may be somewhat reduced, as a thinner stripe boarding lateral margin, leaving isolated blots forming a circle in mesotergum. SIBAMBEA WAORANI MEDRANO, KURY & MENDES	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF8AFFE5FF48FC40FBBE2188.taxon	description	Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: C 101425 C- 0506 - 4 FDD-AA 60 - 72 ED 34570 E 62	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF8AFFE5FF48FC40FBBE2188.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Median-sized, delicate cosmetids with long and unarmed legs (Fig. 50 C). Area III of mesotergum armed with two spines in females (Figs 52 C, 59 B), males of Roquettea may have modifications in abdomen and carapace, never yellow-coloured. Roquettea and Gryne have major and minor forms of males. Area I with small tubercles or unarmed (Figs 50 B, 59 B). Other areas unarmed. Dorsal scutum (DS) beta-type, with small coda and abdomen covering entirely the coxa IV in dorsal view (Fig. 54 A). Chelicerae monomorphic without basal spine in movable finger (Fig. 58 E). Yellowish spots (if present) mostly as small dots or reticulate patterns covering mostly lateral margins of DS, sometimes occupying mesotergum (Figs 54 A, 59 A). Legs III – IV with pectinate claws forming two rows (Fig. 55 E). Basitarsomeres slightly enlarged in males, but not inflated. Five or six tarsomeres in leg I. VP rectangular with lateral margins sub-parallel (Fig. 55 A) (a modification exists in the core group of Gryne that have an inverted trapezium shape with base larger, Fig. 51 A). Three pairs of MS-C and two pairs of long MS-A (Fig. 55 A – C).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF8AFFE5FF48FC40FBBE2188.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus: Roquettea Mello-Leitão, 1931.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF8AFFE5FF48FC40FBBE2188.taxon	synonymic_list	Included genera: Roquettea Mello-Leitão, 1931 and Gryne Simon, 1879.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF8AFF9BFC05FEF6FA2E23CC.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species by monotypy: Gryne paraensis Simon, 1879.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF8AFF9BFC05FEF6FA2E23CC.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Gryne was the name of an Amazon loved by Apollo.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF8AFF9BFC05FEF6FA2E23CC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Median-sized cosmetids with long and unarmed straight legs (Fe IV three times DS length in major forms of males, Fig. 54 C), dorsal scutum beta-type with short coda and narrow cephalothorax (Fig. 54 D – G). Reticular pattern in dorsal scutum more marked in laterals of cephalothorax and abdomen (Figs 50 A, 52 A, 54 A). Area I with a pair of small tubercles and area III with a pair of high acuminate spines (spines lower in G. dimorpha, Fig. 50 B). Pedipalpus sexually monomorphic, tibia without expansion opposed to the slender tarsus forming a chela in males. Major forms of males with long tibia IV (as long as femur), and metatarsus short and triquetrous (Fig. 50 E – H). Ventral plate of the penis sub-rectangular, narrower at the tip (except for G. marginalis) (Figs 55 A, 51 A). Three distal curved MS-C and two basal straight MS-A (Fig. 54 A – C).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF8AFF9BFC05FEF6FA2E23CC.taxon	synonymic_list	Included species: Gryne marginalis (Perty, 1833), G. orensis (Sørensen, 1879), G. marmorata (Roewer, 1915) comb. nov., G. dimorpha Mello-Leitão, 1928, G. leprosa Sørensen, 1932 and Gryne coccinelloides (Mello-Leitão, 1935).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF8AFF9BFC05FEF6FA2E23CC.taxon	distribution	Combined distribution (Fig. 48). Semi-arid diagonal of South America, northern half of Brazilian Atlantic forest and lower Amazon basin.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFF8AFF9BFC05FEF6FA2E23CC.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The remarkable non-homoplastic synapomorphy of Gryne refers to the morphology of leg IV, having a sexual dimorphic metatarsus, in the males being thicker at basal portion (Figs 2 F, G, 57 C). Modifications in this segment of leg IV also occur in an unrelated member of Paecilaema from Venezuela: Paecilaema trisegmentatum González- Sponga, 1992. The condition of this species, however, is different, having a unique ‘ fusiform subdistal area’ (González-Sponga, 1992: 396) indicating a putative autapomorphic condition. A large quantity of material of Gryne from regions of Brazil was deposited in arachnological collection of Museu Nacional before the fire that destroyed it (Kury et al., 2018). A great percentage of the lots were examined and identified by us as belonging to Gryne. Nonetheless, inter and intraspecific variations were not known or properly illustrated to make possible the identification to species level. Here, we present their distributional data in Fig. 48. Species G. coccinelloides and G. marmorata are not included in the taxonomic key because detailed examination of specimens was not possible, preventing the confection of diagnoses as well. Future research with fresh material from type localities is needed for unveiling the identity and validity of both species. For the same reason, a diagnosis section is lacking for those species.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFF4FF9BFF3BFC97FC0E24CE.taxon	description	(FIGS 48, 49)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFF4FF9BFF3BFC97FC0E24CE.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype: Brazil. [Goiás] ‘ Minas Gerais’: Barro Alto [– 14.96878 °, – 48.9102 °, 620 m], 1 ♀ (IBSP 27, examined by photograph, Fig. 49), Paratypes: Brazil. [Goiás] ‘ Minas Gerais’: Barro Alto [– 14.96878 °, – 48.9102 °, 620 m], 1 ♀ (MNRJ 42474, lost). Holotype: Brazil. Goiás: Inhuma, 1 ♂ (MZLQ A 0031 / IBSP 10080, holotype de G. reticulata, examined by photograph). Paratypes: BRAZIL, Goiás: Inhuma, 1 ♂ (Fac. Med. SP, paratype of G. reticulata, not examined). Records: Brazil, Goiás, Cana Brava (Mello-Leitão, 1937). Goiás, Nova Roma (B. Soares, 1945, paratype label). São Paulo, Pirassununga: Emas, 600 m (B. Soares 1944; H. Soares, 1966); Santo Antônio da Alegria, Fazenda Bom Retiro (H. Soares, 1966). Distribution: Known in type localities Inhumas and Barro Alto (GO), Cerrado ecoregion (Fig. 48). Remarks: This species is superficially similar to G. leprosa, the collection of the National Museum bore several specimens from localities close to the type locality but all that material was destroyed before detailed examination and illustration in the fire of 2 September 2018. In absence of the primary evidence, we refrain from proposing the synonymy with G. leprosa until new material from the type locality is available.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFF4FF9BFC75FA5CFB43275A.taxon	description	(FIGS 2 D, 48, 50, 51)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFF4FF9EFCC5F98CFCD62492.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Syntypes: Brazil. Mato Grosso do Sul: Campo Grande [– 20.450189 °, – 54.560608 °], 22 ind. (MNRJ 1382). Non-type material examined: Brazil. Mato Grosso do Sul: Serra da Bodoquena [– 20.96863 °, – 56.70975 °, 689 m], 1 ♀ (MZUSP 71708); Chapadão do Sul, PCH do Porto das Pedras [19.38184 °, – 52.53346 °], APL Giupponi & C Sampaio leg., 4 ♂ 2 ♀ (MNRJ 8449); Costa Rica, Fazenda Santa Cruz [– 15.79423 °, – 47.88217 °], S Ide leg., 1 ♂ 4 ♀ 1 imm. (MZUSP 18309); 50 km S Campo Grande [– 20.98449 °, – 54.63616 °, 464 m], P Salinas leg., 17. vii. 1988, 1 ♂ (AMNH AK 147). Mato Grosso: PN Chapada dos Guimarães [– 15.30495 °, – 55.8805 °), C Mattoni, R Almeida, A Ojanguren & JA Ochoa leg., 1 ♂ (MZUSP 42864); Chapada dos Guimarães, PARNA Chapada dos Guimarães, ponto de erosão [– 15.35825 °, – 55.89777 °], P Zanoli leg., 3 ♂ 2 ♀ (MNRJ 7584). Distrito Federal: Res. Ecol. IBGE, km 0 of Highway BR 251 [– 15.94289 °, – 47.87478 °, 1094 m], 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MNRJ 17591); [– 15.94486 °, – 47.88521 °], 2 ♂ 5 ♀ (MNRJ 17588); Brasilia, [– 19.00043 °, – 50.5539 °], APL Giupponi leg., 3 ♂ (MNRJ 2144); Brasília, Fazenda Água Limpa [– 15.94667 °, – 47.9395 °], RLC Baptista leg., 1 ♂ 5 ♀ (MNRJ 6127); AB Kury leg., 4 ♂ 3 ♀ (MNRJ 5414). Goiás: Nova São Simão, Vila Op. CEMIG [– 15.94486 °, – 47.88521 °], F Kisteumacher & U Caramaschi leg., 4 ♂ 11 ♀ (MNRJ 6137). Minas Gerais: Fazenda Serra da Moeda [– 20.31789 °, – 44.02936 °], A Carneiro leg., 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MNRJ 4391); Unaí, Grapuava [– 16.08944 °, – 46.55278 °, 900 m), EA Araújo leg., 3 ♂ 4 ♀ (UFMG 19370). São Paulo: Itirapina [– 22.31325 °, – 47.83786 °], LR Fontes, TUG Martins leg., 2 ♂ 3 ♀ (MZUSP 15964); Águas de Santa Bárbara, estação ecológica [– 22.8958 °, – 49.23488 °], LR & FR Fontes leg., 1 ♀ (MZUSP 15970); Itirapina [– 22.31325 °, – 47.83786 °], MLJ Buschini leg., 1 ♂ (MZUSP 17452). Diagnosis: Differs from other Gryne by having the reticular pattern of spots in DS restricted to ears of chevron (Fig. 50 A), dorsal process of glans conical (Fig. 51 A, D), stylus with a reduced wattle (Fig. 51 D) and by combination for the following features: (1) dorsal scutum smooth, without scattered notable granules (Fig. 50 B) and (2) low spines in scutal area I (Fig. 50 B). Distribution: Known for Cerrado and Bahia interior forest in States of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Goiás (Fig. 48). Description of male MNRJ 2144 (with extra figures from other specimens): Measurements: CL: 2.15, CW: 2.95, AL: 3.30, AW: 4.84, IOD: 0.63, FeIV: 16.63. Dorsum (Fig. 50 A – C). DS beta-type with attenuate constrictions. Area I with low acuminate tubercles and area III with long spines. Dorsal scutum in lateral view rising steadily from posterior and anterior borders to area III where it is the highest height. Scutal grooves effaced. Anterior edge of dorsal scutum with protoglyphs slightly concave with lateral triangular borders. Ocularium low and with a few granules near the eyes. Posterior border and free tergites each containing a transverse row of minute granules, anal operculum with scattered granules. Coda reduced. Venter. Coxae I – III triangular, transverse to main body axis. Coxae II – IV connected by tubercular bridges. Coxae I – II with a longitudinal row of granules. Coxa IV pentagonal, greatly developed, oriented obliquely, but almost parallel to the body axis. Stigmatic area T-shaped with stigmata large, unconcealed. Free sternites each with a row of granules. Chelicerae (Fig. 51 E, F). Hand not swollen. Basichelicerite short, with well-marked bulla and uniformly tuberculated dorsally. Posterior and ectal margins of bulla fringed with several tubercles, basal ones are the largest. Movable finger of cheliceral hand with eight truncate tubercles. Fixed finger with four triangular tubercles. Pedipalps (Fig. 51 G, H). Elongate trochanter, foliaceus femur; convex dorsally, with a dorsal row of four fused setiferous tubercles forming a keel and a ventral row of 12 setiferous tubercles. Tibia only slightly convex in the ectal border. One lateral row of setae on each border, distalmost setae of the ectal side larger than others. Tarsus conical, with scattered dorsal setae and two well-marked ventral rows of subequal setae, meso-ventral row with two larger setae, one apical and one median region. Legs (Fig. 50 C – H). Long and unarmed legs, femora straight. Coxa IV covered by DS in dorsal view, with few apical granules, no clavi inguines. Pectinate claws in legs II and IV in two rows. Tarsal counts: 7 / 8, 14, 10, 11 (Mello-Leitão, 1928). Colour (in alcohol, Fig. 50). Dorsal scutum, coxae, pedipalpi and chelicerae deep brown (55). DS with reticulate pattern pale greenish-yellow (104) restricted to laterals of chevron near the carapace. Appendages podomeres (except coxae) brilliant greenish-yellow (98). Penis (Fig. 51 A – D). Ventral plate short trapezoidal, wider at the base, with straight distal margin. Subdistal lateral margin of VP with three pairs of MS-C, large, curve and flattened. Two pairs of MS-D located in apical half of VP, MS-D 1 twice longer than MS-D 2 and closer to MS-C 2, both MS-D straight and conical. Two pairs of MS-A in the basal region in VP, straight, conical and as long as MS-D 1. Two pairs of MS-E in apical portion of lateroventral surface and one pair of MS-B in the basal portion of ventral surface of VP. Ventral surface with two lateral thick stripes composed with microsetae type 4 (T 4) surrounding MS-B and MS-E, gently occupying truncus. Glans with rounded dorsal process, stylus with a wattle that reaches the base of stylus and with an extended serrate part. Without stylar barbs. Variation (Fig. 50 D – H). It is possible to differentiate two types of males: (1) major forms, with long tibiae and short metatarsi and (2) minor forms, with shorter tibiae and longer metatarsi, more similar to females. General coloration may be lighter than described above.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFF1FF9DFC62F9BFFBBA27C8.taxon	description	(FIGS 2 B, 48, 52, 53)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFF1FF9DFC62F9BFFBBA27C8.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype: Brazil. Pará: Cametá, at Tocantins river [– 2.29994 °, – 49.51188 °], 1 ♀ (ZMUC, E x a m in e d by p h o t o g r a p h). S y n type s: B r a z i l. Pernambuco: four ind. [MNRJ 41773, syntypes of G. perlata, mistakenly cited in the original description as ‘ Paraíba do Norte’ (B. Soares, 1945)]. Minas Gerais: Pirapora, two ind. (MNRJ 5022, syntypes of G. vermiculata, lost). Non-type material examined: Brazil. Alagoas: Murici, Estação Ecológica de Murici – Fazenda Triunfo, [– 9.63609 °, – 35.73625 °], C Sampaio, APL Giupponi & A Chagas leg., 11 – 18. xii. 2009, 6 ♂ 4 ♀ (MNRJ 7066). Bahia: Porto Seguro, Parque Nacional do Pau Brasil, [– 16.37599 °, – 39.14429 °], A Chagas-Jr, AB Kury, D Pedroso, APL Giupponi & V Dill leg., 14 – 17. vi. 2009, 1 ♂ (MNRJ 19161); Jequié, Brejo Novo, [– 13.95118 °, – 40.00546 °], 06 – 07. vi. 2009, 1 ♂ 3 ♀ (MNRJ 19165); Porto Seguro, Porto Seguro: Arraial d’Ajuda, Fazenda do Sr. Valter [– 16.54178 °, – 39.14978 °), Expedição Arachné leg., 24 – 27. ii. 2005, 6 ♂ 20 ♀ (MNRJ 17727); Alagoinhas, Alagoinhas, campus da UNEB, [– 12.17781 °, – 38.41338 °], P Lopes, R Duarte leg., 1998, 18 ♂ 18 ♀ 1 imm. (MNRJ 05748); Maracás, [– 14.84151 °, – 39.03436 °], A Chagas-Jr, AB Kury, D Pedroso, A Giupponi & V Dill leg., 03 - 05. vi. 2009, 2 ♂ 1 ♀ (MNRJ 19163); Itapebi, UTM 446430 – 8215283, [– 16.08312 °, – 39.50447 °], T Bernabé leg., 14. vi. 2008, 3 ♂ 5 ♀ (MNRJ 07117); Itapebi, Fazenda João Alberto, [– 16.01514 °, – 39.50306 °), T Bernabé, leg., 5. v. 2008, 12 ♂ 24 ♀ (MNRJ 02297); Una, Mata do lixão, [– 15.20907 °, – 39.19597 °], A Chagas-Jr, AB Kury, D Pedroso, A Giupponi & V Dill leg., 08. vi. 2009, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MNRJ 19162); Jequié, Brejo Novo, [– 13.95118 °, – 40.00546 °], 06 - 07. vi. 2009, 1 ♀ (MNRJ 07140); Salvador, Salvador, Rio Vermelho, [– 13.00955 °, – 38.49382 °], J Becker leg., VI. 1955, 1 ♂ 6 ♀ (MNRJ 4322); Ilhéus, [– 14.79277 °, – 39.0443 °], D Pedroso leg., 02. iii. 2012, 2 ♂ 4 ♀ 4 imm. (MNRJ 07543); Una, REBIO de Una, [– 15.19541 °, – 39.02987 °], A Chagas-Jr, AB Kury, D Pedroso, A Giupponi & V Dill leg., 08 - 10. vi. 2009, 3 ♂ 4 ♀ 2 imm. (MNRJ 19177); São Gonçalo dos Campos [– 12.43497 °, – 38.95121 °], J Becker leg., 23. VII. 1955, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MNRJ 4472); Itapebi [– 15.89038 °, – 39.53114 °], 21. ix- 13. x. 2014, 3 ♂ 8 ♀ (MZUSP 71705); Feira de Santana, Campus UEFS, [– 12.20126 °, – 38.97212 °], 18. xi. 1977, 3 ♂ 4 ♀ 1 imm. (MNRJ 04424); Maracás, Próximo a sede da Ferbasa, [– 13.47108 °, – 40.43797 °), AS Medeiros leg., 11. iii. 2012, 2 ♂ 1 ♀ (CHNUFPI 2163); Itapebi [– 15.89038 °, – 39.53114 °], 22. ix - 13. x. 2014, 3 ♂ 9 ♀ (MZUSP 71705); Una, Estação experimental Lemos Maia (CEPLAC), [– 15.27292 °, – 39.09219 °), GHF Azevedo & AJ Santos leg., 12. xii. 2010, 1 ♂ (UFMG 11290); Lajedo do Tabocal [– 13.47432 °, – 40.22447 °], A Chagas-Jr, AB Kury, D Pedroso, APL Giupponi & V Dill leg., 05. vi. 2009, 1 ♂ 2 ♀ (MNRJ 19164); Senhor do Bonfim, Serra Santana, [– 10.02323 °, – 40.1159 °, 520 m], JA Rafael & FF Xavier leg., 15. v. 2007, 3 ♂ 4 ♀ (INPA-OP 1241); Camaçari, Arembepe, [– 12.76435 °, – 38.19478 °, 5 m], TJ Porto leg., 23. v. 2008, 1 ♂ 1 imm. (UFBA-Opi 18). Paraíba: Gurinhém, [– 7.12387 °, – 35.42567 °], AB Kury & APL Giupponi leg., 15. iii. 1999, 3 ♂ 4 ♀ (MNRJ 05789); João Pessoa: [– 7.12514 °, – 34.849 °], PFL Duarte leg., 29. I. 1977, 1 ♀ (MNRJ 17593); São João de Cariri [– 7.45358 °, – 36.49306 °], SC Dias leg., III. 2004, 2 ♀ (IBUSP 7526); Areia, Parque Estadual Mata do Pau Ferro, [– 6.9639 °, – 35.74964 °), FS Silva & AS Medeiros leg., 29. ix. 2011, 1 ♂ (CHNUFPI 2161). Ceará: Fortaleza, Parque do Cocó, [– 3.74527 °, – 38.48597 °], AB Kury leg., i. 2002, 1 ♀ (MNRJ 09182); Fortaleza, Parque do Cocó, [– 3.75944 °, – 38.49798 °], L Souza leg., viii. 2013, 3 ♂ (MNRJ 04299); Fortaleza, Parque Ecológico do Cocó, folhiço, [– 3.75944 °, – 38.49798 °], A, I & M Kury leg., 29. vi. 2002, 1 ♂ 2 ♀ (MNRJ 07021). Espírito Santo: Conceição da Barra, Conceição da Barra – FLONA do Rio Preto. Trilha do Mata-Pau. Elev. 60 m. Noturna livre, [– 18.39337 °, – 39.84782 °, 52 m], A Giupponi, A Kury, T Bernabé, M Milleri, R Rodrigues & T Souza leg., 20. x. 2005, 1 ♂ (MNRJ 16311); Pedro Canário, Ponto 04 b, Faz. Guanabara, Eudis Bahia, [– 18.16705 °, – 40.0585 °], Bernabé, Giupponi, Kury & Souza leg., 19. vii. 2015, 13 ♂ 15 ♀ 3 imm. (MNRJ 09073); Vermelho, Barranco, [– 18.4999 °, – 40.5558 °], Bernabé, Giupponi & Kury leg., 18. vii. 2015, 2 ♀ 2 imm. (MNRJ 3446); Serra, Distrito do Fundão, [– 20.0275 °, – 40.15833 °), RB Oliveira Filho leg., 11. viii. 2014, 1 ♂ (UFMG 16645). Pernambuco: Moreno, Bonança [Tapera], [– 8.1094 °, – 35.11298 °, 148 m], RLC Baptista leg., 20. II. 1989, 6 ♂ 12 ♀ (MNRJ 06433); Serra Talhada, Fazenda Saco, Mata da Pimenteira, [– 7.88333 °, – 38.3 °), MC Carvalho leg., 5. ix. 2007, 2 ♂ (UFMG 14187). Rio Grande do Norte: Natal, Campus da UFRN, [– 5.77661 °, – 35.19676 °], W Pessoa leg., iii. 2014, 1 ♀ (MNRJ 02644); Natal, Natal, [– 5.77927 °, – 35.2009 °], M Alvarenga leg., 1951, 5 ♂ 1 ♀ (MNRJ 04319); Ceará-Mirim, Loteamento São João, proximidades do rio Mamanguape, [– 5.49289 °, – 35.28519 °, 18 m), LS Carvalho leg., 4. vi. 2015, 1 ♂ 4 ♀ 1 imm. (CHNUFPI 2172). Minas Gerais: Manga: Mocambinho, [– 15.09156 °, – 44.02626 °], M Cox leg., 22. VIII. 1992, 1 ♀ (MNRJ 4834); Manga, Mocambinho, Lagoa do Cajueiro, H Silva & A Costa leg., 25. VI. 1992, 2 ♂ 5 ♀ 4 imm. (MNRJ 4306); Manga, Fabião, Rio Peruaçu, [– 15.02441 °, – 44.68912 °], A Costa leg., 24. VI. 1992, 8 ♂ 1 ♀ (MNRJ 4307); Itacarambi, Itacarambi, Distrito de Fabião II, [– 15.17194 °, – 44.18028 °), GFBP Ferreira et al. leg., 22. x. 2010, 3 ♂ 1 ♀ (UFMG 9362). Diagnosis: Differs from G. marginalis, G. dimorpha and G. orensis by having DS entirely coloured with a reticulate pattern that penetrates the areas of scutum and great part of carapace (Fig. 52 D). Distribution: It is distributed in the Brazilian States: Pará, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais. Ecoregions: Xingú-Tocantins-Araguaia moist forest, Caatinga, Atlantic Coast restingas, Pernambuco Coastal forest, Pernambuco interior forest, Bahia interior forest, Bahia coastal forest and Atlantic dry forest. The species was also found in Floriano and Teresina cities of Piauí State (Leonardo Carvalho (CHNUFPI), pers. comm.), although these records are not included on the map (Fig. 48). Description of male MNRJ 41773 (with extra figures from other specimens): Measurements: CL: 1.45, CW: 2.20, AL: 3.17, AW: 3.98, IOD: 0.70, FeIV: 9.28. Dorsum (Fig. 52). DS beta-type with attenuate constrictions and provided with notable scattered granules. Area I with low tubercles and area III with long spines. Dorsal scutum, in lateral view, rising steadily from posterior and anterior borders to area III where it is the highest height. Scutal grooves effaced. Anterior edge of dorsal scutum with protoglyphs slightly concave with lateral triangular borders. Ocularium low, with a few granules near the eyes. Posterior border and free tergites each containing a transverse row of minute granules, anal operculum with scattered granules. Coda reduced. Venter (Fig. 52 B). Coxae I – III triangular, transverse to main body axis. Coxae II – IV connected by tubercular bridges. Coxae I – II with a longitudinal row of granules. Coxa IV pentagonal, greatly developed, oriented obliquely, but almost parallel to the body axis. Stigmatic area T-shaped with stigmata large, unconcealed. Free sternites each with a row of granules. Chelicerae (Fig. 53 E, F). Hand not swollen. Basichelicerite short, with well-marked bulla and uniformly tuberculated dorsally. Posterior and ectal margins of bulla are fringed with several tubercles, posterior ones are the largest. Movable finger of cheliceral hand with ten truncate tubercles. Fixed finger with five triangular tubercles. Pedipalps (Fig. 53 G, H). Elongate trochanter, foliaceus femur; convex dorsally, with a dorsal row of five fused setiferous tubercles forming a keel and a ventral row of 14 setiferous tubercles. Tibia only slightly convex in ectal border, with one lateral row of setae in each side, distalmost setae of each side larger than others. Tarsus conical, with scattered dorsal setae and three well-marked ventral rows of subequal setae, prolatero-ventral row with two larger setae, one apical and one one median region. Legs (Fig. 52). Long and unarmed legs, femora straight. Coxa IV convex in dorsal view with few apical granules, no clavi inguines. Pectinate claws in legs II and IV in two rows. Tarsal counts: 8, 17, 10, 11 (Sørensen in Henriksen, 1932). Colour (in alcohol, Fig. 52). Dorsal scutum and coxae brilliant orange-yellow (67). Reticulate pattern in almost the entire DS (excepting anterior region to ocularium) pale greenish-yellow (104) more marked as laterals of chevron near the carapace. Appendages podomeres (except coxae) brilliant greenish-yellow (98). Penis (Fig. 53 A – D). Ventral plate short trapezoidal, wider at the base, with straight distal margin. Sub-distal lateral margin of VP with three pairs of MS-C, large, curve and flattened. Two pairs of MS-D located in apical half of VP, MS-D 1 twice longer than MS-D 2 and closer to MS-C 2, both MS-D straight and conical. Two pairs of MS-A in the basal region in VP, straight, conical and as long as MS-D 1. Two pairs of MS-E in apical portion of latero-ventral surface and one pair of MS-B in the basal portion of ventral surface of VP. Ventral surface with two lateral thick stripes composed with microsetae type 4 (T 4) surrounding MS-B and MS-E, gently advancing into the truncus. Glans with rounded dorsal process, stylus with a wattle extending to the base, with an extended serrate part and without stylar barbs. Variation. Reticulate pattern varies from a well-filled form to a reduced form in mesotergum and carapace, but always is well marked as ears of chevron. It is possible to differentiate two types of males: (1) major forms, with long tibiae and short metatarsi and (2) minor forms, with shorter tibiae and longer metatarsi, more similar to females. This is depicted in Fig. 50 D – H for G. dimorpha. Tarsal counts: 6 – 8, 12 – 17, 8 – 10, 8 – 11. (Sørensen in Henriksen, 1932, Mello-Leitão, 1936 and Mello-Leitão, 1944).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFF2FF9DFC55F959FB46265F.taxon	description	(FIGS 2 C, 48, 54, 55)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFF2FF91FCC5F889FDE72493.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Syntypes: Brazil. Pará: 3 ♀ (ZMB 950, examined by photograph), 3 ♀ (MNHN 2464, syntypes of G. paraensis). Holotype: Brazil. Amazonas: Manaus [– 2.978 °, – 60.1435 °], 1 ♂ (SMF RII 9022 / 14 a-b, holotype of G. amazonica, examined by photograph), Paratypes: Brazil. Amazonas: Manaus [– 2.978 °, – 60.1435 °], 2 ♀ (SMF RII 9022 / 14 a – b, paratype of G. amazonica, examined by photograph). Non-type material examined: Brazil. Amazonas: Gurupá, Furinho, [– 1.204 °, – 51.818 °], C Rheims leg., 2 ♂ (INPA-OP 42). Pará: Belém [– 1.46285 °, – 48.48885 °], 1972, 2 ♂ (MNRJ 1984); 2 ♂ 1 ♀ (MNRJ 17579), 4 ♂ 14 ♀ (MNRJ 2156); Parque Ambiental de Belém (Utinga), [– 1.42483 °, – 48.43802 °), Azevedo et al. leg., 2 ♂ (UFMG 9386), 2 ♂ 1 ♀ (UFMG 9389), 3 ♀ (UFMG 9388), 3 ♀ (UFMG 9390); Tucuruí, [– 3.75264 °, – 49.69719 °], A. Domingos leg., iv. 1981, 3 ♂ 2 ♀ (MNRJ 4563); Melgaço, EE Ferreira Penna, [– 1.69431 °, – 51.4519 °], R Pinto-da-Rocha & AB Bonaldo leg., 1 – 25. xi. 2002, 1 ♂ 2 ♀ (MZUSP 21460); Belém [– 1.48105 °, – 48.48765 °], 1972, 1 ♀ (MNRJ 14315); Redenção, Rio das Arraias, [– 8.0257 °, – 50.03213 °], R Pinto-da-Rocha leg., 18. vii. 1988, 2 ♀ (MNRJ 6299); Rondon do Pará [– 4.35519 °, – 48.12483 °], C Junior leg., 11. viii. 2015, (post-fire material) 3 ♂ 7 ♀ (MNRJ 60251); Nova Timboteua [– 1.139 °, – 47.3645 °], 07. v. 2015, (post-fire material) 3 ♂ 2 ♀ (MNRJ 60252); 15 km sul Santa Isabel, Pará, [– 1.44732 °, – 48.0952 °], AB Bonaldo leg., 29. vi. 2000, 1 ♀ (MCN 1492); Barcarena, Hotel Pousada Jardim Tropical, [– 1.50583 °, – 48.62556 °), EA Araujo leg., 25. vi. 2014, 1 ♂ (UFMG 16754); Santarem, Alter do Chão, [– 2.50301 °, – 54.95473 °], B Ferreira leg., 15. vii. 2007, 1 ♂ (MPEG 210), 3 ♂ 1 ♀ (MPEG 208), 11. vii. 2007, 1 ♀ (MPEG 211), 15. vii. 2007, 1 ♂ 3 ♀ (MPEG 216), 1 ♂ (MPEG 209), 11. vii. 2007, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MPEG 212), 27. vii. 2007, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MPEG 213), E Borari leg., 26. vi. 2007, (post-fire material) 1 ♂ (MPEG 214); Belèm, Ilha de Cotijuba, RF Silva leg., 26. vi. 1977, (post-fire material) 6 ♂ 4 ♀ (MPEG 1935); Vigia, Sitio Malu, W França & RB Neto leg., 23. ix. 1982, (post-fire material) 7 ♂ 3 ♀ (MPEG 2075), (post-fire material) 6 ♂ 5 ♀ (MPEG 2076), (post-fire material) 2 ♂ 9 ♀ (MPEG 2077), (post-fire material) 2 ♂ 8 ♀ (MPEG 2078), (post-fire material) 6 ♂ 5 ♀ (MPEG 2079), (post-fire material) 8 ♂ 3 ♀ (MPEG 2080), (post-fire material) 2 ♂ 9 ♀ (MPEG 2081). Diagnosis: Differs from its congeners by having: (1) spots of DS concentrated in marginal laterals as a solid reticulated pattern, sometimes reduced to the carapace, always without incurrence into areas of mesotergum (Fig. 54 D – G); (2) VP of the penis rectangular long wider at the apical margin (Fig. 55 A, C); (3) basal lateral margins without MS, MS-A located at the middle part instead of basal (Fig. 55 A – C); and (4) ventral side with ms restricted to two lateral thin stripes (Fig. 55 B – D). Differs from G. dimorpha by having long spines in area III instead of low spines (Fig. 54 B). Distribution: Lower Amazon in Pará and Amazonas States of Brazil ecoregions: Tocantins / Pindaré moist forest, Xingu-Tocantins-Araguaia moist forest, Marajó várzea, Madeira-Tapajós moist forest and Uatumã- Trombetas moist forest (Fig. 48). Description of male UFMG 9388 (with extra figures from other specimens): Measurements: CL: 1.90, CW: 2.49, AL: 3.12, AW: 3.93, IOD: 0.67, FeIV: 20.18. Dorsum (Fig. 54). DS beta-type with attenuate constrictions. Area I with low tubercles and area III with long spines. Dorsal scutum in lateral view rising steadily from posterior and anterior borders to area III where it is the highest height. No grooves present on scutum, thus scutal areas only inferred by granulation pattern. Anterior edge of dorsal scutum with protoglyphs slightly concave with lateral triangular borders. Ocularium low; with a few granules near the eyes. Posterior border and free tergites each containing a transverse row of minute granules, anal operculum with scattered granules. Coda reduced. Venter. Coxae I – III triangular, transverse to main body axis, each with a longitudinal row of granules. Coxae II – IV connected by tubercular bridges. Coxa IV pentagonal, greatly developed, oriented obliquely, but almost parallel to the body axis. Stigmatic area T-shaped with stigmata large, unconcealed. Free sternites each with a row of granules. Chelicerae (Fig. 55 F, G). Hand not swollen. Basichelicerite short, with well-marked bulla and uniformly tuberculated dorsally. Meso-distal corner of bulla with one setiferous tubercle larger than dorsal ones. Posterior and ectal margins of bulla fringed with several tubercles. Movable finger of cheliceral hand with eight rounded tubercles. Fixed finger with four triangular tubercles triangular of different sizes. Pedipalps (Fig. 55 H, I). Elongate trochanter, foliaceus femur; convex dorsally, with a dorsal row of four setiferous tubercles and a ventral row of 15 setiferous tubercles. Tibia only slightly convex in ectal border, with one lateral row of setae in each side, distalmost setae of each side larger than others. Tarsus conical, with scattered dorsal setae and three well-marked ventral rows of subequal setae, prolatero-ventral row with two larger setae, one apical and one median region. Legs (Figs 54, 55 E). Long and unarmed legs, femora straight. Coxa IV convex in dorsal view with few apical granules, no clavi inguines (also known as groin warts). Pectinate claws in legs II and IV in two rows. Tarsal counts: 9, 19 / 20, 10 / 11, 12 / 13 (from Roewer, 1947). Colour (in alcohol, Fig. 54 A – C). Dorsal scutum, coxae, pedipalpi and chelicerae. deep reddish-brown (41). DS with two reticulate stripes in lateral margins pale greenish-yellow (104), this pattern is present also in posterior margin and free tergites. Appendages podomeres (except coxae) strong yellow (84). Penis (Fig. 55 A – D). Ventral plate rectangular elongate with distal margin convex. Sub-distal lateral margin of VP with three pairs of MS-C, large, curve and flattened. Two pairs of MS-D located in apical half of VP, MS-D 1 twice longer than MS-D 2 and closer to MS-C 2, both MS-D straight and conical. Two pairs of MS-A in the median region in VP, straight, conical and as long as MS-D 1. Two pairs of MS-E in apical portion of latero-ventral surface and one pair of MS-B in the basal portion of ventral surface of VP. Ventral surface with two lateral thin stripes composed with microsetae type 4 (T 4) surrounding MS-B and MS-E, not occupying truncus. Glans with rounded dorsal process, stylus with a large wattle with an extended serrate part and without stylar barbs. Variation. Spot pattern in DS goes from a well filled form as in Fig. 54 D to a reduced form as in Fig. 54 G. Variation of colour was also shown by Koch (1840: figs 589 – 590) illustrating both different tones and different patterns of spots. Tarsal count varies as follows: leg 1 = 8 – 9, leg 2 = 19 – 21, leg 3 = 10 – 11, leg 4 = 10 – 14. It is possible to differentiate two types of males: (1) major forms, with long tibiae and short metatarsi and (2) minor forms, with shorter tibiae and longer metatarsi, more similar to females. This can be seen in Fig. 50 D – H for G. dimorpha.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFFEFF91FF46F9BAFA312275.taxon	description	(FIGS 48, 56)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFFEFF91FF46F9BAFA312275.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Syntypes: Argentina. Buenos Aires: Bahia Blanca [– 38.67581 °, – 62.22026 °], 2 ♀ (SMF RI, examined by photograph). Distribution: Only known from type locality reported by Roewer (1915), which is in Humid Pampas ecoregion in Bahia Blanca, Argentina (Fig. 48). This locality is probably incorrect and maybe the material used by Roewer was sent from the ancient port of Bahia Blanca and that is why it is on the label (Fig. 56 C), but collected somewhere else. Remarks: Although this species was not used as a terminal in the present analysis, examination of photographs of type of this species – in an advanced stage of this project – allows us to recognize it as a member of Gryne [and not Paecilaema, as diagnosed in Kury & Medrano (2018)]. However, the photographs (Fig. 56) do not allow us to detect a possible synonymy with any member of Gryne. The only species of Gryne occurring in Argentina is G. orensis. Ringuelet (1959) examined type material of both G. orensis (described by him as P. neglectum and here considered a junior synonym) and P. marmorata and did not recognize such similarity as to consider them the same species.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFFEFF94FC59FCFEFC4224D4.taxon	description	(FIGS 2 E – G, 48, 57, 58)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFFEFF94FC59FCFEFC4224D4.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Syntypes: Argentina. Formosa: Riacho del Oro, [– 25.21667 °, – 57.75 °], 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (ZMUC, examined by photograph). Holotypes: Argentina: Chaco, Colonia Benítez [– 27.33756 °, W 58.95706 °], A Frers leg., 6. viii. 1915, 1 ♂ (MACN 4520, holotype of G. angustipes, not examined); Santa Fé, Zotta & Carcelles leg., 18. viii. 1930, 1 ♂ (MACN 4521, holotype of P. neglectum, not examined), Paratypes: Argentina: Chaco, Colonia Benítez [– 27.33756 °, – 58.95706 °], A Frers leg., 6. viii. 1915, 1 ♀ (MACN 4520, paratypes of G. angustipes, not examined); Santa Fe, Zotta & Carcelles leg., 18. viii. 1930, 1 ♀ (MACN 4521, paratype of P. neglectum, not examined). Non-type material examined: Argentina. Santa Fé: [– 31.610051 °, – 60.696051 °], Mello-Leitão leg., 1 ♂ (MNRJ 1380); 2 ♂ 3 ♀ (MNRJ 1381). Brazil. São Paulo: Pirassununga, Campus da USP, [– 21.958615 °, – 47.466641 °], S. García leg., x / 2016, 2 ♀ (MNRJ 9330); Águas de Santa Bárbara, Estação ecológica Santa Bárbara, [– 22.8958 °, – 49.234883 °, 639 m], xi / 2016, 2 ♀ (MNRJ 9331); Castilho, No Rio Paraná, [– 20.847066 °, – 51.615127 °, 269 m), 30. xi. 1964, 1 ♂ 2 ♀ (MZUSP 16780). Mato Grosso do Sul: Brasilandia, Fazenda Barino, [– 21.232037 °, – 51.919651 °, 267 m), AF Bedá & JO Silva leg., 20. ii. 1993, 2 ♂ 1 ♀ (MZUSP 17456). Paraguay. Central: Colônia Thompson, 20 km ao sul de Asunción, [– 25.459801 °, – 57.511398 °), 10. xii. 1979, dead leaves and rotten wood, 3 ♀ (MNRJ-HS 818); Corumbá: Rio Paraguai, sede do Inst Amolar, [– 18.16272 °, – 57.37408 °, 90 m), AB Kury leg., 10. ii. 2019, (post-fire material) 3 ♂ (MNRJ 60503); [– 18.78745 °, – 55.92538 °, 93 m), 9. ii. 2019, (post-fire material) 5 ♂ 5 ♀ (MNRJ 60505). Paraguarí: Sapucai [– 25.65767 °, – 56.93975 °, 260 m], (post-fire material) 3 ♂ 5 ♀ (USNMENT 1538076), (post-fire material) 1 ♂ 3 ♀ (USNMENT 1538077), (post-fire material) 2 ♂ (USNMENT 1538078). Records: Argentina, Buenos Aires, Bahía Blanca. Chaco, Colonia Benítez; Picada Guaycurú; Resistencia; Riacho del Oro. Corrientes, Mburucuyá. Formosa, Formosa; Pirané. Santa Fe, Reconquista; Santa Fe. Brazil, Amazonas, Cavalo Cocho. Bahia, Mato Grosso [do Sul], Corumbá: Carandazinho. Pará, Cametá at Tocantins River. Paraguay, Assunción; Central: Colonia Thompson, 20 km S Asunción; Concepción: Colonia Sergente José E. López; Estancia Postillon, near Puerto Max; Colonia Risso, Apa River; San Joaquin; San Pedro; Villa Rica (Roewer, 1912; 1923; 1925; 1928; Mello-Leitão, 1931; Sørensen in Henriksen, 1932; Ringuelet, 1959; Valentinis de Martínez, 1974; Soares & Soares, 1985). Diagnosis: Differs from its congeners by having the reticular pattern of spots in DS more marked in ears of chevron, omega stripe and backbone [see Kury & Medrano (2018) for spots terminology]. Spots proximal to the sulcus of mesotergum, not occupying the central region of each area (Fig. 57 A). Distribution: (1) Dry Chaco, Parana flooded savanna and Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna in Argentina; (2) Humid chaco in Argentina and Paraguay; (3) Alto Paraná Atlantic forest in Paraguay and Brazil; and (4) Cerrado in Paraguay. Records of G. orensis available from Acosta & Vergara (2013) were also included in the map (Fig. 48). Description of male USNMENT 01538077 (with extra figures from other specimens): Measurements: CL: 1.79, CW: 2.68, AL: 3.28, AW: 4.43, IOD: 0.67, FeIV: 17.26. Dorsum (Fig. 57). DS beta-type with attenuate constrictions. Area I with low tubercles and area III with long spines. Dorsal scutum in lateral view rising steadily from posterior and anterior borders to area III where it reaches the highest height. Scutal grooves perceptibles by coloration pattern more marked on them. Anterior edge of dorsal scutum with protoglyphs slightly concave with lateral triangular borders. Ocularium low; with a few granules near the eyes. Posterior border and free tergites each containing a transverse row of minute granules, anal operculum with scattered granules. Coda reduced. Venter. Coxae I – III triangular, transverse to main body axis. Coxae II – IV connected by tubercular bridges. Coxae I – II with a longitudinal row of granules. Coxa IV pentagonal, greatly developed, oriented obliquely, but almost parallel to the body axis. Stigmatic area T-shaped with stigmata large, unconcealed. Free sternites each with a row of granules. Chelicerae (Fig. 58 D, E). Hand not swollen. Basichelicerite short, with well-marked bulla and uniformly tuberculated dorsally. Meso-distal corner of bulla with one setiferous tubercle larger than dorsal ones. Posterior and ectal margins of bulla fringed with several tubercles. Movable finger of cheliceral hand with ten rounded tubercles. Fixed finger with seven triangular tubercles. Pedipalps (Fig. 58 H, I). Elongate trochanter, foliaceus femur; convex dorsally, with a dorsal row of four fused setiferous tubercles and a ventral row of 14 setiferous tubercles. Tibia only slightly convex in ectal border, with one lateral row of setae in each side, distalmost setae of each side larger than others. Tarsus conical, with scattered dorsal setae and three well-marked ventral rows of subequal setae, prolateroventral row with two larger setae, one apical and one one median region. Legs (Fig. 57). Long and unarmed legs, femora straight. Coxa IV convex in dorsal view with few apical granules, no clavi inguines. Pectinate claws in legs II and IV in two rows. Tarsal counts: 7, 13, 9, 9 (Sørensen, 1879). Colour (in alcohol, Fig. 57). Dorsal scutum, coxae, pedipalpi and chelicerae deep orange-brown (69). DS with reticulate pattern pale greenish-yellow (104) more marked as omega stripe, backbone and chevron. Appendages podomeres (except coxae) strong yellow (84). Penis (Fig. 58 A – C). Ventral plate short trapezoidal, wider at the base, with straight distal margin. Subdistal lateral margin of VP with three pairs of MS-C, large, curve and flattened. Two pairs of MS-D located in apical half of VP, MS-D 1 twice longer than MS-D 2 and closer to MS-C 2, both MS-D straight and conical. Two pairs of MS-A in the median region in VP, straight, conical and as long as MS-D 1. Two pairs of MS-E in apical portion of latero-ventral surface and one pair of MS-B in the basal portion of ventral surface of VP. Ventral surface with two lateral thick stripes composed with microsetae type 4 (T 4) surrounding MS-B and MS-E, not occupying truncus. Glans with rounded dorsal process, stylus with a large wattle with an extended serrate part and without stylar barbs. Variation. Males with enlarged BaTa in leg I. It is possible to differentiate two types of males: (1) major forms, with long tibiae and short metatarsi and (2) minor forms, with shorter tibiae and longer metatarsi, more similar to females. This can be seen in Figs 50 D – H for G. dimorpha.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFFBFF95FC65FA5EFCA3233C.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The genus name honours the prominent Brazilian anthropologist Edgar Roquette-Pinto (1884 – 1954), who was a colleague of Mello-Leitão in the Museu Nacional and eventually director of that institution. Gender feminine. Diagnosis: See Medrano & Kury (2018). Included species: Roquettea andina (Roewer, 1947) comb. nov., R. bubalina Medrano & Kury, 2018, R. carajas Kury & Ferreira 2012, R. decioi Kury 2013, R. jalapensis Ferreira & Kury, 2010, R. peba Kury & Ferreira 2012, R. scrotalis Ferreira & Kury, 2010, R. singularis Mello-Leitão, 1931, R. taurina Ferreira & Kury, 2010 and R. troguloides Medrano & Kury, 2018.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFFAFF95FF49FD3DFBCE2211.taxon	description	(FIG. 59)	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFFAFF95FF49FD3DFBCE2211.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype: Venezuela. [Aragua]: Maracay, 1 ♀ (SMF RII 5873 / 10, examined by photograph).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFFAFF95FF49FD3DFBCE2211.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Although females of R. peba and R, scrotalis are not known, the colour pattern of the males shows the occurrence of yellow spots in areas of mesotergum and even the carapace. Female of R. andina comb. nov. differs from its congeners by having: mesotergum almost deprived of yellow spots and ornamentation of area I extremely reduced / inconspicuous (Fig. 59 A, B).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFFAFF95FF49FD3DFBCE2211.taxon	distribution	Distribution: There is no record to date of one species similar to Roquettea andina from Maracay (Venezuela). We do not have any evidence that this locality is mistaken. However, a significant similarity with other females of Roquettea is evident and the present analysis retrieved it nested in a clade with them. Roquettea was recently revised and its distribution seems to be restricted almost uniquely to the Basin of Tocantins River, in lower Brazil (Medrano & Kury, 2018), the closest point of a Roquettea species to Maracay is near 2000 km, whereby we suspected a spelling error in the original label (Fig. 59 C). A recent visit to MPEG by the first author allowed identification of a hitherto ‘ undescribed’ species from Ilha de Marajó (with spelling suspiciously similar to Maracay) that possesses the same pattern of coloration as G. andina, but we do not have access to this material at the present time. Future investigations will allow us to determine if they are, in fact, specimens of the same species.	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
03CA878CFFFAFF95FF49FD3DFBCE2211.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The genus was recently revised and a cladistic analysis tested and corroborated the monophyly of Roquettea. The inclusion of Gryne andina as a member of Roquettea does not require the modification of the diagnosis of the genus. On the other hand, the female specimen used by Roewer in the description may be identified as a member of Roquettea by external morphology and by having the same colour pattern of small spots absent from part of mesotergum and from fenestra posterior (Fig. 59).	en	Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante, Mendes, Amanda Cruz (2022): Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 585-672, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab043
