taxonID	type	description	language	source
580F87976754756AFD99A1B3974AFAF7.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Paranecepsia alchorneifolia Radcl. - Sm., Kew Bulletin 30: 684 (Radcliffe-Smith 1975 publ. 1976).	en	Barberá, Patricia, Lachenaud, Olivier, Riina, Ricarda (2022): A new species of Paranecepsia (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae) from Madagascar and its relationships among the ‘ alchorneoids clade’. European Journal of Taxonomy 834: 22-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895
580F87976754756AFD99A1B3974AFAF7.taxon	description	Description Dioecious shrubs to medium-sized trees up to 15 m high, very ramose with Terminalia - like branching (Aubréville’s model); bark greyish. Indumentum of simple trichomes. Buds perulate. Stipules subulate, tardily caducous. Leaves deciduous, alternate, spirally arranged, clustered near apices of twigs and interspersed with bud scales, simple, petiolate, stipellate or not; vernation involute; leaf blade oblanceolate to elliptic, shallowly serrate or crenate-serrate with glandular teeth; venation pinnate, midrib prominent above, lateral veins 10 – 16 pairs, tertiary veins scalariform to reticulate; domatia present as hairy tufts in the axils of the secondary veins; basilaminar glands present or absent. Inflorescences racemose (strongly reduced in P. andrafiabensis sp. nov.), axillary, solitary; the staminate ones with 1 – 5 flowers per bract; the pistillate ones with 1 – 2 flowers; bracts small, subulate. Staminate flowers with pedicel articulate; calyx closed in bud, later splitting into 3 – 5 valvate lobes which become reflexed; petals absent; stamens 20 – 40, glabrous, with filaments free, anthers 2 - locular, dorsifixed, introrse, thecae pendulous and longitudinally dehiscent, connective not enlarged; receptacle subglobose; disk glands free, interstaminal, numerous, forming a raspberry-like structure; pistillode absent. Pistillate flowers long-pedicellate; pedicels articulate; sepals 5, free, slightly unequal, elliptic to obovate, entire, foliaceous and prominently veined, green, persistent and slightly accrescent in fruit; petals 5, free, alternisepalous, linear to oblanceolate, entire, glabrous, similar in colour and texture to the sepals but much smaller and with hardly prominent venation; staminodes 1 – 10, sometimes absent; disc annular to slightly undulate, glabrous; ovary sessile, 2 or 3 locular, with strigose indumentum; ovules 1 per locule; styles bifid, connate at base, persistent; stigmas shortly frimbriate. Fruits capsular, 2 or 3 lobed, pubescent, dehiscent in 2 or 3 bivalved mericarps (cocci); endocarp thinly woody; columella persistent. Seeds globose, smooth, ecarunculate and exarillate, testa plain brown or mottled, hilum ellipsoid to narrowly oblong.	en	Barberá, Patricia, Lachenaud, Olivier, Riina, Ricarda (2022): A new species of Paranecepsia (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae) from Madagascar and its relationships among the ‘ alchorneoids clade’. European Journal of Taxonomy 834: 22-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895
580F879767537568FDE9A2F49620FB5A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Type MOZAMBIQUE ‒ Niassa Province • into a forest gallery of a dried stream, at side of the road Negomano- Mueda, ca 30 km N of Chomba; 11 ° 20 ′ S, 38 ° 30 ′ E; 11 Nov. 1959; staminate fl.; A. Gomes e Sousa 4514; holotype: K [K 000425585], K [K 000425586] (image!); isotypes: COI [COI 00077121], COI [COI 00077122] (image!), EA n. v., LISC [011861], PRE [PRE 0659451 - 0] (image!), SRGH [SRGH 0106464 - 0] (image!). Note: the holotype consists of two sheets with cross labelling as “ sheet 1 ” and “ sheet 2 ”, both with a “ holotype ” annotation in A. Radcliffe-Smith’s handwriting, and they should be taken to constitute a single specimen according Turland et al. (2018, Art. 8.3). There are several variations of the type collection label, the most specific of which is typewritten in Portuguese on COI [COI 00077121] and indicates “ Á beira de um rio seco, a poucos metros da ponte da estrada Mueda-Negomano, cerca de 30 kms oeste de Chomba [On the edge of a dry river, a few meters from the Mueda-Negomano highway bridge, about 30 kms west of Chomba], 11 ° 20 ′ S, 38 ° 30 ′ E. The label coordinates are clearly very inaccurate (in Tanzania, ca 100 km from Chomba) but from Google Earth imagery the closest match to this bridge locality is 36 km NNW of Chomba at 11 ° 15 ′ 49.54 ″ S, 39 ° 10 ′ 55.09 ″ E, in an area presently very degraded by agricultural activity. Other material MOZAMBIQUE ‒ no locality; 4 Apr. 1960; sterile; A. Gomes e Sousa 4514 A; COI, K, LISC [011862]. ‒ Maputo Province • gallery of the river Ridi, westwards Porto Amélia town; 12 ° 55 ′ S, 40 ° 15 ′ E; alt. 15 m; 1 Oct. 1964; sterile; A. Gomes e Sousa 4831; BR, COI, K. – Cabo Delgado Province • Macondes, andados 30 km de Chomba para Negomano, ao longo do rio Matiu; alt. 300 m; 13 Apr. 1964; sterile; A. R. Torre & J. Paiva 11880; LISC. TANZANIA ‒ Lindi Region • Nanjilinji Division, Likawage Ward, ca 6 km E of Liwiti Village, Dagano ya Kiyenje na Mavunji [Junction of Ndagano and Mavuji Rivers]; 9 ° 7 ′ S, 39 ° 10 ′ E; alt. 60 m; 14 Nov. 2005; staminate fl.; C. J. Kayombo, P. Ezrom, H. Makelele and A. Mabruki 5203; MO [5940755] • Namatimbili Forest; alt. 250 m; 26 Nov. 2001; pistillate fl.; F. Mbago and B. Mpanda 2244; K. ‒ Morogoro Region • Kilombero Game Control Area; alt. 300 m; 2 Nov. 1998; fruit; A. S. Mkeya and P. Metele 1062; MO [5677723], NHT • ibid.; staminate fl.; A. S. Mkeya and P. Metele 1063; K, MO [6575002], NHT • Kilombero Game Control Area (near Mofu village); alt. 550 m; 4 Oct. 1998; pistillate fl.; H. O. Suleiman / Frontier team 934; DSM • Selous Game Reserve, Kigombe River; alt. 430 m; Nov. 1970; fruit; A. F. Rees T 56; K • Vigade, Kidodi, Kilosa District; Nov. 1952; staminate fl.; S. R. Semsei 1046; K • Selous Game Reserve, Mlahi; 8 ° 17 ′ S, 37 ° 05 ′ E; alt. ca 275 m; 15 Oct. 1975; sterile; K. B. Vollesen MRC 2838; DSM, WAG • Selous Game Reserve, Lukula; ca 9 ° 30 ′ S, 36 ° 50 ′ E; 19 Nov. 1976; fruit; K. B. Vollesen MRC 4128; DSM, K • Selous Game Reserve, ca 4 km E of Mlahi; 8 ° 17 ′ S, 37 ° 07 ′ E; 31 Oct. 1977; staminate fl.; K. B. Vollesen MRC 4746; DSM, K.	en	Barberá, Patricia, Lachenaud, Olivier, Riina, Ricarda (2022): A new species of Paranecepsia (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae) from Madagascar and its relationships among the ‘ alchorneoids clade’. European Journal of Taxonomy 834: 22-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895
580F879767537568FDE9A2F49620FB5A.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat, and phenology Paranecepsia alchorneifolia is only known from southern Tanzania and northern Mozambique (Fig. 2), in gallery forest, bush savannah, and wooded grassland, between 15 and 550 m. Flowering specimens were collected in October and November, and fruiting ones in November.	en	Barberá, Patricia, Lachenaud, Olivier, Riina, Ricarda (2022): A new species of Paranecepsia (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae) from Madagascar and its relationships among the ‘ alchorneoids clade’. European Journal of Taxonomy 834: 22-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895
580F879767517562FE68A2489115FD0E.taxon	description	urn: lsid: ipni. org: names: 77302734 - 1 Figs 3 – 6	en	Barberá, Patricia, Lachenaud, Olivier, Riina, Ricarda (2022): A new species of Paranecepsia (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae) from Madagascar and its relationships among the ‘ alchorneoids clade’. European Journal of Taxonomy 834: 22-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895
580F879767517562FE68A2489115FD0E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Paranecepsia andrafiabensis sp. nov. is morphologically similar to P. alchorneifolia, but differs from it mainly by having longer petioles (0.6 – 2.6 vs 0.3 – 0.8 cm long), stipels shorter or absent (1 – 2.2 mm when present vs 2.5 – 5 mm long, always present), shorter staminate inflorescences (<1.3 cm vs 4.5 – 9 cm long), pistillate flowers with longer sepals (9 – 15 mm vs 5 – 9 mm long), bilocular ovary (vs trilocular), and seed coat mottled with dark and pale brown (vs uniformly brown).	en	Barberá, Patricia, Lachenaud, Olivier, Riina, Ricarda (2022): A new species of Paranecepsia (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae) from Madagascar and its relationships among the ‘ alchorneoids clade’. European Journal of Taxonomy 834: 22-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895
580F879767517562FE68A2489115FD0E.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet refers to the type locality, Andrafiabe village, at the western border of the Ankarana tsingy.	en	Barberá, Patricia, Lachenaud, Olivier, Riina, Ricarda (2022): A new species of Paranecepsia (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae) from Madagascar and its relationships among the ‘ alchorneoids clade’. European Journal of Taxonomy 834: 22-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895
580F879767517562FE68A2489115FD0E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Type MADAGASCAR ‒ Diana Region • Ambilobe, Andrafiabe, at the base of the wall of Ankarana; 12 ° 55 ′ 40 ″ S, 49 ° 03 ′ 41 ″ E; alt. 66 m; 21 Nov. 2019; pistillate fl.; P. Barberá, P. Antilahimena, J. Razanatsoa and S. Andriazafy 2770; holotype: MO- 6956134; isotypes: BR, P, TAN. Paratypes MADAGASCAR ‒ Diana Region • Andrafiabe, PM 200 from the camp, on the circuit to Grotte de Andrafiabe; 12 ° 55 ′ 55 ″ S, 49 ° 03 ′ 29 ″ E; alt. 72 m; 21 Nov. 2019; pistillate fl.; P. Barberá, P. Antilahimena, J. Razanatsoa and S. Andriazafy 2764; BR, MA, MO, P, TAN • ibid.; staminate fl.; P. Barberá, P. Antilahimena, J. Razanatsoa and S. Andriazafy 2765; BR, MO, P, TAN • ibid.; offshoot; P. Barberá, P. Antilahimena, J. Razanatsoa and S. Andriazafy 2767; BR, MO, P, TAN • Andrafiabe, at the base of the wall of Ankarana; 12 ° 55 ′ 40 ″ S, 49 ° 03 ′ 41 ″ E; alt. 66 m; 21 Nov. 2019; staminate fl.; P. Barberá, P. Antilahimena, J. Razanatsoa and S. Andriazafy 2769; BR, MA, MO, P, TAN • ibid.; 12 ° 55 ′ 38 ″ S, 49 ° 03 ′ 45 ″ E; alt. 49 m; 21 Nov. 2019; pistillate fl.; P. Barberá, P. Antilahimena, J. Razanatsoa and S. Andriazafy 2771; BR, MO, P, TAN • ibid.; 12 ° 55 ′ 51 ″ S, 49 ° 03 ′ 32 ″ E; alt. 48 m; 21 Nov. 2019; pistillate fl.; P. Barberá, P. Antilahimena, J. Razanatsoa and S. Andriazafy 2772; BR, MO, P, TAN • ibid., 12 ° 56 ′ 08 ″ S, 49 ° 03 ′ 22 ″ E; alt. 37 m; 23 Nov. 2019; pistillate fl.; P. Barberá, P. Antilahimena, J. Razanatsoa and S. Andriazafy 2797; BR, MO, P, TAN • ibid., 12 ° 56 ′ 08 ″ S, 49 ° 03 ′ 20 ″ E; alt. 38 m; 23 Nov. 2019; pistillate fl.; P. Barberá, P. Antilahimena, J. Razanatsoa and S. Andriazafy 2798; BR, MA, MO, P, TAN • ibid.; 12 ° 56 ′ 05 ″ S, 49 ° 03 ′ 23 ″ E; alt. 62 m; 23 Nov. 2019; staminate fl.; P. Barberá, P. Antilahimena, J. Razanatsoa and S. Andriazafy 2799; BR, MO, P, TAN • à la base du mur de l’Ankarana; 16 – 28 Jan. 1969; fr.; Service Forestier (R. Capuron) 28711 _ SF; BR [0000025668131 V], G, K, MO [6911563], P [05570467], TEF • forêt au pied de la falaise de l’Ankarana; Jan. 1969; fr.; P. Morat 3054; MO [5990069], P [05570468], P [05570469], P [05570470], P [05570471], TAN.	en	Barberá, Patricia, Lachenaud, Olivier, Riina, Ricarda (2022): A new species of Paranecepsia (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae) from Madagascar and its relationships among the ‘ alchorneoids clade’. European Journal of Taxonomy 834: 22-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895
580F879767517562FE68A2489115FD0E.taxon	description	Description Medium sized tree, 5 – 15 m high, 14 – 40 cm DBH; bark smooth when young, with numerous warty lenticels, gray; older bark scaly forming small or medium-sized loosely attached plates; twigs cylindrical, glabrous, soon woody with pale buff-grey bark. Bud scales triangular to ovate, 2 – 5.5 × 0.7 – 2 mm, apex acuminate to very long acuminate, glabrous to densely pubescent on both faces. Stipules linear-lanceolate, 3 – 8 mm long, caducous, densely pubescent with simple trichomes to 0.8 mm long. Leaves with petiole 0.6 – 2.6 cm long, canaliculate above and obscurely bipulvinate, eglandular, glabrous to puberulous, trichomes sometimes confined to upper side of petiole in the older leaves; leaf blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 4 – 15.5 × 1.2 – 5.5 cm long; chartaceous to papyraceous, glabrous above, below with scattered short simple trichomes on the midrib and domatia present as hairy tufts in the axils of the secondary veins; midrib prominent above and more strongly so below; secondary veins 10 – 13 pairs, prominent on both sides, strongly ascending and irregularly arching near the margin; tertiary veins scalariform, prominent and rather dense beneath; quaternary veins very densely reticulate forming small squares, only visible with hand lens; base rounded to subcordate; apex acute to acuminate, sometimes rounded, and rarely emarginate; margin serrate with 20 – 30 glandular teeth per side; leaf glands absent, or 1 – 4 (– 5) present near the base of the lamina on the lower surface, rarely reaching upper parts of the leaf, flat, elliptic to rounded, 0.3 – 0.6 × 0.2 – 0.3 mm; stipels setaceous, 1 – 2.2 × 0.1 – 0.15 mm, glabrous, inserted on the petiole distinctly below the blade insertion, erect, sometimes absent. Staminate inflorescences up to 1.3 cm long; axis slightly pubescent or with scattered trichomes, bearing up to 3 bracts and (1 –) 2 – 6 flowers and 1 – 3 (– 5) flowers per bract; bracts ovate to lanceolate, sometimes oblong, 2 – 3 × 1 – 1.5 mm, acute, densely pubescent outside, glabrous inside; bracteoles 1 per pedicel, linear, ca 1 × 0.2 mm, sparsely pubescent outside, sometimes absent. Staminate flowers with pedicel 3 – 5.5 mm long, jointed 1 – 2 mm from the base; bud subglobose, 1.8 mm in diameter, pubescent, greenish; calyx lobes 3 – 5, ovate-lanceolate, 2.7 – 4.8 × 0.4 – 2.5 mm, acute to shortly acuminate, papyraceous, appressed-pubescent outside at least towards apex, glabrous inside, yellowish to greenish; stamens 20 – 33, filaments 2 – 3.5 mm long, greenish, anthers 0.4 – 0.7 mm long, yellowish, thecae elliptic, connective minutely apiculate; disk glands elongated, glabrous, greenish. Pistillate inflorescences 1 (– 2) - flowered, axis glabrous; bract very narrowly lanceolate, 1.1 – 3 × 0.2 – 0.3 mm, acute, pubescent. Pistillate flowers with pedicel 0.6 – 1.6 cm long, articulate (0.1 –) 0.4 – 1 cm from the bract; sepals 4 – 5, separate from each other, slightly unequal in size, narrowly elliptic or elliptic to oblanceolate, sometimes oblong, 7 – 15 × 2 – 6 (– 7) mm, papyraceous, glabrous inside, sparsely pilose on the central part outside, hairy apically, conspicuously veined, apex acute to acuminate, rarely rounded, margins entire; petals (1 –) 2 – 5, unequal, linear or narrowly elliptic to narrowly oblanceolate, (0.2 –) 0.6 – 5 (– 5.4) × (0.05 –) 0.1 – 0.8 (– 1.2) mm, acute, glabrous, yellowish to greenish; staminodes 1 or absent, extending to the same length as the disc, basally terete, apically enlarged; disc 1.8 – 2.6 mm wide, yellowish to greenish, glabrous; ovary 2 - locular, 2 – 4.2 × 3.5 – 7.3 (– 8.3) mm, greenish-yellowish; styles 2, 2.5 – 3.2 mm long, connate, pilose, greenish, stigmas bifid, shortly fimbriate. Fruits strongly bilobed, 7 – 8 × 13 × 7.5 mm, minutely tuberculate, covered with a dense rufous puberulous indumentum, and with sparse longer whitish trichomes ca 0.2 mm long (one at the top of each tubercle), brownish when dry; pedicel 1.4 – 1.9 cm long; calyx and petals persistent; columella ca 5 mm long; seeds globose, ca 6 × 6 mm, testa mottled with dark and pale brown, hilum broadly ellipsoid, ca 2.2 × 2 mm.	en	Barberá, Patricia, Lachenaud, Olivier, Riina, Ricarda (2022): A new species of Paranecepsia (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae) from Madagascar and its relationships among the ‘ alchorneoids clade’. European Journal of Taxonomy 834: 22-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895
580F879767517562FE68A2489115FD0E.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat, and phenology Paranecepsia andrafiabensis sp. nov. is only known from the dry, deciduous forest on karstic limestone (‘ tsingy’) that surrounds part of the base of the western wall of the Ankarana tsingy, in northwestern Madagascar, at elevations between 37 and 72 m. The flowering material of this species was collected in November and the fruiting one in January.	en	Barberá, Patricia, Lachenaud, Olivier, Riina, Ricarda (2022): A new species of Paranecepsia (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae) from Madagascar and its relationships among the ‘ alchorneoids clade’. European Journal of Taxonomy 834: 22-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895
580F879767517562FE68A2489115FD0E.taxon	conservation	Preliminary conservation assessment Paranecepsia andrafiabensis sp. nov. is endemic to northwestern Madagascar where it grows at the base of the western wall of the Ankarana tsingy. It is presently known from 11 herbarium specimens, two of them collected in fruit by Morat and Capuron in 1969, and recently (in 2019) several collections with flowers and fruits were made at east of Andrafiabe village. All the collections represent seven occurrences and only one subpopulation of the species. We have verified that the species is abundant at this site with many seedlings and mature trees. Based on a 2 × 2 km cell size, the AOO is estimated as 4 km 2, which is less than the upper threshold for “ Critically Endangered ” status under Criterion B 2. The EOO is the same as the AOO. All known occurrences are located at the limits of a protected area (Ankarana National Park), and no specific threats have been identified at the present time. However, we estimate that the population size is less than 1000 mature individuals, and that the species presumably has a low dispersal ability. For these reasons, Paranecepsia andrafiabensis is assigned a preliminary status of VU D 1.	en	Barberá, Patricia, Lachenaud, Olivier, Riina, Ricarda (2022): A new species of Paranecepsia (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae) from Madagascar and its relationships among the ‘ alchorneoids clade’. European Journal of Taxonomy 834: 22-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895
580F879767517562FE68A2489115FD0E.taxon	discussion	Notes The stipels at the base of the leaf blade are present on some specimens and absent in others, even on very young leaves; this appears to be individual variation.	en	Barberá, Patricia, Lachenaud, Olivier, Riina, Ricarda (2022): A new species of Paranecepsia (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae) from Madagascar and its relationships among the ‘ alchorneoids clade’. European Journal of Taxonomy 834: 22-37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.834.1895
