identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E417E526B158A93EFF6CFAAC09FF9158.text	E417E526B158A93EFF6CFAAC09FF9158.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Genus Cassida Linnaeus, 1758</p> <p>Cassida Linnaeus, 1758: 362 (type species: Cassida nebulosa Linnaeus, 1758, designated by Spaeth, 1914 b: 92); Chapuis, 1875: 388; Spaeth, 1914 b: 92; Gressitt, 1952: 484; Hincks, 1952: 339; Gressitt &amp; Kimoto, 1963: 963; Brovdii, 1983: 74; Lopatin &amp; Kulenova, 1986: 180; Chen et al., 1986: 456, 472; Gruev &amp; Tomov, 1986: 344; Riley, 1986: 102; Borowiec, 1990 b: 4, 1994 a: 17, 1999 a: 234.</p> <p>Deloyala Redtenbacher, 1858: 952 (type species: Cassida seraphina Ménétries, 1836, designated by Hincks, 1950: 508); Spaeth, 1914 b: 93, not Deloyala Duponchel &amp; Chevrolat, 1843. Palearctic Region.</p> <p>Cassidula Weise, 1889: 260 (type species: Cassida nobilis Linnaeus, 1758, designated by Hincks, 1952: 339); Spaeth, 1914 b: 97, not Cassidula de Blainville, 1830. Palearctic Region.</p> <p>Pseudocassida Desbrochers, 1891: 15 (as subgenus, type species: Cassida murraea Linnaeus, 1768, by monotypy); Hincks, 1952: 339; Seeno &amp; Wilcox, 1982: 177, subgenus. Palearctic Region.</p> <p>Mionycha Weise, 1891: 204 (type species: Cassida azurea Fabricius, 1801, by monotypy); Spaeth, 1914 b: 95; Gressitt, 1952: 503; Hincks, 1952: 339; Seeno &amp; Wilcox, 1982: 177; Brovdii, 1983: 90; Chen et al., 1986: 468, subgenus. Palearctic Region.</p> <p>Odontionycha Weise, 1891: 204 (type species: Cassida viridis Linnaeus, 1758, designated by Hincks, 1952: 339); Spaeth, 1914 b: 93; Gressitt, 1952: 521; Hincks, 1952: 339; Seeno &amp; Wilcox, 1982: 177; Brovdii, 1983: 84; Chen et al., 1986: 457, subgenus. Palearctic Region.</p> <p>Crepidaspis Spaeth, 1912 b: 119 (type species: Crepidaspis varicornis Spaeth, 1912, by monotypy), 1914 b: 129; Hincks, 1952: 340 (as syn. of Thlaspidosoma Spaeth, 1901); Seeno &amp; Wilcox, 1982: 177 (in syn. of Thlaspidosoma); Borowiec, 1990: 4 (as subgenus of Cassida). Oriental Region.</p> <p>Taiwania Spaeth, 1913: 47 (type species: Taiwania sauteri Spaeth, 1913, by monotypy), 1914 b: 144; Gressitt, 1952: 486 (as subgenus); Hincks, 1952: 339 (as subgenus); Seeno &amp; Wilcox, 1982: 177 (as genus); Chen et al., 1986: 490, 504 (as genus); Borowiec, 1990: 4 (as syn. of Crepidaspis). Oriental Region.</p> <p>Eremocassis Spaeth in Spaeth and Reitter, 1926: 15 (type species: Eremocassis transcaspica Spaeth, 1926, by monotypy); Hincks, 1952: 338; Lopatin, 1977: 247; Seeno &amp; Wilcox, 1982: 176; Lopatin &amp; Kulenova, 1986: 178; Borowiec, 1994 b: 157 (as syn. of Tylocentra Reitter, 1926). Palearctic Region.</p> <p>Lordicassis Reitter in Spaeth &amp; Reitter, 1926: 23, 27 (type species: Cassida undecimnotata Gebler, 1841, by monotypy); Hincks, 1952: 339; Seeno &amp; Wilcox, 1982: 177; Chen et al., 1986: 462, subgenus. Palearctic Region.</p> <p>Tylocentra Reitter in Spaeth &amp; Reitter, 1926: 24, 57 (type species: Cassida turcmenica Weise, 1892, designated by Hincks, 1952: 339); Gressitt, 1952: 525; Hincks, 1952: 339; Seeno &amp; Wilcox, 1982: 177; Medvedev, 1982: 286 (as genus); Chen et al., 1986: 469, subgenus. Palearctic Region.</p> <p>Lordiconia Reitter in Spaeth &amp; Reitter, 1926: 23, 26 (type species: Cassida canaliculata Laicharting, 1781, by monotypy); Hincks, 1952: 339; Seeno &amp; Wilcox, 1982: 177; Brovdii, 1983: 82, subgenus. Palearctic Region.</p> <p>Onychocassis Spaeth in Spaeth &amp; Reitter, 1926: 23, 26 (type species: Cassida brevis Weise, 1884, designated by Hincks, 1952: 339); Hincks, 1952: 339; Seeno &amp; Wilcox, 1982: 177, subgenus. Palearctic Region.</p> <p>Cassidulella Strand, 1928: 2 (new name for Cassidula Weise, 1889 not de Blainville, 1830; type species: Cassida nobilis Linnaeus, 1758, designated by Hincks, 1952: 339); Gressitt, 1952: 523; Hincks, 1952: 339; Seeno &amp; Wilcox, 1982: 177; Brovdii, 1983: 156; Chen et al., 1986: 464, subgenus. Palearctic Region.</p> <p>Alledoya Hincks, 1950: 508 (new name for Deloyala Redtenbacher, 1858 not Duponchel and Chevrolat, 1843; type species: Cassida seraphina Ménétries, 1836, designated by Hincks, 1950: 508), 1952: 339; Seeno &amp; Wilcox, 1982: 177; Lopatin &amp; Kulenova, 1986: 186 (as genus); Chen et al., 1986: 547 (as genus). Palearctic Region.</p> <p>Mionychella Spaeth in Hincks, 1952: 346 (type species: Cassida hemisphaerica Herbst, 1799, by monotypy); Hincks, 1952: 339; Seeno &amp; Wilcox, 1982: 177; Brovdii, 1983: 88, subgenus. Palearctic Region.</p> <p>Lasiocassis Gressitt, 1952: 485 (new name for Deloyala Redtenbacher, 1858 not Duponchel &amp; Chevrolat, 1843; type species: Cassida vespertina Boheman, 1862), proposed as subgenus. Palearctic Region.</p> <p>Cyclocassida Chen &amp; Zia, 1961: 442 (type species: Taiwania (Cyclocassida) variabilis Chen &amp; Zia, 1961, by original designation), proposed as subgenus of Taiwania; Seeno &amp; Wilcox, 1982: 177 (as subgenus of Taiwania); Chen &amp; al., 1986: 491 (as subgenus of Taiwania); Borowiec, 1990: 4 (as syn. of Crepidaspis). Oriental Region.</p> <p>Yunocassis Chen &amp; Zia, 1961: 442 (type species: Cassida appluda Spaeth, 1926, by original designation), proposed as subgenus of Taiwania; Seeno &amp; Wilcox, 1982: 177 (as subgenus of Taiwania); Chen &amp; al., 1986: 500 (as subgenus of Taiwania); Borowiec, 1990: 4 (as syn. of Crepidaspis). Oriental Region.</p> <p>Cyrtonocassis Chen &amp; Zia, 1961: 446 (type species: Cyrtonocassis tumidicollis Chen &amp; Zia, 1961, by original designation); Seeno &amp; Wilcox, 1982: 177 (as genus); Chen &amp; al., 1986: 546 (as subgenus of Taiwania), subgenus. Oriental Region.</p> <p>Dolichocassida Günther, 1958: 568 (type species: Cassida pusilla Waltl, 1839 = Dolichocassida veselyi Günther, 1958, by monotypy); Seeno &amp; Wilcox, 1982: 177, subgenus. Palearctic Region.</p> <p>Pseudocassis Steinhausen, 2002: 24 (type species: Cassida flaveola Thunberg, 1794, by original designation), subgenus. Palearctic Region.</p> <p>Betacassida Steinhausen, 2002: 26 (type species: Cassida nebulosa Linnaeus, 1758, by original designation), proposed as subgenus, objective synonym of Cassida Linnaeus, 1758. Palearctic Region.</p> <p>Coptocycla auct., part; Spaeth, 1914 b: 130, part (Old World species).</p> <p>Metriona auct., part; Spaeth, 1914 b: 136, part (Old World species).</p> <p>Description. Very heterogenous genus. Length from 2.5 to 11.6 mm, body varying from parallel sided to circular, from depressed to strongly convex, without or with postscutellar gibbosity or angulation, rarely with conical postscutellar tubercle. Base of elytra not to distinctly wider than pronotum. Pronotal sides from angulate to rounded, usually without distinct basal corners, occasionally with basal corners protruding posterad, disc of pronotum more or less bordered from explanate margin, surface of disc from smooth and shiny to distinctly punctate, or with granulate or striate sculpture with shiny, or microreticulate, dull background. Explanate margin of pronotum from narrow to very broad, from smooth to distinctly punctate or sculptured, often transparent with honeycomb structure. Scutellum more or less triangular, always well visible. Punctation of elytral disc from regular to completely irregular, intervals, if present, or interspaces with surface from smooth and shiny or microreticulate to punctate, dull. Explanate margin of elytra from strongly declivous to subhorizontal, from very narrow to very broad, with surface from smooth and shiny to punctate or sculptured with microreticulate and dull interspaces, often transparent with honeycomb structure. Clypeus from narrow to broad, usually flat to slightly convex, occasionally with distinct apical angulation. Clypeal grooves usually faint, sometimes deep, complete, converging in triangle or arch, or more or less shortened and visible only at base of clypeus. Surface of clypeal plate from smooth and shiny to punctate, or microreticulate and dull. Antennae from short to moderately long, the third antennomere usually longer than the second. Venter of pronotum without antennal grooves along sides of head at most with shallow channels. Sides of prosternal collar without excavation. Prosternal process usually narrow but more or less expanded apically, with or without median channel, its surface from smooth and shiny to punctate or sculptured, especially expanded part with more or less developed sculpture. Meso- and metathorax without gibbosities or angulations. Legs short, last segment of tarsi not or insignificantly longer than third segment, tarsomeres usually with distinct, hairy sole. Claws from simple to appendiculate, often apparently appendiculate due to distally projecting flanks of claw segments.</p> <p>Diversity. With 458 described species it is the most speciose and most diverse genus in the subfamily Cassidinae. It is distributed in almost the entire Old World (except New Zealand) but with only one native species in North America. Such a large genus is difficult to characterize with a short diagnosis. Several subgenera have been proposed for the genus Cassida but exclusively for Palearctic and Oriental taxa. Borowiec (2007) discussed all subgeneric names described in the genus Cassida and proposed rejection of all names. He proposed grouping species into morphologically similar species-groups, not necessarily monophyletic but practical in identifying and creating comparative diagnoses that allow easier understanding of the species richness of this large genus. Below, based on morphology, we propose the following species groups for African members of the genus Cassida:</p> <p>Cassida aethiopica species-group: Cassida aethiopica Boheman, 1854 and C. amorifica Boheman, 1862 — small species, length below 6 mm, body elongate oval; pronotal and elytral disc yellow with black pattern, explanate margin always yellow, ventrites usually partly brown to black, only the palest specimens completely yellow; pronotum elliptical, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners, surface of disc with very fine and sparse punctation; elytral punctation arranged in regular rows, but regularity of rows sometimes disturbed by yellow relief, disc without special sculpture, sometimes yellow parts sligthly elevated foms a relief but elytra in profile depressed, without hump or H-shaped postscutellar elevation; explanate margin narrow, moderately to strongly declivous, with fine and very dense punctation; claws simple.</p> <p>Cassida andreinii species-group: Cassida andreinii Spaeth, 1933 and Cassida heroni sp. nov. —small cassids, length below 4.6 mm; dorsum predominantly green to yellow, at most with small patches in postscutellar point, behind humeral callus and in posterolateral part of disc, ventrites yellow; body oval to broadly-oval; pronotum elliptical, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners; base of elytra not or only slightly wider than pronotum, disc regularly convex, without hump, at most with short transverse fold in postscutellar point, elytral rows regular; explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, surface with shallow but coarse and moderately dense punctation, appears more or less irregular; claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Cassida coagulata species-group: Cassida coagulata Boheman, 1854 and C. irrorata Weise, 1898 —large, length above 6.4 mm; body strongly convex, hemispherical to cylindrical; colour from yellowish brown to brown, elytra with dark brown to black pattern of small spots; pronotum broadly rounded on sides without basal corners, pronotal disc impunctate, at most with fine pricks; base of elytra not or only slightly wider than pronotum, surface of elytra with hardly marked postscutellar H-shaped elevation, without postscutellar hump, elytral sculpture hardly marked of partly elevated intervals on top of elytra, elytral rows regular, only slightly disturbed by elytral sculpture, explanate margin of elytra narrow, strongly declivous; claws simple.</p> <p>Cassida flavosignata species-group: Cassida benguelica Spaeth, 1933, Cassida flavosignata Spaeth, 1932 and C. leleupi sp. nov. —small species, length below 5 mm; pronotal and elytral disc mostly black with yellow pattern of numerous spots, sometimes posterior spots marked with pink to red, explanate margins and ventrites always yellow; body short-oval to almost circular; pronotum elliptical, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners; base of elytra distinctly wider than pronotum, disc slightly, regularly convex, without hump, without H-shaped elevation, only yellow spots more or less elevated, elytral rows regular but regularity disturbed by elevated yellow spots; explanate margin broad, only slightly declivous, shallowly and densely punctate, appears slightly irregular; claws simple or with moderate basal tooth.</p> <p>Cassida lacrymosa species-group: Cassida bamendana sp. nov., C. callosicollis Spaeth, 1926, C. camerunensis (Spaeth, 1903), C. delenifica Boheman, 1862, C. depicta Boheman, 1862, C. elgonensis sp. nov., Cassida eluta Boheman, 1862, C. fuscosignata Boheman, 1854, C. humerosa Spaeth, 1902, C. innotata Boheman, 1854, C. lacrymosa Boheman, 1854, C. namibiensis Borowiec, 2005, C. natalensis Spaeth, 1932, C. irregularis Boheman, 1854, C. ghesquieri Spaeth, 1943, C. schoutedeni Spaeth, 1932, C. setosa Chapuis, 1880, C. spartea Shaw, 1961 and C. sparteiformis sp. nov. —small to moderate species, length below 5.9 mm; colouration varies within and between species, from uniformly yellow to maculate, with reddish, brown, black pattern, or disc of elytra black with yellow relief spots, in extreme case entire pronotal and elytral disc black, ventrites from uniformly yellow to mostly black; base of elytra slightly to moderately wider than pronotum, disc from slightly depressed to slightly convex, without hump, but with more or less marked H-shaped elevation, punctation coarse and dense, mostly regular, sometimes regularity disturbed by elytral relief, intervals narrow, often linear, usually inner intervals slightly elevated, in species with black and yellow pattern yellow spots elevated, form a relief; claws variable, from simple to simple but appearing slightly appendiculate due to distally projecting flanks of last tarsal segment or with distinct basal tooth. This group is close to several species of Cassida described from the Oriental Region in the genus Taiwania Spaeth, 1913 (sensu Chen et al. 1986 and Chen &amp; Zia 1961). Borowiec (1990) synonymized the genus Taiwania Spaeth, 1913 with the genus Crepidaspis Spaeth, 1912 (included only species close to Taiwania sauteri Spaeth, 1913 —the type species for the genus Taiwania) and later (Borowiec 2007) proposed to treat all species from the Taiwania circle (including Taiwania s. str., Crepidaspis Spaeth, 1912, Cyclocassida Chen &amp; Zia, 1961 and Yunocassis Chen &amp; Zia, 1961) as only single species-group within the large and heterogenous genus Cassida.</p> <p>Cassida litigiosa species-group: Cassida chrysanthemoides Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001, C. cordula Boheman, 1854, C. distinguenda Spaeth,1928, C. diversepunctata Borowiec&amp;Świętojańska,2001, C. foveolatipennis Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001, C. limpopoana Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001, Cassida litigiosa Boheman, 1854, C. lycii Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001, C. melanophthalma Boheman, 1854, C. oxylepiformis sp. nov., C. pudens Boheman, 1854, C. reticulipennis Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001, C. spatiosa Spaeth, 1928, C. spatiosiformis Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001 and C. wittmeri sp. nov. — small to medium-sized cassids up to 6.8 mm in length; dorsal colouration uniformly green or yellow or occasionally green with small yellow spots, ventrites uniformly yellow; body from elongate-oval to almost circular, elytra always regularly convex or slightly depressed with no tubercles or impressions; elytral punctation always irregular but with distinct and regular marginal row, explanate margin of elytra indistinctly bordered from disc, strongly to moderately declivous, never horizontal, punctate. This group is restricted to the southern Africa, the northern most distributed species is known from Malawi, most of them are restricted to the Cape Province of the Republic of South Africa and Namibia.</p> <p>Cassida sphaerula species-group: Cassida guttipennis Boheman, 1862, C. quatuordecimsignata Spaeth, 1899, C. sphaerula Boheman, 1854 and C. vespertilio Boheman, 1862, small species, length below 5.6 mm—pronotum usually yellow, only in the darkest forms mostly black, elytral disc usually with black pattern of small spots, sometimes also stripes along sides, explanate margin of elytra yellow or partly black; pronotal sides subangulate to narrowly rounded, no basal corners; base of elytra not to moderately wider than pronotum; elytral disc regularly convex, without hump, without H-shaped elevation; elytral rows regular; explanate margin narrow to moderately broad; claws simple; associated with Asteracae plants; distribution restricted to South Africa.</p> <p>Cassida successiva species-group: Cassida stipidosa sp. nov. and C. successiva Spaeth, 1924 —small species, length below 4.8 mm; dorsum yellow, pronotum at most with small brown spot in front of scutellum, elytra with brown to black pattern limited to punctures or at most punctures and areolae around punctures, no spots or reticulate pattern, ventrites partly brown to black; pronotum elliptical, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners; base of elytra moderately to distinctly wider than pronotum, rows of punctures partly regular, party irregular, regularity disturbed by elytral sculpture; postscutellar H-shaped elevation distinctly marked, intervals on top of elytra more or less elevated but surface of elytra appears regular; claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Cassida sulphurago species-group: Cassida imitatrix Spaeth, 1916, C. sulphurago Boheman, 1854 and C. sulphurea Boheman, 1854 —body moderately large to large, length 5.0–7.5 mm; dorsum and ventrites always uniformly yellow; pronotum narrowly to broadly rounded on sides without basal corners, surface of disc shiny, top of disc and sides with fine and sparse punctation; base of elytra moderately to distinctly wider than pronotum, rows of punctures completely regular, sculpture absent or indistinct, limited to slightly elevated intervals on top of disc; claws with or without basal tooth.</p> <p>Cassida tosta species-group: Cassida altiuscula Spaeth, 1916, C. inaequalis Thomson, 1858, C. overlaeti sp. nov. and C. tosta Klug, 1835 —body large, length always above 6.5 mm, usually above 7.0 mm; colour dark, red to black including explanate margin; pronotum broadly rounded on sides without basal corners, pronotal disc impunctate; base of elytra distinctly wider than pronotum, surface of elytra with strong sculpture of folds, tubercles and ridges, postscutellar hump always well marked, regularity of elytral rows disturbed by sculpture; claws simple but with widened base.</p> <p>Cassida troglodytes species-group: Cassida satanas sp. nov. and C. troglodytes Boheman, 1854 —small species, length below 4.6 mm; body colouration variable, dorsum from uniformly yellow to mostly black, often mostly purple - red, postscutellar elevation often with dark spot, sometimes posterior part of elytral disc with few very small dark spots, explanate margins from uniformly yellow or purple - red to mostly black with yellow spots, ventrites from mostly yellow to mostly black; body almost circular; pronotum with subangulate to angulate sides but without basal corners; base of elytra as wide as pronotum, disc convex, with well marked postscutellar hump, more or less distinct H-shaped elevation and slightly elevated inner intervals, elytral rows regular but regularity slightly disturbed by elytral sculpture; explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, shallowly and densely punctate, appears slightly irregular; claws simple.</p> <p>Cassida turcmenica species-group: Cassida pellegrini Marseul, 1868 and C. rothschildi Spaeth, 1922 —small species, length below 5.3 mm; body strongly convex, subtriangular in outline, with highest point in the postscutellar area but without hump; dorsal colour mostly to completely green or yellow, pattern, if present, reddish forms small spot in postscutellar point, sometimes also base of elytra with few small reddish spots, occasionally suture behind postscutellar point with very small reddish spots or only sutural elevation marked with red, ventrites yellow; pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, sides subangulate to angulate, pronotal disc distinctly punctate; base of elytra only slightly wider than pronotum, surface of elytra without postscutellar H-shaped elevation, elytral rows completely regular, intervals flat wider than rows, explanate margin of elytra narrow, strongly declivous; claws simple. Species from this group in former classification belong to the subgenus Tylocentra Reitter, 1926. The group comprises several Palaearctic species associated with desert habitats and plants of the genus Lycium L. (Solanaceae).</p> <p>Cassida unimaculata species-group: Cassida drakensbergensis Borowiec, 2005 C. emontinensis sp. nov. and C. unimaculata Boheman, 1854 —moderately sized species, length 5.2–6.2 mm; dorsal colouration yellow, dark pattern limited to a small spot or stripe in postscutellar point, sometimes part of elytral punctures with dark centre, ventrites yellow; pronotum elliptical, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners; base of elytra slightly wider than pronotum; body almost circular in outline; elytra strongly convex with peak of convexity in postscutellar area but without hump and without special sculpture, surface of elytra completely regular; elytral punctation always regular; claws simple. The group is restricted to southern Africa.</p> <p>Cassida viridipennis species-group: Cassida devylderi Spaeth, 1928, C. franklinmuelleri Spaeth, 1925, C. granula Boheman, 1856, C. kantnerorum sp. nov., C. mashonensis Spaeth, 1928, C. rhodesiaca Spaeth, 1928, C. sublesta (Weise, 1904) and C. viridipennis Boheman, 1854 —moderately sized species, length 4.65–5.80 mm; dorsum green or yellow, without pattern or with reddish to brown pattern of small spots and lateral stripes but never with black spots, ventrites always yellow; pronotum with more or less rounded sides, without basal corners, pronotal disc usually distinctly punctate or at least with pricks; base of elytra not or only slightly wider than pronotum, elytral disc always with more or less marked H-shaped elevation but without hump, punctation coarse, from mostly regular to almost completely irregular, sometimes only postscutellar impressions and area behind H-shaped elevation irregularly punctured, intervals usually very narrow, linear; explanate margin narrow to moderately broad, moderately declivous, surface with coarse and moderately dense punctation, appears irregular to rugose; claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>An additional 29 species (even 28.7%) each has a unique morphology and it is difficult to assign them to any of the proposed species-groups.</p> <p>The biology of African members is poorly known. Host plants are known only for 29 species (28%). Most biological data refer to South African members of Cassida. The most preferred host plant families are Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Solanaceae (Muir &amp; Sharp 1904, Heron &amp; Borowiec 1997, Heron 2003, Rice 2003).</p> <p>Key to species</p> <p>1. Large species, length always above 6.4 mm, usually above 7.0 mm (up to 9.35 mm). Dorsum dark coloured, often partly to mostly black (figs. 51 –54, 57, 62) or partly reddish to reddish brown (figs. 55, 58, 61, 63–66, 72–74), if mostly or completely yellow to ochraceous (figs. 60, 67, 68, 69–71) then elytra with strong sculpture of numerous folds, wrinkles or costae and well marked postcutellar H-shaped elevation or hump (figs. 60, 67, 68) or elytra with pattern of numerous brown to black spots (figs. 69 –74, 176, 177).................................................................................... 2.</p> <p>- Usually smaller species, length below 6.0 mm, if larger (up to 7.6 mm) then dorsum mostly uniformly yellow (figs. 218, 256 –261), green or yellowish green (figs. 317–319, 331, 332), or yellow with small black postscutellar spot (fig. 327) and elytra without distinct sculpture or hump..................................................................... 20.</p> <p>2. Elytra mostly to completely black (figs. 51 –54, 57, 62)...................................................... 3.</p> <p>- Elytra mostly to completely ochraceous yellow to red (figs. 58, 60, 61, 63 –74, 176, 177)........................... 6.</p> <p>3. Elytral disc without (fig. 56) or with low postscutellar hump (fig. 59), elytra widest at 1/3 length then gently converging posterad (figs. 54, 62)................................................................................ 4.</p> <p>- Elytral disc with high postscutellar hump (fig. 53), elytra widest behind humeri then strongly converging posterad (figs. 51, 52). Central Africa from Cameroon to Rwanda (fig. 2).............................................. altiuscula Spaeth</p> <p>4. Postscutellar elevation very low, not forming hump (figs. 56, 65). Elytral disc behind humeral callus shallowly impressed, folds on elytral slope low, straight........................................................................... 5.</p> <p>- Postscutellar elevation low but distinct, forming an obtuse hump (fig. 59). Elytral disc behind humeral callus deeply impressed, folds on elytral slope high, often S–shaped or irregular. Forest regions of West and Central Africa (fig. 47)................................................................................................. tosta Klug, black form</p> <p>5. Punctation of explanate margin of elytra coarse and dense, surface appears strongly irregular. Sculpture on elytral slope higher thus surface appears distinctly irregular (figs. 54-56). Democratic Republic of Congo (fig. 32)..................................................................................................... overlaeti sp. nov., black form</p> <p>- Punctation of explanate margin of elytra moderately coarse and dense, surface appears moderately irregular. Sculpture on elytral slope higher thus surface appears moderately irregular (figs. 63-66). Western and Central Africa from Guinea to Uganda (fig. 22)................................................................... inaequalis Thomson, black form</p> <p>6. Surface of pronotal disc smooth or minutely punctate....................................................... 7.</p> <p>- Surface of pronotal disc granulate (fig. 218). South Africa and southern Mozambique, probably introduced and established in Kenya (fig. 19).......................................................... granulicollis Spaeth, large specimens</p> <p>7. Surface of elytra with strong sculpture of folds or/and costae, H–shaped postscutellar elevation distinct, dorsum often dark, reddish, brown to partly black (figs. 58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 177) or disc with hump (fig. 68), if elytra without distinct sculpture then with distinct pattern of small dark spots (figs. 69 –74)............................................ 8.</p> <p>- Surface of elytra without strong sculpture, without or with hardly marked postscutellar H–shaped elevation, without hump, dorsum mostly or completely yellow or yellowish green (figs. 256 –261, 317–319, 326–328, 331, 322)............... 16.</p> <p>8. Dorsum uniformly yellow, ochraceous or red (figs. 60, 63, 67, 68)............................................. 9.</p> <p>- Dorsum partly black (figs. 55, 57, 58, 61, 66) or yellow to brown with dark pattern (figs. 69 –74, 177, 178)............ 11.</p> <p>9. Elytra without or with low postscutellar hump (figs. 59, 65). Elytral base distinctly wider than pronotum, sides of pronotum broadly rounded (figs. 60, 63)......................................................................... 10.</p> <p>- Elytra with high, tuberculate postscutellar hump (fig. 68). Elytral base only slightly wider than pronotum, sides of pronotum narrowly rounded (fig. 67). Tanzania (fig. 2).................................................... blanda Spaeth</p> <p>10. Postscutellar elevation very low, not forming hump (fig. 65). Elytral disc behind humeral callus shallowly impressed, folds on elytral slope low, straight (fig. 63). Western and Central Africa from Guinea to Uganda (fig. 22).................................................................................................. inaequalis Thomson, red form</p> <p>- Postscutellar elevation low but distinct, forming obtuse hump (fig. 59). Elytral disc behind humeral callus deeply impressed, folds on elytral slope high, often S–shaped or irregular (fig. 60). Forest regions of West and Central Africa (fig. 47)................................................................................ tosta Klug, red or ochraceous form</p> <p>11. Elytra strongly sculptured, with more or less marked H–shaped postscutellar elevation, longitudinal and irregular folds, colouration partly black (figs. 55, 57, 58, 61, 66).......................................................... 12.</p> <p>- Elytra gently sculptured, with very low H–shaped postscutellar elevation, surface less distinct sculptured sometimes without folds but with longitudinal costae, background colouration mostly yellow to ochraceous–reddish, dorsum with pattern of small, brown to black numerous spots (figs. 69 –74, 176–178)..................................................... 14.</p> <p>12. Postscutellar elevation very low, not forming hump (figs. 56, 65). Elytral disc behind humeral callus shallowly impressed, folds on elytral slope low, straight.......................................................................... 13.</p> <p>- Postscutellar elevation low but distinct, forming an obtuse hump (fig. 59). Elytral disc behind humeral callus deeply impressed, folds on elytral slope high, often S–shaped or irregular. Explanate margin of elytra often mostly black with red spot in the middle (figs. 57, 58, 61). Forest regions of West and Central Africa (fig. 47).............. tosta Klug, black and red form</p> <p>13. Punctation of explanate margin of elytra coarse and dense, surface appears strongly irregular. Sculpture on elytral slope higher thus surface appears distinctly irregular. Pronotum mostly black with reddish spot anteriorly, disc of elytra mixed red with brown to black (fig. 55). Democratic Republic of Congo (fig. 32).................. overlaeti sp. nov., black and red form</p> <p>- Punctation of explanate margin of elytra moderately coarse and dense, surface appears moderately irregular. Sculpture on elytral slope higher thus surface appears moderately irregular. Pronotum and elytral disc red, explanate margin of elytra black (fig. 66). Western and Central Africa from Guinea to Uganda (fig. 22).................. inaequalis Thomson, black form</p> <p>14. Body strongly convex (figs. 71, 74), elytral sculpture low and obtuse, pronotal sides broadly rounded (figs. 69, 70, 72, 73)................................................................................................... 15.</p> <p>- Body moderately convex (figs. 178), elytral sculpture at least with one sharp, longitudinal carina, pronotal sides subangulate (figs. 176, 177). Southern Africa north to Malawi (fig. 46)....................... thomsoni Boheman, large specimens</p> <p>15. Explanate margin of elytra with posterolateral and sutural spots. Body stouter, more rounded on sides, L/W ratio 1.24–1.36, surface of elytra distinctly sculptured, with distinct H–shaped elevation and lateral folds (figs. 69, 70). Antennae uniformly yellow to ochraceous. Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and South Africa (fig. 12)............................................................................................... coagulata Boheman</p> <p>- Explanate margin of elytra without posterolateral and sutural spots. Body slimmer, less rounded on sides, L/W ratio 1.34–1.46, surface of elytra indistinctly sculptured, only with very low and obtuse H–shaped elevation (figs. 72, 73). Apical antennal segments 8–11 brown to black. Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Zambia (fig. 24)........................ irrorata Weise</p> <p>16. Punctation of two sutural and two or three lateral rows mostly regular or all rows regularly punctate (figs. 256 –261, 326–328)................................................................................................. 17.</p> <p>- Punctation of elytra completely irregular (figs. 317, 319, 331, 332)........................................... 19.</p> <p>17. Dorsum uniformly yellow, elytra widest at anterior third? then elytral sides more or less distinctly converging posterad (figs. 256, 257, 259, 260)................................................................................. 18.</p> <p>- Elytra in postscutellar area with small, black spot, body almost circular, widest in the middle (figs. 326, 327). South Africa (fig. 49).............................................................................. unimaculata Boheman</p> <p>18. Pronotum widest in the middle with broadly rounded sides (fgs. 256, 257). Claws with large basal tooth. Sierra Leone, Central Africa east to Ethiopia (fig. 21)................................................ imitatrix Spaeth, large specimens</p> <p>- Pronotum widest at anterior third, sides subangulate (fgs. 259, 256). Claws simple. Botswana, Nambia, and South Africa (fig. 45).................................................................. sulphurago Boheman, large specimens</p> <p>19. Pronotum almost semicircular, with maximum width at base, sides angulate. Punctation of elytra moderate, quite dense, distance between punctures from twice narrower to as wide as diameter of a puncture (figs. 317–319). Malawi, Mozambique and sounthern Zimbabwe (fig. 18)........................... limpopoana Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, large specimens</p> <p>- Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, sides subangulate. Base of elytra as wide as base of pronotum. Punctation of elytra very coarse, dense, distance between punctures mostly twice narrower than diameter of a puncture (figs. 331, 332). South Africa: Western Cape (fig. 11).............. foveolatipennis Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, large specimens</p> <p>20. Entire surface of elytra covered with dense, short, white, erect setae (figs. 97, 99, 109)............................ 21.</p> <p>- Surface of elytra without erect setae, at most elytral disc with sparse, short, adpressed hair......................... 22.</p> <p>21. Base of elytra distinctly wider than pronotum (fig. 109). Surface of pronotal disc without semierect setae. Elytral setae very long, longer than puncture with areola. Ethiopia, Eritrea, Tanzania (fig. 42)............................ setosa Chapuis</p> <p>- Base of elytra slightly to moderately wider than pronotum (figs. 97, 98, 100–102). Surface of pronotal disc covered witht semierect setae. Elytral setae short, not longer than puncture with areola. East, Central, and South Africa (fig. 23).............................................................................................. innotata Boheman</p> <p>22. Explanate margin of elytra with dark markings, red, brown to black, forming humeral, or both humeral and posterolateral spots or occupying entire or large parts of margins (figs. 75, 76, 78, 83, 84, 86, 87, 91–95, 103, 105, 107, 136, 161, 221, 231, 329)................................................................................................. 23.</p> <p>- Explanate margin of elytra without dark markings, yellow, green or brown, at most with narrow sutural spot (figs. 155, 156).................................................................................................. 36.</p> <p>23. Surface of pronotal disc smooth or punctate, sometimes with irregular sculpture but never granulate. Explanate margin of elytra never completely black.............................................................................. 24.</p> <p>- Surface of pronotal disc granulate. Explanate margin of elytra completely black (fig. 221). South Africa and S Mozambique, probably introduced and established in Kenya (fig. 19)..................... granulicollis Spaeth, the darkest specimens</p> <p>24. Explanate margin of elytra with reddish markings forming spots or entire surface of margins red (figs. 86, 103, 105, 231, 329)................................................................................................. 25.</p> <p>- Explanate margin of elytra with brown to black markings forming spots, bands or occupying large part of margins (figs. 75, 76, 78, 83, 84, 87, 91–95, 107, 136, 161, 221)............................................................... 29.</p> <p>25. Explanate margin of elytra with reddish humeral or both humeral and posterolateral spots (figs. 86, 103, 105, 329). Elytral disc regularly convex, or only slightly elevated in postscutellar area (figs. 88, 104, 106), occasionally distinctly elevated (fig. 330)................................................................................................. 26.</p> <p>- Explanate margin of elytra completely purple–red (fig. 231). Elytral disc with distinctly elevated postscutellar hump (fig. 228). West and Central Africa south to Zimbabwe, east to Ethiopia (fig. 48)................... troglodytes Boheman, red form</p> <p>26. Explanate margin of elytra with both humeral and posterolateral red spots (figs. 103, 105, 329)..................... 27.</p> <p>- Explanate margin of elytra only with reddish humeral spots (fig. 86). Equatorial part across Africa (fig. 20)......................................................................... humerosa Spaeth, form with reddish humeral spots</p> <p>27. Thorax and abdomen partly black. Dorsum, except spots on explanate margin of elytra, yellow to pale yellowish red (figs. 103, 104, 329, 330)..................................................................................... 28.</p> <p>- Thorax and abdomen yellow. Dorsum, except spots on explanate margin of elytra, at least partly deep red to purple–red (figs. 105, 106). Eastern and southern Democratic Republic of Congo (fig. 28)............................... pernix Spaeth</p> <p>28. Body elongate, L/W ratio 1.78 (fig. 103); postscutellar elevation low (fig. 104). Kenya: E slope of Mt. Elgon (fig. 13).......................................................................................... elogonensis sp. nov.</p> <p>- Body stout, almost circular, L/W ratio 1.12–1.18 (fig. 329); postscutellar elevation high (fig. 330). Democratic Republic of Congo (fig. 19)........................................................................ ghesquieri Spaeth</p> <p>29. Explanate margin of elytra with only humeral dark spot (figs. 87, 91 –95, 107)................................... 30.</p> <p>- Explanate margin of elytra with both humeral and posterolateral dark spots (figs. 76, 84, 136), or only with posterolateral spot (fig. 83), or elytral margins largely dark (figs. 75, 78, 161).................................................. 32.</p> <p>30. Explanate margin of pronotum yellow to reddish, at most pronotal disc partly to completely black. Base of elytra only slightly to moderately wider that pronotum (figs. 87, 91 –95)....................................................... 31.</p> <p>- Explanate margin of pronotum largely dark, disc completely black only anterior part of explanate margin yellow. Base of elytra distinctly wider that pronotum (fig. 107). Only Mt. Cameroon in Cameroon (fig. 39)................ rogozinskii sp. nov.</p> <p>31. Elytral sculpture less marked, second interval only in posterior third obtusely convex, punctation smaller, interspaces not convex, surface of disc appears mostly regular; punctation of explanate margin of elytra very shallow. Elytral pattern constant, brown to black forms humeral spots, several small, partly coalescent spots around, disc forming more or less distinct U–shaped figure, stripe at postscutellar elevation, small spots at top of disc, also some punctures with dark centre (figs. 95, 96). Cameroon (fig. 7)............................................................................. camerunensis Spaeth</p> <p>- Elytral sculpture distinctly marked, second interval on entire length more or less convex, punctation coarser, interspaces partly convex, surface of disc appears more or less irregular, especially on sides of disc; punctation of explanate margin of elytra deeper than in previous species. Elytral pattern extremely variable, disc from yellow to reddish, without pattern (fig. 86), or with brown to black pattern (figs. 87, 91) to completely black (figs. 93, 94). Equatorial part across Africa (fig. 20).............................................................. humerosa Spaeth, form with brown to black humeral spots</p> <p>32. Explanate margin of pronotum yellow (figs. 136, 161)..................................................... 33.</p> <p>- Explanate margin of pronotum partly brown or black, sometimes dark spot reduced to small triangular patch at base of explanate margin (figs. 75, 76, 78, 83, 84)....................................................................... 34.</p> <p>33. Explanate margin of elytra with broad humeral and narrow posterolateral spots (fig. 136). Elytral disc variable coloured, in the most common form mostly yellow with black pattern as in fig. 136, in the darkest form mostly black except few small yellow spots on top of disc. South Africa (fig. 50)................................................. vespertilio Boheman</p> <p>- Explanate margin of elytra in anterior 3/4 length black, except yellow humeral angle, yellow extreme margin and yellow fenestrate spot in the middle, close to border of disc. Elytral disc mostly black with two small reddish spots at top of disc and yellow extreme apex (fig. 161)........................................... guttipennis Boheman, the darkest form</p> <p>34. Elytral disc with high postsutellar hump and distinct sculpture in posterior half. Dark colour of explanate margin of elytra variable, forms regular humeral and posterolateral spots (fig. 76) or semicircular figure, inside with large fenestrate yellow spot (fig. 75), or margins mostly black with small yellowish fenestrate spots in the anterior third and yellow apex (fig. 78). Surface of disc without granulate sculpture, finely punctate, shiny between punctures................................... 35.</p> <p>- Elytral disc depressed, without postscutellar hump and without sculpture in posterior half. Entire surface of pronotal disc with more or less minutely granulate sculpture, dull, appears shiny. Dark colour of explanate margin of elytra constant, forms regular posterolateral or both humeral and posterolateral spots (figs. 83, 84). Tanzania and Uganda (fig. 46).......... tarda Weise</p> <p>35. Elytral margins behind humeral angles shallowly emarginate thus humeri more or less acute. Dorsal pattern brown to dark brown, never black. Dark colour of explanate margin of elytra variable, forms regular humeral and posterolateral spots (fig. 76) or semicircular figure, inside with large fenestrate yellow spot (fig. 75). Elytral sculpture, except postscutellar hump, also forms high folds on slope (fig. 77). Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia (fig. 7).................................................................................................... calvaria (Weise)</p> <p>- Elytral margins behind humeral angles not emarginate, humeri subangulate. Dorsal pattern black. Dark colour covers large part of pronotum except yellow anterior part of explanate margin, entire elytral disc, and large part of explanate margin of elytra, except small yellow fenestrate spots in anterior third and yellow apex (fig. 78). Elytra without high folds on slope (fig. 79). Uganda (fig. 40).......................................................................... satanas sp. nov.</p> <p>36. Dorsum never uniformly yellow, green or reddish, at least elytra with darker pattern or mostly dark coloured. Sometimes pattern limited to small red or black spot or stipe in postscutellar area (figs. 232, 322, 326), or small reddish spots on humeral callus and posterolateral part of disc (figs. 236, 239), or elytral disc partly yellow partly reddish (figs. 250, 274, 285), or partly green and partly yellow (fig. 280)...................................................................... 37.</p> <p>- Dorsum uniformly yellow, green or ochraceous, without pattern, spots or figures with different colour than pale background.................................................................................................. 98.</p> <p>37. Ground colour of dorsum ochraceous, yellowish brown to brown, elytral disc with marble pattern of mixed ochraceous and yellow or with numerous small, brown to black spots (figs. 176 –181). Surface of elytra appears irregular due to slightly convex yellow relief or elevated folds, at least second interval forms longitudinal costa. Moderately large species, length 5.2–6.8 mm, elongate oval (L/W ratio 1.29–1.49), elytral disc regularly convex without postscutellar elevation or hump............ 38.</p> <p>- Different combination of characters. Dorsum ground colour usually yellow or green, sometimes reddish but never dark ochraceous or brown, dorsal pattern usually forms spots, bands, vittae or lyriform figures, sometimes large red or black areas but only occasionally marble pattern, length often below 5 mm, body often subcircular to short–oval................ 39.</p> <p>38. Elytral disc with marbled pattern of yellow and ochraceous. Pronotal sides angulate (figs. 176–178). Claws with large basal tooth. Southern Africa north to Malawi (fig. 46).............................................. thomsoni Boheman</p> <p>- Elytral disc with numerous small, dark brown to black spots on ochraceous to brown background. Pronotal sides rounded (figs. 179–181). Claws simple. Ethiopia and Eritrea (fig. 32)........................................ weinmanni Chapuis</p> <p>39. Elytral disc surrounded by thin to broad black ring of regular borders, other parts of disc, except vittae and bands, yellow (figs. 168, 170, 174)..................................................................................... 40.</p> <p>- Elytral disc with various pattern but it never forms regular black ring. If black pattern suroounds elytral disc then borders of pattern irregular or other parts of disc bicoloured (figs. 150, 336, 338)......................................... 42.</p> <p>40. Elytral pattern except black ring with bands or spots. Pronotal disc with large black spot or M–shaped figure (figs. 168, 170)................................................................................................. 41.</p> <p>- Elytral pattern forms only broad, black ring without bands and spots inside. Pronotal disc at base only with five small, brown spots (fig. 174). Kenya (fig. 33)........................................................... rabaiensis sp. nov.</p> <p>41. Elytral disc with narrow black band across the middle. Scutellum and elytral suture black, pronotal disc with black M–shaped figure (fig. 168). Mozambique and Zimbabwe (fig. 12)........................................ circumflexa Spaeth</p> <p>- Elytral disc without band only with small black spots in postscutellar area and 2/3 length of disc, posterior spots tends to form transverse band. Scutellum yellow, pronotum on disc with large, black, trapezoidal spot (fig. 170). South Africa: Eastern Cape (fig. 31)................................................................................. wanati sp. nov.</p> <p>42. Elytral disc almost completely black, at most with few very small reddish spots of diffused borders (figs. 80, 81, 92, 118, 132, 152)............................................................................................. 43.</p> <p>- Elytral disc never completely black, with various dark pattern............................................... 47.</p> <p>43. Elytral punctation fine to moderate, intervals mostly wider than rows. Pronotal disc with black spots in the middle and yellow sides (figs. 118, 152)................................................................................ 44.</p> <p>- Elytral punctation coarse, intervals narrower than rows, often linear. Pronotal disc completely black (figs. 80, 81, 92, 132)................................................................................................... 45.</p> <p>44. Base of elytra only slightly wider than pronotum. Pronotal disc punctate, with two black spots, small triangular anteriorly and large, transverse at base (fig. 118). Ventrites mostly black. Body oval, L/W 1.33–1.43. South and Central Africa north to Rwanda (fig. 3)......................................................... amorifica Boheman, the darkest form</p> <p>- Base of elytra distinctly wider than pronotum. Pronotal disc impunctate, with single cross–shaped black spot (fig. 152). Ventrites completely yellow. Body almost circular, L/W 1.16–1.22. Central Africa from Cameroon to Ethiopia, south to Mozambique and Zimbabwe (fig. 4)...................................................... ancorifera Boheman, the darkest form</p> <p>45. Scutellum mostly to completely black. Last one or two antennal segments distinctly infuscate dorsally............... 46.</p> <p>- Scutellum yellow. Antennae yellow or last antennal segments indistinctly infuscate dorsally. Equatorial part across Africa (fig. 20)........................................................ humerosa Spaeth, dark form without humeral spots</p> <p>46. Surface of pronotal disc between punctures distinctly microreticulate, appears more or less alutaceous. Dark elytral disc not deep black, at least with reddish diffused borders, often on dorsal surface and elytral relief with small reddish spots of diffused borders (figs. 80, 81). Mountain regions of Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, and Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (fig. 41)........................................................................ schoutedeni Spaeth, the darkest form</p> <p>- Surface of pronotal disc between punctures less distinctly microreticulate, appears shiny. Dark elytral disc deep black, without small reddish spots (fig. 132). Forest species known from Central Africa south to Zimbabwe, few localities also in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Togo (fig. 14).............................................. depicta Boheman, the darkest form</p> <p>47. Explanate margin of elytra without apical, sutural spot..................................................... 48.</p> <p>- Explanate margin of elytra with apical, sutural spot (figs. 155, 156). Cameroon and Nigeria (fig. 13).... delenifica Boheman</p> <p>48. Elytral disc without adpressed hair..................................................................... 49.</p> <p>- Elytral disc covered with short, sparse adpressed hair (sometimes difficult to see, best viewed under oblique lighting), with several small, brown to black spots (figs. 214, 216). Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, and Transvaal province in South Africa (fig. 6).................................................................. callosicollis Spaeth</p> <p>49. Elytral pattern forms black, isolated spots on yellow background (figs. 111, 115, 117, 158, 160, 162, 163, 172), sometimes this pattern is reduced to two small spots on sides of disc or single spot or stripe in postscutellar point (figs. 165, 166, 226, 227, 322, 324, 326, 327)..................................................................................... 50.</p> <p>- Elytral pattern variable but never forms black, isolated spots on yellow background but yellow elevated spots on black background (figs. 119, 120, 122, 124, 126, 131, 151) or mixed yellow and brown to black marble pattern (figs. 128, 129, 133, 134, 140, 141, 146, 189, 190, 212, 336, 338), or only punctures with brown to black centre and areola (figs. 199, 200, 202), or disc with reddish spots (232, 234, 237, 239), or with red, brown and yellow figures (figs. 244, 245, 249, 250, 274, 279, 280, 285)................................................................................................................................................................................................. 59.</p> <p>50. Elytral disc with only a single spot at postscutellar area, sometimes with minute additional two spots on elevated second interval, or two spots on side of disc (figs. 165, 166, 226, 227, 322, 324, 326, 327)............................... 51.</p> <p>- Elytral disc with more than three dark spots (figs. 111, 115, 117, 158, 160, 162, 163, 172)......................... 55.</p> <p>51. Elytral disc with single dark spot or stripe at postscutellar area, sometimes with minute additional two spots on elevated second interval. Body stout, almost circular (figs. 226, 227, 322, 324, 326, 327)....................................... 52.</p> <p>- Elytral disc only in the middle of eighth interval with small, brown to black spot. Body short–oval (figs. 165, 166). South Africa (fig. 35).......................................................... sphaerula Boheman, typical maculate form</p> <p>52. Elytral disc without sculpture, rounded in profile, elytral punctation moderately coarse and dense, intervals well marked, mostly wider than rows, sides of pronotum rounded (figs. 322–328)................................................. 53.</p> <p>- Elytral disc with distinct sculpture and well-marked postscutellar hump, elytral punctation coarse and dense, intervals narrow, partly linear, sides of pronotum angulate (figs. 226–228). West and Central Africa south to Zimbabwe, east to Ethiopia (fig. 48)....................................................................... troglodytes Boheman, pale form</p> <p>53. Elytral punctures without dark centres, dark spot in postscutellar area round (figs. 326, 327) or in form of short stripe (fig. 322), interspaces on sides of elytra flat and surface of elytral sides appears completely regular, surface of explanate margin of elytra slightly irregular................................................................................... 54.</p> <p>- Elytral punctures at top of disc with dark centre, dark spot in postscutellar area elongate, punctation of elytra coarser than in both relatives, interspaces on sides of elytra slightly convex, forming a low fold, surface of elytral sides appears slightly irregular, surface of explanate margin of elytra strongly irregular (fig. 324). North-eastern part of South Africa (fig. 9)................................................................................... drakensbergensis Borowiec</p> <p>54. Elytral spot in form of short, narrow stripe, punctation of sides of disc slightly coarser and denser (fig. 322). East Cape Province in South Africa (fig. 8)......................................................... emontinensis sp. nov.</p> <p>- Elytral spot more or less round, occasionally in form of stripe, punctation of sides of disc slightly finer and sparser (figs. 326, 327). South Africa (fig. 49)........................................................... unimaculata Boheman</p> <p>55. Pronotum with black spots (figs. 111, 115, 117)........................................................... 56.</p> <p>- Pronotum without black spots (figs. 158, 160, 162, 163, 165, 172)............................................ 57.</p> <p>56. Pronotal disc at top with two round or oval spots (fig. 111). Elytral suture on slope without black spot, prosternum yellow. Western, eastern and central Africa west to Mali, north to Sudan, and south to N Tanzania (fig. 1).............................................................................................. aethiopica Boheman, typical form</p> <p>- Pronotal disc at base with mushroom–shaped or trapezoidal black spot and often with small, traingular or rhomboidal spot in area above head (figs. 115, 117). Elytral suture on slope with black spot, prosternum yellow. South and Central Africa north to Rwanda (fig. 3)............................................................ amorifica Boheman, typical form</p> <p>57. Smaller species, length below 5.6 mm. Body slimmer, L/W ratio 1.18–1.51. Postscutellar area without black spot (figs. 158, 160, 162, 163). Claws simple......................................................................... 58.</p> <p>- Larger species, length 6.0 mm. Body stouter, circular, L/W ratio 1.08. Postscutellar area with black spot (fig. 172). Claws simple but appearing distinctly appendiculate due to projecting flanks of claw segment. Tanzania (fig. 2).. procurva Spaeth</p> <p>58. Body larger and stouter, L 4.65–5.50, L/W ratio 1.18–1.31. Explanate margin of elytra broader and more explanate (figs. 158, 160). South Africa (fig. 11)................................................ guttipennis Boheman, maculate form</p> <p>- Body smaller and slimmer, L 3.85–4.85, L/W ratio 1.35–1.51. Explanate margin of elytra narrower and less explanate, declivous (figs. 158, 160). South Africa (fig. 37).............................................. quatuordecimsignata Spaeth</p> <p>59. Pronotal and elytral disc predominantly black, both or only elytral disc with small yellow spots of distinct borders (figs. 119, 120, 122, 124, 131, 151)............................................................................. 60.</p> <p>- Pronotal and elytral disc not predominantly black, usually with marble pattern of yellow and brown to black, if black predominate then yellow spots with irregular shape and borders (figs. 90, 126, 128, 133, 134, 138, 142), or only punctures with brown to black centre and areola (figs. 199, 200, 202), or disc with reddish spots (figs. 232, 234, 237, 239), or with red, brown and yellow figures (figs. 150, 244, 245, 249, 250, 274, 279, 280, 285).................................................. 65.</p> <p>60. Pronotal black spot with two small, more or less round spots at base (figs. 119, 120, 131).......................... 61.</p> <p>- Pronotal black spot without or with U or V–shaped yellow spot at base (figs. 122, 124, 151)....................... 63.</p> <p>61. Elytral punctation moderately fine and sparse, distance between punctures mostly wider than puncture diameter, rows interrupted by elytral relief and partly appear irregular (figs. 122, 124). Surface of pronotal disc smooth and shiny. Ventrites uniformly yellow........................................................................................... 62.</p> <p>- Elytral punctation coarse and dense, distance between punctures mostly narrower than puncture diameter, rows slightly interrupted by elytral relief but appear mostly regular (fig. 131). Surface of pronotal disc punctate. Ventrites partly brown to black. Forest species known from Central Africa south to Zimbabwe, few localities also in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Togo (fig. 14).............................................................................................................................................................................. depicta Boheman, dark form</p> <p>62. Elytral margins distinctly emarginate behind humeral angle thus humeri appear acute. Behind scutellum two small yellow spots. Elytral spots not elevated and impunctate (fig. 120). Black ground colour behind humeral callus extending to marginal row (fig. 121). Surface of disc more shiny with mirror brilliance. Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda (fig. 15).............................................................................................. leleupi sp. nov.</p> <p>- Elytral margins shallowly emarginate behind humeral angle thus humeri appear angulate. No yellow spots behind scutellum. Central elytral spots elevated and with 1–2 coarse punctures. Black ground colour behind humeral callus extending only to submarginal row. Surface of disc less shiny and slightly alutaceous. Angola (fig. 1).................. benguelica Spaeth</p> <p>63. Elytral punctation coarse and dense, distance between punctures mostly narrower than puncture diameter. At base of elytra close to scutellum two small, yellow spots (figs. 122, 124). At least prosternum brown............................ 64.</p> <p>- Elytral punctation fine to moderate, distance between punctures from as wide as to thrice wider than puncture diameter. Base of elytra close to scutellum without yellow spots (fig. 151). Ventrites completely yellow. Central Africa from Cameroon to Ethiopia, south to Mozambique and Zimbabwe (fig. 4).............................. ancorifera Boheman, dark form</p> <p>64. Slimmer species, L/W ratio 1.23–1.26. Pronotal black spot with U or V–shaped yellow spot at base (fig. 124). Marginal interval in front and behind lateral fold mostly black (fig. 125). Ventrites mostly black, including coxa, only abdomen surrounded by yellow. Claws with large basal tooth. North–western Cameroon (fig. 6)........................... bamendana sp. nov.</p> <p>- Stouter species, L/W ratio 1.13–1.18. Pronotal black spot without additional yellow spot at base (fig. 122). Marginal interval in front and behind lateral fold mostly yellow (fig. 123). Prosternym brown, metasternum and abdomen yellow. Claws with small basal tooth. Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, and N Tanzania (fig. 13).............. flavosignata Spaeth</p> <p>65. Only elytral punctures with black centre and areola, sometimes areoles of adjacent punctures merge with each other but the pattern on the elytra does not create clear spots or a marbled pattern. Pronotum immaculate or with very small V–shaped brown spot (figs. 199 –203)................................................................................. 66.</p> <p>- Dark markings on elytral disc form distinct pattern, sometimes it is reduced to small spots in postscutellar area or figures on slope or only punctures on sides of disc with dark centre. Pronotum immaculate or with basal spots (figs. 205, 224, 285)..................................................................................................... 67.</p> <p>66. Elytral punctures denser, tends to form more or less regular rows, surface except postscutellar H–shaped elevation appears regular, second interval does not form a dinstinct elevated costa (figs. 199, 200). East Africa from Kenya to Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (fig. 44)............................................................... successiva Spaeth</p> <p>- Elytral punctures sparser, punctation appears mostly irregular, second interval almost on entire length elevated (figs. 202, 200). Ethiopia (fig. 44)........................................................................ stipidosa sp. nov.</p> <p>67. Elytral pattern dark, dark brown to black, occupies large part of disc (figs. 80, 126–131, 133–136, 138–144, 150, 185–187, 336–339)......................................................................................... 68.</p> <p>- Elytral pattern pale, reddish to brown, occasionally black, occupies small part of disc, the pale background predominate (figs. 89, 145, 146, 147, 148, 153, 138–144, 150, 182–184, 188 –198, 205, 210–213, 220, 224, 232, 234, 236–240, 249–251, 274, 279, 280, 285)......................................................................................... 75.</p> <p>68. Pronotum with distinct brown to black basal spot (figs. 126, 128, 129, 133, 134, 138–143, 150, 185, 186)............. 70.</p> <p>- Pronotum immaculate or at most with a fuzzy darker spot in the centre (figs. 90, 336, 338, 339)..................... 69.</p> <p>69. Larger, L 4.25–5.80 mm. Elytral pattern regular, yellow spots spread regularly on top of disc, H– shaped elevation indistinct (fig. 90). Ventrites mostly black. Equatorial part across Africa (fig. 20)... humerosa Spaeth, form with black elytral pattern</p> <p>- Smaller, L 3.90–4.60 mm. Elytral pattern less regular, H–shaped elevation distinct and mostly yellow, yellow spots tend to form transverse irregular spot on slope (figs. 336, 338, 339). Ventrites uniformly yellow or only central part of metathorax infuscate. Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa (fig. 42)......................................... shimba sp. nov.</p> <p>70. Elytral punctation coarse and dense, distance between punctures mostly narrower than puncture diameter. Pronotal spot M– shaped, V–shaped or or forms oblique spots on sides of disc, occasionaly mushroom–shaped (figs. 142, 143), black pattern spread over the entire surface of disc (figs. 126, 128, 129, 133, 134, 138–143, 185, 186)........................... 71.</p> <p>- Elytral punctation fine to moderate, distance between punctures from as wide as to thrice wider than puncture diameter. Pronotal spot mushroom–shaped. Black pattern surrounds elytral disc and forms incomplete band in 2/3 length of disc, other parts of disc reddish and yellow (fig. 150). Ventrites completely yellow. Central Africa from Cameroon to Ethiopia, south to Mozambique and Zimbabwe (fig. 4)........................................................ ancorifera Boheman, dark form</p> <p>71. Smaller species, L 4.05–5.20 mm. Body short–oval to oval (figs. 126, 128, 129, 133, 134, 138, 140, 141, 185, 186), slightly convex (figs. 130, 135, 139, 187). Pronotal spots never mushroom–shaped, pronotal sides usually narrowly rounded (figs. 126, 128, 129, 185), or broadly rounded (figs. 133, 134, 138, 140, 141). Ventrites often partly brown to black.............. 72.</p> <p>- Large species, L 5.80–7.00 mm. Body almost hemispherical, strongly convex (fig. 144). Pronotal spot mushroom–shaped, pronotal sides broadly rounded (figs. 142, 143). Ventrites uniformly yellow. Sierra Leone, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, and Kenya (fig. 26).............................................. oberlaenderi Spaeth</p> <p>72. Pronotal pattern forms M– or V–shaped basal spot (figs. 126, 128, 129, 133, 134, 185). Ventrites often partly brown to black. Here three species difficult to identification.............................................................. 73.</p> <p>- Pronotal pattern forms broad, oblique spots on sides of disc and usually surrounds yellow lateral lobes (figs. 138, 140, 141). Ventrites uniformly yellow. Central Mozambique and South Africa (fig. 24)...................... irregularis Boheman</p> <p>73. Pronotal sides narrowly rounded. Pronotal spot usually small, V–shaped, only in the darkest forms M–shaped (figs. 128, 129, 185, 186). Species widely spread in tropical Africa........................................................ 74.</p> <p>- Pronotal sides broadly rounded. Pronotal spot usually large, M–shaped (figs. 133, 134). Distribution restricted to South Africa (fig. 30)............................................................................... natalensis Spaeth</p> <p>74. In pattern of elytral disc yellow colour predominate, dark spots usually brown to dark brown, occupy mostly sides (figs. 185, 186). East and South Africa north to Somalia, south to Cape province in South Africa (fig. 25)................................................................................................... lacrymosa Boheman, dark form</p> <p>- In pattern of elytral disc black colour predominate (fig. 129), dark spots always black, occupy almost entire surface of disc (figs. 128, 129). Central Africa south to Zimbabwe, few localities also in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Togo (fig. 14)......................................................................................... depicta Boheman, typical form</p> <p>75. Surface of pronotal disc smooth or punctate, sometimes with irregular sculpture but never granulate................. 76.</p> <p>- Surface of pronotal disc granulate. Elytral pattern brown to black, forms oblique line on sides, few small spots on slopes, also some punctures with dark centre (fig. 220). South Africa and S Mozambique, probably introduced and established in Kenya (fig. 19)................................................................ granulicollis Spaeth, maculate form</p> <p>76. Smaller species, L 4.05–5.20 mm. Body from short–oval to distinctly narrowing posterad. Pronotal from angulate to broadly rounded. Ventrites uniformly yellow to partly brown or black................................................ 77.</p> <p>- Large species, L 5.8–7.00 mm. Body almost hemispherical, strongly convex (fig. 144). Pronotal sides broadly rounded, base of elytra distinctly wider than pronotum (fig. 146). Ventrites uniformly yellow. Sierra Leone, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, and Kenya (fig. 26)............................ oberlaenderi Spaeth, brown maculate form</p> <p>77. Dark spots on elytral disc form various pattern but never reddish oval figure on slope............................. 78.</p> <p>- Dark spot on elytral disc form large, reddish, oval figure on slope (fig. 285). Small species, L 4.25–4.60, oval, with completely regular elytral punctation and elytral sculpture resticted only to obtuse H–shaped figure, and slightly convex second interval (figs. 265, 286). Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Kenya (fig. 24)......... luxuriosa Spaeth, maculate form</p> <p>78. Central part of elytral disc yellow to red in relation to green or yellow sides (figs. 244, 245, 249, 250, 279, 280), the central area sometimes bordered by red to brown forming lyriform figure (figs. 153, 245, 249, 279) or with few small brown spots (fig. 244)............................................................................................. 79.</p> <p>- Central part of elytral disc the same colour as rest of background, yellow to green, sometimes with reddish stripes along sides (figs. 147, 274), pattern of various small, red or brown spots or marble stripes (figs. 189, 191, 212, 224, 232, 234, 237, 239, 264)............................................................................................. 83.</p> <p>79. Claws simple. Elytral punctation moderate, completely regular, intervals never linear (figs. 153, 244. 245)............ 80.</p> <p>- Claws with basal tooth. Elytral punctation coarse, partly irregular, intervals vary narrow, partly linear (figs. 249, 250, 279, 280)............................................................................................. 81.</p> <p>80. Elytral disc with well marked H–shaped postscutellar elevation, pronotal disc at base with two short, brown stripes (figs. 153, 154). Central Africa from Cameroon to Ethiopia, south to Mozambique and Zimbabwe (fig. 4).............................................................................................. ancorifera Boheman, the palest form</p> <p>- Elytral disc without or indistinctly marked H–shaped postscutellar elevation, pronotal disc immaculate (figs. 243–245). Entire tropical Africa (fig. 16)................................................... dorsovitata Boheman, maculate form</p> <p>81. Central part of elytral disc yellow with reddish brown or brown spots, especially on sides of yellow spot (figs. 279, 280), or the central spot margined by brown lines (fig. 249). Species from eastern and southern Africa (figs. 28, 32).............. 82.</p> <p>- Central part of elytral disc partly red due to reddish centres of punctures and red lateral stripes (figs. 250, 251), sometimes red is reduced only to lateral stripes or punctures with red centre. Species from West and Central Africa (fig. 18).................................................................................................. granula Boheman</p> <p>82. Pronotal disc moderately coarse and moderately dense punctate, distance between punctures from slightly narrower to twice wider than puncture diameter. Body more regularly oval, regularly rounded on sides (figs. 279, 280). Kenya, Zimbabwe, and Namibia (fig. 28)..................................................................... mashonensis Spaeth</p> <p>- Pronotal disc impunctate or at most finely punctate, distance between punctures always wider than puncture diameter. Body less regularly oval, sides slightly converging posterad (fig. 249). South and East Africa north to Somalia (fig. 32).............................................................................. viridipennis Boheman, maculate form</p> <p>83. Body distinctly converging posterad (figs. 232, 234). Elytral disc strongly convex, slightly gibbous in profile, elytral pattern of red spots limited to postscutellar impression and sutural part of disc (figs. 233, 235). Claws simple. Distribution area limited to north–eastern Africa and southwestern Saudi Arabia (figs. 33, 40)............................................ 84.</p> <p>- Body from almost circular to elongate–oval but not distinctly converging posterad (figs. 182, 183, 189 –191, 193. 196, 210, 212, 224, 236, 237, 239). Elytral disc moderately, regularly convex or depressed, never gibbous in profile, elytral pattern of red spots not limited to postscutellar impression and sutural part of disc (figs. 192, 195, 198, 211, 213). Claws with basal tooth, only in two species simple.................................................................................. 85.</p> <p>84. Larger: length 4.40–5.20 mm and slightly more elongate L/W ratio 1.39–1.49 (fig. 232). Elytral profile less convex and less angulate (fig. 233). Pronotal punctation coarser and denser. Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia (fig. 33)............................................................................. pellegrini Marseul, maculate form</p> <p>- Smaller: length 3.70–4.40 mm and slightly less elongate L/W ratio 1.29–1.39 (fig. 234). Elytral profile more convex and more angulate (fig. 235). Pronotal punctation finer and sparser. Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Sudan, and Kenya (fig. 40)...................................................................................... rothschildi Spaeth, maculate form</p> <p>85. Claws with basal tooth............................................................................... 87.</p> <p>- Claws simple...................................................................................... 86.</p> <p>86. Elytral pattern forms reddish, oblique stripe on sides of disc, a moderately broad band in 2/3 length of disc and thin band on slope, also postscutellar area partly reddish (figs. 212, 213). Nigeria (fig. 26)....................... nigeriana sp. nov.</p> <p>- Elytral pattern forms six pale brown spots on top of disc, oblique stripe in humeral area, and spot in posterolateral part of disc (fig. 114). Western, eastern and central Africa west to Mali, north to Sudan, and south to N Tanzania (fig. 1)........................................................................................ aethiopica Boheman, pale form</p> <p>87. Elytral pattern never forms large reddish spots in humeral and posterolateral parts of disc.......................... 88.</p> <p>- Elytral pattern forms large reddish spots in humeral and posterolateral parts of disc, sometimes these spots connected and form red stripe along side of disc(fig. 274). Body elongate–oval, with maximum width in the middle: L/W 1.53. Punctures in postscutellar impressions and red marked punctures in humeral and posterolateral part of disc partly irregular. Angola and Zambia (fig. 39)........................................................................ rhodesiaca Spaeth</p> <p>88. Length above 3.5 mm, elytral pattern variable but never form narrow ring surrounding disc, occasionally with thin ring and band (fig. 189)..................................................................................... 89.</p> <p>- Very samll, length 3.20–3.40 mm. Eytral pattern reddish brown, tends to form narrow ring around disc and incomplete band in 2/3 length of disc (figs. 210, 211). Somalia (fig. 28)......................................... minutissima sp. nov.</p> <p>89. Elytral pattern limited to small spots on postscutellar elevation, humeral callus and posterolateral part of disc, in pale forms the pattern limited only to spot on postscuttellar elevation or stripes on humeral callus and posterolateral parts of disc (figs. 207, 236, 237, 239)..................................................................................... 90.</p> <p>- Elytral pattern more widespread, forms a marbled pattern on the sides of the disc and/or small spots at top of disc (figs. 89, 188 –191, 193–195, 197, 198, 205, 206, 209, 224, 225)..................................................... 92.</p> <p>90. Ground colour of dorsum yellow to yellowish green, elytra at least with four spots or stripes. Species generally from eastern and southern Africa (figs. 5, 20)....................................................................... 91.</p> <p>- Ground colour of ochraceous yellow, elytra disc with only small, brown spot on postscutellar elevation. Species from Burkina Faso and Niger (fig. 44)........................................................ villiersi sp. nov., spotted form</p> <p>91. Slimmer, L/W ratio 1.33–1.47, explanate margin of elytra narrower and less explanate (figs. 236–238). Almost entire eastern Africa, single locality from north–eastern Nigeria (fig. 5)........................................ andreinii Spaeth</p> <p>- Stouter, L/W ratio 1.22–1.30, explanate margin of elytra broader and more explanate (figs. 239, 240). Mozambique and South Africa (Natal) (fig. 20)..................................................................... heroni sp. nov.</p> <p>92. Larger, length 5.20–5.80............................................................................. 93.</p> <p>- Smaller, length at most 5.00 mm....................................................................... 94.</p> <p>93. Pronotal sides angulate, elytral disc depressed (figs. 224, 225). Angola (fig. 43).................. sparteiformis sp. nov.</p> <p>- Pronotal sides rounded, elytral disc convex (figs. 88, 89). Equatorial part across Africa (fig. 20)................................................................................................. humerosa Spaeth, the palest form</p> <p>94. Stouter species, L/W 1.17–1.32 (figs. 190, 191)........................................................... 95.</p> <p>- Slimmer species, L/W 1.32–1.45 (figs. 193, 194, 196, 197, 204, 205).......................................... 96.</p> <p>95. Brown, small spots group mostly on sides of elytral disc (figs. 188, 190). East and South Africa north to Somalia, south to Cape province in South Africa (fig. 25)........................................... lacrymosa Boheman, the palest form</p> <p>- Brown, small spots group mostly on top of elytral disc (figs. 191, 192). Senegal (fig. 17).......... fuscosignata Boheman</p> <p>96. Elytral pattern of numerous small brown to black spots spread over the entire surface of disc, sometimes only most of punctures with dark centre (figs. 193–195, 205, 206). Prosternum at least partly brown to black............................. 97.</p> <p>- Elytral pattern of several small reddish to brown spots on sides of disc and a single spot on postscutellar elevation, top of disc without spots (figs. 197–198). Prosternum yellow. Kenya (fig. 47)................................. voiensis sp. nov.</p> <p>97. Elytral punctation coarser, with distance between punctures in lateral rows almost twice smaller than puncture diameter. Sides of elytra slightly more rounded (figs. 193–195). Ethiopia, Eritrea and Tanzania (fig. 17)................. eluta Boheman</p> <p>- Elytral punctation finer, with distance between punctures in lateral rows mostly as wide as or only slightly smaller than puncture diameter. Sides of elytra less rounded. Namibia (fig. 27)..................................... namibiensis Borowiec</p> <p>98. Pronotal disc smooth or punctate but never granulate....................................................... 99.</p> <p>- Surface of pronotal disc granulate (fig. 218). South Africa and southern Mozambique, probably introduced and established in Kenya (fig. 19)...................................................... granulicollis Spaeth, the palest specimens</p> <p>99. Punctation of elytra completely regular, if partly or mostly irregular then punctures very coarse and dense and surface of elytra appears more or less irregular and at least first two sutural and two marginal rows regular. Tarsal claws simple or toothed................................................................................................... 100.</p> <p>- Punctation of elytra completely irregular. Tarsal claws usually simple or with slightly widened base, occasionally with basal tooth............................................................................................ 126.</p> <p>100. Claws simple..................................................................................... 101.</p> <p>- Claws with basal tooth, sometimes small, or simple but appear appendiculate due to distally projecting flank of last tarsal segment......................................................................................... 109.</p> <p>101. Body distinctly converging posterad (figs. 232, 234). Elytral disc strongly convex, slightly gibbous in profile (figs. 233, 235). Distribution area limited to north–eastern Africa and southwestern Saudi Arabia (figs. 33, 40)</p> <p>- Body from almost circular to elongate–oval but not distinctly converging posterad. Elytral disc moderately, regularly convex or depressed, never gibbous in profile.................................................................... 103.</p> <p>102. Larger: length 4.40–5.20 mm and slightly more elongate L/W ratio 1.39–1.49 (fig. 232). Elytral profile less convex and less angulate (fig. 233). Pronotal punctation coarser and denser. Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia (fig. 33)........................................................................... pellegrini Marseul, immaculate form</p> <p>- Smaller: length 70–4.40 mm and slightly less elongate L/W ratio 1.29–1.39 (fig. 234). Elytral profile more convex and more angulate (fig. 235). Pronotal punctation finer and sparser. Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Sudan, and Kenya (fig. 40).................................................................................... rothschildi Spaeth, immaculate form</p> <p>103. Smaller species, length usually below 5.5 mm, if slightly larger (up to 5.95 mm) then body almost parallel sided, elytral punctation completely regular and pronotal sides broadly rounded (fig. 113)................................... 104.</p> <p>- Larger, length 5.90–7.50 mm. Body slightly converging posterad, elytral punctation mostly regular but with additional irregular punctures, pronotum trapezoideal, with maximum width at anterior 1/3 length, sides narrowly rounded. Botswana, Nambia, and South Africa (fig. 45)................................................................. sulphurago Boheman</p> <p>104. Pronotum subtrapezoidal, widest in front of the middle, sides narrowly rounded to angulate (figs. 264, 287).......... 105.</p> <p>- Pronotum elliptical, widest in or behind the middle, sides broadly rounded (figs. 113, 241) to subangulate (figs. 165, 222)................................................................................................... 106.</p> <p>105. Elytra with deeply impressed postscutellar impressions and well marked H–shaped postscutellar elevation (fgs. 287, 288). Ventrites mostly black. Western Cape Province in South Africa (fig. 8)........................... capensis Borowiec</p> <p>- Elytra without postscutellar impressions and without H–shaped postscutellar elevation (figs. 264, 265). Ventrites uniformly yellow. South Africa: Cape Province (fig. 45)............................................... sulphurea Boheman</p> <p>106. Elytral punctation moderate, intervals well marked, usually as wide as to slightly wider than rows (figs. 113, 165, 241). Explanate margin of elytra narrow to moderately broad, more or less declivous (figs. 112, 167, 243)................ 107.</p> <p>- Elytral punctation coarse and very dense, intervals linear, narrower than rows (fig. 222). Explanate margin of elytra very broad, strongly explanate, almost horizontal (figs. 222, 223). Southern part of Democratic Republic Of Congo (fig. 42)................................................................................................... spartea Shaw</p> <p>107. Elytral disc in profile forms regular arch (fig. 167) or is depressed anteriorly and regularly rounded on slope (fig. 112). Pronotal disc at top finely punctate........................................................................... 108.</p> <p>- Elytral disc irregularly convex in profile, the highest in postscutellar area (fig. 243). Pronotal disc at top impunctate, at most with fine pricks. Entire tropical Africa (fig. 16)....................... dorsovittata Boheman, typical immaculate form</p> <p>108. Pronotal sides broadly rounded. Elytral punctation fine, intervals 1 and 2 distinctly wider than rows (fig. 113). Elytral disc in profile depressed anteriorly and regularly rounded on slope (fig. 112). Western, eastern and central Africa west to Mali, north to Sudan, and south to N Tanzania (fig. 1)............................... aethiopica Boheman, rare immaculate form</p> <p>- Pronotal sides subangulate to narrowly rounded. Elytral punctation moderately coarse, intervals 1 and 2 as wide as to slightly wider than rows (fig. 165). Elytral disc in profile forms regular arch (fig. 167). South Africa (fig. 35)........................................................................................ sphaerula Boheman, immaculate form</p> <p>109. Body elongate–oval, almost parallel sided, elytral disc with distinct H–shaped elevation and convex second interval (figs. 252, 320). Length above 5.3 mm.......................................................................... 110.</p> <p>- Body of various shape, from circular (figs. 282, 289) to oval (figs. 269, 277) but never appears parallel sided. Length often below 5.0 mm.................................................................................... 111.</p> <p>110. Sides of pronotal disc with irregular sculpture of punctures and wrinkles. Punctation of explanate margin of pronotum and elytra deep, surface appears distinctly irregular. Posterolateral parts of elytral disc with mostly irregular punctction. Ethiopia, Oromia Region (fig. 23)............................................................... oromiaensis sp. nov.</p> <p>- Sides of pronotal disc punctate but without wrinkles. Punctation of explanate margin of pronotum and elytra shallow, surface appears slightly irregular. Posterolateral parts of elytral disc with mostly regular punctation. Namibia and South Africa (fig. 34)................................................................................. penelope Boheman</p> <p>111. Punctation of elytra coarse and dense, at least partly irregular, intervals mostly narrower than rows, especially on sides of disc, elytral disc often with well marked and sharp H–shaped elevation. Dried specimens often retain their natural green colour. Length always above 4.6 mm (figs. 246–248, 266–273, 276–278)........................................... 112.</p> <p>- Punctation of elytra from fine to coarse but usyually moderately dense, often mostly regular, if partly irregular than intervals partly as wide or wider than rows, especially on sides of disc, elytral disc usually with obtuse H–shaped elevation. Dried specimens never retain their natural green colour. Length often below 4.5 mm.................................. 116.</p> <p>112. Elytral punctation mostly regular, the few extra punctures at intervals do not give the impression of irregularity of rows and surface irregularities. Punctation of pronotal disc from fine to moderately coarse, from scarce to moderately dense but surface of disc appears mostly regular to only slightly irregular (figs. 246–248, 271–273)............................... 113.</p> <p>- Elytral punctation only partly regular, several extra punctures at intervals give the impression of irregularity of rows and surface irregularities. Punctation of pronotal disc from moderately coarse to coarse, dense and surface of disc appears more or less irregular (figs. 266 –270, 276–278).................................................................... 114.</p> <p>113. Body stouter, L/W ratio 1.17–1.24, base of elytra distinctly wider than pronotum, sides of elytra distinctly converging posterad. Sides of pronotum broadly rounded, surface of pronotal disc finer and sparser punctate (figs. 246–248). South and East Africa north to Somalia (fig. 32)........................................ viridipennis Boheman, typical immaculate form</p> <p>- Body slimmer, L/W ratio 1.29–1.34, base of elytra slightly wider than pronotum, sides of elytra slightly converging posterad. Sides of pronotum less broadly rounded, surface of pronotal disc coarser and denser punctate (figs. 271–273). Botswana, Malawi, Namibia, and Zimbabwe (fig. 15).................................................... devylderi Spaeth</p> <p>114. Elytral disc irregularly convex with the highest point in postscutellar elevation, H–shaped elevation usually well marked and high (figs. 266–268, 276–278)....................................................................... 115.</p> <p>- Elytral disc almost regularly convex, H–shaped elevation usually hardly marked and obtuse (figs. 269, 270). South Africa and Zimbabwe (fig. 17)................................................................. franklinmuelleri Spaeth</p> <p>115. Stouter, L/W ratio 1.23–1.29, explanate margin of elytra slightly broader and less declivous (figs. 266–268). East Africa from Ethiopia to Zimbabwe (fig. 43)............................................................... sublesta Weise</p> <p>- Slimmer, L/W ratio 1.31–1.40, explanate margin of elytra slightly narrower and more declivous (figs. 276–278). Malawi (fig. 22)............................................................................... kantnerorum sp. nov.</p> <p>116. Large species, length 5.05–6.60 mm................................................................... 117.</p> <p>- Smaller species, length 3.90–4.95 mm................................................................. 118.</p> <p>117. Base of elytra distinctly wider than pronotum. Pronotum with broadly rounded sides, widest in the middle. Punctation of elytra less regular, intervals on slope and posterolateral parts of disc with several additional punctures (figs. 256–258). Sierra Leone, Central Africa east to Ethiopia (fig. 21)....................................................... imitatrix Spaeth</p> <p>- Base of elytra slightly wider than pronotum. Pronotum with less regularly rounded side, widest slightly in front of the middle. Punctation of elytra more regular, intervals on slope and posterolateral parts of disc without additional punctures (figs. 262, 263). Ethiopia and Somalia (fig. 6)...................................................... benaadirensis sp. nov.</p> <p>118. Body almost circular, pronotum widest at base (figs. 282, 289).............................................. 119.</p> <p>- Body not circular (figs. 196, 204, 207, 284), if more or less circular then pronotum not widest at base (figs. 239, 254, 340).................................................................................................. 120.</p> <p>119. Ventrites mostly black. Punctation of elytral disc coarser and denser, punctures on slope as coarse as in anterior half of disc, in rows distance between punctures often smaller than puncture diameter. Elytral disc slightly convex with only slightly marked postscutellar elevation (fig. 283). Pronotal sides narrowly rounded (fig. 282). Democratic Republic of Congo (fig. 19)......................................................................................... garambana sp. nov.</p> <p>- Ventrites completely yellow. Punctation of elytral disc finer and sparser, punctures on slope distinctly smaller than in anterior half of disc, in rows distance between punctures often larger than puncture diameter, especially in posterior half of disc. Elytral disc strongly convex with high postscutellar elevation (fig. 290). Pronotal sides angulate (fig. 289). Senegal (fig. 40).......................................................................................... senegalensis sp. nov.</p> <p>120. Ventrites uniformly yellow. Body oval to almost circular (figs. 196, 207, 239, 254, 284, 340)...................... 121.</p> <p>- Thorax black. Body oval, almost parallel sided (figs. 204, 205). Namibia (fig. 27)...................................................................................................... namibiensis Borowiec, immaculate form</p> <p>121. Punctation of elytra coarser and denser, distance between punctures mostly smaller than puncture diameter, intervals on sides of disc partly narrower than rows to linear (figs. 196, 198, 207, 209, 239, 240, 254, 255, 340, 341)................. 122.</p> <p>- Punctation of elytra finer and sparser, distance between punctures at least on top of disc partly as large as or larger than puncture diameter, intervals on sides of disc partly as wide as to wider than rows (figs. 284, 286). Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Kenya (fig. 24)................................................. luxuriosa Spaeth, immaculate form</p> <p>122. Punctation of elytra on entire disc appears regular, at most in postscutellar impressions punctures can appear irregular and few additional punctures in median intervals do not disturb regularity of rows (figs. 204, 207, 239, 340)................ 123.</p> <p>- Punctation along middle of elytron appears completely irregular, also postscutellar impressions irregularly punctate, only first two sutural and five lateral rows regularly punctate (figs. 254, 255). Angola, South Democratic Republic of Congo, and Zambia (fig. 33)................................................................................ patruelis Spaeth</p> <p>123. Postscutellar impressions deep, well visible, H–shaped elevation complete (figs. 196, 207, 340)................... 124.</p> <p>- Postscutellar impressions absent or very shallow, hardly visible, H–shaped elevation rudimental or completely absent (figs. 239, 240). Mozambique and South Africa (Natal) (fig. 20).......................... heroni sp. nov., immaculate form</p> <p>124. Body slimmer, oval, L/W ratio 1.27–1.42 (figs. 196, 207). Claws with large basal tooth.......................... 125.</p> <p>- Body stouter, circular, L/W ratio 1.24 (fig. 340). Claws with small basal tooth. Southern Ethiopia (fig. 48)..................................................................................................... somalica Spaeth</p> <p>125. Explanate margin of pronotum punctate. Elevated second interval of elytral disc complete (fig. 207). Slightly larger and stouter, length 4.10–4.85 mm, L/W ratio 1.27–1.37. Burkina Faso and Niger (fig. 44).......... villiersi sp. nov., immaculate form</p> <p>- Explanate margin of pronotum impunctate. Elevated second interval of elytral more or less interrupted or absent, occasionally complete (fig. 196). Slightly smaller and slimmer, length 3.75–4.55 mm, L/W ratio 1.32–1.42. Kenya (fig. 47).................................................................................... voiensis sp. nov., immaculate form</p> <p>126. Claws simple, sometimes base of claw slightly widened and forms small tooth. Species from southern Africa north to southern Malawi.......................................................................................... 127.</p> <p>- Claws with large basal tooth. Small species, length 3.95–4.90 mm, stout, with base of elytra not or only slightly wider than pronotum, elytral disc strongly convex (figs. 303, 304). Subsaharian Africa south to southern Tanzania (fig. 36)................................................................................................ praetimida Spaeth</p> <p>127. Larger, length above 5.6 mm......................................................................... 128.</p> <p>- Smaller, length below 5.6 mm........................................................................ 133.</p> <p>128. Body slimmer, L/W ratio above 1.20. Punctation of elytra finer (figs. 301, 309, 315, 317, 318, 334)................. 129.</p> <p>- Body stouter, almost circular, L/W ratio 1.17–1.19 (fig. 331). Elytral disc moderately convex (fig. 332). Punctation of elytra very coarse, punctures almost touching each other. South Africa: Western Cape (fig. 11)................................................................................................ foveolatipennis Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska</p> <p>129. Punctation of pronotal disc coarse and dense, distance between punctures mostly smaller to as wide as puncture diameter (figs. 301, 309, 317).................................................................................... 130.</p> <p>- Punctation of pronotal disc fine and sparse, distance between punctures wider than puncture diameter. Base of elytra distinctly wider than pronotum, elytral disc distinctly convex (figs. 315, 316). South Africa: Eastern Cape (fig. 9)............................................................................. diversepunctata Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001</p> <p>130. Eyes small, distance between lower margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum longer than half length of eye.......... 131.</p> <p>- Eyes larger, distance between lower margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum shorter than half length of eye......... 132.</p> <p>131. Base of elytra as wide as base of pronotum (figs. 317, 318). Antennal segment 7 only slightly longer than wide. Larger, length 6.1–7.6 mm, and very convex (fig. 319). S Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique (fig. 18)............................................................................................ limpopoana Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001</p> <p>- Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum (fig. 309). Antennae slimmer, segment 7 more than twice longer than wide. Smaller, length 5.8–6.2 mm, and slightly convex (fig. 310). South Africa: Cape (fig. 9)............. distinguenda Spaeth</p> <p>132. Pronotum regularly semicircular, with maximum width at base (figs. 333, 334). Body stouter, L/W ratio 1.20–1.33, sides regularly convex (figs. 333, 334). Elytral disc feebly convex (fig. 335). South Africa: Cape (fig. 30)............................................................................................ pudens Boheman, large specimens</p> <p>- Pronotum inversely trapezoidal, with maximum width in the middle (figs. 300, 301). Body slimmer, L/W ratio 1.35–1.65, sides distinctly converging posterad (figs. 300, 301). Elytral disc strongly convex (fig. 302). Namibia and South Africa (fig. 29).................................................................. melanophthalma Boheman, large specimens</p> <p>133. Explanate margin of elytra extremely declivous, almost perpendicular to surface................................ 134.</p> <p>- Explanate margin of elytra moderately to strongly declivous but never appears perpendicular to surface............. 135.</p> <p>134. Smaller, L 4.15 mm, body slimmer, L/W 1.66 (fig. 293). Elytra more convex (fig. 294). Punctation of elytral disc homogenous. South Africa (Western Cape) (fig. 35).................................................... oxylepiformis sp. nov.</p> <p>- Larger, L 4.75–5.30 mm, body stouter, L/W 1.46–1.51 (fig. 307). Elytra less convex (fig. 308). Punctation of elytral disc heterogenous, between large punctation numerous fine punctures. South Africa: Cape (fig. 31).......... wittmeri sp. nov.</p> <p>135. Punctation of pronotum sparse to dense, finer than punctation of elytral disc, basal part of pronotal disc never appears strongly rugose. Elytra slightly converging posterad (figs. 295, 298, 300, 311, 313, 333)................................. 136.</p> <p>- Punctation of pronotum more extremely coarse and dense than punctation of elytral disc, basal part of pronotum appears strongly rugose. Elytra strongly converging posterad, disc strongly convex (figs.291, 292). South Africa: Cape (fig. 27)............................................................................... lycii Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska</p> <p>136. Body slimmer, L/W ratio 1.39–1.65, sides distinctly converging posterad (figs. 295, 298, 300)..................... 137.</p> <p>- Body stouter, L/W ratio below 1.39, sides regularly convex or only slightly converging posterad (figs. 311, 313, 333)...................................................................................................... 139.</p> <p>137. Punctation of pronotum fine and sparse, distance between punctures mostly wider than puncture diameter; punctures shallow, often hardly visible................................................................................ 138.</p> <p>- Punctation of pronotum coarse and dense, especially on basal part of disc, distance between punctures mostly narrower than puncture diameter. Namibia and South Africa (fig. 29)................ melanophtkalma Boheman. small, slim specimens</p> <p>138. Slimmer, L/W ratio 1.46–1.65. Punctation of elytral disc slightly coarser and denser, microreticulation between punctures finer (figs. 295–297). Wide spread from Zambia to South Africa (fig. 26)............................... litigiosa Boheman</p> <p>- Stouter, L /W ratio 1.38–1.45. Punctation of disc slightly finer and sparser, microreticulation between punctures stronger (figs. 298, 299). Southern Africa: Western Cape only (fig. 37)...................... reticulipennis Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska</p> <p>139. Explanate margin of elytra more declivous, distinctly narrowed posterad. Pronotum with maximum width in front of base, if close to base then sides slightly rounded (figs. 300, 301, 305, 311, 313)....................................... 140.</p> <p>- Explanate margin of elytra less declivous, broad in apical part. Pronotum regularly semicircular, with maximum width at base, sides angulate, elytral disc slightly convex (figs. 333, 334). South Africa: Cape (fig. 30).................................................................................................. pudens Boheman, rare small specimens</p> <p>140. Punctation of basal part of pronotal disc fine and shallow, often hardly visible, if distinctly visible and quite dense then elytra with regularly rounded sides (fig. 311)................................................................. 141.</p> <p>- Punctation of basal part of pronotal disc coarse and dense. Elytra distinctly converging posterad (figs. 300, 301). Elytral disc strongly convex (fig. 302). Namibia and South Africa (fig. 29)......... melanophthalma Boheman, small, stout specimens</p> <p>141. Punctation of elytra dense, punctures disposed regularly, no impunctate intervals. Base of elytra usually distinctly wider than base of pronotum (figs. 305, 313). Species outside Namibia................................................ 142.</p> <p>- Punctation of elytra sparser, punctures disposed irregularly, having a tendency to form two impunctate intervals, especially in area homologous to third and anterior part of fifth interval. Base of elytra as wide as or only slightly wider than pronotum (fig. 311). Elytral disc slightly convex (fig. 312). Species from Namibia (fig. 34).......................... spatiosa Spaeth</p> <p>142. Punctation of elytra finer and sparser, surface of elytra does not appear rugose (fig. 313)......................... 143.</p> <p>- Punctation of elytra coarse and extremely dense, punctures almost touching each other (fig. 305), surface of elytra appears rugose, especially on slope. Elytral disc strongly convex (fig. 306). South Africa: Western Cape (fig. 8)...................................................................................................... cordula Boheman</p> <p>143. Punctation of elytra finer, but appears more dense (figs. 313, 314). Surface between punctures very reticulate, appearing slightly dull. Base of elytra distinctly wider than base of pronotum (fig. 313). Cape Province in South Africa (fig. 10)............................................................................. chrysanthemoides Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska</p> <p>- Punctation of elytra coarser, but appears less dense. Surface between punctures less reticulate, appearing slightly glabrous. Base of elytra only slightly wider than base of pronotum. South Africa: Eastern and Western Cape Provinces (fig. 34)............................................................................. spatiosiformis Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B158A93EFF6CFAAC09FF9158	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B14AA93CFF6CFEF50F1F9353.text	E417E526B14AA93CFF6CFEF50F1F9353.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida aethiopica Boheman 1854	<div><p>Cassida aethiopica Boheman, 1854</p> <p>(figs. 1, 111–114)</p> <p>Cassida aethiopica Boheman, 1854: 368, 1856: 125, 1862: 303; Gemminger and Harold, 1876: 3651; Spaeth, 1943: 58; Shaw, 1968 a: 371; Borowiec, 1986: 806, 1999: 235.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) aethiopica: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Chiridopsis aethiopica: Tiberghien, 1976: 180.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.70–5.95 mm, W: 3.30–4.00 mm, Lp: 1.70–2.00 mm, Wp: 2.75–3.25 mm, L/W: 1.38–1.55, Wp/ Lp: 1.62–1.71. Body elongate–oval (figs. 111, 113, 114).</p> <p>In typically coloured specimens pronotum yellow with two round, black spots at top of disc. Scutellum yellow, elytral disc yellow with black pattern: round spot close to humerus, large spot on suture behind scutellum, two large round spots behind the middle close to suture, two small spots on slope and irregular band on sides of disc from humeral callus to 3/4 length of disc. Explanate margin always yellow (figs. 111, 112). The pattern is quite constant but sometimes large spots behind the middle of disc are connected with lateral band or the lateral band is interrupted in the middle. In rare aberrations elytral pattern is brown or yellowish brown (fig. 114), in extreme case dorsum uniformly yellow, sometimes with paler yellow patches (fig. 113). Head and prosternum yellow, mesosternum from yellow to brown, metasternum usually mostly brown to black with paler lateral plates but sometimes only yellowish brown, abdomen at least in the middle brown to black surrounded by yellow. Legs mostly yellowish but usually with partly infuscate femora and tibiae, often femora in the middle with brownish ring. Antennal segments 1–6 yellow, apical segments gradually infuscate to mostly black.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Surface of disc from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny, with very fine and sparse punctation. Distance between punctures several times wider than puncture diameter, interspaces regular with distinct microreticulation. Explanate margin indistinctly bordered from disc, broad, impunctate, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure its surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, rounded. Disc depressed in profile, without impressions (fig. 112). Punctation moderately coarse arranged in completely regular rows, sparse, distance between punctures mostly twice to thrice wider than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures only slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals flat to slightly convex, three to four times wider than rows, marginal interval slightly narrower than submarginal one, no humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, in the widest part five times narrower than disc, surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny with fine and sparse punctation, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.2 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus flat or very shallowly impressed, its surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny with several very small punctures. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:53:80:67:60: 60:60:57:60:63:120. Segment 3 approximately 1.5 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum narrow in the middle, strongly expanded apically, flat without special sculpture except several very small, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Common in western, eastern and central Africa west to Mali, north to Sudan, and south to N Tanzania (fig. 1).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida aethiopica species–group. Typical maculate form (fig. 111) is distinct from all African members of the genus Cassida. The combination of two black, round spots on pronotal disc and black pattern on yellow background on elytral disc is unique. The most similar elytral pattern has typical form of Cassida amorifica (figs. 115, 117) but differs in pronotal disc with only one black, basal spot and sometimes with additional triangular spots anteriorly. Cassida aethiopica has prosternum and first antennomere yellow while in C. amorifica prosternum is often black and first antennomere more or less infuscate. Pale specimens of C. aethiopica with elytral pattern reddish or completely reduced (figs. 113, 114) are similar to Cassida andreinii (fig. 237) but differ in larger size (length 4.70–5.95 mm vs. 3.65–4.55 mm), longer antennae with antennomeres 9 and 10 distinctly longer than wide (wider than long in C. andreinii), abdomen at least in the middle brown to black (uniformly yellow in Cassida andreinii), finer elytral punctation, and simple claws (with large basal tooth in C. andreinii).</p> <p>Types examined. Types not examined. According to Boheman (1854) type material was preserved in Paris Museum but we couldn’t find them in the MNHM collection.</p> <p>Other specimens examined. BENIN: Ouédéme–Adja, Mono River, 30 XII 2016, ultra violet, 1, A. Coache (AC); Parakou, 14 VII 1990, 3 (MNHN); Savalou, Kpataba, 14 XII 2016, ultra violet, 2, A. Coache (AC).</p> <p>CAMEROON: Benuë ad Garua, 12–18 VII 1909, Riggenbach (ZMHU); Garua, 2–3 IX 1909, 3, Riggenbach (ZMHU); Guétalé, Sodecoton, 22 IX 1977, 2, F. Appolinaire (HPA, MNHW); Kinadare–Benuë, 20 VII 1909, 1, Riggenbach (ZMHU); Kindoa, 20 VII 1909, 1, Riggenbach (ZMHU); Koza, 18 IX 1977, 1, F. Appolinaire (HPA); Kumba Station, 31 VII 1988, 1, F.–T. Krell (SMNS); Maroua, route Kousseri, 6 IX 1977, 1, F. Appolinaire (HPA); Wasa, 28 VIII 1978, 1, B. de Miré (HPA).</p> <p>CHAD: Bas– Chari, Fort Lamy, X 1904, 19, J. Decorse (MNHN, MNHW); Bebedja, 20–21 V 1973, 1, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH).</p> <p>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Albert Nat. Park, Bitshumbi, 925 m, 29 IX 1933, 1, de Witte (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Rwindi, 1000 m, 16 II 1936, 2, L. Lippens (MRAC, MNHW); Lac Albert, Kasenyi, 15 V 1935, 2, H.J. Brédo (MRAC), XII 1938, 2, P. Lefèvre (MRAC).</p> <p>GABON: Gabon, 1, Staudinger (ZMHU).</p> <p>GHANA: Accra Airport, 28–29 V 1988, 1, F.–T. Krell (SMNS); Northern Region, Tamale, 18 VII 1970, 2, S. Endrödi (HNHM, MNHW).</p> <p>IVORY COAST: Adiopodoume, 7 V 1988, 1, F.–T. Krell (SMNS); Bouaké, 17 II 1978, 1, R. Etienne (HPA); 6 km E Dabou, 4 IV 1988, 2, F.–T. Krell (SMNS); Ferkessédougou, 10–20 V 1964, 1, J. Decelle (MRAC); Ferkessedougou, 25 X 1973, 1, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH); Lamto, 8 VIII 1979, 1, J.M. Maldes (HPA).</p> <p>KENYA: Kisumu, 2 VI 1975, 1, H. Gønget (ZMC).</p> <p>MALI: Kogoni, X 1966, 28, G. Schmitz (MRAC, MNHW).</p> <p>NIGER: Niamey, 4 IX 1985, 1, 25 IX 1985, 1, 6 X 1985, 2, T.J. McNary (CMNH); Niger, 1, Benne (ZMHU).</p> <p>SUDAN: Fung Prov., 10 IX 1930, 1, H.B. Johnston (MM).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Victoria See, Ukerewe Is., 2, Conrads (DEI, BMNH).</p> <p>TOGO: Sokode, Kpangalam, 7 VI 1988, 1, F.–T. Krell (MNHW).</p> <p>UGANDA: Jinja, XII 1954 – II 1955, 2, P.S. Corbett (BMNH).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B14AA93CFF6CFEF50F1F9353	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B148A932FF6CFC3C09F1914B.text	E417E526B148A932FF6CFC3C09F1914B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida altiuscula Spaeth 1916	<div><p>Cassida altiuscula Spaeth, 1916</p> <p>(figs. 2, 51–53)</p> <p>Cassida altiuscula Spaeth, 1916: 48; Nummelin &amp; Borowiec, 1991: 14; Borowiec, 1999: 236.</p> <p>Description. L: 7.50–8.20 mm, W: 5.75–6.20 mm, Lp: 2.60–2.80 mm, Wp: 4.65–5.00 mm, L/W: 1.25–1.41, Wp/ Lp: 1.75–1.83. Body widest in subhumeral part then converging posterad, oval to elongate–oval (figs. 51, 52).</p> <p>Pronotum black, only area above head yellow to reddish. Scutellum and elytra black, only extreme margins of elytra reddish to brown (figs. 51–53). Head, ventrites and legs yellow to reddish. Antennal segment 1–5 reddish, segments 7–11 dark brown to black, segment 6 from uniformly reddish to partly infuscate.</p> <p>Pronotum regularly elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides very broadly rounded, no basal corners. Surface of disc shiny, impunctate, base in front of scutellum with two short longitudinal impressions. Explanate margin distinctly bordered from disc by impression, broad, shiny, impunctate but with few radial impressions, only pale area above head transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles strongly protruding anterad, angulate to almost acute. Disc strongly convex with high but obtuse postscutellar tubercle (fig. 53), entire surface with longitudinal and transverse folds, the highest on slope, elytral disc behind humeri distinctly impressed. Punctation moderately coarse, tends to form regular rows but the regularity interrupted by elevated elytral sculpture, only between humeral callus and folds on slope runs regular one or two rows, interspaces shiny. Marginal row distinct, its punctures twice coarser than punctation in central and lateral parts of disc. Intervals mostly indistinctly marked except almost complete submarginal one, marginal interval slightly narrower than submarginal one interrupted by few high folds. Explanate margin narrow, moderately declivous, in the widest part five times narrower than disc, surface irregular with mixed wrinkles and punctation but shiny interspaces, not transparent, honeycomb structure not visible.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena as long as last palpomere. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.6 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in arc, clypeal plate strongly convex, shiny, with few small setose punctures. Labrum without median emargination, only anterior margin very broadly and shallowly emarginate. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:57:74:74:72:57:63:61:6 1:59:117. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and approximately as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, between coxae without special structure but densely pubescent, expanded apex in the middle tuberculate, on sides deeply impressed with several long setae.</p> <p>Claws simple but with distinctly widened base.</p> <p>Distribution. Central Africa from Cameroon to Rwanda (fig. 2).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida tosta species–group. It differs from all species of the group in pronotal disc and entire elytra completely black (figs. 51–53). Only the darkest forms of Cassida tosta and C. overlaeti have similar colouration (figs. 54, 62) but C. tosta differs in explanate margin of pronotum completely black (fig. 62) while in C. altiuscula anterior part of the explanate margin is yellow to reddish (figs. 51, 52), and C. overlaeti differs in very low postscutellar elevation (fig. 56) and elytral sides rounded, slightly converging posterad (fig. 54). Cassida altiuscula differs also from all members of this group in the highest elytral hump, elytral sides distinctly converging posterad, and base of elytra the widest compared to the pronotum than any other species of the group.</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Beni Forest, IX–X 1910, 1, Grauer (MM).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. CAMEROON: Efulen, 8 VIII 1910, 1, H.L. Weber (MNHW); Nkolbison, Dept. Nyong–Sanaga, IX 1963, 1 (MNHW); Nkolbison, Yaounde–Bi, 20 V 1963, 1, L. Segers (ZSM).</p> <p>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Albert Nat. Park, L. 2265, 1, P. Jolivet (MRAC); Kasai, Forêt de Luebo, 3, M. Babault (MRAC, MM); Mombati, 31 VIII 1927, 1, 2 IX 1927, 1, A. Collart (IRSN, MM); Ubangi, Nzali, 3–4 II 1932, 1, H.J. Bredo (MNHW); Yangambi, 1, M. Perrand (MRAC), 1933, 1, Van Laer (MNHW), 1948, 1, M. Capon (MRAC), 14–15 XII 1952, 3, P. Basilevsky (MRAC), 1953, 2, R. Mayné (MRAC); Yangambi, IV 1964, 1, M. Pavan (MZSNV).</p> <p>EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Benito, 1–15 VIII 1906, 1, G. Tessmann (ZMHU); Nkolentangan, XI 1907 – V 1908, 2, G. Tessmann (ZMHU, MNHW).</p> <p>GABON: Gabun, 1 (MM).</p> <p>RWANDA: Karegera, 1700 m, X 1993, 1, T. Wagner (TW); Nyakabuye, 15–20 VIII 1985, 1, H. Mühle (HK).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B148A932FF6CFC3C09F1914B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B146A930FF6CFE110EFD92E3.text	E417E526B146A930FF6CFE110EFD92E3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida amorifica Boheman 1862	<div><p>Cassida amorifica Boheman, 1862</p> <p>(figs. 3, 115–118)</p> <p>Cassida amorifica Boheman, 1862: 315; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3652; Spaeth, 1938: 63; Shaw, 1956: 268, 1963: 457; Borowiec, 1995: 370, 1999: 236, 2005: 122.</p> <p>Coptocycla amorifica: Spaeth, 1909: 275, 1912 b: 504, 1914 b: 131, 1935: 175.</p> <p>Coptocycla venustula Weise, 1896: 27, 1902: 404; Spaeth, 1909: 275 (as syn.).</p> <p>Description. L: 4.15–5.10 mm, W: 3.10–3.60 mm, Lp: 1.55–1.75 mm, Wp: 2.55–2.95 mm, L/W: 1.33–1.43, Wp/ Lp: 1.59–1.74. Body oval (figs. 115, 117, 118).</p> <p>Variable species, in typically coloured specimens pronotum yellow, disc with large black goblet–like spot; scutellum black, elytral disc yellow with black pattern: large goblet–like spot behind scutellum, two large round spots behind the middle close to suture, elongate spot on sutural apex extending to explanate margin, large elongate spot on sides extending from humeral callus to half length of disc and elongate L–shaped spot in posterolateral parts of disc (fig. 115, 116). In dark intermediate forms pronotum with small triangular spot in area above head and large trapezoidal or square spot at basal part of disc, elytral anterolateral spots connected with round spots behind the middle of disc and posterolateral elongate spots connected with apical sutural spot then elytral disc predominantly black with yellow relief as in fig. 117. In the darkest form entire elytral disc black except yellow anterior half of marginal interval (fig. 118). Explanate margin always yellow. Ventrites variable, in most common form head yellow with narrow black band across base, thorax black except yellow lateral plates, abdomen in the middle brown to black surrounded by yellow. Legs mostly yellowish, including coxae, but trochanters always infuscate to black. In extreme pale form ventrites almost completely yellow only abdomen in the middle yellowish brown, in extreme dark form basal 1/3 of clypeus black and abdomen mostly black only narrowly surrounded by yellow. The degree of dark maculation of ventrites is not correlated with degree of black colouration of dorsal part of body. Antennal segments 1 yellow usually more or less infuscate to completely brown, segments 2–4 yellow, segment 5 yellow to partly infuscate, segments 6–11 gradually darker to completely black.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Surface of disc from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny, with very fine but dense punctation. Distance between punctures from as wide as to slightly wider than puncture diameter, interspaces regular with distinct microreticulation. Explanate margin broad, moderately bordered from disc with distinct lateral impressions, impunctate, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure its surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly to moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc depressed in profile (fig. 116), without impressions, in form with predominate black pattern yellow in postscutellar area forms a relief. Punctation in forms predominantly yellow or completely black arranged in completely regular rows, in intermediate forms yellow relief partly impunctate. Punctures moderately coarse, distance between punctures mostly as wide as or slightly wider than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures not or only slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals flat to slightly convex, three to four times wider than rows, marginal interval as wide as submarginal one, without humeral but with distinct lateral fold. Explanate margin narrow, moderately declivous, in the widest part five times narrower than disc, surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny with fine and very dense punctation, appears slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, runs close to margin of eye and converging in sharp angle, surface of clypeal plate flat or shallowly impressed in apical half, shiny with several very small punctures. Labrum deeply emarginate to 1/3 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:49:59:56:56:44:50:49:56:59:125. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and only slightly longer than segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, between coxae almost flat, expanded part with irregular sculpture.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. South and Central Africa north to Rwanda (fig. 3).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida aethiopica species–group. Pale specimens have a dorsal pattern similar to the pattern of typically coloured C. aethiopica but this species has a pair of two small round spots on pronotal disc while C. amorifica has pronotum with a single black spot in front of the scutellum and sometimes an additional small triangular spot anteriorly. Specimens with a more expanded black pattern (fig. 117) are distinct from all African members of the genus Cassida. Specimens with a completely black elytral disc and yellow explanate margin of elytra are similar to such coloured members of Cassida lacrymosa species–group (C. depicta, C. humerosa and C. schoutedeni) but differ in slimmer body, more narrowly rounded sides of pronotum and base of elytra only slightly wider than pronotum while members of Cassida lacrymosa species–group are stouter and have base of elytra distinctly wider than pronotum.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype of Cassida amorifica Boheman: [SOUTH AFRICA]: N’Gami Africae, 1, Vahlberg (NRS); Lectotype and 2 paralectotypes of Coptocycla venustula Weise, present designation: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Natal, 3, Gorham (ZMHU).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. BOTSWANA: W. Chobe Nat. Park, Saruti Channel W., 13 III 1976, 1 (NMM).</p> <p>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): 18 km SW of Elisabethville, 1927, 1, H.S. Evans (BMNH); Katanga, Kolwezi, X 1951, 1, V. Allard (MNHW).</p> <p>KENYA: Stony Athi, E.A.U., VII 1940, 4 (BMNH).</p> <p>MALAWI: Mulanje Mts., 23–26 XII 2001, 1, J. Halada (MS); Nkhotatoka env., 2–3 I 2002, 1, J. Bezdek (JB); Ntchisi, 25–29 III 2000, 1, F. Pavel (MS).</p> <p>NAMIBIA: Abachaus, Otjiwarongo Distr., III 1950, 4, G. Hobohm (TM, MNHW); Grootfontein, Farm Hurisib, IV 1989, 2, J. Irish (ZMHU); Grootfontein, Otavi Fontein, 4 km E Otavi, 17 II 1992, 1, M. Uhlig (ZMHU); Outjo, Delhi, 14–16 III 1979, 5, S. Louw &amp; M.–L. Penrith (WM, MNHW); Swakopmund, I 1955, 3, G. Hobohm (MNHW).</p> <p>RWANDA: Muko, Bugamza N., 1500–1800 m, 20 VI 1951, 1, A.E. Bertrand (MNHW).</p> <p>SOUTH AFRICA: Bouaccordam, 18 VII 1953, 1, A. Peez (ZSM); Gauteng Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.2/lat -25.6)">Pretoria</a>, 25°36’S / 28°12’E, 1 (ARC); Gauteng Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.366667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.366667/lat -25.583334)">Roodeplaat</a>, 25 km NE of Pretoria, 25°35’S / 28°22’E, 1 (ARC); Gauteng Prov., Windy Brow, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.683332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.5/lat -25.683332)">Cullinan</a>, 25°41’S / 28°30’E, 1 (TM); Limpopo Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.266666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.266666/lat -25.266666)">Pienaarsrivier</a>, 25°16’S / 28°16’E, 1 (ARC); Mpulalanga Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.333334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.416666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.333334/lat -25.416666)">Loskop Dam Nat. Res.</a>, 50 km NW of Middelburg, 25°25’S / 29°20’E, 1 (ARC); Mpumalanga, 30 km NE Lydenburg N.P., 22–25 XI 2003, 1, Halada (MS); Natal, Estcourt, IX 1896, 1, under bark (ZMHU); Natal, Ladysmith, VII 1957, 2, R.M. Martin (TM, MNHW); Natal, [Pieter] Maritzburg, 1 (BMNH); Natal, S. Lucia, 29 X 1981, 2, J. Klapperich (MZSNV); Transvaal, vic. Melodie, 6–10 XII 1985, 1, D. d’Hotmann (ER), 14–16 XII 1985, 1, Bellamy and d’Hotmann (ER); 29–31 XII1985, 1, C.L. Bellamy (ER); Transvaal, Pretoria, 1, A. Botto (MZSNV); Transvaal, 20–25 km E Pretoria, 17–18 XI 1984, 1, H. and A. Howden (CMN); Transvaal, Ratshipe, 28 XI 1985, 1, C.L. Bellamy (ER); Transvaal, Rivonia, 18 III 1967, 1, M. I. Rusell (BMNH); Transvaal, Rustenburg, near Meyjes Farm, 11–17 XI 1949, 1, A.L. Capener (MM); Transvaal, Saartjiesnek, 30 XI–1 XII 1985, 1, Bellamy and d’Hotmann (ER); Transvaal, Zoutpansberg, 1 (ZMHU).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Kitwei Plain, W of Kiberashi, 16 III 2002, 1, M. Snižek (MS); Mabawe, 22 III 1961, 1, I. A. D. Robertson (BMNH).</p> <p>ZAMBIA: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.51&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.51/lat -17.55)">Livingstone</a>, Victoria Falls, 26–31 XII 1993, 2, M. Snižek (MS); Victoria Falls, 17.55 S / 25.51 E, 13–14 III 1993, 1, U. Göllner (MNHW).</p> <p>ZIMBABWE: Hope Fontain, 6 I 1922, 1, J. Neville (NMM); Salisbury, 24 IV 1913, 3, J. O’Neil (NMM, MNHW).</p> <p>VARIA: Margelan, 3, Stauding. (ZMHU).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B146A930FF6CFE110EFD92E3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B143A935FF6CFAE40D34914B.text	E417E526B143A935FF6CFAE40D34914B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida ancorifera Boheman 1856	<div><p>Cassida ancorifera Boheman, 1856</p> <p>(figs. 4, 147–154)</p> <p>Cassida ancorifera Boheman, 1856: 130, 1862: 319; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3652; Shaw, 1961: 27; Borowiec, 1986: 805, 1999: 237; Rice, 2003: 80.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) ancorifera: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Cassida insignis Spaeth, 1924: 359, 1933 a: 345; Shaw, 1972: 75; Borowiec, 1999: 237 (as syn. of ancorifera).</p> <p>Cassida ancorifera ssp. insignis: Spaeth, 1943: 59.</p> <p>Cassida insignis ab. Seydeli Spaeth, 1933 a: 345, unavailable name.</p> <p>Cassida comtula Spaeth, 1924: 361; Borowiec, 1999: 237 (as syn. of ancorifera).</p> <p>Description. L: 3.90–4.60 mm, W: 3.35–3.85 mm, Lp: 1.45–1.70 mm, Wp: 2.45–2.8 mm, L/W: 1.16–1.22, Wp/Lp: 1.65–1.86. Body almost circular (figs. 147, 148, 150–153).</p> <p>Very variable species. In typically coloured specimens pronotum yellow, disc with large, fungiform black spots; scutellum black, elytral disc with black humeri and postscutellar impressions, black stripe around disc and black transverse band in 2/3 length of disc interrupted on suture, area on top of disc reddish with yellow elevated U–shaped figure on top of disc (fig. 150). In dark forms black on disc increases and only marginal interval, lateral fold and two spots on top of disc yellow, and black spot on pronotum covers almost entire pronotal disc except size (fig. 151). In extreme dark form entire elytral disc black except yellow marginal interval (fig. 152). In pale forms dark pattern is reduced, band around disc mostly brown or reddish brown, top of disc mostly yellow only punctures with dark centre, pronotal spot reduced to a small brown to black patch in front of scutellum (figs. 148, 153). In very pale specimens pattern of dorsum is reddish, including pronotal spot (fig. 147), in extreme case dorsum uniformly yellow (only one such coloured specimen was examined). Explanate margin always yellow. Head yellow, sometimes basal corners reddish, thorax, abdomen and legs yellow, antennae yellow, in northern populations usually only last segment infuscate to brown, in southern populations two to four apical segments more or less infuscate to almost black.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides narrowly rounded, no basal corners. Surface of disc shiny, impunctate. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, angulate, margins of elytra behind humeral angle usually very shallowly emarginate. Disc depressed in profile (fig. 149), with shallow postscutellar and posterolateral and deep principal impressions and slightly elevated postscutellar Hshaped figure. Punctation variable, from fine in northern populations to moderately coarse in southern populations, tends to form regular rows but they are often interrupted by pale elytral sculpture, punctation in rows from sparse to moderately dense, distance between punctures from as wide as to thrice wider than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, but its punctation forms rather shallow impressions than regular punctures. Intervals when well marked than on top of disc thrice on side twice wider than rows, flat, shiny, marginal interval always complete with more or less marked yellow lateral fold. Explanate margin broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part three times narrower than disc, surface shiny, slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus narrow, slightly longer than wide. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, runs close to margin of eye then converging in triangle, surface of clypeus flat or very shallowly impressed, its surface shiny with few small punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae slim, segments 9–10 approximately 1.5 times as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:53:53:53:47:53:44:50:50:112. Segment 3 approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 2 and as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat without special sculpture, expanded part with several dense punctures, often appears irregular.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Central Africa from Cameroon to Ethiopia, south to Mozambique and Zimbabwe (fig. 4).</p> <p>Remarks. A very distinct species not belonging to any defined group of species. The combination of characters: extremely variable dorsal pattern with a basal spot on the pronotum always present (figs. 147–154) but ventrites yellow, depressed elytral disc with shallow postscutellar and posterolateral and deep principal impressions and slightly elevated postscutellar H–shaped figure, shiny and impunctate pronotum, base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum with angulate humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, elytral punctation sparse, from fine to moderate, arranged in more or less regular rows but regularity often disturbed by pale elytral sculpture, and simple claws is unique. A form with a completely black elytral disc (fig. 152) at first glanc is similar to the similarly coloured form of Cassida amorifica (fig. 118) but this species differs in base of elytra only slightly wider than pronotum, pronotal disc punctate, pronotum with two black spots, small triangular anteriorly and large, transverse at base, body more elongate (L/W ratio 1.33–1.43 vs. 1.16–1.22) and ventrites mostly black. Maculate forms of C. ancorifera (figs. 150, 151) are similar to C. bamendana and C. flavosignata but both congeners distinctly differs in coarsely and densely punctate elytral disc, numerous yellow relief spots on elytral disc and ventrites partly brown to black (figs. 122, 124). Pale form of C. ancorifera (fig. 147) differs from all small species with reddish dorsal pattern in simple claws.</p> <p>Types examined. Syntype of Cassida insignis Spaeth: [MALAWI]: Zomba, Nyassaland, H.S. Staunus (syntype of insignis, BMNH); syntype of Cassida insignis Spaeth: [TANZANIA]: Victoria See, Ukerewe Is., Conrads (MM); Holotype of Cassida comtula Spaeth: [EQUATORIAL GUINEA]: Fernando Poo, Basile, 400–600 m, VIII–IX 1901, L. Fea (MZSNG).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. CAMEROON: Douala, 1, David (NMP); Yaunde, 27 III 1923, 1 (CMNH).</p> <p>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Bas Congo, Mangembo, 1932, 1, Zwolakowski (MRAC); Garamba Nat. Park, km 17, 6 VII 1950, 1, 25 V 1951, 1, De Saeger (IRSN, MRAC); Kivu, Ibanda, 1951–1952, 4, M. Vandelannoite (MRAC, MNHW); Kivu, Irangi, 26 I 1957, 1, Dr. Jilly (SMNS), 24 VIII 1985, 1, H. Mühle (HK); Kivu, Rutshuru, riv. Kanzarue, 1200 m, 16 VII 1935, 1, de Witte (MRAC); Kivu, Tshibinda, XI 1932, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC); Leopoldville, 20 IX 1950, 1, M. Leclerq (MNHW); Mayumbe, Kuni, 23 V 1925, 1, A. Collart (MRAC); Nioka, VII 1937, 1, J. Ghesquière (MRAC); Rutshuru, I 1937, 1, J. Ghesquière (MRAC); Stanleyville, 13 VII 1929, 1, A. Collart (IRSN); Tanganika, Moba, 780 m, XI 1953, 1, H. Bomans (MNHW); Uele, Gangala na Bodio, 15 IV 1936, 1, L. Lippens (MNHW); Upemba Nat. Park, Kamitungulu, af. Lusinga, 1700 m, 4–7 III 1947, 2, Miss. de Witte (IRSN, MM); Upemba Nat. Park, Kenia, 1700 m, 28 III 1947, 1, de Witte (MRAC); Upemba Nat. Park, Lusinga, 1760 m, 19 III 1947, 1, de Witte (MRAC).</p> <p>ERITREA: Erithrea, 1 (NRS).</p> <p>ETHIOPIA: Belleta Forest, 13–14 VI 1963, 1, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH); Kaffa, Gore–Tepi, 6 V 2002, 1, K. Werner (MS).</p> <p>KENYA: Nairobi, II 1943, 1, Meneghetti (LS).</p> <p>MALAWI: Masenjere env., 50 km S Blantyre, 21 XII 2001, 1, F. &amp; L. Kantner (FK); Mulanje Mts., 23–26 XII 2001, 1, F. &amp; L. Kantner (FK).</p> <p>MOZAMBIQUE: Zambesia prov., Mount Lico, 921 m, V 2018, 3, G. Bittencourt (BMNH).</p> <p>REPUBLIC OF CENTRAL AFRICA: Fort Crampel, 4 (IRSN); Uamgeb., Bosum, 21–30 IV 1914, 1, Tesmann (MNHW).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Kilimandjaro, 1905–1906, 1, Sjoestedt (NRS); SW Tanganyika, Mt Mbize, 12 mls NE Sumbawanga, VI 1960, 1, N. Leleup (MRAC); Victoria See, Ukerewe Is., 3, Conrads (, BMNH, MNHW).</p> <p>UGANDA: Victoria–Nyanza, Sesse Is., Bugala, 1908, 1, E. Bayon (MZSNG).</p> <p>ZAMBIA: NW Province, 50 km E of Mwinilunga, 28 X 2008, 1, M. Snižek (MNHW).</p> <p>ZIMBABWE: 21 km N Centenary, Miware Raffia Palm Reserve, 26 VIII 1998, 1, M. Rice (MER); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.986944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.518333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.986944/lat -17.518333)">Mazowe</a>, Dam, 17°31’06’’S / 30°59’13’’E, 19 VI 1998, 1, 20 VI 1998, 2, 23 VI 1998, 6, 9 VII 1998, 3, 14 VII 1998, 2, 19 VII 1998, 2, M. Rice (MER); 40 km N Mhangura, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.111668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.625278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.111668/lat -16.625278)">Chipiri lake</a>, 16°37’31”S, 30°06’42”E, 19 IX 1998, 1, M. Rice (MER, MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B143A935FF6CFAE40D34914B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B141A90BFF6CFE110F1F9693.text	E417E526B141A90BFF6CFE110F1F9693.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida andreinii : Spaeth 1933	<div><p>Cassida andreinii Spaeth, 1933</p> <p>(figs. 5, 236–238)</p> <p>Cassida andreinii Spaeth, 1933 b: 48; Borowiec, 1999: 237, 2005: 122.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassidulella) torrida Spaeth, 1939: 20; Borowiec, 1994 b: 156 (as syn.).</p> <p>Description. L: 3.65–4.55 mm, W: 2.75–3.10 mm, Lp: 1.50–1.80 mm, Wp: 2.25–2.6 mm, L/W: 1.33–1.47, Wp/Lp: 1.44–1.50. Body oval (figs. 236, 237).</p> <p>Pronotum yellow. Scutellum yellow, elytral disc yellow, in most specimens with reddish to brown pattern: small stripe on humeral callus, small spot behind scutellum, and small stripe in posterolateral parts of disc, usually also punctures in postscutellar impression, base of disc and in apex of sutural row with dark centre, apex of suture narrowly reddish to brown (fig. 237). In pale specimens only humeral callus with small reddish spot and punctures in postscutellar impression with reddish centre (fig. 236). Explanate margin always yellow. Head, ventrites, legs and antennae uniformly yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides rounded, no basal corners. Surface of disc slightly alutaceous, with well marked and impressed area above head. Punctation of elevated parts of disc moderately coarse but dense, distance between punctures as wide as puncture diameter, in northern populations punctation much dense, punctures almost touching each other then surface appears irregular. Punctation of area above head smaller and sparser than on elevated parts of disc. Explanate margin broad, slightly alutaceous, with shallow, sparse punctation in southern populations surface appears regular in northern populations appears slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra only slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc regularly convex (fig. 238), with shallow postscutellar impressions and slightly elevated postscutellar transverse fold. Punctation coarse, arranged in completely regular rows, dense, distance between punctures mostly narrower than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures only slightly coarser than punctures in central rows, submarginal row incomplete, starts from posthumeral area. Intervals flat to slightly convex, on top of disc approximately as wide as rows on sides narrower than rows to linear, marginal interval in anterior 1/4 length twice wider than submarginal one in posterior part only slightly wider than submarginal interval, no distinct lateral fold but interspaces in posterior half of the interval more or less convex. Surface of intervals alutaceous, regular. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, in the widest part 5.5 times narrower than disc, surface alutaceous with shallow but coarse and moderately dense punctation, appears more or less irregular, semitransparent, honeycomb structure often invisible.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves very fine, run close to margin of eye with row of setose punctures, at top of clypeus converging in angle, surface of clypeal plate flat, shiny, with few very small punctures. Labrum minutely emarginate to 1/6 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 distinctly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:58:81:54:54:42:42:46:46:50:100. Segment 3 approximately 1.4 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.5 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa shallowly impressed without special sculpture, expanded part with several moderately coarse, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Known from dry localities in almost all of eastern Africa; a single locality is also known from north–eastern Nigeria (fig. 5).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida andreinii species–group, Cassida andreinii with Cassida heroni, form a group of small cassids with length below 4.6 mm; dorsum predominantly green to yellow with at most small reddish to brown spots, ventrites yellow; body oval to broadly–oval; pronotum elliptical, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners; base of elytra not or only slightly wider than pronotum, disc regularly convex, without hump, elytral rows regular, explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous and claws with large basal tooth. Cassida heroni differs in stouter body with L/W ratio 1.22–1.30 and explanate margin of elytra broader and more explanate (figs. 239, 240) while in C. andreinii the L/W ratio is 1.33–1.47 and explanate margin of elytra are narrower and less explanate (figs. 236–238). The elytral pattern in C. andreinii is usually more distinct with small reddish spots on the postscutellar elevation, humeral calli and posterolateral parts of disc (fig. 237) while in C. heroni the postscutellar elevation is never spotted and spots on humeral calli and posterolateral parts of disc look like srtripes (fig. 239). Both species have pale forms with more or less reduced elytral spots but in in the palest form of C. andreinii there is a small spot on the postcutellar elevation while in C. heroni elytra is completely yellow.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype of Cassida andreinii Spaeth: [ETHIOPIA]: Eritrea, Cheren, IV 1903, D’A. Andreini (MZUF); holotype of Cassida torrida Spaeth: [ZAMBIA]: Lukanga Distr., Yiafusa R., VII 1915, H.C. Dollman (MM).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. NIGERIA: Bauchi St., Yankari Game Res., 11 XII 1979, 1, University of Łódź Exp. (MNHW).</p> <p>SOUTH AFRICA: Kruger Nat. Park, Sataro, 15–17 XII 1985, 2, M. Sanborne (MZSNV, MNHW); Limpopo Prov., Thabazimbi, 12 XII 2006, 1, M. Snižek (MNHW); Lydenburg, 1896, 1, Krantz (MNHW); Transvaal, 15 km E Klaserie, 19–31 XII 1985, 1, M. Sanborne (MZSNV); Vereeniging, 16 XI 1924, 1, G. v. Son (MNHW).</p> <p>ZAMBIA: Batoka, XII 1895, 1 (MCZC); Chilanga, 10 VII 1913, 1 (LS).</p> <p>ZIMBABWE: env. Kotwa, Chimana Causeway, 8 IX 1986, 1, M. Lillig &amp; S. Potel (NKE).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Kirumba n. Mzansa, 6 IV 1916, 1, Holtz (MM).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B141A90BFF6CFE110F1F9693	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B17FA909FF6CFE690835941B.text	E417E526B17FA909FF6CFE690835941B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida bamendana Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida bamendana sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 6, 124–125)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F9A051EB-934B-44A6-87D4-FBDF8E20FDD8</p> <p>Etymology. Named after its type locality Bamenda in Cameroon.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.20–4.45 mm, W: 3.40–4.62 mm, Lp: 1.40–1.60 mm, Wp: 2.55–2.80 mm, L/W: 1.23–1.26, Wp/Lp: 1.75–1.82. Body broadly oval (fig. 124).</p> <p>Pronotal disc black, at base with two yellow oblique spots tending to form V–shaped figure, base of praescutellar lobe narrowly yellow. Explanate margin of pronotum yellow. Scutellum mostly black with narrowly yellow to yellowish brown margins or black basally and yellowish in posterior half. Elytral disc mostly black except yellow marginal interval, extreme apex and small 14–22 spots in central part of disc, the largest pair of yellow spots with postscutellar elevation forming an H–shaped figure. Explanate margin of elytra yellow (figs. 124, 125). Frontoclypeal plate in basal half black and yellow apically but with diffused border between black and yellow colours, in holotype frontoclypeal plate mostly yellowish with black basal corners and lateral margins. Ventrites including coxa mostly black, only abdomen surrounded by yellow. Antennae and legs uniformly yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners.Disc moderately convex, separated from explanate margin by shallow sulcus, with indistinctly separated area above head. Surface of disc shiny, mostly impunctate only in impressed parts with very small, sparse punctures. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Scutellum triangular, without punctures, rows or wrinkles. Base of elytra distinctly wider than pronotum. Humeri distinctly protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc in profile gently convex, with top of convexity in postscutellar area (fig. 125), without postscutellar and principal impressions but with well marked H–shaped elevation. Punctation of disc regular, coarse and dense, punctures in rows almost touching each other, yellow spots of disc impunctate and slightly elevated. Punctures on slope as dense as on other parts of disc. Marginal row distinct, its punctures slightly coarser than in submarginal row. Intervals very narrow, linear, mostly narrower than rows, interval 2 behind H–shaped elevation and interval 4 in the middle elevated to form obtuse costa, rest of surface appears regular except slightly elevated yellow spots. Marginal interval distinct, 1.5–2.0 times wider than submarginal interval, without humeral but with lateral fold. Explanate margin of elytra moderately declivous, broad, in the widest part approximately three times narrower than disc, its surface shallowly, densely punctate, appears distinctly irregular.</p> <p>Head broad, eyes large, gena very short. Clypeus narrrow, approximately 1.2 times as long as wide, with distinct clypeal lines converging in regular triangle, surface of clypeus flat or only apically with small shallow impression, shiny, impunctate. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae slim, segments 8–10 distinctly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:71:83:83:83:50:71:50:50:54:108, segment 3 approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 2, and as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternal process moderately broad, strongly expanded apically with deep lateral sulci, area between coxa convex, shiny, expanded apex with several moderately coarse, hairy punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. North–western Cameroon (fig. 6).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group, belongs to the complex of species with predominantly black pronotal and elytral discs. Only the dark form of C. depicta appears similar (fig. 131) but differs in slightly less rounded pronotal sides, usually larger size with length often above 4.5 mm (although the smallest specimens of C. depicta are similar in size to C. bamendana) and last elytral interval often partly black. At first glance also C. flavosignata appears similar but differs in stouter body with L/W ratio 1.13–1.18 (in C. bamendana 1.23–1.26), marginal interval partly black (completely yellow), metasternum and abdomen yellow (mostly black) and claws with small basal tooth (large tooth).</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype [CAMEROON]: Bamenda, 13.12.55, Exped. Mus. G. Frey, Nigeria–Kamerun, Bechyne, 1955.56 (NHB); two paratypes: the same data as holotype (NHB, MNHW).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B17FA909FF6CFE690835941B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B17DA909FF6CFBE10D1392E3.text	E417E526B17DA909FF6CFBE10D1392E3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida benaadirensis Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida benaadirensis sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 6, 262–263)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 59602F31-CFE0-4975-A934-079D354F3008</p> <p>Etymology. Named after Benaadir distr. in Somalia which includes the city of Mogadishu, the type locality of this species.</p> <p>Description. L: 5.10–5.40 mm, W: 3.90–4.25 mm, Lp: 2.00 mm, Wp: 3.30–3.40 mm, L/W: 1.27–1.31, Wp/Lp: 1.65–1.70. Body short–oval (fig. 262).</p> <p>Entire body including legs and antennae yellow (figs. 262, 263).</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width slightly before middle, sides broadly angulate, no basal corners. Disc moderately convex, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, with indistinctly separated area above head. Surface of disc shiny with very small, sparse punctures. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, surface regular to slightly irregular, slightly alutaceous to shiny, transparent with honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Scutellum triangular, without punctures, rows or wrinkles. Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum. Humeri distinctly protruding anterad, angulate. Disc in profile distinctly strongly convex with top of convexity at postscutellar point (fig. 263), H–shaped elevation in holotype low but well visible, whereas in paratype hardly marked in form of short, low transverse fold. Punctation of disc completely regular, coarse, dense, distance between punctures in rows mostly narrower than puncture diameter. Punctures on slope as dense as on other parts of disc. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as in submarginal row. Intervals on top of disc very narrow, linear, on sides as wide as rows, flat or slightly convex, smooth, shiny, surface of elytra appears regular. Marginal interval distinct, approximately as wide as submarginal interval and two submarginal rows combined, without humeral and lateral folds. Explanate margin of elytra moderately declivous, broad, at the widest part approximately 3.1 times narrower than disc, its surface shallowly, densely punctate, appears distinctly irregular.</p> <p>Head broad, eyes large, gena very short. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.7 times as wide as long, with fine clypeal lines converging in obtuse angle, surface of clypeus flat, shiny, without setose punctures. Labrum emarginate to 1/3–1/2 length. Antennae slim, segments 8–10 distinctly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:60:67:63:60:40:60:50:60:60:100, segment 3 approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 2, and only slightly longer segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternal process moderately broad, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat, smooth and shiny, rhomboidal apex flat in the middle, with 2–3 small hairy punctures, posterior margin close, with row of small, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Ethiopia and Somalia (fig. 6).</p> <p>Remarks. Uniformly yellow colouration, small size, strongly convex elytra, coarse, completely regular elytral punctation place this distinct species close to immaculate forms of species of the Cassida turcmenica group. Both C. pellegrini and C. rothschildi differ in size below 5 mm, pronotum with maximum width in the middle, punctation of elytra slightly finer and intervals slightly broader than in C. benaadirensis (figs. 232, 234), antennae shorter with antennomeres 9–20 distinctly wider than long (slightly longer than wide in C. benaadirensis), and longer clypeus 1.3–1.4 times as wide as long (1.7 times in C. benaadirensis). At fist glance, Cassida capensis from South Africa looks similar to C. benaadirensis but differs in distinctly angulate pronotal sides, higher H–shaped postsutellar elevation, mostly black ventrites and simple claws (fig. 287).</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [SOMALIA]: Somalia, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.533333/lat 5.25)">Mogadiscio</a> env., Marz 1974 leg.? (MNHW); paratype: [ETHIOPIA] ETHIOPIA South, 20 km SE of Konso, 05°15’N 37°32’E, 850 m, 11–13 V + 18–20 V 2015, A. Kudrna jr lgt. (LS).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B17DA909FF6CFBE10D1392E3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B17CA908FF6CFAE40F939236.text	E417E526B17CA908FF6CFAE40F939236.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida benguelica Spaeth 1933	<div><p>Cassida benguelica Spaeth, 1933</p> <p>(figs.1, 119)</p> <p>Cassida benguelica Spaeth, 1933 a: 345; Borowiec, 1999: 239.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.70 mm, W: 3.65 mm, Lp: 1.60 mm, Wp: 2. 70 mm, L/W: 1.29, Wp/Lp: 1.69. Body oval (fig. 119).</p> <p>Pronotum yellow, disc with large, black, triangular spot occupying almost entire surface of disc except sides, insides the black spot, close to scutellum two large, yellow spots. Apex of the triangular black spot rounded. Scutellum black. Elytral disc with black ground colour and pattern of yellow spots. In humeral and posterolateral area the black ground colour extending to submarginal row but in the middle and on apex margin of the black spot emarginate. Yellow pattern forms two small, round yellow spots close to base of scutellum, two large, irregular, elevated spots at sides of postscutellar point, two smaller, elevated spots in the mid length of disc close to suture, two irregular spots in ¾ length of disc close to suture, and two small spots in posterolateral part of disc (fig. 119). Ventrites, legs and antennae yellow only apex of last antennal segment infuscate.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, sides rounded. Disc indistinctly margined from explanate margin, without distinct lateral lobes, surface smooth and shiny. Explanate margin broad, with honeycomb structure, surface smooth and shiny.</p> <p>Base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate, elytral margins behind humeral angle very shallowly emarginate. Disc moderately, regularly convex in profile, with shallow postscutellar and principal impressions emphasized by elevated yellow spots. Punctation moderately coarse and sparse, distance between punctures mostly wider than puncture diameter. Rows regular but interrupted by yellow spots. Three pairs of central yellow spots elevated, first and third pair of the spots marked with 1–2 coarse punctures. Marginal row distinct, its punctures only slightly coarser than in submarginal row, dense with distance between punctures mostly narrower than puncture diameter. Intervals 1.5–2.5 times as wide as rows, flat (except elevated yellow spots), their surface slightly alutaceous but shiny. Marginal interval without humeral fold, lateral fold very narrow, hardly visible. Explanate margin moderately declivous, broad, in the widest part approximately three times narrower than disc, its surface shallowly and densely punctate, appears slightly irregular.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as long as wide, flat. Clypeal grooves fine, in basal part run very close to margin of eye, apically converging in arch. Surface of clypeal plate impunctate, shiny. Labrum emarginate to ¼ length. Antennae slim, segment 9 approximately 1.8 times as long as wide, segment 10 twice longer than wide, segment 11 very long, 1.8 times as long as wide. Segment 3 approximately 1.2 times longer than segment 2 and slightly shorter than segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternal process narrow, flat and impunctate between coxae, very broad apically, central part of rhomboidal apex shiny with few punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Angola (fig. 1).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida flavosignata species–group. General shape, dorsal colouration and sculpture place this species near to only C. leleupi but it differs in body more circular, humeral angles more acute with the elytral margin distinctly emarginate behind the humeral angle (figs. 120, 121) while in C. benguelica, the elytral margin behind the humeral angle is very shallowly emarginate thus the angles appear rather angulate than acute (fig. 119). In C. leleupi two small, yellow spots occur at apex of scutellum (in C. benguelica without spots), elytral spots not elevated and impunctate (in C. benguelica the large, central spots are elevated and with 1–2 coarse punctures), the black pronotal spot with acute apex (in C. benguelica the apex of the pronotal spot is rounded) and the black ground colour behind the humeral callus extending to the marginal row (in C. benguelica extending to the submarginal row). Pronotal sides in C. leleupi are more broadly rounded than in C. benguelica, the punctation of disc is approximately two times smaller than in C. benguelica, and the surface of the disc is more shiny with mirror brilliance while in C. benguelica the surface is slightly alutaceous.</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [ANGOLA]: Benguela, 1914, Staud. (MM).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B17CA908FF6CFAE40F939236	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B17BA90FFF6CFAE4080F93CE.text	E417E526B17BA90FFF6CFAE4080F93CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida blanda Spaeth 1933	<div><p>Cassida blanda Spaeth, 1933</p> <p>(figs. 2, 67–68)</p> <p>Cassida blanda Spaeth, 1933 a: 350; Borowiec, 1999: 241.</p> <p>Description. L: 8.65 mm, W: 6.80 mm, Lp: 2.80 mm, Wp: 5.40 mm, L/W: 1.27, Wp/Lp: 1.93. Body short–oval (fig. 67).</p> <p>Pronotum and scutellum ochraceous, disc rusty yellow, all punctures with darker centre and some with ochraceous areola, especially in postscutellar impression, half length of disc and on slope (figs. 67, 68). Explanate margin rusty yellow. Head, ventrites and legs yellow. Two basal antennal segments yellow, rest of antennae broken in the only known specimen.</p> <p>Pronotum transverse, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides narrowly angulate, no basal corners but apices of angulate sides placed close to humeral angle. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except small lateral impressions, lateral lobes absent. Surface of disc shiny, impunctate, only with sparse pricks. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra not wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc strongly convex in profile, with postscutellar impressions and high, tuberculate X–shaped postscutellar elevation and some relief (fig. 68). Punctation fine, arranged in regular rows but interrupted by elytral relief, distance between punctures from as wide as to thrice wider than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures only slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals on slope slightly convex, on sides flat, in sutural half of disc thrice wider, on sides twice wider than rows, marginal interval broad, as wide as submarginal interval and submarginal row combined, with broad and only slightly convex humeral and lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately narrow, moderately declivous with external part tend to be subhorizontal, in the widest part six times narrower than disc, surface shiny with very shallow and sparse punctation and transverse grooves, appears regular, semitransparent but with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.8 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves very fine, in basal part hardly marked, run close to margin of eye, on apex converging in broad arch, surface of clypeus convex before antennal insertions, shiny, impunctate, clypeal grooves with row of small, setose punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae broken in the only known specimen.</p> <p>Prosternum narrow in the middle, strongly expanded apically, between coxae shallowly impressed, shiny, without special sculpture but with very small sparse, punctures armed with long hair, expanded apex slightly convex centrally, with several punctures armed with hair and slightly irregular surface.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Tanzania (fig. 2).</p> <p>Remarks. A very distinct species. The large size, narrowly angulate pronotal sides, base of elytra not wider than pronotum, and strongly convex elytral disc with a distinct postscutellar hump (figs. 67, 68) distinguish this species from all African members of the genus Cassida. A similar size and more or less distinct postscutellar hump are known only in species of the Cassida tosta group (C. altiuscula, C. inaequalis, C. overlaeti and C. tosta) but they differ in pronotum broadly rounded and base of elytra distinctly wider than pronotum. Individuals are usually dark coloured, black, reddish brown, or mixed reddish brown and black. Only C. inaequalis occasionally has the dorsum rusty reddish while in C. blanda the dorsum is ochraceous to rusty yellow (figs. 63, 67–68). No members of the C. tosta species–group has the postscutellar hump as high as in C. blanda.</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [TANZANIA]: D. O. Afrika, Ndanda, coll. Ertl (ZSM).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B17BA90FFF6CFAE4080F93CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B17BA90EFF6CFC960835922B.text	E417E526B17BA90EFF6CFC960835922B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida callosicollis Spaeth 1926	<div><p>Cassida callosicollis Spaeth, 1926</p> <p>(figs. 6, 214–217)</p> <p>Cassida callosicollis Spaeth, 1926 a: 21; Borowiec, 1999: 241</p> <p>Cassida magilensis Spaeth, 1926 a: 22; Borowiec, 1999: 263, n. syn.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.30–4.90 mm, W: 3.45–3.80 mm, Lp: 1.70–1.95 mm, Wp: 2.85–3.10 mm, L/W: 1.23–1.30, Wp/ Lp: 1.59–1.69. Body short–oval (figs. 214, 216).</p> <p>Pronotum uniformly yellow, disc slightly darker than explanate margin, rusty yellow. Scutellum yellow to rusty yellow, elytral disc yellow to rusty yellow with several small black spots: in the palest form spots are on postscutellar tubercle, two at base of disc, two in posterior half of second interval, three in posterior half of fourth interval, and four to five on penultimate interval (fig. 214); in the darkest form numerous spots are spread over the entire surface of disc only H–shaped elevation not maculate but surface of disc always looks predominantly yellow (fig. 216). Explanate margin of elytra always yellow. Head from yellow in anterior half and brown to black in basal half to completely brown or black. Thorax always predominantly brown to black, abdomen from yellow with infuscate centre to almost completely black only narrowly surrounded by yellow. Legs mostly yellowish except infuscate to black coxa and trochanters. Antennal segments 1–8 yellow, apical three segments from slightly infuscate to brown.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Surface of disc alutaceous, with impressed area above head and well marked lateral lobes distinctly bordered from explanate margin, impunctate, covered with very sparse, very short scale–like adherent setae. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure, its surface from slightly alutaceous to shiny.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, rounded. Disc regularly convex in profile (figs. 215, 217), with shallow postscutellar and principal impressions and well marked H–shaped postscutellar elevation. Punctation coarse, arranged in completely regular rows, dense, distance between punctures distinctly smaller than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures only not coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals flat, first two as wide as rows, lateral intervals distinctly narrower than rows, marginal interval twice wider than submarginal one, with humeral and lateral folds, and some short folds in posterior half. Entire surface of disc covered with very sparse, very short scale–like adherent setae. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny with shallow and dense punctation, appears irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately 1.1 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in almost regular triangle, surface of clypeus flat or very shallowly impressed, its surface shiny with few small punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:59:74:74:67:59:59:44:56:59:100. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and approximately as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, between coxae flat with row of punctures along margin, without special sculpture, expanded apex with coarse and very dense setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, and Transvaal province in South Africa (fig. 6).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. At first glance it is similar to C. lacrimosa and its relatives but differs from all African species in the elytral disc covered with short, scale–like adherent setae.</p> <p>We have examined the holotypes of Cassida callosicollis Spaeth and Cassida magilensis Spaeth and agree they are conspecific. Both taxa were described in the same paper based on a single specimen each. More specimens recently studied shows that the differences cited in the original descriptions are within infraspecific variation.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype of Cassida callosicollis Spaeth: [MOZAMBIQUE]: Quilimane (MM); holotype of Cassida magilensis Spaeth: [TANZANIA]: Magila, 4–15 V 1898 (BMNH)</p> <p>Other specimens examined. KENYA: coast, Witu, Kipini, 9 XII 2007, 1, M. Snižek (MS).</p> <p>MALAWI: Chikwawa env., 40 km S Blantyre, 20–21 XII 2001, 1, J. Bezdek (JB).</p> <p>MOZAMBIQUE: Manica Prov., 30 km NW Catandica, 12 XII 2005, 1, A. Kudrna Jr. (LS).</p> <p>NAMIBIA: Eastern Caprivi, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.6/lat -18.233334)">Sangwali</a>, 18°14’S / 23°36’E, 25 XI–5 XII 1991, 1, E. Marais (WM).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Amani, 28 XI 1935, 1, N.L. Krauss (MNHW); Tanga, 25–26 III 1960, 1, Szunyoghy (MNHW); E Usambara, Amani, 1000 m, 21 I 1977, 1, 3 II 1977, 1 (MNHW).</p> <p>SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu– Natal, 15 km S of Pongola, 1 II 2008, 1, P. Schüle leg. (SMNS); Transvaal, 500 m, Guersney Farm, 15 km E Klaserie, 19–31 XII 1985, 1, H. and A. Howden (CMN).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B17BA90EFF6CFC960835922B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B179A903FF6CFAE40E99958F.text	E417E526B179A903FF6CFAE40E99958F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida calvaria (Weise 1900)	<div><p>Cassida calvaria (Weise, 1900)</p> <p>(figs. 7, 75–77)</p> <p>Odontionycha calvaria Weise, 1900: 215.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) calvaria: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Cassida calvaria: Borowiec, 1999: 241.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.90–5.00 mm, W: 3.95–4.10 mm, Lp: 1.60–1.65 mm, Wp: 2.95–3.05 mm, L/W: 1.22–1.25, Wp/ Lp: 1.84–1.85. Body almost circular (figs. 75, 76).</p> <p>Pronotum yellow in anterior half and brown in posterior half, the brown occupies also basal part of explanate margin. The dark spot is not colcolour but forms some paler coloured, yellowish to yellowish brown areas especially on top of disc and in front of scutellum. Scutellum yellow to yellowish brown, ground colour of elytral disc yellowish brown to brown with paler coloured, yellowish wrinkles, yellow part of marginal row below humerus, yellow lateral fold and yellow apical part of marginal interval. In pale forms postscutellar tubercle and posterior tubercles partly or completely yellowish, in dark forms the tubercles dark brown. Explanate margin yellow, in typical form with broad brown humeral and posterolateral spots, humeral spot extending to anterior margin of elytra and only humeral spine is yellowish (fig. 76). In pale form pattern of the explanate margin forms semicircular figure, inside with large fenestrate yellow spot, humeral angle largely yellow (fig. 75). Head, ventrites and legs yellow. Antennae yellow only apical segment partly infuscate.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Area above head slightly impressed, lateral lobes well marked, distinctly bordered from explanate margin by deep impression. Surface of disc shiny, with fine and very sparse punctation. Distance between punctures several times wider than puncture diameter, interspaces smooth. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, yellow part transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, margin of elytra behind humeral angle shallowly emarginate thus angles spiniform. Disc convex, strongly sculptured, with high postscutellar tubercle and high tubercles in posterior 2/3 length of the second interval (fig. 77), area between postscutellar and posterior tubercles, sides of disc and slop with several longitudinal and transverse folds or wrinkles, in dark coloured specimens the sculpture stronger than in pale coloured forms. Punctation coarse and dense, distance between punctures mostly smaller than puncture diameter. Punctures tend to form regular rows but the regularity is disturbed by elytral relief, especially on top of disc. Marginal row distinct, its punctures approximately twice coarser than punctures in central rows, interspaces convex, form short folds. Intervals when visible then slightly narrower than rows, marginal interval well marked, especially in anterior half, in humeral part twice wider than lateral intervals, no humeral fold but distinct lateral fold. Explanate margin broad, slightly declivous, in the widest part three times narrower than disc, surface with some impressions, with shallow, but coarse and dense punctation, appears irregular, only yellow parts transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Entire surface of elytra shiny.</p> <p>Eyes very large in male slightly larger than in female, gena obsolete. Clypeus narrow, in female slightly longer than wide, in male 1.3 times as long as wide. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, run close to margin of eye, converging in arch or obtuse angle, surface of clypeus shallowly impressed on entire length or only on apex, its surface shiny, without punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/5 length.Antennae slim, segments 9–10 elongate, 1.2–1.3 times as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:55:73:61:64:55:55:55:58:55:127. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxae flat without special sculpture, central part of expanded apex slightly convex, shiny, without sculpture, lateral parts impressed with irregular surface.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Host plant. Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes aspera L. var. pubescens (Moq.) Towns (Heron 2016); Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. (H. Heron letter inf.).</p> <p>Distribution. Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia (fig. 7).</p> <p>Remarks. A very distinct species with no close relatives in the African fauna. It is recognized by the dorsal pattern with dark, brown to almost black patches on pronotal disc, base of pronotal explanate margin, humeral and posterolateral spots on elytral explanate margin sometimes coalescent with central, yellow fenestral spot, more or less dark elytral disc combined with a distinct postscutellar hump, and short, elevated, elongate folds on the slope of disc (figs. 75, 76). Both humeral and posterolateral dark spots on elytral explanate margin are found only in Cassida tarda (figs. 83, 84) and C. vespertilio (fig. 136) but both differ in elytral disc without a postscutellar hump and without folds on the elytral slope. A large, dark humeral spots on the elytral explanate margin and spots at the base of the pronotal margin combined with mostly dark elytral and pronotal discs is found in C. rogozinskii (fig. 107) but this species differs in the absence of posterolateral spots on the elytral explanate margin, the elytral disc behind scutellum only slightly convex, without hump, and slope of elytral disc without elongate folds. The darkest forms of C. guttipennis (fig. 161) have a mostly dark anterior part of elytral explanate margin with yellow fenestral spot, but they differ in the elytral disc regularly convex without a postscutellar hump and without elongate folds on the slope.</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [TANZANIA]: Mombo, VII 1899 (ZMHU).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Albert Nat. Park, Secteur Nord, Ngokoi affl., Talya, 1080 m, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MNHW).</p> <p>SOUTH AFRICA: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.816668)">Natal</a>, Palmiet Nat. Res., Westville, 29°49’S, 30°56’E, 1 (HH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.891666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.831667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.891666/lat -29.831667)">Natal</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.891666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.831667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.891666/lat -29.831667)">Paradise Valley</a> Nat. Res., Pinetown, 29°49’54’’S, 30°53’30’’E, 1 (HH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.616667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.616667/lat -29.583334)">Natal</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.616667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.616667/lat -29.583334)">Nagle Dam</a>, Umgeni Valley, near Cato Ridge, 29°35’S, 30°37’E, 1 (HH).</p> <p>UGANDA: Bwamba, 7 VIII 1946, 1, Van Someren (BMNH).</p> <p>ZAMBIA: Livingstone, 29 XII 1991, 1 (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B179A903FF6CFAE40E99958F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B177A902FF6CFB550841948B.text	E417E526B177A902FF6CFB550841948B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida camerunensis (Spaeth 1903)	<div><p>Cassida camerunensis (Spaeth, 1903)</p> <p>(figs. 7, 95–96)</p> <p>Coptocycla (?) camerunensis Spaeth, 1903: 178, 1914 b: 131.</p> <p>Cassida camerunensis: Borowiec, 1999: 241.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.95–5.70 mm, W: 4.30–4.90 mm, Lp: 1.80–2.00 mm, Wp: 3.45–3.70 mm, L/W: 1.15–1.18, Wp/ Lp: 1.85–1.95. Body almost circular (fig. 95).</p> <p>Pronotum and scutellum ochraceous yellow. Elytral disc ochraceous yellow with black pattern: a stripe on suture behind scutellum, numerous spots around disc forming more or less distinct U–shaped figure and few longitudinal spots on second and fourth intervals. The black markings are mixed with ground colour and only in the darkest aberrations form solid large black bands in posthumeral area and in posterolateral parts of disc. Explanate margin ochraceous yellow with broad humeral spots at least partly extending to the anterior margin of elytra but never extending to the lateral margin of elytra (figs. 95, 96). Head yellow, prosternum from yellow to mostly infuscate, metasternum from mostly brown to black, usually with paler posterolateral corners and lateral plates, abdomen from mostly ochraceous yellow with only central part infuscate to mostly black surrounded by ochraceous yellow. Legs ochraceous yellow. Antennal ochraceous yellow, at most last segment infuscate apically.</p> <p>Pronotum regularly elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Area above head only slightly impressed, lateral lobes marked but indistinctly bordered from explanate margin. Surface of disc alutaceous, with fine and very shallow but dense punctation. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, alutaceous, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, angulate. Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 96), with shallow postscutellar and principal impressions and hardly marked H–shaped postscutellar elevation. Punctation coarse, arranged in completely regular rows, postscutellar impressions often with additional irregular punctures. Punctures in rows dense, distance between punctures mostly narrower than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures not or only slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly flat but second interval on slope with short longitudinal elevation and fourth interval in the middle slightly convex, in sutural area intervals as wide as rows on sides narrower than rows to linear, marginal interval broad, twice wider than lateral intervals, without humeral folds but with short lateral fold. Explanate margin broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part three times narrower than disc, surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny with indistinct very sparse punctation, appears regular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure, only black humeral spots with coarse, shallow punctures.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately 1.1 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus flat, its surface shiny with few small punctures. Labrum minutely emarginate to 1/6 length. Antennae slim, segments 9–10 approximately 1.5 times as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:53:63:61:53:50:61:47:55:50:111. Segment 3 approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 2 and only slightly longer than segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat with few moderately coarse punctures, shiny, expanded apex without special sculpture except several few moderately coarse, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Host plant. Unknown, adults were collected on grass Setaria megaphyllia Beauv.</p> <p>Distribution. Cameroon (fig. 7).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. Next to Cassida humerosa this is the only species with elytral pattern forming broad humeral spots on the explanate margin of elytra. Cassida humerosa is an extremely variable species and only the typical form (fig. 78) of this species is characterized by marbled pattern of elytral disc, especially on sides, a dark spot on the postscutellar elevation and broad humeral spots similar to the pattern of C. camerunensis (fig. 95). Cassida camerunensis has the elytral sculpture less marked, with second interval slightly elevated only in the posterior third (in C. humerosa usually elevated along entire length), punctation of elytra smaller and more regular thus the surface of the disc appears mostly regular (in C. humerosa punctation is coarser, rows are often interrupted by elytral relief thus the surface appears more or less irregular). In C. camerunensis, the base of the elytra is distinctly wider than the pronotum and the spot on the postscutellar elevation forms a narrow stripe while in C. humerosa, the base of the elytra is moderately wider than the pronotum and the spot on the postscutellar elevation is usually round or triangular (figs. 95 vs. 87) only occasionally in the form of a narrow stripe (fig. 91).</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: Kamerun (NRS).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. CAMEROON: Nkolbison, Younde–Bi, 11 II 1963, 1 (MNHW); Okola, Nkong r., Yégué, 14 VIII 1963, 1, 16 IX 1963, 1 on Setaria megaphyllia Beauv. (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B177A902FF6CFB550841948B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B176A901FF6CF8660DC795A3.text	E417E526B176A901FF6CF8660DC795A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida capensis Borowiec 2005	<div><p>Cassida capensis Borowiec, 2005</p> <p>(figs. 8, 287–288)</p> <p>Cassida capensis Borowiec, 2005: 116.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.95–5.30 mm, W: 4.25 mm, Lp: 1.80–1.90 mm, Wp: 3.30–3.35 mm, L/W: 1.16–1.25, Wp/Lp: 1.76–1.83. Body almost circular (fig. 287).</p> <p>Pronotum and elytra yellow (figs. 287, 288). Clypeus yellow with brown basal corners. Thorax mostly black, only epimera and episterna partly yellowish brown. Abdomen black with broad yellow margin.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width slightly in front of the middle, sides angulate. Disc moderately convex, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, with indistinctly separated area above head. Surface of disc shallowly punctate, appears slightly irregular. Distance between punctures smaller than puncture diameter. Explanate margin broad, its surface slightly irregular.</p> <p>Scutellum triangular, impunctate, without transverse rows or wrinkles. Base of elytra almost as wide as pronotum, in state of repose of beetle body outline forms almost regular circle. Humeri moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Anterior margin of elytron shallowly emarginate without denticles or crenulation. Disc in profile moderately, regularly convex, with top of convexity in postscutellar area (fig. 288). Postscutellar impressions distinct, deep, bordered externally by a fold thus postscutellar area with distinct H–shaped elevation. Punctation of disc regular, coarse and dense, distance between punctures in rows mostly as wide as half diameter of puncture, intervals mostly as wide as or slightly narrower than rows. Marginal row distinct, its punctures approximately twice smaller than punctures in submarginal row. Marginal interval broad, twice wider than central intervals. Explanate margin of elytra moderately declivous, broad, slightly wider than 1/3 width of disc. Surface of explanate margin shallowly, densely punctate, punctures as coarse as on disc, almost touching each other, surface appears distinctly irregular.</p> <p>Head moderately broad, eyes large, gena very short. Clypeus approximately as wide as long, with distinct clypeal lines converging in slightly angulate arch, surface of clypeus shiny, glabrous, with a few punctures. Labrum emarginate to 1/4 length. Prosternal process moderately broad, expanded apically, without impression along middle and on apex regularly elevated, with no special sculpture.</p> <p>Antennae stout, segments 8–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:46:70:70:70: 50:46:42:46:54:108, segment 3 approximately 1.5 times as long as segment 2, and as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Cape Province in South Africa (fig. 8).</p> <p>Remarks. Cassida capensis is unique with no close relatives in the Afrotropical Region. At first glance it is similar to circular species of the Cassida litigiosa species–group but they differ in an irregularly punctate elytra while in C. capensis the punctation forms regular rows. No species of the C. litigiosa group has a postscutellar H–shaped elevation as distinct as in C. capensis. Some species of the C. viridipennis group (e.g. C. viridipennis and C. devylderi) have a uniformly yellow body, mostly regularly punctate elytra, and distinct H–shaped postscutellar elevation but they differ in claws with large basal tooth while in C. capensis the claws are simple. Cassida sulphurago and C. sulphurea both have a uniformly yellow body, simple claws, mostly regularly punctate elytra, and a more or less evident postscutellar H–shaped elevation (figs. 259, 264) but they differ in a twice larger body and rounded pronotal sides while in C. capensis the sides of the pronotum are angulate.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype: SOUTH AFRICA: Northern Cape Prov., Koerogapvlakte Richtersveld NP., 62 km NO Alexander Bay, Succulent –Karoo; BIOTA 18.080.2002.07.04.404, 28°14’01.8’’S / 17°01’35.9’’E, Malaise trap, 7.–11.x.2002, J. Deckert, K. Ebert &amp; M. Uhlig (TM); two paratypes: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.026638&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.233833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.026638/lat -28.233833)">South Africa</a>, Cape, near Kamieskroon, 24/25. X.96, Werner (DS, LB).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B176A901FF6CF8660DC795A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B175A907FF6CFCD10FDD9693.text	E417E526B175A907FF6CFCD10FDD9693.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida chrysanthemoides Borowiec & Swietojanska 2001	<div><p>Cassida chrysanthemoides Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001</p> <p>(figs. 10, 313–314)</p> <p>Cassida sp. 1: Kleinjan &amp; Scott, 1996: 103.</p> <p>Cassida chrysanthemoides Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001: 155.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.70–5.50, W: 3.60–4.20 mm, Lp: 1.60–1.80 mm, Wp: 2.90–3.20 mm, L/W: 1.23–1.38, Wp/Lp: 1.78–1.81. Body short–oval, sides moderately, regularly rounded (fig. 313).</p> <p>Uniformly yellow–green to yellow, including ventrites, legs and antennae, only apex of last antennal segment slightly infuscate (figs. 313, 314).</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width approximately in the middle, sides more or less angulate. Surface of disc with hardly visible, fine, very shallow punctation, punctures as coarse as those of elytral disc. On sides and on top of pronotal disc punctures sparse, distance between them from as wide as to thrice wider than puncture diameter. Surface between punctures completely regular. Explanate margin of pronotum appears impunctate, its surface completely regular.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc regularly convex in profile, without impressions (fig. 314). Punctation fine, shallow, and moderately dense, distance between punctures from slightly narrower to twice wider than puncture diameter, surface of elytral disc appears regular. Explanate margin moderately declivous, punctures as coarse as but slightly sparser than on disc.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena short, distance between under margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum more than twice shorter than eye length. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.2 times as wide as long, clypeal grooves deep, converging in triangle with slightly concave sides, surface of clypeal plate flat, with several small punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae short, segments 9–10 slightly wider than long. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:60:60:62:63:67:73:70:63:64:113. Segment 3 approximately as long as 2 and only slightly shorter than 4.</p> <p>Prosternum narrow in the middle, moderately expanded apically, area between coxa deeply impressed, canaliculate, shiny, expanded apex convex in the middle, impressed laterally, without special sculpture except several very small, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple but with broad base.</p> <p>Host plants. Asteraceae: Chrysanthemoides monilifera monilifera (L.) Norlindh, Ch. monilifera pisifera (L.) Norlindh (Kleinjan &amp; Scott, 1996).</p> <p>Distribution. Cape Province in South Africa (fig. 10).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida litigiosa species–group. It belongs to the group of species with broad body and strongly explanate elytral margins. At first glance C. chrysanthemoide is similar to C. spatiosiformis, C. spatiosa, C. diversepunctata and C. foveolatipennis. The last species distinctly differs in extremely coarse and dense elytral punctation and distinctly larger size (length 5.80–6.30 mm vs. 4.70–5.50). Cassida diversepunctata differs in slightly coarser elytral punctation, elytral disc more regularly convex (figs. 315, 316) and larger size with length 5.90–6.80 mm. Cassida spatiosa differs in sparser punctation with presence of two narrow impunctate stripes (in position of third and anterior half of fifth interval in regularly punctate species, fig. 311) while in C. chrysanthemoides elytra is densely punctate and punctures arranged completely irregular. Cassida spatiosiformis is the most similar but differs in base of elytra only slightly wider than pronotum and coarser but sparser punctation of pronotum and elytra.</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype and 2 paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: Lab. reared ex S, Africa, Cape, Brenton –on– <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.0/lat -34.05)">Sea</a>, 34.05 S 23.00 E, 24 XI 1988, reared on Chrysanthemoides monilifera, J. Scott, Kleinjan (NIC, MNHW); three paratypes: S. Africa, Cape, Silvermine, 34.06 S 18.24 E, XI 1987, on leaves of Chrysanthemoides monilifera, J. Scott, M. Way (NIC); two paratypes: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.0/lat -34.05)">Africa</a>, Cape, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.0/lat -34.05)">Brenton</a> –on– <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.0/lat -34.05)">Sea</a>, 34.05 S 23.00 E, 24 XI 1988, reared on leaves Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. pisifera, J. Scott, Kleinjan (NIC, MNHW).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. Lab. reared ex S, Africa, Cape, Brenton –on– <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.0/lat -34.05)">Sea</a>, 34.05 S 23.00 E, XI 1988, 1 ex. collected on Chrysanthemoides monilifera, J. Scott, Kleinjan (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B175A907FF6CFCD10FDD9693	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B173A906FF6CFE690C8D96FF.text	E417E526B173A906FF6CFE690C8D96FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida circumflexa Spaeth 1926	<div><p>Cassida circumflexa Spaeth, 1926</p> <p>(figs. 39, 168–169)</p> <p>Cassida circumflexa Spaeth, 1926 b: 88; Borowiec, 1999: 243; Rice, 2003: 80.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.90–5.30 mm, W: 4.40 mm, Lp: 1.70–1.80 mm, Wp: 3.15–3.40 mm, L/W: 1.11–1.20, Wp/Lp: 1–85–1.89. Body almost circular (fig. 168)</p> <p>Pronotum yellow, disc with large black trapezoidal spot marked inside with two large yellow, oval spots. Scutellum black, elytral disc yellow with black pattern forming narrow band along suture, narrow bisinuate band along sides but with yellow marginal interval, and narrow transverse band across middle thus each elytron with two large yellow spots inside black figure (fig. 168). Explanate margin always yellow. Head a yellow, prosternum and metasternum mostly brown to black except yellow lateral plates, abdomen yellow. Legs and antennae yellow, only apex of last segment infuscate.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides subangulate, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes, its surface shiny, with very fine pricks. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly to moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 169), with very shallow postscutellar impressions, no principal impressions, without or with hardly marked H–shaped elevation. Punctation moderately coarse, arranged in completely regular rows, dense, distance between punctures from slightly narrower to as wide as puncture diameter. Postscutellar area and third interval with some additional irregular punctation. Marginal row distinct, its punctures not coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly as wide as to slightly wider than rows, flat, only intervals 2 and 4 twice wider than rows and slightly convex, marginal interval distinct, as wide as submarginal interval and row combined, no humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part three times narrower than disc, surface shiny, slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus narrow, slightly longer than wide. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in regular arch, surface of clypeus flat, shiny, with several very small punctures. Labrum emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae slim, segments 9–10 approximately twice as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:48:78:60:60:45:48:43:48:50:105. Segment 3 approximately 1.6 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat, without special sculpture, only with few small punctures, expanded apex with several moderately coarse shallow punctures and shallow rugosities.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Mozambique and Zimbabwe (fig. 12).</p> <p>Remarks. A very distinct species, its elytral pattern with narrow, black ring around disc combined with narrow black band across the middle and black suture of elytral disc are unique characters (fig. 168). Only two other African members of the genus Cassida have an elytral pattern forming a black ring around the elytral disc— C. rabaiensis and C. wanati. Cassida rabaiensis differs in the elytral black ring broad, as wide as four lateral intervals combined and without a lateral emargination (figs. 174, 175) and in pronotal disc without a black basal spot, only with a diffused X–shaped mark (fig. 174) while in C. circumflexa the black ring occupies at most two lateral intervals combined and has broad emargination laterally (fig. 169), and at the base of the pronotum has a large, trapezoidal, black mark with a pair of yellow spots inside. Cassida wanati differs in elytral pattern without transverse band and basal pronotal spot completely black, without yellow spots inside the black area (figs. 170, 171). Cassida circumflexa has no postscutellar H–shaped elevation while both relatives have such as low elevations.</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [MOZAMBIQUE]: Chibababa, Lower Buzi R., XII 1906, C.F.M. Swynnerton (BMNH).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. ZIMBABWE: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.986944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.518333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.986944/lat -17.518333)">Mazowe</a>, Dam, 17°31’06”S, 30°59’13”E, 6 IX 1998, 1, M. Rice (MER).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B173A906FF6CFE690C8D96FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B172A91BFF6CF9850F96958F.text	E417E526B172A91BFF6CF9850F96958F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida coagulata Boheman 1854	<div><p>Cassida coagulata Boheman, 1854</p> <p>(figs. 12, 69–71)</p> <p>Cassida coagulata Boheman, 1854: 468, 1856: 142, 1862: 344; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3652; Spaeth, 1902: 458; 1909: 268; 1912 b: 496, 1919: 184; Weise, 1910: 452; Shaw, 1956: 268; Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997: 630; Borowiec, 1999: 244, 2005 a: 122; Heron, 2003: 33.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) coagulata: Spaeth, 1914 b: 117, 1924: 331.</p> <p>Description. L: 6.45–8.40 mm, W: 4.90–6.50 mm, Lp: 2.20–2.90 mm, Wp: 3.90–4.90 mm, L/W: 1.24–1.36, Wp/ Lp: 1.64–1.85. Body broadly–oval, males slightly stouter than females (figs. 69, 70).</p> <p>In typically coloured specimens pronotum ochraceous, in pale specimens yellowish, disc with ochraceous V– shaped spot on top and irregular transverse spots posterolaterally, spots usually with diffused borders. Scutellum ochraceous, elytral disc in typically coloured specimens ochraceous with yellowish postscutellar elevation and some elevated folds posteriorly and dark brown circular spot behind scutellum and dark brown stripe on elevated second interval on slope (figs. 69, 70). In pale specimens ground colour of elytral disc yellowish ochraceous with largely yellow elevated area behind scutellum, yellow elevations on slope, yellow area below humerus, yellow lateral fold and yellow apical part of marginal interval. Explanate margin yellow to ochraceous always with brown, moderately broad posterolateral spot. Head ochraceous, ventrites and legs from pale ochraceous to brown, in the darkest specimens central part of metathorax and abdomen dark brown surrounded by paler brown and femora in the middle with broad brown rings. Antennae yellow to ochraceous.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width slightly before the middle, anterior margin slightly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Lateral lobes indistinct, disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin only laterally with short impression. Surface of disc from slightly alutaceous to shiny, microreticulate with fine pricks. Explanate margin broad, its surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny, impunctate, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra only slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, form obtuse angle. Disc strongly convex in profile, with distinct postscutellar and principal impressions, but without postscutellar hump (fig. 71, strongly sculptured. Postscutellar area with broad X–shaped elevation, second interval on entire length and fourth interval behind the middle distinctly convex, and almost entire surface of disc in posterior part with numerous transverse folds and wrinkles. Punctation moderately coarse, tends to form regular rows, but rows partly interrupted by elytral sculpture. Marginal row distinct, its punctures only distinctly coarser than punctures in central rows, moderately dense, interrupted by humeral and lateral folds. Intervals mostly as wide as row except broader second elevated interval, its regularity is disturbed by elytral sculpture, marginal interval broad, in humeral part twice to thrice wider than lateral intervals, with broad humeral and lateral folds. Surface of intervals from slightly alutaceous to shiny. Explanate margin moderately broad, strongly declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny with moderately coarse, shallow sparse punctation, appears slightly irregular, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena slightly shorter than last palpomere. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.4 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves deep, converging in regular triangle, along groove with row of long hair, surface of clypeus flat or shallowly impressed, its surface microreticulate but shiny with several small punctures. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:45:84:70:64:59:61:50:50:55:97. Segment 3 approximately 1.9 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum narrow in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat shallowly canaliculate, shiny with sparse long hair, expanded apex without special sculpture, shiny, with several very small, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Host plants. Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes aspera L., Amaranthus viridis L., Celosia argentea L. (Heron and Borowiec 1997, Borowiec 1999, Heron 2003, 2008); Chenopodiaceae: Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla L. (B. Grobbelaar pers. comm.).</p> <p>Distribution. Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and South Africa (fig. 12).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida coagulata species–group. It well differs from most African species of the genus Cassida in large size (length always above 6.4 mm), strongly convex body, in male almost hemispherical, broadly rounded pronotal sides, elytral disc without postscutellar hump and well marked elytral sculpture forming H–shaped postscutellar mark and second interval forming a short fold on elytral slope (figs. 69, 70). Only C. irrorata has a similar combination of characters but differs in slimmer body (L/W ratio 1.34–1.46 vs. 1.24–1.36), surface of elytra indistinctly sculptured, only with very low and obtuse H–shaped elevation (figs. 72, 73), apical antennal segments 8–11 brown to black (in C. coagulata antennae uniformly yellow to ochraceous), and explanate margin of elytra without posterolateral and sutural spots (in C. coagulata posterolateral spots are always present and usually there also occurs a narrow sutural spot sometimes reduced only to a narrow stripe on elevated sutural margin).</p> <p>Type examined. Lectotype (designatet by Borowiec, 1999: 244): [SOUTH AFRICA]: Natal, Pt. Natal, 1, Vahlberg (NRS).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. KENYA: 20 km S Malindi, 10 XI–6 XII 1989, 4, L. Bartolozzi, L. Pardi and A. Ugolini (MZUF, MNHW); Mwene–Ramissi, V 1916, 1, Methner (ZMHU); Tsavo, Taita Hills, Wundanyi, 6–10 IV 1997, 1, M. Snižek (MS).</p> <p>MALAWI: Chiromo, Ruo Valley, III 1916, 1, R. C. Wood (BMNH); Cholo, XII 1918, 8, R. C. Wood (BMNH, LS); from Florence Bay to Baronga, NW shore of Lake Nyasa, 1.650 ft., 30 VI–6 VII 1910, 1, S. A. Neave (BMNH); Fort Mangoche–Chikala Boma road, 4000 ft., 20–25 III 1910, 2, S.A. Neave (BMNH); 5 km W Golomoti, 22–23 I 1985, 650 m, 1, C.L. Bellamy et al. (ER); Lower Shire Valley, near Chikawa, 600 ft., 12–16 IV 1910, 2, S.A. Neave (BMNH, MNHW); Ruo Valley, 2.000 ft., 9 IV 1913, 2, S. A. Neave (BMNH).</p> <p>MOZAMBIQUE: Chibababa, Lower Buzi River, XII 1906, 1, C. F. M. Swynnerton (BMNH); Delagoa Bay, 1 (ZMHU); Lourenço Marquès, 1, G. Audeoud (MNHW), 10 VIII 1900, 1, F. Muir (BMNH).</p> <p>SOUTH AFRICA: Amanzimtoti, 14 II 1946, 1, H.P. Thomasset (TM); Durban, Natal, 1902, 1, F. Muir (BMNH); Eshowe, Zululand, I 1957, 6, N. L. H. Krauss (BMNH); Maputoland, SE of Ndumo, 24 I 2003, 1, M. Snižek (MS); Natal, 2 (NMP, ZMHU); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.5/lat -28.9)">Natal</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.5/lat -28.9)">Dlinza Forest</a>, Eshowe, Zululand, 28°54’S, 31°30’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Durban, 2 (ZMHU), 20 X 1906, 1, 28 XII 1906, 1, 31 X 1906, 1, G.F. Leigh (TM, MNHW); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.9/lat -29.8)">Natal</a>, Edgewood Colege, Pinetown, 29°48’S, 30°54’E, 1 (HH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.9/lat -29.55)">Natal</a>, Escombe, Queensburgh, 29°33’S, 30°54’E, 1 (HH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.883333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.883333/lat -30.05)">Natal</a>, Illanda Wilds Reserve, Amanzimtoti, 30°03’S, 30°53’E, 1 (HH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.833334/lat -29.85)">Natal</a>, Mariannhill Monastery, Pinetown, 16 km W of Durban, 29°51’S, 30°50’E, 1 (HH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.04972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.633055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.04972/lat -28.633055)">Natal</a>, Mposa (Zululand), 28°37’59’’S, 32°02’59’’E, 1 (ARC); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.891666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.831667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.891666/lat -29.831667)">Natal</a>, Paradise Valley Nat. Res., Pinetown, 29°49’54’’S, 30°53’30’’E, 1 (HH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.383333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.7/lat -30.383333)">Natal</a>, Pennington, South Coast, 30°23’S, 30°42’E, 1 (HH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.988611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.864723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.988611/lat -29.864723)">Natal</a>, Pigeon <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.988611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.864723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.988611/lat -29.864723)">Valley Park</a>, Berea, Durban, 29°51’53’’S, 30°59’19’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, S. Lucia, 18–25 II 1960, 1, Hejja (HNHM), 29 X 1981, 3, J. Klapperich (MZSNV, MNHW); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.716667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.716667/lat -29.85)">Natal</a>, Shongweni Resources Reserve, Umlaas, 29°51’S, 30°43’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Tongaat, 1, H.C. Burnup (TM); Natal, Umbilo Vall., Umbilo, Durban, 16 III 1989, 1, H. Heron (HH); Natal, “Underthe Marula”, Shongweni, 1 (HH); Tongaat, Natal, 1909, 1, H. C. Burnup (BMNH); Transvaal, 5 (ZMHU); Transvaal, Zoutpansberg, 800 m, 2 (ITZ); Transvaal, Zoutspanberg, Mp’home, 3, Knothe (ZMHU, MNHW).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Gonja, 31 I 1906, 1, Schröder (MNHW); Kilimandjaro Sud–Est, Moschi, 800 m, IV 1912, 1, Alluaud &amp; Jeannel (MNHN); Kilimatinde, 1, Berger (ZMHU); Kilosa, 5 II 1926, 1, N. C. E. Miller (BMNH); Kwai, 1, Paul (ZMHU); Kisanga, Mikumi, 3 I 1992, 1, G. Curletti (MCSNC); Langenburg, III–IV 1899, 1, 21 II–19 III 1898, 1, 15 III–23 IV 1898, 1, 7 VIII 1898, 2, Fülleborn (ZMHU, MNHW); Lindi, Massasi, 13 IV 1897, 1, Fülleborn (ZMHU); Makonde, XII 1916, 2, Methner (ZMHU); Mbeya, Lake Rukwa, 1, E. Ross (BMNH); Mikumi, 17–20 XII 1993, 1, M. Snižek (MS); Mombo, 3, Paul (ZMHU), 1, Sjöstedt (ZMHU); Mrogoro, 2 (DEI, MRAC); N Nyassa, Langenburg, 15 III–23 IV 1898, 9, IV 1899, 1, Fülleborn (ZMHU, MNHW); Rufiyi Mittl., 1, Schuster (ZMHU); Ukami, 1, Boronigs (ZMHU); Uluguru Mts., IV 1991, 1, Werner (DS); Urungu n. Bismarckburg, 1, Zencke (ZMHU); Usagara, 1 (ZMHU); Usambara, Nguela, 1 (IRSN); Zanzibar, 1, M. Maindron (MNHN).</p> <p>ZAMBIA: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.55/lat -14.3)">Chingombe</a> mission, 14.30 S / 29.55 E, III 1929, 1 (MNHW); E Luangwa, Petauke, 2400 ft., 26 II 1905, 1, 16 III 1905, 3, 18 III 1905, 3, 20 III 1905, 2, 24 III 1905, 4, 29 III 1905, 1, S.A. Neave (HOC); upper Luangwa Valley, 1800–2000 ft., 27 III 1908, 1, S.A. Neave (HOC), 27 VII–13 VIII 1910, 1, S. A. Neave (BMNH); Niamadzi River near Nawalia, 2.000 ft., 17–22 VIII 1910, 1, S. A. Neave (BMNH).</p> <p>ZIMBABWE: Chipinga, I 1962, 4 (NMM, MNHW).</p> <p>VARIA: Caifa, Zambesi, 5 II 1911, 1, 10 V 1911, 1, H. Swalle (BMNH).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B172A91BFF6CF9850F96958F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B16FA91BFF6CFB550D6E9347.text	E417E526B16FA91BFF6CFB550D6E9347.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida cordula Boheman 1854	<div><p>Cassida cordula Boheman, 1854</p> <p>(figs. 8, 305–306)</p> <p>Cassida Cordula Boheman, 1854: 482, 1856: 145, 1862: 349; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3653; Borowiec, 1999: 245; Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001: 156.</p> <p>Cassida (Odontionycha) cordula: Spaeth, 1914 b: 93.</p> <p>Description. L: 5.20–5.25 mm, W: 4.00–4.20 mm, Lp: 1.80–1.85 mm, Wp: 3.00 mm, L/W: 1.24–1.31, Wp/Lp: 1.62–1.67. Body oval, sides distinctly converging posterad (fig. 305).</p> <p>Uniformly yellow, including ventrites, legs and antennae, only apex of last antennal segment slightly infuscate (figs. 305, 306).</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, sides slightly angulate. Surface of disc finely, shallowly punctate, punctures much finer than those of elytral disc. On sides of pronotal disc punctures moderately dense, distance between them from as wide as to twice wider than puncture diameter, on top of disc sparser, in area above head surface almost impunctate (fig. 305). Surface between punctures mostly regular, only on sides slightly irregular. Explanate margin of pronotum impunctate, its surface slightly irregular.</p> <p>Base of elytra only slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles strongly protruding anterad, angulate. Disc regularly convex in profile, without impressions (fig. 306). Punctation coarse, extremely dense, punctures almost touching each other, surface of elytral disc appears rugose. Explanate margin strongly declivous, with punctures as coarse and dense as but less impressed than on disc.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena short, distance between under margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum more than twice shorter than eye length. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.3 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves well marked, converging in distance from eye margin with deeply concave sides, triangular apically. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae short, segments 9–10 almost as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:53:65:68:62:50:76:5 6:62:59:94. Segment 3 approximately 1.23 times longer than 2 and only slightly shorter than 4.</p> <p>Prosternum narrow in the middle, expanded apically, area between coxa flat without special sculpture, expanded apex convex in the middle, impressed laterally with few moderately coarse punctures.</p> <p>Claws with moderately large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa: W Cape (fig. 8).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida litigiosa species–group. It is well characterized by very coarse and dense elytral punctation with elytral surface appearing rugose but with fine and sparse pronotal punctation (fig. 305). Only C. foveolatipennis has as coarse elytral punctation as in C. cordula but differs in more circular body, elytral punctation slightly sparser, with surface of elytra appearing regular, not rugose (fig. 331).</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Pr. b. Sp., 1, Lichtenberg (ZMHU).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Cape, Cape Town, NW Table Mountain, 400 m, 31 I 1995, 1 (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B16FA91BFF6CFB550D6E9347	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B16FA919FF6CFC140FCA964F.text	E417E526B16FA919FF6CFC140FCA964F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida delenifica Boheman 1862	<div><p>Cassida delenifica Boheman, 1862</p> <p>(figs. 13, 155–157)</p> <p>Cassida delenifica Boheman, 1862: 313; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3653; Borowiec, 1999: 246.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) delenifica: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Description. L: 5.15–5.70 mm, W: 4.20–4.65 mm, Lp: 1.80–2.00 mm, Wp: 3.30–3.65 mm, L/W: 1.21–1.23, Wp/ Lp: 1.78–1.89. Body short–oval (figs. 155, 156).</p> <p>Pronotum yellow, disc with large, brown M–shaped spot of widened bases of lateral branches. Scutellum yellow. Elytral disc yellow with brown to black pattern: always available round spot at top of postscutellar elevation, small stripe inside postscutellar impression, two short stripes at base of disc and two spots on second interval behind its half length (fig. 155). In darker forms postscutellar impressions mostly brown to black, humeral area dark, sides of disc with several patches, partly coalescent and top of disc with some small spots (figs. 156, 157). Explanate margin yellow with brown to black sutural spot. Head, ventrites legs and antennae uniformly yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides narrowly rounded to subangulate, no basal corners, lateral lobes indistinct, sides indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except sort impression laterally. Surface of disc shiny, impunctate, with very sparse pricks. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, angulate. Disc moderately convex, with distinct postscutellar and shallow principal impressions and well marked H–shaped postscutellar elevation but not tuberculate in profile (fig. 157). Punctation coarse and dense, arranged in completely regular rows, punctures in rows almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly linear, only second interval on slope as wide as rows and distinctly convex, marginal interval as wide as submarginal row and interval combined, no humeral fold, lateral fold short but distinct. Explanate margin broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part slightly more than three times narrower than disc, surface shiny, shallowly and densely punctate, appears slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.3 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine, run close to margin of eye, converging in triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus flat or shallowly impressed, its surface shiny with few very small punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 approximately 1.2 times as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:57:67:67:63:50:53:57:57:60:120. Segment 3 approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 2 and as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa shallowly impressed, shiny without special sculpture, expanded part slightly convex, shiny, with few small, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Cameroon and Nigeria. Specimen from Tanzania probably mislabelled (fig. 13).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. Its pronotal and elytral pattern is similar to patterns of several species of the group such as pale forms of C. depicta (fig. 129), C. natalensis (fig. 134), C. irregularis (fig. 140) and dark forms of C. lacrymosa (fig. 186) but C. delenifica distinctly differs from all species of the group in the presence of a sutural spot on the explanate margin of elytra (figs. 155, 156).</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [NIGERIA]: Old Calabar, Murray (NRS)</p> <p>Other specimens examined. CAMEROON: Jaunde, X 1914, 1, Tesmann (MNHW); Joh.–Albrechtshöhe, 7 X–22 XI 1898, 1, L. Conradt (MNHW); Kamerunberg, 1 (MNHW); Mueli, N slope of Kamerungeb., 600 m, II 1858, 1, Hartwig (MNHW).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Victoria Nyansa, Ukerewe Is., 1, Conrads (ZMHU).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B16FA919FF6CFC140FCA964F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B16DA91EFF6CF9150831919F.text	E417E526B16DA91EFF6CF9150831919F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida depicta Boheman 1862	<div><p>Cassida depicta Boheman, 1862</p> <p>(figs. 14, 126–132)</p> <p>Cassida depicta Boheman, 1862: 315; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3653; Spaeth, 1912 a: 503, 1932: 235; Shaw, 1955: 237, 1961: 29, 1963: 457, 1972: 73; Borowiec, 1999: 247.</p> <p>Odontionycha depicta: Spaeth, 1903: 178.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) depicta: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118, 1924: 333.</p> <p>Cassida depicta ab. impicta Spaeth, 1932: 235, unavailable name.</p> <p>Cassida infastidita Boheman, 1862: 313; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3655; Spaeth, 1939: 19 (as syn. of depicta).</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) infastidita: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Cassida depicta ab. infastidita: Spaeth, 1924: 333.</p> <p>Cassida (Odontionycha) usambarica Weise, 1898: 221; Spaeth, 1903: 178 (as syn. of depicta).</p> <p>Description. L: 4.05–5.00 mm, W: 3.20–3.95 mm, Lp: 1.35–1.75 mm, Wp: 2.65–3.25 mm, L/W: 1.19–1.30, Wp/ Lp: 1.79–1.97. Body short–oval to almost circular, males (fig. 132) slightly stouter than females (fig. 131).</p> <p>Very variable species. In typically coloured specimens pronotum mostly black with two yellow spots at base. Scutellum yellow, elytral disc mostly black except yellow marginal interval and yellow elevated spots: at base of folds surrounding postscutellar impression, on lateral branches of postscutellar H–shaped elevation, few small spots in anterolateral parts of disc, few spots behind postscutellar elevation and spots across slope, sometimes coalescent and forming arch–shaped transverse band (figs. 126, 127). In pale specimens pronotal spot forms only V–shaped brown figure, elytral disc with mixed yellow and brown to black pattern, on top of disc predominantly yellow, on sides of disc predominantly dark (fig. 128). In dark specimens pronotal and elytral disc black except yellow marginal interval and extreme apex (fig. 132). Between the palest and the darkest aberrations occur various intermediates (figs. 129, 131). Explanate margins always yellow. Head from completely yellow to black basally and yellow apically, thorax always brown to black, including lateral plates, abdomen from uniformly yellow to black basally only occasionally mostly black broadly surrounded by yellow. Legs yellow. Antennae from uniformly yellow or at most with two last segments more or less infuscate.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides narrowly rounded, no basal corners.Area above head only slightly impressed, lateral lobes indistinctly bordered from explanate margin. Surface of disc shiny, with fine and sparse punctation. Distance between punctures mostly wider than puncture diameter. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc moderately convex (figs. 127, 130), with well marked postscutellar and principal impressions and distinct postscutellar H–shaped elevation. In black form the postscutellar elevation is the only sculpture in pale forms yellow spots usually more or less elevated. Punctation coarse and dense in black form arranged in completely regular rows, in pale forms rows partly interrupted by yellow relief, punctures in rows almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures twice coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals from as wide as rows to almost linear, intervals 2 and 4 in posterior half slightly convex, marginal interval as wide as submarginal row, with well marked humeral and lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface shiny with shallow, coarse and dense punctation, appears irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle with angulate top, surface of clypeus flat or with shallowly apical impression, shiny, with several very small, setose punctures. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:62:95:77:69:58:54:69:50:54:108. Segment 3 approximately 1.5 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa on sides with dense punctures and oblique wrinkles, along middle with shiny, slightly convex area with few small punctures, central part of expanded apex convex, punctate with shiny interspaces, sides deeply impressed, rugose punctate.</p> <p>Claws simple but appearing slightly appendiculate due to distally projecting flanks of last tarsal segment.</p> <p>Distribution. Forest species known from Central Africa south to Zimbabwe, few localities also in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Togo (fig. 14).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. The most widely distributed and the most variable species of this group. The typical form with well marked black M–shaped pronotal spot and elytral disc black with yellow relief (figs. 126, 129) is similar to C. bamendana but it differs in slightly more rounded pronotal sides, usually smaller size with length below 4.5 mm (although the smallest specimens of C. depicta have similar size to C. bamendana) and marginal elytral interval almost completely yellow (in dark forms of C. depicta usually partly black). Cassida natalensis differs in pronotal sides broadly rounded (figs. 133, 134). The darkest form of C. depicta with a completely black elytral disc (fig. 132) is similar to C. schoutedeni but it differs in the surface of disc between punctures distinctly microreticulate, appearing more or less alutaceous (in C. depicta the surface of disc between punctures is less distinctly microreticulate, appearing shiny) and dark elytral disc not as deep black as in C. depicta, at least with reddish diffused borders, often on dorsal surface and elytral relief with small reddish spots of diffused borders (figs. 80, 81).</p> <p>Type examined. Type of Cassida depicta Boheman, 1862 not examined, according to original description it should be preserved in BMNH but we couldn’t find them in this collection. Lectotype of Cassida infastidita Boheman, 1862 (designated by Borowiec, 1999: 247): [NIGERIA]: Old Calabar, Murray (NRS); lectotype and 9 paralectotypes of Odontionycha usambarica Weise, 1898, present designation: [TANZANIA]: Kwai, Paul (ZMHU); two paralectotypes of Odontionycha usambarica Weise, 1898, present designation: [TANZANIA]: Usambara, Mombo, (MM).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. BURUNDI: Mosso, Makoronkwe, 1450 m, 12 III 1953, 1, P. Basilevsky (MRAC); NW Urundi, 2400 m, 11 IX 1911, 1, H. Meyer (ZMHU).</p> <p>CAMEROON: Bamenda, 13 XII 1955, 3, Exped. Mus. Frey (NMB); Edea, VIII 1922, 2, J.A. Reis (MNHW); Joko, 1 (ZMHU); Kamerunberg, 5 km s Muëli, 560 m, 30 I 1958, 1, H. Knorr (ZSM); M’Balmayo, 1, Barga (MNHW); Muëli, Mt. Kamerun, 600 m, II 1958, 1, W. Hartwig (MKB), 560 m, 1 II 1958, 1, H. Knorr (SMNS); Ndong, 17 VI 1963, 1 (ZSM).</p> <p>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Albert Nat. Park, Massif Ruwenzori, Kalonge, riv. Kiondo, aff. Butahu, 2130 m, 31 VII 1952, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck and J. Kekenbosch (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Massif Ruwenzori, Kalonge, riv. Nyamwamba, aff. Butahu, 17 VIII 1952, 1, 1 VIII 1952, 1, 28 VIII 1952, 2, P. Vanschuytbroeck anmd J. Kekenbosch (3 MRAC, 1 MNHW); Albert Nat. Park, Massif Ruwenzori, Kalonge, riv. Nyamwamba–Ihingero, 2480 m, 27 VIII–2 IX 1952, 3, P. Vanschuytbroeck and J. Kekenbosch (2 MRAC, 1 MNHW); Albert Nat. Park, Secteur Nord, Mutsora, riv. N’Gokoi, affl. Talya, 1100–1150 m, 3–18 II 1953, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck and J. Kekenbosch (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Secteur Nord, village Nzega près Mutwanga, 1200 m, 14 VII 1957, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Beni, 1, Lt Borgerhoff, 1, Lt Bonnerie (MRAC); Dima, 26 IX 1908, 1, A. Koller (MRAC); Elisabethville, X 1911, 2, Miss. Agric. (MRAC); Faradje, Maruka, 6 II 1930, 1, A. Collart (MNHW); Foret de Kawa, Lac Albert, 17 IV 1929, 1, A. Collart (MNHW); Garamba Nat. Park, XII 1951 – II 1952, 17, De Saeger (MRAC); Garamba Nat. Park, Aka, 22 V 1952, 1, De Saeger (MNHW); Garamba Nat. Park, Anie, 29 VII 1952, 1, De Saeger (IRSN); Garamba Nat. Park, Dedegwa, 17 V 1952, 1, De Saeger (IRSN); Garamba Nat. Park, Makpe, 5 XI 1952, 2, De Saeger (IRSN); Garamba Nat. Park, Morubia, 14 VI 1951, 1, De Saeger (IRSN); Garamba Nat. Park, Mpaza, 23 I 1952, 1, De Saeger (IRSN); Haut Uele, Moto, 1922, 1, VI–VII 1923, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC); Ituri, Bunia, 1938, 1, P. Lefčvre (MRAC); Kasai, 2, L. Achten (MRAC); Kasai, Luisa, 1921, 1, L. Achten (MRAC); Lomami, Kambage, IX 1930, 1, P. Guarré (MRAC); Lomami, Kamina, 1930, 1, R. Massart (MRAC); Lomami, Kaniama, 1930, 1, 1931, 4, III–IV 1932, 2, R. Massart (MRAC); Lulua, Sandoa, X 1930, 2, F.G. Overlaet (MRAC, MNHW); Masisi, Kishengo, 1936, 1, H. Herman (MRAC); Mayumbe, Kiniati, 7 VI 1911, 1, R. Mayné (MRAC); Mayumbe, Kondo–Bamba, 8 I 1924, 1, A. Collart (MNHW); Ruwenzori, XII 1990 – I 1991, 1, F. Galizia (RR); Upemba Nat. Park, R. Bowa aff. Kalule près Kiamalwa, 1–3 V 1949, 1, de Witte (MRAC); Upemba Nat. Park, Kabwe, s. Muye, aff. Lufira, 1320 m, 13–14 V 1948, 1, de Witte (MRAC); Upemba Nat. Park, Kaziba aff. Senze, aff. Lufira, 1140 m, 4–12 II 1948, 2, 10–14 II 1948, 1, 18–26 II 1948, 2, de Witte (MRAC); Upemba Nat. Park, Kimakoto–Kiwakishi, 1070 m, 4–6 X 1948, 1, de Witte (MNHW); Upemba Nat. Park, Kimakoto entre Masombwe–Mukana, aff. Kafwe, 1070 m, 20 IX 1948, 1, de Witte (MRAC); Upemba Nat. Park, Kimapengo, af. Lusinga, 18 VII 1945, 1, Miss. de Witte (MM); Upemba Nat. Park, Lubanga af. Senze, 1750 m, 5 IV 1948, 1, de Witte (MNHW); Upemba Nat. Park, Lusinga, Kamalonge, 11 VI 1945, 2, de Witte (MRAC); Upemba Nat. Park, Lusinga, Kamalongiru, 22 VI 1945, 2, de Witte (MRAC); Upemba Nat. Park, Lusinga, Kamitungulu, 13 VI 1945, 1, de Witte (MRAC); Upemba Nat. Park, Lusinga, riv. Lurwa, 1 VI 1945, 2, de Witte (MRAC); Upemba Nat. Park, Lusinga, Mukana, 1 VI 1945, 1, 18 III 1948, 1, de Witte (MRAC); Upemba Nat Park, Mbuye–Bala, 1750 m, 25–31 III 1948, 1, 1–7 IV 1948, 1, de Witte (MRAC).</p> <p>ETHIOPIA: Arsi Reg., Wondo Genet, 1890 m, VI 1990, 1, Werner (DS); Beda–Kesa, III 1947, 2, G. Bexell (MNHW); 17 km SW of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.79985&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.2688" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.79985/lat 6.2688)">Dolomena</a>, 6°16.128’N, 39°47.991’E, 1080 m, 11 IV 2016, 1, R. Gerstmeier leg. (ML); Jimma, Kaffa, Mizante Feri, 8 V 2002, 1, K. Werner (MS); Kaffa Prov., Bonga forest, VIII 1971, 1, G. de Rougemont (MNHW); Shashamanni, 6–7 VI 1963, 1, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH).</p> <p>GUINEA: Foufa Djallon, Dalaba, 1200 m, 15.6.51, 1, J. Bechyne (MNHW); Foufa Djallon, Dalaba 1200 m, 16.6.51, 1, J. Bechyne (NMB); Foufa Djallon, Dalaba 1200 m, 19.6.51, 1, J. Bechyne (NMB); Mt. Gandan, 1100 m, 2 VI 1984, 1, S.V. Murzin (LM).</p> <p>KENYA: Kibwezi, 2–4 IV 1911, 1, S.A. Neave (MM); Lembus Forest, nr. Ibobor, 23 VIII 2004, 2, ABD (TD); Lembus Forest, Kapcholoi, 12 VIII 2004, 1, 14 VIII 2004, 1, 18 VIII 2004, 1, ABD (TD); Malindi, Gedi Forest, V 1973, 3, H. Gřnget (ZMC); Mt. Elgon, SE slope, 2150 m, 24 II 1938, 1 ab. impicta, 2600 m, 3 III 1938, 1, A. Holm (NRS); Mt. Elgon Nat. Park, near Chepnyalil Cave, dry evergreen montane forest, 2500 m, 24–28 I 1992, 11, O. Merkl and G. Várkonyi (HNHM, MNHW); Mt. Elgon, Salt Lake Estate, 2100 m, 15 XII 1937, 1, A. Holm (NRS); Mt. Elgon Suam River, 2150 m, 24 XII 1964, 1, A. Holm (NRS).</p> <p>MALAWI: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.81333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.501667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.81333/lat -10.501667)">Chinteche</a>, 1–5 IV 2000, 1, F. Pavel (MS); Nyika N.P., 15 km N of Chelinda, 10°30.1’S, 33°48.8’E, 2368 m, 29 XII 2009, 1, L. Friedman leg. (ML).</p> <p>RUANDA: Kibungo Ranch, Mpanga, 8 XII 1985, 1 (TW).</p> <p>SIERRA LEONE: Kailahun, 2 km W of Potolu, 219 m, 4–5 V 2013, 1, P. &amp;. B. Malec (LS).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Amani, 1 II 1904, 1, Karasek (ZMHU); Kilimandjaro, Litema–Berge, 1, F.A. Böttcher (MNHW); Langenburg, 9 VIII–7 X 1898, 2, Fülleborn (ZMHU); Litema Mt., 4, V. Böttcher (ZMHU); Mombo, III 1899, Paul (ZMHU); Nyassa See, Langenburg, 9 VIII–7 X 1898, 2, IV 1899, 1, Fülleborn (ZMHU); Tanga, 1 (IRSN); Usambara, Derema, 2, L. Conradt (ZMHU); Usambara, Kwai, 29, P. Weise (ZMHU).</p> <p>TOGO: Missahoué, 650 m, VI 1963, 1, Y. Schach (MNHW).</p> <p>UGANDA: Acholi Ranch, 19 XI 1972, 1, H. Gřnget (ZMC); Budongo Forest, 18 II 1973, 1, H. Gřnget (ZMC); Budongo Forest, Sonso, 6–16 X 2004, 1, T. Wagner (TW); Kampala, 11 V 1939, 1, H. Hargreaves (MM); Kibale Forest, W Pr., 12 V 1985, 1, M. Nummelin (MNHW); Kibale forest, Toro Distr., 7 III 1973, 1, H. Gønget (MNHW); SW Hoima, Rwera env., 30 XI 2001, 1, M. Snižek (MS); Mabira, 1 (NMP), Mabira, 2, R.A. Dummar (IRSN, MNHW); Tororo, 1300 m, 5 VI 1993, 1, Cuccodoro &amp; Erne leg. (MHNG).</p> <p>ZIMBABWE: Selinda Mt., Gungunyana forest, 25 XII 1998, 1, M. Snižek (MS).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B16DA91EFF6CF9150831919F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B16AA91CFF6CFF6508AE9663.text	E417E526B16AA91CFF6CFF6508AE9663.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida devylderi Spaeth 1928	<div><p>Cassida devylderi Spaeth, 1928</p> <p>(figs. 15, 271–273)</p> <p>Cassida Devylderi Spaeth, 1928: 11; Borowiec, 1995: 371, 1999: 252 (as syn. of C. franklinmuelleri), 2005: 122 (as good species).</p> <p>Description. L: 4.80–5.75 mm, W: 3.70–4.35 mm, Lp: 1.75–2.00 mm, Wp: 3.05–3.50 mm, L/W: 1.29–1.34, Wp/ Lp: 1.68–1.75. Body short–oval, slightly converging posterad (figs. 271, 272).</p> <p>Entire body, including head, ventrites, legs and antennae yellow, only last antennal segment infuscate apically. In this species often parts of body preserve life green colour (figs. 271–273).</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides narrowly rounded, no basal corners.Area above head only slightly impressed, sides of disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin. Surface of disc from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny, moderately coarse, shallow but dense punctation and more or less visible irregular wrinkles, appears mostly irregular. Explanate margin broad, impunctate or with extremely shallow punctation, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure, surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny, appears regular.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly to moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate to angulate. Disc slightly irregularly convex in profile with well marked H–shaped elevation (fig. 273), with distinct postscutellar, principal and posterolateral impressions. Punctation coarse and dense tend to form regular rows, but in postscutellar impressions and in posterolateral parts of disc additional punctures disturb regularity but elytra appear mostly regularly punctate, distance between punctures from twice narrower to as wide as puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures from as coarse as to slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals on top of disc from as wide as to slightly wider than rows, on sides slightly to twice narrower than rows, marginal interval broad, as wide as submarginal row and submarginal interval combined, without humeral but with flat lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, moderately declivous, in the widest part five times narrower than disc, surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny with shallow but coarse and dense punctation, appears irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.35 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, in basal part run close to margin of eye, converging in arch on obtuse angle, surface of clypeus flat or shallowly impressed, its surface shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum small, deeply emarginate to 1/3 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:63: 67:67:70:57:67:53:57:60:110. Segment 3 only slightly longer than segment 2 and approximately as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa impressed to canaliculate, shiny, without special sculpture except several very small setose punctures, expanded apex shiny, slightly convex in central part, shallowly impressed laterally, lateral lobes with few moderately coarse, setose punctures but surface appears regular.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Botswana, Malawi, Namibia, and Zimbabwe (fig. 15).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida viridipennis species–group. It belongs to the complex of species with the elytral disc uniformly green to yellow and elytral punctation mostly regular, especially on the sides of the elytral disc (figs. 271–273). The most similar species is Cassida viridipennis but it differs in stouter body with L/W ratio 1.17–1.24 (L/W ratio 1.29–1.34 in C. devylderi), base of elytra distinctly wider than pronotum, sides of elytra distinctly converging posterad, more broadly rounded pronotal sides, and surface of pronotal disc finer and sparsely punctate (figs. 246–248). Cassida franklinmuelleri is also similar but differs in less distinct postscutellar H–shaped elevation and more irregular elytral punctation and pronotal sculpture (figs. 269, 270).</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [NAMIBIA]: Damara, De Vyld. (NRS).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. BOTSWANA: Maun, Island Safari Lodge, 15 I–29 I 1997, 2, M. Snižek (MS, MNHW).</p> <p>MALAWI: Cholo, 1919, 10, R. C. Wood (BMNH, LS).</p> <p>NAMIBIA: Kavango, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.07/lat -18.35)">Popa Falls</a>, 18.35 S 20.07 E, 29 X 1987, 1, E. Marais (WM); Mahango Park, 26–28 II 1998, 1, U. Göllner (MNHW); Okahandja, 31 V 1954, 1 (MNHW); Okosongomingo, Otjiwarongo, 6–8 III 1979, 1, M.–L. Penrith &amp; S. Louw (MNHW); Ovamboland, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.292667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.676556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.292667/lat -17.676556)">Ogongo Campus</a>, 17°40’35.6’’S 15°17’33.6’’E, 1100 m, 26 I 2012, 1, R. Dobosz &amp; G. Kopij (USMB); Popa Falls, 18.07.16 S/21.34.51 E, 2–4 III 1994, 1, U. Göllner (MNHW); Windhoek, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.34" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.45/lat -22.34)">Fichthofen</a>, 22.34 S 17.45 E, 16–24 V 1977, 1, M.–L. Penrith &amp; S. Louw (WM).</p> <p>ZIMBABWE: 60 km N Bulawayo, Maraposa Rd., 3 XII 1998, 2, M. Snižek (MS, MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B16AA91CFF6CFF6508AE9663	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B168A913FF6CF9F90ED6964E.text	E417E526B168A913FF6CF9F90ED6964E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida distinguenda Spaeth 1928	<div><p>Cassida distinguenda Spaeth, 1928</p> <p>(figs. 9, 309–310)</p> <p>Cassida distinguenda Spaeth, 1928: 7; Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997: 630; Borowiec, 1999: 248; Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001: 156.</p> <p>Description. L: 5.80–6.20 mm, W: 4.20–4.50 mm, Lp: 1.80–2.00 mm, Wp: 3.30–3.60 mm, L/W: 1.35–1.42, Wp/ Lp: 1.80–1.83. Body oval, sides moderately, regularly rounded (fig. 309).</p> <p>Uniformly yellow, including ventrites, legs and antennae, sometimes apex of last antennal segment slightly infuscate (figs. 309, 310).</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width at posterior third, sides rounded. Surface of disc finely to moderately coarse, but distinctly punctate, punctures much finer than those of elytral disc. On sides of pronotal disc punctures dense, with distance between them approximately twice narrower than puncture diameter, on top of disc sparser. Surface between punctures slightly irregular. Explanate margin of pronotum shallowly punctate, from border of disc to margin gradually finer, surface between punctures regular, semitransparent with honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc slightly depressed in profile, without impressions and without sculpture (fig. 310). Punctation coarse, in some specimens between coarse punctures additional fine punctation, dense, punctures almost touching each other, but surface of elytral disc appears regular or only slightly irregular. Explanate margin broad, moderately declivous, in widest part approximately four times narrower than disc, with shallow punctation, punctures slightly from as coarse as to slightly coarser but sparser than on disc, surface appears only slightly irregular, semitransparent with honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes shortened, gena elongate, distance between under margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum slightly longer than half eye width. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.4 times as wide as long, clypeal grooves fine, converging in more or less regular triangle, clypeal plate slightly to moderately impressed, shiny, with very small, sparse, setose punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae slimmer than in other species, segments 9–10 slightly elongate. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:60:80:80:73:60:82:60:66:66:113. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times longer than 2 and approximately as long as 4.</p> <p>Prosternum narrow in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxae impressed, shiny, with few setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex medially, sides impressed, shiny with few small setose punctures in central part and few coarser punctures laterally.</p> <p>Claws with small basal tooth.</p> <p>Host plants. Solanaceae: Lycium amoenum Damme (Taylor 1965, Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska 2001); Lycium ferrocissimum Miers. (Heron &amp; Borowiec 1997).</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa: Cape (fig. 9).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida litigiosa species–group. It belongs to the complex of large species with an almost semicircular pronotum. The subgroup comprises also of C. pudens, C. limpopoana and C. wittmeri. Cassida distinguenda is next to C. wittmeri the slimmest species of the subgroup. Cassida limpopoana differs also in shorter eyes and more convex elytra, and base of elytra as wide as base of pronotum (figs. 317, 318) while in C. distinguenda base of elytra is wider than base of pronotum (fig. 309). Cassida pudens differs also in longer eyes, and stouter, almost circular body (figs. 333, 334). Cassida wittmeri differs in more convex body and less declivous explanate margin of elytra (fig. 307).</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cape Province, Mossel Bay, 1–13 III 1922, R.E. Turner (BMNH);</p> <p>Other specimens examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Cape, Bloubergstrand, 8 I 1984, 4, H. Geerbema (NIC, MNHW); Cape, 5 mls SW Calitzdorp, Huiariver Pass, 18–21 XI 1972, 1, van Reenen &amp; Mathabathe (MNHW); Cape, Lamberts B., 16 IX 1985, 2, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Cape, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.06&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.02" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.06/lat -33.02)">10 km NE of Langebaan</a>, 33.02 S 18.06 E, 28 XII 1989, 5, J.K. Scott (NIC, MNHW); Western Cape Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.966667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.083332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.966667/lat -33.083332)">Saldanha</a>, 33°05’S, 17°58’E, 1 (ARC); W Cape, Saldanha, 4 IV 1977, 1, S. Neser (NIC); Cape, West Coast, Yzerfontein, 1 II 1995, 1, S. Zoia (DS); Eastern Cape Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.35/lat -32.35)">Steytlerville</a>, 32°21’S, 24°21’E, 1 (ARC).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B168A913FF6CF9F90ED6964E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B167A912FF6CF9150E9094F7.text	E417E526B167A912FF6CF9150E9094F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida diversepunctata Borowiec & Swietojanska 2001	<div><p>Cassida diversepunctata Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001</p> <p>(figs. 9, 315–316)</p> <p>Cassida sp. 3: Kleinjan &amp; Scott, 1996: 103.</p> <p>Cassida diversepunctata Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001: 157.</p> <p>Description. L: 5.90–6.80 mm, W: 4.90–5.50 mm, Lp: 2.00–2.30 mm, Wp: 3.70–4.20 mm, L/W: 1.20–1.25, Wp/ Lp: 1.83–1.85. Body short–oval (fig. 315).</p> <p>Body uniformly yellow, including ventrites, legs and antennal segments 1–7, last four antennal segment infuscate to dark brown. Sometimes pronotum yellow and elytra yellowish green (figs. 315, 316)</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width slightly in front of the middle, sides quite rounded. Disc moderately convex, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin. Surface of disc finely, shallowly and sparsely punctate, much finer than those of elytral disc. Area above head mostly impunctate. Surface between punctures regular. Explanate margin of pronotum impunctate, surface between punctures regular, subtransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc moderately, regularly convex in profile, without impressions and sculpture (fig. 316). Punctation moderate and sparse, distance between punctures mostly as wide as or slightly wider than puncture diameter, surface of disc appears regular. Explanate margin broad, in widest part slightly more than three times narrower than disc, moderately declivous, punctate, punctures from slightly to twice coarser but slightly sparser than on disc, surface subtransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena short, distance between under margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum more than twice shorter than eye length. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.4 times as wide as long, clypeal grooves deep, converging in more or less regular triangle, sides of the triangle usually slightly concave, clypeal plate slightly to moderately impressed, shiny, with very small, sparse, setose punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae slightly elongate, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:60:62:63:64:64:70:66:66:73:133. Segment 3 approximately as long as segments 2 and 4.</p> <p>Prosternum narrow in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxae deeply impressed, shiny, with few setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex medially, sides impressed, shiny with few small setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with moderate basal tooth.</p> <p>Host plant. Asteraceae: Chrysanthemoides monilifera rotundata (L.) Norlindh (Kleinjan &amp; Scott 1996, Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska 2001).</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa: E Cape (fig. 9).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida litigiosa species–group. It is one of the largest species in the group, well characterized by extremely fine and sparse punctation of the pronotal disc in relation to quite coarse punctation of the elytral disc (fig. 315). Cassida foveolatipennis differs in extremely coarse elytral and moderately coarse pronotal punctation (fig. 331). Cassida chrysanthemoides at first glance appears very similar but differs in slightly finer elytral punctation, elytral disc less regularly convex (figs. 313, 314) and smaller size with length 4.70–5.50 mm.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype and two paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape, East London, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.51&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.04" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.51/lat -33.04)">Marine Drive</a>, 33.04 S 27.51 E, 1 III 1990, Scott &amp; Kleinjan (NIC, MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B167A912FF6CF9150E9094F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B166A916FF6CFB8D0842909B.text	E417E526B166A916FF6CFB8D0842909B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida dorsovittata Boheman 1854	<div><p>Cassida dorsovittata Boheman, 1854</p> <p>(figs. 16, 241–245)</p> <p>Cassida dorsovittata Boheman, 1854: 395, 1856: 129, 1862: 308; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3653; Kolbe, 1898: 344; Spaeth, 1912 a: 503; Shaw, 1956: 268, 1961: 30, 1972: 73; Borowiec, 1986: 805, 1995: 371, 1999: 249, 2005: 122; Węgrzynowicz &amp; Wąsowska, 1996: 41; Rice, 2003: 81; Heron, 2003: 33; Borowiec &amp; Świetojańska, 2013: 77.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) dorsovittata: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Cassida insularis Boheman, 1854: 433, 1856: 136, 1862: 335; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3655; Weise, 1910: 442, 505; Borowiec, 1999: 249 (as syn. of dorsovittata).</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) insularis: Spaeth, 1914 b: 115.</p> <p>Cassida Coquereli Boheman, 1862: 308; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3653; Weise, 1910: 505; Borowiec, 1999: 249 (as syn. of dorsovittata).</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) Coquereli: Spaeth, 1914 b: 115.</p> <p>Cassida pallescens Boheman, 1862: 334; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3657; Weise, 1910: 505; Borowiec, 1999: 249 (as syn. of dorsovittata).</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) pallescens: Spaeth, 1914 b: 116.</p> <p>Cassida hebes Weise, 1900: 217; Spaeth, 1922: 1002, 1943: 62; Borowiec, 1999: 249 (as syn. of dorsovittata).</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) hebes: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Cassida breviuscula Fairmaire, 1904: 274; Weise, 1910: 505; Spaeth, 1912 a: 503; Borowiec, 1999: 249 (as syn. of dorsovittata).</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) breviuscula: Spaeth, 1914 b: 115.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassidula) striola Weise, 1910: 481, 505; Borowiec, 1999: 249 (as syn. of dorsovittata).</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) striola: Spaeth, 1914 b: 116.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.10–5.15 mm, W: 3.10–3.65 mm, Lp: 1.50–1.80 mm, Wp: 2.60–3.10 mm, L/W ratio 1.26–1.50, Wp/Lp ratio: 1.66–1.81. Body short–oval to oval, males stouter than females (figs. 241, 242, 244, 245).</p> <p>Dorsum uniformly yellow or green (figs. 241, 242, in C. dorsovittata green colour typical for live specimens is often preserved in dried specimens). Occasionally, along suture runs paler yellow band marked with several small brown spots or only with some punctures with brown areola (fig. 244), in extreme case elytral disc with brown lyriform figure (fig. 245). Clypeus from uniformly yellow to mostly black, ventrites in populations from Africa usually uniformly yellow, in populations from Madagascar mostly black, only abdomen narrowly surrounded by yellow. Legs usually yellow but in populations from Madagascar with black femora except yellowish apex and more or less infuscate tibiae. Antennae vary from uniformly yellow to partly black, in African populations predominate specimens with uniformly yellow antennae or with only last segment infuscate, in populations from Madagascar predominate populations with infuscate to black apical 4–5 segments.</p> <p>Pronotum regularly elliptical, with maximum width approximately in the middle, sides broadly rounded. Disc only slightly convex, on sides indistinctly separated from explanate margin. Surface of disc impunctate, at most with extremely fine and sparse pricks, opaque. Explanate margin smooth, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure, its surface from opaque to slightly shiny but without mirror brilliance.</p> <p>Base of elytra only moderately wider than base of pronotum, in male usually much wider than in female, basal margin without black crenulation, humeral angles only slightly protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc almost regularly convex in profile (fig. 243), with top of convexity in postscutellar point, with indistinct scutellar and principal impressions, at top with low H–shaped elevation. In populations from Madagascar impressions on elytra are less marked than in populations from Africa. Punctation moderately coarse but dense, forms completely regular, not impressed rows. Punctures disposed in rows dense, interspaces mostly narrower than punctures. Marginal row distinct, with coarse and moderately dense punctures, twice coarser than in central rows. Intervals flat, from 1.5 times to twice wider than rows. Marginal interval well marked on entire length, broad, in anterior half as wide as two submarginal rows and submarginal interval combined, no humeral and lateral folds. Surface of intervals slightly opaque. Explanate margin moderately declivous, broad, in the widest part approximately four times narrower than disc. Surface of explanate margin moderately coarse and densely punctate, appears irregular, semitransparent with well marked honeycomb structure. Apex of elytral epipleura bare.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena obsolete. Clypeus approximately as long as wide, frontal grooves fine, converging in regular triangle with obtuse apex. Area between groove and margin of eye with row of short setae. Surface of clypeal plate flat glabrous, smooth or with few very small punctures, opaque. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 approximately as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:55:68:68:6 4:55:55:45:55:59:123. Segment 3 approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 2 and as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternal collar as long as length of last palpomere. Prosternal process broad, strongly expanded apically, not impressed along lateral margins, area between coxae slightly convex, smooth and shiny, without sculpture, rhomboidal apex in the middle slightly convex, shiny, without special sculpture.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Host plants. Amaranthus viridis L. (Taylor 1965); Achyranthes aspera L. var. pubescens (Moq.) Towns., Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell., Amaranthus viridis L., Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) R.Brown ex Roem Schult., Celosia argentea L. (H. Heron pers. comm.); Chenopodiaceae: Beta vulgaris L., Beta vulgaris var. cicla L., Chenopodium album L., Chenopodium murale L., Rhagodia parabolica R. Brown, Rhagodia sp. (Addington type) (H. Heron pers. comm.).</p> <p>Distribution. Entire tropical Africa (fig. 16). The most widely distributed species, the only Afrotropical Cassida species common for both Africa and Madagascar (for detailed locality data in Madagascar see Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska 2013).</p> <p>Remarks. This is a unique species, not related to any African members of the genus Cassida. The combination of characters: small size, colouration uniformly yellow or green or with only scattered pattern of reddish or brown spots or stripes, pronotal sides broadly rounded, base of elytra only moderately wider than base of pronotum, completely regular elytral punctation, surface of disc impunctate, at most with extremely fine and sparse pricks, opaque, and elytral disc almost regularly convex in profile, with indistinct scutellar and principal impressions, at top with low H–shaped elevation (figs. 241–245) distinguish C. dorsovitatta from all species with predominant yellow or green dorsal colouration.</p> <p>Types examined. Lectotype of Cassida dorsovittata Boheman, 1854, designated by Borowiec, 1999: 249: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cap B. Sp., Vahlberg (NRS); paralectotype of Cassida dorsovittata Boheman, 1854, designated by Borowiec, 1999: 249: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Capland Christph. No. 272 (IZPAS); four paraectotypes of Cassida dorsovittata Boheman, 1854, designated by Borowiec, 1999: 249: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Pt. Nat., I. Vahlb. (NRS); two syntypes of Cassida coquereli Boheman, 1862: [COMORES]: Mayotte, Coquerel (MNHN, NRS); holotype of Cassida pallescens Boheman, 1862: [COMORES]: Mayotte, Coquerel (MNHN); lectotype and paralectotype of Cassida hebes Weise, 1900, present designation: [TANZANIA]: Mombo, VII 1899 (ZMHU); syntype of Cassida breviuscula Fairmaire, 1904: [MADAGASCAR]: Soalala, Perrier (MNHN). Location of types of Cassida insularis Boheman, 1854 and Cassida (Cassidula) striola Weise, 1910 is unknown.</p> <p>Other specimens examined. BENIN: Zagnanado, 8–14 V 1950, 1, A. Villiers (IFAN).</p> <p>BURKINA FASO: Haute Volta, Melou, 1 (IRSN).</p> <p>CAMEROON: Douala, 1, David (NMP); Moliwe n. Victoria, 1, F. v. Maltzan (ZMHU), 1898, 1, Fülleborn (ZMHU).</p> <p>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Aba, VIII 1938, 1, P. Lefčvre (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, riv. Kihuhuma, rég. Mugando, 27 IV 1945, 1, G.F. de Witte (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Massif Ruwenzori, riv. Kakalari, affl. Bombi, 1725 m, 12 VI 1954, 3, P. Vanschuytbroeck and H. Synave (2 MRAC, 1 MNHW); Albert Nat. Park, Massif Ruwenzori, Mont Degio, 2200 m, 19 VII 1954, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Secteur Tshiaberimu, riv. Kalivina, affl. Talya Nord, 2350 m, 25 IV 1955, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck and R. Fonteyn (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Uele, Monga, 18 IV–8 V 1935, 1, de Witte (MRAC); Amadi, 24–28 II 1913, 1, P. Van den Plas (MRAC); Congo da Lemba, X–XII 1911, 2, V 1912, 1, I–II 1913, 7, II–III 1913, 6, R. Mayné (MM, MRAC, MNHW); Dungu, XI 1919, 1, Van den Plas (MRAC); Elisabethville, VI 1936, 5, Ch. Seydel (MRAC); Equateur, Flandria, 1928, 1, VI 1928, 1, R.P. Hulstaert (MRAC); Garamba Nat. Park, XII 1951 – II 1952, 23, De Saeger (MRAC); Ituri, Bunia, VII 1937, 1, H.J. Bredo (MRAC); Karemi, V 1912, 1, Bayer (MRAC); Kasongo, VIII 1959, 1, P.L.G. Benoit (MRAC); Katana, rive W lac Kivu, 3 X 1935, 1, H. Damas (MRAC); Katanga, Kabalo, III 1926, 1, Schouteden (MRAC); Katanga, de la Lukulu, terr. Manono, X 1956, 1, N. Leleup (MRAC); Kisantu, 1931, 1, 1932, 1, P. Vanderijst (MRAC); Kivu, Mulungu, 1939, 2, Hendricx (MRAC); Kivu, Nyabikoro, II 1957, 1, K. Baeten (MRAC); Kivu, Tshibinda, XI 1932, 2, L. Burgeon (MRAC); Kwango–Ngowa, 25 XI 1937, 1, J. Martens (IRSN); Lac Kivu, N’Gwese, 1, Carlier (MRAC); Lemfu a Kimpese, 1, P. Vanderijst (MRAC); Leverville, 1920, 1, P. Vanderijst (MRAC); Logo, 14 VII 1937, 1, H.J. Brédo (MRAC); Lomami, Kamina, 1930, 1, R. Massart (MRAC); Mahagi–Niarembe, 1935, 1, Ch. Scops (MRAC); Maniema, Kasongo, IX 1959, 1, P.L.G. Benoit (MRAC); Tsela, V 1924, 1, A. Collart (IRSN); Nioka, VII 1937, 1, J. Ghesquière (MRAC); Nyangwe, V 1918, 2, R. Mayné (MRAC); Rutshuru, V 1937, 1, J. Ghesquière (MRAC); Seke–Banza, Mayumbe, 13 IV 1924, 1, A. Collart (MRAC); Stanleywille, II 1925, 1, J. Ghesquière (MRAC); Tembwe, Tanganyika, II 1926, 1, Schouteden (MRAC); Tshuapa, Bokuma, 1954, 1, Lootens (MRAC); Uele, Dingila, 4 III 1933, 1, J. Vrydagh (MRAC); Uele, Gangala na Bodio, 15 IV 1936, 6, L. Lippens (MRAC); Upemba Nat. Park, E lac Upemba, 585 m, 17–20 XI 1948, 1, 20–26 I 1949, 1, de Witte (MRAC); Upemba Nat. Park, Mabwe, 585 m, 17 XI 1948, 1, de Witte (IRSN).</p> <p>EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Nkolentangan, XI 1907 – V 1908, 1, G. Tessmann (ZMHU).</p> <p>ETHIOPIA: Aouash, 960 m, VII 1957, 1, F. Schäuffiele (SMNS); Dam Site, 10 XII 1986, 2, L. Medvedev (LM); Illubabor prov., 30 km W Abobo, 23 XI 1986, 1, L. Medvedev (LM).</p> <p>GHANA: Huhunya, 20 km E Koforidua, 29 XII 1971, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (HNHM).</p> <p>IVORY COAST: Adiopodoumé, 1 (MRAC); Bouake, 1 X 1981, 1, P. Cochereau (CNCI); Comoé, XII 1995, 1, E. Obermaier (EO); Guéssabo, 11 III 1977, 1, I. Löbl (MHNG); Irho La Me, 13–16 IX 1979, 1, J.M. Maldes (HPA).</p> <p>KENYA: Ikutha, 1 (ZMHU), XI 1910, 1, Holtz (ZMHU); Malindi, Gedi Forest, IV 1973, 1, H. Gønget (ZMC); Meru, VII 1943, 1, van Someren (BMNH); Mombasa, 18 IX 1973, 1, 22–25 XI 1973, 1, H. Silfverberg (ZMUH); Nairobi, 7 VIII 1936, 1 (BMNH), 12 I 1979, 1, T. Palm (LU).</p> <p>NAMIBIA: Grootfontein, Farm Klein Nosib, IV 1989, 1, J. Irish (ZMHU); Okahandja, 24 V 1957, 1, F. Gaerdes (ZSM).</p> <p>NIGERIA: Apeji, 4 (BMNH); Ogoja County, 18 III 1962, 1, 17 VI 1963, 1, R. Majer (ZSM).</p> <p>REPUBLIC OF CENTRAL AFRICA: Fort Crampel, 5 (IRSN, NMP); Fort Sibut, Oubanchi–Chari, 1 (NMP).</p> <p>REPUBLIC OF CONGO: Kuilu, 1892, 1, Mocquerys (MCZC).</p> <p>RWANDA: Cyangugu Prov., Nyakabuye, 1–30 XII 1982, 1, 1–15 V 1983, 1, H. Mühle (HK, MD); Rusumo, Ibanda, Makera, X 1993, 5 ex. Teclea nobilis (Rutaceae), T. Wagner (TW, MNHW).</p> <p>SIERRA LEONE: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-11.09&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.129723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -11.09/lat 9.129723)">Loma Mts.</a>, farmland/mosaic forest 9°07’47”N, 11°05’24”W, 420 m, 11–15 VI 2016, 1, Takano, Miles &amp; Goff leg. (BMNH).</p> <p>SOMALIA: Mogadiscio, III 1974, 1 (JM).</p> <p>SOUTH AFRICA: Cape of Good Hope, 2 (BMNH); Cape, Algoa Bay, 11 IV 1960, 1, Brauns (TM); E Cape, 9 km NW Engoobo, 1300 m, 4 XII 1995, 1, M. Biondi (DS); Cape, Kimberley, I 1896, 1, A.E. Haviland (TM); E Cape, Roadside 22 km WNM Alexandria, 200 m, 29 V 1998, 2, Grobbelaar et al. (NIC); Cape, Robertson, Goree, 2 II 1971, 1, M.W. Strydom (NIC); Cape Prov., Wildemess Nat. Park, 17 km SE George, 14 X 1994, 3, R. Danielsson (LU); Estcourt, Natal, 1897, 3, G. A. K. Marshall (BMNH); Eastern Cape Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.7/lat -33.966667)">Port Elizabeth</a>, 33°58’S, 25°42’E, 1 (ARC); Free State, W of Bothaville, Vaal river, 24 XII 2008, 1, M. Snižek (MS); Free State, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.133333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.133333/lat -28.25)">Harrismith</a>, 28°15’S, 29°08’E, 1 (HH); Gauteng Prov., Roodeplaat Experiment Farm, 25 km NE of Pretoria, 25°35’S, 28°82’E, 1 (HH); Gauteng Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.866667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.866667/lat -26.7)">Vereeniging</a>, 26°42’S, 27°52’E, 1 (ARC); Gyah Jown, 1 (BMNH); Kapland, 9 (ZMHU, MNHW); KZN, Roadside SE Mnt.Aux – Source, 1300 m, 18 IV 1998, 1, Neser et al. (NIC); KZN, Roadside W Mooi River, 22 IV 1998, 4, Neser et al. (NIC); Lady Smith, 1, Dr. Martin (MKB); Limpopo Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.383333/lat -24.616667)">Thabazimbi</a>, 24°37’S, 27°23’E, 1 (ARC); Maputoland, SE of Ndumo, 24 I 2003, 8, M. Snižek (MS, MNHW); Mossel Bay, Cape province, 17 XII 1938, 4, R. E. Turner (BMNH); Mpumalanga Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.983334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.983334/lat -29.95)">Delmas</a>, 29°57’S, 30°59’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Anerley, 10 km NE of Port Shepstone, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.5/lat -30.666666)">South Coast</a>, 30°40’S, 30°30’E, 1 (HH); Natal, “Bethel” Farm, Waterfall <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.21389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.743889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.21389/lat -30.743889)">Valley Estates</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.21389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.743889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.21389/lat -30.743889)">Paddock</a>, 30°44’38’’S, 30°12’50’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Botha’s Pass, 1500–1750 m, 13 XII 1995, 1, P. Audisio (DS); Natal, Brighton Beach, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.00389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.92472" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.00389/lat -29.92472)">Bluff</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.00389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.92472" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.00389/lat -29.92472)">Durban</a>, 29°55’29’’S, 31°00’14’’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Cleland, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.433332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.433332/lat -29.65)">Petermaritzburg</a>, 29°39’S, 30°26’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Cliffdale, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.883333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.883333/lat -29.916666)">Chatsworth</a>, 29°55’S, 30°53’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Dlinza Forest, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.5/lat -28.9)">Eshowe</a>, 28°54’S, 31°30’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Durban, 3 X 1906, 2, J. Hugh (TM); Natal, “Eden Lassie” near Ingomankulu, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.483334/lat -29.783333)">Camperdown distr.</a>, 29°47’S, 30°29’E, 1 (HH); Natal, 17 km NE Empangeni, Nseleni River, 24 X 1994, 2, R. Danielsson (LU); Natal, Escombe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.9/lat -29.883333)">Queensburgh</a>, 29°53’S, 30°54’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Ferncliffe Forest Reserve, Pietermaritzburg, 1 (HH); Natal, Hillary, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.95/lat -29.883333)">Durban</a>, 29°53’S, 30°57’E, 1 (HH); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.316666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.316666/lat -30.166666)">Ixopo</a>, 30°10’S, 32°19’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Malvern, 1 II 1950, 8, A. Capener (ZSM); Natal, Malvern, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.916666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.916666/lat -29.883333)">Queensburgh</a>, 29°53’S, 30°55’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Mariannhill Monastery, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.833334/lat -30.85)">Pinetown</a>, 16 km W of Durban, 30°51’S, 30°50’E, 1 (HH); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.966667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.966667/lat -29.2)">Mooi River</a>, 29°12’S, 29°58’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Nangle Dam, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.616667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.616667/lat -29.583334)">Umgeni Valley</a>, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.616667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.616667/lat -29.583334)">Cato Ridge</a>, 29°35’S, 30°37’E, 1 (HH); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.966667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.966667/lat -27.75)">Newcastle</a>, 27°45’S, 29°58’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, North Park Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.866667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.866667/lat -29.866667)">Northdene</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.866667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.866667/lat -29.866667)">Queensburgh</a>, 29°52’S, 30°52’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Northern Treatment Works, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.995834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.796389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.995834/lat -29.796389)">Springfield</a>, 29°47’47’’S, 32°59’45’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Nottingham Road, 15 I 1981, 1, S.J. van Tonder &amp; C. Kok (NIC); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.983334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.983334/lat -22.366667)">Nottigham Road</a>, 22°22’S, 29°59’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.466667/lat -29.633333)">Pietermaritzburg</a> CBD, 29°38’S, 30°28’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Pigeon Valley Park, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.988611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.864723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.988611/lat -29.864723)">Durban</a>, 29°51’53’’S, 30°59’19’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Pinetown, 28 XII 1908, 1, G.F. Leigh (TM); Natal, 1, Poepp (ZMHU); Natal, Roosfontein Nat. Res., Westville / Quennsburgh, 1 (HH); Natal, Umbilo, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.383333/lat -29.6)">Durban</a>, 29°36’S, 30°23’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Umhlanga Lagoon Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.083334/lat -29.7)">Umhlanga Rocks</a>, 29°42’S, 31°05’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Uvongo, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.383333/lat -30.816668)">Lower South Coast</a>, 30°49’S, 30°23’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Warner Beach, Kingsburgh, 1 (HH); Natal, Weenen, I–II 1928, 2, H.P. Thomasset (TM); Oranje F. State, Brandfort, Glen Research Farm, 22–23 III 1977, 1, A. Strydom (BM); Oranje F. State, Golden Gate Highlands Nat. Park, Bethlehem, 21 III 1984, 1, Louw et al. (BM); Pietermaritzburg, 27 IV 1964, 1, G.F. Mees (NNML); Port Elizabeth, 2, Dr. Martin (MKB); Pretoria, 1, (BMNH), 10 XII 1914, 2 (BMNH), 8 XII 2003, 5 (HNHM, LS); 35 km W Pretoria, Rt. 512, 31 XII 1994, 2, A. Freidberg (TAU); 25 km NW of Setlagole, North West, 26°05’S, 24°58’E, 1–2 II 2003, 1, R. &amp; H. Fouque (LS); Transvaal, 2 (BMNH), 2, Fruhstorfer (MM); Transvaal, Argent, 1–10 XII 1952, 1, 20 XII 1958, 1, A.L. Capener (MM); Transvaal, Ben Alberts Nat. Res., Thabazimbi, 24–28 XI 1980, 1, S.J. van Tonder (NIC); Transvaal, Delmas Distr., I 1980, 4 on Amaranthus, R. Kluge (NIC); Transvaal, Gravelotte, Letsitele Vall., 16–20 XII 1958, 1, A.L. Capener (MM); Transvaal, Lydenburg, 10, F. Wilms (ZMHU, MNHW); Transvaal, Makapan, 1893, 1, E. Simon (MKB); Transvaal, vic. Melodie, 28 VII 1985, 1, Bellamy and d’Hotmann (ER), 14–16 XII 1985, 5, Bellamy and Evans (ER), 29–31 XII 1985, 1, C.L. Bellamy (ER); Transvaal, Nelshoogte Forest Station, 18 II 1987, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Transvaal, Pretoria, 1893, 1, E. Simon (MKB), Pretoria, 9 II 1906, 1 (TM), 22 XII 1907, 5, A.J. Janse (TM), VII 1953, 2, A. v. Peez (ZSM), 12 XI 1963, 1, L. Vari (TM), III 1970, 1, A. Strydom (TM), 28–30 XII 1977, 1, S. Endrödi (HNHM); Transvaal, Pretoria, Waterkloof, 15 II 1974, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Transvaal, Waterberg, 1898–99, 2, v. Jutrzencka (TM); Transvaal, Wonderboom, 16 V 1931, 1, G. v. Son (TM); Unsorted Prov., Duba, Kruger Nat. Park, 1 (ARC); Verulam, Natal, VII 1897, 1, G. A. K. Marshall (BMNH); Umkomaas Mts., Natal, IX 1897, 1, G. A. K. Marshall (BMNH); Western Cape Prov., Farm Rietvlei No. 2, Montagu, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.197498&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.750557" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.197498/lat -33.750557)">Little Karoo</a>, 33°45’02’’S, 20°11’51’’E, 1 (Marion Maclean pers. comm.); Western Cape Prov., Robertson, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.833334/lat -33.766666)">Goree</a>, 33°46’S, 19°50’E, 1 (ARC); Western Cape Prov., Rosebank, Cape <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.466667/lat -33.95)">Town</a>, 33°57’S, 18°28’E, 1 (ARC); Zululand, Empangeni Univ., 20 XI 1975, 1, 21 II 1976, 1, P.E. Reavell (TM).</p> <p>TANZANIA: SE of Mbuyuni, Baobab vall., NE of Iringa, 9 III 2002, 5, M. Snižek (MS, MNHW); Mikumi, 17–20 XII 1993, 1, M. Snižek (MS); Nyassa –see, Langenburg, 3, Fülleborn (ZMHU).</p> <p>UGANDA: Gaba, Mukono distr., 2 X 2004, 1, I Přikryl (LS); Kampala, 8 V 1933, 3, H. Hargreaves (BMNH); Kampala, Tank Hill, 1300 m, 20 VI 1970, 1, H. Gřnget (ZMC); Kasenyi, 1 IX 1937, 1, H.J. Brédo (MRAC); Kawanda, 10 XI 1940, 1 from Amaranthus sp., T.H. Taylor (BMNH); Mabira, 1 (LS), 3, R.A. Dummar (IRSN, MNHW, NMP); Mulange, 1 (MM).</p> <p>ZAMBIA: Livingstone, 2 II 1913, 3, H.C. Dollman (BMNH); Livingstone, Zambesi River, 2 XI 1913, 2, H. C. Dollman (BMNH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.47&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.06" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.47/lat -13.06)">South Luangwa Nat. Park</a>, Mfuwe Crocodile Farm, 13.06S / 31.47E, 450 m, 21–24 III 1993, 1, U. Göllner (MNHW).</p> <p>ZIMBABWE: 21 km N Centenary, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.49&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.31" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.49/lat -16.31)">Miware Raffia Palm Reserve</a>, 26 VIII 1998, 1, M. Rice (MER); Kariba env., Mopani–Bay Camp, 480 m, 16.31 S 28.49 E, 20–21 III 2000, 1, U. Heinig (UH).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B166A916FF6CFB8D0842909B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B162A915FF6CFC610D1891B3.text	E417E526B162A915FF6CFC610D1891B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida drakensbergensis Borowiec 2005	<div><p>Cassida drakensbergensis Borowiec, 2005</p> <p>(figs. 9, 324–325)</p> <p>Cassida drakensbergensis Borowiec, 2005: 117.</p> <p>Description. L: 6.00 mm, W: 5.00 mm, Lp: 2.10 mm, Wp: 3.35 mm, L/W: 1.20, Wp/Lp: 1.59. Body almost circular (fig. 324).</p> <p>Pronotum yellow. Elytra yellow with black elongate spot in postscutellar area. Basal margin of pronotum and anterior margin of elytral disc narrowly black. Punctures in anterolateral and central part of disc with dark brown to black areola (figs. 324, 325). Ventrites, legs and antennae uniformly yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width distinctly before middle, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc moderately convex, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, with indistinctly separated area above head. Surface of disc distinctly impunctate, shiny. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny.</p> <p>Scutellum triangular, without punctures, row or wrinkle. Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum. Humeri distinctly protruding anterad, obtuse. Anterior margin of elytron shallowly emarginate with very fine crenulation. Disc in profile distinctly, regularly convex, with top of convexity in postscutellar area, no postscutellar impressions (fig. 325). Punctation of disc regular, moderately coarse and sparse, distance between punctures irregular, in some parts of row punctures almost touching each other, in other distance between punctures twice to thrice larger than puncture diameter. Punctures on slope very sparse and punctation appears almost irregular. Intervals mostly twice wider than rows, interspaces on sides of elytra slightly convex, form a low folds and surface of elytral sides appears slightly irregular, also postscutellar area slightly elevated. Marginal row distinct, its punctures slightly coarser than in submarginal row. Marginal interval distinct, approximately 1.5 times as wide as lateral rows. Explanate margin of elytra moderately declivous, broad, in the widest part thrice narrower than disc, its surface shallowly, densely punctate, appears distinctly irregular. Apex of elytral epipleura with sparse, erect setae.</p> <p>Head broad, eyes large, gena very short. Clypeus approximately 1.2 times as wide as long, with distinct clypeal lines converging in triangle, surface of clypeus shiny, impunctate. Labrum emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae slim, segments 8–10 distinctly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:46:46:64:66:44:50:53:53:50:93, segment 3 as long as segment 2, segment 4 approximately 1.4 times as long as segment 3 (fig. 9).</p> <p>Prosternal process moderately broad, expanded apically, its central part flat, apex with round impression (fig. 8).</p> <p>Claws simple (fig. 10).</p> <p>Distribution. Northeastern part of South Africa (fig. 9).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida unimaculata species–group. Cassida drakensbergensis is very close to C. unimaculata and C. emontinensis. All three species have almost circular body, strongly convex elytral disc, broadly rounded sides of pronotum with no lateral corners, impunctate disc of pronotum, regularly punctate elytral disc, yellow ventrites and antennae, and a characteristic elytral pattern with small black spot or stripe in the postscutellar area (figs. 322, 324, 326, 327). Cassida drakensbergensis differs in the following characters (in brackets characters of both relatives): elytral spot elongate (almost round in C. unimaculata or in form of narrow stripe not exceeding borders of sutural elevation in C. emontinensis), punctation of elytra coarse (fine to moderately coarse in both relatives), interspaces on sides of elytra slightly convex, form a low folds and surface of elytral sides appears slightly irregular (interspaces flat, surface of elytral sides completely regular in both relatives), punctures in anterolateral and central part of elytra with dark areola (without areola in both relatives), and surface of explanate margin of elytra strongly irregular (only slightly irregular in both relatives).</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: nördl. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.0/lat -24.033333)">Drakensberge</a>, Wolkberg, 2–7.xi.1999, 24°02’S / 30°00’E, U. Göllner (PPRIP).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B162A915FF6CFC610D1891B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B161A914FF6CFF5C0E5B96FF.text	E417E526B161A914FF6CFF5C0E5B96FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida elgonensis Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida elgonensis sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 13, 103–104)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7D0441CB-684D-4179-80E0-1607B8DD7285</p> <p>Description. L: 5.10 mm, W: 3.80 mm, Lp: 1.80 mm, Wp: 3.20 mm, L/W: 1.34, Wp/Lp: 1.78. Body oval, sides only slightly rounded (fig. 103).</p> <p>Pronotum yellow, sides of disc at base with reddish spot. Scutellum yellow. Elytral disc mostly yellow, only submarginal interval reddish, and elevated intervals 2 in 2/3 length and 4 in half length with reddish yellow stripe. Explanate margin yellow with broad red humeral and posterolateral spots and narrow sutural spot (figs. 103, 104). Clypeus yellow. Thorax and central part of abdomen black, sides of abdominal sterna and apex of last sternite yellow. Legs yellow, except black coxa. Antennal segments 1–7 yellow, segment 8 at base yellowish brown, remainder part black, segments 9–11 black.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, approximately 1.8 times wider than long, with maximum width slightly behind the middle, sides subangulate. Disc moderately convex, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, its surface coarsely and densely punctate, distance between punctures mostly smaller than puncture diameter, only in area above head punctures smaller and sparser than in central part of disc. Surface of disc glabrous, but seems slightly irregular. Explanate margin of pronotum broad, subhorizontal, impunctate, glabrous, its surface slightly irregular.</p> <p>Scutellum triangular, without punctures or sulci. Base of elytra only slightly wider than pronotum, humeral angles angulate. Disc almost regularly convex, depressed behind H–shaped postscutellar elevation (fig. 104), without tubercles, in postscutellar point with high H–shaped figure. Postscutellar impressions distinct, bordered externally by anterior branches of the H–shaped figure. Punctation of disc regular, punctures coarse and dense, in rows almost touching each other. Punctures in marginal row coarser than on sides of disc, but shallow, only in red parts of margin deep. Intervals narrow, mostly narrower than rows, on sides of disc almost linear, only elevated interval 2 and elevated central part of interval 4 as wide as to slightly narrower than rows. Marginal interval broad, distinctly wider than submarginal row.</p> <p>Clypeus narrow, approximately 1.1 times wider than long, flat, smooth and glabrous, clypeal lines distinct, converging in triangle. Antennae stout, distal segments slightly wider than long. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:77:88:84:69:62:55:62:68:62:135. Segment 3 only 1.1 times longer than segment 2, and almost as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternal collar very short, prosternal process strongly expanded apically, its surface irregularly wrinkled and punctate.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Kenya: E slope of Mt. Elgon (fig. 13).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. At first glance it is very similar to C. pernix Spaeth and C. ghesquieri Spaeth, especially in the reddish elytral disc, red humeral and posterolateral elytral spots and strongly punctate pronotal disc. Both relatives differ in stouter body, base of elytra as wide as pronotum, thus the body outline looks almost circular (figs. 105, 329) while in C. elgonensis the body is oval, with only slightly rounded sides (fig. 103). The postscutellar H–shaped elevation in C. pernix is distinctly lower than in C. elgonensis, and interval 2 is less convex. Ventrites in C. pernix are uniformly yellow, while in C. elgonensis they are mostly black. Cassida qhesquieri has the postscutellar elevation distinctly higher than in C. elgonensis (fig. 330).</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [KENYA]: Kitale, Uasin Gishu, 2100 m, 1932–33, Mission de l’Omo, C. Arambourg, P.A. Chapuis &amp; R. Jeannel (MNHN).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B161A914FF6CFF5C0E5B96FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B160A96AFF6CF9850FE79797.text	E417E526B160A96AFF6CF9850FE79797.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida eluta Boheman 1862	<div><p>Cassida eluta Boheman, 1862</p> <p>(figs. 17, 193–195)</p> <p>Cassida eluta Boheman, 1862: 319; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3653; Spaeth, 1939: 18; Borowiec, 1999: 250.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) eluta: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Cassida cherenica Spaeth, 1917: 433; Borowiec, 1999: 242, n. syn.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.30–4.70 mm, W: 3.20–3.50 mm, Lp: 1.60–1.70 mm, Wp: 2.70–2.90 mm, L/W: 1.34–1.35, Wp/ Lp: 1.62–1.71. Body oval, widest in the middle, on sides only slightly rounded (figs. 193–194).</p> <p>Pronotum and scutellum pale yellow. Elytra pale yellow, disc with brown pattern of small brown spots. Always is present spot on postscutellar elevation and two small spots in and behind the middle of elevated second interval. In the palest specimens also few punctures with brownish areola but disc appears mostly yellow. In the darkest specimens most punctures have brown areola, some areolae connected and form small, irregular patches thus elytral disc appears distinctly maculate (figs. 193, 194). Clypeus in the palest specimens uniformly yellow, in spotted specimens basal margin and corners brown but the brown colour occupies not more than 1/3 of surface of clypeal plate. Ventrites in the palest specimens mostly yellow only prosternum between coxae and basal part of metasternum brownish. In spotted specimens entire pro–, meso–, and metasternum brownish except yellow epimera and episterna. Abdomen always yellow. Antennae and legs completely yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, sides broadly rounded. Disc slightly convex, on sides separated from explanate margin by short furrow. Surface of disc glabrous, smooth and shiny. Explanate margin glabrous, smooth, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, basal margin of disc with very small black crenulation, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, distinctly angulate to subacute. Disc only slightly convex in profile, almost depressed, with top of convexity in postscutellar point (fig. 195), with well marked scutellar and principal impressions, also on sides of disc punctures tend to form shallowly impressed fields. Postscutellar area with distinct H–shaped elevation, in front surrounding postscutellar impressions, behind prolongates to slightly elevated second intervals. Punctation moderately coarse, regular but appears slightly irregular because punctures tend to group 2–3 together with larger and partly convex intervals between groups. Marginal row distinct, with dense punctures, as coarse as punctures in lateral rows. Intervals narrow, on sides of disc linear, only intervals 1 and mostly and interval 3 on slope well marked, interval 2 on entire length and interval 3 on slope slightly convex. Regularity of intervals disturbed by arrangement of punctures and elevated interspaces. Marginal interval well marked on entire length, broad, in anterior half almost twice wider than lateral intervals, with well marked humeral and lateral folds. Surface of intervals glabrous, smooth and shiny. Explanate margin moderately declivous, broad, in the widest part five times narrower than disc. Surface of explanate margin very shallowly punctate, appears almost regular, glabrous, shiny, transparent with well marked honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, 1.14 times as wide as log, frontal grooves very fine, converging in triangle. Surface of clypeal plate flat or with shallow impression apically, glabrous and shiny with several very small setose punctures. Part of clypeus between clypeal triangle and margin of eyes with a row of long hair. Labrum distinctly emarginate to 1/3 length. Antennae slim but short, segments 9–10 slightly wider than long. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:64:86:75:64:57:50:50:54:57:107. Segment 3 approximately 1.34 times as long as segment 2 and 1.15 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternal process broad, moderately impressed along lateral margins, very broad apically, along sides with row of setose punctures, central part of rhomboidal apex convex, with few setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Ethiopia, Eritrea and Tanzania (fig. 17).</p> <p>Remarks. We have examined the holotype of Cassida eluta Boheman, 1862 and two syntypes of Cassida cherenica Spaeth, 1917 and both taxa are conspecific.</p> <p>A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. It is one of the smallest and the most elongate species of the group with length below 4.8 mm and L/W: 1.34–1.35. The immaculate pronotal disc and predominantly yellow elytra with scarce pattern of small brown spots place C. eluta close only to C. voiensis and especially to C. namibiensis. The first species differs in elytral pattern on elytral sides reduced only to dark centres of punctures andwith central part of disc without pattern except spot on postscutellar elevation and few very small reddish brown spots in posterior half of disc. The second species differs in finer elytral punctation, with distance between punctures in lateral rows mostly as wide as or only slightly smaller than puncture diameter and sides of elytra slightly less rounded; both species are broadly separated geographically. Cassida eluta occurs only in north-eastern Africa south to northern Tanzania, while C. nambiensis is known only from Namibia.</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype of Cassida eluta Boheman, 1862: [ETHIOPIA]: Abyssin., Thorey (NRS); two syntypes of Cassida cherenica Spaeth, 1917: [ERITREA] Erithraea, Cheren (MM).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. ETHIOPIA: Sabata, 25 km S Addis –Ababa, 2000 m, 28 VII 1988, 1, L. Medvedev (MNHW); Tigra, 1 (MNHW).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Kirumba n. Mwansa, 6 IV 1916, 1, Holtz (MM).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B160A96AFF6CF9850FE79797	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B11EA969FF6CF96D0EBD97DF.text	E417E526B11EA969FF6CF96D0EBD97DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida emontinensis Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida emontinensis sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 8, 322–323)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AACC09E2-0DED-430C-8808-18878F690EEA</p> <p>Etymology. Named after its type locality East London which in Xhosa language is named eMonti.</p> <p>Description. L: 5.20–5.80 mm, W: 4.40–4.75 mm, Lp: 2.00–2.20 mm, Wp: 3.10–3.35 mm, L/W: 1.18–1.22, Wp/Lp: 1.52–1.60. Body almost circular (fig. 322).</p> <p>Pronotum yellow. Elytra yellow with black stripe in postscutellar area. Basal margin of pronotum and anterior margin of elytral disc narrowly black (figs. 322, 323). Head, ventrites, legs and antennae uniformly yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width slightly before middle, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc moderately convex, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, with indistinctly separated area above head. Surface of disc impunctate, shiny. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Scutellum triangular, without punctures, rows or wrinkles. Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum. Humeri distinctly protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc in profile distinctly, regularly convex, with top of convexity in postscutellar area (fig. 323), without postscutellar and principal impressions, without H–shaped elevation. Punctation of disc regular, moderately coarse and moderately dense, distance between punctures from as wide as to twice wider than puncture diameter. Punctures on slope as dense as on other parts of disc. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as in submarginal row. Intervals on op of disc twice wider than rows, on sides from as wide as to 1.5 times as wide as rows, interspaces on sides of elytra not convex, surface of elytral sides appears regular. Marginal interval distinct, approximately as wide as submarginal interval and two submarginal rows combined, without humeral and lateral folds. Explanate margin of elytra moderately declivous, broad, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, its surface shallowly, densely punctate, appears distinctly irregular.</p> <p>Head broad, eyes large, gena very short. Clypeus approximately 1.2 times as wide as long, with distinct clypeal lines converging in regular triangle, surface of clypeus flat, shiny, with few very small setose punctures. Labrum minutely emarginate. Antennae slim, segments 8–10 distinctly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:53:58:58:53:44:56:53:53:61:108, segment 3 approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 2, and as wide as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternal process moderately broad, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa impressed, shiny with several small, hairy punctures, rhomboidal apex with round impression in the middle, shiny with several small hairy punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. East Cape Province in South Africa (fig. 8).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida unimaculata species–group. Cassida emontinensis is intermediate between C. drakensbergensis and C. unimaculata The three species have an almost circular body, strongly convex elytral disc without impressions and H–shaped elevation, broadly rounded sides of pronotum with no lateral corners, impunctate pronotal disc of, regularly punctate elytral disc, yellow ventrites and antennae, and a characteristic elytral pattern with small a black marking in the postscutellar area (fig. 322, 324, 326). Like in C. drakensbergensis it has very narrow spot in the postscutellar area forming a stripe not extending behind sutural border (fig. 322) while in C. unimaculata the spot is broad, usually round, only occasionally elongate (figs. 326, 327), but unlike C. drakensbergensis its elytral punctation is moderately coarse and moderately dense like in C. unimaculata. Like in C. unimaculata the interspaces on the sides of the elytra are not convex, not forming a low folds thus the surface of elytral sides appears only slightly irregular, while in C. drakensbergensis the interspaces are slightly convex, form some folds thus the surface of elytral sides appears partly irregular). The surface of the explanate margin of elytra in Cassida emontinensis is distinctly irregular, like in C. drakensbergensis (regular to only slightly irregular in C. unimaculata), but punctures in the anterolateral and central part of the elytra without dark areola, like in C. unimaculata (with dark areola in C. drakensbergensis).</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: EAST LONDON / 4.–8.XII.1950 / R. M. Martin (MNHW); two paratypes: the same data as holotype (MNHW).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B11EA969FF6CF96D0EBD97DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B11DA968FF6CF8A508E39767.text	E417E526B11DA968FF6CF8A508E39767.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida flavosignata Spaeth 1932	<div><p>Cassida flavosignata Spaeth, 1932</p> <p>(figs. 13, 122–123)</p> <p>Cassida flavosignata Spaeth, 1932: 236; Borowiec, 1999: 252.</p> <p>Cassida flavolsignata [sic]: Nummelin &amp; Borowiec, 1991: 14.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.30–4.60 mm, W: 3.80–4.00 mm, Lp: 1.50–1.60 mm, Wp: 2.70–2.95 mm, L/W: 1.13–1.18, Wp/ Lp: 1.74–1.97. Body almost circular (fig. 122).</p> <p>Pronotal disc black, explanate margin yellow. Scutellum black, sometimes with paler spot centrally. Elytral disc black with yellow, slightly elevated spots of irregular borders: one large on each side of scutellum, two very small at apex of scutellum, three in row on each side of suture, middle spot distinctly smaller than first and third spot, one obliquely to basal spot and one in 2/3 length of rows 4–6. Yellow are also part of marginal interval below humerus, lateral fold, apical part of second interval and apex of disc. Explanate margin uniformly yellow (figs. 122, 123). Head yellow, sometimes basal corners brown, prosternum brown, metasternum and abdomen yellow. Fore and mid coxa infuscate but rest of legs yellow. Antennal segments 1–7 yellow, apical segments brown to black.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners, lateral lobes well marked, bordered from explanate margin by short impressions anteriorly and posteriorly. Surface of disc shiny, with very fine pricks. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, angulate. Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 123), with shallow postscutellar principal impressions and indistinctly marked H–shaped elevation. Punctation moderately coarse arranged in completely regular rows, dense, distance between punctures from slightly narrower to slightly wider than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures not coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals shiny, mostly flat, only second interval between yellow elevated spots slightly convex, in sutural part of disc intervals approximately as wide as rows, on sides linear, marginal and submarginal interval slightly wider than rows. Marginal interval slightly narrower than submarginal one, with short humeral and lateral folds. Explanate margin broad, slightly declivous, in the widest part three times narrower than disc, surface shiny with shallow punctation, appears slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes extremely large, gena obsolete. Clypeus narrow, approximately 1.1 times as long as wide. Clypeal grooves indistinct, run close to margins of eye, converging in angle, surface of clypeus flat or very shallowly impressed, shiny, impunctate. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 approximately as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:64:71:71:75:50:50:46:50:54:121. Segment 3 approximately 1.5 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxae impressed medially, shiny, without special sculpture, expanded apex flat with several small punctures and short grooves, appears slightly irregular.</p> <p>Claws with small basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, and N Tanzania (fig. 13).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida flavosignata species–group. It differs from two other members of the group, Cassida benguelica and C. leleupi, in pronotal black spot solid, without two small yellow spots inside (with two spots in both relatives), elytral punctation more coarse and more regular with rows only slightly disturbed by yellow relief (less regular and strongly disturbed by yellow relief in both relatives) and marginal interval predominantly black (almost completely yellow in both relatives).</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype: [TANZANIA]: Usambara, 1930, Staudinger (MM).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Kivu, Lulenga, 23 XI 1925, 1, H. Schouteden (MRAC).</p> <p>RWANDA: Cyangugu Prov., Nyakabuye, 1–15 V 1983, 1, 23 II 1984, 2, H. Mühle (MD).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Usambara, Derema, 850 m, 30 VIII–15 IX 1891, 2, Conradt (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B11DA968FF6CF8A508E39767	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B11CA96FFF6CF8FD08BE95A3.text	E417E526B11CA96FFF6CF8FD08BE95A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida foveolatipennis Borowiec & Swietojanska 2001	<div><p>Cassida foveolatipennis Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001</p> <p>(figs. 11, 331, 332)</p> <p>Cassida sp. 2: Kleinjan &amp; Scott, 1996: 103.</p> <p>Cassida foveolatipennis Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001: 157.</p> <p>Description. L: 5.80–6.30 mm, W: 4.90–5.30 mm, Lp: 2.00–2.20 mm, Wp: 3.60–4.00 mm, L/W: 1.17–1.19, Wp/ Lp: 1.80–1.81. Body almost circular, sides regularly rounded (fig. 331).</p> <p>Uniformly yellow, including ventrites, legs and antennae, in dry specimens elytra often with diffused green colour (figs. 331, 332).</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, sides subangulate. Surface of disc moderately coarse, shallowly punctate, punctures much finer than those of elytral disc, area above head finely punctate than top and sides of disc. Distance between punctures from as wide as to twice wider than puncture diameter. Surface between punctures regular. Explanate margin of pronotum very shallowly punctate, surface between punctures regular, semitransparent with honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra not or only slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, angulate. Disc moderately, regularly convex in profile, without impressions (fig. 332). Punctation very coarse, next to C. cordula the largest in the group, dense, distance between punctures mostly twice narrower than puncture diameter, but surface between punctures regular. Marginal row absent, punctation of disc continued to punctation of explanate margin without distinct border. Explanate margin broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part slightly less than three times narrower than disc, punctate, punctures as coarse as to slightly coarser but sparser than on disc.</p> <p>Eyes quite large, gena slightly elongate, distance between under margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum slightly shorter than half eye length. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.2 times as wide as long, clypeal grooves distinct, converging in regular triangle, surface of clypeal plate flat, shiny, with several small, setose punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate.Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 slightly elongate. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:58:58:60:62:64:56:58:61:100. Segment 3 approximately longer than 2 and approximately as long as 4.</p> <p>Prosternum narrow in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa impressed, shiny, without special sculpture, expanded apex slightly convex, shiny, with several small, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Host plants. Asteraceae: Chrysanthemoides incana (Burm.f.) Norlindh, Ch. monilifera pisifera (Linnaeus) Norlindh (Kleinjan &amp; Scott 1996, Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska 2001).</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa: W Cape (fig. 11).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida litigiosa species–group. It is well characterized by its extremely coarse elytral punctation. Only C. cordula has such large punctures but differs in a slimmer body with elytra slightly converging posterad (almost circular in C. foveolatipennis). The elytral punctation in C. cordula is extremely dense and the surface of elytra appears rugose, while in C. foveolatipennis the punctation is sparser and the surface of the elytra appears regular.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype and paratype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cape, nr. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.1/lat -33.2)">Yserfontein</a>, 33.20 S 18.10 E, 24 VIII 1989, on Chrysanthemoides monilifera, J. Scott, Kleinjan (NIC); paratype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cape, 8 km <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.04&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.59" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.04/lat -32.59)">West of Langebaanweg</a>, 32.59 S 18.04 E, 19 IX 1989, on Chrysanthemoides incana, J.K. Scott (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B11CA96FFF6CF8FD08BE95A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B11BA96FFF6CFB390E88928D.text	E417E526B11BA96FFF6CFB390E88928D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida franklinmuelleri Spaeth 1925	<div><p>Cassida franklinmuelleri Spaeth, 1925</p> <p>(figs. 17, 269–270)</p> <p>Cassida Franklin–Mülleri Spaeth, 1925 b: 55, 1928: 10; Borowiec, 1999: 252, 2005: 126.</p> <p>Description. L: 5.20–5.75 mm, W: 3.70–4.50 mm, Lp: 1.75–2.05 mm, Wp: 3.00–3.50 mm, L/W: 1.28–1.41, Wp/ Lp: 1.68–1.71. Body oval, regularly converging posterad, males slightly stouter than females (fig. 269).</p> <p>Body uniformly yellow, including head, ventrites, legs and antennae, some dry specimens preserve life green colour, especially on elytra (figs. 269, 270).</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc almost flat, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin. Entire surface of disc with moderately coarse punctation and dense wrinkles, appears irregular. Explanate margin broad, with shallow, coarse and dense punctation and with irregular interspaces, semitransparent with more or less well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly to moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, rounded. Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 270), with shallow postsutellar and principal impressions, without or with indistinct H–shaped postscutellar elevation with short branches. Punctation coarse and dense, on most parts of elytra appears irregular, only along suture and margin of disc punctures tend to form more or less regular rows, distance between punctures mostly narrower or as wide as puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as or slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly not marked, only second and fourth interval linear but marginal interval distinct, broad, in humeral part as wides as two rows and one interval combined, no humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, in the widest part five times narrower than disc, surface coarsely, densely, irregular punctate, appears rugose, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.4 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in angle, surface of clypeus flat, shiny, with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:56:69:66:63:50:53:50:50:53:94. Segment 3 approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 2 and only slightly longer than segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat or only slightly impressed, shiny, without special sculpture, expanded apex flat, shiny, with several moderate, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa and Zimbabwe (fig. 17).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida viridipennis species–group. It belongs to the complex of species with punctation of elytral disc in large part irregular. The complex comprises also C. kantnerorum and C. sublesta. Both relatives differ in the elytral disc less regularly convex with well marked postscutellar angulation (figs. 268, 278) while in C. franklinmuelleri the elytral disc in profile forms a regular arch (fig. 270). Cassida sublesta differs also in a distinctly stouter body with L/W ratio 1.23–1.29 (1.28–1.41 in C. franklinmuelleri) and explanate margin of elytra slightly broader and less declivous (figs. 266, 267). Cassida kantnerorum looks very similar but except the irregular elytral convexity differs also in a slightly broader explanate margin of elytra, especially in posterior third</p> <p>Types examined. Syntype:[SOUTH AFRICA]: Transvaal, (MM); two syntypes: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Transvaal, Fruhstorfer (DEI); syntype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Transvaal, Lydenburg (MM); two syntypes: [ZIMBABWE]: Hope Fontain, 5 I 1922, N. Jones (BMNH).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Mpumalanga, 30 km NE Lydenburg N.P., 22–25 XI 2003, 1, Halada (MS); Transvaal, Johannesburg, Bedford ridge, 8 II 1950, 2, 8 XI 1953, 1, A.L. Capener (MNHW); Transvaal, Lydenburg, 3, F. Wilms (ZMHU, MNHW); Transvaal, 1, ex coll. Fruhstorfer (ZMHU); [ZIMBABWE]: Salisbury, Mashonaland, G.A.K. Marshall (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B11BA96FFF6CFB390E88928D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B11AA96EFF6CFAE40D6E92F3.text	E417E526B11AA96EFF6CFAE40D6E92F3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida fuscosignata Boheman 1854	<div><p>Cassida fuscosignata Boheman, 1854</p> <p>(figs. 17, 190 –192)</p> <p>Cassida fuscosignata Boheman, 1854: 399, 1856: 130, 1862: 317; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3654; Spaeth, 1939: 18; Borowiec, 1999: 253.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) fuscosignata: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Description. L: 3.90 mm, W: 3.20 mm, Lp: 1.55 mm, Wp: 2.60 mm, L/W: 1.22, Wp/Lp: 1.68. Body short–oval (fig. 191).</p> <p>Pronotum and scutellum yellow. Elytral disc yellow with few dark brown small spots: one on top of postscutellar elevation, one in the middle of each elevation surrounding postscutellar impressions and two on base of disc close to scutellar corners, two to three on elevated second interval and one on each side of disc at border of fourth interval and row laterally to median spot on second interval (fig. 191). Basal and lateral spots sometimes obsolete. Head, prosternum, abdomen, legs and antennae uniformly yellow, metasternum brown.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width slightly behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc without lateral lobes, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, area above head only slightly impressed, surface shiny, with fine and sparse punctation, distance between punctures mostly twice to thrice wider than puncture diameter, interspaces regular. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 192), with distinct postscutellar and principal impressions and distinct Hshaped postscutellar elevation, slightly elevated second interval and oblique thin elevation from basal branch of the H–shaped elevation extending to eight elytral row, also some interspaces on top of disc slightly elevated. Punctation coarse and dense, arranged in completely regular rows, distance between punctures mostly narrower from puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures finer than in central rows. Intervals narrow, in sutural area slightly narrower than rows, except elevated second interval which is as wide as rows, on sides linear, interspaces shiny. Marginal interval moderately broad, as wide as submarginal interval and two rows combined, without humeral and with narrow lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part slightly approximately four times narrower than disc, surface shiny, with shallow, moderately coarse and dense punctation, appears slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately 1.1 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves dep, converging in regular triangle, surface of clypeus with apical impression, shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:52:81:69:52:50:54:46:46:54:119. Segment 3 approximately 1.4 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat but with canaliculate sides, shiny, without special sculpture, with few hairy punctures, expanded apex flat with slightly impressed sides, surface slightly irregular with several moderately coarse, hairy punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Senegal (fig. 17).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. It belongs to the species with less developed dark pattern on elytral disc limited to at most 10 very small brown spots. Only the palest form of C. lacrymosa, and typically maculate forms of C. eluta and C. namibiensis are similarly spotted. The last two species differ in a slimmer body with L/W 1.32–1.45 (figs. 193, 194, 205). The pale form of C. lacrymosa differs in the different placement of brown, small spots which group mostly on the sides of the elytral disc (fig. 190) while in C. fuscosignata the elytral pattern is limited to the top of elytral disc (fig. 191). Both species are separated geographically, C. lacrymosa is wide spread in East and South Africa north to Somalia, south to Cape province in South Africa (fig. 25) while C. fuscosignata is known only from Senegal (fig. 17).</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype: [SENEGAL]: Seneg., Buquet (NRS).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. SENEGAL: 1.5 km NE Djibélor, 6.5 km SW Ziguinchor, 8 III 1977, 1 (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B11AA96EFF6CFAE40D6E92F3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B119A96DFF6CFAE40D209273.text	E417E526B119A96DFF6CFAE40D209273.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida garambana Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida garambana sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 19, 282–283)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 91AA9F4C-A80F-4F35-B11B-C3D963EF7885</p> <p>Etymology. Named after its terra typica, Garamba National Park in northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.07 mm, W: 3.20 mm, Lp: 1.50 mm, Wp: 2.60 mm, L/W: 1.25, Wp/Lp: 1.73. Body almost circular (fig. 282).</p> <p>Pronotum uniformly yellow. Scutellum and elytra yellow, punctures in lateral rows 7–9 and few punctures on slope with indistinct reddish–brown areola, apical part of suture infuscate (figs. 282, 283). Clypeus brown with blackish basal corners and sides, thorax black, abdomen black narrowly surrounded by yellow. Coxa trochanters and extreme base of femora dark brown, rest of legs yellow. Antennal segments 1–6 yellow, segments 7–11 gradually brown to black.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width at basal 1/3, sides narrowly rounded. Disc moderately convex, on sides separated from explanate margin by short furrow. Surface of disc shiny, with fine, shallow but dense punctation, distance between punctures from slightly narrower to as wide as puncture diameter, only area above head impunctate. Explanate margin smooth, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra only slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc regularly, moderately convex in profile (fig. 283), with well marked scutellar and principal impressions, and low and obtuse H–shaped elevation, in front not surrounding postscutellar impressions, and with short posterior branches. Punctation fine, regular, distance between punctures in rows mostly as wide as puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, with sparse punctures, distinctly coarser than punctures in lateral rows. Intervals mostly twice wider than rows, flat, microreticulate but shiny. Marginal interval well marked on entire length, broad, in anterior half almost twice wider than lateral intervals, with short humeral and lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately declivous, broad, in the widest part 3.5 times narrower than disc. Surface of explanate margin shallowly but densely punctate, appears slightly irregular, shiny, transparent with well marked honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus narrow, slightly longer than wide, frontal grooves fine, runs close to margin of eye, on top converging in angulation. Surface of clypeal plate flat, microreticulate bit shiny with several very small setose punctures. Part of clypeus between clypeal triangle and margin of eyes with a row of long hair. Labrum distinctly emarginate to 1/3 length. Antennae moderately stout, segments 9–10 approximately as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:79:63:58:42:50:50:46:50:96. Segment 3 approximately 1.6 times as long as segment 2 and 1.3 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternal process moderately broad, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa canaliculate with oblique wrinkles, central part of rhomboidal apex convex, sides impressed, surface with wrinkles and setose punctures, appears rugose.</p> <p>Claws with small basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Democratic Republic of Congo (Garamba National Park) (fig. 19).</p> <p>Remarks. A unique species. Its almost circular body, elytral disc without hump, only with a low H–shaped elevation, and elytral punctation completely regular (fig. 282) place it closer to the Oriental species of the C. nigriventris species–group especially to C. cognobilis Spaeth, C. fukhanica Medvedev &amp; Eroshkina, C. nigriventris Boheman and C. subtilis Weise than to any of African species. All Oriental species distinctly differ in subangulate pronotal sides. Among small African species with a completely yellow dorsum it is similar only the C. capensis, C. senegalensis and the pale form of C. luxuriosa. First two species distinctly differ in subangulate or angulate pronotal sides (figs. 287, 280). Cassida luxuriosa differs in a less circular body (fig. 284) and completely yellow ventrites (in C. garambana partly black).</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Congo Belge, P.N.G. / Miss. H. De Saeger / II/gd/10, 28–XII–1951 / H. De Saeger. 1954 // Cassida sp. ? / near to / C. trepidula Sp. / det. S. Shaw 1965 (MRAC).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B119A96DFF6CFAE40D209273	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B118A96CFF6CFAE40D6E9282.text	E417E526B118A96CFF6CFAE40D6E9282.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida ghesquieri Spaeth 1943	<div><p>Cassida ghesquieri Spaeth, 1943</p> <p>(figs. 19, 329–330)</p> <p>Cassida ghesquieri Spaeth, 1943: 60; Borowiec, 1999 a: 253.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.60–4.70 mm, W: 3.90–4.20 mm, Lp: 1.70 mm, Wp: 3.60–3.75 mm, L/W: 1.12–1.18, Wp/Lp ratio: 2.12–2.20. Body almost circular (fig. 329)</p> <p>Pronotum yellow. Elytra yellow to reddish, explanate margin with reddish humeral and posterolateral spots (figs. 329, 330). Humeral spot runs slightly in distance from anterior margin of elytra. Elytral disc with small, brown spot on postscutellar elevation, two small, brown, elongate spots on second interval, first spot in 1/3, second in 2/3 length of the interval, and small elongate brown spot approximately in half length of fourth interval, sometimes disc only with spot on postscutellar elevation. Antennae yellow, last four segments infuscate. Clypeus at sides infuscate, in the middle yellowish. Thorax black, abdomen mostly black only margins yellow. Coxa and trochanters brownish black, femora yellow, only narrow ring at base brownish, tibiae and tarsi yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum broad, approximately 2.1 times as wide as long, with maximum width distinctly behind the middle, sides angulate. Pronotal disc regularly convex, distinctly, finely punctate, distance between punctures from as wide as to twice wider than puncture diameter. Interspaces smooth, shiny. Explanate margin subhorizontal, at base distinctly but sparsely punctate than on disc, in anterior half punctation very shallow and distinctly sparser than at base, interspaces smooth and shiny, surface transparent with honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra as wide as pronotum thus body outline without cleft between pronotal and humeral angles, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc irregularly convex in profile (fig. 330), with distinct postscutellar and principal impressions, with well marked H–shaped elevation forming low tubercle, interval 2 on entire length and interval 4 in the middle slightly convex. Punctation coarse and dense, arranged in completely regular rows, punctures in rows almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as in central rows. Intervals mostly linear, elevated second and partly fourth intervals from as wide as to slightly narrower than rows, marginal interval as wide as submarginal row and interval combined, humeral fold usually absent, lateral fold short but distinct. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface from slightly alutaceous to shiny, yellow parts of surface transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, slightly wider than long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, runs close to margin of eye, on top converging in angle, surface of clypeus flat, shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 approximately as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:78:75:63:50:59:50:53:56:125. Segment 3 approximately 1.6 times as long as segment 2 and only slightly longer than segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa convex, shiny, along size with few coarse punctures, central part often with oblique, short grooves, expanded apex in the middle strongly convex, shiny with few moderately coarse, setose punctures, sides deeply impressed, with coarse, dense, setose punctures, surface appears irregular.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Democratic Republic of Congo (fig. 19).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. In body shape it looks very similar to C. troglodytes but differs in the presence of humeral and posterolateral spots on explanate margin (fig. 329) while in C. troglodytes the explanate margin of elytra is without spots, from yellow to dark red (figs. 229–231). Pronotal punctation in C. ghesquieri is slightly coarser and the pronotum slightly wider than in specimens of C. troglodytes. Maybe it is only a colour aberration of the variable and polymorphic C. troglodytes. In dorsal colour it is also similar to Cassida elgonensis and C. pernix but the first species differs in a more elongate and parallel sided body and lower postscutellar H–shaped elevation and the second species differs in size above 5 mm, lower postscutellar H–shaped elevation and yellow ventrites.</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Rutshuru, IV 1937, J. Ghesquière (MRAC).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Kivu, Mulungu, 1939, 1 (MNHW).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B118A96CFF6CFAE40D6E9282	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B117A961FF6CFAE40ED9941B.text	E417E526B117A961FF6CFAE40ED9941B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida granula Boheman 1856	<div><p>Cassida granula Boheman, 1856</p> <p>(figs. 18, 250–251)</p> <p>Cassida Granula Boheman, 1856: 131, 1862: 325; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3654; Spaeth, 1928: 9, 1933 a: 347; Shaw, 1961: 30, 1968 a: 371, 1972: 74; Borowiec, 1986: 806, 1999: 254.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) granula: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Cassida pyxidata Boheman, 1862: 360; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3657; Borowiec, 1999: 254 (as syn.).</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) pyxidata: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.70–5.05 mm, W: 3.70–4.10 mm, Lp: 1.70–2.00 mm, Wp: 2.75–3.10 mm, L/W: 1.21–1.33, Wp/ Lp: 1.55–1.72. Body short–oval, males slightly stouter than females (fig. 250).</p> <p>Pronotum and scutellum yellow, elytral disc yellow, punctures of disc at base and around top with reddish centre and reddish areola thus disc at base and on sides appears predominantly reddish (figs. 250, 251). In rare pale forms disc predominantly yellow and reddish punctures form only lyriform figure around disc, occasionally disc almost uniformly yellow with only few lateral punctures with reddish centre. Explanate margin uniformly yellow. Head, ventrites, legs and antennae uniformly yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes. Surface of disc from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny, with very fine and sparse punctation or pricks, appears regular. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure its surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate to angulate. Disc irregularly convex in profile, with deep postscutellar and principal and shallow posterolateral impressions, and high H–shaped postscutellar elevation (fig. 251). Punctation coarse arranged in regular rows, in postscutellar impressions and behind H–shaped elevation some additional irregular punctures. Punctures in rows dense, distance between them narrower than puncture diameter.Marginal row distinct, its punctures only slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly linear, only submarginal and marginal intervals broad, marginal as wide as submarginal interval and submarginal row combined, slightly humeral fold absent, lateral fold from distinct to absent. In specimens with expanded reddish pattern punctation usually more coarse and intervals more linear than in pale specimens. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny with coarse and moderately dense punctation, appears irregular to rugose, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.3 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, runs close to margin of eye, on top converging in angle, surface of clypeus flat or very shallowly impressed, its surface shiny with few very small punctures. Labrum emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae moderately stout, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:47:59:53:50:32:50:44:50: 50:94. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa slightly impressed, shiny, with few very small, setose punctures, expanded apex flat, shiny, without special sculpture, with few very small setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Western and Central Africa west to Guinea, east to Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (fig. 18).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida viridipennis species–group. It belongs to the complex of species with broad bod, punctation of elytra mostly regular and elytral disc with reddish or brown and yellow pattern (figs. 250, 252). This complex comprises also maculate forms of C. mashonensis and C. viridipennis. Both relatives distinctly differ in having the elytral pattern brown and forming more or less lyriform shape (figs. 249, 279) or forming yellow central spot and numerous small, brown spots on sides and on suture (fig. 280) In C. granula the pattern is red and spread over the entire of central part of the disc except for yellow relief (fig. 250), occasionally the red pattern is limited to areolae around punctures on sides of disc. Cassida granula has the most northwestern distribution of all species of the C. viridipennis species–group known from West and Central Africa (fig. 18), while both relatives occur in East and Southern Africa (figs. 28, 32).</p> <p>Types examined. Syntype of Cassida granula Boheman, 1856: [GUINEA sensu lato]: Guinea, (NRS); syntype of Cassida pyxidata Boheman, 1862: [NIGERIA]: Old Calabar, (BMNH).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. BENIN: 55 km NNE Parakou, Son Tou (Boraou), 4 VII 2001, 1, F. &amp; L. Kantner (FK); Savé, 6 IX 1973, 1, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH).</p> <p>BURKINA FASO: Haute Volta, Melou, 2 (IRSN).</p> <p>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Bas Uele, Buta, 1926, 2, F. Joseph (MRAC); Equateur, Bokuma, XII 1951, 2, Lootens (MRAC, MNHW); Garamba Nat. Park, 19 I 1951, 20, 3 II 1951, 18, 3 VI 1952, 2, De Saeger (IRSN, MRAC, MNHW); Itoka, X 1912, 1, R. Mayné (MRAC); Ituri, Medje, 1 IV 1914, 1, Christy (MRAC); Kisantu, 1932, 2, Vanderijst (MRAC); Leopoldville, 22 IX 1923, 3, A. Collart (MRAC); Mayidi, 1942, 1, R.P. Van Eyen (MNHW); Mayumbe–Kiniati, 7–8 VI 1911, 2, R. Mayné (MRAC); Mayumbe–Tshela, 13–27 II 1916, 1, R. Mayné (MRAC); Modu–Wamba, 5 IV 1931, 1, H.J. Bredo (MRAC); Tshuapa, Ikela, XI 1956, 1, Lootens (MRAC); Upemba Nat. Park, Mabwe, E lac Upemba, 585 m, 12–17 XII 1948, 2, de Witte (IRSN, MNHW).</p> <p>EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Benitogbt., Alén, 1–15 IX 1906, 1, G. Tessmann (ZMHU); Mongo, 6 VI 1946, 1, J. Palau (MCNB); Nkolentangan, XI 1907 – V 1908, 1, G. Tessmann (ZMHU).</p> <p>GHANA: Northern Region, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-0.53&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -0.53/lat 8.25)">Tamale</a>, 8.25 N / 0.53 W, 184 m, 15–28 II 1972, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (MNHW).</p> <p>GUINEA BISSAU: Regiao Cacheu, 10 km W of Sao Domingosi, 31 X 1992, 1 ex., M. Söderlund (LU).</p> <p>IVORY COAST: Assinie, Afr. occ., 1 (DEI); Kafolo / Comoe, 27 IV 1988, 1, F.–T. Krell (SMNS); Zepreghé, Daloa, XII 1962, 2, J. Decelle (MRAC).</p> <p>NIGERIA: Mokwa, VII 1970 (LS); Warri, 16 VII 1897, 1, Dr. Roth (MCZC).</p> <p>SIERRA LEONE: Sierra Leone, 1 (MRAC).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B117A961FF6CFAE40ED9941B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B115A967FF6CFBE10F979663.text	E417E526B115A967FF6CFBE10F979663.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida granulicollis Spaeth 1905	<div><p>Cassida granulicollis Spaeth, 1905</p> <p>(figs. 19, 218–221)</p> <p>Cassida granulicollis Spaeth, 1905: 108; Shaw, 1956: 268; Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997: 630; Borowiec, 1999: 254, 2005: 126. Cassida (Cassida) granulicollis: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Cassida (s. str.) Jeanneli Spaeth, 1924: 335; Borowiec, 1999: 254 (as syn.).</p> <p>Description. L: 5.35–6.20 mm, W: 3.90–4.60 mm, Lp: 2.00–2.30 mm, Wp: 3.30–3.70 mm, L/W: 1.31–1.38, Wp/ Lp: 1.61–1.70. Body short oval to oval (figs. 218, 220, 221).</p> <p>Polymorphic species. In typically coloured specimens pronotum and scutellum yellow, elytral disc yellow with several punctures with black centre and black areola, forming lyriform figure and pattern in scutellar area and along suture and few spots on slope (fig. 220). Apex of suture often narrowly brown to black but explanate margin yellow. In pale form entire dorsum uniformly yellow (fig. 218). In dark form pronotum ochraceous, scutellum brown, elytral disc black, explanate margin from brown to black except yellowish to yellowish brown extreme margin (fig. 221). Head, ventrites and legs usually yellow, basal margin of metathorax often infuscate to brown, central part of abdomen sometimes infuscate. Antennal segments 1–7 yellow, segment 8 more or less infuscate, segments 9–11 brown to black.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Elytral disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, area above head slightly impressed. Surface of disc alutaceous, on entire surface with granulate sculpture. Explanate margin broad, alutaceous to slightly shiny, surface slightly irregular, semitransparent with honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, rounded. Disc regularly rounded in profile (fig. 219), with very shallow postscutellar and principal impressions, without H–shaped elevation but second interval on entire length slightly convex, often also fourth interval in the middle slightly convex. Punctation coarse and dense, mostly irregular, but partly tend to form regular rows, especially along suture and along margin of disc, distance between punctures mostly narrower to as wide as puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as in central rows. Intervals mostly not marked except elevated second and partly elevated fourth interval, interspaces between punctures slightly convex and surface of disc often appears slightly irregular, marginal interval in humeral part broad, as wide as two submarginal rows combined then strongly narrowed posterad, humeral or lateral folds in some specimens lacking in other more or less visible. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, in the widest part six times narrower than disc, surface from alutaceous to slightly shiny, irregular, usually semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure but often not transparent.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.2 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, run close to margin of eye, converging in triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus flat, shiny with several small punctures. Labrum without or with very shallow emargination. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:54:62:62:50:56:54:54:56:103. Segment 3 approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 0.9 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa slightly impressed, without special sculpture except several small, setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex, shiny, with several small setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Host plants. Asteraceae: Brachylaena discolor D.C. (H. Heron pers. comm.); Brachylaena huillensis O. Hoffm., Brachylaena rotundata S. Moore (label data, H. Heron pers. comm.).</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa and S Mozambique, probably introduced and established in Kenya (fig. 19).</p> <p>Remarks. A distinct species, the distinctly granulate sculpture of the pronotum combined with coarse, almost irregular punctation of elytra, alutaceous interspaces and elytral sculpture with only two low longitudinal elevations but without postscutellar elevations are unique characters. Only two other African species have alutaceous pronotal and elytral background and a more or less irregular surface of the pronotal disc: Cassida thomsoni and C. weinmanni. Both species differ in colour of dorsum predominantly yellowish brown, reddish brown to brown with numerous small dark markings and elytral sculpture composed with postscutellar low elevations and longitudinal and/or transverse folds (figs. 176 –181). Cassida thomsoni and C. weinmanni never have aberrations with completely black elytra. Cassida weinmanni is distinctly separated geographically distributed only in Ethiopia and Eritrea.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype of Cassida granulicollis Spaeth, 1905: [MOZAMBIQUE]: Rilcatla or Aikatla (MM); syntype of Cassida j eanneli Spaeth, 1924: [KENYA]: Foret de Nairobi, XI–XII 1911, Alluaud &amp; Jeannel (MM).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. KENYA: Nairobi, V 1955, 1, D. Thomas (BMNH); Karura Forest n. Nairobi, 1660 m, 31 XII 1964, 1, A. Holm (NRS); Kilifi, IX 1944, 1, G. W. Jeffrey (BMNH); Nairobi, 15 IV 1943, 1, Meneghetti (LS); Nairobi, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.46/lat -1.2)">Langata</a>, 1.20 S / 36.46 E, 1650 m, 12–14 I 1999, 3, T. Wagner (SMNS); near Nairobi, Parkland, 5650 ft., 7 VI 1915, 1, A. Loveridge (MCZC); Teita Hills, 1 VI 1941, 1, C. D. Knight (BMNH).</p> <p>MOZAMBIQUE: Delagoa Bay, 1 (ZMHU).</p> <p>SOUTH AFRICA: Durban, Natal, 1 (LS); Gauteng Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.2/lat -25.6)">Pretoria</a>, 25°36’S, 28°12’E, 1 (ARC); Gauteng Prov., Rhenosterpoort, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.916666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.916666/lat -25.75)">Bronkhorstspruit</a>, 25°45’S, 28°55’E, 1 (ARC); Limpopo Prov., Entabeni Forest, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.266666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.266666/lat -23.0)">Soutansberg</a>, 23°00’S, 30°16’E, 1 (ARC); Limpopo Prov., Lillie Nat. Res., Acornhoek, north of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.85/lat -24.083334)">Mica</a>, 24°05’S, 30°51’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Amanzimtoti, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.883333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.883333/lat -30.05)">South Coast</a>, 30°03’S, 30°53’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Banana Beach, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.833334)">Lower South Coast</a>, 29°50’S, 30°56’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Beachwood Mangrove Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.033333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.033333/lat -29.8)">Durban</a>, 29°48’S, 31°02’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Bluff (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.833334/lat -31.0)">Happy Valley</a>) <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.833334/lat -31.0)">Nat. Res.</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.833334/lat -31.0)">Bluff</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.833334/lat -31.0)">Durban</a>, 31°00’S, 29°50’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Brighton Beach, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.00389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.92472" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.00389/lat -29.92472)">Bluss</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.00389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.92472" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.00389/lat -29.92472)">Durban</a>, 29°55’29’’S, 31°00’14’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.416668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.416668/lat -28.05)">Charters Creek Reserve</a>, 16 km ESE of St Lucia, 28°03’S, 32°25’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Doonside beach, south of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.366667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.066668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.366667/lat -30.066668)">Amanzimtoti</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.366667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.066668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.366667/lat -30.066668)">South Coast</a>, 30°04’S, 30°22’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Grunter Street, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.418335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.376112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.418335/lat -28.376112)">St Lucia</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.418335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.376112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.418335/lat -28.376112)">Zululand</a>, 28°22’34’’S, 32°25’06’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Kosi Bay, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -27.833334)">Zululand</a>, 27°50’S, 30°56’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Southport beach, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.683332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.5/lat -30.683332)">South Coast</a>, 30°41’S, 30°30’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Umbogintwini, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.883333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.883333/lat -30.016666)">South Coast</a>, 30°01’S, 30°53’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Umhlanga Rocks beach &amp; <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.083334/lat -29.7)">Lagun Reserve</a>, 29°42’S, 31°05’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Warner Beach, Kingsburgh, 1 (HH); Natal, Wentworth, Bluff, Durban, 1 (HH); Natal, Winkelspruit, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.86111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.714445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.86111/lat -30.714445)">Kingsburgh</a>, 30°42’52’’S, 30°51’40’’E, 1 (HH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.17&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.17/lat -25.15)">North Prov.</a>, 8 km S Pienaarsriver, 25.15 S 28.17 E, 5 V 1998, 1, S. Bily (JV); North West Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.166666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.166666/lat -25.566668)">Rustenburg</a>, 25°34’S, 27°10’E, 1 (HH); Soutpansberg Mts., Sand River gorge, 4–6 XII 2003, Martinů (LS); Transvaal, Acornhoek, Lillee Floral Reserve, 23 X 1983, 5, S. Louw (BM, MNHW); Transvaal, Johannesburg, 4 (MM); Transvaal, 20–25 km E Pretoria, 17–18 XI 1984, 3, H. and A. Howden (CMN); Transvaal, Pretoria, Lynnwood, 12 X 1986, 1, S. EndrödyYounga (TM); Transvaal, Rustenburg, 9 XI 1950, 1, 7 XII 1950, 30, XII 1962, 7, A.L. Capener (MM, ZSM, MNHW); Transvaal, Rustenburg, near Meyjes Farm, 11–17 XI 1949, 1, A.L. Capener (MM); Transvaal, Skukunea, 1 XII 1984, 1, C.H. Scholtz (TM); Transvaal, Tzaneen, Letaba Valley, 10–31 XII 1958, 1, A.L. Capener (MM).</p> <p>ZIMBABWE: Nyika, 50 km E Masvingo, 23 I 1998, 1, F. Kantner (FK).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B115A967FF6CFBE10F979663	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B113A965FF6CF90E0D1295A3.text	E417E526B113A965FF6CF90E0D1295A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida guttipennis Boheman 1862	<div><p>Cassida guttipennis Boheman, 1862</p> <p>(figs.11, 158–161)</p> <p>Cassida guttipennis Boheman, 1862: 301; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3654; Spaeth, 1933 a: 347; Shaw, 1956: 269; Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997: 630; Borowiec, 1999: 254; Heron, 2003: 33, 2011: 135.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) guttipennis: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Cassida guttipennis ab. fenestralis Spaeth, 1933 a: 347, unavailable name.</p> <p>Cassida coloraria Boheman, 1862: 309; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3652; Spaeth, 1933 a: 347 (as syn. of guttipennis).</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) coloraria: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Cassida romula Spaeth, 1911: 268.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) romula: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Cassida guttipennis ab. romula: Spaeth, 1933 a: 348.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.65–5.50 mm, W: 3.55–4.50 mm, Lp: 1.70–1.90 mm, Wp: 2.95–3.3.45 mm, L/W: 1.18–1.31, Wp/ Lp: 1.64–1.82. Body from almost circular to short–oval, males slightly stouter than females (figs. 158, 160, 161).</p> <p>Polymorphic species. In typically coloured specimens pronotum uniformly yellow, scutellum yellow, elytral disc yellow with several black spots: four small at base of elytra, two large on humeri, two small between humeral spots and suture, four moderate in transverse row in 2/3 length of disc, and four on apex of disc including two large inside and two small outside. Explanate margin yellow (fig. 158). Sometimes spots are reduced to 12 very small spots arranged as in fig. 160. In intermediate form (= ab. romula) pronotum is yellow, elytral disc is yellow on top, black on sides and four large spot on yellow dorsum usually connected with lateral band, explanate margin yellow with broad humeral and posterolateral spots, humeral spot at least in external half runs in distance from anterior margin of elytra thus humeral angles always yellow. In the darkest form (= ab. fenestralis) elytral disc is mostly black, scutellum yellowish brown, elytral disc mostly black except yellow apex and two more or less visible yellowish ochraceous spots on top of disc, explanate margin of elytra in anterior 3/4 of space black, except yellow humeral angle, yellow extreme margin and yellow fenestrate spot in the middle, close to border of disc (fig. 161). Head usually black, sometimes with yellowish central spot of diffused borders. Thorax completely black, abdomen mostly black surrounded by yellow. Legs mostly yellow but usually coxa and trochanters more or less infuscate and extreme base of femora brown to black. Antennal segments 1–6 yellow, segment 5 from yellow to infuscate, apical segments black.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width slightly behind the middle, anterior margin regularly, strongly convex, sides rounded, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes, surface of disc shiny, with very fine pricks. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure, its surface shiny.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly to moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, rounded. Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 159), with very shallow postscutellar impressions and without or only hardly marked principal impressions, no H–shaped elevations and other sculpture. Punctation moderately coarse, arranged in completely regular rows, dense, distance between punctures from slightly narrower to twice. Marginal row distinct, its punctures distinctly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals slightly convex, in sutural part of disc mostly as wide as rows but second interval in the middle slightly wider than first and third interval, on sides of disc intervals slightly narrower than rows, marginal interval broad, as wide as two submarginal rows and submarginal interval combined, no humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately broad, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, inner half moderately declivous, external margin almost horizontal, surface shiny, very shallowly punctate, appears regular, yellow parts transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately 1.1 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle with angulate top, surface of clypeus with shallow apical impression, shiny with several very small punctures. Labrum minutely emarginate to 1/6 length.Antennae moderate, segments 9–10 approximately 1.2–1.3 as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:42:63:55:50:42:5 0:42:47:50:100. Segment 3 approximately 1.5 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately narrow in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa slightly convex, shiny, small, setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex, shiny, with small, setose punctures centrally and row of coarser punctures across apical margin.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida sphaerula species–group. Maculate forms are similar to C. quatuordecimsignata. Both species have a very similar arrangement of black spots on the elytral disc but C. quatuordecimsignata differs in a smaller and slimmer body, with L 3.85–4.85, L/W ratio 1.35–1.51 and in the explanate margin of elytra narrower and less explanate, declivous (figs. 158, 160) while in C. quatuordecimsignata the body is larger and broader with L 4.65–5.50, L/W ratio 1.18–1.31 and the explanate margin of elytra is broader and more explanate (figs. 158, 160). The dark form of C. guttipennis has a dorsal pattern similar to the pattern of the darkest form of C. vespertilio but it differs in a smaller body with length les than 4.2 mm and a narrower explanate margin of elytra (fig. 136).</p> <p>Host plants. Asteraceae: Berkheya bipinnatifida (Harv.) Roessl., Berkheya speciosa (DC) O. Hoffm. (Heron &amp; Borowiec 1997, Heron, 2003, 2011); Berkheya heterophylla O. Hoffm., Berkheya seminivea Harvey &amp; Sond. (label data); Berkheya rhapontica (DC) Hutch. &amp; Burtt Davy (H. Heron pers. comm.); Berkheya sp. (cobwebby) (= Berkheya sp. (Hilliards 2786) (H. Heron pers. comm.).</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa (fig. 11).</p> <p>Types examined. Lectotype of Cassida guttipennis Boheman, 1862, designated by Borowiec, 1999: 255: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Natal, Port Natal, (NRS); holotype of Cassida coloraria Boheman, 1862; [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cap. B. Spei, Drege (NRS); holotype of Cassida romula Spaeth, 1911: 268: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Natal, Malvern, J.P. Cregoe (BMNH).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Cape, Bushman’s River, 12 IX 1984, 4, on Berkheya, H. Zimmermann (NIC); Cape, Grahamstown, 10 XI 1985, 3 on Berkheya heterophylla, M.M. Clark (NIC, MNHW); Cape, Zuurberg n. Addo, 24 IX 1984, 1 on Berkheya sp., H. Zimmermann (NIC); Eastern Cape Prov., Bushman’s River, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.033333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.383335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.033333/lat -33.383335)">Paterson</a>, 33°23’S, 26°02’E, 1 (ARC); Eastern Cape Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.316666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.516666/lat -33.316666)">Grahamstown</a>, 33°19’S, 26°31’E, 1 (ARC); Eastern Cape Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.083334/lat -32.583332)">Hogsback Mountain</a>, 38 km W of Stutterheim, 32°35’S, 27°05’E, 1 (ARC); E Cape, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.5086&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.6511" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.5086/lat -31.6511)">Silaka Nat. Res.</a>, 36 m, 31.6511S / 29.5086E, night collectin, 27.11.2019, leg. M. Wanat (MNHW); Eastern Cape Prov., Umzamba River Mouth, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.166666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.116667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.166666/lat -31.116667)">northern Pondoland</a>, 31°07’S, 30°10’E, 1 (HH); Eastern Cape Prov., Zuurberg, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.283333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.8/lat -33.283333)">Addo</a>, 33°17’S, 25°48’E, 1 (ARC); KwaZulu-Natal, Umtavuna (Pont), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.1749&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.0639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.1749/lat -31.0639)">Kigfisher</a> trail, 10-15 m, -31.0639 / 30.1749, 2 XII 2019, 1, P. Jałoszyński (MNHW); Mpumalanga Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.016666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.016666/lat -25.35)">Boskrans Dam</a>, 25°21’S, 30°01’E, 1 (ARC); Mpumalanga Prov., Houtenbeck Farm, NW of Dullstroom, 1 (ARC); Natal, Crowned Eagle Conservancy, Gillitts, 1 (HH); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.883333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.883333/lat -29.766666)">Drummond</a>, 29°46’S, 30°53’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Everton Gorge Molweni River Trail, Pinetown Distr., 1 (HH); Natal, Glen Park station, Pinetown, 1 (HH); Natal, Oribi Gorge Reserve, 8 km inland of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.267166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.701834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.267166/lat -30.701834)">Port Shepshtone</a>, 30°42.11’S, 30°16.03’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Queensburgh, Escombe, XII 1986, 2, H. Heron (MNHW); Natal, Sarnia, 8 I 1912, 1, A,J, Janse (TM); Natal, Springside Nat. Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.766666/lat -29.766666)">Hillcrest</a>, 29°46’S, 30°46’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Tanglewood Farm Nat. Res., Pinetown, 1 (HH); Natal, Vernon Crookes Nat. Res., 8 km N of Umzinto, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.583334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.583334/lat -30.266666)">South Coast</a>, 30°16’S, 30°35’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Vernon Crookes Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.266666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.266666/lat -30.583334)">Umzinto</a>, 30°35’S, 30°16’E, 1 (HH); Transvaal, Nelshoogte, Knuckles grass veld, 4 XII 1986, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Transvaal, Tzaneen, Letaba Valley, 10–31 XII 1953, 1, A.L. Capener (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B113A965FF6CF90E0D1295A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B111A97BFF6CFB3909FB95A3.text	E417E526B111A97BFF6CFB3909FB95A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida heroni Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida heroni sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 20, 239–240)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: DA79FB5C-7BB1-41D8- BAC 5-85027DA04C0F</p> <p>Etymology. Dedicated to Hugh Heron, an amateur entomologist from Queensburgh, South Africa, who prepared several interesting papers on biology of southern African cassids and sent us very interesting data on host plants of many species.</p> <p>Description. L: 3.90–4.10 mm, W: 3.00–3.30 mm, Lp: 1.50–1.60 mm, Wp: 2.50–2.70 mm, L/W: 1.22–1.30, Wp/Lp: 1.68–1.74. Body short–oval (fig. 239).</p> <p>Pronotum yellow. Scutellum yellow, elytral disc yellow with reddish to reddish brown small stripe on humeral callus, and two small stripes in posterolateral parts of disc, sometimes some punctures between posterolateral spots and suture with reddish to reddish brown centre, apex of suture narrowly reddish to brown, occasionally entire elytra yellow (figs. 239, 240). Explanate margin always yellow. Head, ventrites, legs and antennae uniformly yellow or last 2–4 antennal segments slightly infuscate.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum slightly in front of the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides rounded to subangulate, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin with short and shallow lateral impressions. Surface of disc slightly alutaceous, with well marked and shallowly impressed area above head. Punctation of elevated parts of disc fine and sparse, distance between punctures mostly wider than puncture diameter, in some specimens surface appears impunctate. Area above head impunctate. Explanate margin broad, slightly alutaceous, impunctate, regular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly to moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc regularly convex (fig. 240), with shallow postscutellar impressions, without principal impressions, without H–shaped elevation but sometimes on top of disc with rudimental elevated transverse fold. Punctation coarse, arranged in completely regular rows, dense, distance between punctures mostly narrower than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures slightly coarser than punctures in central rows, submarginal row complete. Intervals flat to slightly convex, on top of disc approximately as wide as rows, on sides narrower than rows to linear, marginal interval in anterior 1/4 length twice wider than submarginal one in posterior part only slightly wider than submarginal interval, no distinct lateral fold but interspaces in posterior half of the interval more or less convex. Surface of intervals alutaceous, regular. Explanate margin moderately broad, strongly declivous, in the widest part 4.5 times narrower than disc, surface alutaceous with shallow but coarse and moderately dense punctation, appears more or less irregular, semitransparent, honeycomb structure more or less visible.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine, converging in angle, between groove and margin of eye runs row of setose punctures, surface of clypeal plate flat, shiny, with few very small punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 distinctly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:88:71:58:54:54:50:50:50:117. Segment 3 approximately 1.7 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa shallowly impressed, shiny, without special sculpture, expanded part with several moderately coarse, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Host plant. Acanthaceae: Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson (Heron &amp; Borowiec 1997, Heron 2003 under Cassida sp. nov. 1 = Cassida sp. nov. near C. andreinii: Spaeth 1933 b: 48).</p> <p>Distribution. Mozambique and South Africa (Natal) (fig. 20).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida andreinii species–group. Cassida heroni with C. andreinii Spaeth form a group of small cassids, with length below 4.6 mm; dorsum predominantly green to yellow with at most small reddish to brown spots, ventrites yellow; body oval to broadly–oval; pronotum elliptical, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners; base of elytra not or only slightly wider than pronotum, disc regularly convex, without hump, elytral rows regular, explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous and claws with large basal tooth. Cassida andreinii differs in a slimmer body with L/W ratio 1.33–1.47 and the explanate margin of elytra narrower and less explanate (figs. 236–238) while in Cassida heroni the ratio is 1.22–1.30 and the explanate margin of elytra broader and more explanate (figs. 239, 240). The elytral pattern in C. andreinii is usually more distinct with small reddish spots on the postscutellar elevation, humeral calli and posterolateral parts of disc (fig. 237) while in C. heroni postscutellar elevation is never spotted and spots on humeral calli and posterolateral parts of disc look like srtripe (fig. 239). Both species have pale forms with more or less reduced elytral spots but in C. andreinii the palest form has a small spot on the postcutellar elevation while in C. heroni the elytra are completely yellow.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Natal / Umkomaas / 9–13.3.57 / AL Capener (MNHW); paratype: Natal / Umkomaas / 8.II.1962 / leg. A. L. Capener (MNHW); paratype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Natal 8.II.1962 / Umkomaas / leg. A. L. Capener (MNHW); paratype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: RPA, Natal, Durban / Umbilo valley / ARC Trail 12–X–92 / H. Heron (MNHW); three paratypes: [MOZAMBIQUE]: MOC: 10 km O Rio das / Pedras Morrugula–Camp / 23°13’52’’S / 35°29’26’’O / 15.III.2010, leg. U. Heinig (MNHW).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. SOUTH AFRICA: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.033333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.033333/lat -29.8)">Natal</a>, Beachwood Mangroves Reserve, Durban, 29°48’S, 31°02’E, 1 (HH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.833334/lat -31.0)">Natal</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.833334/lat -31.0)">Bluff Nat. Res.</a>, Bluff, Durban, 31°00’S, 29°50’E, 1 (HH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.983334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.983334/lat -29.85)">Natal</a>, Escombe, Queensburgh, 29°51’S, 30°59’E, 1 (HH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.9)">Natal</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.9)">Kenneth Stainbank Nat. Res.</a>, Yellowwood Park, Durban, 29°54’S, 30°56’E, 1 (HH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.833334/lat -30.883333)">Natal</a>, Mariannhill Monastery, Pinetown, 16 km W of Durban, 30°53’S, 30°50’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Maywille, Durban, 1 (HH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.966667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.966667/lat -29.916666)">Natal</a>, Montclair, Durban, 29°55’S, 30°58’E, 1 (HH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.9/lat -29.85)">Natal</a>, North Park Nat. Res., Northdene, 29°51’S, 30°54’E, 1 (HH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.816668)">Natal</a>, Palmiet Nat. res., Westville, 29°49’S, 30°56’E, 1 (HH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.716667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.716667/lat -29.85)">Natal</a>, Shongweno Resources Reserve, Umlaas valley, 29°51’S, 30°43’E, 1 (HH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.383333/lat -29.6)">Natal</a>, Umbilo, Durban, 29°36’S, 30°23’E, 1 (HH).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B111A97BFF6CFB3909FB95A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B10FA979FF6CFB39086C92E3.text	E417E526B10FA979FF6CFB39086C92E3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida humerosa Spaeth 1902	<div><p>Cassida humerosa Spaeth, 1902</p> <p>(figs. 20, 86–91)</p> <p>Cassida humerosa Spaeth, 1902: 455, 1943: 61; Shaw, 1955: 237, 1961: 30, 1972: 75; Borowiec, 1986: 806, 1999: 256; Nummelin &amp; Borowiec, 1991: 14.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) humerosa: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Cassida humeralis [sic]: Spaeth, 1916: 41.</p> <p>Cassida imbellis Spaeth, 1924: 358; Borowiec, 1986: 806 (as syn. of humerosa).</p> <p>Cassida humerosa imbellis: Spaeth, 1925 a: 5.</p> <p>Cassida humerosa ab. imbellis: Spaeth, 1943: 61; Shaw, 1955: 237.</p> <p>Cassida humerosa ssp. Wittei Spaeth, 1943: 62; Borowiec, 1999: 256 (as syn. of humerosa).</p> <p>Description. L: 4.25–5.80 mm, W: 3.70–4.80 mm, Lp: 1.45–1.95 mm, Wp: 2.70–3.70 mm, L/W: 1.15–1.26, Wp/ Lp: 1.82–2.0. Body from almost circular to short–oval, males slightly stouter than female (figs. 86, 87, 89–94).</p> <p>Extremely variable species. In typically coloured specimens pronotum uniformly yellow, scutellum yellow, elytral disc with marble pattern of mixed yellow and brown to black, postscutellar elevation with dark elongate spot, top of disc with predominate yellow, sides with predominate brown to black, explanate margin yellow with broad humeral brown to black spot extending almost to lateral margin of elytra except extreme narrow yellow margin (figs. 87, 88). In extreme pale form dorsum uniformly yellow (fig. 89), in extreme dark form pronotal disc black, elytral disc completely black and explanate margin of elytra with broad black humeral spot but scutellum always yellow (fig. 94). Between extreme forms all intermediate occur: disc with only few to several brownish spots but explanate margin without humeral spot, or entire elytral disc reddish and explanate margin of elytra with reddish humeral spot (fig. 86), or top of disc yellow with only elongate brown to black spot on postscutellar elevation but sides of disc broadly surrounded by brown to black (fig. 91), sometimes disc of elytra with predominantly black marble pattern but explanate margin of elytra without humeral spots (fig. 90) or disc of elytra with predominantly yellow marble pattern but with distinct humeral spots, or pronotal and elytral disc black but explanate margin without humeral spot (fig. 92). Head yellow, prosternum from yellowish brown to black, meso– and metasternum black, abdomen at least in the middle black surrounded by yellow. Legs yellow.Antennae usually uniformly yellow, last segment sometimes slightly infuscate.</p> <p>Pronotum regularly elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners.Area above head only slightly impressed, disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except short lateral impression. Surface of disc shiny to alutaceous (especially in dark coloured specimens) with fine and sparse punctation, distance between punctures mostly two to three times wider than puncture diameter. In some specimens surface of disc with very fine irregular striation but surface appears mostly regular. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny to alutaceous, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subrounded to subangulate. Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 88), with shallow postscutellar and principal impressions and low but well marked H–shaped postscutellar elevation, second interval more or less elevated, often also central part of fourth interval elevated, in specimens with marble pattern yellow parts usually form relief. Punctation coarse, arranged in completely regular rows, postscutellar impressions often with additional irregular punctures. Punctures in rows dense, distance between punctures mostly narrower than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures not or only slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals in sutural area as wide as rows on sides narrower than rows to linear, marginal interval narrow, as wide as submarginal interval and submarginal row combined, usually without humeral folds but with short lateral fold. Explanate margin broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part 3–3.5 times narrower than disc, surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny with shallow punctation and slightly elevated interspaces, appears from almost regular to slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure, only black humeral spots with coarse, shallow punctures.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately 1.2 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, in basal half runs close to margin of eye then converging in arch or triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus flat, its surface shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae slim, segments 9–10 approximately 1.7 times as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:58:73:64:67:55:64:48:58:64:115. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and 1.1 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa more or less canaliculate, shiny, along sides with row of hairy punctures, surface often with tiny oblique wrinkles, expanded apex convex in the middle, impressed laterally, without special sculpture except several hairy punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Equatorial part across Africa (fig. 20).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. The most variable species within the group. The typical form has only a humeral spot on the explanate margin of elytra (fig. 87) similar to C. camerunensis but it differs in the elytral sculpture less marked, second interval obtusely convex only in posterior third, punctation smaller, interspaces not convex, surface of disc mostly regular; punctation of explanate margin of elytra very shallow (fig. 95). The elytral pattern in C. camerunensis does not vary. Forms of C. humerosa with a reddish elytral disc and humeral spots (fig. 86) are unique and not similar to any African species. Forms of C. humerosa with a completely black elytral disc (figs. 92–94) differ from other African species of the C. lacrymosa species–group in having a yellow scutellum. Forms of C. humerosa with a black marble pattern (fig. 90) differ from other such coloured species of the C. lacrymosa species–group in having a more circular and larger body with length of up to 5.8 mm (up to 5.2 mm, but usually below 5.0 mm in other species).</p> <p>Types examined. Syntype of Cassida humerosa Spaeth, 1902: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Zambi, C.L. Haas (MM); syntype of Cassida humerosa Spaeth, 1902: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Chiloango, M. Tschoffen (IRSN); syntype of Cassida imbellis Spaeth, 1924: [TANZANIA]: Victoria Njansa (MM); syntype of Cassida imbellis Spaeth, 1924: [UGANDA]: Kampala, 15 XI 1917 (BMNH).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. CAMEROON: Bipindi, III 1897, 1, G. Zenker (ZMHU); Cameroon, 1 (DEI); Djoungolo, Oman, r. Nkelkongo, 16 IX 1963, 2, L. Segers (ZSM); Djoungolo, Villa Carde n. Nyong, 27 VIII 1963, 1, L. Segers (ZSM); Kamerunberg, 5 km S Muëli, 580 m, 21 II 1958, 1, H. Knorr (ZSM); Mfou, Nkolusala, r. Nsala, 27 VIII 1963, 1, L. Segers (ZSM); Mueli, Mt. Kamerun, 600 m, II 1958, 3, W. Hartwig (MKB); Nkolbison, Yaounde–Bi, 11 II 1963, 2, 16 II 1963, 1, 20 V 1963, 1, L. Segers (ZSM, MNHW); Okola, Ebongsi, r. Mbanize, 17 IX 1963, 1, L. Segers (ZSM); Yaunde, 31 III 1923, 1 (CMNH); Okola, Nkong, r. Yégué, 14 VIII 1963, 1 on Setaria megaphyllia Beauv., L. Segers (MNHW).</p> <p>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Albert Nat. Park, Kabasha, 14 II 1934, 2, de Witte (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Kivu, N’Dalage, 8 VIII 1935, 1, H. Damas (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Mont Hoyo, sur plantes basses, 1280 m, 7–15 VII 1955, 11, P. Vanschuytbroeck (8 MRAC, 3 MNHW); Albert Nat. Park, Mont Hoyo, grotte Yolohafiri, 10130 m, 25–28 VII 1955, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Mont Hoyo, grotte Saga–Saga, 1160 m, 11–14 VII 1955, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Mutsora, 1939, 7, Hackars (5 MRAC, 2 MNHW); Albert Nat. Park, Ngama, lac Bluniu, 3–10 IV 1935, 1, H. Damas (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, r. Ondo, affl. Rutshuru, 30 VII 1935, 1, H. Damas (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Rumangabo, riv. Bugombwa, 9 IV 1945, 1, G.F. de Witte (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Rutshuru n. Molindi, 1000 m, 15 V 1934, 1, de Witte (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, W Ruwenzori, 1200–1500 m, IV 1937, 1, Hackars (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Ruwenzori, Mutawanga, 1000–1300 m, II–III 1937, 1, Hackars (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Rweru, Volc. Mikeno, 2400 m, 26–27 VII 1934, 1, de Witte (MRAC); Albert Nat.Park, Rwindi, 1000 m, 20–24 XI 1934, 3, de Witte (IRSN, MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Secteur Nord, riv. Byangolo, affl. g. Djilube, 1320 m, 19 IX 1956, 5, P. Vanschuytbroeck (4 MRAC, 1 MNHW); Albert Nat. Park, Secteur Nord, riv. Lutakira, affl. dr. Semliki, 910 m, 10 X 1957, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Secteur Nord, riv. May ya Moto, affl. g. Talya, 1180 m, 9 V 1957, 1, 17 V 1957, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Secteur Nord, riv. Musinini, affl. Byangolo, 1225 m, 14 IV 1958, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Secteur Nord, Ngokoi, affl. g. Talya, 1180 m, 11 IX 1957, 1, 1100 m, 29 V 1958, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Secteur Nord, source riv. Rugetsi, affl. dr. Semliki, 1380 m, 17 X 1956, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Sommet Bishoke, II 1935, 1, de Witte (holotype of wittei, MRAC); Arebi, Bondo–Moto, 28 VII 1925, 1, H. Schouteden (MRAC); Bambesa, 10 IX 1933, 1, J. Leroy (MRAC); Bas Uele, Matale, 15 VII 1958, 1 (FMNH); Beni, 2, Lt. Borgerhoff (MRAC); Beni n. Lesse, VII 1911, 3, Murtula (MRAC); Dima, 22 IX 1908, 1, A. Koller (MRAC); Equateur, Bangu, XI 1927, 1, R. Mayné (MRAC); Garamba Nat. Park, Mt Embe, 20 IV 1952, 5, De Saeger (IRSN, MRAC); Haut Uele, Moto, II 1922, 1, 1923, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC); Haut Uele, Watsa, 1922, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC); Kasai, Ipamu, 1922, 1, P. Vanderijst (MRAC); Kasai, Ngombe, 17 XI 1921, 2, H. Schouteden (MRAC); Kasongo, Niembo, VI 1918, 1, R. Mayné (MRAC); Kibali–Ituri, Nikanga, 2 II 1940, 3, A. Lepersonne (MRAC); Kimuele, 8 II 1923, 1, A. Collart (IRSN); Kiniati–Zobe, XII 1915, 1, R. Mayné (MRAC); Kivu, Luvungi, XII, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC); Kivu, Masisi, 1, A. Collart (IRSN); Kivu, Sake, 14 III 1936, 1, L. Lippens (MRAC); Kiwu–Ituri, 1 (LS); Lac Albert, foret de Kawa, 29 IV 1929, 1, A. Collart (IRSN); Lemfu n. Kimpese, 1, P. Vanderijst (MRAC); Lulua, Kapanga, VIII 1932, 1, F. Overlaet (MRAC); Mayumbe, 1931, 2, P. Vanderijst (MRAC); Mayumbe, Kursu, 15 XII 1923, 1, A. Collart (MRAC); Mayumbe, Tshela, 13–27 II 1916, 1, R. Mayné (MRAC), III 1964, 1, A. Fain (MRAC); Mayumbe–Zobe, I 1916, 1, R. Mayné (MRAC); Mongbwalu, Kilo, 1937, 1, Mme Scheitz (MRAC); Mongende, 13 IV 1921, 1, 12 VI 1921, 1, H. Schouteden (MRAC); Rutshuru, I 1937, 1, IV 1937, 1, V 1937, 1, J. Ghesquière (MRAC); Rutshuru, Kilinga, I 1936, 1, L. Lippens (MRAC); Rutshuru, Kivu, 23 VI 1934, 1, 2 VII 1935, 2, 3 VII 1935, 1, 11 VII 1935, 1, de Witte (IRSN); Ruwenzori, N Alb. – Edw. See, II 1908, 1 (ZMHU); Seke Banza, Mayumbe, XI 1924, 1, A. Collart (MRAC); Tumbalunga, Dibaya, 8 IX 1930, 1, de Witte (MRAC); Uele, Dingila, VI 1933, 1, H.J. Brèdo (MRAC).</p> <p>EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Mongo, 18 V 1942, 1, J. Palau (MCNB); Nkolentangan, XI 1907 – V 1908, 1, G. Tessmann (ZMHU).</p> <p>ETHIOPIA: Belleta forest, 13–14 VI 1963, 2, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH); Kaffa, Bonga, 16 II 1974, 1, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH); Illubabor, Bedele–Metu, 4 V 2002, 1, K. Werner (MS); Illubabor Prov., 15 km NW Ihora, VI 1973, 1, G. de Rougemont (MRAC); Kaffa, Bebeka, 7 V 2002, 5, 10 V 1999, 2, K. Werner (MS); Kaffa, Gore–Tepi, 6 V 2002, 2, K. Werner (MS).</p> <p>GHANA: Ashanti regin, Juaben, 19 II 1967, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (HNHM).</p> <p>GUINEA: Nzerekore, II 1920, 2, P. Chabanaud (MNHN).</p> <p>IVORY COAST: Daloa, 25 VIII 1965, 1, C. Besnard (BB); Haute Huon, env. Danane, 1910, 1, A. Chevalier (MNHN).</p> <p>KENYA: Kakamega Forest St., 3–6 IV 1981, 1, J. Krikken et al. (NNML), 1800 m, 30 I 1992, 1, O. Merkl and G. Várkonyi (HNHM); Kakamega Forest N.P., Bujango, Udo’s camp, 1603 m, 17 I 2004, 1, F. Haas (SMNS); M’laba Forest, 2 II 1979, 5, T. Palm (LU); Yala R., sedge of Kakamuga Forest, 4800–5300 ft., 21–28 V 1911, 1, S.A. Neave (BMNH).</p> <p>NIGERIA: Yankari Game Res., Gaji river, 15 VIII 1978, 1, A. Demeter (HNHM).</p> <p>REPUBLIC OF CENTRAL AFRICA: Fort Sibut, Oubanchi–Chari, 1 (NMP); M’Baiki, 1919, 1, Pitard (MNHN).</p> <p>REPUBLIC OF CONGO: Sibiti nr. Zanzi, 1, 28 XI 1963, 1, Balogh &amp; Zicsi (HNHM); Sibiti, Irho, 27 XI 1963, 1, Balogh &amp; Zicsi (HNHM).</p> <p>RWANDA: Cyamudongo, 1700 m, X 1993, 3, T. Wagner (TW); 20 km SE Cyangugu, 19 XII 1985, 1, H. Mühle (HK); Cyangugu, Nyakabuye, 26 XII 1985, 1, H. Mühle (HK); Gitarama, terr. Nyanza, II 1953, 1, P. Basilevsky (MRAC); Gîte de Nkuli, 17 III 1936, 1, L. Lippens (MRAC); Muhavura, 2100 m, 28 I 1953, 1, P. Basilevsky (MRAC); Ruhengeri, 1900 m, 27 I 1953, 1, P. Basilevsky (MRAC); Rusumo, Ibanda, Makera, X 1993, 2, T. Wagner (TW).</p> <p>SIERRA LEONE: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-11.090278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.176389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -11.090278/lat 9.176389)">Loma Mts.</a>, farmland/mosaic forest 9°07’47”N, 11°05’24”W, 420 m, 11–15 VI 2016, 8, Takano, Miles &amp; Goff leg. (5 BMNH, 3 LS); Loma Mts., closed canopy forest, 9°10’35”N, 11°05’25”W, 1050 m, 7–10 VI 2016, 2, Takano, Miles &amp; Goff leg. (BMNH).</p> <p>SUDAN: Equatoria, Lotti forest, 14–17 III 1963, 4, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH); Imatong Mts., Gilo, 18–24 III 1963, 2, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH); Yambio, 18–25 IV 1963, 1, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Nyassa–see, Langenburg, 1898, 1, Fülleborn (ZMHU).</p> <p>TOGO: Bismarckburg, 1 V–23 VI 1893, 1, 24 VI–9 X 1893, 1, L. Conradt (ZMHU).</p> <p>UGANDA: Distr. Busoga, env. Jinja, I–III 1968, 1, J. Rwabuneza (MRAC); S of George Lake, 3200–3400 ft., 17– 19 X 1911, 1, S.A. Neave (BMNH); Fort Portal, 15 km E Sebitoli, 1400 m, 23 XI–5 XII 1994, 1, M. Snižek (MS); SW of Hioma, Rwera env., 30 XI 2001, 1, M. Snižek (MS); Kabarole, Kibale Forest N.P., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.35/lat 0.55)">Kanyawara</a>, 0°33’N, 30°21’E, 1200–1400 m, VIII 1997, 1, Chr. Häuser leg. (SMNS; Kalinzu Forest, X 1937, 2, T. H. E. Jackson (BMNH); Kibale Forest, 18 IX 1985 – 12 IX 1986, 112, M. Nummelin (ZMUH); Mabira, 1 (NMP), X 1938, 1 (LS), 4, R.A. Dummar (IRSN); Mubende env., 19–22 XI 2001, 1, M. Snižek (MS); Ruwenzori Mts., Ibanda, 1900 m., 4 I 1996, 1, I. Yarom &amp; A. Freidberg (TAU); Seziwa R. – Kampala road, 3500–3750 ft., 27–31 VIII 1911, 2, S.A. Neave (BMNH).</p> <p>URUNDI: Bururi, 1800–2000 m, 5–12 III 1953, 2, P. Basilevsky (MRAC).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B10FA979FF6CFB39086C92E3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B10CA97EFF6CFAE40D609743.text	E417E526B10CA97EFF6CFAE40D609743.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida imitatrix Spaeth 1916	<div><p>Cassida imitatrix Spaeth, 1916</p> <p>(figs. 21, 256–258)</p> <p>Cassida imitatrix Spaeth, 1916: 47; Nummelin &amp; Borowiec, 1991: 14; Borowiec, 1999: 257.</p> <p>Description. L: 5.05–6.60 mm, W: 4.15–5.20 mm, Lp: 1.80–2.30 mm, Wp: 3.00–3.90 mm, L/W: 1.22–1.31, Wp/ Lp: 1.67–1.83. Body oval, males stouter than females (figs. 256, 257).</p> <p>Entire body yellow, including head, ventrites and legs (figs. 256–258). Antennal segment 1–6 yellow, last five segments more or less infuscate, occasionally entire antennae yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc convex, slightly bordered from explanate margin except short lateral impressions, without lateral lobes, with hardly marked area above head. Surface of disc shiny, top of disc and sides with fine and sparse punctation, area above head impunctate. Distance between punctures three to five times wider than puncture diameter, interspaces regular. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, angulate. Disc strongly convex in profile (fig. 258), with deep postscutellar and principal impressions, sometimes with shallow posterolateral impressions, distinctly elevated in postscutellar area with low and obtuse H–shaped elevation, sutural intervals slightly convex, interspaces on sides of disc slightly convex but surface of disc appears mostly regular. Punctation moderately coarse and moderately dense, along suture and along sides forms more or less regular rows, in impressions and in broad third interval additional irregular punctures, sometimes also fourth interval with few additional punctures, distance between punctures in rows from as wide as to twice wider than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures shallow but distinctly coarser than in central rows. Intervals mostly well marked, as wide as rows except very broad third interval and moderately broad submarginal interval, marginal interval distinct, broad, in humeral part as wide as submarginal interval and two rows combined, no humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part 4.5 times narrower than disc, surface shiny, with shallow but moderately coarse and dense punctation, appears irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.5 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, runs close to margin to eye then converging in triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus, flat shiny with several small setose punctures. Labrum deeply emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:61:64:61:50:58:56:56:61:103. Segment 3 approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 2 and slightly shorter than segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa deeply impressed, shiny, without special sculpture except several very small, setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex but often with round central impression, shiny, with slightly irregular surface and few small, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Sierra Leone, Central Africa east to Ethiopia (fig. 21).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida sulphurago species–group similar only to C. sulphurago. Both species have a moderately large to large body, length of 5.0–7.5 mm, dorsum and ventrites always uniformly yellow, base of elytra moderately to distinctly wider than pronotum, rows of punctures completely regular but often with some intervals with additional irregular punctures, and elytral sculpture absent or indistinct, limited to slightly elevated intervals on top of disc. Cassida sulphurago differs in the pronotum widest in anterior third with sides subangulate (fgs. 259, 256) and in having simple claws. Small specimens of C. imitatrix are similar to C. benaadirensis but it differs in the base of elytra slightly wider than pronotum, pronotum with less regularly rounded sides, widest slightly in front of the middle, punctation of elytra more regular, intervals on slope and posterolateral parts of disc without additional punctures (figs. 262, 263). Cassida sulphurea, the third species of C. sulphurago species–group, distinctly differs in a more convex elytral disc (fig. 265), pronotal sides less broadly convex, elytral punctation completely regular without additional irregular punctures on some intervals and simple claws (fig. 264).</p> <p>Type examined. Syntype: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Beni, Moera (MRAC).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. CAMEROON: Buea, 600 m, XI 1957, 1, 1000 m, XII 1957, 1, W. Hartwig (MKB); Camerun merid., 1 (HNHM); Djoungolo, Nkongzok, 11 II 1963, L. Segers (ZSM); Kamerunberg, 5 km S Muëli, 580 m, 21 II 1958, 1, H. Knorr (ZSM); Mt. Balmayo, 1, Barga (MRAC); Okola, Ebongsi –r. Mbanize, 19 VII 1963, 1, L. Segers (ZSM).</p> <p>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Albert Nat. Park, Mont Hoyo, grotte Kabambi, 1260 m, 1 VIII 1955, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Mont Hoyo, grotte Yolohafiri, 1030 m, 19–20 VII 1955, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Secteur Nord, riv. Byangolo, affl. g. Djilube, 1320 m, 19 IX 1956, 3, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC, MNHW); Albert Nat. Park, riv. Molidi, piste Watalinga, 1210 m, 18 IX 1956, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Secteur Nord, Musinini, affl. Byangolo, 1100 m, 1 II 1957, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Bambesa, IV 1939, 1, J. Vrydagh (MRAC); Ituri, 1946, 2 (LS); Kindu, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC).</p> <p>ETHIOPIA: Arsi Reg., Wondo Genet, 1890 m, VI 1990, 4, Werner (DS, MNHW); Illubabor Prov., 15 km NW Chora, 1600 m, VI 1973, 1, G. de Rougemont (MNHW); Ilubabor Pr., Tépi, Masha, 8–9 V 2003, 1, B. Malec (FK); Kaffa, Anderaccia near Ammaia, 1650 m, 26 X 1973, 1, Brignoli (DS).</p> <p>KENYA: Kakamega <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.88&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.27" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.88/lat 0.27)">Forest</a>, 0.27 N / 34.88 E, 1600 m, X 2001, 2, I–II 1902, 2, W. Freund (TW);</p> <p>RWANDA: Cyamudongo, 1700 m, X 1993, 1 ex. Carapa grandiflora (Meliaceae), T. Wagner (TW); Cyangugu, Nyakabuye, 1–30 XII 1982, 1, H. Mühle (HK).</p> <p>SIERRA LEONE: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-11.090278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.176389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -11.090278/lat 9.176389)">Loma Mts.</a>, farmland/mosaic forest 9°07’47”N, 11°05’24”W, 420 m, 11–15 VI 2016, 6, Takano, Miles &amp; Goff leg. (4 BMNH, 2 LS); Loma Mts., closed canopy forest, 9°10’35”N, 11°05’25”W, 1050 m, 7–10 VI 2016, 1, Takano, Miles &amp; Goff leg. (BMNH).</p> <p>SUDAN: Didinga, Nagichot, 1, D.H. Carpenter (MM); Equatoria, Lotti forest, 14–17 III 1963, 1, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH).</p> <p>UGANDA: Fort Portal, 15 km E Sebitoli, 1400 m, 23 XI–5 XII 1994, 2, M. Snižek (MS); Kibale Forest, 12–13 IX 1983, 1, M. Nummelin (MNHW), 16 XII 1984, 1, 19 I 1985, 1, 14 II 1985, 2, 28 IV 1965, 1, M. Nummelin (ZMUH).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B10CA97EFF6CFAE40D609743	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B10AA973FF6CF8190D6695A3.text	E417E526B10AA973FF6CF8190D6695A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida inaequalis Thomson 1858	<div><p>Cassida inaequalis Thomson, 1858</p> <p>(figs. 21, 63–66)</p> <p>Cassida inaequalis Thomson, 1858: 231; Boheman, 1862: 362; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3654; Spaeth, 1902: 458; 1903: 178, 1916: 41; Borowiec, 1985: 240, 1999: 257; Nummelin &amp; Borowiec, 1991: 14.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) inaequalis: Spaeth, 1914 b: 117.</p> <p>Cassida marginata var. inaequalis: Spaeth, 1903: 178.</p> <p>Cassida marginata Weise, 1898: 220; Spaeth, 1902: 458, 1903: 178, new synonymy.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) inaequalis var. marginata: Spaeth, 1914 b: 117.</p> <p>Description. L: 7.05–8.50 mm, W: 5.55–6.60 mm, Lp: 2.50–2.80 mm, Wp: 4.30–5.05 mm, L/W: 1.21–1.36, Wp/ Lp: 1.65–1.90. Body oval (fig. 46).</p> <p>Variable species. In typically coloured specimens dorsum reddish–brown, head, thorax and abdomen yellowish to ochraceous, antennal segments 1–7 yellow, segments 8–11 infuscate to black (figs. 63, 64). In some specimens thorax more or less brown to almost black, abdomen dark brown centrally surrounded by ochraceous to pale brown, legs mostly brown to almost black with paler apex of femora. In quite common aberration pronotum, elytral disc and ventrites as in typical form but explanate margin of elytra black except pale extreme margin (= ab. marginata Weise, fig. 66), often the form with black explanate margin has black thorax and legs but abdomen pale or only slightly infuscate centrally. In all forms pronotum always unicolour, from reddish brown to brown, without pale „windows” on explanate margin and antennae always with infuscate to black distal segments. Occasionally, entire dorsum dark brown to black.</p> <p>Pronotum broadly elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides very broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc distinctly convex thus distinctly bordered from explanate margin but without lateral lobes with small shallowly impressed area above head, sides of disc bordered from explanate margin by distinct impression. Surface of disc shiny, impunctate, sides of disc often with shallow impression. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, only in pale forms semitransparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate, lateral margin of elytra behind the humeral angle often very shallowly emarginate. Disc very convex, with deep postscutellar and principal impressions, postscutellar hump very low and obtuse but distinctly marked with broad and low H–shaped elevation and several folds behind the postscutellar elevation, always are distinct short longitudinal folds on slope on second and third interval and oblique and transverse folds behind and laterally to H–shaped elevation, sides of disc behind humeri not impressed. Interspaces more or less elevated thus entire surface of disc appears more or less irregular. Punctation moderately coarse, tends to form regular rows, but they are interrupted and disturbed by elytral sculpture, only two submarginal rows mostly complete then distance between punctures smaller than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures usually coarser than punctures in central rows, interspaces mostly elevated. Intervals mostly disturbed by elytral relief only submarginal interval complete. Marginal interval distinct, in humeral area broad, as wide as submarginal interval and two submarginal rows combined, behind the middle usually as wide as or slightly narrower than submarginal interval, humeral and lateral folds distinct. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately to strongly declivous, in the widest part five times narrower than disc, surface shiny, in pale form often almost impunctate and almost regular but usually with more or less distinct punctation, smaller in pale and coarser in dark forms then surface more or less irregular, only in pale forms semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena as long as last palpomere. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.8 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves very fine but well marked, converging in triangle, clypeal plate strongly convex, its surface shiny with several very small, hairy punctures. Labrum minutely emarginate. Antennae moderately stout, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:70:73:64:57:59:57:57:59:114. Segment 3 approximately 1.4 times as long as segment 2 and slightly shorter than segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum narrow in the middle, moderately expanded apically, area between coxa flat to slightly convex, shiny, without special sculpture but along sides and partly centrally with small, hairy punctures, expanded apex with globular elevation in the middle, slightly impressed laterally, surface shiny, on sides often with short impressed stripes or grooves, lateral alae along posterior margin with row of punctures, central part of expanded apex with small, hairy punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Western and Central Africa from Guinea to Uganda (fig. 22).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida tosta species–group, the only species of the group which never forms mostly black aberrations, at most the explanate margin of elytra can be completely black (fig. 66). Cassida altiuscula differs in completely black elytra, very high elytral hump (fig. 53), elytral sides distinctly converging posterad, and base of elytra is the most widest in relatio to base of pronotum within the group (figs. 51, 52). Brown forms of C. overlaeti are similar to dark forms of C. inaequalis but differ in pronotum mostly brown with reddish anterior spots while in all forms of C. inaequalis the pronotum is uniformly reddish to reddish brown (figs. 63. 64, 66). Pale forms of C. tosta (fig. 60) are similar to C. inaequalis but differ in a higher postscutellar elevation (fig. 59 vs. 65), elytral disc behind humeral callus distinctly impressed and sculpture on slope of elytral disc higher (figs. 69 vs. 63).</p> <p>Types examined. Type location of Cassida inaequalis Thomson, 1858 unknown; lectotype and paralectotype of Cassida marginata Weise, 1898 (designated by Borowiec, 1999: 257): [CAMEROON]: Kamerun, Kraatz (ZMHU).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. ANGOLA: Kwanza Norte Prov., near N’Dalatando, 22 XI 2013, 1, T. Lackner leg. (BMNH).</p> <p>CAMEROON: Barombi St., 1, Zeuner (ZMHU); Batanga, III 1914, 2, IV 1914, 5, F.H. Hope (CMNH); Bipindi, 1898, 1, G. Zenker (ZMHU); Camerun, 1, Sjoestedt (NRS); Dengdeng, Godje, 20 III 1914, Hildbreaed (ZMHU); Edea, 6 VI 1922, 1, J.A. Reis (CMNH); Efulen, XI 1912, 3, J.A. Reis (CMNH); Jaunde, IV–V 1897, 1, v. Carnap (ZMHU); Joh.–Albrechthöhe, 28 V–12 VI 1898, 2, 11 VII–2 VIII 1898, 2, 3–28 VIII 1898, 1, L. Conradt (ZMHU); Joko, 1 (HNHM); Katho–Barombi See, I 1958, 5, W. Hartwig (MKB); Kribi, 1 (MRAC); Lolodorf, 19 II–7 VI 1895, 5, L. Conradt (ZMHU); 15 III 1919, 1, J.A. Reis (CMNH), III 1925, 1, A.I. Good (CMNH); Mt. Kamerun, 600 m, II 1958, 1, Hartwig (MKB); 5 km S Muëli, 6 II 1958, 1, H. Knorr (SMNS); Mundame, 2 (IRSN), 1, R. Rohde (ZMHU); Nkolbisson, Dept. Nyong–Sanaga, X 1963, 1, L.G. Segers (MRAC); Yaunde St., 1, v. Carnap (ZMHU).</p> <p>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Albert Nat. Park, Massif Ruwenzori, riv. Lume (moyenne), affl. Semliki, 1830 m, 30 VIII 1956, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Mutsora, 1939, 4, Hackars (3 MRAC, 1 MNHW); Albert Nat. Park, Secteur Nord, riv. May ya moto, affl. g. Talya, 1280 m, 3 IX 1957, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Secteur Nord, Molidi, affl. dr. Byangolo, 1140 m, 29 I 1957, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, r. Tungula, piste Mwenda, Kafuka, 1000 m, 27 III 1947, 1, J. de Wilde (MRAC); Bambesa, III 1937, 1, 24 IV 1937, 1, J. Vrydagh (MRAC); Beni, 1, Lt. Bonnevie (MRAC); Bas Uele, Buta, 1926, 1, F. Joseph (MRAC); Bas Uele, Djamba, 17–25 XII 1924, 1, H. Schouteden (MRAC); Bas Uele, Koteli, 1–21 I 1925, 1, H. Schouteden (MRAC); Bokoro, 20 III 1915, 1, R. Mayné (MRAC); Bomboma, 20 VII 1935, 1, A. Bal (MRAC); Djombo, 25 X 1912, 1, R. Mayné (MRAC); Elisabethville, 1935, 1, Richard (MRAC); Equateur, Bokote, 1922, 1, Hulstaert (MRAC); Kasai, Kondue, 6, E. Luja (MRAC); Kindu, XI 1913, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC); Kivu, vall. de la Ruzizi, Kanambo, III 1959, 3, P.L.G. Benoit (2 MRAC, 1 MNHW); Kwango–Ngowa, 15 X 1937, 1, J. Martens (IRSN); Libenge Mawuya, 14 IX 1947, 1, R. Cremer &amp; M. Neuman (IRSN); Mandungu, 25 XI 1912, 1, R. Mayné (MRAC); Maniema, Kindu, 26 III 1918, 1, R. Mayné (MRAC); Mondombe, X 1912, 1, R. Mayné (MRAC); Mongbwalu, VII 1938, 1, Mme Scheitz (MRAC), IX 1939, 1, Mme Lepersonne (MRAC); Sankuru, Komi, I 1930, 1, 2 I 1930, 1, 8 III 1930, 1, J. Ghesquière (MRAC); Stanleyville, n. Kilo, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC); Stanleyville, Ongoka, riv. Lowa, IV–IX 1952, 1, J. Pantos (MRAC); Uele, Amadi, 31 VII 1914, 1, Rodhain (MRAC); Ubangi, Binga, 5–12 III 1932, 2, 8 III 1932, 1, 12 III 1932, 4, H.J. Brédo (MRAC, MNHW); Wamba, 1936, 1, Degotte (MRAC).</p> <p>EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Mongo, 1946–1948, 1, J. Palau (MRAC); Nkolentangan, XI 1907 – V 1908, 3, G. Tesmann (ZMHU).</p> <p>GABON: Gabon, 1 (IRSN); Ivinde, 1 (IRSN); Iviroo Haut, Cape Cottes, 1906, 1, J. Gravot (MNHN); between Lambarene and sea coast, 1901, E. Havg (MNHN).</p> <p>GUINEA: Guinea, 1 (ZMHU).</p> <p>REPUBLIC OF CENTRAL AFRICA: Fort Sibut, Oubanghi–Chari, 1 (IRSN); Nola, 1 (IRSN); Lobaye River, Congo Francaise, 1 (NMP).</p> <p>RWANDA: Cyamudongo F., 2°32’S / 28°58E, 1750 m, 20 III 2007, 1, T. Wagner (TW).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Victoria Lake, Ukerewe Is., 3, Conrads (ZMHU).</p> <p>TOGO: Amedzowe, 1 (ZMHU).</p> <p>UGANDA: Durro Forest, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-4.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -4.5/lat 4.4)">Toro</a>, 4.400 –4.500 ft., 25–29 X 1911, 4, S. A. Neave (BMNH); Fort Portal, 15 km E Sebitoli, 1400 m, 23 XI–5 XII 1994, 1, M. Snižek (MS); south of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-3.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -3.4/lat 3.2)">Lake George</a>, 3.200 –3.400 ft., 17–19 X 1911, 1, S. A. Neave (BMNH); Kalinzu Forest, Mpungu, 1200–1350 m, VI 1972, 1, H. Gřnget (ZMC); Kisubi, 17 X 1971, 1, H. Gřnget (ZMC); Mabira Forest, Chagwe, 3500–3800 ft., 16–25 VI 1911, 1, S.A. Neave (BMNH); Toro Distr., Ft. Portal, Kibale Forest, V–IX 1992, 1 (JM); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.0/lat 4.5)">Western Ankole</a>, 4.500 –5.000 ft., 10–14 X 1911, 2, S. A. Neave (BMNH).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B10AA973FF6CF8190D6695A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B107A970FF6CFB390910919F.text	E417E526B107A970FF6CFB390910919F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida innotata Boheman 1854	<div><p>Cassida innotata Boheman, 1854</p> <p>(figs. 23, 97–102)</p> <p>Cassida innotata Boheman, 1854: 403, 1856: 131, 1862: 324; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3655; Shaw, 1956: 269, 1961: 30, 1963: 457; Borowiec, 1985: 240, 1999: 258; 2005: 126; Rice, 2003: 81; Heron, 2003: 33.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) innotata: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Cassida infirma Boheman, 1862: 359; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3655; Spaeth, 1912 a: 503; Borowiec, 1995: 371, 1999: 258 (as syn. of innotata).</p> <p>Cassida (Odontionycha) infirma: Spaeth, 1909: 273.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) infirma: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Cassida infirma var. hirsutula Spaeth, 1909: 273, 1912 a: 503; Borowiec, 1999: 258 (as syn. of innotata).</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) infirma var. hirsutula: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Cassida (Odontionycha) pilifera Weise, 1899: 244; Borowiec, 1999: 258 (as syn. of innotata).</p> <p>Cassida pilifera: Spaeth, 1933 a: 347.</p> <p>Cassida infirma pilifera: Spaeth, 1909: 273.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) infirma var. pilifera: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118, 1924: 337.</p> <p>Description. L: 3.85–4.95 mm, W: 2.80–3.95 mm, Lp: 1.30–1.75 mm, Wp: 2.35–3.20 mm, L/W: 1.24–1.42, Wp/ Lp: 1.78–188. Body oval (figs. 97, 98, 100–102).</p> <p>Variable species. In typically coloured specimens pronotum yellow, scutellum yellow, elytral disc mostly yellow with some punctures in humeral area with dark centre and dark areola, explanate margin with brown humeral and posterolateral spots (fig. 100). Often dark pattern on elytral disc increases and form marble pattern, more distinct on sides of disc than on top (figs. 98, 99), in extreme aberrations the pattern form brown to black bands along sides of disc and on top of disc only elevations are partly yellow, explanate margin of elytra with dark humeral spot (fig. 101). In extreme pale aberration entire dorsum yellow (fig. 97), in extreme dark aberration elytral disc completely black and explanate margin of elytra with black humeral and posterolateral spots (fig. 102), whole spectrum of intermediate forms were observed. Head yellow, prosternum from yellow to partly infuscate, metasternum usually mostly black except partly yellow lateral plates and external basal corners, abdomen mostly brown to black more or less surrounded by yellow, the shade is not correlated with dorsal colour and aberrations with pale dorsum sometimes have abdomen almost completely black and aberrations with black elytral disc have abdomen brown centrally broadly surrounded by yellow. Legs yellow, antennae usually yellow or only three apical segments slightly infuscate.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides narrowly rounded, no basal corners. Disc only slightly convex, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except short, shallow lateral impressions, area above head shallowly impressed. Surface of disc from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny, usually with fine and dense punctation and sometimes with fine granulate sculpture. Distance between punctures in some populations distinctly wider than puncture diameter in other punctures almost touching each other thus pronotal surface from completely regular to slightly irregular. Explanate margin broad, impunctate but usually with slightly irregular sculpture, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure its surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny. Entire surface of pronotum covered with sparse, short semierect to erect setae.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly to moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subrounded to subangulate. Disc regularly convex to slightly depressed in profile (fig. 99), with shallow postscutellar and principal impressions and usually with thin and low H–shaped elevation but in some specimens the elevation is marked only by lateral branches without transverse connection, second interval in 2/3 length with elevated fold, often fourth interval in the middle more or less convex. Punctation coarse and dense, arranged in regular rows, only postscutellar impressions with additional irregular punctures, punctures in rows almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as or slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly linear except second interval in posterior half as wide as rows, marginal interval as wide as submarginal interval and submarginal row combined, without humeral but with distinct lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part five times narrower than disc, surface from slightly alutaceous to shiny with irregular sculpture, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure. Entire surface of elytra covered with short erect setae.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.2 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, runs close to margin of eye then converging in triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus flat or very shallowly impressed, shiny with several very small, hairy punctures. Labrum narrowly and deeply emarginate to 1/3 length. Antennae moderately stout, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:56:63:63:63:44:56:44:47:53:113. Segment 3 approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 2 and approximately as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa shallowly impressed, without special sculpture, shiny, along sides with few very small, hairy punctures, expanded apex slightly convex in the middle, its surface usually with thin, longitudinal and oblique wrinkles and few small hairy punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Host plants. Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes aspera var. pubescens (Moq.) Towns., Achyranthes aspera var. sicula L., Achyropsis avicularis (E. Meyer &amp; Moq.) Hooker f., Cyathula cylindrica Moq., Cyathula uncinulata (Schrad.) Schinz, Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. (Heron 2003).</p> <p>Distribution. East, Central, and South Africa (fig. 23).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. With C. setosa it forms a complex of unique species with entire surface of the elytra covered with dense, short, white, erect setae (figs. 97, 99, 109). Cassida setosa differs in the base of elytra distinctly wider than pronotum (fig. 109), surface of pronotal disc without semierect setae and elytral setae very long, longer than punctures with areolae.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype of Cassida innotata Boheman, 1854: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Natal, Pt. Natal, Vahlberg (NRS); two syntypes of Cassida infirma Boheman, 1862: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Natal, Pt. Natal (BMNH, NRS); syntype of Cassida infirma var. hirsutula Spaeth, 1909: [TANZANIA]: Kilimandjaro, Kibonoto, Sjöstedt (MM); lectotype and two paralectotypes of Cassida (Odontionycha) pilifera Weise, 1899, present designation: [TANZANIA]: Mombo, III 1899 (ZMHU).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. BOTSWANA: Maun, Island Safari Lodge. 2–15 I 1994, 1, M. Snižek (MS).</p> <p>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Albert Nat. Park, Rumangabo, riv. Bugombwa, 9 IV 1945, 1, G.F. de Witte (MRAC); Bambesa, 10 IX 1933, 1, J.V. Leroy (MRAC); Bas Uele, Buta, 1926, 1, Fr. Joseph (MRAC); Kivu, Lwiro, 16 XI 1960, 1, Dr. Jilly (SMNS); Kivu, Mulungu, V 1935, 1, J. Leroy (MRAC); Nyangwe, V 1918, 1, R. Mayné (MRAC); Upemba Nat. Park, Kanonga, 675 m, 17–22 II 1949, 2, de Witte (IRSN, MRAC); Upemba Nat. Park, Kiamokoto –Kiwakishi, 10170 m, 4–16 X 1948, 1, de Witte (MRAC).</p> <p>KENYA: Amboseli, 11 III 1970, 2, T. Palm (LU); Elsamere, 27 III 1997, 1, 25 V 1999, 1, ABD (TD); Kibwezi, 1, Scheffler (ZMHU), 23 V 1980, 1, D. Furth (PMNH); Loboi Gate nr. Bogoria, 9 VII 2002, 1, ABD (TD); Meru, 1, Sjöstedt (LU); Meru, 2 XII 1905, 2, Sjöstedt (ZMHU); Nairobi, 3–4 III 1970, 3, T. Palm (LU, MNHW); Mt Elgon, 2000 m, 30 I 1979, 1, T. Palm (LU); Nyeri, X 1948, 1, van Someren (BMNH); Njorowa Gorge, Hells Gate, 3 IV 1997, 1, ABD (TD); Taveta, 750 m, III 1912, 1, Alluaud &amp; Jeannel (MNHN); E of Thika, W of Mwing, 6 IV 2007, 1, M. Snižek (MS).</p> <p>MALAWI: Dezda env., 85 km SE Lilongwe, 18 XII 2001, 9, F. &amp; L. Kantner &amp; J. Bezdek (FK, JB, MNHW); Dedza env., 7–13 I 2002, 4, J. Bezdek &amp; F. Kantner (JB, FK, MNHW); Lower Shire Vall., Chikwawa, 27 III 1971, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (HNHM); Mulanje Mts., 23–26 XII 2001, 1, F. &amp; L. Kantner (FK).</p> <p>NAMIBIA: Caprivi Zipfel, Katima Mulilo, 3–8 III 1992, 1, U. Göllner (ZMHU), 15–24 I 1995, 1, M. Snižek (MS); Kavango, Popa Falls, 26II–3 III 1992, 1, U. Göllner (ZMHU); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.43&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.43/lat -18.17)">Mahango Game Res.</a>, 18.17 S / 21.43 E, 1–4 III 1994, 1, U. Göllner (MNHW).</p> <p>NIGERIA: Yankari Game Res., nr. Gaji riv., 15 VIII 1978, 1, Demeter (MNHW).</p> <p>REPUBLIC OF CENTRAL AFRICA: Boda, 1 (MRAC).</p> <p>RWANDA: Gabiro, 1934, 1, R. Verhulst (MRAC); Kibungo Ranch, Mpanga, 8 XII 1985, 1 (TW); Ruhengeri, sour. Kirii, 1800–1825 m, 31 VIII 1934, 1, de Witte (MRAC).</p> <p>SOUTH AFRICA: Durban, 1902, 1, F. Muir (BMNH); Free State, Adullam Farm, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.466667/lat -28.366667)">Clarens</a>, 28°22’S, 28°28’E, 1 (ARC); Gauteng Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.366667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.366667/lat -25.583334)">Roodeplaat Experimental Farm</a>, 25°35’S, 28°22’E, 1 (HH); KwaZulu– Natal, Vryheid, 29–31 XII 2008, 1, P. Schüle leg. (SMNS); Limpopo Prov., Ben Alberts Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.383333/lat -24.616667)">Thabazimbi</a>, 24°37’S, 27°23’E, 1 (ARC); Limpopo Prov., Wyllies Poort, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.933332/lat -22.9)">Thabazimbi</a>, 22°54’S, 26°56’E, 1 (ARC); Maputoland, SE of Ndumo, 24 I 2003. 3, M. Snižek (MS); Mpumalanga Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.416666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.383333/lat -25.416666)">Loskop Dam</a>, 25°25’S, 29°23’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, 1, Gorham (NMP); Natal, „Bethel” Farm, Waterfall <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.2/lat -30.733334)">Valley Estates</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.2/lat -30.733334)">Paddock</a>, 30°44’S, 30°12’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Blydepoort, 20 XI 1981, 1, J. Klapperich (MZSNV); Natal, Burman Bush Nat. Res., Morningside, Durban, 1 (HH); Natal, Crowned Eagle Conservancy, Gillitts, 1 (HH); Natal, Delville Wood Station, near Shongweni, 1 (HH); Natal, Dlinza Forest, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.5/lat -28.9)">Eshowe</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.5/lat -28.9)">Zululand</a>, 28°54’S, 31°30’E, 1 (HH); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.433332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.433332/lat -29.016666)">Dragon Peaks Park</a>, NE of Champagne Castle, 29°01’S, 29°26’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Drakensberg, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.24&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.03" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.24/lat -29.03)">Monks Cowl</a>, 29.03 S / 29.24 E, 1400 m, 1, F. Koch (MNHW); Natal, Durban, 20 X 1906, 1, G.E. Leigh (TM); Natal, 17 km NE Empangeni, Niseleni River, 24 X 1994, 1, R. Danielsson (LU); Natal, Entumeni Nat. Res., 16 km of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.380001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.884722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.380001/lat -28.884722)">Eshowe on Nkanda Road</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.380001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.884722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.380001/lat -28.884722)">Zululand</a>, 28°53’05’’S, 31°22’48’’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Escombe, Queensburgh, 16 II 2000, 1 on Achyranthes aspera, H. Heron (MNHW); Natal, Ferncliffe Forest Res., Pietermaritzburg, 1 (HH); Natal, Fort Nottingham Nat. Res., 1 (HH); Natal, Hawaan Forest Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.083334/lat -29.7)">Umhlanga Rocks</a>, 29°42’S, 31°05’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Indaleni, 1, W. Hunt (MRAC); Natal, Illanda Wilds Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.883333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.883333/lat -30.05)">Amanimtoti</a>, 30°03’S, 30°53’E, 1 (HH); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.083334/lat -30.166666)">Ixopo</a>, 30°10’S, 30°05’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Kenneth Stainbank Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.9)">Yellowwood Park</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.9)">Durban</a>, 29°54’S, 30°56’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Insuzi River bridge, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.070278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.82139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.070278/lat -28.82139)">Nkandla District</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.070278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.82139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.070278/lat -28.82139)">Zululand</a>, 28°49’17’’S, 31°04’13’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Krantzkloof Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.833334/lat -29.75)">Kloof</a>, 29°45’S, 30°50’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Kenneth Stainbank Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.9)">Yellowwood Park</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.9)">Durban</a>, 29°54’S, 30°56’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Mbozambo Wetland, SAPPI mill, Stanger, 1 (HH); Natal, New Germany Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.883333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.883333/lat -29.8)">Pinetown</a>, 29°48’S, 30°53’E, 1 (HH); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.673056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.525278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.673056/lat -30.525278)">Ngeli Forest</a>, 23 km NW of Harding, 30°31’31’’S, 29°40’23’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, North Park Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.866667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.866667/lat -29.366667)">Northdene</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.866667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.866667/lat -29.366667)">Quennsburgh</a>, 29°22’S, 30°52’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Palmiet Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.816668)">Westville</a>, 29°49’S, 30°56’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Paradise Valley Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.891666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.831667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.891666/lat -29.831667)">Pinetown</a>, 29°49’54’’S, 30°53’30’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, S. Lucia, 29 X 1981, 3, J. Klapperich (MZSNV, MNHW); Natal, Shongweni Resorces Resreve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.716667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.716667/lat -29.85)">Umlaas valley</a>, 29°51’S, 30°43’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Springside Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.766666/lat -29.766666)">Hillcrest</a>, 29°46’S, 30°46’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Tanglewood Farm Nat. Res., Pinetown, 1 (HH); Natal, Umbilo, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.383333/lat -29.6)">Durban</a>, 29°36’S, 30°23’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Umhlanga Lagoon Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.083334/lat -29.7)">Umhlanga Rocks</a>, 29°42’S, 31°05’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Umkomaas, 17–19 II 1953, 1, A.L. Capener (MM); Natal, Vernon Crookes Nat. Res., 8 km N of Umzinto, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.266666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.266666/lat -30.583334)">South Coast</a>, 30°35’S, 30°16’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Weza, Loma Doone Forest, 1100 m, 6 XII 1995, 1, M. Biondi (DS); Northern Prov., Abel Erasmus Pass, 750 m, 17 XII 1995, 2, M. Biondi &amp; P. Audisio (DS); North West Prov., Soutpan, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.0/lat -25.4)">Tswaing Crater</a>, 25 km NW of Pretoria, 25°24’S, 28°00’E, 1 (ARC); Oranje F. State, Boshof, Voorspoed, 21–28 III 1977, 2, A. Strydom (BM); Rivonia, 26 XII 1968, 1, M. I. Russell (BMNH); Tongaland, Iozini–Ndumo area, 14 I 1976, 2, P.E. Reavell (TM); Transvaal, Kruger Nat. Park, Skukuza, 12–14 XII 1985, 1, H. and A. Howden (CMN); Transvaal, Malta Forest, 21 km W Trichardtsdal, 23 XII 1985, 1, H. and A. Howden (CMN); Transvaal, vic. Melodie, 29–31 XII 1985, 2, C.L. Bellamy (ER); Transvaal, Mp’hôme, 1, M. Knothe (ZMHU); Transvaal, Nylsvley, Farm „Sericea”, 12–13 XII 1985, 1, Bellamy and Evans (ER); Transvaal, Platrivier, I–II 1903, 1, v. Jutrzencka (TM); Transvaal, Soutpansberg, Pretoria, 8 II 1973, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Transvaal, 30 km W Trichardtsdal, 30 XII 1985, 1, M. Sanborne (MZSNV); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.18&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.53" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.18/lat -25.53)">Transvaal</a>, Van Riebesck N.P., 25.53S / 28.18E, 1, 11 XII 1978, L. Schulze (MNHW); Transvaal, Waterberg, 1898–1899, 1, v. Jutrzencka (TM); Transvaal, Zoutpansberg, 1 (ZMHU); Western Cape Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.083334/lat -34.833332)">Agulhas</a>, 34°50’S, 20°05’E, 1 (ARC).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Arusha, IV 1906, 1, Katona (HNHM); Kilimandjaro, 1, Sjöstedt (LU); Kilimandjaro, 1905–1906, 1, Sjoestedt (NRS); SO Kilimandjaro, 20–21 I 1906, 1, Schröder (ZMHU); Kilimandjaro, Papyrus Sumpt, 20–21 I 1906, 1, Schröder (ZMHU); Kilimandjaro, Kibonoto, 10 X 1905, 1000–1300 m, 1, Sjöstedt (ZMHU); Langenburg, 15 III–23 IV 1898, 1, Fülleborn (ZMHU); Litema Gbg., 2, Büttcher (ZMHU); Mombo, 3, Paul (ZMHU); Ngambo, IX 1902, 1 (ZMHU); Ngorongoro, 11–12 II 1994, 1, J. Borowski (MNHW); Rowuma, IV 1892, 1 (ZMHU); Usambara, Derema, 1, Conradt (ZMHU).</p> <p>UGANDA: Ankole distr., L Nakavali, 1931, 1, E.B. Worthington (BMNH); Bussu Busoga, V 1909, 1, E. Bayon (MZSNG).</p> <p>ZAMBIA: Barotse Prov., Machili, II 1945, 1, W. Eichler (IZPAS); Livingstone, 22 I 1942, 1, 3 III 1944, 2, W. Eichler (IZPAS, MNHW); Livingstone, Victoria Falls, 26–31 XII 1993, 1, M. Snižek (MS); South Luangwa Nat. Park, 8 II 1984, 1, L. Saltini (MZSNV).</p> <p>ZIMBABWE: 120 km W Chipinge, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.75611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.112223" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.75611/lat -20.112223)">Kiledo Lodge</a>, 20o6’44’’S 32o45’22”E, 28 XI 1998, 1, M. Rice (MR).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B107A970FF6CFB390910919F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B104A976FF6CFF650F5E909B.text	E417E526B104A976FF6CFF650F5E909B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida irregularis Boheman 1854	<div><p>Cassida irregularis Boheman, 1854</p> <p>(figs. 24, 138–141)</p> <p>Cassida irregularis Boheman, 1854: 398, 1856: 129, 1862: 312; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3655; Shaw, 1956: 269; Węgrzynowicz &amp; Wąsowska, 1996: 41; Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997: 630; Borowiec, 1999 a: 259, 2005 a: 127; Heron, 2003: 33.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) irregularis: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.25–5.10 mm, W: 3.45–4.50 mm, Lp: 1.55–1.85 mm, Wp: 2.70–3.50 mm, L/W: 1.16–1.31, Wp/ Lp: 1.71–1.94. Body from almost circular to short–oval (figs. 138, 140, 141).</p> <p>In the darkest specimens pronotal and elytral disc completely black, on elytral disc with indistinct yellowish spots on slope, scutellum partly yellow. In dark specimens pronotal disc mostly black with yellow V–shaped spot in front of scutellum, yellow thin median line and yellow spot on lateral lobes (fig. 141), in intermediate form black pattern reduced to M–shaped figure, in pale form black forms only two S–shaped figure on each side of disc (fig. 138), in the palest specimens pronotal disc yellow with indistinct infuscation on sides (fig. 140), explanate margin yellow. Scutellum always yellow, elytral disc in dark specimens mostly black with yellow marginal interval, yellow H–shaped postscutellar elevation and yellow elevations behind half of disc (figs. 138, 141); in pale specimens disc mostly yellow with black marble pattern at base and along size and few dark spots on top of disc (fig. 140), between the palest and the darkest specimens all intermediate occur. Explanate margin always yellow. Head, ventrites and legs yellow. Antennae uniformly yellow or one to three apical segments slightly infuscate.</p> <p>Pronotum regularly elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides very broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc moderately bordered from explanate margin with distinct lateral impressions, lateral lobes indistinctly bordered but yellow spot on the lobes suggests distinct bordering. Surface of disc slightly alutaceous, with fine and sparse punctation, basal sides of disc sometimes with slightly irregular sculpture. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately to much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc moderately convex in profile (fig. 139), with well marked postscutellar and principal impressions, distinct H–shaped postscutellar elevation, and few yellow elevations on top of disc and posterior 2/3 of length of disc, sometimes the posterior elevations more or less joined and form arch –shaped transverse, elevated band. Punctation moderately coarse but dense, tends to form regular rows but the regularity disturbed by elytral relief, distance between punctures from twice narrower to as wide as puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures not or only slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals well marked but interrupted by elytral relief, in sutural part of disc 1.5 times as wide as rows, second interval slightly elevated, on sides intervals as wide as rows, surface of intervals from slightly alutaceous to shiny, marginal interval broad, in humeral part as wides as submarginal interval and two submarginal rows combined, without humeral but with distinct lateral folds. Explanate margin broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part 3.5 times narrower than disc, surface shiny with shallow, moderately coarse and moderately dense punctation, appears from almost regular to slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.2 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves well marked, converging in regular triangle, surface of clypeus shiny, with shallow median impression, several very small, hairy punctures. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/4 length.Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:53:70:63:60:43:60:40:47:40:107. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat, shiny, with few small, setose punctures, expanded apex only slightly convex, shiny, with several small, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with very small basal tooth.</p> <p>Host plants. Acanthaceae: Isoglossa ciliata (Nees.) Lindau, Isoglossa woodii C.B. Clarke (Heron &amp; Borowiec 1997, Heron 2003, Borowiec 1999); Isoglossa cooperi C.B. Clarke (Heron &amp; Borowiec 1997, Borowiec 1999); Isoglossa delicatula C.B. Clarke (H. Heron pers. comm.).</p> <p>Distribution. Central Mozambique and South Africa (fig. 24).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. It belong to the complex of species with the ground colour of the elytra black with a yellow pattern of partly convex spots (figs. 138, 140, 141). It differs from all such coloured species in the shape of the black pronotal pattern forming broad, oblique spots on sides of disc and usually surrounding yellow lateral lobes (figs. 138, 141) and in ventrites uniformly yellow while in other species the pronotal pattern usually form an M– or V–shaped basal spot (figs. 126, 128, 129, 133, 134, 185) and ventrites are often partly brown to black.</p> <p>Types examined. Lectotype and paralectotype, designated by Borowiec, 1999: 259: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Natal, Pt. Natal, Vahlberg (NRS).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. MOZAMBIQUE: Chupanga, 1, Tavares (ZMHU).</p> <p>SOUTH AFRICA: Cape of Good Hope, 1, Graham (BMNH); Cape, Alexandria– Woody Cape, 10–13 XII 1997, 1, I. Jenis (MS); Cape Prov., 15 km NW Seymor, Katbergpass, 1200 m, 21 X 1994, 1, R. Danielsson (LU); Cape, Tsitsikamma, Nature’s valley, 7 II 1995, 1, S. Zoia (DS); Ciskei, Amatole, Pirie For., 20 XI 1987, 4, S. EndrödyYounga (TM, MNHW); Eastern Cape Prov., 8 km south of Alexandria, 1 (ARC); Eastern Cape Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.083334/lat -32.583332)">Hogsback</a>, 38 km W of Stutterheim, 32°35’S, 27°05’E, 1 (ARC); Eastern Cape Prov., Katberg Pass, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.683332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.483334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.683332/lat -32.483334)">Amatola Mountains</a>, 32°29’S, 26°41’E, 1 (ARC); E Cape, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.4626&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.5964" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.4626/lat -31.5964)">N of Ndwalane</a>, 160- 120 m, -31.5964 / 29.4626, 29 XI 2019, bush &amp; forest, 1, leg. M. Wanat (MNHW); E Cape, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.5086&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.6511" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.5086/lat -31.6511)">Silaka Reserve</a>, 36 m, -31.6511 / 29.5086, 27 XI 2019, night collecting, 1, leg. M. Wanat (MNHW); E Cape, Silaka Reserve, 10-90 m, -31.6486 / 29.506, 28 XI 2019, lliwa trail, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.506&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.6486" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.506/lat -31.6486)">Gxwaleni river</a> valley, 3, leg. M. Wanat (MNHW); E Cape, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.5061&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.6528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.5061/lat -31.6528)">Silaka Reserve</a>, 10 m, -31.6528 / 29.5061, 29 XI 2019, 2, P. Jałoszyński (MNHW); E Cape, Silaka Reserve, 10-90 m, -31.6486 / 29.506, 29 XI 2019, lliwa trail, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.506&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.6486" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.506/lat -31.6486)">Gxwaleni river</a> valley, 2, leg. P. Jałoszyński (MNHW); Eastern Cape, Transkei, Mbotyi Coast and Forest, 29 XI–3 XII 2003, 2, W. Schawaller (SMNS); KwaZulu-Natal, Eshowe, Natal, I 1957, 1, N. L. H. Krauss (BMNH); Katberg, 4.000 ft., E Cape province, X 1932, 7, R. E. Turner (BMNH, LS); KwaZulu-Natal, Wakefield Farm C forest, 200 m N of uMngeni Riv., 1420 m, -21.4844/29/8992, 23 11, 2019, 5, leg. P. Jałoszyński, 6, leg. M. Wanat (MNHW); Limpopo Prov., Groot Rivier Pass, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.233334/lat -24.166666)">Lekgalameetse Nat. Res.</a>, 80 km SW of Gravelotte, 24°10’S, 30°14’E, 1 (ARC); Mpumalanga Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.05/lat -25.8)">Barberton</a>, 25°48’S, 31°03’E, 1 (ARC); Mpumalanga, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.8599&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.5701" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.8599/lat -24.5701)">Meriepskop</a>, 1550 m, -24.5701 / 30.8599, Bush Pig Trail, km. 0-1.5, from bushes, 17- 18.11.2012, 6, leg. P. Jałoszyński, 13, leg. M. Wanat (MNHW); Natal, 1 (MRAC); Natal, 2, Dr. Martin (MKB, MNHW); Natal, Brighton Beach, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.00389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.92472" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.00389/lat -29.92472)">Bluff</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.00389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.92472" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.00389/lat -29.92472)">Durban</a>, 29°55’29’’S, 31°00’14’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Burman Bush Nat. Res., Mornigside, Durban, 1 (HH); Natal, Buru, 1 (TM); Natal, Cape Vidal, St Lucia Complex, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.116667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.55/lat -28.116667)">Zululand</a>, 28°07’S, 32°33’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Crowned Eagle Conservancy, Gillitts, 1 (HH); Natal, Durban, 10 (ZMHU), 5, P. Reineck (ZMHU), 22 XI 1904, 1, G.F. Leigh (TM); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.883333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.883333/lat -28.716667)">Empangeni</a>, 28°43’S, 31°53’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Entumeni Nat. Res., 16 <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.380001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.884722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.380001/lat -28.884722)">Km of Eshowe</a> on Nkandla Road, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.380001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.884722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.380001/lat -28.884722)">Zululand</a>, 28°53’05’’S, 31°22’48’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Eshowe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.5/lat -28.9)">Zululand</a> (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.5/lat -28.9)">Dlinza</a>), 28°54’S, 31°30’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Fernclife Forest Reserve, Pietermaritzburg, 1 (HH); Natal, Everton Gorge Molweni River Trail, Pinetown District, 1 (HH); Natal, Glenholme Reserve, Kloof, 1 (HH); Natal, Hawaan Forest Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.083334/lat -29.7)">Umhlanga Rocks</a>, 29°42’S, 31°05’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Illanda Wild Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.883333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.883333/lat -30.05)">Amanzimtoti</a>, 30°03’S, 30°53’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Indaleni, 1, W. Hunt (MNHW); Natal, Keneth Stainbank Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.9)">Yellowwood Park</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.9)">Durban</a>, 29°54’S, 30°56’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Kranskop to <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.85/lat -28.833334)">Middeldrift</a> road, 28°50’S, 30°51’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Kwa Zulu, Eshowe, 22–27 XII 1997, 1, I. Jenis (MS); Natal, Msinsi Nat. Res., University of Natal, Durban, 1 (HH); Natal, Mt Moreland, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.083334/lat -29.633333)">Verulam</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.083334/lat -29.633333)">North Coast</a>, 29°38’S, 31°05’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Mt Nhlosane, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.833334/lat -29.55)">Dargle</a>, 29°33’S, 29°50’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, New Germany Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.883333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.883333/lat -29.8)">Pinetown</a>, 29°48’S, 30°53’E, 1 (HH); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.673056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.525278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.673056/lat -30.525278)">Ngeli Forest</a>, 23 km NW of Harding, 30°31’31’’S, 29°40’23’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Ngoye Forest, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.666666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.666666/lat -28.833334)">Zululand</a>, 28°50’S, 31°40’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Nkandla Forest, Zululand, 1 (HH); Natal, North Park Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.866667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.866667/lat -29.866667)">Northdene</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.866667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.866667/lat -29.866667)">Queensburgh</a>, 29°52’S, 30°52’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Orbi Gorge Reserve, 8 km inland <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.233334/lat -30.533333)">Port Shepstone</a>, 30°32’S, 30°14’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Palmiet Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.816668)">Westville</a>, 29°49’S, 30°56’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Paradise Valley Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.891666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.831667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.891666/lat -29.831667)">Pinetown</a>, 29°49’54’’S, 30°53’30’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Pigeon Valley Park, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.988611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.864723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.988611/lat -29.864723)">Berea</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.988611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.864723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.988611/lat -29.864723)">Durban</a>, 29°51’53’’S, 29°59’19’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Queensburgh, Northdene, XI 1986, 1, H. Heron (MNHW); Natal, Richards Bay, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.1/lat -28.8)">Zululand</a>, 28°48’S, 32°06’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Roosfontein Nat. Res., Umbilo valley, Westville / Queensburgh, 1 (HH); Natal, S. Lucia, 29 X 1981, 3, J. Klapperich (MZSNV, MNHW); Natal, Shongweni Resources Resreve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.716667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.716667/lat -29.85)">Umlaas valley</a>, 29°51’S, 30°43’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Sordwana Bay, 8–10 XI 1984, 1, C.L. Bellamy et al., 9–11 XI 1986, 3, D. d’Hotmann (ER); Natal, Southport, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.683332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.5/lat -30.683332)">South Coast</a>, 30°41’S, 30°30’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Springside Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.766666/lat -29.766666)">Hillcrest</a>, 29°46’S, 30°46’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Tongaat, 1909, 2, H.C. Burnup (TM); Natal, Tongaat, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.15/lat -29.55)">North Coast</a>, 29°33’S, 31°09’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Treasure Beach Reserve, Bluff, Durban, 1 (HH); Natal, Umbilo, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.383333/lat -29.6)">Durban</a>, 29°36’S, 30°23’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Umgeni Valley Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.233334/lat -29.466667)">Howick</a>, 29°28’S, 30°14’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Umhlanga Lagoon Resreve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.083334/lat -29.7)">Umhlanga Rocks</a>, 29°42’S, 31°05’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Umkomaas, 12 III 1951, 1, A.L. Capener (MM); Natal, Umzinyati gorge, Inanda district, 1 (HH); Natal, Vernon Crookes Nat. Res., 8 km N of Umzinto, South Coast, 1 (HH); Natal, Vryheid Mountain Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.783333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.783333/lat -27.75)">Vryheid</a>, 27°45’S, 30°47’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Weenen, XII 1900, 1, C. Fuller (TM); Natal, Weza, Loma Doone Forest, 1100 m, 6 XII 1995, 1, M. Biondi (DS); Natal, Winklespruit, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.86111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.097778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.86111/lat -30.097778)">Kingsburgh</a>, 30°05’52’’S, 30°51’40’’E, 1 (HH); Tongaat, Natal, 1909, 1, H. C. Burnup (BMNH); Transkei, S coast Owesa forest, 26 II 1985, 3, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM, MNHW); Transvaal, Uitsoek, Grootklof ind. for., 28 IX 1986, 2, 6 II 1987, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM, MNHW); Zululand, Eshowe, 15–18 III 1957, 5, A.L. Capener (MNHW); Zululand, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.33" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.4/lat -27.33)">Sordwana Bay</a>, 27.33 S / 32.40 E, 0–50 m, 8–10 XI 1984, 1, Bellamy &amp; Howden (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B104A976FF6CFF650F5E909B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B102A974FF6CFC610C9E958F.text	E417E526B102A974FF6CFC610C9E958F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida irrorata Weise 1898	<div><p>Cassida irrorata Weise, 1898</p> <p>(figs. 24, 72–74)</p> <p>Cassida irrorata Weise, 1898: 221; Spaeth, 1902: 458, 1909: 268, 1912 b: 496; Borowiec, 1999 a: 259.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) irrorata: Spaeth, 1914 b: 117, 1924: 332.</p> <p>Cassida Harnoncourti Spaeth, 1902: 458, 1924: 332 (as syn.).</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) Harnoncourti: Spaeth, 1914 b: 117.</p> <p>Description. L: 7.50–9.35 mm, W: 5.60–6.90 mm, Lp: 2.80–3.30 mm, Wp: 4.55–5.20 mm, L/W: 1.34–1.46, Wp/ Lp: 1.58–1.74. Body oval, males slightly stouter than females (figs. 72, 73).</p> <p>Pronotum yellow to reddish yellow, disc usually with brownish M–shaped spot, sometimes the spot reduced to a short stripe in front of scutellum and small, round spot on each side of disc. Scutellum yellow to reddish yellow. Elytral disc yellow to reddish yellow with numerous small brownish spots spread over the entire surface of disc, sometimes the pattern reduced to few spots on top of disc and few spots along each side of disc. Explanate margin yellow to reddish yellow (figs. 72–74). Head yellow to reddish yellow, prosternum from uniformly yellow to partly brown, metasternum mostly brown, abdomen usually brown each sternite no sides with yellow transverse spot and last sternite yellow apically. Antennal segments 1–6 yellow, segment 7 more or less infuscate, apical segments 8–11 brown to black.</p> <p>Pronotum broadly elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides very broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc distinctly convex but indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes, with small shallowly impressed area above head, sides of disc bordered from explanate margin by small impression. Surface of disc shiny, impunctate. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra not or slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subrounded, lateral margin of elytra behind the humeral angle not emarginate. Disc regularly convex, without hump (fig. 74), with shallow postscutellar and very shallow principal impressions, broad and low H–shaped elevation, in some specimens marked rather like impunctate H–shaped area than elevation, without other sculpture but with some impunctate oblique or transverse spaces. Punctation small, tends to form regular rows, but they are interrupted and disturbed by impunctate elytral spaces, only sutural and two submarginal rows mostly as wide as or slightly larger than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as on sides of disc, with some broad elevated intervals. Intervals flat except slightly elevated second interval, in sutural part of disc four to five times wider than rows, on sides two to three times as wide as rows. Marginal row distinct, in humeral area broad, as wide as submarginal interval and two submarginal rows combined, behind the middle usually as wide as or slightly narrower than submarginal interval, no humeral folds but distinct lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, in the widest part six times narrower than disc, surface shiny, with moderately dense punctation and some short irregular grooves, appears more or less irregular, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena slightly shorter than last palpomere. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.6 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves very fine but well marked, converging in obtuse angle, clypeal plate strongly convex, its surface shiny with several very small, setose punctures, area between elevated clypeal plate and margin of eye with long hair. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae moderately stout, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:75:69:67:50:52:46:48:54:96. Segment 3 approximately 1.5 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum narrow in the middle, moderately expanded apically, area between coxa flat with narrow longitudinal impression, shiny, without special sculpture, with very small, setose punctures, expanded apex with globular elevation in the middle, slightly impressed laterally, surface shiny, without sculpture, with very small, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Zambia (fig. 24).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida coagulata species–group which differ from most of the African species of the genus Cassida in large size (length always above 7 mm), strongly convex body, broadly rounded pronotal sides, elytral disc without postscutellar hump and with feebly marked elytral sculpture forming an obtuse H–shaped postscutellar mark. Only Cassida coagulata appears similar but differs in a stouter body (L/W ratio 1.24–1.36 vs. 1.34–1.46), surface of elytra more distinctly sculptured, with a higher H–shaped elevation and second interval forming elevated fold on elytral slope (figs. 69, 70), antennae uniformly yellow to ochraceous (in C. irrorata apical antennal segments 8–11 brown to black), and the explanate margin of elytra always with posterolateral spots and narrow sutural spots (in C. coagulata the explanate margin of elytra is without spots).</p> <p>Types examined. Lectotype and paralectotype of Cassida irrorata Weise, 1898, designated by Borowiec, 1999: 259: [TANZANIA]: Dar–es–Salaam, Staudinger (ZMHU); syntype of Cassida harnoncourti Spaeth, 1902: [TANZANIA]: Kilimandjaro (MM).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. KENYA: Amboni, Valee Boisee, 1800 m, I–II 1912, 1, Alluaud &amp; Jeannel (MNHN); Bura, Wa – Taita, III 1912, 1050 m, 1, Alluaud &amp; Jeannel (MNHN); Kibwezi, 1942, 1 (LS), 1, Scheffer (ZMHU); Narok, Loita Hills, 2050 m, 5 XI 1977, 1, Mahnert &amp; Perret (MNHW).</p> <p>RWANDA: Kibungo Ranch, Mpanga, 16 XII 1987, 1 (TW).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Kilimandjaro, Bismarckhügel, Marangu, S Mawensi, II1912, 1(MNHW); Kilimandjaro, Kibonoto, 2, Sjöstedt (NRS); Kilimandjaro Sud– Est, Moschi, 800 m, IV 1912, 9, Alluaud &amp; Jeannel (MNHN, MNHW); Pangani, 2, Methner (ZMHU), III 1904, 1, Methner (MNHW); Same, 12–16 V 1999, 1, Buzga (MNHW).</p> <p>ZAMBIA: Livingstone, 28 X 1941, 2, I 1942, 7, 11 I 1942, 1, 21–26 I 1942 5, 31 I 1942, 2, 7 II 1942, 2, 14 II 1942, 2, I 1943, 2, III 1943, 2, 5 XII 1943, 1, 25 XII 1943, 1, 30 XII 1943, 2, I 1944, 5, 6 II 1944, 1, W. Eichler (IZPAS).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B102A974FF6CFC610C9E958F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B100A94BFF6CFC3608F5919F.text	E417E526B100A94BFF6CFC3608F5919F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida kantnerorum Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida kantnerorum sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 22, 276–278)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5B68D654-33E4-4CB0-A5ED-7C0F844211D5</p> <p>Description. L: 4.65–5.75 mm, W: 3.45–4.20 mm, Lp: 1.65–2.00 mm, Wp: 2.70–3.45 mm, L/W: 1.31–1.40, Wp/ Lp: 1.64–1.75. Body oval, distinctly converging posterad, males stouter than females (figs. 276, 277).</p> <p>Body uniformly yellow, including head, ventrites, legs and antennae, some dry specimens preserve life green colour, especially on elytra (figs. 276–278).</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc almost flat, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin. Entire surface of disc with coarse punctation and dense wrinkles, appears irregular. Explanate margin broad, with shallow, coarse and dense punctation and with irregular interspaces, semitransparent with more or less well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly to moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, rounded to subangulate. Disc almost regularly convex in profile (fig. 278), with shallow postscutellar and principal impressions, with low but distinct H–shaped postscutellar elevation with short branches, second interval and often central part of fourth interval more or less convex. Punctation coarse and dense, on most parts of elytra appears completely irregular, only two rows along suture in posterior part and one or two submarginal rows tend to form more or less regular rows, distance between punctures mostly narrower or as wide as puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as or slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly not marked, only second and fourth interval linear but marginal interval distinct, broad, in humeral part as wide as two submarginal rows and submarginal interval combined, no humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, in the widest part 5.5 times narrower than disc, surface coarsely, densely, irregular punctate, appears rugose, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.5 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in angle, surface of clypeus flat, shiny, with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:56:59:56:56:44:53:44:47:53:100. Segment 3 approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 2 and as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat or only slightly impressed, shiny, without special sculpture, expanded apex flat, shiny, with several moderate, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Malawi (fig. 22).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida viridipennis species–group. It belongs to the complex of species with punctation of the elytral disc in large part irregular. The complex comprises also C. franklinmuelleri and C. sublesta. Cassida franklinmuelleri differs in the elytral disc in profile forming a regular arch (fig. 270). Cassida sublesta differs in a distinctly stouter body with L/W ratio 1.23–1.29 (1.31–1.40 in C. kantnerorum) and punctation of the central part of the disc tending to form regular rows and with the interspaces more regular than in C. kantnerorum.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype and 8 paratypes: [MALAWI]: Dedza env., 85 km SE of Lilongwe, 7–13 I 2002, leg. F. &amp; L. Kantner (MNHW, LS, MM); [MALAWI]: 8 paratypes: Dedza env., 85 km SE of Lilongwe, 7–18 XII 2001, leg. F. &amp; L. Kantner (MNHW); 23 paratypes: [MALAWI]: Malawi centr., Dedza env., 6–13 XII 2001, J. Bezděk leg. (MM); 8 paratypes: [MALAWI]: Malawi centr., Dedza env., 16–18 XII 2001, J. Bezděk (JB, MNHW, MM); 14 paratypes: [MALAWI]: Malawi centr., Dedza env., 6–13 I 2002, Obořil lgt. (MS, MNHW).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B100A94BFF6CFC3608F5919F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B13FA948FF6CFF6508D29797.text	E417E526B13FA948FF6CFF6508D29797.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida lacrymosa Boheman 1854	<div><p>Cassida lacrymosa Boheman, 1854</p> <p>(figs. 25, 182–189)</p> <p>Cassida lacrymosa Boheman, 1854: 397, 1856: 129, 1862: 310; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3655; Kolbe, 1898: 345; Borowiec, 1986: 805, 1995: 371, 1999 a: 260, 2005 a: 127; Rice, 2003: 81.</p> <p>Cassida lacrimosa [sic]: Spaeth, 1912 a: 504.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) lacrimosa: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Cassida trepidula Spaeth, 1932: 239; Shaw, 1956: 270; Borowiec, 1999 a: 288, new synonymy.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.00–5.00 mm, W: 3.15–3.90 mm, Lp: 1.50–1.75 mm, Wp: 2.60–3.20 mm, L/W: 1.17–1.33, Wp/Lp: 1.71–1.83. Body from short–oval to oval, males distinctly stouter than females (figs. 182, 183, 185, 186, 188–190).</p> <p>Pronotum uniformly yellow (figs. 183, 189, 190) or with small V–shaped brown spot in front of scutellum (fig. 186), sometimes disc with M–shaped brownish spot of diffused borders (fig. 185). Scutellum yellow, elytral disc yellow usually with numerous small black spots: on postscutellar elevation, three spots on second interval, few spots at base of disc and along sides, sometimes only punctures with dark centre. Spot on postscutellar elevation only occasionally absent, extreme pale specimens with dorsum uniformly yellow except indistinct small brownish spots on sides of elytral disc (fig. 188). Explanate margin always yellow. Head from completely yellow to black in basal part, especially in basal corners, thorax and abdomen in the palest specimens completely yellow but usually thorax completely black and abdomen from completely yellow to mostly black surrounded by yellow. Legs, except brown to black coxa in dark specimens, yellow. Antennae from uniformly yellow to apical two or three segments more or less infuscate, sometimes last two segments black.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides narrowly rounded, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except short lateral impression, area above head shallowly impressed. Surface of disc shiny, with fine and sparse punctation, distance between punctures mostly wider than puncture diameter, interspaces regular. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc moderately convex in profile (figs. 184, 187), with distinct postscutellar and principal impressions and distinct H–shaped postscutellar elevation, second interval more or less elevated. Punctation coarse and dense, arranged in completely regular rows, punctures in rows almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures not or only slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly linear, marginal interval distinct, as wide as submarginal interval and two marginal rows combined, no humeral fold, lateral fold usually distinct but sometimes obsolete. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part 4.5 times narrower than disc, surface shiny with shallow and dense punctation, appears irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus narrow, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in regular triangle, surface of clypeus flat with oval or round apical impression, shiny, with several very small, setose punctures. Labrum deeply emarginate to 1/3 length.Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:67:74:67:59:48:52:48:48:56:104. Segment 3 approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa slightly convex, along sides impressed with row of setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex centrally and impressed laterally, with moderately coarse and dense, setose punctures, surface appears more or less irregular.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Host plant. Acanthaceae: Duosperma crenatum (Lindau) (Rice 2003).</p> <p>Distribution. East and South Africa north to Somalia, south to Cape province in South Africa (fig. 25).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. It belongs to the complex of species with the elytral disc predominantly yellow with sparse brown to black pattern of small separate spots never forming distinct reticulation. The darkest form (figs. 185, 186) is similar to the typical form of C. depicta but it differs in a predominantly black colour, dark spots always black, occupying at least half surface of disc and often coalescent, forming a more or less distinct reticulation (figs. 128, 129). Pale forms of C. lacrymosa have a mostly reduced pattern similar to C. fuscosignata but differ in brown, small spots grouped mostly on top of the elytral disc (figs. 191, 192) while in C. lacrymosa the brown, small spots are grouped mostly on the sides of the elytral disc (figs. 188, 190). Both species are separated geographically, C. fuscosignata is known only from Senegal while C. lacrymosa is wide spread in East and South Africa north to Somalia, south to Cape Province in South Africa.</p> <p>Types examined. Lectotype and four paralectotypes of Cassida lacrymosa Boheman, 1854, designated by Borowiec, 1999: 260: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Natal, Pt. Natal, Vahlberg (NRS, MM); paralectotype of Cassida lacrymosa Boheman, 1854, designated by Borowiec, 1999: 260: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Caffraria, Bhn (NRS); paralectotype of Cassida lacrymosa Boheman, 1854, designated by Borowiec, 1999: 260: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Port Natal, 1, Bohem. (ZMHU); syntype of Cassida trepidula Spaeth, 1932: [ZAMBIA]: Kashitu, N of Broken Hill, I 1945, 1, H.C. Dollman (MM); syntype of Cassida trepidula Spaeth, 1932: [ZAMBIA]: Mwenga, 28 VII 1913, 1, H.C. Dollman (BMNH).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. ETHIOPIA: Arushi Prov., Lake Zwai at Laki, 1650 m, 7–8 II 1968, 1 ex., Brinck– Enckelt (LU).</p> <p>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Elisabethville, 1, Miss. Agric. (MRAC); Kivu, Terr. Mwenga, Kitutu, 650 m, IV 1958, 1, N. Leleup (MNHW); Tanganika Terr., Malonge, VI 1943, 3, H.J. Bredo (MNHW).</p> <p>KENYA: Elsamere, 29 III 1997, 1, ABD (TD); Kibwezi, 23 V 1980, 1, D. Furth (PMNH); Malindi, 27 IX–14 X 1992, 1, L. Bartolozzi (MZUF); Masongaleni, 29 III–1 IV 1911, 1, S.A. Neave (MNHW); Naivasha, 26 VII 1992, 1, S. Kirmse (Erfurt); Naivasha, BC, 9 X 2000, 1, ABD (TD); Naivasha, Joan Root, 1 VI 1999, 1, 31 III 2002, 1, 8 IV 2002, 1, ABD (TD); Njorowa Gorge, Hells Gate, 18 IV 1998, 1, ABD (TD); 50 km N Namanga, Ilbisil env., 18 XI 1007, 1, M. Snižek (MS); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.00403&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.3557222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.00403/lat -3.3557222)">Watamu</a> env.– Watamu Beach, 3°21’20.6”S, 40°00’14.5”E, 21 I 2015, 1, J. Oboňa leg. (LS).</p> <p>MALAWI: Nyika Nat. Park, 6 XII 1986, 1, E. Holm &amp; E. Marais (WM).</p> <p>MOZAMBIQUE: Chupanga, 1, Tavares (ZMHU); Sofala prov., 50 km S Inchope, 17–18 XII 2005, 1, A. Kudrna (LS).</p> <p>NAMIBIA: E Caprivi, Katima Mulilo, 3–8 III 1992, 1, U. Göllner (ZMHU); Kavango, Kaudom–Camp, 25 II 1992, 1, U. Göllner (ZMHU); Kavango, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.33&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.07" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.33/lat -18.07)">Popa Falls</a>, 18.07 S 21.33 E, 26–31 VIII 1971, 1 (WM); Windhoek, III–IV 1989, 3, J. Irish (ZMHU).</p> <p>NIGERIA: Ife, 7–8 VII 1973, 1, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH); Olokemeji forest, 9 VII 1973, 1, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH).</p> <p>RWANDA: Rubona, 17 V 1963, 1, G. Pierrard (MNHW).</p> <p>SOMALIA: Gatschin, 1, O. Neumann (ZMHU).</p> <p>SOUTH AFRICA: Cap, 1, Krebs (ZMHU); Cape Prov., Somerset East, X 1930, 1, XI 1930, 1, R.E. Turner (MNHW); Dunbrody, 1 (MM); Dunbrody, 1 (MNHW); E Cape, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.4626&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.5964" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.4626/lat -31.5964)">N of Ndwalane</a>, 60-120 m, -31.5964 / 29.4626, 30 XI 2019, 1, P. Jałoszyński (MNHW); E Cape, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.5061&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.6528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.5061/lat -31.6528)">Silaka Reserve</a>, 10 m, -31.6528 / 29.5061, 29 XI 2019, 1, P. Jałoszyński (MNHW); Eastern Cape Prov., Hogsback State Forest, Hogsback Pass, approximately 1000 m, 26 V 1998, 1, Grobbelaar et al. (NIC); Eastern Cape Prov., Hogsback State Forest, Amatolaarea, west of Stutterheim, 32°36’E, 26°56’E, 1 (ARC); Fountains, Pretoria, 7 XI 1951, 1, A.L. Capener (MM); Free State, W of Bothaville, Vaal river, 24 XII 2008, 1, M. Snižek (MS); Kaffraria, 1 (NMP); Limpopo Prov., Ben Alberts Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.383333/lat -24.616667)">Thabazimbi</a>, 24°37’S, 27°23’E, 1 (ARC); Limpopo Prov., Thabazimbi, 12 XII 2008, 3, M. Snižek (MS); Limpopo Prov., Wyliespoort, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.933332/lat -22.9)">Soutpansberg</a> N of Louis Trichardt, 22°54’S, 29°56’E, 1 (ARC); Mpumalanga Prov., Skukuza, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.583334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.583334/lat -24.983334)">Kruger Nat. Park</a>, 24°59’S, 31°35’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Durban, 1, P. Reineck (ZMHU); Natal, Malvern, X 1897, 1, Cassida trepidula det. S. Shaw (DNHM); Port Natal, 1 (ZMHU); Natal, Umkomas, 3–12 III 1957, 1, A.L. Capener (MNHW); North West Prov., Bothaville, Vall riv., 16 I 2003, 3, M. Snižek (MS, MNHW); North West Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.2/lat -25.666666)">Rustenburg Nat. Res.</a>, 25°40’S, 27°12’E, 1 (ARC); Transvaal, Berlin, 23 X 1986, 11, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Transvaal, 15 km E Klaserie (MZSNV); Transval, nr Pretoria, 18 VII 1953, 1, A. v Peez (MNHW); Transvaal, Pretoria, Fountains, 13 XI 1985, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Mbaramu, 1, v. d. Dick (ZMHU); Mt. Meru, W slope, Olkokola, 26 IX 1965, 2, J. Szunyoghy (HNHM); Utete–Rufiji, Kindwitvi, 10–14 XII 1993, 1, M. Snižek (MS); Zanzibar, 1, R.P. Guillemé (MM).</p> <p>UGANDA: Entebbe, 18 IV 1971, 2, H. Gønget (ZMC, MNHW).</p> <p>ZAMBIA: Northern Prov., 40 km SW of Mpika, 1450 m, 11 XII 2009, 1, F. Kantner (LS).</p> <p>ZIMBABWE: Gweru, Nalatale Ruins, 7 XII 1998, 1, M. Snižek (MS); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.986944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.518333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.986944/lat -17.518333)">Mazowe</a>, Dam, 17°31’06’’S / 30°59’13’’E, 11 VI 1998, 1, 19 VI 1998, 4, 17 IX 1998, 1, M. Rice (MER); 40 km N Mhangura, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.111668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.625278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.111668/lat -16.625278)">Chipiri lake</a>, 16°37’31”S, 30°06’42”E, 19 IX 1998, 1, M. Rice (MER); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.29&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.39" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.29/lat -17.39)">Mutirikiwi Recr. Park</a>, 41 km of Great Zimbabwe, 17.39 S 27.29 E, 9 III 2000, 1, U. Heinig (UH); Mvuma, route Gutu–Chatsworth, 24 II 1998, 1, M. Snižek (MS).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B13FA948FF6CFF6508D29797	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B13CA94FFF6CF96D0D919607.text	E417E526B13CA94FFF6CF96D0D919607.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida leleupi Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida leleupi sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 15, 126–127)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A88E62B6-9924-4281-BFC5-C479973B3C3A</p> <p>Description. L: 4.30–4.90 mm, W: 3.55–4.10 mm, Lp: 1.40–1.65 mm, Wp: 2.50–2.85 mm, L/W: 1.15–1.29, Wp/ Lp: 1.69–1.79. Body oval to almost circular, males slightly stouter than female (fig. 120).</p> <p>Pronotum yellow, disc with large, black, triangular spot occupying almost entire surface of disc except sides, insides the black spot close to scutellum two large, yellow spots closed or open laterally.Apex of the triangular black spot acute. Scutellum black. Elytral disc with black ground colour and pattern of yellow or orange spots. In humeral area the black ground colour extending to marginal row in posterolateral area extending to submarginal row but in the middle and on apex margin of the black spot emarginate. Yellow pattern forms two small, round spots close to base of scutellum, two very small spots at apex of scutellum, small spot in anterolateral part of disc, two large, spots at sides of postscutellar point, two smaller spots in the mid length of disc close to suture, oblique band in ¾ length of disc close to suture, and two small spots in posterolateral part of disc (fig. 120). In some specimens anterolateral spots and at least external half of posterior bands orange. Ventrites, legs and antennae usually uniformly yellow, only apex of last antennal segment infuscate but in some specimens central part of abdomen infuscate to black but broadly surrounded by yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, sides broadly rounded. Disc indistinctly margined from explanate margin, without distinct lateral lobes, surface smooth and shiny. Explanate margin broad, with honeycomb structure, surface smooth and shiny.</p> <p>Base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate, elytral margin behind humeral angle shallowly but distinctly emarginate thus humeral angle form minute spine. Disc moderately, regularly convex in profile (fig. 121), with shallow postscutellar and principal impressions emphasized by yellow spots. Punctation fine and sparse, distance between punctures mostly wider than puncture diameter. Rows regular but interrupted by yellow spots. Marginal row distinct, its punctures only slightly coarser than in submarginal row, dense with distance between punctures mostly narrower than puncture diameter. Intervals 1.5–2.5 times as wide as rows, flat, their surface slightly alutaceous to shiny. Marginal interval without humeral fold, lateral fold very narrow, hardly visible or obsolete. Explanate margin moderately declivous, broad, in the widest part approximately three times narrower than disc, its surface shallowly and densely punctate, appears slightly irregular.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as long as wide, flat. Clypeal grooves fine, in basal part run very close to margin of eye, apically converging in arch. Surface of clypeal plate impunctate, shiny. Labrum emarginate to ¼ length. Antennae slim, segment 9 approximately 1.8 times as long as wide, segment 10 twice longer than wide, segment 11 very long, 1.8 times as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:51:63:63:60:57:57:54:57:60:120. Segment 3 from 1.2 times as long as segment 2 and approximately as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternal process narrow, flat and impunctate between coxae, very broad apically, central part of rhomboidal apex shiny with few punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda (fig. 15).</p> <p>Remarks. General shape, dorsal colouration and sculpture brings this species close only to Cassida benguelica but it differs in the body less circular, humeral angles rather angulate than acute with elytral margin very shallowly emarginate behind the humeral angle, base of elytra at apex of scutellum without yellow spots (in C. leleupi with two small spots), central elytral spots distinctly elevated and marked with 1–2 coarse punctures (in C. leleupi all spots are not elevated and impunctate), pronotal spot with rounded apex (in C. leleupi apex of pronotal spot is acute) and a black ground colour behind the humeral callus extending to submarginal row (in C. leleupi extending to marginal row). Pronotal sides in C. leleupi are more broadly rounded than in C. benguelica, punctures of the disc ae approximately twice smaller than in C. benguelica, and the surface of the disc is more shiny with mirror brilliance while in C. benguelica the surface is slightly alutaceous.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Kivu, T. Uvira, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.4833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.233334/lat -2.4833333)">Mulenge</a>, 2500 m, VIII 1959, N. Leleup (MRAC); paratype: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Zaire, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.4833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.233334/lat -2.4833333)">Kivu</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.4833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.233334/lat -2.4833333)">Lwiro</a> (110 km W <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.4833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.233334/lat -2.4833333)">Bukavu</a>), 27.8.1984, leg. H. Mühle (LS); paratype: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.4833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.233334/lat -2.4833333)">Kivu</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.4833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.233334/lat -2.4833333)">Irangi</a>, 18.2.1984, leg. H. Mühle (LS); paratype: [RWANDA]: Pref. Cyangugu, Umg. Nyakabuye, 12 V 1985, leg. H. Mühle (MNHW); paratype: [RWANDA]: Rwanda, Nyungwe, Pindura, 2°29’S / 29°14’E, 2750 m, 24.III.2007, T. Wagner (MNHW); paratype: [RWANDA]: Afrika, Ruanda, Pref. Cyangugu, Umg. Nyakabuye, 24.2.1984, leg. H. Mühle (LS).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B13CA94FFF6CF96D0D919607	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B13BA94EFF6CF9DD0F24943F.text	E417E526B13BA94EFF6CF9DD0F24943F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida limpopoana Borowiec & Swietojanska 2001	<div><p>Cassida limpopoana Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001</p> <p>(figs. 18, 317–319)</p> <p>Cassida limpopoana Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001: 158.</p> <p>Description. L: 6.10–7.60 mm, W: 4.50–5.60 mm, Lp: 2.30–2.60 mm, Wp: 3.70–4.50 mm, L/W: 1.26–1.39, Wp/ Lp: 1.61–1.73. Body short–oval, sides regularly rounded (figs. 317, 318).</p> <p>Uniformly yellow or yellowish green, including ventrites, legs and antennae (figs. 317–319). In some specimens on humeri and on slope there are irregular, pale yellow spots probably as effect of inappropriate maturation.</p> <p>Pronotum almost semicircular, with maximum width at base, sides angulate. Disc not bordered from explanate margin. Surface of disc finely, shallowly punctate, punctures much finer than those of elytral disc. Distance between punctures mostly as wide as to slightly narrower than puncture diameter. Surface between punctures appears slightly irregular. Explanate margin of pronotum appears impunctate, surface regular.</p> <p>Base of elytra as wide as base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc distinctly, regularly convex in profile, without impressions or elevations (fig. 319). Punctation completely irregular, moderate, quite dense, distance between punctures from twice narrower to as wide as puncture diameter, but surface between punctures regular. Marginal row and marginal interval not marked. Explanate margin strongly declivous, moderately broad, in the widest part 4.5–5 times narrower than disc, its punctation slightly coarser than on disc but very sparse, in some specimens margins appear impunctate, their surface regular.</p> <p>Eyes short, the shortest in the group, gena elongate, distance between under margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum more than twice longer than half eye width. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.7 times as wide as long, clypeal grooves very fine, run close to margin and at top converging in triangle. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly elongate. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:53:86:66:60:53:63:66:70: 70:113. Segment 3 approximately 1.6 times longer than 2 and approximately 1.3 times longer than 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa, flat, shiny,</p> <p>Distribution. Malawi, Mozambique and S Zimbabwe (fig. 18).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida litigiosa species–group. It belongs to the complex of large species with an almost semicircular pronotum. This complex comprises also C. distinguenda, C. pudens, and C. wittmeri. Cassida distinguenda next to C. wittmeri is the slimmest species of this complex, but differs in larger eyes, more coarse punctation of pronotal and elytral disc and less convex elytral disc (figs. 309, 310). Cassida wittmeri also differs in more elongate body and strongly declivous explanate margin of elytra (figs. 307, 308). Cassida pudens differs in longer eyes, slightly coarser and denser elytral punctation, less convex elytral disc and less declivous explanate margin of elytra (figs. 333 – 335).</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype and 6 paratypes: [ZIMBABWE]: Beit Bridge, 500 m, 13V1958, 8, R. zur Strassen (SMF, MNHW); paratype: [MALAWI]: Nyasaland, Beua, VIII. 1929 (MNHW); paratype: [MOZAMBIQUE]: Lourenço – Marquès, Makulane (T.d.), G. Audeoud (MNHW).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B13BA94EFF6CF9DD0F24943F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B13AA943FF6CFBC509FF9693.text	E417E526B13AA943FF6CFBC509FF9693.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida litigiosa Boheman 1854	<div><p>Cassida litigiosa Boheman, 1854</p> <p>(figs. 26, 295–297)</p> <p>Cassida litigiosa Boheman, 1854: 481; 1856: 145; 1862: 348; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3655; Borowiec, 1985: 241, 1995: 371, 1999: 262; Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997: 631.</p> <p>Odontionycha litigiosa: Weise, 1904 b: 173.</p> <p>Cassida (Odontionycha) litigiosa: Spaeth, 1914 b: 93; Shaw, 1956: 271.</p> <p>Cassida tenera Boheman, 1854: 483; 1856: 145; 1862: 349; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3659; Spaeth, 1939: 19 (as syn. of litigiosa).</p> <p>Cassida (Odontionycha) tenera: Spaeth, 1914 b: 93.</p> <p>Cassida aridella Weise, 1908: 151; Borowiec, 1999: 262 (as syn. of litigiosa).</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) aridella: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Cassida porracea Chevrol.: Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3655 (nomen nudum).</p> <p>Description. L: 3.60–4.80, W: 2.30–3.20 mm, Lp: 1.40–1.60 mm, Wp: 2.20–2.50 mm, L/W: 1.46–1.65, Wp/Lp: 1.56–1.57. Body elongate–oval, distinctly converging posterad (figs. 295, 296).</p> <p>Uniformly yellow or yellowish green, including ventrites, legs and antennae (figs. 295–297).</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width before the middle, sides rounded. Disc not bordered from explanate margin. Surface of disc finely, very shallowly punctate, punctures much finer than those of elytral disc, hardly visible. Distance between punctures on sides from as wide as to twice wider than puncture diameter, on top of disc punctation very sparse, in area above head mostly impunctate, in many specimens pronotum appears impunctate. Surface of disc regular. Explanate margin of pronotum impunctate, surface regular.</p> <p>Base of elytra not or only slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc moderately, regularly convex in profile (fig. 297), without impressions or with shallow elongate impression in anterior part of sides and behind the middle, without elevations. Punctation coarse and dense, punctures almost touching each other, surface appears irregular. In many specimens, in sutural half of disc, there are one or two elevated longitudinal lines. Explanate margin narrow, in the widest part six times narrower than disc, strongly declivous, almost perpendicular to surface, with very shallow punctation, thus surface appears rather irregular than punctate.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena very short, distance between under margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum more than twice shorter than half eye length. Clypeus broad, 1.3–1.4 times as wide as long, clypeal grooves fine, converging in triangle, between grooves and margin of eye row of hairy punctures, clypeal plate flat or shallowly impressed, shiny with several small hairy punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae stout, especially in specimens from western part of distribution area, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100: 62:72:68:66:53:68:50:64–68:60–62:100. Segment 3 approximately 1.2 times longer than 2 and approximately and slightly shorter than 4.</p> <p>Prosternum narrow in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa shallowly impressed, shiny, with few setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex in the middle, surface shiny, with few small setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with small basal tooth.</p> <p>Host plants. Aizoaceae: Tetagonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze (H. Heron pers. comm., new family host for the subfamily Cassidinae and the genus Cassida L.); Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell. (H. Heron pers. comm.), Amaranthus hybridus L., A. viridis L. (Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997); Chenopodiaceae: Chenopodium album L. (Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997, Borowiec 1999, Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska 2001, Heron 2008); Chenopodium murale L. (H. Heron pers. comm.); Exomis microphylla (Thunberg) Allen (Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska 2001); Rhagodia parabolica R. Brown (Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997, Borowiec 1999, Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska 2001); Rhagodia sp. (Addington type) (H. Heron pers. comm.); Salvadoraceae: Salvadora persica L.—adults only (Heron &amp; Borowiec 1997, Borowiec 1999, Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska 2001); Polygonaceae: Emex australis Steinh. —adults only (Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997, Borowiec 1999, Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska 2001). Record from Atriplex nummularia Lindley (Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997) now concerns Cassida reticulipennis Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001.</p> <p>Distribution. Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe (fig. 26).</p> <p>Remarks. Populations from the northwestern part of the range, especially from Namibia, usually have shorter antennae than populations from the eastern part of the range, also the size of the basal tooth of the claws varies and in some populations the claws appear untoothed.</p> <p>A member of the Cassida litigiosa species–group. It belongs to the complex of species with a more or less elongate body, elytra distinctly converging posterad and with strongly declivous explanate margin of elytra (figs. 300–302). The complex comprises also C. lycii, C. melanophthalma and C. reticulipennis. The first two species distinctly differ in the coarse punctation of the pronotum while in C. litigiosa the punctation of the pronotum is fine, shallow, punctures much finer than those of the elytral disc, hardly visible. Cassida reticulipennis is very similar but differs in a slightly stouter body (L/W 1.38–1.45, in C. litigiosa usually 1.46–1.65) and a slightly coarser but sparser elytral punctation (figs. 298, 299). Cassida oxylepiformis has the body also elongate but almost parallel sided, with an extremely declivous explanate margin of elytra, cylindrical (fig. 293).</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype of Cassida litigiosa Boheman, 1854: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cap. B. Sp. (NRS); holotype of Cassida tenera Boheman, 1854: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cap, Krebs; syntype of Cassida aridella Weise, 1908: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Transvaal, 1, K. Hartmann (ZMHU).</p> <p>Other specimens e xamined. BOTSWANA: Botswana, 14 IX 1974, 2, R. McBee (MSU); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.5/lat -21.5)">Central Kalahari</a>, Deception Valley, 21°30’S, 23°30’E, 24 III 1996, 1, J. Jakubec (LS); Gaberones, II 1915, 4, R. Ellenberger (MNHN); Maun, Island Safari Lodge env., 2–15 I 1994, 1, M. Snižek (MS); Serowe, 11 IX 1984, 2, P. Farchhammer (NIC).</p> <p>NAMIBIA: Aranos, 15 IV 1987, 3, D. Barnard (NIC); Bushmanland, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.48" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.35/lat -19.48)">Gautsche Pan</a>, 19.48 S 20.35 E, 9–13 VI 1971, 1 (WM); Bushmanland, Klein Dobe, 19–21 II 1992, 3, U. Göllner (ZMHU); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.37&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.04" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.37/lat -19.04)">Bushmanland</a>, 18 km W of Tsotsana, 19.04 S 20.37 E, 14–19 VI 1971, 1 (WM); Caprivi Zipfel, Katima Mulilo, 3–8 III 1992, 1, U. Göllner (ZMHU), 15–24 I 1995, 5, M. Snižek (MS, MNHW), 15–24 I 1995, 2, F. Kantner (FK); Damaraland, Abachaus, I 1947, 1, G. Hobohm (TM), VI 1951, 1, C. Koch (TM); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.59&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.22" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.59/lat -22.22)">Damaraland</a>, 6 km N Arandis, 22.22 S 14.59 E, 15 I 1985, 1, E. Griffin (WM); Diamond Area, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.11&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.22" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.11/lat -25.22)">Uri–Hauchab Mt.</a>, 25.22 S 15.11 E, 24–26 V 1983, 1, J. Irish (WM); Ella West, Rehoboth, 4 IX 1972, 2 (WM); Etosha Nat. Park, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.59&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.34" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.59/lat -18.34)">Ekuma Riv.</a>, 18.34 S 15.59 E, 30 III 1987, 5, E. Marais &amp; J. Irish (WM); Etosha Nat. Park, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.57&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.58" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.57/lat -18.58)">Tobiroen</a>, 18.58 S 14.57 E, 15 V 1987, 1, E. Griffin (WM); Gobabais, Farm Boxagen, 1–3 X 1991, 8, U. Göllner (ZMHU); Grootfontein, Farm Hurisib, 8–9 X 1991, 2, U. Göllner (ZMHU); Grootfontein, Klein Nosib, IV 1989, 2, J. Irish (ZMHU); Hereroland East, W of Theronsvallei, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.27&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.36" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.27/lat -20.36)">Eiseb River</a>, 20.36 S 20.27 E, 1, E. Marais (WM); Kaokoland, Ondorusu Falls, 23–26 VIII 1973, 43 (WM); Kaokoland, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.217388&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.40661" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.217388/lat -17.40661)">Ruacana</a> waterfall, 17°24’23.8’’S 14°13’02.6’’E, 780 m, 26, R. Dobosz &amp; G. Kopij (MNHW, USMB); Kavango, Andara, 20–25 VIII 1971, 6 (WM); Kavango, Kaudom–Camp, 22–25 II 1992, 1, U. Göllner (ZMHU); Kavango, Mahango Game Res., 28 II 1992, 1, U. Göllner (ZMHU); Kavango, Popa Falls, 26–31 VIII 1971, 4 (MW), 26 II–3 III 1992, 1, U. Göllner (ZMHU); Kavango, Takwasa, 14–19 I 1971, 7 (WM); Namaland, Mukorob, 12–14 IV 1974, 1 (WM), 27 III 1988, 5, E. Marais &amp; J. Irish (WM); Okahandja, II 1978, 1, S.J. van Tonder (NIC), 28–30 XI 2004, 1, M. Klícha (LS); Omaruru, Farm Otjna, 5–7 X 1991, 3, U. Göllner (ZMHU); Osona n. Okahandja, III–IV 1989, 9, J. Irish (ZMHU); Otavi, II 1978, 1, S.J. van Tonder (NIC); 35 km E Otavi, Kombat, 1640 m, 1, Wiesner &amp; Worm (SMNS); Otjiwarongo Distr., Abachaus, XII 1957, 5, G. Hobohm (MM); SW Kalahari, Stamprietfontein, XI 1948, Koch &amp; van Son (MNHW); Swakopmund, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.02&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.28" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.02/lat -22.28)">Rössing Mine</a>, 22.28 S 15.02 E, 20 XI 1984, 1, E. Griffin (WM); Swakopmund, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.01&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.29" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.01/lat -22.29)">Upper Panner Gorge</a>, 22.29 S 15.01 E, 20 XI 1984, 1, E. Griffin (WM); Swartbooidrift, 24 VIII 1959, 4, F. Gaerdes (ZSM); Windhoek, 1–6 I 1974, 2 (WM), 7–13 I 1974, 2 (WM), 14–23 I 1974, 4 (WM), 4–11 II 1974, 5 (WM, MNHW), 11–17 II 1974, 8 (WM), 18–24 II 1974, 4 (WM), 25 II–5 III 1974, 6 (WM), 18–31 III 1974, 2 (WM), 1–12 IV 1974, 2 (WM), 1–31 X 1974, 1 (WM), 1–11 XI 1974, 1 (WM), 26 V 1984, 1 (NIC), 4–5 XI 1991, 2, U. Göllner (ZMHU); Windhoek, Regenstein, 12 XII 1973, 1 (WM); Windhoek, Rieselfelder, 30 IX 1991, 1, U. Göllner (ZMHU).</p> <p>SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape, Addo, approximately 100 m, 1, Grobbelaar et al. (NIC); Eastern Cape, Roadside 22 km WNW Alexandria, approximately 200 m, 29 V 1996, 3, Grobbelaar et al. (NIC); Eastern Cape, Aliwal North, 15–17 X 1968, 1, J.H. Potgieter (TM), III 1979, 1, C.D. Eardley et al. (NIC); Eastern Cape Prov., Burnt Kraal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.283333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.483334/lat -33.283333)">Grahamstown</a>, 33°17’S, 26°29’E, 1 (ARC); Eastern Cape, n. Craddock, 25 VII 1985, 3, on Emex australis, J. Scott &amp; M. Way (NIC); Eastern Cape, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.59&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.38" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.59/lat -31.38)">9 km NW Engoobo</a>, 1300 m, 31.38 S 27.59 E, 4 XII 1995, 1, M. Biondi (DS); Eastern Cape, near Grahamstown, 15 VI 1983, 1, VI 1983, 2 on Exomis microphylla, G.H. Walter (NIC); Eastern Cape, Middelburg, 1974, 2, J. Möhr (NIC), 28 VI 1976, 1, E.V. Cloete (NIC); Eastern Cape Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.266666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.333332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.266666/lat -33.333332)">Steytlerville</a>, 33°20’S, 24°16’E, 1 (ARC); Free State, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.883333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.433332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.883333/lat -28.433332)">Lancaster Quarry</a>, 32 km SW of Harrismith, 28°26’S, 28°53’E, 1 (HH); Free State, Tuseen die Rivier Resreve, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.2/lat -30.5)">Bethulie</a>, 30°30’S, 26°12’E, 1 (ARC); Limpopo Prov., D’Nyala Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.816668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.816668/lat -23.75)">Ellisras district</a>, 23°45’S, 27°49’E, 1 (ARC); Limpopo Prov., Letaba, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.566668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.566668/lat -23.85)">Kryger Nat. Park</a>, 23°51’S, 31°34’E, 1 (ARC); Limpopo Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.316668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.316668/lat -24.85)">Warmbaths</a>, 24°51’S, 28°19’E, 1 (ARC); Northern Cape Prov., Bladgrond, 60 km from <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.916666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.916666/lat -28.883333)">Pofadder</a>, 28°53’S, 19°55’E, 1 (ARC); Northern Cape, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.32&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.32/lat -30.2)">Bynes Krans</a>, 30.20 S 17.32 E, 17 IX 1982, 1, M.–L. Penrith (WM); Northern Cape, Groblershoop, 9 X 1986, 7, C.G. Moolman (NIC, MNHW); Northern Cape, Kimberley, 29 I 1971, 1, H. van Schalkwyk &amp; A. Pienaar (NIC); Northern Cape Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.683332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.683332/lat -28.733334)">Orange River valley</a>, 4 km NE of Kakamas, 28°44’S, 20°41’E, 1 (ARC); Western Cape, Cape Flats, I 1941, 2, C.J. Joubert (NIC); Western Cape, Clanwilliam, 10 III 1985, 1 on Tribulus terrestris, R. Sheperd (NIC); Western Cape, Lamberts Bay, 20 XI 1975, 1, S. EndrödyYounga (TM); Western Cape, Namaqua, 1 (MM); Western Cape, Stellenbosch, II 1978, 2, S. Neser (NIC); Western Cape Prov., Storms River Mouth, Tsitsikamma, 1 (ARC); Western Cape, Swartbg., Meiringspoort, 23 IX 1985, 2, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Free State, W of Bothaville, Vaal river, 24 XII 2008, 4, M. Snižek (MS); Kalahari Gemsbok Nat. Park, 16–24 V 1966, 1, H.K. Munro (NIC); KZN, Roadside W Mooi River, 1500 m, 22 IV 1998, 1, Neser et al. (NIC); Mossel Bay, Cape province, 25 XI 1938, 9, R. E. Turner (BMNH, LS); Natal, Addington, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.333334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.333334/lat -29.85)">Durban</a>, 29°51’S, 31°20’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Brighton Beach, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.00389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.891388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.00389/lat -29.891388)">Bluff</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.00389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.891388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.00389/lat -29.891388)">Durban</a>, 29°53’29’’S, 31°00’14’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Canelands area, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.516666/lat -29.616667)">Verulam</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.516666/lat -29.616667)">North Coast</a>, 29°37’S, 31°31’E, 1 (HH); Natal, „Eden Lassie”, near Ingomankulu, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.483334/lat -29.783333)">Camperdown district</a>, 29°47’S, 30°29’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Malvern, 1 II 1950, 3, A. Capener (ZSM); Natal, Richmond, XII 1954, 1 (MRAC); Natal, Umbilo, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.383333/lat -29.6)">Durban</a>, 29°36’S, 30°23’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Winkelspruit, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.85/lat -30.083334)">Kingsburgh</a>, 30°05’S, 30°51’E, 1 (HH); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.583334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.583334/lat -28.766666)">Winterton</a>, 28°46’S, 29°35’E, 1 (HH); North West Prov., Bothaville, Vaal riv., 27 XI 2002, 1, M. Snižek (MS); North West Prov., 20 km W Bothaville, Klerksdorp, 31 I 2001, 1, M. Snižek (MS); North West Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.966667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.966667/lat -26.083334)">25 km NW of Setlagole</a>, 26°05’S, 24°58’E, 1–2 II 2003, 1, R. + H. Fouquè leg. (LS); Pieter Maritzburg, 1919, 1, Schwarze leg. (LS); Oranje F. State, Adullam Farm n. Clarens, 20–26 II 1980, 1, J. van Tonder (NIC); Oranje F. State, Bethulie, Game Farm, 29 XI–3 XII 1982, 1 (BM); Oranje F. State, Bothaville, 28 I 1971, 1, H. van Schalkwyk &amp; A. Pienaar (NIC); Oranje F. State, Fouriesburg, 20–26 II 1980, 1, C. Kok (NIC); Oranje F. State, Harrismith, 4 XII 1984, 1, P. Reavell (NIC); Oranje F. State, Jacobsdal, 16–18 XI 1981, 1, Louw et al. (BM); Oranje F. State, Vrede, 9–15 II 1979, 1, A. Strydom (BM); Pietermaritzburg, Natal, 22 IX 1904, 1 (LS); Rooiberg, XI 1934, 1, P. T. Parker (BMNH); Transvaal, Kruger Nat. Park, Nwanedesi Firebreak, 1, A.C. Kemp (TM); Transvaal, Letaba, 15 I 1965, 1, A.L. Capener (NIC); Transvaal, Malvern, 1 II 1957, 1, A.L. Capener (MNHW); Transvaal, Nelspruit, IV 1920, 1 (NIC); Transvaal, Njelele R., farm “Joan”, IX 1939, 2, H.K. Munro (NIC); Transvaal, Nylsvley Nature Res., 1095 m, V 1978, 1, G. Ferreria (NIC); Transvaal, Potgietersrus, Hulpfontein, 5 III 1963, 1, H. van Schalkwyk (NIC); Transvaal, Platrivier, I–II 1903, 2, v. Jutrzencka (TM); Transvaal, Pretoria, 1, G. van Son (TM); Transvaal, Rooiberg, XI 1934, 4, P.T. Parker (NIC); Transvaal, Soutpansberg, 17 III 1973, 1 S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Transvaal, Waterberg, 1898–1899, 1, v. Jutrzencka (TM); Warmbath, 22 XII 1964, 1, A.L. Capener (NIC); Weenen, Natal, XI 1928 – III 1929, 1, H. P. Thomaset (BMNH).</p> <p>ZAMBIA: Livigstone, 28 VIII 1941, 2, W. Eichler (IZPAS).</p> <p>ZIMBABWE: 20 km SE Birchennough Bridge, 24 XII 1998, 6, M. Snižek (MS), 24 I 1998, 1, F. Kantner (FK).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B13AA943FF6CFBC509FF9693	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B137A942FF6CFE690F429663.text	E417E526B137A942FF6CFE690F429663.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida luxuriosa Spaeth 1940	<div><p>Cassida luxuriosa Spaeth, 1940</p> <p>(figs. 24, 284–286)</p> <p>Cassida luxuriosa Spaeth, 1940: 263; Borowiec, 1999 a: 263.</p> <p>Cassida cruenta Shaw, 1961: 28, not Fabricius, 1792: 293; Borowiec, 1994 b: 156 (as syn.).</p> <p>Description. L: 4.25–4.60 mm, W: 3.25–3.70 mm, Lp: 1.45–1.80 mm, Wp: 2.40–2.90 mm, L/W: 1.24–1.31, Wp/ Lp: 1.61–1.66. Body oval (figs. 284, 285).</p> <p>Pronotum and scutellum pale yellow. Elytra pale yellow (fig. 284), or yellow and elytral disc on slope with large, reddish, ring–shaped figure (fig. 285), sometimes the ring is divided into separate eight spots, reddish to brown. Head, ventrites and legs yellow. Antennal segments 1–7 yellow, apical four segments black.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except short lateral impression. Surface of disc shiny, with very fine and sparse punctation. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc slightly irregularly convex in profile (fig. 286), with distinct postscutellar and principal impressions and obtuse H–shaped figure, second interval slightly convex, on sides of disc few low, transverse folds. Punctation moderately coarse arranged in completely regular rows, moderately dense to dense, distance between punctures from as wide as to twice wider than puncture diameter, on sides of disc rows interrupted by elevated folds. Marginal row distinct, its punctures only twice coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly flat, mostly as wide as rows only second interval in anterior part twice wider than rows, surface shiny, marginal interval in humeral part as wide as submarginal row interval and two rows combined in posterior half as wide as submarginal interval, no humeral but distinct lateral fold. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface shiny with moderately coarse and dense punctation, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena very short but visible. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.3 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, runs close to margin of eye, apically converging in triangle, surface of clypeus flat, shiny with few very small punctures. Labrum broadly minutely emarginate. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:61:64:64:46:64:57:57:64:114. Segment 3 approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 2 and approximately as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa impressed, along sides with row of punctures, central part of expanded apex convex, shiny with few punctures, lateral parts impressed flat with several dense punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Kenya (fig. 24).</p> <p>Remarks. A distinct species with no close relatives among African members of the genus Cassida. Typical forms with a reddish ellipsoidal figure on elytral slope (fig. 285) are distinct from all African species. Immaculate forms (fig. 284) differ from all small, uniformly yellow species in the fine, sparse punctation of elytra with distance between punctures at least on top of disc partly as large as or larger than puncture diameter and intervals on sides of disc partly as wide as, to wider, than rows (fig. 286).</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype of Cassida luxuriosa Spaeth, 1940: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Lulua, Tshibamba, II 1932, F.G. Overlaet (MRAC); holotype of Cassida cruenta Shaw, 1961: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Upemba Nat. Park, Lufwa, 1700 m, 16 III 1948, Miss. de Witte (MRAC).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. CAMEROON: Djuttitsa, 23 III 1977, 1 (MNHW).</p> <p>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Elisabethville, XI 1911, 1, Miss. Agric. (MRAC).</p> <p>KENYA: Kwale, VI 1948, 1, van Someren (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B137A942FF6CFE690F429663	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B136A941FF6CF9F90F8690DC.text	E417E526B136A941FF6CF9F90F8690DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida lycii Borowiec & Swietojanska 2001	<div><p>Cassida lycii Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001</p> <p>(figs. 27, 291–292)</p> <p>Cassida lycii Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001: 160.</p> <p>Diagnosis. It is unique species, the only in the group with pronotal punctation much coarse and dense than punctation of elytral disc.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.50–5.30 mm, W: 3.20–3.60 mm, Lp: 1.60–1.80 mm, Wp: 2.70–3.00 mm, L/W: 1.40–1.49, Wp/Lp: 1.67–1.69. Body oval, sides moderately rounded, distinctly converging posterad (fig. 291).</p> <p>Uniformly green, including ventrites, legs and antennae (figs. 291, 292).</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width slightly after the middle, sides strongly angulate. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes. Surface of disc extremely dense and coarse punctate, punctures much coarser than those of elytral disc, irregular, often elongate, form elongate grooves, surface of disc appears strongly rugose. Explanate margin of pronotum also coarse punctate, but punctures shallow, surface appears rather irregular than rugose, transparent but honeycomb structure indistinct.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc moderately, regularly convex in profile, without impressions or elevations (fig. 292). Punctation moderately coarse and moderately dense, distance between punctures from as wide as to twice wider than puncture diameter, surface appears regular. Explanate margin moderately broad, in the widest part four time narrower than disc, strongly declivous, almost perpendicular to surface, with punctation slightly coarser but sparser than on disc, surface appear regular.</p> <p>Eyes short, gena elongate, distance between under margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum slightly longer than half eye width. Clypeal lines very fine, hardly visible. Labrum very shallowly emarginate.Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:58:64:66:62:52:54:56:58:60:112. Segment 3 approximately longer than 2 and approximately and slightly shorter than 4.</p> <p>Prosternum very narrow in the middle, moderately expanded apically, area between coxa flat, shiny with few small, setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex, shiny, with several small, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Host plants. Solanaceae: Lycium ferricissimum (Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska 2001); Lycium hirsutum Dunal (label data, H. Heron pers. comm.).</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa: Cape (fig. 27).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida litigiosa species–group, the complex of species with narrow, elongate body. With C. oxylepiformis and C. wittmeri it is characterized by the most declivous, almost perpendicular to surface explanate margin of elytra within the group. Cassida lycii well differs from both relatives in the base of elytra distinctly wider than pronotum (only slightly wider in C. oxylepiformis and C. wittmeri), elytra strongly converging posterad (slightly converging) and pronotal punctation extremely coarse thus the surface of disc appears strongly rugose (moderately coarse punctate, surface does not appears rugose).</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype and two paratypes: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cape, 10 km NE of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.06&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.02" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.06/lat -33.02)">Langebaan</a>, 33.02 S 18.06 E, 28 Dec. 1989, on Lycium ferricissimum, J.K.Scott (NIC, MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B136A941FF6CF9F90F8690DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B135A947FF6CFFA40F51914B.text	E417E526B135A947FF6CFFA40F51914B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida mashonensis Spaeth 1928	<div><p>Cassida mashonensis Spaeth, 1928</p> <p>(figs. 28, 279–281)</p> <p>Cassida mashonensis Spaeth, 1928: 10; Borowiec, 1999 a: 264.</p> <p>Description. L: 5.15–5.55 mm, W: 3.90–4.35 mm, Lp: 1.90–2.05 mm, Wp: 3.30–3.40 mm, L/W: 1.28–1.32, Wp/ Lp: 1.65–1.74. Body oval to elongate–oval, regularly rounded on sides (figs. 279, 280).</p> <p>Pronotum and scutellum yellow. Elytral disc yellow or yellowish green, usually with reddish or reddish brown pattern forming a lyriform figure, area between the figure and margin of disc yellow, central part of disc more or less yellow but some punctures often with reddish to reddish brown centre (fig. 280). In the palest specimens the pattern is reduced to small spots on humeri and in posterolateral parts of disc, darker punctures in scutellar row, apical part of sutural row and behind the middle of second interval (fig. 279). Head, ventrites, legs and antennae yellow, last segment sometimes with slightly infuscate apex.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes. Surface of disc from slightly alutaceous to shiny, usually with moderately coarse and moderately dense punctation, distance between punctures from slightly narrower to twice wider than puncture diameter, but surface appears more or less regular, but some specimens have very small and sparse punctation. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, its surface smooth to only slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc almost regularly convex in profile (fig. 281), with distinct postscutellar and principal impressions and H–shaped elevation. Punctation coarse arranged mostly in completely regular rows, only in postscutellar impressions irregular, and laterally to H–shaped elevation with additional irregular punctures, Punctures in rows dense, almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures only slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly linear, only second interval as wide as rows and slightly convex, and two submarginal intervals also as wide as rows but flat, no humeral or lateral folds but interspaces of marginal row usually more or less convex. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, in the widest part five times narrower than disc, surface shiny, with shallow but coarse and dense punctation and irregular interspaces, appears rugose, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.2 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus flat or very shallowly impressed, its surface shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/6 length.Antennae moderately stout, segments 9–10 approximately as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:56:74:68:65:47:59:56: 62:68:108. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat to shallowly impressed, without special sculpture except few very small, setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex, central part shiny, along posterior margin two rows of moderately coarse, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Kenya, Zimbabwe, and Namibia (fig. 28).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida viridipennis species–group. It belongs to the complex of species with broad elytra and, elytral punctation partly regular. The complex comprises also C. granula and C. viridipennis. Cassida granula differs in the yellow background of the elytra and the central part of elytral disc partly red due to the reddish centres of punctures and red lateral stripes (figs. 250, 251) while in C. mashonensis the yellow background occupies only the central part of the disc while the sides and apex are green or yellowish green and the pattern is reddish brown or brown spread mostly on the sides of the central yellow spot (figs. 279, 280). Both species are separated geographically, C. granula is widespread in West and Central Africa (fig. 18) while C. mashonensis is known from eastern and southern Africa (fig. 28). Typical forms of C. viridipennis distinctly differ in dorsum uniformly green or yellowish green (figs. 246, 247). Maculate forms of C. viridipennis differ in pronotal disc impunctate or at most finely punctate with distance between punctures always wider than puncture diameter and in body less regularly oval with sides slightly converging posterad (fig. 249).</p> <p>Types examined. Two syntypes: [ZIMBABWE]: Mashonaland, Salisbury, G.A. Marshall (BMNH, MM).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. KENYA: Rabai, VIII 1937, 2, Van Someren (BMNH, MNHW).</p> <p>MALAWI: Chikawa, Lower Shire Valley, 16 IV 1920, 1 (LS).</p> <p>NAMIBIA: Abachaus, II 1953, 1, G. Hoboh (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B135A947FF6CFFA40F51914B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B133A945FF6CFE110D98914B.text	E417E526B133A945FF6CFE110D98914B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida melanophthalma Boheman 1854	<div><p>Cassida melanophthalma Boheman, 1854</p> <p>(figs. 29, 300–302)</p> <p>Cassida melanophthalma Boheman, 1854: 480, 1856: 145, 1862: 348; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3655; Borowiec, 1995: 371, 1999 a: 264, 2005 a: 127; Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997: 631; Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001: 160.</p> <p>Cassida (Odontionycha) melanophthalma: Spaeth, 1914 b: 93; Shaw, 1956: 271, 1963: 458.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.70–6.20 mm, W: 3.10–4.50 mm, Lp: 1.60–2.20 mm, Wp: 2.50–3.70 mm, L/W: 1.33–1.65; Wp/ Lp: 1.56–1.68. Body oval to elongate–oval, distinctly converging posterad (figs. 300, 301).</p> <p>Uniformly yellow, including ventrites, legs and antennae, apex of last antennal segment often infuscate (figs. 300– 302).</p> <p>Pronotum reversely trapezoidal, with maximum width before the middle, sides angulate. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes. Surface of disc coarsely punctate, punctures only slightly finer than those of elytral disc. Distance between punctures smaller than puncture diameter, surface of disc often appears irregular, especially in front of scutellum. Punctation of explanate margin very shallow, surface appears rather slightly irregular than punctate, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra not or only slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, angulate. Disc strongly, regularly convex in profile, without impressions or elevations (fig. 302). Punctation completely irregular, coarse but rather sparse, distance between punctures usually slightly narrower than puncture diameter, between large punctures often sparse fine secondary punctation, but surface appears regular. In some specimens punctation more dense, with distance between punctures approximately half wide puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as punctures of disc. Only marginal interval well marked, without humeral and lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, in the widest part slightly more than five times narrower than disc, strongly declivous, almost perpendicular to surface, with punctation distinctly finer but as dense as on disc, surface appears regular.</p> <p>Eyes moderately large, gena quite elongate but distance between under margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum shorter than half eye width. Clypeus broad, 1.3–1.4 times as wide as long, clypeal grooves fine but distinct, converging in regular triangle, surface of clypeal plate flat to shallowly impressed, shiny, with several small, setose punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:64:88:68:64:64:68:64:66:70:121. Segment 3 approximately 1.4 times longer than 2 and approximately and 1.3 times longer than 4.</p> <p>Prosternal process very narrow in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa impressed, shiny, without special sculpture, expanded apex convex in the middle, impressed laterally, shiny, with several small, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Host plants. Solanaceae: Lycium ferocissimum Miers (Heron &amp; Borowiec 1997); Salvadoraceae: Azima tetracantha —adults only (Heron &amp; Borowiec 1997, Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska 2001).</p> <p>Distribution. Namibia and South Africa (fig. 29).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida litigiosa species–group. It belongs to the complex of species with a more or less elongate body, elytra distinctly converging posterad and with a strongly declivous explanate margin of elytra (figs. 300–302). The complex comprises also C. lycii, C. litigiosa and C. reticulipennis. The two latter species distinctly differ in very fine, hardly visible punctation of pronotum while in C. melanophthalma the punctation of the pronotum is moderately coarse, well visible. Cassida lycii differs in pronotal punctation much coarse and denser than punctation of the elytral disc (in C. melanophthalma punctation of pronotum is finer than punctation of elytra) and elytra more distinctly converging posterad (fig. 291). Cassida melanophthalma has the pronotum the most reversely trapezoidal within the complex. Cassida oxylepiformis has the body also elongate but almost parallel sided, with an extremely declivous explanate margin of elytra, cylindrical (fig. 293).</p> <p>Types examined. Lectotype, designated by Borowiec, 1999: 264: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cap. B. Sp. ” “Chevr.” “TE” (NRS).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. NAMIBIA: Abachaus, Damaraland, XII 1951, 1, G. Hobohm (TM); Kalidona, 30 XII 1957, 1 (WM), Kamanjab, 24 II 1960, 4, F. Gaerdes (ZSM); Okahandja, 3 IX 1950, 1 (WM), 1–4 II 1972, 2 (BMNH); Windhoek, 15–17 XII 1973, 1 (WM), 14–23 I 1974, 1 (WM), 1 III 1974, 1, 20 III 1974, 1, R. Oberprieler, 5 IV 1985, 1 on Aloe littoralis (NIC), 22–25 II 1992, 1, M. Uhlig (ZMHU); Windhoek, Richfontein, 1–31 VIII 1978, 1, S. Louw &amp; M.L. Penrith (WM).</p> <p>SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Colony, 1 (MRAC); Cape of Good Hope, 1 (NMP); Eastern Cape, Alexandria Forest, 22 XI 1961, 1, A.C. van Bruggen (NMM); Eastern Cape, Alexandria, Woody Cape, 10–13 XII 1997, 1, R. Cmeco (MS); Eastern Cape, Bathurst, 9 II 1966, 1, A.L. Capener (MNHW); Eastern Cape, Fort Beaufort, 19 VIII 1953, J. S. Taylor (LS); Eastern Cape, Grahamstown, 13–20 X 1970, 1, H. and S. Townes (CMN); Eastern Cape, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.49" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.2/lat -33.49)">Hankey</a>, 33.49 S 24.20 E, 17 XI 1989, 3, Scott &amp; Kleinjan (NIC, MNHW); Eastern Cape, King Williams Town, 23 III 1965, 1, A.L. Capener (NIC); Eastern Cape, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.53&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.53/lat -28.35)">Komga</a>, 28.35 S 27.53 E, 17 XI 1989, 4, Scott &amp; Kleinjan (NIC, MNHW); Eastern Cape, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.133333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.133333/lat -33.533333)">Oudtshoorn</a>, 33°32’S, 22°08’E, 1 (ARC); Eastern Cape, Port Elisabeth, 3 II 1961, 2, 3 XI 1961, 2 (BMNH, NIC); Eastern Cape, Roadside 22 km WNW Alexandria, approximately 200 m, 29 V 1996, 2, Grobbelaar et al. (NIC); Eastern Cape, Steytlerville, 25 X 1964, 1, A.L. Capener (MNHW); Eastern Cape, Uitenhage, 30 XII 1970, 3, N.W. Strydom (NIC), E Cape, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.2227&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.9675" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.2227/lat -33.9675)">Van Stadens Resort</a>, 20 m, -33.9675 / 25.2227, beating, 18.11.2013, leg. m. Wanat (MNHW); Eastern Cape, 20 mls W Willowmore, 23 X 1964, 3, A.L. Capener (NIC); Free State, W of Bothaville, Vaal river, 24 XII 2008, 7, M. Snižek (MS); Limpopo Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.7/lat -24.65)">Nylsvlei</a>, 24°39’S, 28°42’E, 1 (ARC); North West Prov., 20 km W Bothaville, Klerksdorp, 31 I 2001, 3, M. Snižek (MS); North West Prov., Bothaville, Vall riv., 16 I 2003, 3, M. Snižek (MS); Oranje F. State, N of Fickburg, 17 I 2003, 2, M. Snižek (MS); Oranje F. State, Voorspoed, Boshof, 21–28 III 1977, 1, A. Strydom (BM); Willowmore, 22 I 1982, 1, J.G. Theron (CTM); Oranje F. State, Hendrik Verwoerd, 20–29 XI 1969, 3, A.L. Capener (NIC); Port Elizabeth, 16, Dr. Martin (MKB); N Transvaal, 20 km N Pietersburg, Rt. N1, 24 XII 1994, 1, A. Freidberg (TAU); Transvaal, Lydenburg, 1896, 1, P.A. Krantz (TM); Transvaal, Pienaars, 1898, 3, X–XI 1900, 2, v. Jutrzencka (TM); Western Cape Prov., 10 km S Citrusdal, 200–270 m, 4–8 X 1994, 1, R. Danielsson (LU); Western Cape, Heidelberg, I 1979, 1, S. Noser (NIC); Western Cape, K. Karoo mer., Langberg env., 24 XI 2002, 1, M. Snižek (MS); Western Cape Prov., 23 km E Port Nolloth, 250 m, 16 IX 1985, 1, Bellamy and Evans (ER); Western Cape Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.028366&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.9577" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.028366/lat -31.9577)">8 km SW of Three Sisters</a>, 31°57.462’S, 23°01.702’E, 1050 m, M. Říha leg. (BMNH).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B133A945FF6CFE110D98914B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B131A944FF6CFE110D6E916F.text	E417E526B131A944FF6CFE110D6E916F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida minutissima Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida minutissima sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 28, 210–211)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F59CA244-3887-4FE6-94E2-0E692F7A83F5</p> <p>Etymology. Named after its very small size.</p> <p>Description. L: 3.20–3.40 mm, W: 2.60–2.65 mm, Lp: 1.25–1.30 mm, Wp: 2.20–2.30 mm, L/W: 1.23–1.28, Wp/Lp: 1.73–1.77. Body short–oval (fig. 210).</p> <p>Pronotum and scutellum pale yellow. Elytra pale yellow, disc with brown pattern of small brown spots: small spot on postscutellar elevation and small spots in the middle of elevated second interval, most punctures in basal part of disc with brownish areola, brown areolate punctures along sides of disc and on slope form U–shaped irregular figure which in half of disc forms and prolongation to spots on second interval thus sometimes across middle of disc runs incomplete transverse band (fig. 210). Clypeus yellow, prosternum uniformly yellow or infuscate in anterior part, metasternum from uniformly yellow to pale brown, abdomen always yellow. Legs and antennae yellow, last antennal segment more or less infuscate.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, sides broadly rounded. Disc slightly convex, on sides separated from explanate margin by short furrow. Surface of disc glabrous, smooth and shiny. Explanate margin smooth, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, distinctly angulate. Disc only slightly convex in profile, almost depressed (fig. 211), with top of convexity in postscutellar point, with well marked scutellar and principal impressions and distinct H–shaped elevation, in front surrounding postscutellar impressions, behind prolongates to slightly elevated second intervals, sides of disc with two small elevations. Punctation moderately coarse, regular but appears slightly irregular because punctures tend to group 2–3 together with larger and partly convex intervals between groups especially on top of disc, in lateral rows punctures almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, with dense punctures, smaller than punctures in lateral rows and slightly elongate. Intervals narrow, on sides of disc linear, only intervals 1 and 2 approximately as wide as rows. Regularity of intervals partly disturbed by arrangement of punctures and elevated interspaces. Marginal interval well marked on entire length, broad, in anterior half almost twice wider than lateral intervals, with indistinctly marked humeral and distinctly marked lateral folds. Surface of intervals smooth and shiny. Explanate margin moderately declivous, broad, in the widest part 4.5 times narrower than disc. Surface of explanate margin very shallowly punctate, appears slightly irregular, glabrous, shiny, transparent with well marked honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as wide as log, frontal grooves very fine, converging in triangle. Surface of clypeal plate flat or with shallow impression apically, shiny with few very small setose punctures. Part of clypeus between clypeal triangle and margin of eyes with a row of long hair. Labrum distinctly emarginate to 1/4 length.Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly wider than long. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:71:58:54:38:50:42:42:50:108. Segment 3 approximately 1.4 times as long as segment 2 and 1.2 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternal process broad, very broad apically, area between coxa impressed, shiny, with few very small setose punctures, central part of rhomboidal apex slightly convex, sides impressed, surface with few setose punctures and more or less distinct longitudinal wrinkles, appears irregular.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Somalia. The type locality Afgoi is placed in southern Somalia, Basso Scebeli Province (fig. 28).</p> <p>Remarks. A distinct species, close to members of the C. lacrymosa species–group but differs in very small size. With length 3.20–3.40 mm this is the smallest African member of the genus Cassida. At first glance C. nigeriana appears similar but it differs in larger size with length 4.45–4.70 mm (in C. minutissima L 3.20-3.40 mm), claws simple and elytral pattern is reddish and forms solid stripe in the posthumeral area (figs. 212, 213), while in C. minutissima the claws havea basal tooth and the pattern is reddish brown not forming a solid stripe in the posthumeral area (figs. 210, 211). Both species are separated geographically, C. minutissima is known only from Somalia and C. nigeriana only from Nigeria.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype and two paratypes: [SOMALIA]: Somalie: Afgoi / 5–X–1977 / leg. Olmi (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B131A944FF6CFE110D6E916F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B130A95BFF6CFEF50FC791B3.text	E417E526B130A95BFF6CFEF50FC791B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida namibiensis Borowiec 2005	<div><p>Cassida namibiensis Borowiec, 2005</p> <p>(figs. 27, 204–206)</p> <p>Cassida namibiensis Borowiec, 2005: 119.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.20–4.50 mm, W: 3.00–3.10 mm, Lp: 1.50–1.70 mm, Wp: 2.60–2.70 mm, L/W: 1.39–1.45, Wp/ Lp: 1.56–1.73. Body oval, almost parallel sided (figs. 204, 205).</p> <p>Pronotum yellow. Elytra yellow, in holotype and one of the paratypes postscutellar elevation with small brown spot, and punctures of elytra with dark brown centre or/and with narrow brown areola. In third row areolae of three punctures in 1/3 and slightly behind half length of row joined and form small spot (fig. 205). In the second paratype elytra uniformly yellow (fig. 204). Clypeus yellow with black basal corners, labrum brown. Thorax mostly black, apex of prosternal process yellowish, lateral plates partly brown. Abdomen in holotype mostly black with yellow margin, in both paratypes uniformly yellow. Legs yellow, coxae from yellow to brown. Antennae uniformly yellow, or only last two segments infuscate to brown.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width at basal 1/3 length, sides slightly unevenly rounded but not angulate. Anterior margin almost semicircular and pronotum looks more rounded anteriorly than in any other species of Cassida lacrymosa group. Disc moderately convex, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, with indistinctly separated area above head. Surface of disc very shallowly and sparsely punctate, appears slightly opaque. Explanate margin broad, with honeycomb structure, impunctate, surface slightly opaque.</p> <p>Scutellum triangular, impunctate, without transverse rows or wrinkles. Base of elytra only slightly wider than pronotum, emargination between pronotum and elytra shallow, shallowest within Cassida lacrymosa group. Humeri moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Anterior margin of elytron shallowly emarginate with small, black crenulation. Disc in profile moderately convex, with top of convexity in postscutellar area, behind postscutellar elevation slightly depressed (fig. 206). Postscutellar impressions distinct, bordered externally by slightly elevated second interval, postscutellar area with distinct H–shaped elevation. Punctation of disc regular, coarse and dense, but smaller and sparser than in any species of Cassida lacrymosa group. Distance between punctures in rows mostly as wide as diameter of puncture. Intervals flat, mostly twice narrower than rows. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as or slightly coarser than punctures in submarginal row. Marginal interval broad, as wide as two marginal rows and marginal interval together. Explanate margin of elytra moderately declivous, broad, slightly wider than 1/5 width of disc. Surface of explanate margin shallowly, sparsely punctate, appears mostly regular, punctures smaller than on disc.</p> <p>Head moderately broad, eyes large, gena very short. Clypeus almost as wide as long, with distinct clypeal lines converging in triangle, surface of clypeus shiny, glabrous, with a few shallow punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate to 1/6 length. Antennae stout, segments 8–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:75:54:50:42:42:33:38:38:88, segment 3 approximately 1.5 times as long as segment 2, and 1.4 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternal process moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, sulcate along sides, expanded plate elevated, with few coarse punctures.</p> <p>Claws with basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Namibia (fig. 27).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. With C. eluta it is one of the smallest and the most elongate species of the group with length below 4.6 mm and L/W: 1.39–1.45. Its immaculate pronotal disc and predominantly yellow elytra with a scarce pattern of small brown spots place C. natalensis close to C. voiensis and especially to C. eluta. The first species differs in the elytral pattern reduced only to dark, reddish brown centres of punctures of elytral sides with the central part of the disc without pattern except for a spot on the postscutellar elevation and a few very small reddish brown spots in the posterior half of the disc, base of elytra slightly wider than pronotum and sides of elytra slightly more rounded (figs. 207, 208). The second species differs in slightly coarser elytral punctation, with distance between punctures in lateral rows mostly smaller than puncture diameter and sides of elytra slightly more rounded; both species are broadly separated geographically, C. eluta occurs only in northeastern Africa south to northern Tanzania, while C. nambiensis is known only from Namibia.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype and two paratypes: [NAMIBIA]: Namibia, Erongo Distr., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.533334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.533334/lat -21.566668)">Farm Omandumba</a>, 21°34’S 15°32’E. 10.–14.iii.2004, U. Göllner (NMNW, MNHUB, MNHW);</p> <p>Other specimens examined. NAMIBIA: n. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.788&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.303026" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.788/lat -19.303026)">Gobabis</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.788&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.303026" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.788/lat -19.303026)">Farm Ohlsenhagen</a>, 22°19’S / 19°02’E, 10–12 III 2006, 1, U. Göllner (ZMHU); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.788&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.303026" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.788/lat -19.303026)">Kraalkop</a> farm, road Tsumeb to Groatfontein, 15 km SE of Tsumeb, 19°18’10.9’’S 17°47’16.8’’E, 1370 m, 5 II 2012, 1, R. Dobosz &amp; G. Kopij (USMB).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B130A95BFF6CFEF50FC791B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B12FA959FF6CFF490D26916F.text	E417E526B12FA959FF6CFF490D26916F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida natalensis Spaeth 1932	<div><p>Cassida natalensis Spaeth, 1932</p> <p>(figs. 30, 133–135)</p> <p>Cassida natalensis Spaeth, 1932: 238; Borowiec, 1999 a: 266.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.05–5.20 mm, W: 3.20–4.00 mm, Lp: 1.45–1.80 mm, Wp: 2.50–3.10 mm, L/W: 1.20–1.33, Wp/ Lp: 1.72–1.87. Body short–oval, males slightly stouter than females (figs. 133, 134).</p> <p>In typically coloured specimens pronotum yellow with large black M–shaped figure of broadened base, sometimes also lateral lobes surrounded by black. In dark specimens pronotal disc mostly black with yellow V– shaped figure in front of scutellum. In pale specimens pronotal disc mostly yellow with brown to black V–shaped figure in front of scutellum, occasionally pronotum uniformly yellow. Scutellum yellow to partly infuscate. Elytral disc in typically coloured forms mostly black with numerous yellow, partly elevated spots arranged as in figs. 133. In pale specimens top of disc predominantly yellow, sides predominantly black (fig. 134). Head yellow to yellowish brown with black basal corners. Thorax black, abdomen from completely black to black centrally surrounded by yellow. Occasionally head and prosternum yellow and metasternum brown centrally and yellow laterally. In extreme case head, ventrites and legs uniformly yellow. Legs yellow except dark coxa. Antennal segments 1–9 yellow, last two apical segments gradually infuscate.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc more or less distinctly bordered from explanate margin with lateral lobes. Surface of disc from slightly alutaceous to shiny, from fine and sparse to moderately coarse and moderately dense punctation, specimens with largely black disc are finely punctate than specimens with largely yellow disc. Explanate margin broad, shiny, impunctate, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra from moderately to much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc moderately convex in profile, with distinct postscutellar and principal impressions and distinct H–shaped figure (fig. 135), in dark specimens the figure is often interrupted and divided into isolate yellow, elevated spots. Punctation coarse arranged in regular rows, but the regularity is often interrupted by elevated yellow sculpture. Punctation in rows dense, punctures almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures not coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly linear, only second interval well marked, convex, sometimes also fourth interval in the middle more or less marked and convex, marginal interval as wide as or slightly narrower than submarginal one, humeral or lateral folds well marked. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part approximately four times narrower than disc, surface shiny with very shallow punctation, appears slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in regular triangle, surface of clypeus flat or with shallow apical impression, its surface strongly microreticulate with several very small, setose punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:72:88:84:72:60:60:48:4 4:48:112. Segment 3 approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 2 and approximately as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa impressed, with row of dense punctures along sides and some oblique wrinkles, expanded apex convex in the middle, impressed laterally, with several coarse, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with small basal tooth, often appear untoothed.</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa (fig. 30).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. It belongs to the complex of species with a predominantly black surface of pronotal and elytral disc (figs. 133, 134). The most similar species are the dark form of C. lacrymosa and the typical form of C. depicta. Cassida natalensis differs from both relatives in pronotal sides broadly rounded and pronotal black spot usually large, broadly M–shaped while in C. depicta and C. lacrymosa the pronotal sides are narrowly rounded and the pronotal spot usually small, V–shaped, only in the darkest forms M–shaped (figs. 128, 129, 185, 186). Cassida natalensis has a distribution area restricted to South Africa (fig. 30) while both relatives are widely distributed in tropical Africa (figs. 14, 25). Similarly coloured C. irregularis differs in yellow ventrites and more rounded pronotal sides.</p> <p>Types examined. Two syntypes: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Natal, Weenen, II 1925 H.P. Thomasset (BMNH, MM).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Mpumalanga, Berlin Plantation, -25.5722 / 30.7434, 1350 m, nr. Kaapsehoop, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.7434&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.5722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.7434/lat -25.5722)">Barrets</a> trail, wet forest, ravine, 4- 5.11.2013, 2, leg. R. Ruta, 2, leg. M. Wanata (MNHW); Mpumalanga, Berlin Forest, -25.5722 / 30.7434, 1360 m, nr. Kaapsehoop, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.7434&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.5722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.7434/lat -25.5722)">Barrets</a> trail, rainforest, 4.11.2013, 1, leg. M. Wanata (MNHW); E Transval, Berlin F. S., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.31" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.46/lat -25.31)">Sinkhole</a>, 25.31 S / 30.46 E, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (MNHW); Transvaal, The Downs, 27 XI 1985, 1, Evans, Bellamy and Scholtz (ER); Transvaal, Downs Forest, 30 km W Trichardtsdal, 1300 m, 23 XII 1985, 1, M. Sanborne (MNHW); Transvaal, 30 km W Trichardtsdal, 30 XII 1985, 2, M. Sanborne (MZSNV); Transvaal, Uitsoek, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.33&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.33/lat -25.15)">Grootklof</a> ind. for., 25.15 S / 30.33 E, 25 X 1986, 6, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM, MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B12FA959FF6CFF490D26916F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B12DA958FF6CFEF50D3096B7.text	E417E526B12DA958FF6CFEF50D3096B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida nigeriana Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida nigeriana sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 26, 212–213)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: DDAFB59C-28A5-4454-B385-2312067C8129</p> <p>Etymology. Named after its terra typica. It was collected only in one locality in Nigeria.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.45–4.70 mm, W: 3.40–3.60 mm, Lp: 1.55–1.60 mm, Wp: 2.55–2.70 mm, L/W: 1.27–1.32, Wp/Lp: 1.59–1.69. Body short–oval (fig. 212).</p> <p>Pronotum and scutellum pale yellow. Elytral disc yellow with ochraceous to pale brown pattern forming spot in postscutellar impressions, small spot behind the H–shaped elevation, band along sides of disc, and transverse bands slightly behind the middle of disc and on slope (fig. 212). In aberrations the pattern reduced to spots in postscutellar impressions and behind the H–shaped elevation, and transverse spots in position of transverse bands in typically coloured specimens, in such cases lateral bands obsolete. Head, ventrites, legs and antennae completely yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, sides rounded. Disc slightly convex, on sides separated from explanate margin by short impressions, area above head shallowly impressed. Surface of disc, shiny with fine and sparse punctation, interspaces mostly larger than puncture diameter. Explanate margin, smooth, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly to moderately wider than base of pronotum, basal margin of disc with very small black crenulation, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc only slightly convex in profile, almost depressed (fig. 213), with well marked scutellar and principal impressions and distinct but low and obtuse Hshaped elevation and few short elevations on sides of disc, in front surrounding postscutellar impressions, behind prolongates to slightly elevated second intervals. Punctation moderately coarse, mostly forms regular rows, distance between punctures from slightly narrower to slightly larger than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, with dense punctures, as coarse as punctures in lateral rows. Intervals narrow, mostly as wide as or slightly wider than rows. Marginal interval well marked on entire length, broad, in anterior half as wide as submarginal interval and two submarginal rows combined, without humeral but with short lateral folds. Surface of intervals microreticulate but appears shiny. Explanate margin moderately declivous, broad, in the widest part five times narrower than disc. Surface of explanate margin shallowly but densely punctate, appears slightly irregular, shiny, transparent with well marked honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, 1.2 times as wide as long, frontal grooves very fine, run close to margin of eye, on top converging in obtuse angle. Surface of clypeal plate flat, shiny with few very small setose punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae slim, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:47:60:60:57:43:57:53:53:63:117. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternal process moderately broad, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa impressed, shiny, without special sculpture, rhomboidal apex only slightly convex in central part, shiny, with few very small, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Nigeria (fig. 26).</p> <p>Remarks. A distinct species with no close relatives in Africa. Its elytral pattern is close only to the pattern of Cassida minutissima but it differs in very small size with length 3.20-3.40 mm (in C. nigeriana L 4.45–4.70 mm), claws with basal tooth and pattern reddish brown not forming a solid stripe in the posthumeral area (figs. 210, 211) while in C. nigeriana claws are simple and the elytral pattern is reddish and forms a solid stripe in the posthumeral area (figs. 212, 213). Both species are separated geographically as C. minutissima is known only from Somalia while C. nigeriana only from Nigeria.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype and one paratype: [NIGERIA]: Nigeria / Plateau State / 1300 m // Jos, W. Park / 7.5.1973 / leg. P. Beron (MNHW); paratype: [NIGERIA] Jos / 7.X.55 // Exped. Mus. G. Frey / Nigeria–Kamerun / Bechyne 1955.56 (NMB); paratype: [NIGERIA] Jos / 9.X.55 // Exped. Mus. G. Frey / Nigeria–Kamerun / Bechyne 1955.56 (NMB).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B12DA958FF6CFEF50D3096B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B12CA95FFF6CFE4D0D539023.text	E417E526B12CA95FFF6CFE4D0D539023.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida oberlaenderi Spaeth 1916	<div><p>Cassida oberlaenderi Spaeth, 1916</p> <p>(figs. 26, 142–146)</p> <p>Cassida Oberländeri Spaeth, 1916: 49, 1925 a: 5; Borowiec, 1999 a: 269.</p> <p>Cassida oberlanderi [sic]: Nummelin &amp; Borowiec, 1991: 14.</p> <p>Description. L: 5.80–7.00 mm, W: 5.05–5.90 mm, Lp: 2.00–2.35 mm, Wp: 3.55–4.20 mm, L/W: 1.12–1.20, Wp/ Lp: 1.73–1.88. Body almost circular, males slightly stouter than females (figs. 142, 143. 145, 146).</p> <p>In typically coloured specimens pronotum yellow, disc with black, goblet–shaped figure marked in the middle with yellow elongate spot or stripe and basal margin of sides of disc with transverse black spots. Scutellum yellow, elytral disc mostly black, on top with yellow irregular relief as in figs. 142–144, marginal interval, broad lateral fold and extreme apex of disc yellow. Explanate margin always yellow. The pattern is quite constant and varies only in black to yellow ratio of space. In rare aberrations pronotum is uniformly yellow, elytral disc yellow without black pattern but punctures with brownish centre (fig. 146), occasionally entire dorsum yellow (fig. 145). Head, ventrites, legs and antennae yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum broadly elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly, slightly convex, sides very broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc bordered from explanate margin by narrow sulcus but without distinct lateral lobes. Surface of disc from shiny, impunctate, at most with very fine and sparse pricks. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, angulate, margin of elytra behind humeral angle usually shallowly emarginate. Disc very convex in profile, without hump (fig. 144), with distinct postscutellar and principal impressions, and with obtuse H–shaped or X–shaped elevation, and yellow sculpture. Punctation moderately coarse, tends to form regular rows, but regularity is interrupted by impunctate yellow relief. Punctures in rows dense, interspaces narrower than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures only slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals marked only on slope and partly on sides of disc, on slope as wide as rows and slightly convex, on sides linear, marginal interval distinct, as wide as submarginal interval and submarginal row combined, without humeral but with large and broad lateral fold. Explanate margin broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part three times narrower than disc, surface shiny with very shallow and moderately dense punctation, appears only slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena very short but visible. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, run close to margin of eye, on top converging in angle, surface of clypeus flat, shiny, with several very small setose, punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae moderately stout, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:65:60:55:45:50:50:50:55:100. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa impressed to canaliculate, shiny, elevated sides with fain, short, oblique grooves, expanded apex slightly convex in the middle and shallowly impressed laterally with slightly irregular surface and several small setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Sierra Leone, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, and Kenya (fig. 26).</p> <p>Remarks. A very distinct species. Its large size with length 5.80–7.00 mm, broadly rounded pronotal sides, elytral base distinctly wider than pronotum and body strongly convex, almost hemispherical, (figs. 142–146) separates this species from all African members of the genus Cassida.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Beni (NMW).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. CAMEROON: Mueli, Nordseite Kamerungeb., 600 m, II 1958, 1, Hartwig (MNHW); Sangmelima, IV 1933, 2, A.I. Good (CMNH).</p> <p>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Bambesa, I 1934, 1, H.J. Brédo (MRAC); Ituri, 1, 1946, 1 (LS); Bangala, Bunga, 8 III 1932, 1, H.J. Brédo (MRAC); Lula, Kapanga, I 1933, 1, XI 1933, 1, F.G. Overlaet (MRAC); Mongbwalu, Kilo, 1939, 1, Mme Scheitz (MRAC); Port Francqui, IX 1937, 1, Mme Gillardin (MRAC); Rutshuru, Pont Kako, 9 IX 1932, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC).</p> <p>KENYA: Kakamega Forest, 1800 m, 7–11 II 1999, 1, T. Wagner (TW); Western Kakamega Forest NP., Buyangu– Isiukhu River, estuary Isiukhu R. – Busambuli R., 1500–1550 m, 22 XI 2002, 1, D. Bartsch &amp; A. Zahm (SMNS); Kakamega Forest N.P., Bujango, Udo’s camp, 1603 m, 17 I 2004, 1, F. Haas (SMNS).</p> <p>RWANDA: Cyangugu Prov., Nyakabuye, 1–30 XII 1982, 1, 1–15 V 1983, 1, H. Mühle (HK, MD).</p> <p>SIERRA LEONE: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-11.090278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.176389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -11.090278/lat 9.176389)">Loma Mts.</a>, closed canopy forest, 9°10’35”N, 11°05’25”W, 1050 m, 7–10 VI 2016, 1, Takano, Miles &amp; Goff leg. (BMNH).</p> <p>UGANDA: Budongo Forest Nat. P., 1.43 N / 31.32 E, 1224 m, 12–29 I 1997, 1, U. Göllner (MNHW); Budongo Forest, Sonso, 6–16 X 2004, 3, T. Wagner (TW); Kibale Forest, 18 IX 1984, 1, 16 XII 1984, 2, 17 I 1985, 1, 10 V 1985, 1, 12 IX 1986, 1, M. Nummelin (ZMUH, MNHW); Masindi Distr., Budongo Forest n. Sonso, 19–30 VI 1995, 2, 1–10 VII 1995, 1, 11–20 VII 1995, 2 ex. Trichilia rubescens (Meliaceae), 21–30 VII 1995, 1 ex. Rinorea ardisiifolia (Violaceae), 15–25 I 1997, 1, T. Wagner (TW, MNHW); Toro Distr., Ft. Portal, Kibale Forest, V–IX 1992, 2 (JM).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B12CA95FFF6CFE4D0D539023	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B12BA95EFF6CFFB908AC91B3.text	E417E526B12BA95EFF6CFFB908AC91B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida oromiaensis Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida oromiaensis sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 23, 252–253)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A6A763CE-F239-4094-94F1-256967A8F17F</p> <p>Etymology. Named after Oromia Region in Ethiopia where the locus typicus Gembi village is placed.</p> <p>Description. L: 5.45 mm, W: 4.15 mm, Lp: 2.00 mm, Wp: 3.35 mm, L/W: 1.31, Wp/Lp: 1.68. Body elongateoval, almost parallel sided (fig. 252).</p> <p>Entire body, including head, ventrites, legs and antennae yellowish green (figs. 252, 253), only last antennal segment infuscate apically.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides rounded, no basal corners. Area above head only slightly impressed, sides of disc distinctly bordered from explanate margin by thin sulcus. Surface of disc shiny, moderately coarse, area above head and top of disc with moderately coarse and sparse punctation, sides with punctures and irregular wrinkles. Explanate margin broad, with shallow, moderately dense punctation, surface appears slightly irregular, in the only known specimen not transparent thus honeycomb structure invisible.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly to moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc slightly irregularly convex in profile with well marked but thin H–shaped elevation (fig. 253) and slightly elevated second interval, with distinct postscutellar, principal and shallow posterolateral impressions. Punctation moderately coarse and dense, on sides slightly coarser than on top of disc, mostly irregular but with regular first and posterior part of second row, and two submarginal rows, distance between punctures from twice narrower to as wide as puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as in central rows. Intervals mostly not marked except slightly elevated second interval, posterior half of first interval, and narrow submarginal interval, marginal interval broad, as wide as two submarginal rows and submarginal interval combined, without humeral and lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, moderately declivous, in the widest part 4.5 times narrower than disc, surface shiny with shallow but coarse and punctation and numerous wrinkles, appears irregular, not transparent thus honeycomb structure invisible.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.5 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves well marked, converging in obtuse angle, surface of clypeus flat, shiny with few very small punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae moderately stout, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:53:59:56:53:44:59:50:50:62:106. Segment 3 approximately 1.1 times as wide as segment 2 and approximately as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa shallowly canaliculate, shiny, without special sculpture except few very small setose punctures, expanded apex shiny, slightly convex in central part, shallowly impressed laterally, shiny, with few moderately coarse, setose punctures, surface appears regular.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Ethiopia, Oromia Region (fig. 23).</p> <p>Remarks. A very distinct species, at first glance more similar to some Palearctic members of the nominotypical subgenus than to any African species except C. penelope from southern Africa. Cassida oromiaensis differs in sides of pronotum with irregular sculpture of punctures and wrinkles and explanate margin of pronotum and elytra deeply punctate with surface appearing distinctly irregular while in C. penelope pronotal sides are only finely punctate without wrinkles, explanate margin of pronotum and elytra with very shallow punctation and surface appearing only slightly irregular. In C. penelope the posterolateral parts of the elytral disc are regularly punctate while in C. oromiaensis additional punctures on intervals disrturb the regularity. Both species are separated geographically, as C. penelope is known only from southern Africa while C. oromianesis occurs in Ethiopia.</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [ETHIOPIA]: Ethiopia / Gembi nr. Agaro / 15.6.1963 (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B12BA95EFF6CFFB908AC91B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B12AA95CFF6CFF5C0E789103.text	E417E526B12AA95CFF6CFF5C0E789103.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida overlaeti Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida overlaeti sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 32, 54–56)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0ADCD188-3926-4075-B15E-CDB66C1A12EE</p> <p>Etymology. Named after G.F. Overlaet who collected holotype specimen.</p> <p>Description. L: 7.30–8.75 mm, W: 6.00–6.45 mm, Lp: 2.55–2.90 mm, Wp: 4.50–5.20 mm, L/W: 1.23–1.36, Wp/Lp: 1.71–1.79. Body oval (figs. 54, 55).</p> <p>Pronotum dark brown to black except yellow area above head and yellowish spot at base of explanate margin close to margin of disc. Scutellum and elytral disc from brown to black, elevated folds sometimes reddish brown, explanate margin uniformly brown to black with yellowish brown extreme lateral margin (figs. 54–56). Head, thorax and abdomen reddish brown, antennal segments 1–7 yellow, segments 8–11 infuscate to black.</p> <p>Pronotum broadly elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides very broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc distinctly convex thus distinctly bordered from explanate margin but without lateral lobes with small shallowly impressed area above head, sides of disc bordered from explanate margin by distinct impression. Surface of disc shiny, impunctate, sides of disc often with shallow impression. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, only area above head semitransparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate, lateral margin of elytra behind the humeral angle often very shallowly emarginate. Disc very convex, with deep postscutellar and principal impressions, broad and moderately high H–shaped elevation and several folds behind the postscutellar elevation but without distinct hump (fig. 56), always are distinct short longitudinal folds on slope on second and third interval and oblique and transverse folds behind and laterally to H–shaped elevation, sides of disc behind humeri very shallowly impressed. Interspaces more or less elevated thus entire surface of disc appears more or less irregular. Punctation moderately coarse, tends to form regular rows, but they are interrupted and disturbed by elytral sculpture, only two submarginal rows mostly complete then distance between punctures smaller than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures usually coarser than punctures in central rows, interspaces mostly elevated. Intervals mostly disturbed by elytral relief only submarginal interval complete. Marginal interval distinct, in humeral area broad, as wide as submarginal interval and two submarginal rows combined, behind the middle usually as wide as or slightly narrower than submarginal interval, humeral and lateral folds distinct. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately to strongly declivous, in the widest part five times narrower than disc, surface shiny, in pale form often almost impunctate and almost regular but usually with more or less distinct punctation, smaller in pale and coarser in dark forms then surface more or less irregular, only in pale forms semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena slightly shorter than last palpomere. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.7 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves very fine but well marked, converging in triangle, clypeal plate strongly convex, its surface shiny with several very small, hairy punctures. Labrum minutely emarginate. Antennae moderately stout, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:70:64:64:55:66:59:59:64:127. Segment 3 approximately 1.4 times as long as segment 2 and 1.1 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum narrow in the middle, moderately expanded apically, area between coxa flat to slightly convex, shiny, without special sculpture but along sides and partly centrally with small, hairy punctures, expanded apex convex in the middle, slightly impressed laterally, surface shiny, on sides often with short impressed stripes or grooves, lateral alae along posterior margin with row of punctures, central part of expanded apex with small, hairy punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Democratic Republic of Congo (fig. 32).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida tosta species–group, has an intermediate position between C. inaequalis and C. tosta. Elytral sculpture is almost as strong as in C. tosta except the postscutellar elevation which is distinctly lower (fig. 56 vs. 59) and looks like the postscutellar elevation in C. inaequalis (fig. 65). In C. overlaeti the sides of the elytral disc behind the humeri are shallowly impressed like in C. inaequalis while in C. tosta the impression is deep. Black forms of C. overlaeti distinctly differ from the typical form of C. tosta in completely brown to black explanate margin (fig. 54) while in C. tosta occurs reddish median spot (fig. 57). Rare, dark forms of C. inaequalis always have the pronotum uniformly reddish to reddish brown (fig. 66) while in the mostly brown form of C. overlaeti the pronotum is distinctly bicoloured with reddish anterior spots (fig. 55). Cassida altiuscula distinctly differs in a very high postscutellar elevation (fig. 53) and elytral sides distinctly converging posterad (figs. 51, 52).</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Musée du Congo / Lulua: Kapanga / I–1933 / G. F. Overlaet // R. Dét. / E / 3219 (MRAC); paratype: Musée du Congo / Kabambare / (Lt Delhaise) / Coll. Clavareau (MNHW); paratype: I.R.S.A.C.– Mus. Congo / Kivu: Uvira, vallée de la / Mugadja 26–V–1958 / G. Marlier (MRAC).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B12AA95CFF6CFF5C0E789103	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B128A953FF6CFED90F51964F.text	E417E526B128A953FF6CFED90F51964F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida oxylepiformis Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida oxylepiformis sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 35, 293–294)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EEA590DD-4FC4-4EF0-9698-98E23747205C</p> <p>Etymology. Named after its external similarity to the members of the genus Oxylepus Desbrochers, 1884.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.15 mm, W: 2.50 mm, Lp: 1.50 mm, Wp: 2.25 mm, L/W: 1.66, Wp/Lp: 1.50. Body elongate, almost cylindrical (fig. 293).</p> <p>Entire body yellow (figs. 293, 294)</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width slightly in front of the middle, sides narrowly rounded. Surface of disc moderately coarse punctate, punctures slightly finer than those of elytral disc, dense, with distance between punctures approximately twice narrower than puncture diameter and surface between punctures appears slightly irregular. Explanate margin of pronotum shallowly and densely punctate, surface between punctures slightly irregular, semitransparent with honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Scutellum punctate. Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, angulate. Disc regularly convex in profile, without impressions and without sculpture (fig. 294). Punctation moderately coarse, dense, interspaces mostly narrower than puncture diameter, surface of elytral disc appears regular. Explanate margin broad, extremely declivous almost perpendicular to surface, in widest part approximately 3.3 times narrower than disc, with punctation to those on disc, in area close to marginal row as dense as on elytral disc in area close to lateral margin of elytra slightly coarser than on disc, surface appears more or less regular, semitransparent with honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes shortened, gena elongate, distance between under margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum as long as half eye width. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.6 times as wide as long, clypeal grooves deep, converging in regular triangle, clypeal plate slightly impressed, smooth and shiny, central plate without punctures. Labrum broadly, shallowly emarginate.Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 slightly elongate. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:59:59:45:55:41:64:50:59:55:123. Segment 3 approximately as long as 2 and 1.3 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum very narrow in the middle, narrower than width of procoxa, strongly expanded apically, area between coxae with median groove, shiny, with few setose punctures, expanded apex flat medially without median impression, sides impressed, slightly irregular, shiny with few small setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple but with slightly broadened base.</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa (Western Cape) (fig. 35).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida litigiosa species–group, close to elongate, strongly convex species with a strongly declivous explanate margin of elytra such as Cassida litigiosa, C. lycii, C. melanophthalma, C. reticulipennis and C. wittmeri. Cassida oxylepiformis has the most cylindrical body within the subgroup with the most declivous explanate margin of elytra. Cassida litigiosa and C. reticulipennis differ also in finely punctate or partly impunctate pronotal disc, C. melanophthalma differs in more oval body and coarser elytral punctation, C. lycii differs in base of elytra more distinctly wider than pronotum, elytral sides distinctly converging posterad and extremely coarse punctation of pronotum, C. wittmeri differs in larger size with length above 4.7 mm and slightly coarser punctation of the elytral disc.</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: RSA Western Cape 368 m, R358 6 km E N7 N Bitterfontein, 30°57’775 S, 18°17’102 E, 30 x 2011 R. Borovec lgt. (LS).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B128A953FF6CFED90F51964F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B127A952FF6CF9150FC992B3.text	E417E526B127A952FF6CF9150FC992B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida patruelis Spaeth 1935	<div><p>Cassida patruelis Spaeth, 1935</p> <p>(figs. 33, 254–255)</p> <p>Cassida patruelis Spaeth, 1935 a: 174; Borowiec, 1999 a: 272.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.70–4.95 mm, W: 3.70–3.95 mm, Lp: 1.70–1.75 mm, Wp: 3.00–3.25 mm, L/W: 1.25–1.31, Wp/ Lp: 1.76–1.86. Body oval (fig. 254).</p> <p>Entire body uniformly yellow or yellowish green including legs and antennae (figs. 254, 255).</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides angulate, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes. Surface of disc shiny, with fine to moderately coarse and moderately dense punctation. Distance between punctures from as wide as to thrice times wider than puncture diameter, interspaces regular. Explanate margin broad, shiny, impunctate, regular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra not or only slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 255), with shallow postscutellar and principal impressions, and thin H–shaped elevation. Punctation moderately coarse, in postscutellar impressions and laterally to H–shaped elevation disposed irregular, along suture and along sides forms more or less regular rows, dense, distance between punctures mostly narrower than puncture diameter and interspaces slightly convex thus surface appears slightly irregular. Marginal row distinct, its punctures only slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly not marked except slightly convex second interval, slightly wider sutural rows, flat first interval, as wide as sutural rows, and flat two submarginal, linear intervals, marginal interval distinct, as wide as submarginal interval and submarginal row combined, no humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part 4.5 times narrower than disc, surface with shallow and dense punctation and numerous wrinkles, appears irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena short but well marked. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.3 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, running close to margin of eye and converging in obtuse triangle, surface of clypeus flat, smooth and shiny. Labrum shallowly and broadly emarginate. Antennae slim, segments 9–10 approximately as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:47:70:57:60:40:53:57:53:53:103. Segment 3 approximately 1.5 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, intercoxal area flat, smooth and shiny, expanded apex with few setose punctures, interspaces smooth and shiny.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Angola, South Democratic Republic of Congo, and Zambia (fig. 33).</p> <p>Remarks. A distinct species with the unique combination of characters: completely yellow body and appendices, subangulate sides of pronotum, elytra only slightly, regularly convex in profile, punctation of elytra partly regular and partly irregular and claws with large basal tooth. Species of Cassida lacrymosa species–group with body predominantly yellow (C. spartea, C. sparteiformis) differ in completely regular elytral rows, species of the C. litigiosa species–group differ in more convex and completely irregular elytral disc, species of the C. viridipennis species–group differ in rounded pronotal sides and distinctly more convex elytral disc, often with irregular sculpture, species of the C. sulphurago species–group differ in larger size and distinctly more convex elytral disc or/and base of elytra distinctly wider than pronotum and claws without tooth, C. oromiaensis differs in an elongate body with rounded pronotal sides, and C. penelope differs in a more elongate–oval body.</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [ANGOLA]: Kalukembe, XII 1932, 1 Miss. sc. suisse (MM).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Bambesa, 1 (MM); Elisabethville, 25 IV 1939, 2, H.J. Bredo (MNHW, MRAC); Lomami, Kamina, 1 (MM).</p> <p>ZAMBIA: Upper Luangwa R., 27 VII–13 VIII 1910, 1 (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B127A952FF6CF9150FC992B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B125A950FF6CFAE40D3C943F.text	E417E526B125A950FF6CFAE40D3C943F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida pellegrini Marseul 1868	<div><p>Cassida pellegrini Marseul, 1868</p> <p>(figs. 33, 232–233)</p> <p>Cassida Pellegrini Marseul, 1868: 213; Spaeth, 1914 b: 142; Gruev, 1995: 340; Borowiec et al., 1997: 151; Borowiec, 1999 a: 272.</p> <p>Cassida Pellegrinii [sic]: Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3657.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) Pellegrini: Spaeth, 1914 a: 130, 1914 b: 108.</p> <p>Cassida (Tylocentra) Pellegrini: Spaeth &amp; Reitter, 1926: 58; Winkler, 1932: 1359.</p> <p>Cassida (Tylocentra) tectiformis Normand, 1949: 95; Sekerka &amp; Borowiec, 2011: 506 (as synonym of Cassida pellegrini).</p> <p>Description. L: 4.40–5.20 mm, W: 3.10–3.50 mm, Lp: 1.55–1.80 mm, Wp: 2.60–2.90 mm, L/W: 1.39–1.49, Wp/ Lp: 1.1.59–1.74. Body distinctly converging posterad (fig. 232).</p> <p>Dorsum yellow, yellowish green or green (green colour in life, often persist in dry specimens). Elytral disc at top often with small reddish spot (fig. 232), in extreme case red to purple spot occupies large part of sutural area of disc, occasionally this spot is divided into two smaller spots, in pale specimens entire elytra yellow. Head, ventrites, legs and antennae yellow, in specimens with green dorsum often one or two apical antennal segments green.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides subangulate, no basal corners. Disc not bordered from explanate margin, area above head not impressed. Surface of disc from slightly alutaceous to shiny, with coarse and dense punctation, distance between punctures mostly narrower than puncture diameter. Area above head with punctures smaller than on top or sides of disc but always distinctly punctate. Interspaces mostly regular but in some specimens surface of disc appears slightly irregular. Explanate margin moderately broad, with coarse punctation, especially on sides, shiny to slightly alutaceous, semitransparent to transparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra distinctly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc highly convex, with more or less distinct postscutellar impressions but without principal impressions, with obtuse hump in postscutellar area but without H–shaped elevation (fig. 233). Punctation moderately coarse, mostly arranged in completely regular rows, only in postscutellar impressions and sometimes on slope punctures partly to mostly irregular, rows not impressed thus sometimes punctures runs in not straight line, distance between punctures from slightly narrower to slightly wider than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures not coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals flat, second interval slightly wider than first and third intervals, lateral intervals from as wide as to slightly wider than rows, marginal interval broad, in humeral area slightly wider than submarginal interval and submarginal row combined, no humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, in the widest part approximately six to seven times narrower than disc, surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny with fine and dense punctation and more or less irregular interspaces, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes moderately large, gena slightly longer than length of last palpomere. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.4–1.5 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in regular triangle, surface of clypeus flat or shallowly impressed, its surface shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum with almost straight anterior margin or very shallowly emarginate. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 distinctly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:64:64:62:56:48:52:56:56:65:108. Segment 3 approximately as long as segment 2 and only slightly longer than segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum narrow in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat, shiny, without special sculpture, expanded apex convex, shiny with few small, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Host plants. Solanaceae: Lycium schweinfurthii (Borowiec et al. 1997).</p> <p>Distribution. Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia (fig. 33). This is the only Ethiopian member of the genus Cassida L. common to Palaearctic and Ethiopian regions.</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida turcmenica species–group (the former subgenus Tylocentra Reitter), next to Cassida rotschildi Spaeth, 1922 the only species of the group in the Ethiopian Region. Cassida rothschildi is a more western species, occuring mostly in continental Africa and both taxa are sympatric only in the Arabian Peninsula. Cassida pellegrini is generally larger (L = 4.40–5.20 mm vs. 3.70–4.40 in C. rothschildi) and slligtly more elongate species (L/W ratio 1.39–1.49 vs. 1.29–1.39 in C. rothschildi). It differs also in a less convex and less angulate elytral disc profile and coarser and denser pronotal punctation.</p> <p>Types examined. Type of Cassida pellegrini Marseul not examined personally but Dr. L. Sekerka informed us that he found the type (? holotype) in MNHN and that the specimens from Cyprus, Tunisia, Israel and Saudi Arabia examined by us are conspecific with the type. Type location of Cassida (Tylocentra) tectiformis Normand unknown.</p> <p>Other specimens examined. SAUDI ARABIA: 8–20 km O Abha–Ta’if, 2100 m, 20 IV 1996, 2, Wittmer &amp; Buettiker (Basel).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B125A950FF6CFAE40D3C943F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B124A957FF6CFBC50D5F9224.text	E417E526B124A957FF6CFBC50D5F9224.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida penelope Boheman 1862	<div><p>Cassida penelope Boheman, 1862</p> <p>(figs. 34, 320–321)</p> <p>Cassida Penelope Boheman, 1862: 324; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3657; Spaeth, 1933 a: 348; Borowiec, 1999 a: 272. Cassida (Cassida) Penelope: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Description. L: 5.40 mm, W: 3.80 mm, Lp: 2.00 mm, Wp: 3.25 mm, L/W: 1.42, Wp/Lp: 1.63. Body oval (fig. 320).</p> <p>Dorsum yellow (figs. 320, 321), head and thorax yellow only posterior corners of metathorax infuscate. Legs and antennae yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides subangulate, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except short lateral impressions, without lateral lobes. Surface of disc shiny, with fine and sparse punctation. Distance between punctures two to four times wider than puncture diameter, interspaces regular. Explanate margin broad, indistinctly, shallowly punctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure its surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny, slightly irregular.</p> <p>Base of elytra only slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 321), with shallow postscutellar and principal impressions, well marked H–shaped elevation and convex second interval. Punctation coarse and dense, arranged in completely regular rows, punctures in rows almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures twice coarser than punctures in submarginal rows. Intervals mostly linear, except convex second interval which is as wide as rows, marginal interval distinct, with broad humeral and lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, moderately declivous, in the widest part six times narrower than disc, surface shiny with shallow, but coarse and dense punctation, punctures of various size, surface appears irregular.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.2 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus flat apically with two small impressions, its surface shiny, impunctate. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/6 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:59:79:59:53:47:59:59:59:63:120. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat, without special sculpture, expanded apex slightly convex, shiny, impunctate.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Namibia and South Africa (fig. 34).</p> <p>Remarks. A very distinct species, at first glance more similar to some Palearctic members of the nominotypical subgenus than to any African species except C. oromiaensis. In general body shape and sculpture, C. penelope is similar to the East Palearctic species close to Cassida fuscorufa Motschulsky, 1866 but differs in an almost uniformly yellow body while Palearctic species have the dorsum reddish brown, brown to almost black and ventrites mostly black. Cassida oromiaensis at first glance is also similar to Palearctic members of the nominotypical subgenus but differs from C. penelope in the sides of the pronotum with irregular sculpture of punctures and wrinkles and explanate margin of pronotum and elytra deeply punctate with the surface appearing distinctly irregular while in C. penelope pronotal sides are only finely punctate without wrinkles, explanate margin of pronotum and elytra has very shallow punctures and the surface appears only slightly irregular. In C. penelope the posterolateral parts of the elytral disc are regularly punctate (fig. 321) while in C. oromiaensis additional punctures on the intervals disturb the regularity (fig. 253). Both species are separated geographically as C. penelope is known only from southern Africa while C. oromianesis occurs in Ethiopia.</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cap. B. Spei, 1, Victorin. (NRS).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. NAMIBIA: Waterberg Plateau Park, 21 III 1992, 1, C.W. &amp; L.B. O’Brien &amp; G.B. Marshall (LS).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B124A957FF6CFBC50D5F9224	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B122A956FF6CFAE409F59243.text	E417E526B122A956FF6CFAE409F59243.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida pernix Spaeth 1917	<div><p>Cassida pernix Spaeth, 1917</p> <p>(figs. 28, 105–106)</p> <p>Cassida pernix Spaeth, 1917: 433; Shaw, 1961: 31; Borowiec, 1999 a: 272.</p> <p>Description. L: 5.10–5.15 mm, W: 4.20 mm, Lp: 1.90 mm, Wp: 3.50–3.55 mm, L/W: 1.21–1.23, Wp/Lp: 1.84– 1.87. Body almost circular (fig. 105).</p> <p>Pronotum reddish yellow to reddish, disc on sides with two darker reddish spots of diffused borders. Scutellum yellow reddish, elytral disc reddish, often top of disc paler reddish yellow and sides darker reddish. Explanate margin yellow reddish with broad, reddish humeral and posterolateral spots, humeral spot not extending to humeral angle (figs. 105, 106). Head, thorax, abdomen and legs yellow Antennal segments 1–7 yellow, segments 8–10 black, last segment black dorsally, ventral sides in basal half black, in apical half yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides angulate, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes. Surface of disc shiny, with fine to moderately coarse, moderately dense punctation. Distance between punctures from as wide as to thrice times wider than puncture diameter, interspaces regular. Explanate margin broad, shiny, impunctate, regular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra not or only slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 106), with distinct postscutellar and principal impressions, and thin H–shaped elevation. Punctation moderately coarse, arranged in regular rows, dense, distance between punctures mostly narrower than puncture diameter and interspaces slightly convex but surface appears regular. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly linear except slightly convex second interval which is twice narrower than rows, marginal interval distinct, as wide as submarginal interval and two submarginal rows combined, with more or less distinct humeral and distinct lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part 4 times narrower than disc, surface with shallow and dense punctation and numerous wrinkles, appears irregular, on pale parts transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, run close to margin of eyes then converging in angle, surface of clypeus flat or very shallowly impressed, its surface shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae moderately stout, segments 9–10 approximately as long as wid. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100: 55:87:74:74:52:61:61:68:71:129. Segment 3 approximately 1.6 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa impressed, without special sculpture, expanded apex with several elongate punctures, surface appears irregular.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Eastern and southern Democratic Republic of Congo (fig. 28).</p> <p>Remarks. A distinct species, its predominantly reddish colour of elytral disc and red humeral and posterolateral spots on explanate margin are unique. Only Cassida elgonensis and C. ghesquieri from the C. lacrymosa speciesgroup have similar colour but C. elgonensis differs in a more elongate and parallel sided body, mostly black ventrites, higher H–shaped postscutellar elevation and a more elevated second interval; C. ghesquieri differs in length below 5 mm and mostly black ventrites.</p> <p>Types examined. Three syntypes: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Kapiri, IX 1912, Miss. Agric. (MRAC); four syntypes: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Elisabethville, IX 1911, Miss. Agric. (MM, MRAC, MNHW).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Katanga, La Kasepa, 23 IX 1923, 1, Ch. Seydel (MNHW); Upemba Nat. Park, Lusinga, galerie riv. Lusinga, 24 V 1945, 1, de Witte (MRAC).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B122A956FF6CFAE409F59243	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B122A9ABFF6CFD1308199693.text	E417E526B122A9ABFF6CFD1308199693.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida praetimida Spaeth 1912	<div><p>Cassida praetimida Spaeth, 1912</p> <p>(figs. 36, 303–304)</p> <p>Cassida (Odontionycha) praetimida Spaeth, 1912 a: 497, 1914 b: 93; Bryant, 1957: 354; Medvedev, 1996: 262; Borowiec, 1999 a: 262 (as syn. of liquefacta).</p> <p>Cassida (Odontionycha) liquefacta Spaeth, 1912 a: 499, 1914 b: 93.</p> <p>Cassida liquefacta: Borowiec, 1985: 241, 1986: 805, 1999 a: 262.</p> <p>Cassida (Odontionycha) sincera Spaeth, 1912 a: 498, 1914 b: 93; Borowiec, 1999 a: 262 (as syn. of liquefacta).</p> <p>Cassida (Odontionycha) semipallens Spaeth, 1912 a: 500, 1914 b: 93; Borowiec, 1999 a: 262 (as syn. of liquefacta).</p> <p>Cassida Chapuisi Spaeth, 1912 a: 502; Borowiec, 1999 a: 242, new synonymy.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) Chapuisi: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Cassida (Odontionycha) concolor Spaeth, 1926 c: 11; Borowiec, 1999 a: 262 (as syn. of liquefacta).</p> <p>Description. L: 3.95–4.90 mm, W: 2.80–3.70 mm, Lp: 1.50–1.92 mm, Wp: 2.45–3.00 mm, L/W: 1.29–1.41, Wp/ Lp: 1.51–1.72. Body short–oval, widest in 1/3 length then distinctly converging posterad (fig. 303).</p> <p>Body uniformly yellow, sometimes apex of last antennal segments slightly infuscate (figs. 303, 304).</p> <p>Pronotum subelliptical, with maximum width at anterior 1/3 length, anterior margin forms subangulate arch, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc not bordered from explanate margin, area above head hardly marked. Surface of disc alutaceous, with fine and sparse pricks. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, alutaceous only extreme margin shiny, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad,subangulate. Disc irregularly convex in profile (fig. 304), without impressions, without H–shaped elevation, at most on top of disc with small transverse, impunctate very low fold. Punctation moderately coarse, completely irregular, distance between punctures smaller than puncture diameter, in some populations punctures extremely dense, almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, not interrupted, its punctures slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Interspaces usually flat, sometime is more or less marked linear second interval, marginal interval well marked, in some populations only slightly wider than marginal row, in other populations at least in humeral part twice wider than marginal row. Explanate margin moderately broad, strongly declivous, in the widest part 4.5 times narrower than disc, surface as punctate as on disc, alutaceous, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes moderately large, gena as long as last palpomere. Clypeus broad, 1.3–1.5 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus flat or shallowly impressed, shiny with several very small, hairy punctures, between clypeal groove and margin of eye row of hairy punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:54:50:46:46:50:46:54:54:100. Segment 3 approximately 1.1 times as long as segments 2 and 4.</p> <p>Prosternum narrow in the middle, moderately expanded apically, area between coxa impressed, without special sculpture except, shiny with several very small, setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex in the middle, shiny, without special sculpture, with several very small setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with moderate basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Arid part of subsaharian Africa south to southern Tanzania (fig. 36).</p> <p>Remarks. A distinct species with no close relatives in Africa. At first glance seems to be similar to irregularly punctate, small and stout species of the C. litigiosa species–group but differs in claws with large basal tooth. From other African small, uniformly yellow or green species it differs in completely irregular punctation of elytra. The completely yellow form of C. rothschildi has a similar size, body shape and elytral convexity (figs. 234, 235) but differs in mostly regular elytral punctation.</p> <p>Types examined. Two syntypes of Cassida (Odontionycha) praetimida Spaeth, 1912: [TANZANIA]: Shirati, V 1909, Katona (MM); 10 syntypes of Cassida (Odontionycha) liquefacta Spaeth, 1912: [SENEGAL]: Senegal (MM, IRSN); syntype of Cassida (Odontionycha) sincera Spaeth, 1912: [TANZANIA]: Kilimandjaro Bornemissza (MM); syntype of Cassida (Odontionycha) semipallens Spaeth, 1912: [ERITREA]: Erithrea Bellini (MM); syntype of Cassida (Odontionycha) semipallens Spaeth, 1912: [ERITREA]: Erithrea, Ghinda, Bellini (MM); holotype of Cassida chapuisi Spaeth, 1912: [ERITREA]: Erithrea, Cheren (MM).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. BENIN: Abomey, 7 V 1950, 2, A. Villiers (IFAN, MNHW); Kandi, Amarante, 11 VIII 1990, 3, Gondengon (MNHN).</p> <p>CHAD: 17 km S Fort Lamy, Chari–Ufer, 8 III 1973, 1 (J. Mauser).</p> <p>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Ubangi, M’Paka, 17 X 1959, 1, M. Pecheur (MRAC); Uele, Dingilla, 4 III 1933, 8, J. Vrydagh (MRAC, MM, MNHW); Uele, Gangala na Bodio, 14 V 1936, 3, L. Lippens (MRAC).</p> <p>ETHIOPIA: Addis Abeba, 6 XII 1926, 1, H. Scott (MNHW); Awash N.P., Awash river, 8 XI 1980, 4, A. Demeter (HNHM, MNHW); 11 km E Bati, 20 IX 1980, 1, A. Demeter (HNHM); Gamu Gofa Prov., Konso, 1610 m, 1 IV 1960, 1, 10 IV 1960, 1, W. Richter (SMNS); SNNPR <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.533333/lat 5.25)">Prov.</a>, 20 km SE of Konso, 5°15’N, 37°32’E, 850 m, 11–13 V 2016, 1, J. Halada leg. (LS), 11–13 + 18 V 2015, 1, A. Kudrna jr. leg. (LS).</p> <p>GABON: Gabon, 1 (IRSN).</p> <p>GAMBIA: Bakau, 6–26 XI 1984, 2, T. Palm (LU); Bathurst, I 1968, 1, T. Palm (LU), 6 I 1968, 1, T.–E. Leiler (NRS); Jokadu Distr., 4 km ESE Dasilami, 9 XI 1992, 16, M. Söderlund (LU, MNHW); Mc Carthy Isl., 1, G. Svensson (NRS); Maccarthy Island, S–side, 8 XI 1992, 1, M. Söderlund (LU).</p> <p>GHANA: Accra Airport, 21 V 1988, 1, F.–T. Krell (MNHW); Kumasi, 15 V 1988, 1, 17 V 1988, 1, F.–T. Krell (SMNS); Northern regin, Damongo Game Res., 1 VIII 1967, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (HNHM).</p> <p>KENYA: Amboseli, 7 VI 1980, 3, D. Furth (PMNH); L. Bogoria, Fig Tree Camp, 13 X 2004, 2, ABD (TD); Garsen, Witu, 8 IV 2007, 1, M. Snižek (MNHW); Naivasha, Joan Root, 8 IV 2002, 1, ABD (TD); Tana – Guasa Nyero, 1200–2000 m, I 1910, 1 (MNHN); Tsavo, Taita Hills, Wundanyi, 6–10 IV 1997, 1, M. Snižek (MS); Tsavo, Voi, 27 III–4 IV 1997, 1, M. Snižek (MS).</p> <p>LIBERIA: Bong Town, 22 XI 1988, 1, F.–T. Krell (SMNS).</p> <p>MALI: Kassarola, 31 XII 1970, 1, G. Pierrard (MRAC).</p> <p>NIGER: env. Agadès, XI 1938, 1, L. Chopard (MNHN); Mt. Baguezane, 1500–1600 m, 31 VIII–4 IX 1947, 1, A. Villiers (IFAN); Niger, 3, Benn. (ZMHU).</p> <p>NIGERIA: Apeji, 10 (BMNH, LS); near Gudi, 7 VIII 1973, 1, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH); Ibadan, Oyo St., 3–4 XI 1979, 1, Polish Students Exp. (MNHW); Kontagoa River, 3 miles from Niger, 13 VIII 1970, 1, P. H. Ward (BMNH).</p> <p>REPUBLIC OF CENTRAL AFRICA: Fort Crampel, Ubanghi, X 1953, 1, IX 1954, 1, X 1955, 1 (MRAC, MNHW); Fort Sibut, Haut Chari, 1 (MNHW); Fort Sibut, Ubangi Shari, 1 (MNHW).</p> <p>SENEGAL: Bambey, 1946, 21, J. Risbec (BMNH, LS); Dakar, VII 1945, 9, A. Villiers, 30 XII 1952, 2, M. Condamin (IFAN, MNHW); M’Bambey, 28 II 1939, 2, 22 IV 1939, 4, M. Risbec (MRAC); 14 km S of M’Bour, Club Aldiana und Umgebung, 8–20 X 1992, 2, U. Schmidt leg. (NME); Sangalkam, 21 IV 1953, 1, A. Villiers (IFAN); Senegal, 3 (SD).</p> <p>SOMALIA: Afgoi, VIII 1977, 1, Olmi (MNHW); Borama–Silil, 29 VI 1963, 1, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH); Mogadiscio, III 1974, 1 (JM).</p> <p>SUDAN: Blue Nile Prov., Wad Medani, 21 IX 1979, 1, H. Bremer (ZSM); Wad Medani, VIII 1930, 1, H. B. Johnson (BMNH); Wad Medani, n. Blue Nile, 29 X 1979, 4, Hieke (ZMHU, MNHW).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Kigonsera, 2, Haeflinger (ZMHU); SO Kilimandjaro, 20–21 I 1906, 2, Schröder (ZMHU, MNHW); Kilosa, IX 1929, 1, G. A. K. Marshall (BMNH); Magamba–Bge., n. Masinde, 700–1600m, 5 I 1906, 1, Schröder (MNHW); Panganisteppe, Mombo–Masinde, I 1906, 1, Schröder (ZMHU); Ukiriguru, 5 IX 1960, 2, I. A. D. Robertson (BMNH).</p> <p>TOGO: Kolokope, 1 VII 1990, 2, P. Silvie (HPA).</p> <p>UGANDA: Bussu, 1909, 1, E. Bayon (MM); NE of Kasese, 23 XI 2001, 1, M. Snižek (MS).</p> <p>YEMEN: Sana Distr., El Kabar Pass, 9300 ft., 2, Brit. Mus. Exp. (BMNH, MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B122A9ABFF6CFD1308199693	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1DFA9AAFF6CFE6908469767.text	E417E526B1DFA9AAFF6CFE6908469767.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida procurva Spaeth 1924	<div><p>Cassida procurva Spaeth, 1924</p> <p>(figs. 2, 172–173)</p> <p>Cassida procurva Spaeth, 1924: 354; Borowiec, 1999 a: 275.</p> <p>Description. L: 6.00 mm, W: 5.55 mm, Lp: 2.30 mm, Wp: 3.85 mm, L/W: 1.08, Wp/Lp: 1.67. Body almost circular (fig. 172).</p> <p>Pronotum uniformly yellow, only basal margin marked with black. Scutellum yellow with black margins. Elytra yellow, disc with black pattern of 9 spots arranged as in fig. 172. Spot on humerus sometimes divided into two spots (in holotype specimen left spot is complete, right divided into two spots). Sutural margin narrowly black. Ventrites, legs and antennae uniformly yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width before the middle, sides rounded. Surface of both disc and explanate margin impunctate and shiny. Surface of explanate margin transparent, honeycomb structure well visible.</p> <p>Base of elytra distinctly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, angulate. Basal margin of disc finely crenulate. Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 173), without impressions except very shallow, small postscutellar impressions. Punctation regular, fine and sparse, in rows distance between punctures mostly wider than puncture diameter, some punctures tend to form groups 2–3 together. On sides of disc punctures slightly impressed. Marginal row distinct, its punctures distinctly coarser than those of median rows. Intervals flat and broad, in sutural part of disc five to six times, on sides of disc two to four times wider than rows. Marginal interval distinct, broad, almost twice wider than submarginal interval with well marked humeral and lateral folds. Surface of intervals, impunctate, glabrous and shiny. Explanate margin broad, in the widest part four times narrower than wide of disc, subhorizontal, forms a shallow gutter. Surface of explanate margin, impunctate, glabrous, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Apex of elytral epipleura with few erect setae.</p> <p>Head broad, eyes moderately large but gena very short. Clypeus very broad, 1.6 times as wide as broad, frontal grooves fain, run in distance to inner margin of eyes and converging in regular triangle. Frontal plate, flat, impunctate and shiny. Labrum narrow, very shallowly emarginate. Antennae moderately long, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide, segment 3 approximately 1.25 times as long as segment 2 and the same long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternal collar short, in mid of anterior length as long as half length of apical segment of palpi, on sides emarginate thus in the middle head cavity without collar. Prosternal process broad, moderately expanded apically, impressed between fore coxa but with flat surface. Apex smooth and shiny with only slightly irregular surface.</p> <p>Claws simple but appearing distinctly appendiculate due to projecting flanks of claw segment.</p> <p>Distribution. Tanzania (fig. 2).</p> <p>Remarks. A very distinct species, with no close relatives in the Afrotropical region. Its body shape and colouration is unique (figs. 172–173). At first glance it looks similar to Cassida recondita (Boheman, 1862) from Indonesia and Philippines and its relatives C. quinquemaculata Boheman, 1854 from Philippines and C. corollata Spaeth, 1940 from Java and Borneo. In Oriental species the elytral pattern tends to form more or less expanded reticulation, if the pattern is composed with separate black spots, like in C. procurva, then the postscutellar area has no black spot, at most only the sutural margin is darkened.</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [TANZANIA]: Manow, 1920, Staudinger (MM).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1DFA9AAFF6CFE6908469767	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1DEA9A9FF6CF8FD0D6094F7.text	E417E526B1DEA9A9FF6CF8FD0D6094F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida pudens Boheman 1854	<div><p>Cassida pudens Boheman, 1854</p> <p>(figs. 30, 333–335)</p> <p>Cassida pudens Boheman, 1854: 482; Borowiec, 1999 a: 275; Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001: 161.</p> <p>Cassida subplana Spaeth, 1928: 5; Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997: 631; Borowiec, 1999 a: 275 (as syn.).</p> <p>Description. L: 5.30–6.70 mm, W: 4.40–5.30 mm, Lp: 1.70–2.30 mm, Wp: 3.3–4.2 mm, L/W: 1.20–1.33, Wp/Lp: 1.83–1.94. Body short–oval, sides regularly rounded (figs. 333, 334).</p> <p>Uniformly yellow, including ventrites, legs and antennae (figs. 333–335).</p> <p>Pronotum semicircular, with maximum width at base, sides angulate. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes. Surface of disc finely but deeply punctate, punctures slightly finer but more dense than those of elytral disc, distance between punctures mostly slightly narrower than puncture diameter. Surface of disc appears slightly irregular. Explanate margin of pronotum shallowly punctate, but punctures hardly visible and surface appears rather slightly irregular than punctate.</p> <p>Base of elytra wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc slightly depressed in profile, without impressions and elevations (fig. 335). Punctation moderately coarse and dense, distance between punctures from slightly narrower to as wide as puncture diameter. Surface of disc appears regular. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part 4.5 times narrower than disc, with punctation slightly coarser and more dense than on disc, but surface regular.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena short, distance between under margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum approximately twice shorter than half eye width. Clypeus broad, 1.2 times as wide as long, clypeal grooves distinct, converging with regular triangle, surface of clypeal plate flat, shiny, with several very small setose punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae slim, segments 9–10 longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:53:73:57:53:6 0:73:70:73:73:103. Segment 3 approximately 1.4 times longer than 2 and approximately 1.3 times longer than 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa, flat, shiny, along sides with rows of small setose punctures, expanded apex convex in the middle, impressed laterally, central part shiny, with few small setose punctures, impressed sides with dense setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Host plants. Asteraceae: Othonna parviflora P.J. Bergius (Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska 2001); Othonna quinquedentata Thunberg (Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997).</p> <p>Distribution. South Afrika: Cape (fig. 30).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida litigiosa species–group. It belongs to the subgroup of large species with an almost semicircular pronotum. The subgroup comprises also C. distinguenda and C. limpopoana. Both differ in shorter eyes with gena longer or approximately as long as half eye length (in C. pudens distinctly shorter than half eye length). Cassida limpopoana differs also in a much more convex elytra (fig. 319), and base of the elytra as wide as base of pronotum (figs. 317, 318) while in C. pudens the base of the elytra is wider than base of pronotum (figs. 333, 334). Cassida distinguenda differs also in a slimmer body and slightly coarser and denser punctation of the elytral disc (fig. 309).</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype of Cassida pudens Boheman, 1854: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cap., Berg 1093 (ZMHU); lectotype and paralectotype of Cassida subplana Spaeth, 1928, designated by Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001: 162 [SOUTH AFRICA]: Afrika, 2, G. De V. (NRS); paralectotype of Cassida subplana Spaeth, 1928 designated by Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001: 162 [SOUTH AFRICA]: Afrika (MM).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Cap. B. Spei, 2, Peringuey (1 NRS, 1 MM); Cape Prov., Doorn River, XII 1931, 1 (LS); Western Cape, Ceres Michell’s Pass, 400 m, 22 X 1957, 10, R. z. Strassen (SMF); Western Cape Prov., Palmiet West, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.983334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.333332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.983334/lat -34.333332)">Kleinmond</a>, 34°20’S, 18°59’E, 1 (ARC); Western Cape Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.833334/lat -34.266666)">Near Pringle Bay</a>, 34°16’S, 18°50’E, 1 (ARC); Western Cape, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.27&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.07" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.27/lat -34.07)">St. James</a>, 34.07 S 18.27 E, 27 IV 1989, 10, J. Scott &amp; Kleinjan (NIC, MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1DEA9A9FF6CF8FD0D6094F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1DDA9AFFF6CFB8D0E7F95A3.text	E417E526B1DDA9AFFF6CFB8D0E7F95A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida quatuordecimsignata Spaeth 1899	<div><p>Cassida quatuordecimsignata Spaeth, 1899</p> <p>(figs. 37, 162–164)</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida i.sp.) 14–signata Spaeth, 1899: 217.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) quatuordecim –signata: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Cassida quatuordecim–signata: Shaw, 1963: 457; Borowiec, 1999 a: 276.</p> <p>Description. L: 3.85–4.85 mm, W: 2.65–3.40 mm, Lp: 1.45–1.75 mm, Wp: 2.20–2.90 mm, L/W: 1.35–1.51, Wp/ Lp: 1.52–1.68. Body oval, male distinctly stouter than females (figs. 162, 163).</p> <p>Dorsum yellow, elytra with 14 smaller or larger black spots arranged as in figs. 162 and 163, spot on humerus sometimes partly coalescent with spot at base of elytra. Head and thorax black, abdomen usually completely black, sometimes the basal sternites on sides with small yellowish spots. Coxa and trochanters black, femora in basal half to 3/4 length black, apex yellow, tibiae and tarsi yellow. Antennal segments 1–6 yellow, segment 7 more or less infuscate, apical four segments black.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width slightly behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides from narrowly rounded to subangulate, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes. Surface of disc shiny, mostly with fine and sparse punctation only area above head impunctate. Distance between punctures several times wider than puncture diameter. Explanate margin moderately broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra not or slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, rounded.Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 164),without impressions or elevated sculpture.Punctation moderately coarse arranged in completely regular rows, moderately dense, distance between punctures from slightly narrower to slightly wider than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures slightly smaller than punctures in central rows. Intervals flat, in sutural half of disc thrice on side twice wider than rows, marginal interval broad, twice wider than submarginal interval, no humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, in the widest part approximately eight times narrower than disc, surface shiny with very shallow punctation, appears mostly regular.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus flat or very shallowly impressed, its surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny with several very small punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:52:69:59:55:38:48:45:48:55:124. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat, shiny, with few small setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex in the middle, without special sculpture except several small, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Host plants. Asteraceae: Berkheya maritima J.M. Wood &amp; M.S. Evans; Berkheya pinnatifida (Thunberg) Thell.; Berkheya onopordifolia (DC) O. Hoffm. ex Burtt Davy. —adults only; Berkheya sp. Prefers undersides of spiky leaves or amongst spicy bracts surrounding capitulum inflorescence (H. Heron pers. comm.).</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa (fig. 37).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida sphaerula species–group. Its elytral pattern with 12-14 small, black spots spread regularly across the entire surface of the elytral disc place C. sphaerula close to the typical form of C. guttipennis but it differs in larger size, stouter body and the broader and more explanate explanate margin of elytra (figs. 158, 160). In size and body shape C. sphaerula and C. vespertilio are more similar but the first species differs in dorsum uniformly yellow or with only two very small black spots or stripes on sides of the elytral disc (figs. 165, 166) and the second species differs in the black elytral pattern more expanded, forming a stripe along sides of the disc and humeral and posterolateral spots on the explanate margin of elytra (fig. 136).</p> <p>Types examined. Three syntypes: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Natal (IRSN, MM).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Free State, Adullam Farm, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.466667/lat -28.533333)">Clarens</a>, 28°32’S, 28°28’E, 1 (ARC); Free State, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.15/lat -28.25)">Harrismith</a>, 28°15’S, 29°09’E, 1 (HH); Free State, Knypesheim, Bethlehem, 1 (ARC); Free State, Laaufontein, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.083334/lat -30.3)">Zastron</a>, 30°18’S, 27°05’E, 1 (ARC); Free State, Lancaster Quarry, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.333334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.333334/lat -28.333334)">Stillerust</a> 991, 15 km SW of Harrismith, 28°20’S, 29°20’E, 1 (HH); Natal, 2 (ZMHU), 1, Schneider (ZMHU); Natal, Drakensberg, Loteni Res., 7 XII 1976, 1, P.E. Reavell (MNHW); Natal, Indaleni, 1, W. Hunt (MNHW); Natal, Cumberland Nat. Res., 15 km NE of Pietermaritzburg, 1 (HH); Natal, Pietermaritzburg, XII 1959, 1, E. Haaf (MNHW); Natal, Umgeni Valley Resreve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.233334/lat -29.466667)">Howick</a>, 29°28’S, 30°14’E, 1 (HH); Free State, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.446388&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.147778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.446388/lat -29.147778)">Voorkeur Siding</a>, 18 km W of Greytown, 29°08’52’’S, 30°26’47’’E, 1 (HH); Oranje F. State, Greenslands 1245, Harrismith, 17–19 XII 1984, 10, A. v. Rensburg (BM, MNHW), 10 I 1999, 1, H. Heron (MNHW); Oranje F. State, Villers env., 15 I 2003, 1, M. Snižek (MS); Standerton, I 1937, 3 from Berkheya sp. (TM).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1DDA9AFFF6CFB8D0E7F95A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1DBA9AFFF6CFB39081C9287.text	E417E526B1DBA9AFFF6CFB39081C9287.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida rabaiensis Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida rabaiensis sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 33, 174–175)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B530BC3D-9B0C-4B77-A967-9ED6094E5C71</p> <p>Etymology. Named after its type locality Rabai on coastal part of Kenya.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.90 mm, W: 4.30 mm, Lp: 1.80 mm, Wp: 3.60 mm, L/W: 1.14, Wp/Lp: 2.00. Body regularly circular, without cleft between base of pronotum and base of elytra (fig. 174).</p> <p>Pronotum yellow, disc with ochraceous X–shaped figure in front of scutellum marked with two small brown spots on ends of anterior branches, brown stripe in the middle and brown ends of basal branches. Scutellum brownish, elytral disc yellow with broad brown ring in the middle extending from fourth to eight rows of punctures, on base of disc the ring marked with two small yellowish patches, top of disc with two short brown stripes (fig. 174). Head ventrites and legs yellow, antennae yellow with two apical segments infuscate.</p> <p>Pronotum semicircular, with maximum width at base, sides acute. Disc moderately convex, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except lateral impression, area above head indistinctly impressed. Surface of disc shiny, with fine and sparse punctation. Distance between punctures distinctly wider than puncture diameter. Explanate margin broad, shiny, impunctate, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra as wide base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc moderately convex in profile (fig. 175), with deep postscutellar and principal impressions, with well marked Hshaped elevation, interval 2 on entire length and interval 4 behind posterior branch of H–shaped elevation slightly convex. Punctation moderately coarse and dense, arranged in completely regular rows, punctures in rows almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as in central rows. Intervals at top of disc 1.5–2 times wider than rows, on sides of disc linear, marginal interval as wide as two submarginal rows and interval combined, humeral and lateral folds absent. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface shiny, impunctate, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus narrow, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine, runs close to margin of eye, on top converging in angle, surface of clypeus flat, its surface shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/6 length. Antennae moderately stout, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:46:82:57:54:43:50:?:?:?:100. Segment 3 approximately 1.8 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.4 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat, with short impressed median line, shiny, impunctate, expanded apex in the middle slightly convex, shiny with few small punctures, sides shallowly impressed, surface with fine longitudinal striation.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Kenya. Its type locality Rabai, also Rabai Mpya, is a historic location in Kilifi District in the Coast Province of Kenya about 12 miles northwest of the city of Mombasa (fig. 33).</p> <p>Remarks. A distinct species, elytral pattern with a broad, black ring around the disc and a regularly circular body shape without cleft between pronotum and elytra are unique characters (fig. 174). Only two other African members of the genus Cassida have an elytral pattern forming a black ring around the elytral disc— C. wanati and C. circumflexa. Both species differ in the base of elytra wider than pronotum and in the pronotal disc with a large, black basal spot (figs. 168, 170) while in C. rabaiensis the pronotal disc is mostly yellow with an X–shaped ochraceous figure marked with two small brown spots on the ends of the anterior branches, a brown stripe in the middle and brown ends of basal branches (fig. 174). Cassida wanati differs also in a narrow black elytral ring, not wider than the two lateral intervals combined and in the central yellow parts marked with a few black spots (figs. 170, 171). Cassida circumflexa differs also in the elytral pattern in addition to the black ring around disc also with a transverse band slightly behind the middle of the disc (figs. 168, 169).</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [KENYA]: Kenya / van Someren / Rabai 8.37 (MNHW).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1DBA9AFFF6CFB39081C9287	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1DAA9AEFF6CFAE40F59925A.text	E417E526B1DAA9AEFF6CFAE40F59925A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida reticulipennis Borowiec & Swietojanska 2001	<div><p>Cassida reticulipennis Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001</p> <p>(figs. 37, 298–299)</p> <p>Cassida reticulipennis Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001: 162; Borowiec, 2005: 127.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.40–5.00 mm, W: 3.15–3.50 mm, Lp: 1.50–1.80 mm, Wp: 2.50–2.80 mm, L/W: 1.38–1.46, Wp/ Lp: 1.56–1.67. Body elongate–oval, distinctly converging posterad (fig. 298).</p> <p>Uniformly yellow, including ventrites, legs and antennae, sometimes apex of last segment infuscate (figs. 298, 299).</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width slightly before the middle, sides rounded. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes. Surface of disc alutaceaous, finely, very shallowly punctate, punctures much finer than those of elytral disc, hardly visible. Distance between punctures mostly wider than puncture diameter, in many specimens pronotum appears impunctate. Surface of disc regular. Explanate margin of pronotum impunctate, surface regular, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra not or only slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles strongly protruding anterad, angulate. Disc moderately, regularly convex in profile, without impressions or elevations (fig. 299). Punctation moderately coarse but dense, distance between punctures on sides approximately twice narrower than puncture diameter, on top of disc slightly narrower to as wide as puncture diameter, surface usually appears regular but in some specimens slightly irregular. In many specimens surface between punctures with fine microreticulation. Explanate margin narrow, in the widest part six times narrower than disc, strongly declivous, almost perpendicular to surface, with very shallow, sparse and fine punctation, thus surface appears mostly regular and partly impunctate.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena short, distance between under margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum more shorter than half eye width. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.2 times as wide as long, clypeal grooves distinct, runs in distance from eyes, concave, at apex converging in almost transverse line with triangular median process. Surface of clypeal plate flat, shiny, with few very small setose punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:58:70:53:53:47:74:50:60:60:106. Segment 3 approximately 1.2 times longer than 2 and approximately 1.3 times than 4.</p> <p>Prosternal process narrow in the middle, moderately expanded apically, area between coxa canaliculate, shiny, expanded apex only slightly convex in the middle, shiny, with few very small setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with very small basal tooth.</p> <p>Host plants. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex nummularia Lindley (Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska 2001).</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa: S and W Cape (fig. 37).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida litigiosa species–group. It belongs to the complex of species with a more or less elongate body, elytra distinctly converging posterad and with a strongly declivous explanate margin of elytra (figs. 300–302). The complex comprises also C. lycii, C. melanophthalma and C. litigiosa. The first two species distinctly differ in the coarse punctation of the pronotum while in C. reticulipennis the punctation of the pronotum is fine, shallow, the punctures much finer than those of the elytral disc, hardly visible. Cassida litigiosa is very similar, differs in slightly a slimmer body with L/W 1.46–1.65 (in C. reticulipennis usually 1.38–1.45) and slightly finer but denser elytral punctation (figs. 295, 296). Cassida oxylepiformis has also elongate body but almost parallel sided, with an extremely declivous explanate margin of elytra, cylindrical (fig. 293).</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype and two paratypes: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cape Province, 10 km SSW Willowmore, 33.22 S 23.27 E, 30 XI1988, B. Grobbelaar (NIC, MNHW); four paratypes: [SOUTH AFRICA]: S.W. Cape, Henningnes Riv., 34.42 S – 20.02 E, 28 X 1983 S. Endrödy – Younga (TM, MNHW); paratype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cape Province, Steytlerville, 8 II 1966, A.L. Capener (MNHW); paratype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cape Province, Storms <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.11&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.23" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.11/lat -31.23)">River</a> Mouth, 14/ 15 X 1964, A.L. Capener (NIC); paratype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: S.W. Cape, Nieuwoudtville, 31.23 S – 19.11 E, 15 X1985, S. Endrödy – Younga (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1DAA9AEFF6CFAE40F59925A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1DAA9ADFF6CFD220D6690BF.text	E417E526B1DAA9ADFF6CFD220D6690BF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida rhodesiaca Spaeth 1928	<div><p>Cassida rhodesiaca Spaeth, 1928</p> <p>(figs. 39, 274–275)</p> <p>Cassida rhodesiaca Spaeth, 1928: 11; Borowiec, 1999 a: 277.</p> <p>Description. L: 5.50 mm, W: 3.60 mm, Lp: 1.90 mm, Wp: 3.10 mm, L/W: 1.53, Wp/Lp: 1.63. Body elongate–oval, with maximum width in the middle (fig. 274).</p> <p>Pronotum ad scutellum yellow. Elytra yellow, irregular punctures in humeral area and from half of disc to slope marked with red thus along each elytron runs indistinct red stripe interrupted in anterior 1/3 length (figs. 274, 275). Ventrites, legs and antennae yellow, last four antennal segments slightly infuscate.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, sides subangulate. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin. Disc a top with two large impressions. Surface of disc moderately punctate, punctures dense, distance between them mostly as wide as puncture diameter, intervals slightly convex thus surface of disc appears slightly irregular. Punctation of explanate margin shallow, surface appears slightly irregular, partly transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Entire surface of pronotum glabrous and slightly shiny.</p> <p>Base of elytra not wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, angulate. Base of disc extremely fine crenulate. Disc unevenly convex in profile, with top of convexity in postscutellar point but not angulate or tuberculate in profile (fig. 275). Postscutellar impressions shallow, surrounded by slightly convex second interval. No lateral or apical impressions. Punctation coarse and dense, distance between punctures from as wide as to slightly narrower than puncture diameter. Punctures partly arranged in rows partly irregular. Usually are well marked two sutural rows between top and margin of disc, three complete rows externally, and more or less regular 2–3 short rows in central part of disc. Punctures in postscutellar impressions and red marked punctures in humeral and central part of disc almost completely irregular. Marginal row distinct, its punctures almost twice coarser than punctures in central part of disc. Intervals mostly invisible, except linear and slightly convex interval 1 and 2, rudiment of interval 3 in the middle of disc, and well marked submarginal and marginal interval. Marginal interval broad, almost thrice wider than linear submarginal interval. Interspaces between punctures slightly convex and entire surface of disc appears slightly irregular. Explanate margin strongly declivous, narrow, in the widest part less than six times narrower than disc, its surface coarsely, deeply punctate, appears irregular but transparent with well marked honeycomb structure. Apex of elytral epipleura without setae.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena obsolete. Clypeus broad, 1.3 times as wide as broad, frontal grooves very fine, runs close to inner margin of eyes. Frontal plate trapezoidal, flat, smooth and shiny. Labrum very shallowly emarginate. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse, segment 3 approximately 1.2 times longer than 2 and as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternal collar distinct, as long as length of apical segment of palpi. Prosternal process broad, flat between fore coxa, apex rhomboidal.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Angola and Zambia (fig. 39).</p> <p>Remarks. Cassida rhodesiaca A member of the Cassida viridipennis species–group reviewed by Spaeth (1928). It differs from all members of the group in a slim body with L/W ratio above 1.5 and elytral punctures in humeral and posterolateral area each with a red centre (figs. 274, 275).</p> <p>Type examined. Two syntypes: [ZAMBIA]: Nama –ula, III 1915, H.C. Dollman (BMNH, MM).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. ANGOLA: Central Bié Prov., Catabola, 17–27 XI 2012, 1, T. Lackner leg. (BMNH).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1DAA9ADFF6CFD220D6690BF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1D9A9A3FF6CFC450E999127.text	E417E526B1D9A9A3FF6CFC450E999127.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida rogozinskii Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida rogozinskii sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 39, 107–108)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EF02B027-F945-495E-833F-BB8F76B18B47</p> <p>Etymology. Dedicated to Stefan Szolc–Rogoziński (1861–1896), Polish globe–trotter, who explored Mt. Cameroon, the type locality of this new species.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.65–5.15 mm, W: 3.90–4.30 mm, Lp: 1.60–1.80 mm, Wp: 3.00–3.20 mm, L/W: 1.18–1.26, Wp/LP: 1.78–1.88. Body short–oval to almost circular (fig. 107).</p> <p>Pronotum mostly black except yellow anterior part of explanate margin and yellow extreme margin of pronotum. Scutellum yellowish brown to black, elytral disc mostly black, including marginal interval, only apex of disc narrowly yellow. Top of disc with sparse yellow pattern forming at least four stripes at base of disc and yellow narrow, transverse, arch–shaped stripe on slope. Between basal an apical stripes several small yellow spots, on sides of postscutellar elevation sometimes coalescent and forming yellow stripe in shape of hockey stick. Explanate margin yellow with broad humeral spots on almost entire length extending to the anterior margin of elytra, only humeral spine yellow, and at lest in the middle of apex extending to the lateral margin of elytra (figs. 107, 108). Head yellow. Prosternum brown to black, metasternum mostly black with paler, yellowish brown posterolateral angles and lateral plates, abdomen mostly brown to black surrounded by yellow or with only last sternite yellow laterally. Legs mostly yellow including trochanters, coxa usually more or less infuscate. Antennae uniformly yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum regularly elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Area above head not or indistinctly impressed, lateral lobes indistinct but bordered from explanate margin by short and deep impression. Surface of disc shiny, with fine and moderately dense punctation, appears regular. Explanate margin broad, dark parts with few small punctures, yellow parts impunctate, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure its surface shiny.</p> <p>Base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, sharply angulate. Disc convex, with well marked postscutellar, principal and posterolateral impressions and low postscutellar elevation forming H–shaped figure of short lateral branches (fig. 108). Punctation coarse, arranged in completely regular rows, postscutellar impressions often with additional irregular punctures. Punctures in rows dense, distance between punctures mostly narrower than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures approximately twice coarser than punctures in central rows, interspaces in posterior half of row form short folds. Intervals mostly flat but second interval on slope fourth and sixth interval in the middle slightly convex, in sutural area intervals as wide as rows, on sides narrower than rows, marginal interval broad, twice wider than lateral intervals, without humeral folds but with short lateral fold. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface from shiny with coarse and dense but shallow punctation, appears slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure, only black humeral spots with coarse, shallow punctures and grooves thus surface appears distinctly irregular.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves very fine, run mostly close to margin of eye, converging in triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus flat or slightly convex, shiny with several very small punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate to 1/6 length. Antennae slim, segments 9–10 approximately 1.5 times as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:53:59:59:69: 53:63:53:59:63:113. Segment 3 approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 2 and as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxae slightly convex, shiny, without special sculpture only along sides with row of setose punctures, central apex of expanded part convex, shiny, sides impressed with few coarse and dense setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Known only from Cameroon (fig. 39).</p> <p>Remarks. A very distinct species with an unique combination of characters: brown to black basal 2/3 of pronotum, mostly black elytral disc with a few yellow spots forming short stripe on sides of disc and transverse band in 2/3 length of disc and explanate margin of elytra, and with broad, black humeral spots. Only three African species have broad brown to black humeral spots on the explanate margin of elytra: C. camerunensis (fig. 95) and dark forms of C. humerosa (figs. 93, 94) and C. innotata (figs. 101, 102). All differ in the pronotum rusty yellow or yellow, C. innotata differs also in elytral surface covered with short, erect setae. Only the darkest form of C. humerosa has the pronotal disc partly, and elytral disc mostly, black (fig. 94) but differs in the explanate margin of pronotum completely yellow and elytral disc without yellow spots.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype: [CAMEROON]: Cameroon, Mt. Cameroon, Buea, 13–17–V–40, 1 (MNHW); two paratypes: [CAMEROON]: the same data as holotype.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1D9A9A3FF6CFC450E999127	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1D7A9A1FF6CFEBD08749693.text	E417E526B1D7A9A1FF6CFEBD08749693.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida rothschildi Spaeth 1922	<div><p>Cassida rothschildi Spaeth, 1922</p> <p>(figs. 40, 234–235)</p> <p>Cassida Rothschildi Spaeth, 1922: 1002; Borowiec, 1999 a: 277; Borowiec &amp; Sekerka, 2010: 377; Świętojańska &amp; Borowiec, 2012: 382.</p> <p>Description. L: 3.70–4.40 mm, W: 2.85–3.30 mm, Lp: 1.40–1.55 mm, Wp: 2.40–2.80 mm, L/W: 1.29–1.39, Wp/ Lp: 1.65–1.83. Body distinctly more or less converging posterad (fig. 234).</p> <p>Pronotum and scutellum yellow. Elytral disc yellow, usually with small reddish to brown spots in postscutellar impression and along suture (fig. 234), in extreme case almost entire surface of postscutellar impression brown and suture mostly brown, occasionally elytral disc uniformly yellow. Explanate margin always yellow. Head, ventrites and legs yellow, antennae uniformly yellow or last segment partly infuscate.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides angulate, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, area above head only slightly impressed. Surface of disc from slightly alutaceous to shiny, with moderately coarse and moderately dense punctation, distance between punctures mostly wider than puncture diameter.Area above head with punctures distinctly smaller than on top or sides of disc, sometimes impunctate. Interspaces mostly regular but in some specimens surface of disc appears slightly irregular. Explanate margin moderately broad, with small punctation, especially on sides, shiny, semitransparent to transparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc highly convex, with distinct postscutellar impressions but without principal impressions, angulate in postscutellar area but without H–shaped elevation (fig. 235). Punctation moderately coarse to coarse, mostly arranged in completely regular rows, only in postscutellar impressions and on slope punctures mostly irregular, rows not impressed thus sometimes punctures runs in not straight line, distance between punctures from slightly narrower to twice wider than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures not coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals flat, second interval distinctly wider than first and third intervals, lateral intervals as wide as to twice wider than rows, marginal interval broad, in humeral area slightly wider than submarginal interval and submarginal row combined, no humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, in the widest part approximately six times narrower than disc, surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny with fine and dense punctation and more or less irregular interspaces, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes moderately large, gena slightly shorter than length of last palpomere. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.4 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in regular triangle surface of clypeus flat or shallowly impressed, its surface shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum very shallowly emarginate. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 distinctly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:65:65:61:56:48:52:56: 56:65:109. Segment 3 approximately as long as segment 2 and only slightly longer than segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum narrow in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat, shiny, without special sculpture, expanded apex convex, shiny with few small, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Host plants. Solanaceae: Lycium socotranum Wagn. &amp; Vierh., Lycium shawii Roem. &amp; Schult. (Świętojańska &amp; Borowiec, 2012).</p> <p>Distribution. Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Sudan, and Kenya (fig. 40).</p> <p>Remarks. Cassida rothschildi is the only member of the former subgenus Tylocentra known from Africa south of the Sahara. The most closely related species is C. pellegrini Marseul, 1868 recorded from Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia (Sekerka &amp; Borowiec 2011). Both taxa belong to the group of species with regularly punctate lateral rows on the elytral disc but C. pellegrini distinctly differs in a more elongate body, less convex elytral disc and coarser and denser pronotal punctation. Cassida rothschildi is the smallest member of the subgenus with body length below 4.5 mm. Other species usually have a length above 4.7 mm, although the smallest specimens of C. pellegrini are 4.4 mm in length.</p> <p>Types examined. Syntype: [KENYA]: Rendilé, Lasami, M. de Rotschild (MNHN).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. KENYA: Elsamere, 7 IV 1998, 4 on Lycium shawii, ABD (TD, MNHW);.</p> <p>SAUDI ARABIA: BAC Camp, Khamis Mushayt, 2000 m, 17–18 IV 1976, 1, Wittmer &amp; Buettiker (NMB).</p> <p>SUDAN: Kassala, Abend Pass, 5 XII 1962, 1, Linnavuori (MNHW).</p> <p>YEMEN: Soqotra Archipelago, Soqotra, Noged, Farmihin, Steroh, Wadi, 12.24.26 N 54.08.40 E, 24 X 2000, 1, T. Van Harten (NMB); Socotra Island, Firmihin plato, Dracena tree forest, 12°28′465′′N 54°00′89830′′E, 22.– 25.vi.2009, 21 spec. and 2 larvae, V. Hula leg. (7 spec. and 2 larvae in MNHW, rest in JBCB); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.018333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.476666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.018333/lat 12.476666)">Socotra Island</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.018333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.476666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.018333/lat 12.476666)">Dixam</a> plateau, Firmihin (Dracaena forest), 12°28.6′N 54°01.1′E, 490 m, 15.–16.xi.2010, 28 spec., J. Bezděk leg. (JBCB); same data, but L. Purchart leg., 7 spec. (JBCB); same data, but J. Hájek leg., 8 spec. (NMP); same data, but J. Batelka leg., 3 spec. (JBCP); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.974724&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.523334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.974724/lat 12.523334)">Socotra Island</a>, Diksam plateau, 12°31′24′′N 53°58′29′′E, 850–920 m, 5.ii.2010, 20 spec., L. Purchart &amp; J. Vybíral leg. (JBCB, 10 spec. in LSCL); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.99125&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.493067" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.99125/lat 12.493067)">Socotra Island</a>, Wadi Zirik, 12°29.584′N 53°59.475′E, 12.vi.2010, 2 spec., V. Hula &amp; J. Niedobová leg. (JBCB); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.144447&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.407222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.144447/lat 12.407222)">Socotra Island</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.144447&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.407222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.144447/lat 12.407222)">Noged</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.144447&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.407222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.144447/lat 12.407222)">Farmihin</a>, Steroh, Wadi, 12°24′26′′N 54°08′40′′E, 24.x.2000, 1 spec., T. Van Harten leg. (NHMB).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1D7A9A1FF6CFEBD08749693	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1D5A9A0FF6CFE690D6E97AB.text	E417E526B1D5A9A0FF6CFE690D6E97AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida satanas Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida satanas sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 40, 78–79)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 757A9F0D-B41D-4EBB-B2B4-9A77BB3EB01E</p> <p>Etymology. Named after its predominantly black dorsal surface.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.35 mm, W: 3.70 mm, Lp: 1.65 mm, Wp: 3.10 mm, L/W: 1.18, Wp/Lp: 1.88. Body almost circular (fig. 78).</p> <p>Pronotum mostly black except yellow anterior part of explanate margin. Scutellum and elytral disc completely black. Explanate margin of elytra black with yellow apex but except suture and small, round yellow fenestrate spot in 1/3 length close to border of disc (figs. 78, 79. Head, thorax and abdomen black, only last sternite on sides narrowly yellowish. Coxa black, trochanters and extreme base of femora brownish black rest of legs yellow. Antennal segments 1–6 yellowish brown, apical segments gradually brownish black.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides subangulate, no basal corners. Disc strongly convex, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except well marked, short but deep lateral impression, area above head not impressed but explanate margin laterally to head distinctly impressed. Surface of disc shiny, with moderately coarse and moderately dense punctation. Distance between punctures from as wide as to twice wider than puncture diameter, area above head with fine and sparse punctation. Explanate margin broad, shiny, black parts with similar punctation as disc but punctures shallow, yellow parts impunctate, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc irregularly convex in profile, with distinct postscutellar and principal impressions, with well marked H–shaped elevation forming high but obtuse tubercle (fig. 79), surface behind the tubercle and on sides with several oblique and transverse elevations thus disc appears irregular. Punctation coarse and dense, mostly irregular, but between elytral sculpture group in more or less regular short rows then almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct but interrupted by transverse folds, its punctures as coarse as in central rows. Intervals mostly indistinct, except short distances on slope, marginal interval present but interrupted by broad transverse folds. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface shiny, with coarse and dense punctation and irregular folds, appears irregular.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, from as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle, surface of clypeus flat, shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum minutely emarginate. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 approximately as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:43:71:64:61:50:57:54:57:61:110. Segment 3 approximately 1.6 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa with median impression and elongate groove, shiny, along sides with few coarse hairy punctures and several oblique wrinkles, expanded apex in the middle convex, shiny, entire surface with irregular wrinkles and several hairy punctures, appears rugose.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Uganda (fig. 40).</p> <p>Remarks. The body colouration of this species is unique (figs. 78, 79). Morphologically, it is close to Cassida troglodytes. Although C. troglodytes is variable in body colouration and sculpture it is never as darkly coloured as Cassida satanas which differs also in a slightly higher postscutellar hump and a more irregularly sculptured elytral surface than in any population of C. troglodytes.</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [UGANDA]: UGANDA W Pr / Kibale Forest / Buhama 8.2.1984 / M. Numelin leg. (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1D5A9A0FF6CFE690D6E97AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1D4A9A6FF6CF9310977964F.text	E417E526B1D4A9A6FF6CF9310977964F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida schoutedeni Spaeth 1932	<div><p>Cassida schoutedeni Spaeth, 1932</p> <p>(figs. 41, 80–82)</p> <p>Cassida schoutedeni Spaeth, 1932: 233; Shaw, 1955: 237; Nummelin &amp; Borowiec, 1991: 14; Borowiec, 1999 a: 282.</p> <p>Description. L: 3.90–4.80 mm, W: 3.35–3.90 mm, Lp: 1.40–1.70 mm, Wp: 2.50–3.10 mm, L/W: 1.16–1.24, Wp/ Lp: 1.76–1.88. Body from almost circular to short–oval, males distinctly stouter than females (figs. 80, 81).</p> <p>In typically coloured specimens pronotum yellow, disc black sometimes with indistinct dark brown patches of diffused borders at top (figs. 80, 81), sometimes black occupies only central part of disc without lateral lobes and area above head, occasionally disc mostly yellow with brown to black V–shaped figure in front of the scutellum. Scutellum yellowish to yellowish brown, elytral disc in typically coloured specimens black except yellow marginal interval, in some specimens elevated sculpture of disc mostly or partly yellowish to yellowish brown. Explanate margin always yellow. Head yellow, usually with black basal corners, thorax black, abdomen mostly black more or less surrounded by yellow. Coxa black, rest of legs yellow. Antennae yellow, apical segments sometimes partly infuscate.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides rounded, no basal corners. Disc on sides bordered from explanate margin by deep sulcus, lateral lobes more or less distinct. Surface of disc more or less alutaceous, often slightly irregular, microreticulate, with fine to moderate punctation. Distance between punctures varies from twice to five times wider than puncture diameter, specimens with black disc more dense punctured than specimens with mostly yellow disc. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately to much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate to rounded. Disc slightly depressed in profile (fig. 82), with deep postscutellar and principal impressions and high H–shaped elevation, also second interval on entire length and fourth interval in the middle elevated, sides of disc and slope with irregular folds and wrinkles. Punctation coarse and dense, tends to form regular rows, but regularity of rows interrupted by elytral relief, punctures in rows almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as punctures in central rows. Intervals except elevated parts of second and fourth interval linear, marginal interval narrow, as wide as submarginal row, with short humeral and lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface shiny with shallow but coarse and dense punctation, appears irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle, surface of clypeus flat with small apical impression, its surface shiny with several very small, setose punctures. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:57:75:75:54:57:50:46:50:54:143. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and approximately as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa in the middle flat, along sides with row of coarse, setose punctures, central part shiny several small, setose punctures, expanded apex mostly flat, only slightly impressed on sides, central area shiny with few moderately coarse, setose punctures and some short grooves, impressed sides with dense, coarse, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with moderate basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Mountain regions of Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, and Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (fig. 41).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. Its almost compltetely black pronotal and elytral disc and immaculate explanate margins places this species close to similarly coloured forms of C. humerosa and C. depicta. The first of these two species distinctly differs in a yellow scutellum and usually completely yellow antennae (fig. 92). Cassida depicta is very similar and differs in the surface of the pronotal disc between punctures less distinctly microreticulate, appearing shiny and dark, elytral disc deep black, without small reddish spots (fig. 132) while in C. schoutedeni surface of the pronotal disc between the punctures is distinctly microreticulate, appearing more or less alutaceous and elytral disc is not deep black, at least with reddish diffused borders, often on the dorsal surface and elytral relief with small reddish spots with diffused borders (figs. 80, 81).</p> <p>Type examined. Lectotype and two paralectotypes, present designation: [RWANDA]: Kissenyi, 21 XII 1925, H. Schouteden (MRAC); paralectotype, present designation: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Kivu, Lulenga, 14 XI 1925, Schouteden (MRAC); paralectotype, present designation: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Kivu, Burunga, 7 XII 1925, H. Schouteden (MRAC); paralectotype, present designation: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Kivu, Tschibinda, XI 1932, 2, L. Burgeon (MM).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. Kivu, Butembe, vall. de la Musosa, V 1967, 1, Leieune (MRAC); Kivu, Goma, X 1932, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC); Kivu, Loashi, VIII 1937, 1, J. Ghesquière (MRAC); Kivu, Lulenga, 14 XI 1925, 2, Schouteden (MM, MRAC, MNHW); Kivu, Tschibinda, XI 1932, 2, L. Burgeon (MNHW); W Ruwenzori, Beni, II 1908, 1, Herzog Exp. (ZMHU).</p> <p>KENYA: Kakamega Forest, Isiukhu River, IX 2001, 1, Freud, Wagner et al. (TW); Kakamega Forest, Kaimosi, IX 2001, 1, T. Wagner et al. (TW); Kikuyu Escp., Kijabe to Limoru, 6–10 III 1911, 1, S.A. Neave (MNHW); Mt. Elgon Nat. Park, near Chepnyalil Cave, dry evergreen montane forest, 2500 m, 24–28 I 1992, 1, O. Merkl and G. Várkonyi (HNHM); Mt. Elgon, E side of Kaptega River, 2050 m, 4 I 1965, 4, A. Holm (NRS); Mt. Elgon, Koitoboss, 2050 m, 22 I 1938, 1, A. Holm (MNHW).</p> <p>RWANDA: Kayove, 2000 m, terr. Kisenyi, 14 II 1953, 1, P. Basilevsky (MRAC); Kigali, 28–31 I 1976, 1, J. Decelle (MRAC).</p> <p>UGANDA: env. Entebbe, 8–13 XII 1994, 3, M. Snižek (MS, MNHW); Fort Portal, 15 km E Sebitoli, 1400 m, 23 XI–5 XII 1994, 1, M. Snižek (MS); Kabarole, Kibale Forest N.P., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.35/lat 0.55)">Kanyawara</a>, 0°33’N, 30°21’E, 1200–1400 m, VIII 1997, 1, Chr. Häuser leg. (SMNS); Rwenzori Mt., Nyakalengija, 31 I 2006, 1, P. Machacek (MS).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1D4A9A6FF6CF9310977964F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1D2A9A5FF6CF9150F9397DF.text	E417E526B1D2A9A5FF6CF9150F9397DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida senegalensis Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida senegalensis sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 40, 289–290)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8E0721E6-5A50-452F-93FE-682E7EE51A46</p> <p>Etymology. Named after its terra typica.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.00–4.30 mm, W: 3.20–3.40 mm, Lp: 1.60–1.70 mm, Wp: 2.70–2.95 mm, L/W: 1.23–1.27, Wp/Lp: 1.67–1.74. Body almost circular (fig. 289).</p> <p>Body uniformly yellow, sometimes apex of last antennal segment infuscate (figs. 289, 290).</p> <p>Pronotum semicircular, with maximum width at base, sides angulate. Disc moderately convex, indistinctly separated from explanate margin. Surface of disc shiny, impunctate. Explanate margin smooth, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra not or only slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc strongly convex, angulate in profile (fig. 290), with well marked scutellar and principal impressions, and low and obtuse H–shaped elevation, in front not surrounding postscutellar impressions, and with short posterior branches. Punctation fine, regular, distance between punctures in rows from as wide as to thrice wider than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, with moderately dense punctures, distinctly coarser than punctures in lateral rows. Intervals on top of disc four times on sides twice wider than rows, flat, microreticulate but shiny. Marginal interval well marked on entire length, broad, in anterior half almost twice wider than lateral intervals, without or with indistinct humeral and distinct lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately declivous, moderately broad, in the widest part four times narrower than disc. Surface of explanate margin, shiny, impunctate, transparent with well marked honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately 1.2 times as long as wide, frontal grooves fine, at basal 2/3 length runs close to margin of eye, on top converging in angulation, with a row of long hair. Surface of clypeal plate flat or slightly convex, shiny, impunctate. Labrum narrow, distinctly emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 wider than long. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:58:79:75:54:46:50: 54:54:63:112. Segment 3 approximately 1.4 times as long as segment 2 and only slightly longer than segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternal process moderately broad, moderately expanded apically, area between coxa flat, shiny, impunctate, central part of rhomboidal apex slightly convex, surface shiny, smooth with few small setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Senegal (fig. 40).</p> <p>Remarks. A distinct species with no close relatives among African members of the genus Cassida. Its almost circular body, subangulate pronotal sides, elytral disc with hump and elytral punctation completely regular (fig. 289) are unique characters. At first glance the most similar species are only C. capensis, C. garambana and the pale form of C. luxuriosa. The last two species distinctly differ in elytral disc regularly convex in profile (figs. 283, 286) and pronotal sides more or less rounded, both have the base of the elytra slightly to moderately wider than the pronotum (figs. 282, 284). Cassida capensis has a similar pronotal shape with angulate sides (fig. 287) but differs in a larger size with length 4.95–5.30 mm (in C. senegalensis L= 4.00–4.30 mm) and in having simple claws.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype: [SENEGAL]: SENEGAL / Bambey / 22.X.1943 / J. Risbec / on Cabbage / 1234 // IMP. INST. ENT. / COLL NO. 10711 (BMNH); paratype: the same data as holotype (MNHW); paratype: SENEGAL / Bambey / 23.X.1943 / J. Risbec / on Cucurbita / 565 // Pres. by / Comm. Inst. Ent. / B.M. 1981–315 (BMNH); paratype: [SENEGAL]: SENEGAL / Bambey / 22.X.1943 / J. Risbec / 565 // Pres. by / Comm. Inst. Ent. / B.M. 1981–315 (BMNH); four paratypes: [SENEGAL]: SENEGAL / Bambey / 1945 / J. Risbec // Pres. by / Com. Inst. Ent. / B.M. 1948–143 (BMNH, MNHW); paratype: [SENEGAL]: SENEGAL: / Guede / 24.ii.1946. // Pres. by / Com. Inst. Ent. / B.M. 1948–525 (BMNH); paratype: [SENEGAL]: Senegal // 67.56 (MNHW); paratype: [SENEGAL]: SENEGAL, Petite Cote, Nianing, 15 X 2008, a la lumiere, leg. Alain Coache (AC); SENEGAL, Thiès, 09 XI 2010, forêt classée de Bandia, battage, leg. Alain Coache (AC).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1D2A9A5FF6CF9150F9397DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1D1A9BBFF6CF8A50820943F.text	E417E526B1D1A9BBFF6CF8A50820943F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida setosa Chapuis 1880	<div><p>Cassida setosa Chapuis, 1880 resurrected species</p> <p>(figs. 42, 109–110)</p> <p>Chirida setosa Chapuis, 1880: 30; Borowiec, 1999 a: 258 (as syn. of innotata).</p> <p>Odontionycha setosa: Weise, 1899: 145.</p> <p>Cassida infirma setosa: Spaeth, 1909: 273, 1925 a: 6.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) infirma var. setosa: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.70 mm, W: 3.85 mm, Lp: 1.65 mm, Wp: 3.05 mm, L/W: 1.22, Wp/Lp: 1.85. Body short–oval (fig. 109).</p> <p>Dorsum uniformly yellowish red (figs. 109, 110). Head, thorax, legs and antennae uniformly yellow, abdomen brown broadly surrounded by yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides narrowly rounded, no basal corners. Disc only slightly convex, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except short, distinct lateral impressions, area above head shallowly impressed. Surface of disc shiny, with fine and sparse punctation. Distance between punctures mostly three to four times wider than puncture diameter, interspaces irregular. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Laterobasal margins of pronotum with sparse, short setae, surface of disc and basal parts of explanate margin with extremely short, very sparse setae, in some specimens almost invisible.</p> <p>Base of elytra distinctly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subrounded. Disc depressed in profile (fig. 110), with shallow postscutellar and principal impressions and with thin and low Hshaped elevation, second interval in 2/3 length with elevated fold, also fourth interval in the middle slightly convex. Punctation coarse and dense, arranged in regular rows, only postscutellar impressions with additional irregular punctures, punctures in rows almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures slightly finer than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly linear except second interval in posterior half as wide as rows, marginal interval as wide as submarginal interval and submarginal row combined, without humeral but with distinct lateral folds, also interspaces in posterior half of margin partly elevated. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface shiny with irregular sculpture, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure. Entire surface of elytra covered with long erect setae.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.2 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, runs close to margin of eye then converging in triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus flat, shiny with several very small, hairy punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate to 1/6 length. Antennae moderately stout, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:53:57:73:63:47:73:57:57:60:123. Segment 3 approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.3 times shorter than segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa shallowly impressed, without special sculpture, shiny, along sides with few very small, hairy punctures, expanded apex slightly convex in the middle, its surface in the middle smooth, on sides with thin, longitudinal and oblique wrinkles and few small hairy punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Ethiopia, Eritrea, Tanzania (fig. 42).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. With C. innotata it forms a complex of unique species with the entire surface of the elytra covered with dense, short, white, erect setae (figs. 97, 99, 109). Cassida setosa differs in the base of the elytra distinctly wider than the pronotum (fig. 109), surface of pronotal disc without semierect setae and elytral setae very long, longer than punctures with areolae.</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [ETHIOPIA]: Abyss., reg. Goandet ad Adoua, 1000–2000 m, 1873, Raffray (MZSNG).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. ERITHREA: Cheren, 1894, 2, F. Derchi (MZSNG).</p> <p>ETHIOPIA: Bulin riv., riv. Bouli Boulo, 1, Le Moult (IRSN); Gemu– Gofa Prov., Arba –Minch, 1250 m, 29–30 V 1974, 1, G. de Rougemont (MRAC); Prov. Gemu Gofa, Konso, 1610 m, 11 IV 1960, 1, W. Richter (SMNS); Gumma, V 1938, 1, C. Recchia (MZSNV); Ilubabor Prov., 15 km NW Ihora, VI 1973, 1, G. de Rougemont (MRAC); Lake Tana, 1, coll. Le Moult (IRSN); Shawa pr., Ambo, 125 km W Adis Ababa, 2250 m, 21 XI 1990, 1, Medvedev &amp; Samodrzhenkov (LM); Sidamo Prov., Ganale Doria Rd., E of Sidambale Bridge, 1150 m, 9 V 1974, 1, R.O.S. Clarke (MRAC).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Masinde in Magamba Hills, 1600–2000 m, 6 I 1905, 1 (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1D1A9BBFF6CF8A50820943F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1CFA9BAFF6CFBC50ED697DF.text	E417E526B1CFA9BAFF6CFBC50ED697DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida shimba Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida shimba sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 42, 336–339)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 993C58FF-F5FD-4248-B384-116E4429BF0A</p> <p>Etymology. Named after its type locality, Shimba Hills in Kenya.</p> <p>Description. L: 3.90–4.60 mm, W: 3.00–3.70 mm, Lp: 1.40–1.70 mm, Wp: 2.45–2.95 mm, L/W: 1.23–1.24, Wp/Lp: 1.74–1.78. Body short–oval (figs. 336, 338, 339).</p> <p>Pronotum and scutellum uniformly yellow. Elytral disc black with yellow relief and yellow marginal interval (figs. 336–339). Yellow relief in dark specimens occupies less than half space of disc, in pale specimens occupies more than half space of disc but black always surrounds disc, forms black spot on top of postscutellar elevation and more or less complete transverse band in 2/3 of disc. Explanate margins always yellow. Head yellow, thorax from uniformly yellow to slightly infuscate central part of metathorax, abdomen always uniformly yellow. Legs yellow. Antennae from uniformly yellow or with one to three apical segments more or less infuscate.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners.Area above head only slightly impressed, lateral lobes indistinctly bordered from explanate margin. Surface of disc shiny, with fine and sparse punctation. Distance between punctures mostly wider than puncture diameter. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc moderately, regularly convex (fig. 337), with well marked postscutellar and principal impressions, distinct postscutellar H–shaped elevation, yellow relief arranged as in figs. 336, 338, 339, elevated second interval and central part of fourth interval. Punctation coarse and dense, arranged in regular rows partly interrupted by yellow relief, punctures in rows almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures twice smaller than punctures in central rows. Intervals, except elevated parts of second and fourth interval, mostly linear, marginal interval narrow, as wide as submarginal row, without humeral and with narrow lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface shiny with shallow, coarse and dense punctation, appears more or less irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle with angulate top, surface of clypeus flat or with shallowly apical impression, shiny, with several very small, setose punctures. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:54:85:73:69:46:58:50:50:54:112. Segment 3 approximately 1.6 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa deeply impressed, on sides with few punctures and thin oblique wrinkles, along middle shiny, central part of expanded apex slightly convex, punctate with shiny interspaces, sides impressed, with some thin wrinkles and small setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with moderate basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa (fig. 42).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. It belongs to the complex of species with the background of the elytral disc black and a pattern of more or less convex, partly coalescent yellow spots, (figs. 336, 338, 339). The complex includes also C. delenifica (fig. 156), C. depicta (figs. 128, 129), C. irregularis (figs. 138, 140, 141), C. natalensis (figs. 133, 134), and dark forms of C. humerosa (fig. 90) and C. lacrymosa (figs. 185, 186). Cassida shimba differs from most relatives in a completely yellow pronotum while in other species the pronotal disc is marked with a more or less distinct brown to black basal spot. Only C. humerosa has the pronotum immaculate but differs in larger size with, length 4.25–5.80 mm, elytral pattern regular, yellow spots spread regularly on top of disc, indistinct H– shaped elevation and ventrites mostly black. Cassida delenifica differs in the presence of a humeral spot on the explanate margin of elytra. Cassida shimba has the ventrites uniformly yellow or at most the metathorax slightly infuscate while most species of this complex have the ventrites partly black.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype: [KENYA]: Kenya / Distr. Kwale / Shimba Hills R. / 25 VIII–’86 (MNHW); paratype: [KENYA]: Kenya, Nairobi District, Nairobi env., 28.II.–10.III.2000, Mauser leg. (MNHW); paratype: [KENYA]: Kenya, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.616" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.1/lat -0.616)">Coast Prov.</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.616" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.1/lat -0.616)">Muhaka Forest</a>, 41 m, 4.32664°S, 39.52462°E, Malaise trap, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.616" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.1/lat -0.616)">Indigenous forest</a>, 5–18 May 2016, R. Copeland (LS); paratype: [KENYA]: Kenya, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.616" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.1/lat -0.616)">Coast Prov.</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.616" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.1/lat -0.616)">Muhaka Forest</a>, 52 m, 4.32530°S, 39.52345°E, 6 m <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.616" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.1/lat -0.616)">Malaise</a> trap, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.616" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.1/lat -0.616)">Indigenous forest</a>, 30 May–19 June 2013, R. Copeland (LS); paratype: [KENYA]: Kenya, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.616" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.1/lat -0.616)">Nyanza Prov.</a>, Gwazi Hills, foothils, nr Ungoye, c. 0.6160°S, 34.1000°E, c. 1350 m, Malaise trap, side of hill, next to woodland, 2–16 JUN 2005, R. Copeland (LS); paratype: [MOZAMBIQUE]: MOCAMBIQUE / PROV. SOFALA / 50 KM S INCHOPE / 17.– 18.12.2005 / A. KUDRNA JR. LGT. //COLLECTION Lukáš Sekerka / Liberec CZECH REPUBLIC (LS); paratype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: RSA, Kwa Zulu – Natal, Vryheid, 29/ 31.12.2008, P. Schüle leg. (LS); paratype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: RSA: Limpopo, Haenertsburg, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.616" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.1/lat -0.616)">Black Forest</a>, 1500 m, 7.–9.I.2014, leg. W. Schawaller (LS); paratype: [TANZANIA]: A. d. Sammlung / Dr. Chr. Schröder / Bomole X. XII. 05 / 1100 m, D.– Ostafrika // Zool. Mus. / Berlin (ZMHU).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1CFA9BAFF6CFBC50ED697DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1CEA9B9FF6CF8A50922941B.text	E417E526B1CEA9B9FF6CF8A50922941B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida somalica Spaeth 1941	<div><p>Cassida somalica Spaeth, 1941</p> <p>(figs. 48, 340–341)</p> <p>Cassida somalica Spaeth, 1941: 317; Borowiec, 1999 a: 285.</p> <p>Etymology. Named after its locus typicus, Somali Region in southern Ethiopia.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.40 mm, W: 3.55 mm, Lp: 1.70 mm, Wp: 2.90 mm, L/W: 1.24, Wp/Lp: 1.71. Body short–oval (fig. 340).</p> <p>Entire body, including head, ventrites, legs and antennae ochraceous yellow (figs. 340, 341).</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides narrowly rounded, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin but with short, deep lateral impressions. Surface of disc shiny, with fine and sparse punctation. Distance between punctures several times wider than puncture diameter, interspaces regular. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra only slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, angulate. Disc convex in profile (fig. 340), with distinct postscutellar and principal impressions, low H–shaped elevation, slightly elevated second interval and some elevated interspaces between rows 1 and 2 and 3 and 6. Punctation coarse arranged in completely regular rows, dense, distance between punctures mostly narrower than puncture diameter, on sides punctures almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly as wide as or slightly narrower than rows, their surface shiny, marginal interval as wide as submarginal interval and submarginal row combined, without humeral but with flat lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, moderately declivous, in the widest part five times narrower than disc, surface shiny with punctation and transverse grooves appears slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.3 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in regular triangle, surface of clypeus flat, shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:57:64:64:61:50:54:46:46:50:107. Segment 3 approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 2 and approximately as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa canaliculate along sides with rows of setose punctures, central part convex, shiny, expanded apex only slightly convex in the middle, shallowly impressed laterally with several longitudinal wrinkles and small setose punctures, surface appears rugose.</p> <p>Claws with small basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. S Ethiopia (fig. 48).</p> <p>Remarks. A distinct species with no close relatives among African members of the genus Cassida. Its ochraceous yellow dorsal colouration without a pattern, rounded pronotal sides, elytral disc with H–shaped elevation but regularly convex in profile, coarse and dense elytral punctation arranged in completely regular rows and claws with small basal tooth are unique characters (figs. 340, 341). The pale form of C. villiersi appears similar but differs in a slimmer body with L/W ratio 1.27–1.37 (in C. somalica 1.24) and in the punctate explanate margin of pronotum (fig. 207). Also a pale form of C. voiensis appears similar but differs in a more elongate and slimmer body with L/W ratio 1.32–1.42 (fig. 196).</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [ETHIOPIA]: Somalia mer., Bogol Magno, 14 X 1897, Vatova (MCSNT).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1CEA9B9FF6CF8A50922941B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1CDA9B8FF6CFBE10D95958F.text	E417E526B1CDA9B8FF6CFBE10D95958F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida spartea Shaw 1961	<div><p>Cassida spartea Shaw, 1961</p> <p>(figs. 42, 222–223)</p> <p>Cassida spartea Shaw, 1961: 31; Borowiec, 1999 a: 285.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.35 mm, W: 3.60 mm, Lp: 1.60 mm, Wp: 2.85 mm, L/W: 1.21, Wp/Lp: 1.78. Body short–oval (fig. 222).</p> <p>In holotype pronotum yellow with dark elongate stripe in front of scutellum, and small, round brown spot on each sides of disc, upper corners of scutellum brown, elytra mostly yellow with seven, very small brownish spots: in the middle of base of elytron, in front and on humeral callus, below humeral callus, two in 1/3 length of submarginal intervals and one in 2/3 length of submarginal intervals, in the second examined specimen dorsum uniformly yellow (fig. 222). Head, ventrites and legs yellow. Antennal segments 1–6 yellow, segment 7 more or less infuscate, apical four segments black.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides subangulate to angulate, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except short lateral impressions. Surface of disc alutaceous, with very fine but dense punctation, appears slightly irregular, punctures almost touching each other. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure, its surface from slightly alutaceous.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc depressed in profile (fig. 223), with shallow postscutellar and principal impressions, without H–shaped elevation or elevated intervals. Punctation coarse and dense, arranged in completely regular rows, punctures in rows almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures slightly smaller than punctures in central rows. Intervals linear, marginal interval narrow, as wide as submarginal interval and submarginal row combined, no humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately broad, slightly declivous, in the widest part slightly more than four times narrower than disc, surface shiny with shallow but coarse and dense punctation and irregular wrinkles, appears irregular to rugose, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, only slightly wider than long. Clypeal grooves fine, runs close to margin of eyes, converging in arch, surface of clypeus with shallow median impression, shiny, with several very small, setose punctures. Labrum minutely emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 approximately as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:54:73:73:65:54:65:54:54:62:123. Segment 3 approximately 1.4 times as long as segment 2 and approximately as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa canaliculate, shiny, without special sculpture except several very small, setose punctures, expanded apex flat, shiny, without sculpture, with several fine setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Southern part of Democratic Republic Of Congo (fig. 42).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group, the only member of this group with body completely yellow. Its flat dorsum, elytral disc without postscutellar elevations, elytral punctation coarse and very dense with intervals linear, narrower than rows, and explanate margin of elytra very broad, strongly explanate, almost horizontal distinguished this species from all relatives (figs. 222, 223). A similarly flattened body, coarse and dense elytral punctation and mostly yellow body has C. sparteiformis but this species differs in the presence of low and shiny H–shaped postscutellar elevation and elevated intervals with very small brown stripes or minute spots (figs. 224, 225).</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Upemba Nat. Park, Mbuye Bala, 1750 m, 24–31 III 1948, Miss. de Witte (MRAC).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Katanga, Jadotville terr., Kasompi, X 1956, 1 (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1CDA9B8FF6CFBE10D95958F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1CCA9BFFF6CFB550FF5919F.text	E417E526B1CCA9BFFF6CFB550FF5919F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida sparteiformis Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida sparteiformis sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 43, 224–225)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: ABB4EBED-9AED-4342-B2A1-F13F97B4893D</p> <p>Description. L: 5.20 mm, W: 3.95 mm, Lp: 1.75 mm, Wp: 3.30 mm, L/W: 1.32, Wp/Lp: 1.89. Body short–oval (fig. 224).</p> <p>Dorsum mostly yellow, elevated intervals on disc with very small brown stripes or minute spots (fig. 224). Head, ventrites, legs and antennae yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides angulate, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except short lateral impressions. Surface of disc alutaceous, with fine punctation and slightly irregular wrinkles. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure, its surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc depressed in profile (fig. 225), with shallow postscutellar and principal impressions, and low and tiny Hshaped elevation, second interval on slope and fourth interval in the middle slightly elevated. Punctation coarse and dense, arranged in completely regular rows, punctures in rows almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures slightly smaller than punctures in central rows. Intervals linear, marginal interval narrow, as wide as submarginal interval and submarginal row combined, no humeral or lateral folds or occasionally with indistinct lateral fold. Explanate margin moderately broad, slightly declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface shiny with shallow but coarse and dense punctation and irregular wrinkles, appears irregular to rugose, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, only slightly wider than long. Clypeal grooves fine, runs close to margin of eyes, converging in arch, surface of clypeus with shallow median impression, shiny, with several very small, setose punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/3 length. Antennae slim, segments 9–10 approximately 1.8 times as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:57:71:75:68:54:61:64:61:64:125. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and slightly shorter than segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat, shiny, without special sculpture except several very small, setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex, shiny, without sculpture, with several fine setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with moderately large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Angola (fig. 43).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. Its mostly yellow body, flat dorsum, elytral punctation coarse and very dense with intervals linear, narrower than rows, and explanate margin of elytra very broad, strongly explanate, almost horizontal distinguish this species from most relatives (figs. 224, 225). Cassida spartea has similarly flattened body, coarse and dense elytral punctation and mostly yellow body but differs in the absence of the H–shaped postscutellar elevation and dorsum uniformly yellow, without pattern (figs. 222, 223). The palest form of C. humerosa at first glance appears similar but differs in more rounded pronotal sides and a more convex elytral disc (figs. 88, 89). C. callosicollis has a mostly yellow dorsum and strong elytral punctation but differs in a more rounded pronotal sides and elytral disc and especially in the elytral disc covered with short, sparse adpressed hair (figs. 214, 215).</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [ANGOLA]: Cuanza Sul Prov., Gabela, 26 XI 1982, 1, R, Günther (MNHW)</p> <p>Other specimens examined. ANGOLA: Salazar, III 1980 (LS).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1CCA9BFFF6CFB550FF5919F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1CBA9BEFF6CFF650D289663.text	E417E526B1CBA9BEFF6CFF650D289663.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida spatiosa Spaeth 1928	<div><p>Cassida spatiosa Spaeth, 1928</p> <p>(figs. 34, 311–312)</p> <p>Cassida spatiosa Spaeth, 1928: 7; Kleinjan &amp; Scott, 1996: 103; Borowiec, 1999 a: 285; Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001: 162 (incl. fig.).</p> <p>Description. L: 4.90–5.50, W: 4.00–4.40 mm, Lp: 1.60–1.80 mm, Wp: 3.00–3.40 mm, L/W: 1.21–1.26, Wp/Lp: 1.88–1.89. Body almost circular, sides regularly rounded (fig. 311).</p> <p>Uniformly yellow, including ventrites, legs and antennae (figs. 311, 312).</p> <p>Pronotum semicircular, with maximum width at base, sides angulate. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, area above head slightly impressed. Surface of disc finely, shallowly punctate, punctures much finer than those of elytral disc, but dense, distance between punctures on sides from as wide as to twice wider than puncture diameter, on top of disc punctation sparse, area above head mostly impunctate. Surface of disc regular. Explanate margin of pronotum impunctate, surface regular.</p> <p>Base of elytra as wide as base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc slightly depressed in profile, without impressions or elevations (fig. 312). Punctation fine and moderately dense, distance between punctures from as wide as to twice wider than puncture diameter, surface appears regular. In all specimens along each disc there are two narrow impunctate intervals (in position of third and anterior half of fifth interval in regularly punctate species). Explanate margin broad, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, moderately declivous, with extremely shallow punctation, appears impunctate.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena short, distance between under margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum distinctly shorter than half eye width. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.3 times as wide as long, clypeal grooves distinct, converging in triangle, clypeal plate flat or shallowly impressed, sometimes with impressed median line, shiny, with few small, setose punctures. Labrum very shallowly emarginate. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:58:64:56:58:53:68:62:64:64:106. Segment 3 slightly 1.1 times longer than segments 2 and 4.</p> <p>Prosternum very narrow in the middle, moderately expanded apically, area between coxa flat, without special sculpture, with few small, setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex, on sides and along posterior margin with small, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Namibia (fig. 34).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida litigiosa species–group. It is well characterized by elytral punctation with two narrow impunctate intervals (in area homologous to the third and anterior part of fifth interval in regularly punctate species, fig. 311). At first glance also C. spatiosiformis is similar but differs in distinctly coarser punctation of the elytral disc and coarser but sparser on the pronotal disc.</p> <p>Type examined: Holotype: [NAMIBIA]: Afrika, G. De V. (NRS)</p> <p>Other specimens examined. NAMIBIA: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.59&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.22" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.59/lat -22.22)">Damaraland</a>, 6 km N Arandis, 22.22 S, 14.59 E, 20 XI 1984, 2, E. Griffin (WM, MNHW); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.033334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.033334/lat -22.466667)">Namibia</a>, Swakopmund distr., Rössing, 22°28’S / 15°02’E, 11 IV 1994, 1, J. Irish &amp; H. Rust (ZMHU); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.01&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.29" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.01/lat -22.29)">Upper Panner Gorge</a>, 22.29 S – 15.01 E, Swakopmund Dist., 20 XI 1984, 1, 15 I 1985, 1, E. Griffin (MNHW, WM).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1CBA9BEFF6CFF650D289663	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1CAA9BDFF6CF9F90D0F94F7.text	E417E526B1CAA9BDFF6CF9F90D0F94F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida spatiosiformis Borowiec & Swietojanska 2001	<div><p>Cassida spatiosiformis Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001</p> <p>(figs. 34)</p> <p>Cassida spatiosiformis Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska, 2001: 163.</p> <p>Cassida spatiosa: Kleinjan &amp; Scott, 1996: 103; Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997: 635 (misidentification).</p> <p>Description. L: 5.20 mm, W: 3.80 mm, Lp: 1.80 mm, Wp: 3.10 mm, L/W: 1.37. Body short–oval, sides regularly rounded (fig. 62).</p> <p>Uniformly yellow–green, including ventrites, legs and antennae.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, sides subangulate. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, area above head slightly impressed. Surface of disc finely, very sparse punctate, punctures much finer than those of elytral disc. Distance between punctures mostly two to three times wider than puncture diameter. Surface of disc regular. Explanate margin very shallowly punctate, appears impunctate, surface regular.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc moderately, regularly convex in profile, without impressions or elevations. Punctation coarse and moderately dense, distance between punctures mostly slightly narrower than half puncture diameter, but surface appears regular. Explanate margin moderately declivous, almost with punctation similar to those of disc, surface appears regular.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena short, distance between under margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum shorter than half eye length. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.3 times as wide as long, clypeal grooves distinct, converging in triangle, clypeal plate flat, shiny, with few small, setose punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:62:59:56:59:72:75:59:66:68:112. Segment 3 slightly approximately as long as 2 and 4.</p> <p>Prosternum very narrow in the middle, moderately expanded apically, area between coxa flat, without special sculpture, with few small, setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex, on sides and along posterior margin with small, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Host plant. Asteraceae: Chrysanthemoides monilifera subcanescens (DC) Norlindh (Kleinjan &amp; Scott 1996, Heron &amp; Borowiec 1997 —as Cassida spatiosa, misidentification; Borowiec &amp; Świętojańska 2001).</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa: Eastern and Western Cape Provinces (fig. 34).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida litigiosa species–group. At first glance it is similar to C. chrysanthemoides and C. spatiosa. The last species distinctly differs in the presence of two narrow impunctate intervals (in position of third and anterior half of fifth interval in regularly punctate species), and finer punctation of the elytral disc and finer but denser punctation of the pronotal disc. Cassida chrysanthemoides is the most similar but differs in finer but denser punctation of the pronotum and elytra, and has the base of the elytra much wider than the base of the pronotum.</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: S. Africa, Cape, Calitzdorp 33.32 S 18.31 E, 26 Feb. 1990, Scott + Kleinjan (NIC).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.65/lat -33.75)">Coega</a>, 33°45’S, 25°39’E, 1 (ARC); Western Cape Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.1/lat -33.7)">Kandelaarsrivier</a>, 33°42’S, 22°06’E, 1 (ARC); Western Cape Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.033333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.033333/lat -33.233334)">Prince Albert</a>, 33°14’S, 22°02’E, 1 (ARC).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1CAA9BDFF6CF9F90D0F94F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1C9A9BCFF6CFB8D08FE91FB.text	E417E526B1C9A9BCFF6CFB8D08FE91FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida sphaerula Boheman 1854	<div><p>Cassida sphaerula Boheman, 1854</p> <p>(figs. 35, 165–167)</p> <p>Cassida Sphaerula Boheman, 1854: 434, 1856: 136, 1862: 335; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3658; Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997: 631.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) sphaerula: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Cassida Hottentotta Boheman, 1854: 435, 1856: 136, 1862: 335; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3654; Spaeth, 1914 b: 119 (as syn. of sphaerula).</p> <p>Description. L: 4.40–4.80 mm, W: 3.30–3.50 mm, Lp: 1.55–1.70 mm, Wp: 2.60–2.80 mm, L/W: 1.33–1.45, Wp/ Lp: 1.65–1.75. Body oval, male distinctly stouter than females (figs. 165, 166).</p> <p>Dorsum yellow, in the middle of eighth interval small, brown to black spot (figs. 165, 166), occasionally elytra uniformly yellow. Head form yellow to infuscate in basal corners and along sides, occasionally clypeal plate mostly dark brown with yellowish centre. Thorax usually completely black but sometimes with yellow lateral plates and basal corners of metasternum, abdomen mostly black surrounded by yellow. Legs completely yellow, or coxa black, or basal 1/3 to 1/2 of femora infuscate. Antennal segments 1–6 yellow, segment 7 more or less infuscate, apical four segments brown, but sometimes antennae uniformly yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width slightly behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides from narrowly rounded to subangulate, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes. Surface of disc shiny, mostly with fine and sparse punctation only area above head and oblique areas on sides impunctate. Distance between punctures from as wide as to thrice wider than puncture diameter. Explanate margin moderately broad, impunctate but often with fine radial sculpture, from slightly alutaceous to shiny, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra not or slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, rounded to subangulate. Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 167), without impressions or elevated sculpture. Punctation moderately coarse arranged in completely regular rows, dense, distance between punctures narrower than puncture diameter, often punctures almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures slightly smaller than punctures in central rows. Intervals slightly convex, in sutural half slightly wider than rows, on sides narrower than rows to linear, surface shiny, marginal interval broad, twice wider than submarginal interval, no humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, in the widest part approximately seven times narrower than disc, surface shiny, with shallow, fine but dense punctation, appears irregular.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle with obtuse or angulate top, surface of clypeus flat or very shallowly impressed, its surface shiny with several very small, setose punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/6 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:58:84:48:58:32:48:55:5 2:55:97. Segment 3 approximately 1.4 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.7 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat or shallowly impressed, shiny, with few small setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex in the middle, with several small, dense, setose punctures, surface appears irregular.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Host plants. Asteraceae: Arthoteca calendula (L.) Levyns. (Heron &amp; Borowiec 1997); Berkheya sp. (label data).</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa (fig. 35).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida sphaerula species–group. With the elytral pattern reduced to a single, very small brown to black spot or stripe on each side of elytral disc (figs. 165, 166) C. sphaerula is the less spotted species of this group. In body shape and size the most similar is C. quatuordecimsignat a but it differs in elytral disc with at least 12 small black spots (figs. 162, 163). Specimens of C. guttipennis with only few small black spots differ in their larger size and broader and more horizontal explanate margin of elytra (fig. 160), and C. vespertilio well differs in a more expanded elytral pattern with spots on the explanate margin of elytra (fig. 136). Specimens of two members of the C. andreinii species–group with a reduced elytral pattern have similar size and completely similar, regular elytral punctation but differ in claws with basal tooth and postscutellar area with more or less distuinct H–shaped elevation (figs. 236, 239).</p> <p>Type examined. Probably 7 syntypes of Cassida Sphaerula Boheman, 1854: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cap B. Spei (NRS); syntype of Cassida Sphaerula Boheman, 1854: [SOUTH AFRICA]:Afr. mer. (ZMHU); holotype of Cassida hottentotta Boheman, 1854: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Africa merid., (NRS).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Cape of Good Hope, 1 (NMP); Cap, 1, Staud (MM); Cape, Algoa Bay, 1, Brauns (TM); Cape, Grahamstown, 24 IX 1960, 1, A. Duff &amp; McKoy (MM); Cape, Grootdrift farm, 27 X 1981, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Cape, Harkerville for. res., Knysna, 9–10 XI 1972, 1, van Reenen (MNHW); Cape, Hawequas, 5 XI 1973, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Cape, Helderfontein, 1150 m, 9 III 1979, 2, S. EndrödyYounga (TM); Cape, Heuningnes Riv., 28 X 1983, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Cape, Humansdorp, I 1961, 1, N. Leleup (MNHW); Cape, Knysna, 1911, 1, Rex (TM); Cape, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.01&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.01/lat -32.4)">Koornplanskloof</a>, 10 km S Citrusdal, 32.40 S / 19.01 E, 200–270 m, 4–8 X 1994, 1, R. Danielsson (MNHW); Cape, Limietberge, 7 XI 1973, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Cape Prov., Plattenbergbaai, 17 X 1994, 1, R. Danielsson (LU); Cape, Port Elisabeth, 14 IV 1961, 1, A.C. van Bruggen (NNML); Cape, Tsitsikama, Witelsb., 10 XII 1978, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Cape, Wellington, 20 VIII 1986, 4 on leaves of Arctotheca calendula, M. Way (NIC, MNHW); Cape, Zuurberg n. Addo, 24 IX 1984, 1, H. Zimmermann (NIC); Eastern Cape Prov., Zuurberg, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.283333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.8/lat -33.283333)">Addo</a>, 33°17’S, 25°48’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, 1 (MRAC); Promot. b. sp., 1, W. Schaufuss (ZMHU); Transvaal, Lydenburg, 1896, 1, P.A. Krantz (TM); Zululand, 1905–1906, 1, J. Toppin (TM); Western Cape Prov., Cape <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.5/lat -33.983334)">Town</a>, 33°59’S, 18°30’E, 1 (ARC); Western Cape Prov., near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.383335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.383333/lat -33.383335)">Darling</a>, 33°23’S, 18°23’E, 1 (ARC); Western Cape Prov., Hackerville, west of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat -34.05)">Plattenberg Bay</a>, 34°03’S, 23°17’E, 1 (ARC); Western Cape Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.433332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.433332/lat -33.983334)">Kirstenbosch</a>, 33°59’S, 18°26’E, 1 (ARC); Western Cape Prov., Silvermine, Cape <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.4/lat -34.1)">Peninsula</a>, 34°06’S, 18°24’E, 1 (ARC); Western Cape Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.916666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.916666/lat -33.5)">Wellinghton</a>, 33°30’S, 18°55’E, 1 (ARC).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1C9A9BCFF6CFB8D08FE91FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1C8A9B2FF6CFE810F2597DF.text	E417E526B1C8A9B2FF6CFE810F2597DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida stipidosa Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida stipidosa sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 44, 202–203)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6A532B43-1A20-49FE-B0B9-59E8F188C9DE</p> <p>Etymology. The name „ stipidosa ” was proposed by Franz Spaeth in his unpublished key to the African members of the genus Cassida and such labelled specimens are preserved in Manchester Museum and now represent type series.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.10–4.40 mm, W: 3.30–3.40 mm, Lp: 1.50–1.55 mm, Wp: 2.65–2.75 mm, L/W: 1.24–1.29, Wp/Lp: 1.74–1.77. Body almost circular (fig. 202).</p> <p>Pronotum yellow, in front of scutellum with small, indistinct, brown V–shaped spot. Scutellum yellow, elytral disc yellow, most punctures with black centre and with narrow black areola then black partly coalescent and form more or less developed reticulation, top of postscutellar elevation without brown spot. Explanate margin always yellow (figs. 202, 203. Head yellow with infuscate basal corners and often brown sides, thorax black, abdomen in holotype completely yellow, in paratypes black broadly surrounded by yellow. Coxa black, rest of legs yellow. Antennal uniformly yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except short lateral impressions, area above head slightly impressed. Surface of disc shiny, with very fine and sparse punctation. Distance between punctures several times wider than puncture diameter, interspaces regular. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately to much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subrounded to subangulate. Disc depressed in profile (fig. 203), with shallow postscutellar and principal impressions, and low and obtuse H–shaped elevation, yellow parts of disc more or less elevated form more or less developed pale relief. Punctation coarse but sparse, tend to form regular rows but the regularity completely disturbed by pale relief thus punctation appears irregular, only two submarginal rows behind humerus on short distance regular, distance between punctures varies from smaller to five times larger than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures not coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly not marked except marginal interval which is narrow, as wide as submarginal interval and submarginal row combined, with short but distinct humeral and broad lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface shiny with shallow, moderately coarse but dense punctation, appears irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus narrow, approximately as long as wide. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in regular triangle, surface of clypeus with shallow apical impression, surface shiny with several very small, setose punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:57:68:68:61:50:54:43:46:50:120. Segment 3 approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 2 and as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa deeply canaliculate along sides, central part slightly convex with few moderately coarse, setose punctures, expanded apex convex centrally, impressed apically with several coarse, setose punctures, surface appears irregular to rugose.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Ethiopia (fig. 44).</p> <p>Remarks. At first glance Cassida stipidosa is very similar to C. successiva. Both species have similar size, sculpture and colouration with black areolate punctures forming more or less thin black reticulation. Cassida stipidosa differs in a slightly coarser but sparser punctation appearing completely irregular while in C. successiva at least on the sides of the disc the punctation forms, on long distance, regular rows.</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [ETHIOPIA]: Harrar /Abess. // TYPE // Typus / stipidosa / Spaeth det. // Manchester Museum / SYNTYPE (MM); two paratypes [ETHIOPIA]: Harrar / Abessyn. // stipidosa / m. cotyp / Spaeth det. // Cotypus / Manchester Museum / SYNTYPE (MNHW, (MM)</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1C8A9B2FF6CFE810F2597DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1C6A9B0FF6CF8A50FE59767.text	E417E526B1C6A9B0FF6CF8A50FE59767.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida sublesta (Weise 1904)	<div><p>Cassida sublesta (Weise, 1904)</p> <p>(figs. 43, 266–268)</p> <p>Odontionycha sublesta Weise, 1904 b: 173, 1910: 43; Spaeth, 1933 a: 346.</p> <p>Cassida sublesta: Spaeth, 1928: 10, 1933 a: 346, 1943: 58; Shaw, 1955: 237, 1956 a: 270, 1960: 370, 1961: 31; Nummelin &amp; Borowiec, 1991: 14; Borowiec, 1999 a: 286.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) sublesta: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119, 1924: 332.</p> <p>Cassida (Odontionycha) sublesta Weise, 1910 d: 43, objective synonym and homonym.</p> <p>Cassida (Odontionycha) kilimana Spaeth, 1909: 269; Borowiec, 1999 a: 286.</p> <p>Cassida Kilimana: Spaeth, 1912 a: 497, 1924: 332 (as syn.).</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) kilimana: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.70–5.50 mm, W: 3.80–4.35 mm, Lp: 1.70–2.00 mm, Wp: 3.00–3.45 mm, L/W: 1.23–1.29, Wp/ Lp: 1.73–1.78. Body oval, more or less distinctly converging posterad, males stouter than females (figs. 266, 267). Body uniformly yellow or green, including head, ventrites, legs and antennae, some dry specimens preserve life green colour, especially on elytra (figs. 266–268).</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides rounded, no basal corners. Disc almost flat, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin. Entire surface of disc with moderately coarse punctation and dense wrinkles, appears more or less irregular. Explanate margin broad, with shallow, coarse and dense punctation and with irregular interspaces, semitransparent with more or less well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly to moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, rounded. Disc irregularly convex in profile (fig. 268), with distinct postscutellar and shallow principal impressions, often with very shallow posterolateral impressions, with H–shaped postscutellar elevation with short branches, second interval more or less convex, also central part of fourth interval convex. Punctation coarse and dense, partly regular and partly irregular, irregular punctation occupies postscutellar impressions, area laterally to the postscutellar impressions and posterolateral parts of disc, at least two sutural and two submarginal rows completely regular, distance between punctures mostly narrower or as wide as puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as or slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly not marked, except first, second, central part of fourth, and two submarginal intervals more or less distinct, interspaces more or less convex thus surface of disc appears irregular, marginal interval distinct, broad, in humeral part as wides as two rows and one interval combined, no humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, in the widest part five times narrower than disc, surface coarsely, densely, irregular punctate, appears rugose, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena very short, as long as width of last palpomere. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.4 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus flat or very shallowly impressed, shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:47:62:56:53:30:50:41:47:47:120. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat or only slightly impressed, shiny, without special sculpture, expanded apex flat, shiny, with several moderate, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. East Africa from Ethiopia to Zimbabwe (fig. 43).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida viridipennis species–group. It belongs to the complex of three species with the punctation of the elytral disc in large part irregular. The complex comprises also C. franklinmuelleri and C. kantnerorum. Cassida franklinmuelleri well differs in elytral disc in profile forming a regular arch without a postscutellar elevation and a slimmer body with L/W ratio 1.28–1.41 (figs. 269, 270). Cassida kantnerorum is very similar but differs in a slimmer body with L/W ratio 1.31–1.40 (in C. sublesta 1.23–1.29) and the explanate margin of elytra slightly narrower and more declivous (figs. 276–278).</p> <p>Both relatives differ in the elytral disc less regularly convex with a well marked postscutellar angulation (figs. 268, 278) while Cassida sublesta differs also in a distinctly stouter body with L/W ratio 1.23–1.29 (1.28–1.41 in C. franklinmuelleri) and the explanate margin of elytra slightly broader and less declivous (figs. 266, 267). Cassida kantnerorum looks very similar, except for the irregular elytral convexity, differs also in a slightly broader explanate margin of elytra, especially in the posterior third of elytral length.</p> <p>Types examined. Lectotype of Odontionycha sublesta Weise, 1904, present designation: [TANZANIA]: Usambar., Schulz (ZMHU); holotype of Cassida (Odontionycha) kilimana Spaeth, 1909: [TANZANIA]: Kilimandjaro, Kibonoto, 1000–1200 m, 7 X, Sjöstedt (NRS).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Albert Nat. Park, Bitshumbi, lac Edward, 27 IX 1933, 1, de Witte (IRSN); Albert Nat. Park, Bugazia, 912 m, 16 V 1935, 1, H. Damas (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Ishango, 9 XII 1935, 1 H. Damas (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Kabasha, Kanyabayongo, 1760 m, 7–15 XII 1934, 1, de Witte (IRSN); Albert Nat. Park, Kihubuma, rég. Mugando, 27 IV 1945, 1, G.F. de Witte (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Lac Kivu, I. Nyamarang, 9 X 1935, 1, H. Damas (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Lac Mokoto, Lukulu, 15 VIII 1935, 1, H. Damas (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Massif Ruwenzori, Moyenne Lume, Kiribata, Migeri, 1760 m, 10–15 IV 1953, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck and J. Kekenbosch (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Mont Hoyo, sur plantes basses, 1280 m, 7–15 VII 1955, 3, P. Vanschuytbroeck (2 MRAC, 1 MNHW); Albert Nat. Park, Mont Hoyo, grotte Yolohafiri, 1030 m, 8–9 VIII 1955, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Ngoma, 1460 m, 16 IX 1935, 3, H. Damas (2 MRAC, 1 MNHW); Albert Nat. Park, Nzulu, Sake, 9–14 II 1934, 1, de Witte (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Secteur Nord, Nyakahera, affl. g. Mukandwe, 1220 m, 4 IV 1957, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Costermansville, 3 VII 1937, 7, H.J. Brédo (MRAC); Haut Uele, Moto, VI–VII 1923, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC); Irumu–Mombassa, X 1931, 1, L. Lebrun (MRAC); Ituri, Bunia, VII 1937, 1, H.J. Brédo (MRAC), 1938, 2, P. Lefčvre (MRAC); Kafora, Irsak–Lwiro, 24 II 1967, 1 (SMNS); Kahuzi–Biega Park, VIII 1984, 1, L. Bartolozzi (MZUF); Kibali–Ituri, Lodjo, VIII 1939, 1, Mme Lepersonne (MRAC); Kivu, Lwiro, 23 XII 1966, 1, Dr. Jiily (SMNS); Kivu, Sake, 19–22 II 1934, 1, de Witte (MRAC); Kivu, Sange, Ruzizi, III 1957, 3, J. Decelle (MRAC, MNHW); Kivu, Uvira, XII 1932, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC); Rutshuru, 12 V 1936, 1, 26 V 1936, 1, L. Lippens (MRAC); Tanganika terr., Musosa, 980 m, XI 1953, 1, H. Bomans (MNHW); Uele, Dingila, 4 V 1933, 1, 1 VIII 1933, 1, H.J. Bredo (MRAC); Upemba Nat. Park, Kalumogongo, 1780 m, 21 I 1948, 1, de Witte (MRAC).</p> <p>ETHIOPIA: Beda–Kesa, 5 III 1947, 1, G. Bexell (NRS); Gumma, V 1938, 1, C. Recchia (MZSNV); Shawa pr., mt. Managesha, 30 km SW Adis Ababa, 2700 m, XI 1990, 1, Medvedev &amp; Samodrzhenkov (LM).</p> <p>KENYA: Elsamere, 27 III 1997, 3, 5 IV 1998, 1, ABD (TD, MNHW); Kaimosi, II 1949, 1, van Someren (BMNH); Kikuyu–Est, Kijabe, 2100 m, XII 1911, 9, Alluaud &amp; Jeannel (MNHN); Meru Park, Upper Imenti Forest, VI 1973, 1, H. Gřnget (ZMC); Molo, Mau Esc., 2150–2200 m, 1, P. Basilevsky and N. Leleup (MRAC); Mt Elgon, 2010 m, 19–25 I 1979, 1, T. Palm (LU); Naivasha, Joan Root, 8 IV 2002, 1, ABD (TD); Naivasha, Rift Valley, XII 1903, 1, Ch. Alluaud (MNHN); Nandi occ., Nyangueri, X 1904, 1, Ch. Alluaud (MNHN); Nyanza, Macalder, 9–11 XII 1973, 1, H. Silfverberg (MNHW); Yala River, Kisumu, IX 1916, 1, G. Babault (MNHN).</p> <p>MALAWI: Cholo. 1919–1920, 3, R.C. Wood (BMNH); Zomba Plateau, 1500 m, 16 III 1991, 1, C. Bayer (MS).</p> <p>RWANDA: Gatsibu, 1800 m, terr. Biumba, 6 II 1953, 1, P. Basilevsky (MRAC); Kagogo, Terr. Ruhengeri, 29 I 1953, 1, P. Basilevsky (MRAC); Kayove, terr. Kisenyi, 14 II 1953, 1, P. Basilevsky (MRAC); Kinazi, terr. Nyanza, 5–8 I 1953, 3, P. Basilevsky (MRAC); Nyngwe, Mt. Muzimu, 2°20’S /29L17’E, 2750 m, 24 III 2007, 1, T. Wagner (TW); Rusumo, Ibanda, Makera, X 1993, 1 ex. Teclea nobilis (Rutaceae), T. Wagner (TW); SW Ruanda, 2000 m, 7 IX 1911, 1, H. Meyer (ZMHU).</p> <p>SUDAN: Equatoria, Lotti forest, 14–17 III 1963, 1, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH)</p> <p>TANZANIA: Moschi, 1000 m, V 1902, 1, Merker (ZMHU); N Nyassa, Kinga – Geb. n. Langenburg, I 1899, 1, Fülleborn (MNHW).</p> <p>UGANDA: Burindi Nat. Park, Nyaigura, 40 km NW Kabale, 2500 m., 30 XII 1995, 1, A. Freidberg &amp; I. Yarom (TAU); Entebbe, 1, F.J. Jackson (BMNH); Kampala, 1930, 1 (LS); Kibale Forest, 1 XII 1983, 1, 19 I 1985, 1, 23 III 1985, 1, M. Nummelin (ZMUH); Kibale Forest, Toro Distr., 4 III 1973, 1, H. Gřnget (ZMC); Mabira, 1, R.A. Dummar (MNHW); Mabira Forest, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-3.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -3.8/lat 3.5)">Chagwe</a>, 3.500 –3.800 ft., 16–25 VII 1911, 1, S. A. Neave (BMNH); Mujenje, IX 1913, 1, Katona (HNHM); Victoria–Nyanza, Sesse Is., Bugala, 1908, 1, E. Bayon (MZSNG).</p> <p>ZAMBIA: Musosa, IX 1939, 3, H.J. Bredo (IRSN, MNHW).</p> <p>ZIMBABWE: Matopos, Matabele, 1, G.A. Marshall (BMNH).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1C6A9B0FF6CF8A50FE59767	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1C4A9B7FF6CF8FD094997DF.text	E417E526B1C4A9B7FF6CF8FD094997DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida successiva Spaeth 1924	<div><p>Cassida successiva Spaeth, 1924</p> <p>(figs. 44, 199–201)</p> <p>Cassida successiva Spaeth, 1924: 357; Borowiec, 1999 a: 287.</p> <p>Description. L: 3.80–4.75 mm, W: 3.15–3.55 mm, Lp: 1.35–1.55 mm, Wp: 2.50–2.90 mm, L/W: 1.21–1.42, Wp/ Lp: 1.77–1.87. Body almost circular to short–oval, males slightly stouter than females (figs. 199, 200).</p> <p>Pronotum uniformly yellow, or with small brown spot in front of scutellum, or with more or less developed V–shaped brown spot in front of scutellum. Scutellum yellow, elytral disc yellow, each puncture at least with black centre, sometimes also with narrow black areola then black partly coalescent and form more or less developed reticulation, top of postscutellar elevation usually with brown to black stripe. Explanate margin always yellow (figs. 199, 200). Head usually with black base, brown sides and yellow apically, sometimes completely brown with paler apex, thorax black abdomen mostly black surrounded by yellow. Coxa black, rest of legs yellow. Antennal uniformly yellow, sometimes last segment more or less infuscate dorsally.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except short lateral impressions, area above head slightly impressed. Surface of disc shiny, with very fine and sparse punctation. Distance between punctures several times wider than puncture diameter, interspaces regular. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately to much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc depressed in profile (fig. 201), with shallow postscutellar and principal impressions, and low and obtuse H–shaped elevation, yellow parts of disc more or less elevated form more or less developed pale relief. Punctation moderately coarse but dense, tend to form regular rows but the regularity disturbed by pale relief, distance between punctures varies from smaller to thrice larger than puncture diameter, in several impressed transverse rows punctures almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures not coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly not marked, in specimens with only dark punctures sometimes is more or less visible elevated second interval and central part of elevated fourth interval, marginal interval narrow, as wide as submarginal interval and submarginal row combined, with short but distinct humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part 4.5 times narrower than disc, surface shiny with shallow, moderately coarse but dense punctation, appears slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus narrow, approximately 1.1 times as long as wide. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in regular triangle, surface of clypeus flat or very shallowly impressed apically, its surface shiny with several very small, setose punctures. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:64:75:61:61:46:46:43:46:50:121. Segment 3 approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.25 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa on sides with impressed row of punctures, central part slightly convex with few moderately coarse, setose punctures, expanded apex convex centrally, impressed apically with several moderately coarse, setose punctures, surface appears irregular to rugose.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. East Africa from Kenya to Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (fig. 44).</p> <p>Remarks. At first glance Cassida successiva is very similar to C. stipidosa. Both species have similar size, sculpture and colouration with black and black areolate punctures forming more or less thin black reticulation. Cassida successiva differs in slightly smaller but denser punctation at least on the sides of the disc forming, on long distance, regular rows, while in C. successiva the punctation appears completely irregular.</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: TANZANIA: Zanzibar (MM).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. KENYA: near Kakemega, 10–13 VI 1997, 2, O. Buzga (MNHW).</p> <p>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Alokoko, 13 II 1930, 1, A. Collart (MNHW); Rumangabo, 6 XII 1946, 1 (MNHW).</p> <p>RWANDA: Rutare, L. Mohasi, 1570 m, V 1968, 8, E. Vertriest (MNHW).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Aruscha–Yu, X–XI 1905, 1, Kittenberger XII 1905, 1, Katona (MNHW); Mt. Meru, Olkokola, 26 IX 1965, 1, J. Szunyoghy (MNHW).</p> <p>UGANDA: Mabira, 1, R.A. Dummar (MNHW); Mubende env., 19–22 XI 2001, 1, M. Snižek (MS).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1C4A9B7FF6CF8FD094997DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1C3A9B6FF6CF8A50F8E9224.text	E417E526B1C3A9B6FF6CF8A50F8E9224.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida sulphurago Boheman 1854	<div><p>Cassida sulphurago Boheman, 1854</p> <p>(figs. 45, 259–261)</p> <p>Cassida sulphurago Boheman, 1854: 414, 1856: 133, 1862: 329; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3659; Shaw, 1956: 270; Borowiec, 1999 a: 287, 2005 a: 127.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) sulfurago [sic]: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Description. L: 5.90–7.50 mm, W: 4.50–5.55 mm, Lp: 2.25–2.60 mm, Wp: 3.50–4.00 mm, L/W: 1.28–1.38, Wp/ Lp: 1.50–1.56. Body oval, males stouter than females (figs. 259, 260).</p> <p>Entire body yellow, including head, ventrites, legs and antennae (figs. 259–261).</p> <p>Pronotum trapezoidal, with maximum width at anterior 1/3 length, anterior margin slightly convex, sides narrowly rounded, with anterior corners, no basal corners. Disc convex, slightly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes, with well marked area above head. Surface of disc shiny, top of disc and sides with fine and sparse punctation, area above head impunctate. Distance between punctures three to five times wider than puncture diameter, interspaces regular. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad,subangulate. Disc strongly convex in profile, with moderately deep postscutellar and principal impressions, sometimes with shallow posterolateral impressions, distinctly elevated in postscutellar area but without H–shaped elevation but often impunctate intervals form H–shaped figure (fig. 261). Punctation moderately coarse and moderately dense, along suture and along sides forms more or less regular rows, in impressions and in central parts of disc appears mostly irregular, distance between punctures mostly twice to thrice wider than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures small, often forms short, transverse grooves. Intervals mostly not marked only two sutural intervals, fourth intervals and two submarginal intervals more or less visible, marginal interval distinct, broad, in humeral part as wide as submarginal interval and two rows combined, no humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, only extreme margin tends to be subhorizontal, in the widest part six times narrower than disc, surface shiny, with fine, sparse and shallow punctation, appears regular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.2 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, runs close to margin to eye then converging in triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus, flat or slightly convex, sometimes with short impressed median line, shiny with several small setose punctures. Labrum shallowly and broadly emarginate. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:43:59:54:52:45:52:43:45:50:91. Segment 3 approximately 1.4 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat or slightly convex, shiny, without special sculpture except several very small, setose punctures, expanded apex moderately convex, shiny, without special sculpture except several small, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Host plant. Asteraceae: Sonchus asper (Linnaeus) Hill., Tarchonanthus obovatus DC. (label data, H. Heron pers. comm.).</p> <p>Distribution. Botswana, Nambia, and South Africa (fig. 45).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida sulphurago species–group similar only to C. imitatrix. Both species have moderately large to large body, length 5.0–7.5 mm, the dorsum and ventrites are always uniformly yellow, the base of the elytra is moderately to distinctly wider than the pronotum, rows of punctures are completely regular but often with some intervals with additional irregular punctures, and the elytral sculpture is absent or indistinct, limited to a slightly elevated intervals on top of the disc. Cassida imitatrix differs in the pronotum widest in the middle with broadly rounded sides (fgs. 256, 257) and claws with a large basal tooth. Cassida sulphurea, the third species of the C. sulphurago species–group, distinctly differs in a smaller size with length below 5.5 mm, base of the elytra distinctly wider than the pronotum, and elytral punctation completely regular without additional irregular punctures on some intervals and simple claws (fig. 264).</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Natal, Pt. Natal, Vahlberg (NRS).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. BOTSWANA: 20 km SSW Gaberone, 21 II 1988, 1, R.D. Ward (CMNH).</p> <p>NAMIBIA: Damara, 1, De Vylder (NRS); Otjiwarongo Dist., Abachaus, III 1950, 9 (TM, MNHW); Regenstein, SSW of Windhoek, II 1972, 2 (LS); Swakopmund, XI 1958, 1, G. Hobohm (MNHW).</p> <p>SOUTH AFRICA: Cap, Cap. B. Spei, 1, Drege (NRS); Limpopo Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.266666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.266666/lat -25.266666)">Pienaarsrivier</a>, 25°16’S, 28°16’E, 1 (ARC); North West Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.733334/lat -26.8)">Vryburg</a>, 26°48’S, 24°44’E, 1 (ARC); Oranje F. State, Boshof, Kromrant, II 1985, 2 (BM); Transvaal, Pienaarsrivier, 1898, 3, v. Jutrzencka (TM); Transvaal, 8.5 km S Pienaarsrivier, 11 I 1987, 1, C.L. Bellamy (ER); Transvaal, Pretoria, Hennops Riv., 12 IV 1950, 1, A.L. Capener (MM); Western Cape Prov., 5 km W of Camfer, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.45/lat -33.833332)">Outeniqua Mountains</a>, near George, 33°50’S, 22°27’E, 1 (ARC).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1C3A9B6FF6CF8A50F8E9224	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1C1A9B5FF6CFAE40865938B.text	E417E526B1C1A9B5FF6CFAE40865938B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida sulphurea Boheman 1854	<div><p>Cassida sulphurea Boheman, 1854</p> <p>(figs. 45, 264–265)</p> <p>Cassida sulphurea Boheman, 1854: 393, 1856: 129, 1862: 307; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3659; Spaeth, 1939: 19; Borowiec, 1999 a: 287.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) sulfurea [sic]: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Description. L: 5.10, W: 4.30 mm, Lp: 1.90 mm, Wp: 3.10 mm, L/W: 1.19, Wp/Lp: 1.63. Body broadly–oval, regularly rounded on sides (fig. 264).</p> <p>Body uniformly yellow, including head, ventrites, legs and antennae, or sides of elytral disc with diffused stripe of marble pattern (figs. 264, 265).</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except short lateral impressions, lateral lobes indistinct. Surface of disc shiny, with fine and sparse punctation. Distance between punctures several times wider than puncture diameter, interspaces regular. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure its surface shiny.</p> <p>Base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc distinctly convex in profile (fig. 265), with shallow postscutellar and principal impressions and low and obtuse H–shaped elevation, sutural rows in posterior half lightly elevated but surface of disc appears regular. Punctation moderately coarse arranged in completely regular rows, only postscutellar impression with additional irregular punctures, third interval not widened, without additional punctures. Punctures in rows moderately dense, distance between punctures mostly twice to thrice wider than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures not or only slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals flat to slightly convex, mostly as wide as rows, marginal interval moderately broad, as wide as submarginal interval and submarginal row combined, humeral and lateral folds indistinct marked rather as impunctate area than fold. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, shiny with very shallow punctation, shiny, regular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes moderately large, gena as long as length of last palpomere. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.5 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus flat, its surface shiny, impunctate. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 approximately 1.3 times as longs wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:66:66:63:46:59:42:56:54:92. Segment 3 approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 2 and as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat without special sculpture except several very small, setose punctures, expanded apex flat without special sculpture, with few small setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa: Cape Province (fig. 45).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida sulphurago species–group. Cassida imitatrix differs in the pronotum widest in the middle with broadly rounded sides, elytral intervals with additional irregular punctures (fgs. 256, 257) and claws with a large basal tooth. Cassida sulphurago distinctly differs in its large size with length above 5.5 mm, base of the elytra moderately wider than the pronotum, and elytral punctation with additional irregular punctures on some intervals (figs. 159 –261).</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Caput Bonae Spei, (NRS).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. [SOUTH AFRICA]: Limpopo Prov., Mphaphuli Cycad Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.683332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.683332/lat -22.8)">Venda</a>, 22°48’S, 30°41’E, 1 (ARC); S Afr., Cape Town area, 11 VI 1996, 1, W. G. Ullrich (LS).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1C1A9B5FF6CFAE40865938B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1C1A9B4FF6CFD66095292CF.text	E417E526B1C1A9B4FF6CFD66095292CF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida tarda Weise 1899	<div><p>Cassida tarda Weise, 1899</p> <p>(figs. 46, 83–85)</p> <p>Cassida tarda Weise, 1899 a: 243; Nummelin &amp; Borowiec, 1991: 14.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.40–4.80 mm, W: 3.55–3.80 mm, Lp: 1.45–1.55 mm, Wp: 2.85–3.05 mm, L/W: 1.23–1.26, Wp/ Lp: 1.90–2.03. Body oval (figs. 83, 84).</p> <p>Disc and basal parts of explanate margin brown to black, only explanate margin laterally to head yellow (fig. 84), sometimes on disc yellowish spots and bands of diffused borders (fig. 83). Scutellum brown to black, elytral disc in dark specimens completely black in pale forms dark brown laterally, paler brown on top sometimes with yellowish brown elevations. Explanate margin yellow, in dark forms with diagonal brown to black humeral spot not extending to extreme margin of elytra and with broad brown to black posterolateral spot at least partly extending to extreme margin of elytra; in pale form humeral spot absent or very short, triangular but posterolateral spot always broad. Head brown with darker brown basal corner and sides, thorax black, abdomen black narrowly surrounded by yellow or yellow–brown. Legs yellow. Antennal segments 1–8 yellow, apical segments gradually infuscate.</p> <p>Pronotum broadly elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc more or less distinctly bordered from explanate margin, only in pale form with more or less marked lateral lobes. Entire surface of disc with more or less minutely granulate sculpture, dull, in black forms the sculpture more distinct than in pale forms. Explanate margin broad, on black parts with the same sculpture as on disc, dull, only yellow parts transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, angulate. Disc depressed in profile (fig. 85), with shallow postscutellar, principal and posterolateral impressions, without H–shaped elevation but with thin, elevated second interval surrounding postscutellar impressions and slightly elevated suture in postscutellar point. Punctation moderately coarse but extremely dense, only in pale form tend to forms more or less regular rows, especially in sutural area and along sides, sparse, punctures almost touching each other, intervals more or less convex. In dark form punctures tend to form transverse grooves thus surface of disc appears mostly irregularly punctate and rugose, second interval on slope form a short convex elevation often marked with yellow. Marginal row distinct, its punctures smaller than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly not marked except parts of second and fourth and two submarginal intervals, marginal interval very narrow as wide as submarginal rows, humeral and lateral folds marked only in pale forms. Explanate margin broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part 3.5 times narrower than disc, surface with shallow, moderately coarse but dense punctation, appears irregular, only yellow parts transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, in males globular, gena obsolete. Clypeus narrow, in male slightly longer than wide in female as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle with angulate top, surface of clypeus shiny, with deep central impression, with few very small punctures. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:75:8 3:79:58:67:63:54:63:71:138. Segment 3 approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 2 and approximately as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, moderately expanded apically, area between coxae deeply canaliculate, without special sculpture except row of small punctures along sides, expanded apex convex shiny, with very fine longitudinal striation and few small punctures.</p> <p>Claws with small basal tooth, appears almost simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Tanzania and Uganda (fig. 46).</p> <p>Remarks. A distinct species, well characterized by a mostly brown to black pronotal and elytral disc and dark spots at the base of pronotal explanate margin and humeral and posterolateral dark spots of elytral explanate margin (figs. 83-85). Similar pattern have only two other species: Cassida calvaria and C. rogozinskii. The first species distinctly differs in a strongly convex elytral disc, with a high postscutellar hump and some folds on the elytral slope (figs. 75-77) and a smooth and shiny background of elytral and pronotal disc while in C. tarda elytral disc is depressed, without a postscutellar hump or folds on the elytral slope at most with low H–shaped folds in the postscutellar area (figs. 83-85) and a slightly granulate and dull background of elytral and pronotal disc; C. rogozinskii well differs in the absence of a posterolateral spots on elytral explanate margin (fig. 107), slightly more convex elytral disc with slightly elevated postscutellar area (fig. 108), fine and less dense punctation of elytra and smooth and shiny background of the elytral and pronotal discs.</p> <p>Types examined. Lectotype and three paralectotypes: [TANZANIA]: Mombo, Paul (ZMHU).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. TANZANIA: Katundu, VI 1910, 1, Holtz (ZMHU); Nguru Mts., 4.000 ft., XI 1948 (LS); Panganisteppe, Mombo–Masinde, I 1906, 2, Schröder (ZMHU, MNHW).</p> <p>UGANDA: Kibale Forest, 5 II 1984, 1, 17 I 1985, 1, 8 IV 1985, 1, M. Nummelin (ZMUH, MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1C1A9B4FF6CFD66095292CF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1FFA989FF6CFF990FDE9706.text	E417E526B1FFA989FF6CFF990FDE9706.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida thomsoni Boheman 1862	<div><p>Cassida thomsoni Boheman, 1862</p> <p>(figs. 46, 176–178)</p> <p>Cassida Thomsoni Boheman, 1862: 302; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3659; Shaw, 1963: 457; Borowiec, 1995: 371, 1999 a: 288, 2005 a: 127.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) Thomsoni: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Cassida (Odontionycha) Pentheri Spaeth, 1905: 109, 1914 b: 119 (as syn.).</p> <p>Description. L: 5.75–6.80 mm, W: 4.45–4.90 mm, Lp: 2.20–2.40 mm, Wp: 3.80–4.20 mm, L/W: 1.29–1.45, Wp/ Lp: 1.68–1.75. Body elongate–oval (figs. 176, 177).</p> <p>Pronotum yellow to ochraceous, disc usually darker from explanate margin, sometimes with short brownish stripe in front of scutellum, occasionally with diffused darker ochraceous M–shaped spot. Scutellum yellow, elytral disc with mixed yellow and ochraceous pattern. Usually punctures have ochraceous centre and areola and elevated parts of disc are yellow, sometimes yellow are also sides of disc and slope, in extreme dark specimens ochraceous colour occupies most of elytral sides and punctures on top of disc, yellow elevated second interval in 1/3 and half length with ochraceous stripe. Explanate margin of elytra yellow to ochraceous, usually paler than ground colour of disc (figs. 176, 177). Head, ventrites and legs yellow. Antennal segments 1–6 yellow, segment 7 more or less infuscate, last four apical segments brown to black.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width at base, anterior margin regularly convex, sides angulate. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes or lateral impressions. Surface of disc more or less alutaceous, sculpture variable from only microreticulate with small pricks to distinctly, finely and densely punctate thus surface of disc appears slightly irregular. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, dull, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra not or slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc slightly depressed in profile (fig. 178), with very shallow postscutellar and distinct principal impressions, usually without H–shaped elevation but with elevated, sharp, linear second interval, sometimes in postscutellar area transverse, flat incomplete folds imitate H–shaped elevation but never complete, yellow parts of disc usually more or less elevated, partly impunctate form a relief. Punctation moderately coarse, dense, in most parts of disc irregular, only submarginal and sutural rows partly regular, distance between punctures in dark parts of disc mostly narrower than puncture diameter but on yellow relief punctures often in greater distance. Marginal row distinct, its punctures slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals obsolete except sharp second interval and sometimes short elevated line in position of the middle of fourth interval, marginal interval as wide as submarginal interval and two submarginal rows combined, humeral or lateral folds indistinct or obsolete but often elevated interspaces of marginal row extend to space of marginal interval. Entire surface of disc alutaceous. Explanate margin narrow, moderately declivous, in the widest part six times narrower than disc, surface alutaceous fine and sparse punctation, appears slightly irregular, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately 1.1 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle, surface of clypeus flat or very shallowly impressed, shiny with few very small, setose punctures, area between clypeal grooves and margin of eye with a row of hairy punctures. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:90:57:50:43:53:47:53:57:100. Segment 3 approximately 1.8 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.6 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat without special sculpture except several very small, setose punctures, expanded apex flat, shiny, with a transverse row of small setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Host plant. Tiliaceae: Grewia bicolor Juss. (label data, H. Heron pers. comm.)</p> <p>Distribution. Southern Africa north to Malawi (fig. 46).</p> <p>Remarks. Cassida thomsoni and C. weinmanni form a group of moderately size species (length above 5 mm, below 7 mm) with a slightly elongate body (L/W 1.29–1.49), alutaceous surface of dorsum, colouration of pronotum and elytra from ochraceous to brown forming a marbled pattern or numerous, small dark spots (figs. 176 –181). Cassida weinmanni differs in broadly rounded pronotal sides (angulate in C. thomsoni), surface of pronotum more or less irregular and finely granulate (almost regular in C. thomsoni), elytral disc with numerous small brown spots (rather with marble pattern or with only few dark spots in C. thomsoni) and simple claws (with large basal tooth in C. thomsoni). Both species are widely separated geographically, C. thomsoni is distributed in southern Africa north to south Malawi while C. weinmanni is known from Ethiopia and Eritrea.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype of Cassida thomsoni Boheman, 1862: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Lake N’Gami (BMNH); 8 syntypes of Cassida (Odontionycha) pentheri Spaeth, 1905: [FORMER RHODESIA]: Zambesi, 1878, Bradshaw (ITZ); two syntypes of Cassida (Odontionycha) pentheri Spaeth, 1905: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Süd–Africa, Dr. Penther (MM).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. BOTSWANA: Gaberones, 1915, 1 (MM), 1915, 1, R. Ellenberger (MNHN); SW Ghanzi, Tsao, IX–XI 1961, 1, Kalahari Exp. (MNHW); Kasane, 1 I 1994, 2, M. Snižek (MS); Maun, Island Safari Lodge env., 2–15 I 1994, 1, M. Snižek (MS).</p> <p>MALAWI: Nkopola Forest Res., 20–21 I 1985, 500 m, 2, C.L. Bellamy et al. (ER).</p> <p>NAMIBIA: Abachaus, Oijiwarongo, III 1950, 4, G. Hobohm (TM, MNHW), II 1953, 1, G. Hobohm (ZSM); Damaraland, Abachaus, I 1947, 1, XII 1951, 1, G. Hobohm (TM); Grootfontein, Farm Otjna, 5–7 X 1991, 1, U. Göllner (ZMHU); Kamangeb., 18 IV 1960, 1 (WM); Kavango, Rundu, Okavango riv., 1050 m, 30 I–3 II 1999, 1, R. Kmeco (JB); Kungveld, Tsumkwe, I 1958, 4, C. Koch (TM, MNHW); Okavango, Kapako, 16 XII 1954, 1 (WM).</p> <p>SOUTH AFRICA: Limpopo, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.6623&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.5888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.6623/lat -24.5888)">Meletse</a>, 1190 m, -24.5888 / 27.6623, 10 XII 2019, 1, P. Jałoszyński (MNHW); Limpopo Prov., Nwanedi Resort, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.4/lat -22.633333)">Venda</a>, 22°38’S, 30°24’E, 1 (ARC); Metsimahlaba, 7–12 III 1930, 1, Kalahari Exp. (TM); North Prov., Geelhoutbosh farm, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.33&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.22" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.33/lat -24.22)">Waterberg</a>, 24.22 S 27.33 E, 15–18 XI 1997, 1, S. Bily (JV); Pentonville, NW Kaalwater, 27 IX 1953, 1, Harvey &amp; Rorke (TM); Sand River Mts., 18–19 XII 1985, 1, 31 I–1 II 1986, 1, 5–7 II 1986, 2, D. d’Hotmann (ER); Transvaal, Rusterwinter, II 1953, 1, W.G. Kobrow (TM); Transvaal, Kruger Nat. Park, XI 1959, 1, E. Haaf (MNHW); Transval, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.39&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.32" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.39/lat -24.32)">Sand Riv. Mt.</a>, 24.32 S / 27.39 E, 5–7 II 1986, 1, Bellamy &amp; Westcott (MNHW).</p> <p>ZAMBIA: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.15/lat -15.1)">Katondwe</a> mission, 15.10 S / 30.15 E, XII 1933, 1 (MNHW); Livingstone, 11 I 1944, 1, E. Eichler (MNHW).</p> <p>ZIMBABWE: Bulawayo, Fortunes Gate, 19 VII 1976, 1, T. Donnelly (NMM); 60 km N Bulawayo, Maraposa Rd., 3 XII 1998, 1, M. Snižek (MS); 50 km S Bulawayo, Matobo, 3–5 XII 1998, 1, M. Halada (MS); 20 km W Gwanda, 120 km SE Bulawayo, 6 XII 1999, 3, F. Kantner (FK); Hwange, 4 XII 1998, 1, M. Snižek (MS); Matobo, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.478056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.485277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.478056/lat -20.485277)">Hills Lodge</a>, 20°29’07’’S / 28°28’41’’E, 17 XII 1998, 1, M. Rice (MER).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1FFA989FF6CFF990FDE9706	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1FDA98EFF6CF8DE085F9797.text	E417E526B1FDA98EFF6CF8DE085F9797.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida tosta Klug 1835	<div><p>Cassida tosta Klug, 1835</p> <p>(figs. 47, 57–62)</p> <p>Cassida tosta Klug, 1835: 47; Boheman, 1854: 486, 1856: 146, 1862: 350; Thomson, 1858: 230; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3659; Karsch, 1882: 401; Spaeth, 1902: 459, 1903: 178, 1916: 41, 1925 a: 5; Shaw, 1961: 32, 1963: 460, 1968 a: 371, 1968 b: 782; Borowiec, 1985: 240, 1986: 805, 1999 a: 288; Nummelin &amp; Borowiec, 1991: 14.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) tosta: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Cassida fossulata Boheman, 1856: 142, 1862: 350 (as syn. of tosta); Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3654.</p> <p>Cassida rugipennis Spaeth, 1902: 456; Shaw, 1968 a: 371 (not Cassida rugipennis Boheman, 1855); Borowiec, 1999 a: 288 (as syn. of tosta).</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) rugipennis: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118.</p> <p>Description. L: 6.60–8.30 mm, W: 5.15–6.50 mm, Lp: 2.35–2.85 mm, Wp: 4.15–5.10 mm, L/W: 1.24–1.36, Wp/ Lp: 1.73–1.92. Body oval, on sides slightly rounded (figs. 57, 58, 60–62).</p> <p>Very variable species. In typically coloured specimens pronotum brown to black, only area above head yellow to reddish, scutellum from yellowish to brown, elytral disc brown to black, explanate margin of elytra mostly brown to black with broad, yellow fenestrate spot in 1/3 length and yellow extreme lateral margin of elytra (figs. 57, 58); head, ventrites, legs and antennae yellow to ochraceous. In dark specimens entire elytra black and four apical antennal segments infuscate to black (fig. 62). In pale specimens pronotum ochraceous, elytral disc reddish brown and explanate margin of elytra brown with broad, yellow fenestrate spot and yellow extreme margin (fig. 61). In mostly brown specimens often sides of disc darker than top of disc. In extreme pale forms dorsum uniformly yellowish red or ochraceous (fig. 60). In pale forms antennae always uniformly yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum regularly elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides very broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc distinctly bordered from explanate margin but without lateral lobes, with distinct lateral impressions. Surface of disc shiny, impunctate, base in front of scutellum with two impressions. Explanate margin broad, shiny, impunctate, without radial impressions, only pale area above head transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles strongly protruding anterad, subangulate to angulate. Disc strongly convex with low and obtuse postscutellar hump (fig. 59), entire surface with longitudinal and transverse folds, the highest on slope, elytral disc behind humeri distinctly impressed. Punctation moderately coarse, tends to form regular rows but the regularity interrupted by elevated elytral sculpture, only between humeral callus and folds on slope runs regular one or two rows, interspaces shiny. Marginal row distinct, its punctures twice coarser than punctation in central and lateral parts of disc. Intervals mostly indistinctly marked except almost complete submarginal one, marginal interval slightly narrower than submarginal one interrupted by few high folds. Explanate margin narrow, moderately declivous, in the widest part five times narrower than disc, surface irregular with mixed wrinkles and punctation but shiny interspaces, not transparent, honeycomb structure visible only on fenestrate spot or in completely pale specimens.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena as long as last palpomere. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.6 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in arch, clypeal plate strongly convex, shiny, with few small setose punctures. Labrum without median emargination, only anterior margin very broadly and shallowly emarginate. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:74:71:67:60:67:57:60:62:110. Segment 3 approximately 1.5 times as long as segment 2 and approximately as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, between coxae flat, without special structure but sparsely pubescent, expanded apex in the middle strongly convex, on sides deeply impressed with several long setae.</p> <p>Claws simple but with distinctly widened base.</p> <p>Distribution. Forest regions of West and Central Africa (fig. 47).</p> <p>Remarks. Cassida tosta is a member of the Cassida tosta species–group and with C. altiuscula and C. overlaeti forms aberrations with mostly black elytra. Cassida altiuscula distinctly differs in a very high postscutellar elevation (fig. 53) and elytral sides distinctly converging posterad (figs. 51, 52). Cassida overlaeti differs in a very low postscutellar elevation (fig. 56 vs 59) and elytral disc behind humeral callus shallowly impressed (fig. 54). Pale forms of C. tosta (fig. 60) are similar to C. inaequalis but differ in a higher postscutellar elevation (fig. 59 vs. 65), elytral disc behind humeral callus distinctly impressed and sculpture on slope of elytral disc higher (fig. 69 vs. 63).</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype of Cassida tosta Klug, 1835: [PRINCIPE IS.]: Isle de Prince, Klug (ZMHU); lectotype and paralectotype of Cassida fossulata Boheman, 1856: [NIGARIA]: Old Calabar (NRS); two syntypes of Cassida rugipennis Spaeth, 1902: [ANGOLA KABINDA]: Chiloango, M. Tschoffen (MM).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. BENIN: Dahomey, 1, Ponillon (MRAC); Kisou, 1 (ZMHU); Porto Novo, Daltonoay, 1 (NMP); Zagnanano, 1 (ZMHU).</p> <p>BURKINA FASO: Haute Volta, Melou, 1 (IRSN).</p> <p>CAMEROON: Barombi St., 1, Zeuner (ZMHU), Conradt, 2 (MNHW); Batanga, V 1914, 1, F.H. Hope (MNHW); Bipindi, IV 1897, 3, VIII–IX 1898, 4, G. Zenker (ZMHU); Buea, 1000 m, 2–7 III 1912, 1, Rothkirch (ZMHU); Jaunde, X 1914, 2, Tesmann (ZMHU); Joh.–Albrechthöhe, 2, 11 IV–27 V 1898, 1, L. Conradt (ZMHU); Joko, 6 (ZMHU), III 1912, 1, Moser (MRAC); Kamerunberg, Soppo, 730 m, 1912, 1, Rothkirch (MNHW); Katho– Barombi See, I 1958, 1, Hartwig (MNHW); Lolodorf, VI 1914, 1, J.A. Reis (CMNH), VI 1925, A.I. Good (CMNH); Malende–Banga, 125 m, 5–20 XII 1957, 1, H. Knorr (SMNS); Min Kama, 5 VI 1974, 1, B. de Miré (HPA); Moliwe n. Victoria, 18–30 XI 1902, 1, 1–17 I 1908, 1, F. v. Maltzan (ZMHU); Njam–Njam, Semnio, 1, Bohndorff (ZMHU); N’Ten, 1907, 1, Cottes (MNHN); Nyassosso, 25–27 II 1898, 1, L. Conradt (ZMHU); Soppo, II 1912, 2, Rothkirch (ZMHU); Tibati, 1 (ZMHU); Tome n. Victoria, 22–31 I 1980, 6, Polish Students Exp. (MNHW); Yaunde St., 1, v. Carnap (ZMHU); Wamba, 1 (ZMHU).</p> <p>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Albert Nat. Park, Mont Hoyo, grotte Yolohafiri, 10130 m, 8–9 VIII 1955, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Ruwenzori, Mutawanga, 1000–1300 m, XI 1936 – II 1937, 1, Hackars (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Secteur Nord, Kitulu, marais près riv. Rugetsi, 1150 m, 5 X 1956, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Albertville, XII 1918, 1, R. Mayné (MRAC); Bamania, 1934, 1, F. Longinus (MRAC); Bambesa, 20 VIII 1933, 1, J. Leroy (MRAC), IV 1939, 1, J. Vrydagh (MRAC); Barumbu, VII 1925, 1, J. Ghesquière (MRAC); Bas Ubili, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC); Bokalala, Bolobo, 1954, 2, R.C. Eloy (MRAC, MNHW); Congo da Lemba, X–XII 1911, 1, R. Mayné (MRAC); Dima, 26 IX 1908, 1, A. Koller (MRAC); Eala–Bokatola–Bikoro, IX–X 1930, 1, P. Staner (MRAC); Elisabethville, 1935, 2, Richard (MRAC); Equateur, Bokuma, I–II 1952, 1, VII 1952, 7, Lootens (MRAC, MNHW); Equateur, Flandria, IX 1935, 1, J. Ghesquière (MRAC); Haut Uele, Moto, 1923, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC); Haut Uele, Watsa, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC); Ibembe, Haut Itimbiri, V 1810, J. Duvivier (IRSN); Kasai, Kondue, 5, E. Luja (MRAC); Kasongo, VIII–IX 1959, 1, P.L.G. Benoit (MNHW); Katanga, Kamina, II–III 1960, 1, A. Froidebise (MRAC); Kikwit, 1920, 1, P. Vanderijst (MRAC); Kindu, XI 1913, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC); Kivu, Kanambo, Vall. de la Ruzizi, III 1959, 6, P.L.G. Benoit (MRAC, MNHW); Kiwele, Kwango, 18 VIII 1968, 1, P.M. Elsen (MRAC); Kunungu, 1930, 1, Nkele (MRAC); Kwango–Ngowa, 25 XI 1937, 3, J. Martens (IRSN, MNHW); Lisala Reg., 11 VII 1938, 1, J. Deheyn (MRAC); Lulua, Kapanga, XII 1931, 1, II 1932, 1, II 1933, 1, G. Overlaet (MRAC); Maniema, Kasongo, VIII–IX 1959, 3, P.L.G. Benoit (2 MRAC, 1 MNHW); Maniema, Kindu, 1917, 1, L. Burgeon (MNHN); Maniema, Maleba, VIII 1932, 1, L. Lebrun (MRAC); Maniema, Maleka, VIII 1932, 1, L. Lebrun (MRAC); Mayidi, 1945, 1, P. Van Eyen (MRAC); Mayumbe, Zobe, 4–12 I 1916, 1, R. Mayné (MRAC); Ngowa, X–XI 1938, 2, 2 XI 1939, 1, J. Mertens (IRSN, MNHW); Région des Lacs, 1, Sagona (MRAC); Stanleyfalls, 1, R.P. Kohl (NNML); Tshenge–Kwimba, 4 X 1924, 1, A. Collart (IRSN); Tshuapa, Bamanya, I 1963, 1, VII 1965, 1, Hulstaert (MRAC); Tshuapa, Etata, VII–IX 1970, 1, J. Hauwaerts (MRAC); Tshuapa, Lukolela, 1, De Guide (MRAC); Ubangi, Bomboma, VIII 1935, 1, A. Bal (MRAC); Ubangi, Nzali, 3–4 II 1932, 8, H.J. Brédo (MRAC); Uele, 1 (HNHM); Uele, Dingila, 22 II 1933, 1, J. Vrydagh (MRAC); Uele, Ibembo, IX 1951, 1, F. Hutsebaut (MRAC); Yangambi, 24 V 1933, 1, J. Vrydagh (MRAC), X 1956, 1, N. L. H. Krauss (BMNH); Yangambi, Stanleyville, V 1959, 3, P. Dessart (MRAC, MNHW).</p> <p>EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Benitogeb., Alén, 1–15 IX 1906, 1, G. Tesmann (ZMHU); Fernando Poo, Santa Isabel, VII–VIII 1900, 1, L. Conradt (ZMHU); Mongo, 1946–1948, 1, J. Palau (MRAC), 9 VII 1947, 1, J. Palau (MCNB); Nkolentangan, XI 1907 – V 1908, 4, G. Tesmann (ZMHU).</p> <p>ETHIOPIA: Illubabor prov., 30 km W Abobo, 22–30 VIII 1988, 1, L. Medvedev (LM).</p> <p>GABON: between Lambarene et sea coast, 1901, 1, E. Haug (MNHN); Ogove R., 4, Good (CMNH); Sud Ogowé, 1, Junod (MRAC).</p> <p>GHANA: Ashante, 2, Simon (ZMHU).</p> <p>IVORY COAST: Andé, Bongouanou, II 1962, 1, J. Decelle (MRAC); Assinie, 1 (ZMHU), 1 (MRAC); Bingerville, I 1964, 2, II 1964, 1, III 1964, 2, J.Decelle (MRAC, MNHW); Dimbroko, 1 (MNHW); Haut Cavally, Danane, 1909, 1, S. Bonnaure (MNHN); Haute Nugo and Haute Cavally, n. Danane, 1910, 1, A. Chevalier (MNHN); Irho La Me, 13–16 IX 1979, 1, J.M. Maldes (HPA); Monyassué, Aboisso, XI 1962, 1, J. Decelle (MRAC); San Pedro, 2, 1901, G. Thoire (MNHN).</p> <p>LIBERIA: border of Liberia, Guinea and Ivory Coast, 1910, 1, Roeckel (MNHN).</p> <p>NIGERIA: Kabba Prov., Lokoja, 24–28 II 1949, 1, B. Malkin (CAS); Lagos, VIII–IX 1948, 6, W. E. S. Merett (BMNH, LS); Old Calabar, 1 (IRSN), 2 (ZMHU).</p> <p>REPUBLIC OF CENTRAL AFRICA: Fort Sibut, Oubanchi–Chari, 2 (LS, NMP).</p> <p>SIERRA LEONE: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-11.09&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.129723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -11.09/lat 9.129723)">Loma Mts.</a>, farmland/mosaic forest 9°07’47”N, 11°05’24”W, 420 m, 11–15 VI 2016, 1, Takano, Miles &amp; Goff leg. (BMNH).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Victoria Lake, Ukerewe Is., 1, Conradts (ZMHU).</p> <p>TOGO: Bena, 12 IX 1973, 1, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH); Bismarckburg, 1, 1 V–23 VI 1893, 1, 27 VI–8 VII 1893, 1, L. Conradts (ZMHU).</p> <p>UGANDA: Buamba Forest, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.8/lat 2.3)">Semliki Valley</a>, 2.300 –2.800 ft., 3–7 XI 1911, 1, S. A. Neave (BMNH); Durro Forest, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-4.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -4.5/lat 4.4)">Toro</a>, 4.400 –4.500 ft., 25–29 X 1911, 1, S. A. Neave (BMNH); Entebbe, 1, C. A. Wiggins (BMNH), 5–11 VII 1911, 9, 1–11 IX 1911, 2, S. A. Neave (BMNH, LS), 17 VIII 1911, 1, 10–14 II 1914, 2, C.C. Gowdey (BMNH); 4 mls of Entebbe, Kitabi Hill, 3800–4000 ft., X 1913, 1, C.A. Wiggins (HOC); 3–4 mls NE of Entebbe, Sebogwawo, 25 VI 1912, 1, C.A. Wiggins (HOC); Kibale Forest, 17 I 1985, 1, 6 V 1985, 1, 13 V 1985, 1, 19 IX 1986, 2, M. Nummelin (ZMUH, MNHW); Mabira Forest, 1 VII 1913, 1, C. C. Godwey (BMNH), 6 X 2004, 1, T. Wagner (TW); Mabira Forest, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-3.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -3.8/lat 3.5)">Chagwe</a>, 3.500 –3.800 ft., 16–25 VII 1911, 1, S. A. Neave (BMNH).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1FDA98EFF6CF8DE085F9797	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1FAA98CFF6CF9600F43932F.text	E417E526B1FAA98CFF6CF9600F43932F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida troglodytes Boheman 1854	<div><p>Cassida troglodytes Boheman, 1854</p> <p>(figs. 48, 226–231)</p> <p>Cassida troglodytes Boheman, 1854: 396, 1856: 129, 1862: 309; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3659; Borowiec, 1999 a: 289. Cassida (Cassida) troglodytes: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Cassida impompalis Spaeth, 1924: 356; Borowiec, 1999 a: 257, n. syn.</p> <p>Cassida lueboensis Spaeth, 1932: 235; Shaw, 1961: 31, 1972: 75; Borowiec, 1999 a: 262; Rice, 2003: 81, n. syn.</p> <p>Cassida purpuraria Spaeth, 1932: 240; Borowiec, 1999 a: 262 (as syn. of lueboensis).</p> <p>Cassida pronuba Spaeth, 1943: 59; Borowiec, 1999 a: 262 (as syn. of lueboensis).</p> <p>Description. L: 4.25–4.55 mm, W: 3.55–3.85 mm, Lp: 1.50–1.70 mm, Wp: 2.85–3.05 mm, L/W: 1.13–1.20, Wp/Lp: 1.84–2.00. Body almost circular, in male slightly stouter than in female (figs. 226, 227, 229–231).</p> <p>Very variable species. In typically coloured specimens pronotum yellow and scutellum yellow, elytral disc yellow with several brown spots: round on postscutellar tubercle, small on humerus, on small on elevated interval surrounding postscutellar impression, two elongate on second interval, and sometimes two very small on fourth and sixth intervals, explanate margin uniformly yellow (fig. 227). In intermediate form pronotum on sides with irregular reddish brown spot, elytral disc except typical maculation with reddish band surrounding disc, explanate margin yellow (fig. 229). In the darkest form pronotal disc purple–brown, explanate margin of pronotum from base to margin gradually from reddish to yellow, elytral disc purple–brown, explanate margin of elytra from reddish to gradually yellowish externally to deep purple–brown with only extreme margin yellowish (fig. 231. In the palest form dorsum yellow only elytral disc with brown stripe on postscutellar elevation and one small spot on 2/3 length elevated second interval. Various intermediate forms are observed (fig. 230). Head yellow, in most forms with at least basal corners infuscate, or with infuscate sides, in darkest forms mostly infuscate with paler central part. Thorax in all forms black. Abdomen in pale and intermediate forms in the middle brown to black surrounded by yellow to almost completely black but in the darkest form uniformly yellow. Legs mostly yellow with more or less infuscate coxa and trochanters. Antennal segments 1–6 yellow, segment 7 from yellow to slightly infuscate, apical four segments gradually infuscate to mostly black.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides angulate, no basal corners. Disc strongly convex, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except well marked, short but deep lateral impression, area above head distinctly impressed. Surface of disc from slightly alutaceous to shiny, basal and lateral parts with moderately coarse and moderately dense punctation. Distance between punctures from as wide as to twice wider than puncture diameter, area above head with fine and sparse punctation. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure, its surface from slightly alutaceous to shiny.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc irregularly convex in profile, with distinct postscutellar and principal impressions, with well marked H–shaped elevation, usually forming low tubercle (fig. 228), interval 2 on entire length and interval 4 in the middle slightly convex. In various populations the H–shaped elevation varies from very low to high. Punctation coarse and dense, arranged in completely regular rows, punctures in rows almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as in central rows. Intervals mostly linear, elevated second and partly fourth intervals from as wide as to slightly narrower than rows, marginal interval as wide as submarginal row and interval combined, humeral fold usually absent, lateral fold short but distinct. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface from slightly alutaceous to shiny, slightly irregular, in pale forms transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, from as wide as long to slightly wider than long, in male slightly narrower than in female. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, runs close to margin of eye, on top converging in angle, surface of clypeus flat or with shallow apical impression, its surface shiny with several very small, setose punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/4–1/3 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 approximately as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:62:88:77:62:50:54:54:54:62:111. Segment 3 approximately 1.4 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa convex, shiny, along sides with few coarse punctures, central part often with elongate groove, expanded apex in the middle strongly convex, shiny with few moderately coarse, setose punctures, sides deeply impressed, with coarse, dense, setose punctures, surface appears irregular.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. West and Central Africa south to Zimbabwe, east to Ethiopia (fig. 48).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida troglodytes species–group. From C. satanas, the only relatives, differs in dorsum never mostly black. From other species with almost an circular body, this species differs in the presence of a black postscutellar spot (figs. 226–231) and an angulate postscutellare hump (fig. 228). At first glance Cassida pernix (fig. 105) is similar to the purple form of C. troglodytes (fig. 231) but differs in the absence of a postscutellar angulation (fig. 106).</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype of Cassida troglodytes Boheman, 1854: [SIERRA LEONE]: Sier. Leo. (ZMHU); holotype of Cassida impompalis Spaeth, 1924: [TANZANIA] Usambara, Nguelo, H. Rolle (MM); syntype of Cassida lueboensis Spaeth, 1932: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Luebo, VIII 1921, Lt Ghesquière (MRAC); two syntypes of Cassida lueboensis Spaeth, 1932: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Luebo, 20 VIII 1921, H. Schouteden (MRAC); holotype of Cassida purpuraria Spaeth, 1932: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Kapiri, IX 1912, Miss. Agric. (MRAC); paratype of Cassida purpuraria Spaeth, 1932: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Katanga, Elisabethiville (MM); holotype of Cassida pronuba Spaeth, 1943: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Rutshuru, V 1937, J. Ghesquière (MRAC).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. CAMEROON: Uamgeb., Bosum, 21–31 V 1914, 1, Tessmann (ZMHU).</p> <p>DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Garamba Nat. Park, 21 XII 1951, 1, 19 I 1952, 1, 4 II 1952, 1, 13 II 1952, 1, De Saeger (MRAC, IRSN, MNHW); Katanga, Kipopo, 20 VIII 1961, 1, R. Maréchal (MNHW); Kivu, Mulungu, 1939, 1, L. Hendricx (MRAC); Kivu, Tshampu, rég. Ngweshe, 22 VI 1938, 1, L. Hendricx (MRAC); Luebo, 20 VIII 1921, 1 ab. purpuraria, H. Schouteden (MRAC); Rutshuru, I 1937, 1 ab. purpuraria + 1 ab. typica, V 1937, 1 ab. pronuba + 1 ab. typica, J. Ghesquière (MRAC); Lulua, Sandoa, X 1930, 1, G.F. Overlaet (MRAC); Nizi, Blukwa, 30 XII 1928, 4, A. Collart (IRSN, MNHW); Tshuapa, Bamanya, 1–14 IX 1963, 1, XI 1964, 1, 1 VI 1965, 1, 1968, 1, P. Hulstaert (MRAC, MNHW); Upemba Nat. Park, Mudi aff. Lupiala, aff. Lufira, 890 m, 6–15 VI 1948, 1, de Witte (MRAC).</p> <p>ETHIOPIA: Illubabor, Bedele, 1900 m, 27 X 1975, 1, P. Brignoli (DS); Kaffa, Badabuna Forest, 1700 m, 23 X 1973, 1, P. Brignoli (DS); Shawa pr., Ambo, 125 km W Adis Ababa, 2250 m, 21 XI 1994, 2, Medvedev &amp; Samodrzhenkov (LM, MNHW).</p> <p>GHANA: Northern Region, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-1.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -1.0/lat 9.25)">Nyankpala</a>, 9.25 N / 1.00 W, 183 m, 10 V 1970, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (MNHW).</p> <p>KENYA: Git–Git, 1, Gotsch (NMW); Mt. Elgon, Salt Lake Estate, 2100 m, 17 XII 1937, 1, A. Holm (NRS).</p> <p>MALAWI: Dedza env., 85 km se Lilongwe, 7–13 I 2002, 1, F. &amp; L. Kantner (FK).</p> <p>NIGERIA: Ibadan, 5 VII 1962, 1, D. Eidt (MZSNV); N.C. Stat., Kagoro Forest, 29–30 VIII 1973, 1, R. Linnavuori (MNHW).</p> <p>TANZANIA: Kilimandjaro, 3000 m, 1, Ch. Schröder (MNHW); Songea, Litembo, 1500 m, 19 IX 1952, 2, Lindemann &amp; Pavlitzki (MNHW); Ukerewe I., 1 (LS).</p> <p>TOGO: Bismarckburg, 20–27 X 1893, 1, L. Conradt (MNHW).</p> <p>UGANDA: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.4/lat -0.2)">Kalinzu Forest</a>, Mpungu, 31.4 E / 0.20 S, 1200–1350 m, I 1972, 1, H. Gønget (MNHW).</p> <p>URUNDI: Bufumbira, IV 1939, 2, G. Taylor (MM).</p> <p>ZAMBIA: Hillwood, Ikelenge, 1400 m, 30 IV–11 V 2014, 1, R. Smith, H. Takano, L. Chmurova &amp; L. Smith (BMNH).</p> <p>ZIMBABWE: 43 km N Harare, 17°28’55” S, 30°59’12”E, 7 XI 1998, 1, M. Rice (MER); Mazowe, Dam, 17°31’06’’S / 30°59’13’’E, 11 VI 1998, 1, M. Rice (MER).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1FAA98CFF6CF9600F43932F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1F8A982FF6CFCB50E7C9377.text	E417E526B1F8A982FF6CFCB50E7C9377.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida unimaculata Boheman 1854	<div><p>Cassida unimaculata Boheman, 1854</p> <p>(figs. 49, 326–328)</p> <p>Cassida unimaculata Boheman, 1854: 466, 1856: 141, 1862: 343; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3659; Shaw, 1956: 270; Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997: 632; Borowiec, 1999 a: 290, 2005 a: 127; Heron, 2003: 33.</p> <p>Cassida unimacula [sic]: Muir &amp; Sharp, 1904: 8, 14 (larva, pupa, biology).</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) unimaculata: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Description. L: 5.20–6.20 mm, W: 4.35–5.10 mm, Lp: 2.00–2.30 mm, Wp: 3.05–3.55 mm, L/W: 1.12–1.22, Wp/ Lp: 1.52–1.63. Body almost circular (figs. 326, 327).</p> <p>Pronotum and scutellum uniformly yellow. Elytral disc yellow, at top of disc with small, round or elongate black spot, only occasionally the spot reduced to a narrow stripe. Explanate margin always yellow (figs. 326–328). Head, ventrites, legs and antennae uniformly yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum reversely trapezial, with maximum width in anterior third, anterior margin slightly convex, sides rounded, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes and lateral impressions, Surface of disc shiny, impunctate. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, angulate. Disc slightly irregularly convex in profile, with top of convexity in postscutellar area (fig. 328), without or with very shallow postscutellar and principal impressions, without H–shaped elevation or any other sculpture. Punctation moderately coarse arranged in completely regular rows, moderately sparse, distance between punctures mostly from as wide as to twice wider than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures slightly smaller than punctures in central rows. Intervals flat, on top of disc twice to thrice wider than rows, on sides mostly as wide as rows, marginal interval as wide as submarginal interval and two submarginal rows combined, no humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface shiny with shallow, moderately coarse punctation, appears more or less regular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes moderately large, gena slightly shorter than last palpomere. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.5 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in regular triangle, area between clypeal plate and margin of eye with a row of hairy punctures, surface of clypeus flat, shiny with several very small setose punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 approximately 1.2 times as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:45:53:63:60:40:50:50:50:50:95. Segment 3 approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 0.8 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat or with shallow impression, without special sculpture, sides with rows of very small, setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex, without special sculpture, with several small, hairy punctures.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Host plants. Asteraceae: Brachylaena discolor DC (Muir &amp; Sharp 1904, Heron &amp; Borowiec 1997, Heron 2003); Brachylaena elliptica (Thunberg) DC (H. Heron pers. comm.); Brachylaena uniflora Harvey (H. Heron pers. comm.).</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa (fig. 49).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida unimaculata species–group.It differs from both relatives, C.drakensbergensis and C. emontinensis, in the round or broadly oval postscutellar black spot (figs. 326, 327) while in both relatives the spot is elongate or linear (figs. 322, 324). Cassida drakensbergensis differs also in more impressed elytral punctures, in the anterolateral and central part of the elytra, partly marked with dark areolae (fig. 324). Cassida emontinensis looks very similar but differs in the postscutellar black spot very narrow, forming a stripe not extending behind the sutural border (fig. 322) and in the distinctly irregular surface of the explanate margin of elytra.</p> <p>Type examined. Lectotype, designated by Borowiec, 1999: 290: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Natal, Pt. Natal, Vahlberg (NRS).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape, Alexandria – Woody Cape, 10–13 XII 1997, 3, I. Jenis (MS); Eastern Cape, Bonza Bay, East London, 4–8 XII 1956, 5, R.M. Martin (TM, MNHW), 8 I 1976, 1, R.E. Parrot (ER); Eastern Cape Prov., Bonza Bay, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.966667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.966667/lat -32.983334)">East London</a>, 32°59’S, 27°58’E, 1 (ARC); Eastern Cape Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.666666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.666666/lat -32.466667)">Katberg Pass</a>, 32°28’S, 26°40’E, 1 (ARC); Eastern Cape Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.9/lat -32.25)">Mbashee River</a> Mouth, 32°15’S, 28°54’E, 1 (ARC); Eastern Cape Prov., Phumalanga Farm, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.016666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.016666/lat -32.8)">East London district</a>, 32°48’S, 28°01’E, 1 (ARC); Eastern Cape Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.966667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.116665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.966667/lat -33.116665)">Port Alfred</a>, 33°07’S, 26°58’E, 1 (ARC); Eastern Cape, Transkei, Dwesa Nat. Res., The Haven, 4–6 XII 2003, 1, W. Schawaller (SMNS); Eastern Cape Prov., Umtiza, East London Coast Reserves, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.816668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.816668/lat -33.033333)">East London</a>, 33°02’S, 27°49’E, 1 (ARC); Eastern Cape Prov., Umzamba River mouth, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.166666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.116667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.166666/lat -31.116667)">northern Pondoland</a>, 31°07’S, 30°10’E, 1 (HH); Limpopo Prov., Entabeni Forest, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.266666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.266666/lat -23.0)">Soutpansberg</a>, 23°00’S, 30°16’E, 1 (ARC); KwaZulu-Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.3897&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.8192" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.3897/lat -30.8192)">Skyline Nat. Res.</a>, 80-90 m, -30.8192 / 30.3897, 4.12.2019, 2, leg. M. Wanat (MNHW); KwaZulu-Natal, Umtavuna grassland, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.1766&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.0069" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.1766/lat -31.0069)">Beacon Hill</a>, 340- 365 m, -31.0069 / 30.1766, 3 XII 2019, 2, P. Jałoszyński (MNHW); Limpopo Prov., New Agatha State Forest, 18 km from <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.116667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.116667/lat -23.95)">Tzaneen</a>, 23°57’S, 30°07’E, 1 (ARC); Limpopo Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.3/lat -24.2)">Lekgalameetse Nat. Res.</a>, 78 km SSW of Tzaneen, 24°12’S, 30°18’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, 2 (ZMHU); Natal, 15, Dr. Martin (MKB, NMP); Natal, Anerley, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.503056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.67" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.503056/lat -30.67)">lower South Coast</a>, 30°40’12S, 30°30’11’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, „Bethel Farm”, Waterfall Valley Estates, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.2/lat -30.733334)">Paddock</a>, 30°44’S, 30°12’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Blythedale Beach, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.333334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.333334/lat -31.333334)">North Coast</a>, 31°20’S, 29°20’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Brighton Beach, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.00389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.92472" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.00389/lat -29.92472)">Bluff</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.00389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.92472" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.00389/lat -29.92472)">Durban</a>, 29°55’29’’S, 31°00’14’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Burman Bush Nat. Res., Morningside, Durban, 1 (HH); Natal, Buru, 1 (TM); Natal, Cumberland Nat. Res., 15 km NE of Pietermaritzburg, 1 (HH); Natal, Durban, 1, coll. Donckier (IRSN), 1 II 1906, 1, 20 II 1906, 2, C.F. Leigh (TM, MNHW); Natal, Durban, XII 1938, 6, Baum (LS, NMP); Natal, Entumeni Nat. Res., 16 km from <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.380001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.884722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.380001/lat -28.884722)">Eshowe on Nkandla Road</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.380001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.884722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.380001/lat -28.884722)">Zululand</a>, 28°53’05’’S, 31°22’48’’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Escombe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.9/lat -29.883333)">Queensburgh</a>, 29°53’S, 30°54’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Happy Valley, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.833334/lat -31.0)">Bluff</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.833334/lat -31.0)">Bluff Nat. Res.</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.833334/lat -31.0)">Durban</a>, 31°00’S, 29°50’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Hawaan Forest Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.083334/lat -29.7)">Umhlanga Rocks</a>, 29°42’S, 31°05’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Illanda Wilds Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.883333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.883333/lat -30.05)">Amanzimtoti</a>, 30°03’S, 30°53’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Illovo, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.116667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.116667/lat -30.85)">South Coast</a>, 30°51’S, 30°07’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Indaleni. distr. Richmond, 1 (MRAC); Natal, Kenneth Stainbank Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.9)">Yellowwood Park</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.9)">Durban</a>, 29°54’S, 30°56’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Kosi Bay, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.8/lat -26.966667)">Zululand</a>, 26°58’S, 32°48’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Krantzkloof Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.833334/lat -29.75)">Kloof</a>, 29°45’S, 30°50’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Kwa Zulu, Mtubatuba–Mdukuduku, 17–21 XII 1997, 3, I. Jenis (MS); Natal, Msinsi Nat. Res., University of Natal, Durban, 1 (HH); Natal, Mt Moreland near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.083334/lat -29.633333)">Verulam</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.083334/lat -29.633333)">North Coast</a>, 29°38’S, 31°05’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Mt Moreland near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.083334/lat -29.633333)">Verulam</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.083334/lat -29.633333)">North Coast</a>, 29°38’S, 31°05’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Nagle Dam, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.616667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.616667/lat -29.583334)">Umgeni Valley</a>, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.616667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.616667/lat -29.583334)">Cato Ridge</a>, 29°35’S, 30°37’E, 1 (HH); Natal, New Germany Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.883333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.883333/lat -29.8)">New Germany</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.883333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.883333/lat -29.8)">Pinetown</a>, 29°48’S, 30°53’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Ngome State Forest, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.416666/lat -27.816668)">Nongoma</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.416666/lat -27.816668)">Zululand</a>, 27°49’S, 31°25’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Nkandla Forest Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.15/lat -28.716667)">Zululand</a>, 28°43’S, 31°09’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Ntendeka Wilderness, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.383333/lat -27.833334)">Ngome Police Station</a>, 27°50’S, 31°23’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Orbi Gorge Reserve, 8 km inland <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.233334/lat -30.7)">Port Shepstone</a>, 30°42’S, 30°14’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Palmiet Nature Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.816668)">Westville</a>, 29°49’S, 30°56’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Paradise Valley Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.891666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.831667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.891666/lat -29.831667)">Pinetown</a>, 29°49’54’’S, 30°53’30’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Pigeon Valley Park, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.988611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.864723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.988611/lat -29.864723)">Berea</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.988611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.864723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.988611/lat -29.864723)">Durban</a>, 29°51’53’’S, 31°59’19’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Pt. Natal, 1, Popp (ZMHU); Natal, Port Shepstone, 26 XI 1979, 1, Ochley (MNHW); Natal, Roosfontein Nat. Res., Umbilo valley, Quennsburgh / Westville, 1 (HH); Natal, Salt Rock, 25–28 XI 1984, 2, C.L. Bellamy &amp; D. d’Hotman (ER); Natal, S. Lucia, 29 X 1981, 4, J. Klapperich (MZSNV, MNHW); Natal, St Lucia Estuary, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.416668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.283333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.416668/lat -28.283333)">Zululand</a>, 28°17’S, 32°25’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Selection Beach, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.65/lat -31.133333)">Umhloti</a>, 31°08’S, 29°39’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Shongweni Resource Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.716667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.716667/lat -29.85)">Umlaas valley</a>, 29°51’S, 30°43’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Sibaya Lake, 50 m, 10 XI 1984, 1, C.L. Bellamy &amp; R.G. Oberpieler (ER); Natal, Silverglen Nature Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.816668)">Chatsworth</a>, 29°49’S, 30°56’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Sordwana Bay, 9–11 XI 1986, 2, D. d’Hotmann (ER); Natal, Southbroom, III 1955, 2, 3 III 1955, 1, 9 IV 1956, 1 (MRAC, MNHW); Natal, Sweetdale Farm (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.35/lat -30.816668)">Farm</a> 23), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.35/lat -30.816668)">Margate district</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.35/lat -30.816668)">Lower South Coast</a>, 30°49’S, 30°21’E, 1 (HH); Natal, T.O. Strand, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.216667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.216667/lat -31.05)">Campsite</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.216667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.216667/lat -31.05)">Leisure Bay</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.216667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.216667/lat -31.05)">Port Edward</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.216667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.216667/lat -31.05)">lower South Coast</a>, 31°03’S, 30°13’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Tongaat, 1909, 3, H.C. Burnup (TM); Natal, Treasure Beach Reserve, Bluff, Durban, 1 (HH); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.836111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.14" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.836111/lat -30.14)">Umgababa</a>, 30°08’24’’S, 30°50’10’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Umgeni Valley Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.233334/lat -29.466667)">Howick</a>, 29°28’S, 30°14’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Umhlanga n. Durban, 20 VII 1997, 1, I. Meybohm (MNHW); Natal, Umhlanga Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.9/lat -29.883333)">Umhlanga Rocks</a>, 29°53’S, 30°54’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Umtenweni, VII 1954, 2, VII 1962, 1, A.L. Capener (MM); Natal, Umzinyati gorge, Inanda district, 1 (HH); Natal, University of Natal, Durban, 1 (HH); Natal, Uvongo River Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.383333/lat -30.816668)">Uvongo</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.383333/lat -30.816668)">South Coast</a>, 30°49’S, 30°23’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Vernon Crookes Nat. Res., 8 km N of Umzinto, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.266666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.266666/lat -30.583334)">South Coast</a>, 30°35’S, 30°16’E, 1 (HH); North Park Nat. Res., X 1986, 1, H. Heron (MNHW); Pondoland, 1, Bachmann (ZMHU); Port St. John, Pondoland, XI 1923, 1, R.E. Turner (BMNH); Tongaat, Maritzburg, Natal, 1999, 1, H. C. Burnup (BMNH); Zululand, 1, Martin (NMP); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.30528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.378334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.30528/lat -28.378334)">Zululand</a>, 14 km E Mtubatuba, 28°22’42’’S / 32°18’19’’E, 4 X 1998, 2, M. Rice (MER); Zululand, Mtubatuba–Dukuduku, 5 IV 1974, 3, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Zululand, Ubombo, 28 XI 1955, 2 (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1F8A982FF6CFCB50E7C9377	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1F6A981FF6CFC0D09239273.text	E417E526B1F6A981FF6CFC0D09239273.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida vespertilio Boheman 1862	<div><p>Cassida vespertilio Boheman, 1862</p> <p>(figs. 50, 136–137)</p> <p>Cassida vespertilio Boheman, 1862: 310; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3659; Shaw, 1963: 457; Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997: 635; Borowiec, 1999 a: 292.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) vespertilio: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Cassida muirana Sharp in Muir &amp; Sharp, 1904: 13; Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997: 635 (as syn.).</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) muirana: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.00 mm, W: 3.15–3.20 mm, Lp: 1.40–1.45 mm, Wp: 2.40–2.55 mm, L/W: 1.25–1.27, Wp/Lp: 1.71–1.76. Body short–oval (fig. 136).</p> <p>Pronotum and scutellum yellow. Elytral disc yellow with black pattern: two round spots behind scutellum, two round spots in the middle approximately twice larger than postscutellar spots, bands along size of disc and marble pattern on slope, explanate margin of elytra yellow with brown to black. broad humeral spot not extending to basal and lateral margin of elytra, moderately broad posterolateral spots not extending to lateral margin of elytra and narrow sutural spot (figs. 136, 137). In pale specimens posterolateral spots reduced to small patch close to border of disc and sutural spot obsolete. In the darkest form elytral disc mostly black except few small yellow spots on top of disc and all spots on explanate margin complete. Head brown to black, thorax black, abdomen completely black or surrounded by yellow. Coxa and trochanters brown, rest of legs yellow or femora infuscate to 1/4 length. Antennae uniformly yellow or apical segments 5–11 more or less infuscate.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides narrowly rounded, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except short lateral impressions. Surface of disc shiny, with fine and sparse pricks. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subrounded. Disc regularly convex in profile, without impressions (fig. 137), without H–shaped elevation but in postscutellar area second interval forms short longitudinal elevation homologous to lateral branches of H–shaped elevation in other species, also in posterior part the second interval slightly elevated. Punctation moderately coarse arranged in completely regular rows, dense, distance between punctures from twice narrower to as wide as puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as in central rows. Intervals flat to slightly convex, mostly as wide as rows, marginal interval as wide as submarginal interval and submarginal row combined, usually without humeral or lateral folds but elevated interspaces between punctures of marginal row sometimes look like fold of marginal interval. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part 4.5 times narrower than disc, surface shiny with shallow, moderately coarse punctation, looks slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately 1.2 as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in arch, surface of clypeus with shallow to deep apical impression, its surface shiny with several very small, setose punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:47:67:70:60:47:53:57:50:53:107. Segment 3 approximately 1.4 times as long as segment 2 and slightly shorter than segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, moderately expanded apically, area between coxa flat, shiny, without special sculpture except rows of setose punctures along sides and few setose punctures in the middle, expanded apex very convex medially and impressed laterally, shiny, without special sculpture except few setose punctures in the middle and in impressed sides.</p> <p>Claws simple with broad base.</p> <p>Host plants. Asteraceae: Berkheya speciosa (DC) O. Hoffm., Berkheya sp. (H. Heron pers. comm.). Records from Solanum sp. by Muir &amp; Sharp (1904) and Heron &amp; Borowiec (1997) are certainly an error.</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa (fig. 50).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida sphaerula species–group. This is the only species of the group with the elytral pattern forming humeral and posterolateral spots on the explanate margin of elytra (fig. 136). The dark elytral pattern of the darkest C. guttipennis occupies also a great part of theexplanate margin of elytra but this dark aberration well differs in its larger size, and pronotal and elytral disc mostly black (fig. 161).</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype of Cassida vespertilio Boheman, 1862: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cap B. Spei (NRS); syntype of Cassida muirana Sharp, 1904: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Afr. mer. (ZMHU).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. SOUTH AFRICA: E Cape, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.5059&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.6557" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.5059/lat -31.6557)">Silaka Reserve</a>, 5-10 m, -31.6557 / 29.5059, 29 XI 2019, beach &amp; sea, 1, P. Jałoszyński (MNHW); Natal, 1 (MNHW); Natal, Indaleni, 2, W. Hunt (MRAC, MNHW); Natal, Ngeli Forest, 23 km NW of Harding, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.673056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.525278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.673056/lat -30.525278)">southern Natal</a>, 30°31’31’’S, 29°40’23’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Springside Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.766666/lat -29.766666)">Hillcrest</a>, 29°46’S, 30°46’E, 1 (HH); Transvaal, Johannesburg, XI 1928, 1, W.G. Kobrow (TM).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1F6A981FF6CFC0D09239273	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1F4A987FF6CFC500D6E909B.text	E417E526B1F4A987FF6CFC500D6E909B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida villiersi Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida villiersi sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 44, 207–209)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 39911822-C8D4-409F-AA31-5B8FC77A37CB</p> <p>Description. L: 4.10–4.85 mm, W: 3.15–3.65 mm, Lp: 1.55–1.80 mm, Wp: 2.55–3.05 mm, L/W: 1.27–1.37, Wp/ Lp: 1.65–1.71. Body short–oval (figs. 207, 208).</p> <p>Dorsum uniformly ochraceous yellow to brownish, sometimes on top of postscutellar elevation small, brown spot (figs. 207, 208). Ventrites, including head, legs and antennae uniformly ochraceous yellow to brownish.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc without lateral lobes, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, area above head only slightly impressed, surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny, with moderately coarse and dense punctation, distance between punctures from slightly to twice wider than puncture diameter, interspaces regular with distinct microreticulation, surface of disc appears from regular to slightly irregular. Explanate margin broad, with similar punctation as on disc, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure its surface from slightly alutaceous to shiny.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 209), with distinct postscutellar and principal impressions and high H–shaped postscutellar elevation. Punctation coarse and dense, arranged in completely regular rows, distance between punctures from slightly narrower to as wide as puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as in central rows. Intervals narrow, in sutural area as wide as rows, on sides slightly narrower than rows to linear, slightly convex especially second and fourth interval, interspaces often more or less convex, especially posterolaterally to H–shaped elevation form transverse folds. Marginal interval broad, as wide as submarginal interval and two rows combined, with distinct humeral and lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part slightly more than four times narrower than disc, surface shiny, with moderately coarse and dense punctation, appears irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.3 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in regular triangle, surface of clypeus flat or with very small apical impression, shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:52:76:66:62:48:52:38:41:48:100. Segment 3 approximately 1.5 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat, shiny, without special sculpture except small oblique grooves on sides, expanded apex flat with several moderately coarse, setose punctures.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Burkina Faso and Niger (fig. 44).</p> <p>Remarks. A distinct species with no close relatives in African members of the genus Cassida. Its small size with length below 4.9 mm, ochraceous yellow dorsum without or with brown pattern, oval body, punctate pronotal disc, rounded pronotal sides, base of elytra only slightly wider than pronotum, elytral disc without hump only with H–shaped postscutellar elevation, regular elytral punctation and claws with large basal tooth is a unique complex of characters. Maculate forms of C. heroni and C. andreinii are similar to the maculate form of C. villiersi. The first species differs in its pale yellow dorsum, stouter body with L/W ratio 1.22–1.30 (in C. villiersi 1.27–1.37) and flat second interval (fig. 239), whereas the second species differs in its yellow to green dorsum, narrower and less explanate margin of elytra and flat second elytral interval (figs. 236, 237) and in prosternum at least partly brown to black while in C. voiensis elytral pattern is restricted to small reddish to brown spots on sides of disc and a single spot on postscutellar elevation, top of disc without spots (fig. 197) and prosternum is yellow. Immaculate form of C. voiensis (fig. 196) is similar to immaculate forms of C. villiersi and C. namibiensis. First species well differs in punctate explanate margin of pronotum, the second species in partly black thorax.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype: [NIGER]: Mt Baguezane, 1500–1600 m, 31 VIII–4 IX 1947, A. Villiers (MNHW); 11 paratypes: the same data as holotype (MNHW, LS); paratype: [BURKINA FASO]: Haute Volta / Melou (MNHW).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1F4A987FF6CFC500D6E909B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1F3A984FF6CFC610FC097F3.text	E417E526B1F3A984FF6CFC610FC097F3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida viridipennis Boheman 1854	<div><p>Cassida viridipennis Boheman, 1854</p> <p>(figs. 32, 246–249)</p> <p>Cassida viridipennis Boheman, 1854: 394, 1856: 129, 1862: 307; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3659; Spaeth, 1928: 9; Shaw, 1956: 271; Heron &amp; Borowiec, 1997: 632; Borowiec, 1999 a: 294, 2005 a: 128; Heron, 2003: 34.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) viridipennis: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119, 1924: 333.</p> <p>Cassida viridipennis ab. togata Spaeth, 1928: 9, unavailable name.</p> <p>Odontionycha neglecta Weise, 1900: 216; Spaeth, 1928: 9 (as syn. of viridipennis).</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) neglecta: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.80–5.80 mm, W: 3.95–4.95 mm, Lp: 1.75–2.20 mm, Wp: 3.00–3.75 mm, L/W: 1.17–1.24, Wp/ Lp: 1.70–1.79. Body stout, distinctly converging posterad (figs. 246, 247, 249).</p> <p>In typically coloured form entire body, including head, ventrites, legs and antennae green or yellow (figs. 246, 247), only last antennal segment infuscate apically. Some specimens preserve life green colour on entire dorsum or only in part of body. Occasionally thin brownish bands along elytral sides form on disc lyriform figure as in fig. 249, area between bands usually orange–yellow while rest of dorsum has rather yellowish green ground colour, occasionally in such coloured specimens occur also very small brown patches in postscutellar impressions and in the middle of intervals 1–3 and on slope in front of brown band.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Area above head only slightly impressed, sides of disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin. Surface of disc from slightly alutaceous to shiny, from impunctate to shallowly, sparsely punctate, always appears regular. Explanate margin broad, impunctate or with extremely shallow punctation, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure, surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny, appears regular.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate to angulate. Disc slightly irregularly convex in profile with well marked H–shaped elevation (fig. 248), with distinct postscutellar, principal but usually without posterolateral impressions. Punctation coarse and dense tend to form regular rows, but in postscutellar impressions and in posterolateral parts of disc additional punctures disturbed regularity but elytra appear mostly regularly punctate, especially on sides on disc, distance between punctures from twice narrower to as wide as puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures from as coarse as to slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals on top of disc from as wide as to slightly wider than rows, second interval often slightly convex, on sides of disc intervals as wide as to twice narrower than rows, marginal interval broad, as wide as submarginal row and submarginal interval combined, without humeral but with more or less visible lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately, moderately declivous, in the widest part 4.5 times as wide as disc, surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny with shallow but coarse and dense punctation, appears irregular to rugose, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.5 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, in basal part run close to margin of eye, converging in angulate top, surface of clypeus flat, its surface shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:63:69:63:56:44:53:50:50:53:116. Segment 3 approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat to shallowly impressed, shiny, without special sculpture except several very small setose punctures, expanded apex shiny, slightly convex in central part, shallowly impressed laterally, lateral lobes with few moderately coarse, elongate punctures or shallow short grooves but surface appears regular.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Host plants. Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes aspera var. pubescens (Moq.) Towns. (Heron &amp; Borowiec 1997, Heron 2003); Achyranthes aspera var. sicula L. (Heron 2003); Achyropsis avicularis (E. Meyer &amp; Moq.) Hooker f. (Heron &amp; Borowiec 1997, Heron 2003); Cyathula cylindrica Moq. (Heron &amp; Borowiec 1997, Heron 2003); Cyathula uncinulata (Schrad.) Schinz (Heron &amp; Borowiec 1997); Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. (Heron &amp; Borowiec 1997, Heron 2003).</p> <p>Distribution. South and East Africa north to Somalia (fig. 32).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida viridipennis species–group. It belongs to the complex of species with a broad elytra and elytral punctation partly regular. The complex comprises also C. granula and C. mashonensis. The typical form of C. viridipennis distinctly differs from both relatives in its dorsum uniformly green or yellowish green (figs. 246, 247). Cassida granula differs in its yellow background of elytra and central part of elytral disc partly red due to reddish centres of punctures and red lateral stripes (figs. 250, 251) while in the maculate form of C. viridipennis the yellow background occupies only the central part of the disc while the sides and apex are green or yellowish green and the pattern is brown formings small spots or a stripe on the sides of the central yellow spot (fig. 249). Both species are separated geographically, as C. granula is wide spread in West and Central Africa (fig. 18) while C. viridipennis is widely dsitributed in East and South Africa (fig. 32). Maculate forms of C. viridipennis are similar to C. mashonensis but differ in the pronotal disc moderately coarse and moderately densely punctate with the distance between punctures from slightly narrower to twice wider than puncture diameter and in body more regularly oval with sides slightly converging posterad (figs. 279, 280).</p> <p>Types examined. Lectotype of Cassida viridipennis Boheman, 1854, designated by Borowiec, 1999: 294: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cap. B. Sp., 1, Vahlberg (NRS); paralectotype of Cassida viridipennis Boheman, 1854, designated by Borowiec, 1999: 294: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Port Natal, Popp. (ZMHU); lectotype and paralectotype of Odontionycha neglecta Weise, 1900, present designation: [TANZANIA]: Mombo, VII 1899 (ZMHU); syntype of Cassida viridipennis ab. togata Spaeth, 1928: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Pondoland, Port St. John, 30 XII 1923, 1, R.E. Turner (BMNH); syntype of Cassida viridipennis ab. togata Spaeth, 1928: [MOZAMBIQUE]: Delagoa Bay (MM).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. KENYA: Arabuko Sokoke Forest Res., 20 km S Malindi, 27 IX–X 1992, 1, L. Bartolozzi (MZUF); Bura, Wa – Taita, 1050 m, III 1912, 1, Alluaud &amp; Jeannel (MNHN); 20 km S Malindi, 10 XI–6 XII 1989, 5, L. Bartolozzi, L. Pardi and A. Ugolini (MZUF).</p> <p>NAMIBIA: Omaruru, Farm Otjna, 5–7 X 1991, 1, U. Göllner (ZMHU); Otjiwarongo Distr., Abachaus, I 1957, 1, XII 1957, 1, I 1959, 1, G. Hobohm (MM); Windhoek, III–IV 1989, 2, J. Irish (ZMHU).</p> <p>SOMALIA: Afgoi, X 1937, 1, Nicotra (DS); Mogadiscio, III 1974, 4 (JM).</p> <p>SOUTH AFRICA: Camperdown, 18 IV 1908, 1, G.F. Leigh (TM); Cape, Katberg, 4000 ft., X 1932, 1, R.E. Turner (BMNH); Cape, Kimberley, 10 IX 1896, 1, H.E. Haviland (TM); Cape, Somerset East, 27–31 I 1931, 1, R.E. Turner (BMNH); Cape, Transkei, Owese forest, 11 XII 1979, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Eshowe, Natal, I 1957, 1, N. L. H. Krauss (BMNH); Howick, Natal, I 1900, 1, Hilton (BMNH); Karkloof, Natal, II 1897, 1, G. A. K. Marshall (BMNH); Katberg, 4.000 ft., E Cape province, X 1932, 1, R. E. Turner (BMNH); E Cape, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.4626&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.5964" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.4626/lat -31.5964)">N of Ndwalane</a>, 60-120 m, -31.5964 / 29.4626, 30 XI 2019, 1, P. Jałoszyński (MNHW); E Cape, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.5061&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.6528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.5061/lat -31.6528)">Silaka Reserve</a>, 10 m, -31.6528 / 29.5061, 28 XI 2019, 1, leg. M. Wanat, 29 XI 2019, 2, P. Jałoszyński (MNHW); Limpopo Prov., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.283333/lat -23.85)">Lapalala Nat. Res.</a>, NE of Nylstroom, 23°51’S, 28°17’E, 1 (ARC); Limpopo Prov., Moketsi, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.25/lat -23.45)">Koedoes Moketsi</a>, 23°27’S, 30°15’E, 1 (ARC); Limpopo Prov., Wyliespoort, Soutspanberg north of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.933332/lat -22.9)">Louis Trichardt</a>, 22°54’S, 29°56’E, 1 (ARC); Malvern, Natal, VI 1897, 1, G. A. K. Marshall (BMNH); Maputoland, SE of Ndumo, 24 I 2003. 1, M. Snižek (MS); Natal, 2, Dr. Martin (MKB); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.5/lat -30.666666)">Anerley</a>, 10 km NE of Port Shepstone, 30°40’S, 30°30’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Assagay, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.733334/lat -29.783333)">Hillcrest</a>, 29°47’S, 30°44’E, 1 (HH); Natal, „Bethel Farm”, Waterfall Valley Estates, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.2/lat -30.733334)">Paddock</a>, 30°44’S, 30°12’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Bisley Valley Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.383333/lat -29.65)">Pietermaritzburg</a>, 29°39’S, 30°23’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Bluff (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.833334/lat -31.0)">Happy Valley</a>) <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.833334/lat -31.0)">Nat. Res.</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.833334/lat -31.0)">Bluff</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.833334/lat -31.0)">Durban</a>, 31°00’S, 29°50’E, 1 (HH); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.733334/lat -29.75)">Bothas Hill</a>, 29°45’S, 30°44’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Burman Bush Nat. Res., Morningside, Durban, 1 (HH); Natal, Crowned Eagle Conservancy, Gillitts, 1 (HH); Natal, Delville Wood Station, near Shongweni, 1 (HH); Natal, Durban, 1902, 1, F. Muir (MM), II 1904, 1, VIII 1904, 1, 21 II 1906, 1, G.F. Leigh (TM); Natal, Entumeni Nat. Res., 16 km from <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.380001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.551388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.380001/lat -28.551388)">Eshowe on Nkandla Road</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.380001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.551388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.380001/lat -28.551388)">Zululand</a>, 28°33’05’’S, 31°22’48’’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Escombe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.9/lat -29.883333)">Queensburgh</a>, 29°53’S, 30°54’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Ferncliffe Forest Reserve, Pietermaritzburg, 1 (HH); Natal, Giba Gorge, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.774721&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.806389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.774721/lat -29.806389)">Hillcrest</a>, 29°48’23’’S, 30°46’29’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Gillits, near Kloof, 1 (HH); Natal, Harrison, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.633333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.633333/lat -29.733334)">Cato Ridge</a>, 29°44’S, 30°38’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Hibberden, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.566668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.566668/lat -30.566668)">South Coast</a>, 30°34’S, 30°34’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Hillary, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.95/lat -29.916666)">Durban</a>, 29°55’S, 30°57’E, 1 (HH); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.766666/lat -29.783333)">Natal</a>, Hillcrest C.B.D., 29°47’S, 30°46’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Hilton, 1 (TM); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.883333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.883333/lat -30.05)">Illanda Wilds Reserve</a>, 30°03’S, 30°53’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Ingeli Lodge Trail, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.683332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.683332/lat -30.5)">Ingeli</a>, 30°30’S, 29°41’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Insuzi River bridge, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.070278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.82139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.070278/lat -28.82139)">Nkandla district</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.070278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.82139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.070278/lat -28.82139)">Zululand</a>, 28°49’17’’S, 31°04’13’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.083334/lat -30.166666)">Ixopo</a>, 30°10’S, 30°05’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Kenneth Stainbank Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.9)">Yellowwood Park</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.9)">Durban</a>, 29°54’S, 30°56’E, 1 (HH); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.833334/lat -29.783333)">Kloof</a>, 29°47’S, 30°50’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Kranskop to Middeldrift road, 1 (HH); Natal, Krantzkloof Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.833334/lat -29.75)">Kloof</a>, 29°45’S, 30°50’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Lake Sibaya, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.683334/lat -27.533333)">Eastern</a> shore, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.683334/lat -27.533333)">Maputoland</a>, 27°32’S, 32°41’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Malvern, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.916666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.916666/lat -29.883333)">Queensburgh</a>, 29°53’S, 30°55’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Mhlalane Riverbridge, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.535833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.385277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.535833/lat -29.385277)">Wartburg</a> / <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.535833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.385277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.535833/lat -29.385277)">New Hanover distr.</a>, 29°23’07’’S, 30°32’09’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Moor Partk Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.383333/lat -29.05)">Estcourt</a>, 29°03’S, 29°23’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Nagle Dam, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.616667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.616667/lat -29.583334)">Umgeni Valley</a>, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.616667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.616667/lat -29.583334)">Cato Ridge</a>, 29°35’S, 30°37’E, 1 (HH); Natal, New Germany Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.883333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.883333/lat -29.8)">Pinetown</a>, 29°48’S, 30°53’E, 1 (HH); Natal, New Hanover, 9 X 1916, 1, C.B. Herdenberg (MNHW); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.673056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.525278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.673056/lat -30.525278)">Ngeli Forest</a>, 23 km NW of Harding, 30°31’31’’S, 29°40’23’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.25/lat -28.166666)">Nhlazatshe</a>, NNW of Denny Dalton, Zululand, 28°10’S, 31°15’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, 20 km NW Nongoma forest, 8 II 2000, 1, J. Halada (MS); Natal, Northdene, Queensburgh, 12 III 2000, 1, H. Heron (MNHW); Natal, Old Main Road, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.683332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.683332/lat -29.766666)">Drummond</a>, 29°46’S, 30°41’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Oribi Gorge Reserve, 8 km inland <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.233334/lat -30.7)">Port Shepstone</a>, 30°42’S, 30°14’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Padfield Park, Pinetown, 1 (HH); Natal, Palmiet Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.933332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.933332/lat -29.816668)">Westville</a>, 29°49’S, 30°56’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Paradise Valley Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.891666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.831667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.891666/lat -29.831667)">Pinetown</a>, 29°49’54’’S, 30°53’30’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Pennigton, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.383333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.7/lat -30.383333)">South Coast</a>, 30°23’S, 30°42’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Roosfontein Nat. Res., Umbilo Valley, Westville / Queensburgh, 1 (HH); Natal, S. Lucia, 29 X 1981, 2, J. Klapperich (MZSNV); Natal, Shongweni Resources Reserve, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.716667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.716667/lat -29.85)">Umlaas Valley</a>, 29°51’S, 30°43’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Sordwana Bay, 8–10 XI 1984, 2, C.L. Bellamy et al., 9–11 XI 1986, 4, D. d’Hotmann (ER); Natal, Springside Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.766666/lat -29.766666)">Hillcrest</a>, 29°46’S, 30°46’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Tanglewood Farm Nat. Res., Pinetown, 1 (HH); Natal, „The Farm Malokiba”, Shelly Beach, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.416666/lat -30.8)">lower South Coast</a>, 30°48’S, 30°25’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Treasure Beach Reserve, Bluff, Durban, 1 (HH); Natal, Umgeni Valley Reserve, Howick, 1 (HH); Natal, Umhlanga Lagoon Reserve, Umhlanga Rocks, 29°42’S, 31°405’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Umkomaas, 8 II 1962, 6, A. Capener (ZSM, MNHW); Natal, Umtentweni, VII 1955, 1, A.L. Capener (MNHW); Natal, University of Natal, Durban, 1 (HH); Natal, Uvongo Nat. Res., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.383333/lat -30.816668)">Lower South Coast</a>, 30°49’S, 30°23’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Vernon Crookes Nat. Res., 8 km N of Umzinto, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.266666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.266666/lat -30.583334)">South Coast</a>, 30°35’S, 30°16’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Weza, Doma Doone Forest, 1100 m, 6 XII 1995, 1, M. Biondi (DS); Natal, Winkelspruit, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.083334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.85/lat -30.083334)">Kingsburgh</a>, 30°05’S, 30°51’E, 1 (HH); Port St. John, Pondoland, X 1923, 1 R. E. Turner (BMNH); Somerset, Cape province, 31 I 1931 (LS); nr. Verwoerd Tunnels, Rt. n. 1 and Rt. R 523, 26 XII 1994, 1, A. Freidberg (TAU); Transvaal, 1 (ZMHU); Transvaal, Kruger Nat. Park, Sataro, 15–17 XII 1985, 2, M. Sanborne (MZSNV); Zululand, Empangeni Univ., II 1975, 2, P.E. Reavel (TM); Zululand, Sordwana Bay, 0–50 m, 8–10 XI 1984, 4, Bellamy &amp; Howden (TM).</p> <p>TANZANIA:; Mtotohovu, Trockenwald, III 1916, 1, Methner (ZMHU); Tanga Reg., Mambo, swept, 20 II 1987, 1, S. Mahunka and A. Zicsi (HNHM); Utete, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.52&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.02" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.52/lat -8.02)">Rufiji</a> riv., 08.02 S 38.52 E, 30 m, 23 XII 2005, 1, Halada &amp; Snižek (MS).</p> <p>ZAIRE (DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO): Upemba Nat. Park, Kaziba, aff. Senze, aff. Lufira, 1140 m, 4–12 II 1948, 1, de Witte (MRAC).</p> <p>ZIMBABWE: Vumba, 10–15 XII 1937, 1, G. van Son (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1F3A984FF6CFC610FC097F3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1F0A99BFF6CF88909779663.text	E417E526B1F0A99BFF6CF88909779663.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida voiensis Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida voiensis sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 47, 196–198)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7E207142-C8FD-4EF5-A24E-F50360868525</p> <p>Etymology. Named after its type locality, Voi in Kenya.</p> <p>Description. L: 3.75–4.55 mm, W: 2.75–3.15 mm, Lp: 1.45–1.75 mm, Wp: 2.45–2.8 mm, L/W: 1.32–1.42, Wp/Lp: 1.60–1.72. Body oval, males distinctly stouter than female (figs. 196, 197).</p> <p>Pronotum and scutellum yellow. Elytra yellow, in most specimens top of elytral disc with small reddish brown to brown spot and some punctures on sides of disc with brownish centre and areola thus form more or less complete U–shaped figure surrounding disc (fig. 197), often elytra uniformly yellow (fig. 196) or only spot on top of disc, sometimes punctures with brownish areola form also incomplete transverse band in 2/3 length of disc. Head yellow, often with ochraceous basal corners. Thorax from yellow to ochraceous, abdomen yellow, occasionally in centre slightly darker, ochraceous. Legs completely yellow, antennae usually yellow, sometimes one or two apical segments slightly infuscate.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, sides rounded. Disc slightly convex, on sides separated from explanate margin by indistinct impression, without lateral lobes, area above head distinctly marked. Surface of disc shiny, with fine and sparse punctation, distance between punctures mostly wider than puncture diameter, sometimes surface appears impunctate. Explanate margin glabrous, smooth, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, sharply angulate. Disc moderately convex in profile (fig. 198), with shallow postscutellar and principal impressions, distinct H–shaped elevation, slightly convex second interval and few transverse elevations on sides of disc. Punctation coarse and dense, regular, punctures in rows almost touching each other.Marginal row distinct, with dense punctures, slightly smaller punctures in lateral rows. Intervals except elevated second interval very narrow, linear. Marginal interval well marked on entire length, broad, in anterior half almost as wide as submarginal interval and two submarginal rows combined, without humeral but with lateral folds. Surface of intervals shiny. Explanate margin moderately declivous, moderately broad, in the widest part five times narrower than disc. Surface of explanate margin very shallowly punctate, appears almost regular, glabrous, shiny, transparent with well marked honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes large, gena obsolete. Clypeus narrow, 1.1 times as long as wide. Clypeal grooves fine, runs close to margin of eye, at top converging in triangle. Surface of clypeal plate flat or with shallow impression apically, glabrous and shiny with several very small setose punctures. Part of clypeus between clypeal triangle and margin of eyes with a row of long hair. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly wider than long. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:69:77:69:65:50:54:38:46:50:100. Segment 3 approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 2 and 1.1 times as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternal process broad, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa shallowly impressed, shiny, in the middle often with short groove, without special sculpture, with few small, setose punctures, rhomboidal apex flat, usually with longitudinal wrinkles and grooves and several small setose punctures, sometimes surface appears almost regular.</p> <p>Claws with large basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. Kenya (fig. 47).</p> <p>Remarks. A distinct species with no close relatives among African members of the genus Cassida. Its small size with length below 4.6 mm, elongate oval body, rounded pronotal sides, base of elytra only slightly wider than pronotum, elytral disc without hump only with H–shaped postscutellar elevation, regular elytral punctation and claws with a large basal tooth is a unique complex of characters. Maculate forms of C. eluta and C. namibiensisis are similar to maculate forms of C. voiensis but differ in the elytral pattern of numerous small brown to black spots spread over the entire surface of the disc (figs. 193, 194, 205) and prosternum at least partly brown to black while in C. voiensis the elytral pattern is restricted to small reddish to brown spots on the sides of the disc and a single spot on the postscutellar elevation, top of the disc is without spots (fig. 197) and prosternum is yellow. Immaculate forms of C. voiensis (fig. 196) are similar to immaculate forms of C. villiersi and C. namibiensis. The first species well differs in the punctate explanate margin of pronotum, the second species in a partly black thorax.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype: [KENYA]: KENYA (Tsavo) / Voi 27.3–4.4.97 / Lgt. M. Snizek (MNHW); four paratypes, the same data as holotype (MNHW, MM); four paratypes: [KENYA]: KENYA –S., / Voi / 23.XI.1997. / M. Snižek leg. (MNHW, LS); two paratypes: [KENYA]: KENYA / 22.XI–2.XII 1996 / Voi (Tsavo) / M. Snižek leg. (MNHW); one paratype: [KENYA]: KENYA SE / Kiboko env. / 21.XI.199 / M. Snižek leg. (MNHW).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1F0A99BFF6CF88909779663	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1EFA99AFF6CF9F908089797.text	E417E526B1EFA99AFF6CF9F908089797.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida wanati Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida wanati sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 31, 170–171)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CF7EB9E8-CFCC-4F13-ADC7-EF815DCA63B4</p> <p>Etymology. Dedicated to our friend and eminent specialist in Curculionid beetles Prof. Marek Wanat who collected this species during expedition to South Africa.</p> <p>Description. L: 5.40 mm, W: 4.60 mm, Lp: 1.90 mm, Wp: 3.50 mm, L/W: 1.17, Wp/Lp: 1.84. Body almost circular (fig. 170).</p> <p>Pronotal disc mostly black except yellow area above head and transverse spot in front of scutellum. Explanate margin of pronotum yellow. Elytral disc mostly yellow surrounded by narrow black ring beginning from humeral impression then running in position of 7 th interval and on slope almost twice broader than on sides. Inside yellow central spot black pattern forms small, black spot at postscutellar elevation, few small black spots forming incomplete band in 2/3 length of disc and minute spot at ends of anterior branches of the postscutellar H–shaped elevation. Area between black ring and marginal row orange. Explanate margin of elytra yellow (figs. 170, 171). Clypeus yellow with black basal corners, thorax completely black and abdomen completely yellow. Anterior half of coxa black, posterior half yellow with diffused borders between black and yellow colour. Legs uniformly yellow.</p> <p>Pronotum broadly elliptical, with maximum in the middle, sides rounded. Surface of disc microreticulate, fine and sparse punctures arranged slightly irregularly on disc in groups in front of scutellum and anterolateral parts, disc on sides bordered from explanate margin with distinct impression. Explanate margin of pronotum broad, smooth and shiny, semitransparent with honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad,subangulate. Disc moderately, almost regularly convex in profile (fig. 171), without hump, only with well marked H–shaped postscutellar elevation, hind branches of the elevation prolongate to slightly elevated third interval. Punctation coarse, completely regular, dense, distance between punctures in rows mostly narrower than puncture diameter, intervals narrow, linear, only marginal interval distinctly wider than rows, surface of elytral disc appears regular. Explanate margin broad, moderately declivous, lateral margins tend to be subhorizontal, in the widest part explanate margin approximately three times narrower than disc, with shallow and dense punctation but surface appears more or less regular, semitransparent with honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena almost reduced. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as long as wide as long, clypeal lines fine, converging in regular triangle, clypeal plate microreticulate, with apical impression and few small, setose punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate to ¼ length. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 slightly wider than long. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:53:77:70:67:43:50:40:47:47:87. Segment 3 approximately 1.45 times longer than 2 and 1.2 times longer than segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum broad in the middle, with high prosternal collar, strongly expanded apically, area between coxae and expanded apex with distinct sculpture of longitudinal folds and setose punctures, appears irregular.</p> <p>Claws with small basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa: Eastern Cape (fig. 31).</p> <p>Remarks. A distinct species, recognized by the elytral pattern with a narrow, black ring around the disc combined with large, trapezoidal, black spot at the base of the pronotum (fig. 170). Only two other African members of the genus Cassida have an elytral pattern forming a black ring around the elytral disc— C. rabaiensis and C. circumflexa. Cassida rabaiensis differs in the elytral black ring broad, as wide as four lateral intervals combined (fig. 174) while in C. wanati the black ring occupies at most two lateral intervals combined (fig. 170). Cassida circumflexa differs also in the elytral pattern and in addition to the black ring around the elytral disc also forms a transverse band slightly behind the middle of the disc and in the basal pronotal spot with two large yellow spots inside the black area (figs. 170, 171).</p> <p>Type examined. Holotype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: RSA (E) E Cape 20–80 m, – 31.6532S / 29.5068E, Silaka Nat. Res., nr. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.5068&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.6532" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.5068/lat -31.6532)">Port St. Johns</a>, trail up chalet 11, beating, 13.11.2013 leg. M. Wanat (MNHW).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1EFA99AFF6CF9F908089797	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1EEA999FF6CF96D08659127.text	E417E526B1EEA999FF6CF96D08659127.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida weinmanni Chapuis 1880	<div><p>Cassida weinmanni Chapuis, 1880</p> <p>(figs. 32, 179–181)</p> <p>Cassida Weinmanni Chapuis, 1880: 30; Spaeth, 1922: 1002; 1938 b: 63; Borowiec, 1986: 806, 1999 a: 296.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) Weinmanni: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Cassida choana Fairmaire, 1893: 49; Spaeth, 1914 b: 119 (as syn. of weinmanni).</p> <p>Description. L: 5.20–6.10 mm, W: 3.60–4.20 mm, Lp: 1.70–2.00 mm, Wp: 3.05–3.55 mm, L/W: 1.41–1.49, Wp/ Lp: 1.72–1.87. Body elongate, almost parallel sided (figs. 179, 180).</p> <p>Pronotum yellowish brown to brown, disc usually with three small dark brown to black spots, one in front of scutellum and one of each sides of disc, sometimes spot before scutellum obsolete, occasionally pronotum unspotted. Scutellum yellowish brown to brown, elytra the same colour with numerous dark brown to black spots and stripes arranged as in figs. 179–181, the number of spots varies and in the palest aberrations occur only stripes on elevated intervals 2 and 4. Explanate margin yellowish brown to brown always with narrow, dark brown to black sutural spot. Head yellowish to yellowish brown, usually with infuscate basal corners and elevated anterior margin of clypeal plate, thorax and abdomen black, sternites sometimes narrowly surrounded by yellow. Coxa, trochanters and basal half of femora black, rest of legs yellowish, fore tibiae sometimes in the middle with brownish ring. Antennal segments 1–6 yellow, segment 7 more or less infuscate, apical four segments gradually infuscate to mostly black.</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes, with short lateral impressions, area above head indistinctly marked. Surface of disc alutaceous, with fine irregular wrinkles, appears irregular to rugose. Explanate margin broad, alutaceous, with irregular sculpture of fine wrinkles or radial groove, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, rounded. Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 181), with distinct postscutellar and principal and shallow posterolateral impressions, without H–shaped elevation or it is indistinct with only slightly elevated transverse fold but with elevated second interval, central part of fourth elevation, and posthumeral part of sixth interval, surface of disc more or less irregular with some elevated interspaces. Punctation moderately coarse, dense, irregular, only submarginal row more or less regular, distance between punctures from twice smaller to as wide as puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures not coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals except elevated parties invisible, marginal interval distinct, in humeral part as wide as submarginal interval and two submarginal rows combined, without humeral but with narrow lateral fold. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, in the widest part five to six times narrower than disc, surface irregular with shallow punctures, wrinkles and grooves, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.5 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves well marked, converging in arch, anterior margin of clypeal plate elevated, surface of clypeus with shallow apical impression, surface microreticulate but shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/3 length. Antennae moderately stout, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:44:67:67:61:56:50:47:47:53:103. Segment 3 approximately 1.5 times as long as segment 2 and approximately as long as segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat, shiny, without special sculpture except few small, setose punctures, expanded apex convex in the middle, impressed laterally, central part shiny with few small punctures and oblique grooves but appears regular, impressed lateral lobes with dense punctation and grooves appears more or less irregular.</p> <p>Claws simple.</p> <p>Distribution. Ethiopia and Eritrea (fig. 32).</p> <p>Remarks. Cassida weinmanni and C. thomsoni form a group of moderately sized species (length above 5 mm, below 7 mm) with a slightly elongate body (L/W 1.29–1.49), alutaceous surface of dorsum, colouration of pronotum and elytra mostly from ochraceous to brown forming a marbled pattern or numerous, small dark spots (figs. 176 –181). Cassida thomsoni differs in the angulate pronotal sides (broadly rounded in C. weinmanni), surface of pronotum almost regular (more or less irregular and finely granulate in C. weinmanni), elytral disc rather with marbled pattern or with only few dark spots (with numerous small brown spots in C. weinmanni) and claws with a large basal tooth (simple in C. thomsoni). Both species are widely separated geographically as C. thomsoni is distributed in southern Africa north to south Malawi while C. weinmanni is known from Ethiopia and Eritrea.</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype of Cassida Weinmanni Chapuis, 1880: [ETHIOPIA]: Homasen, Raffray (MZSNG); holotype of Cassida choana Fairmaire, 1893: [ETHIOPIA]: Choa (MNHN).</p> <p>Other specimens examined. ERITREA: Saganeiti, 1924, 1, L. Fossati (MCSNM).</p> <p>ETHIOPIA: Arsi, Assella, 2400 m, 1 XI 1988, 1, S. Persson (LU); Bulin riv., riv. Bouli Boulo, 11, Le Moult (IRSN); Doukham, 20 X 1926, 1 (LS); Eli, Masocco, VII–IX, 1 (ZMHU); Erer Valley, 14, Kovács (HNHM, MNHW); Harar, 5 (LS, NMP, ZMHU), 1, H. Babault (MRAC); Lake Tana, 5, coll. Le Moult (IRSN); Machi, 9 VI 1963, 1, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH); Maraco, 40 (IRSN, MNHW); Scioa, Cialalaki, 1881, 1, Antinori (MZSNG); Scioa, distr. Marelia, 1880, 1, Antinori (MZSNG); Shoa, debre Zeyt, V 1989, 1, K. Werner (MZUF); Shoa Prov., Lake Langano, V–VI 1971, 7, G. de Rougemont (MRAC, MNHW), IV 1994, 1, Werner (DS).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1EEA999FF6CF96D08659127	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1EDA998FF6CFEBD0E0E916F.text	E417E526B1EDA998FF6CFEBD0E0E916F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida wittmeri Borowiec & Świętojańska 2022	<div><p>Cassida wittmeri sp. nov.</p> <p>(figs. 31, 307–308)</p> <p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 397129B6-D4E2-4BF2-BF3A-CD793D2F1725</p> <p>Etymology. Dedicated to W. Wittmer who collected this new species.</p> <p>Description. L: 4.75–5.30 mm, W: 3.25–3.50 mm, Lp: 1.55–1.75 mm, Wp: 2.55–2.80 mm, L/W: 1.46–1.51, Wp/Lp: 1.6–1.65. Body elongate–oval, sides slightly converging posterad (fig. 307).</p> <p>Uniformly yellow, including ventrites, legs and antennae (figs. 307, 308).</p> <p>Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width slightly behind the middle, sides angulate. Surface of disc moderately coarse punctate, punctures slightly finer than those of elytral disc, dense, with distance between punctures approximately twice narrower than puncture diameter but surface between punctures appears more or less regular. Explanate margin of pronotum shallowly punctate, from border of disc to margin gradually finer, surface between punctures regular, semitransparent with honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc slightly regularly convex in profile, without impressions and without sculpture (fig. 308). Punctation moderately coarse, in some specimens between coarse punctures additional fine punctation, dense, interspaces mostly twice narrower than puncture diameter, surface of elytral disc appears regular. Explanate margin broad, strongly declivous, in widest part approximately four times narrower than disc, with shallow punctation, punctures as coarse as on disc, surface appears more or less regular, semitransparent with honeycomb structure.</p> <p>Eyes shortened, gena elongate, distance between under margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum as long as half eye width. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.6 times as wide as long, clypeal grooves deep, converging in regular triangle, clypeal plate slightly impressed, shiny, with very small, sparse, setose punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 slightly elongate. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100: 58:71:67:71:54:63:58:63:71:113. Segment 3 approximately 1.2 times longer than 2 and only slightly longer than segment 4.</p> <p>Prosternum narrow in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxae with median groove, shiny, with few setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex medially but with median round impression, sides impressed, shiny with few small setose punctures in central part and few coarser punctures laterally.</p> <p>Claws with small basal tooth.</p> <p>Distribution. South Africa: Cape (fig. 31).</p> <p>Remarks. A member of the Cassida litigiosa species–group. It belongs to the complex of large species with an almost semicircular pronotum. This complex comprises also C. distinguenda, C. limpopoana and C. pudens. Cassida wittmeri is the slimmest species of this complex with the least declivous explanate margin of elytra (figs. 307, 308). Cassida melanophthalma has a similar body shape but differs in broadly rounded pronotal sides (figs. 300, 301). Cassida oxylepiformis has also a strongly declivous explanate margin of elytra (figs. 293, 294) but differs in its smaller and slimmer body with length 4.15 and L/W 1.66 (in C. wittmeri L 4.75–5.30, L/W 1.46–1.51) and punctation of elytral disc homogenous (in C. wittmeri heterogenous, between large punctation with numerous fine punctures).</p> <p>Types examined. Holotype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: S Afr. Cape Prov. / W. Wittmer 1987 // 12 km O <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.43&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.43/lat -28.5)">Kleinsee</a> / 29.36 S, 17.14 E / 80 m 4.IX.1987 (NMB); paratype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: S Afr. Cape Prov. / W. Wittmer 1987 // 12 km N Holgat / 28.50 S, 16.43 E / 6.IX.1987 (MNHW).</p> <p>Species incertae sedis</p> <p>The species listed below are here regarded as incertae sedis because their type location is unknown (with great probability they were lost) and their inadequate descriptions do not allow for their proper identification. These species have not been included in the key.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1EDA998FF6CFEBD0E0E916F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1ECA998FF6CFEF50E5E9010.text	E417E526B1ECA998FF6CFEF50E5E9010.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida propitia Boheman 1862	<div><p>Cassida propitia Boheman, 1862</p> <p>Cassida propitia Boheman, 1862: 318; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3657; Borowiec, 1999 d: 275.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) propitia: Spaeth, 1914 g: 119.</p> <p>Distribution. NIGERIA: Old Calabar.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1ECA998FF6CFEF50E5E9010	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1ECA998FF6CFFE80DC39305.text	E417E526B1ECA998FF6CFFE80DC39305.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida tenuicula Boheman 1856	<div><p>Cassida tenuicula Boheman, 1856</p> <p>Cassida tenuicula Boheman, 1856: 130, 1862: 320; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3659; Borowiec, 1999 a: 288.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) tenuicula: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Distribution. GUINEA.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1ECA998FF6CFFE80DC39305	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
E417E526B1ECA998FF6CFCC20E5E922F.text	E417E526B1ECA998FF6CFCC20E5E922F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassida vafra Boheman 1862	<div><p>Cassida vafra Boheman, 1862</p> <p>Cassida vafra Boheman, 1862: 323; Gemminger &amp; Harold, 1876: 3659; Borowiec, 1999 a: 291.</p> <p>Cassida (Cassida) vafra: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119.</p> <p>Distribution. NIGERIA: Old Calabar.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E417E526B1ECA998FF6CFCC20E5E922F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Borowiec, Lech;Świętojańska, Jolanta	Borowiec, Lech, Świętojańska, Jolanta (2022): A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L. Zootaxa 5171 (1): 1-250, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1
