identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
AE784677FFBAFFA5FF20B2755D69FF35.text	AE784677FFBAFFA5FF20B2755D69FF35.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal 1775)	<div><p>Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskål in Niebuhr, 1775)</p> <p>Common name: Spangled emperor</p> <p>Figs. 2–5; Table 2</p> <p>Sciaena nebulosa Fabricius Forsskål in Niebuhr (1775: 52) (Arabia).</p> <p>Lethrinus alboguttatus Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1830 (Bonin Is; no known specimens).</p> <p>Lethrinus anatarius Richardson 1845: 145 (Canton, China; no known specimens).</p> <p>Lethrinus aurolineatus Macleay 1882: 247 (New Guinea).</p> <p>Lethrinus carinatus Weber 1913: 289 (New Guinea).</p> <p>Lethrinus centurio Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1830: 301 (Seychelles).</p> <p>Lethrinus coerorynchus Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801: 278 (Japan); Johnson et al. 1993 (NW Australia).</p> <p>Lethrinus cyanoxanthus Richardon 1843: 7 (Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia).</p> <p>Lethrinus devisianus Whitley 1929: 122 (Queensland).</p> <p>Lethrinus erythrurus Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1830: 293 (Sri Lanka).</p> <p>Lethrinus esculentus Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1830: 158 (Seychelles).</p> <p>Lethrinus fasciatus Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1830: 290 (Sri Lanka).</p> <p>Lethrinus fletus Whitley 1943 (Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia).</p> <p>Lethrinus fraenatus Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1830: 291 (Sri Lanka).</p> <p>Lethrinus gothofredi Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1830; 286 (Gulf of Suez).</p> <p>Lethrinus guentheri Bleeker 1873: 153 (Japan).</p> <p>Lethrinus karwa Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val.1830: 311 (Vizagapatam, India).</p> <p>Lethrinus korely Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1830: 292 (Puducherry, India).</p> <p>Lethrinus maculatus Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1830: 292 (Puducherry, India).</p> <p>Lethrinus nebulosus: Sato 1978: 30; Smith 1965: 286; Smith 1986: 598; Carpenter &amp; Allen 1989: 75; Carpenter in Carpenter &amp; Niem 2001:3027.</p> <p>Lethrinus ornatus de Vis 1884: 458 (Queensland).</p> <p>Lethrinus perselectus Whitley 1933 (Queensland).</p> <p>Lethrinus scoparius Gilchrist &amp; Thompson 1908: 168 (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body yellow-brown in life; face with bright blue spots and lines; about eye-sized oval blue spot at origin of lateral line, opercle mostly bright blue; upper pectoral-fin ray blue; pelvic fins blueish distally, and body with irregular lines of blue spots. Preorbital length in head length 2.52–4.30, mean 3.30.</p> <p>Description. Dorsal fin X, 9, 4 th or 5 th spine longest; anal fin III, 8; pectoral fins 13; pelvic fins I, 5; LL 45–48; scales from 5 th dorsal-fin ray to LL 5 or 5½; scales from LL to 1 st anal-fin spine 14 or 15; circumpeduncular scales 9 + 13 (9 + 15 including LL scales). Exposed portion of opercle fully scaled; small patch of about 12 scales in two vertical rows immediately behind eye; supraorbital patch with 5–9 scales, and small patch of about 8 scales on upper, exposed portion of supracleithrum; inner surface of pectoral peduncle with many small scales. Teeth: few canines in front of upper and lower jaws, more rounded at sides of jaws with smaller, rounded teeth behind.</p> <p>In SL: head 2.65–3.18, body depth 2.30–2.77; in HL: eye diameter 2.51–4.85, preorbital length 2.42–4.39; eye diameter 0.46–1.16 in cheek height. All other morphometrics are listed in Table 2.</p> <p>Colour alive and fresh (Figs. 2, 3): head and body yellow-brown; face with many small, blue spots, blue line from eye to middle of upper lip and another from eye onto snout; bright blue bars below and above eye, and blue line from behind eye to a nearly eye-sized, bright blue oval at start of lateral line; opercle with broad blue bar; body with many irregular lines of bright blue spots, more so above lateral line than below; dorsal fin mostly hyaline, spines pale yellow anteriorly; anal-fin membranes yellow-brown; upper and lower margins of caudal fin yellowish, upper edge of pectoral fins bright blue, pelvic fins with bluish tinge. Membranes between pelvic-fin rays with dense, small melanophores. Juveniles (Fig. 4) pale brown with irregular, vertical dark brown stripes, similar to the stress pattern exhibited by adults (Fig. 5).</p> <p>Colour in preservative: ranges from pale cream-coloured to pale brown, sometimes with various feint markings on the head which were originally bright blue. No other markings except melanophores on pectoral fins.</p> <p>Maximum recorded size: more than 80 cm FL (Carpenter &amp; Allen 1989); more than 60 cm FL from iSimangaliso Wetland Park.</p> <p>Distribution. Red Sea to northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, seldom south of the iSimangaliso Wetland Park (27.6°S), all islands, Persian/Arabian Gulf, to coasts of India and Sri Lanka to about 16°N on the East coast of India, and then from Andaman Sea throughout Indonesia, east coast of Australia, to southern Japan and Samoa. It has not been recorded from Bay of Bengal or the South China Sea (Carpenter &amp; Allen 1989: Fig.134). See Discussion below.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE784677FFBAFFA5FF20B2755D69FF35	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Holleman, Wouter;Gouws, Gavin	Holleman, Wouter, Gouws, Gavin (2022): Resurrection of Lethrinus scoparius Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908 (Perciformes: Lethrinidae), from South African waters. Zootaxa 5174 (5): 551-567, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5174.5.4
AE784677FFBCFFA6FF20B2745936FD49.text	AE784677FFBCFFA6FF20B2745936FD49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lethrinus scoparius Gilchrist & Thompson 1908	<div><p>Lethrinus scoparius Gilchrist &amp; Thompson, 1908</p> <p>Suggested common name: Natal emperor</p> <p>Figs. 6–9, Table 2</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body yellowish in life, with faint blue markings on face and body, and irregular, dusky bars across body sometimes visible underwater; opercle yellow; pectoral and pelvic fins yellow to pale yellow. Dorsal and caudal fins with red margins. Out of water, some fish assume a stress pattern of irregular, brownish bars against a pale background. Preorbital length in head length 2.43–3.31, mean 2.86.</p> <p>Description. Dorsal fin X, 9, 4 th or 5 th spine longest; anal fin III, 8; pectoral fins 13; pelvic fins I, 5; LL 45–48; scales from 5 th dorsal-fin ray to LL 5 or 5½; scales from LL to 1 st anal-fin spine 14½ or 15; circumpeduncular scales 9 + 13 (9 + 15 including LL scales). Exposed portion of opercle fully scaled; small patch of about 12 scales in two vertical rows immediately behind eye; supraorbital patch with 5–9 scales, and small patch of about 8 scales on upper, exposed portion of supracleithrum. Inner surface of pectoral peduncle with many small scales. Teeth: few canines in front of upper and lower jaws, more rounded at sides of jaws with smaller, rounded teeth behind.</p> <p>In SL: head 2.63–3.21, body depth 2.33–2.68; in HL: eye diameter 3.30–4.49, preorbital length 2.42–3.31; eye diameter 0.50–0.89 in cheek height. All other morphometrics are listed in Table 2.</p> <p>Colour under water (Figs. 7 a-c): grayish brown with pale blue markings on body and face; darker blue oval spot at origin of lateral line; dorsal fin hyaline, anal fin pale blue anteriorly, upper- and lowermost rays of caudal fin blueish, pectoral fins hyaline. Some fish also show a ‘stress’ pattern underwater (Figs. 7d), or with a dark band above and a pale band below mid-body (Fig. 7e). Juvenile with top of head and nape yellowish (Fig. 8).</p> <p>Colour fresh (Figs. 9a, b): head above mouth yellow-gold, with blue stripe below and in front of eye, and blue spot, smaller than pupil, at origin of lateral line; dorsal half of body yellowish with pale blue marks, whitish ventrally; dorsal, caudal, anal and pectoral fins yellowish. Membranes between pelvic-fin rays with dense, small melanophores.</p> <p>Colour in preservative. Pale cream to brown, with no other markings except melanophores on pectoral fins.</p> <p>Maximum size recorded: 39 cm FL.</p> <p>Distribution. The species is known from southern Mozambique, where its distribution overlaps with that of Lethrinus nebulosus, to Algoa Bay (34°38’ S).</p> <p>Remarks. Lethrinus scoparius is the dominant species on the KwaZulu-Natal coast in South Africa, occurs in large numbers, and forms an important component of the commercial catch (Dunlop &amp; Mann 2013). Lethrinus nebulosus is much more tropical in distribution and is seldom seen south of iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa (32° S).</p> <p>In life and as fresh specimens the two species can readily be distinguished by differences in colouration. Lethrinus scoparius has less prominent blue pigmentation, noticeably along the upper edge of the pectoral fins, while photographs of live and fresh specimens show a thin blue edge to the upper and lower lobes of the caudal fin. The margins of the first and second dorsal fins and the posterior edge of the caudal fin may be tinged with red, not observed in L. nebulosus. However, the juveniles of L. scoparius and L nebulous are very similar with yellow colouration on the snout and nape and hence easily confused. In life they can also rapidly switch on and off the brown ‘stress pattern’.</p> <p>The two species are practically impossible to tell apart morphometrically and meristically; the morphometrics of the two species are almost identical (Table 2), except for preorbital length in head length, a mean of 3.30 for L. nebulosus and cf. 2.86 for L. scoparius. It must also be noted that the specimens of L. nebulosus examined in this study (including one from Eilat and one from the southern Gulf of Suez) have 14½–15 scale rows between the lateral line and the origin of the anal fin, which differs from the 16–17 recorded by Carpenter &amp; Allen (1998).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE784677FFBCFFA6FF20B2745936FD49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Holleman, Wouter;Gouws, Gavin	Holleman, Wouter, Gouws, Gavin (2022): Resurrection of Lethrinus scoparius Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908 (Perciformes: Lethrinidae), from South African waters. Zootaxa 5174 (5): 551-567, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5174.5.4
AE784677FFB7FFAEFF20B1DD5D58FB25.text	AE784677FFB7FFAEFF20B1DD5D58FB25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lethrinus nebulosus Forsskål	<div><p>Lethrinus nebulosus</p> <p>SAIAB 4178 (120.3 mm), coll. M Dor, 21 Sept. 1965 Eilat, Red Sea; SAIAB 4901 (134.8 mm), coll. JLB Smith, 5 Sept. 1952, Chumbe Is., Tanzania; SAIAB 31467 (189.5 mm), coll. Port Elizabeth Museum, 9 Sept. 1988, Mauritius; SAIAB 39876 (131 mm), coll. PC Heemstra, 28 May 1992, Maputo Bay, Mozambique; SAIAB 42194 (138.7 mm), coll. LJB Smith, Tanzania; SAIAB 42197 (137.2 mm), coll. JLB Smith, 28 Sept. 1954, West Mahé, Seychelles; SAIAB 42198 (202 mm), coll. JLB Smith, Sep. 1949, Inhaca Is., Mozambique; SAIAB 42199 (5: 86.1– 175.6 mm); Maputo Bay, Mozambique; SAIAB 42761 (390 mm), coll. M Smale, 28 Jan. 1993, Gubal Is., southern Gulf of Suez; SAIAB 60114 (280 mm), coll. A Bentley, 3 Apr. 1999, Ponta Milibangalala, Mozambique; SAIAB 70581 (280 mm), coll. MJ Smale et al., Sept. 2001, Rodrigues; SAIAB 77942 (4: 61.6–86.2 mm), coll. PC Heemstra et al., Port Launay, Mahe, Seychelles; SAIAB 80675 (2: 151 &amp; 158 mm), coll. L Scott, 2 Oct. 2007, Toa Reef, Tanga, Tanzania; SAIAB 86774 (305 mm), coll. A Paterson, 16 Mar. 2009, wreck at point, Inhaca Is., Mozambique; SAIAB 86905 (146.6 mm), coll. M Mwale et al., 25 Oct. 2009, Chowka Bay, Zanzibar, Tanzania; SAIAB 87404 (141 mm), coll. N Smit, 27 Jan. 2010, Zanzibar, Tanzania; SAIAB 98493 (107.2 mm), coll. RV Fridtjof Nansen, 6 May, Douane Beach, Fort Dauphin - Anosy, Madagascar; SAIAB 187384 (585 mm), coll. RV Fridtjof Nansen, Aug. 2009, off Northern Mozambique; SAIAB 192959 (139 mm), coll. ORI, 2 Jul. 2013, Fort Dauphin - Anosy, Madagascar;</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE784677FFB7FFAEFF20B1DD5D58FB25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Holleman, Wouter;Gouws, Gavin	Holleman, Wouter, Gouws, Gavin (2022): Resurrection of Lethrinus scoparius Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908 (Perciformes: Lethrinidae), from South African waters. Zootaxa 5174 (5): 551-567, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5174.5.4
AE784677FFB7FFAEFF20B7A1592EF979.text	AE784677FFB7FFAEFF20B7A1592EF979.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lethrinus scoparius Gilchrist & Thompson 1908	<div><p>Lethrinus scoparius</p> <p>Holotype. Lethrinus scoparius, SAM 9927, 220 mm SL, collected by R. Romer Robinson, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.</p> <p>Non-types. SAIAB 13200 (166 mm), coll. PC Heemstra, 27 Apr. 1980, Leadsman’s Shoal, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; SAIAB 15222 (4: 130.4–305 mm), coll. Nov. 1985, nr Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa; SAIAB 16498 (147.2 mm), coll. H Bell-Marley, 1919, Durban KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; SAIAB 32791 (175 mm) coll. R Winterbottom, 28 July 1976, reef off Sodwana Bay, South Africa; SAIAB 37250 (305 mm), Durban KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; SAIAB 42161 (241.8 mm), coll. C Dyson, 5 Jan. 1961, Kariega, Eastern Cape, South Africa; SAIAB 42195 (142 mm), collected MM Smith, 14 Jan. 1959, Kariega, Eastern Cape, South Africa; SAIAB 42196 (168 mm), coll. M Dickie, 9 May 1967, Kariega, Eastern Cape, South Africa; SAIAB 46256 (168 mm), coll. CD Buxton, 18 June 1994, Aliwal Shoal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; SAIAB 191114 (22: 136.8–335 mm), coll. S Fennessy, Aug. 2011, off Richard’s Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE784677FFB7FFAEFF20B7A1592EF979	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Holleman, Wouter;Gouws, Gavin	Holleman, Wouter, Gouws, Gavin (2022): Resurrection of Lethrinus scoparius Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908 (Perciformes: Lethrinidae), from South African waters. Zootaxa 5174 (5): 551-567, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5174.5.4
