identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E25E878FFF87FFDFFC5384410333F8F0.text	E25E878FFF87FFDFFC5384410333F8F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Naucoridae LEACH 1815	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> FAMILY  NAUCORIDAE LEACH, 1815</p>
            <p> Type genus:  Naucoris Geoffroy, 1762 . </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history: The group was first proposed by Leach (1815) as Naucorida, an incorrect spelling of the family name. This and other family names placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names by Opinion 681 (1963) include Naucorides (Fallén, 1814; see Štys &amp; Jansson, 1988), Naucoridea (Fieber, 1851), Naucoridi (Acloque, 1897),  Naucorini (Costa, 1852) and Naucoriseae (Fieber, 1851). The family has included Aphelocheirinae (e.g. Polhemus &amp; Polhemus, 1988) and Potamocorinae (Usinger, 1941) as subfamilies, although most recent authors have considered these to be distinct families related to  Naucoridae in superfamily  Naucoroidea . A largely unaccepted concept was proposed by De Carlo (1971) in which he split the family based on male and female reproductive structures into separate Old and New World families as  Naucoridae and Pelocoridae, respectively; although the New World family name Limnocoridae was adopted in place of Pelocoridae because of the Principle of Priority (e.g. López Ruf, 1987). </p>
            <p>Revised taxonomy: The family was found to be monophyletic here, thus no changes to the family level taxonomy are proposed. However, eight subfamilies (Fig. 10) are now recognized as described below.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Members of  Naucoridae are mostly aquatic, generally flattened, ovate or slightly elongate and with retentorial forelegs (  Sites &amp; Nichols, 1990). They can be similar in appearance to  Belostomatidae , although substantially smaller and without the caudal respiratory tubes. More specifically, antennae usually are four-segmented and short; the labium is short, reaching only to near the fore coxae; the membrane of the hemelytra is without venation; the forefemur is usually greatly enlarged; the foretarsus is usually fixed and immobile with a single fixed pretarsal claw; the meso- and metatibiae and meso- and metatarsi usually are fringed with natatorial setae; metathoracic scent glands are ventral in adults and between abdominal terga 3 and 4 in nymphs; and the genital capsule is reflexed 180 ° so the aedeagus and parameres are directed anteriorly. </p>
            <p> Comments: The family has been recognized since Štys &amp; Jansson (1988) to have five subfamilies loosely defined by a few morphological features with uncertain reliability as being apomorphic and not homoplasious. A concurrent project to determine the evolutionary history of the most species-rich subfamily,  Cryphocricinae , has resulted in the elevation of Ambrysini back to the subfamily rank as originally assigned by Usinger (1941). As such, six subfamilies are currently recognized (Table 1) as was the case following Usinger (1941), China &amp; Miller (1955, 1959) and La Rivers (1971). The taxonomic changes proposed here will increase the number of subfamilies to eight (Table 2). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF87FFDFFC5384410333F8F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF80FFDDFF34822A0529FDE1.text	E25E878FFF80FFDDFF34822A0529FDE1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ambrysinae Stal 1862	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> SUBFAMILY  AMBRYSINAE USINGER, 1941</p>
            <p>FIGS 3C, 10A, 11A</p>
            <p> Type species:  Ambrysus signoreti Stål, 1862 . </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history: This subfamily was established by Usinger in 1941, but was downgraded to tribe level and placed in  Naucorinae (Popov, 1970) , then transferred to  Cryphocricinae (Štys &amp; Jansson, 1988) and ultimately elevated and restored to subfamily rank (Reynoso-Velasco &amp;  Sites, 2021 ). Significant recent changes in the generic composition of the subfamily include the transfer of  Pelocoris in from  Naucorinae , and the erection of the genera Australambrysus Reynoso &amp;  Sites, 2021 and Maculambrysus (Reynoso-Velasco &amp;  Sites, 2021 ). The subfamily currently includes  Ambrysus Stål, 1862 , Australambrysus,  Carvalhoiella D e C a r l o, 1 9 6 3, C a t a r a c t o c o r i s U s i n g e r, 1 9 4 1, H y g r o p e t r o c o r i s S i t e s, 2 0 1 5, M a c u l a m b r y s u s Reynoso &amp;  Sites, 2021 ,  Melloiella De Carlo , 1 9 3 5, Pe l o c o r i s, P i c r o p s L a R i v e r s, 1 9 5 2 a n d  Procryphocricos J. Polhemus, 1991 . Species of all of these genera, except  Pelocoris , were included along with  Cryphocricos in the subfamily  Cryphocricinae prior to the revision by Reynoso-Velasco &amp;  Sites (2021) . </p>
            <p> Revised taxonomy: The subfamily was recently revised by Reynoso-Velasco &amp;  Sites (2021) . No further taxonomic action is proposed here. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Diagnostic features were provided by Reynoso-Velasco &amp;  Sites (2021) as follows: (1) labium inserted near the anterior margin of the head; (2) labrum well developed; (3) maxillary plates only slightly produced anteriorly; (4) anterior margin of the pronotum generally with a concavity of different depths, but straight in  Pelocoris ; (5) pronotum with lateral margins smooth or finely crenate; (6) prosternellum concealed by the mesally directed propleural projections, but prosternellum exposed in  Pelocoris and  Procryphocricos ; (7) forewing macropterous, but brachyptery also present in  Procryphocricos ; (8) no sternal abdominal sense organs (hydrostats), except in  Procryphocricos ; (9) compressible air-bubble respiration, but a plastron could be used by brachypterous  Procryphocricos ; (10) pubescent abdomen (scattered long setae in  Procryphocricos ); and (11) males with vesica not modified into a long tubular structure. </p>
            <p>C o m m e n t s: A l l s p e c i e s i n t h i s s u b f a m i l y a r e distributed exclusively in the New World.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF80FFDDFF34822A0529FDE1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF83FFC3FCF887E3060DFB5D.text	E25E878FFF83FFC3FCF887E3060DFB5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cheirochelinae MONTANDON 1897	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> SUBFAMILY  CHEIROCHELINAE MONTANDON, 1897 E </p>
            <p>FIGS 3A, 10B, 11B</p>
            <p> Type species:  Cheirochela assamensis Hope, 1840 . </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history: This subfamily has included three tribes:  Cheirochelini Popov, 1970 (Indochina to India and Borneo), Sagocorini La Rivers, 1971 (New Guinea and the Philippines) and Tanycricini La Rivers, 1971 (New Guinea). The taxonomic composition of Sagocorini has undergone recent changes because of considerations of evolutionary relationships based on characters related to male genitalia and head structure. The Philippine endemic genera  Asthenocoris Usinger, 1937 ,  Philippinocoris D. Polhemus &amp; J. Polhemus, 1987 (as  Sagocoris ) and  Stalocoris La Rivers, 1969 were originally placed in Sagocorini, but later transferred to  Naucorinae (Zettel, 2001) . </p>
            <p> Revised taxonomy: With the taxonomic changes proposed herein, the subfamily  Cheirochelinae is here restricted to only the previously recognized tribe  Cheirochelini , comprising the Indochinese genera  Cheirochela and  Gestroiella and the Bornean  Coptocatus . The remaining seven genera in the former tribes Sagocorini and Tanycricini were recovered in a distantly related clade and are here transferred to  Naucorinae . As such,  Cheirochelinae is retained as a valid subfamily but with only three constituent genera. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Diagnostic features for the subfamily were provided by Polhemus et al. (2008) in a revision of the tribe  Cheirochelini as the following: the vertex is strongly produced posteriorly; the antennae are stout, with segments 1–3 subequal in length and about as wide as long, and segment 4 slightly longer; the antennae are set in elongate, concave sockets beneath the eyes; the rostrum and labrum are recessed into a deep cavity under the head; the labrum is reduced and barely visible at the base of the rostrum; the maxillary plates adjacent to the rostral cavity lie in a horizontal orientation; the head is strongly prolonged forward of the eyes and rostral cavity, forming an anteclypeal shelf; the fore tarsus and claw are fused to form a single segment; fore and hind tibiae bear pads of short, dense setae ventrally at their apices; abdominal medio- and laterosternites are fused to form undivided sterna on segments IV– VI, lateral sections of these plates adjacent to spiracles bear groups of small, ovate, glabrous depressions; the parameres are symmetrical, overlapping and extending to approximately half the length of the aedeagus; the aedeagus is symmetrical with the central portion sclerotized and apex lyre shaped. </p>
            <p> Comments: The genera  Cheirochela and  Gestroiella occur from southern China throughout Indochina west to India;  Coptocatus is restricted to Borneo and is found in all three countries represented on the island. These are large, impressive insects occurring in fastflowing streams. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF83FFC3FCF887E3060DFB5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF9DFFC3FF62820803A7FA65.text	E25E878FFF9DFFC3FF62820803A7FA65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryphocricinae MONTANDON 1897	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> SUBFAMILY  CRYPHOCRICINAE MONTANDON, 1897 A </p>
            <p>FIGS 10C, 11C</p>
            <p> Type species:  Cryphocricos barozzii Signoret, 1850 . </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history: Montandon (1897a) erected the subfamily (originally misspelled as Cryptocricinae, but later emended) to include  Cryphocricos and  Ambrysus , as well as the two therein-proposed genera  Idiocarus (currently in  Cheirochelinae ) and  Pseudambrysus (currently a junior synonym of  Macrocoris in  Naucorinae ). Usinger (1941, 1947) proposed a more restrictive classification scheme in which  Cryphocricinae included only the genus  Cryphocricos ; he transferred  Ambrysus and  Melloiella into his newly erected  Ambrysinae . Popov (1970) erected the tribe  Cataractocorini and placed it and Cryphocricini in  Cryphocricinae . Štys &amp; Jansson (1988) placed all three groups (Ambrysini,  Cataractocorini , Cryphocricini) together as tribes in the subfamily  Cryphocricinae . This subfamily was revised recently (Reynoso-Velasco &amp;  Sites, 2021 ) and now includes only the genus  Cryphocricos , agreeing with Usinger (1941, 1947), with  Ambrysinae comprising the other groups formerly held within  Cryphocricinae . Recently,  Sites (2021) presented a review of the genus  Cryphocricos along with descriptions of three new species, two of which are included in the analyses here. </p>
            <p> Revised taxonomy: This subfamily was recently revised by Reynoso-Velasco &amp;  Sites (2021) . No further taxonomic action is proposed here. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Diagnostic features for the subfamily were provided by Reynoso-Velasco &amp;  Sites (2021) and include: labium inserted near the anterior margin of the head, labrum well developed, maxillary plates produced anteriorly and reaching the labral apex, anterior margin of the pronotum with a deep concavity, pronotum with crenate lateral margins, prosternum exposed and at the same dorsoventral level as the propleura, alary polymorphism (  Sites, 1990 ), hydrostatic sense organs adjacent to lateral margin on abdominal sterna II–VII, plastral respiration, glabrous abdomen and males with a long, tubular, coiled vesica (Fig. 11c). </p>
            <p> Comments: This subfamily is exclusively New World in distribution and is represented by 16 described species, with additional undescribed species represented in these analyses. Although formal descriptions of these species are important, they are of limited value because of the difficulty in finding species-specific diagnostic features. Usinger (1947) used size- and shape-related features to diagnose species from Central and South America. However, in an attempt to determine the specific identity of  Cryphocricos in Belize,  Sites et al. (2018) were unable to reliably identify their specimens using Usinger’s criteria because intraspecific variation was sufficiently high that some populations contained individuals that keyed to three species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF9DFFC3FF62820803A7FA65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF9DFFC2FC4381220489F9A2.text	E25E878FFF9DFFC2FC4381220489F9A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ilyocorinae Sites 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> SUBFAMILY  ILYOCORINAE STAT. REV.</p>
            <p>FIGS 7, 8, 10D, 11D</p>
            <p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: CBCF3B3B-1324-486F-BD2C-95230D825861</p>
            <p> Type species:  Ilyocoris cimicoides (Linnaeus, 1758) , as  Nepa cimicoides . </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history: Previously, the genera  Ilyocoris Stål, 1861 ,  Placomerus and  Pelocoris were held </p>
            <p>1262 R.W. SITES</p>
            <p> in  Naucorinae :  Naucorini (Štys &amp; Jansson, 1988). Later, López Ruf &amp; Bachmann (1987) erected the tribe  Pelocorini to hold  Placomerus ,  Pelocoris and  Carvalhoiella , separate from  Naucorini because they followed De Carlo’s (1971) hemispherical splitting of the family into two families,  Naucoridae and Pelocoridae (= Limnocoridae). Although  Carvalhoiella clearly was misplaced in  Pelocorini , the genus had been transferred to  Naucorini by Nieser (1975), but later was appropriately transferred back to  Ambrysinae (Nieser et al., 1999) . During this interim, López Ruf &amp; Bachmann (1987) followed Nieser in recognizing  Carvalhoiella to be a member of this group, which they recognized as  Pelocorini . Following the transfer of  Pelocoris from  Naucorinae :  Pelocorini to  Ambrysinae , only  Ilyocoris and  Placomerus remained in the tribe; thus the tribe  Pelocorini necessarily became  Ilyocorini (ReynosoVelasco &amp;  Sites, 2021 ). </p>
            <p> Revised taxonomy: With the recent transfer of  Pelocoris from  Naucorinae to  Ambrysinae (ReynosoVelasco &amp; Sites, 2021) and clear association of  Ilyocoris and  Placomerus as sister genera distinct from all others, I here remove these genera from  Naucorinae by elevating the tribe  Ilyocorini to subfamily status as  Ilyocorinae . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis: The female genitalia are strongly dentate along the dorsal and lateral margins of valvulae 1 and lateral margins of valvulae 2 (Fig. 7). The male parameres are twisted, contoured (López-Ruf &amp; Bachmann, 1991), elongated, overlapping and symmetrical or with only slight asymmetry (Fig. 11d). The mesofemur posterodorsal margin is flattened and fringed with a dense brush-line of hairs (Fig. 8).</p>
            <p> Comments: The condition of the mesofemur in which the posterodorsal margin is flattened and fringed with a dense brush-line of hairs (also present in many members of  Laccocorinae ) had been used to distinguish between  Placomerus and  Pelocoris (La Rivers, 1956) . Those two genera are superficially so similar that La Rivers (1956) prepared a list of features to distinguish between them. However,  Pelocoris was shown recently to be distantly related to  Placomerus and is now in a different subfamily (  Ambrysinae ).  Ilyocoris is Palaearctic and  Placomerus Neotropical in distribution. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF9DFFC2FC4381220489F9A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF9CFFC0FC5481760482FAC9.text	E25E878FFF9CFFC0FC5481760482FAC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laccocorinae STAL 1876	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> SUBFAMILY  LACCOCORINAE STÅL, 1876</p>
            <p>FIGS 3B, 4– 6, 10E, 11E, 12, 14, 15, 20, 21</p>
            <p> Type species:  Laccocoris spurcus Stål, 1856 . </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history: Stål (1876) proposed the division Laccocoraria to contain two genera,  Heleocoris and  Laccocoris , that he described. Montandon (1897b) e l e v a t e d L a c c o c o r a r i a t o s u b f a m i l y s t a t u s a s  Laccocorinae . Popov (1970) considered this group as a tribe-level taxon,  Laccocorini , within subfamily  Naucorinae , but this classification scheme has not been followed by other specialists. Presently, ten genera are recognized in the subfamily, with no suprageneric organization as tribes. </p>
            <p> Revised taxonomy:  Laccocorinae remains unchanged with respect to constituent species, although synonymies, new genera and tribes are proposed here. In my Most Probable Phylogeny dendrogram (Fig. 9), I substituted the ML topology of the clade sister to  Ctenipocoris to represent what I consider to be the most plausible evolutionary relationships in the subfamily.  Laccocorinae is represented by four distinct major clades, which are herein recognized as tribe-level taxa (Fig. 13). Two of the predominant genera (  Heleocoris and  Laccocoris ) in the subfamily are polyphyletic and occur in multiple clades in two tribes. </p>
            <p> Species of  Heleocoris occur in three disparate clades (Figs 13, 14). The type species is  Heleocoris obliquatus (Spinola, 1837) from Bombay (Mumbai, India) as designated by Stål (1876), who based his designation on a specimen in the collection of Signoret. Montandon (1910b) questioned the existence of the type specimen, which was based on a brief original description, and provided a redescription of the species based on a specimen in Distant’s collection from the Dawna Hills of eastern Burma. Given that most species in these groups are restricted to particular geographic regions, it is highly doubtful that the specimen upon which Montandon redescribed  H. obliquatus was in fact that species. Further vitiating this identification is the figure in Distant (1910: 322) of a specimen from ‘Lower Burma’ identified by Montandon as  H. obliquatus , which instead clearly is  Heleocoris strabus Montandon, 1897b . As such,  H. obliquatus from Mumbai remains enigmatic and nearly impossible to diagnose without an authoritatively identified specimen, and thus is a species inquirenda. Nonetheless, because the type locality was given as ‘Bombay’, I here consider the clade containing species of  Heleocoris from central India (all but the far eastern states) to be valid  Heleocoris . Other clades containing  Heleocoris from Africa and Indochina each must have the genus renamed. </p>
            <p> Species of  Laccocoris were recovered in two distinct clades within different tribes (Figs 13, 15). The type species is  Laccocoris spurcus (Stål, 1856) from Africa; thus, the species of  Laccocoris from Africa remain unchanged. However, the species of  Laccocoris from Sundaland and the Philippines are here placed in a newly erected genus,  Heleolaccocoris gen. nov. Because the well-supported ML topology recovered  Heleolaccocoris as sister to three species of Indochinese  Heleocoris in successively more inclusive clades, this necessitated either designation of additional genera to accommodate the clades of Indochinese  Heleocoris , or placing them all in  Heleolaccocoris as I have done here (Fig. 13: bluecoloured clades). The previously recognized distinction between the two genera (  Heleocoris and  Laccocoris ) was based on the shape of the labrum as wider than long with a rounded apex or longer than wide with an acute apex. This has been generally considered a feature inconsistent with phylogeny by recent scientists who have studied the group. In a treatment of the  Naucoridae in Singapore, Polhemus &amp; Polhemus (2013) considered the generic limits of  Heleocoris and  Laccocoris to be indistinct and correctly predicted the possible synonymy of Asian  Laccocoris with  Heleocoris . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: This subfamily has a suite of unique diagnostic attributes, some of which exhibit variation among genera. The front of the head is folded posteroventrally such that the labrum is set back from the functional anterior margin of the head (Fig. 3b). Males of all genera have a dense tomentose pad ventrally over much of the mesotibia and tarsomeres 2 and 3 (Fig. 12), and to a lesser extent the protibia and tarsus, whereas in females the pads are greatly reduced. The prothoracic pretarsal claws are paired and articulated, except in  Namtokocoris in which they are single and fused with the tarsus, which is the condition found in all other subfamilies (Fig. 4c). Males have two-segmented front tarsi and females only one, except in  Ctenipocoris where both sexes have two, and in  Namtokocoris and  Pogonocaudina where both sexes have one (Fig. 4). </p>
            <p> Comments: This subfamily is circumtropical in distribution and is most common in Africa and Asia. It is not known from Australia. Although  Ctenipocoris is circumtropical in distribution, each of the other major clades in the subfamily has a distinct geographic association. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF9CFFC0FC5481760482FAC9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF9EFFC7FC6282BE03C4FA64.text	E25E878FFF9EFFC7FC6282BE03C4FA64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenipocorini Sites 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> TRIBE  CTENIPOCORINI TRIB. NOV.</p>
            <p>FIG. 4A</p>
            <p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: 12EF5622-B1D8-465E-8393-3311969AB761</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Males and females both have twosegmented fore tarsi with paired, movable pretarsal claws (Fig. 4a), which is the plesiomorphic condition. The nymphs have two meso- and metatarsal segments, another plesiomorphic condition, which distinguishes this tribe from the other tribes in  Laccocorinae , which each have only a single segment. Adults have stout spines on the meso- and metatibiae. The aedeagus and parameres are symmetrical, which along with the </p>
            <p> PHYLOGENY OF  NAUCORIDAE (  HEMIPTERA ) 1265 </p>
            <p>pygophores, are dramatically different between species from the Old and New Worlds, and possibly also within each hemisphere. The body shape tends to be slightly wider at the middle and the fore femora less robust than in most other saucer bugs.</p>
            <p> Comments: The two analyses yielded different topologies in the relationship of  Ctenipocoris with the remainder of the subfamily. The BI analysis recovered  Ctenipocoris as sister to the remainder of  Laccocorinae and is here recognized also as the new tribe  Ctenipocorini . The hypothesis in ML is less likely from the standpoint of character evolution, because the alternative character state of a suite of characters descriptive of  Laccocorinae would have to have convergently evolved multiple times in other clades to support this topology. </p>
            <p> Although  Ctenipocoris is essentially circumtropical in lentic habitats, it is uncommonly collected. This widespread, disjunct distribution with few species and uncommon occurrence suggests that  Ctenipocoris might have previously been more diverse and was outcompeted by other taxa, such as  Pelocoris in the New World and species of  Naucorinae in the Old World. In a treatment of  Telmatotrephes Stål, 1854 (Nepidae) , which similarly is distributed in both hemispheres and represented by relatively few species, Lansbury (1972) also considered the discontinuous distribution to be evidence of a relict group in decline. A key to identify the Neotropical species of  Ctenipocoris was presented by Herrera (2013). </p>
            <p> Included taxa: This tribe is represented by only the genus  Ctenipocoris and eight described species. A few additional undescribed species are represented in the Enns Entomology Museum, University of Missouri, and other museum collections. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF9EFFC7FC6282BE03C4FA64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF99FFC6FC6281220554F8D9.text	E25E878FFF99FFC6FC6281220554F8D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heleocorini Sites 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> TRIBE  HELEOCORINI TRIB. NOV.</p>
            <p>FIGS 4B, 5A, B, 12, 14A, C, 15B, 21</p>
            <p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: 8CBB9ABB-857E-4540-8213-1B1648FDF868</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: This group includes some taxa with extreme habitat specializations, thus a simple characterization of the tribe is not possible. A feature characteristic for all species except  Pogonocaudina indica Sites &amp; Zettel, 2011 and  Decarloa darlingtoni La Rivers, 1969 is that the spinose setae of the posteroventral row on the mesofemur are tightly spaced such that adjacent setae or their sockets are in contact or nearly so (Fig. 5a) and number approximately 60–90. In addition, in all except the clade containing  Decarloa ,  Diaphorocoris and  Interocoris , the anteroventral seta row on the metafemur is noticeably arcuate or with a posteromesal direction change in the basal third as it extends basally (Fig. 5b). </p>
            <p> Comments: Because the clades have a high degree of fidelity with respect to geography and the type species is from Mumbai, the  Heleocoris clade from India remains unchanged as the genus  Heleocoris (see Comments section above) and the containing group is the new tribe  Heleocorini . Representing this clade in the analyses are  Heleocoris elongatus Montandon, 1897b ,  Heleocoris rotundatus Montandon, 1908 and  Heleocoris vicinus Montandon, 1910b . Species in the clades containing  Heleocoris from Madagascar and Southeast Asia are here transferred to the newly erected genera  Tsingala gen. nov. and  Heleolaccocoris gen. nov. , respectively (described below).  Tsingala was recovered with its sister genus  Temnocoris , both endemic to Madagascar (red-coloured clades in Fig. 13), in the tribe  Laccocorini . Species of  Laccocoris from Borneo, Sumatra, the Philippines and  Laccocoris dissidens Montandon, 1910 , described from Burma, are transferred to  Heleolaccocoris along with the Southeast Asian species of  Heleocoris (blue-coloured clades in Fig. 13). </p>
            <p> Among the Indian waterfall-inhabiting species,  Pogonocaudina indica was recovered as a derived member of a clade of  Diaphorocoris . Although it exhibits morphological features supporting its distinction as a genus-level taxon, including singlesegmented fore tarsi in both sexes, its evolutionary relationship with species of  Diaphorocoris require that the genus be synonymized. As such, the monotypic  Pogonocaudina is a junior synonym of  Diaphorocoris with the species becoming  Diaphorocoris indicus (Sites &amp; Zettel, 2011) comb. nov. Nested in this group of Indian taxa are  Interocoris mexicanus (Usinger, 1935) and  Decarloa darlingtoni , both from northern tropical America (Mesoamerica and Hispaniola, respectively). These two monotypic genera have long been enigmatic because there is little representation of this subfamily in the New World. That they are most closely related to taxa from India raises new questions about their origin. </p>
            <p> Included taxa:  Heleocoris and  Diaphorocoris occur in India;  Heleolaccocoris occurs from the easternmost Indian states and Indochina through the Sunda Islands to the Philippines.  Decarloa and  Interocoris are American monotypic genera. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF99FFC6FC6281220554F8D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF98FFC6FC6B87E30489FA2B.text	E25E878FFF98FFC6FC6B87E30489FA2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laccocorini POPOV 1970	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> TRIBE  LACCOCORINI POPOV, 1970</p>
            <p>FIGS 3B, 5C, D, 6, 10E, 11E, 14B, D, 15A, 20</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: A unifying feature for all members of  Laccocorini except  Aneurocoris is that the anteroventral seta row on the metafemur gradually extends toward the middle of the ventral surface basally (Fig. 5d), or if there is an inflection in the direction, it occurs in the distal half of the femur. The spinose setae of the posteroventral row on the mesofemur are not tightly packed and are separated from each other at least by the width of a seta (Fig. 5c) and number approximately 40–60. The labrum has a transverse sulcus at the base (Fig. 6), although the sulcus appears to have been lost in  Temnocoris . </p>
            <p> Comments: Because  Laccocoris spurcus is the type species for the subfamily, this clade is here recognized as tribe  Laccocorini . This tribe is endemic to Africa, Madagascar and the Middle East. Generic level relationships among  Aneurocoris ,  Laccocoris ,  Temnocoris and the new genus  Tsingala are strongly supported (bs = 100). The clade containing  Aneurocoris and  Laccocoris from mainland Africa have a unique fracture (Fig. 10e) across the hemelytra from the distal ends of the embolia through the tip of the claval commissure (Mbogho &amp;  Sites, 2013 ). This fracture is present in both sexes of  Aneurocoris insolitus Montandon, 1897b and mostly only females of  Laccocoris , although it is also present in some males. The Middle Eastern  Heleocoris minisculus Walker, 1870 also bears this fracture and is here transferred to  Laccocoris as  L. minisculus (Walker, 1870) comb. nov. , but the fracture is absent in the clade of Temnocoris +  Tsingala from Madagascar. </p>
            <p> Included taxa:  Aneurocoris (known by only two species in Lake Tanganyika) and  Laccocoris are from mainland Africa, and  Temnocoris and  Tsingala are endemic to Madagascar. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF98FFC6FC6B87E30489FA2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF98FFC5FC5B82E5052FFDAB.text	E25E878FFF98FFC5FC5B82E5052FFDAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Namtokocorini Sites 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> TRIBE  NAMTOKOCORINI TRIB. NOV.</p>
            <p>FIG. 4C</p>
            <p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: 046C1346-835E-4C5D-B4B1-D5BC902FFF12</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Diagnostic features were provided by  Sites &amp; Vitheepradit (2007) as follows: (1) a pair of prominent scutellar protuberances; (2) the prosternal midline bears an expansive, thin, plate-like carina; (3) the forelegs of both sexes have a one-segmented tarsus apparently fused with the tibia; (4) the forelegs have a single pretarsal claw; and (5) prominent linear series of stout hairs occur on the hemelytra. </p>
            <p> Comments:  Namtokocoris occurs on the vertical rock surfaces of waterfalls in Indochina and is recognized here as the new tribe  Namtokocorini . The designation of single-genus tribes for  Namtokocoris and  Ctenipocoris is necessary to create a consistent taxonomic framework for the subfamily with the inclusion of the more diverse tribes  Heleocorini and  Laccocorini . </p>
            <p> Included taxa: This tribe is represented by only the genus  Namtokocoris and seven described species (  Sites &amp; Vitheepradit, 2007; Vitheepradit, 2017). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF98FFC5FC5B82E5052FFDAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF9BFFC5FF22851C02D2FB9A.text	E25E878FFF9BFFC5FF22851C02D2FB9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Limnocorinae STAL 1876	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> SUBFAMILY  LIMNOCORINAE STÅL, 1876</p>
            <p>FIGS 10F, 11F, 16</p>
            <p> Type species:  Limnocoris insignis Stål, 1858 . </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history: Stål (1876) proposed the division Limnocoraria to contain two genera,  Borborocoris and  Limnocoris , that he described. Montandon (1897c) elevated Limnocoraria to subfamily status as  Limnocorinae and synonymized the two genera. Two additional genera,  Sattleriella and  Usingerina , have been described, but ultimately were also synonymized with  Limnocoris by Nieser &amp; Lopez Ruf (2001) and  Sites &amp; Willig (1994), respectively. Thus, the subfamily is monogeneric. Popov (1970) considered this group as a tribe-level taxon, Limnocorini, in the subfamily  Naucorinae , but this classification scheme has not been followed by other specialists.  Limnocorinae comprises 71 described species and many more awaiting description, including species included in this analysis. </p>
            <p> Revised taxonomy: This is the only subfamily of  Naucoridae that remains unchanged following this revision and that of Reynoso-Velasco &amp;  Sites (2021) . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis: This subfamily is distinguished by the strongly developed meso- and metasternal midventral carinae (Fig. 16), a condition that can be species specific. Many species are concolorous brownish-green, flattened and ovate to circular in outline, thus their bodies are saucer shaped (Fig. 10f).</p>
            <p> Comments: This subfamily is exclusively New World in distribution and is sister to  Cryphocricinae , which also is restricted to the New World. Both subfamilies are more species rich in the Neotropics, with minimal incursions into the Nearctic region. The molecular distance of  Limnocorinae in the dendrograms of both the BI and ML analyses was sufficiently great that the clade length was interrupted and shortened to be depicted on the graphics. These two subfamilies are sufficiently adapted to their particular environmental circumstances that morphological synapomorphies to link them are not evident; however, biogeographic and molecular evidence (pp = 0.90, bs = 99) provides compelling evidence for this sister group relationship. The North American and South American Andean faunas were each recently revised (Rodrigues &amp;  Sites, 2019 , 2021, respectively), with further revisions in progress for the Guiana Shield, Amazonian, and southern South American faunas by the same authors. </p>
            <p> Although  Limnocorinae was recovered as clearly monophyletic, relationships among species and species groups in the subfamily were not well supported in either analysis. Further research will be necessary to determine evolutionary relationships in the subfamily. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF9BFFC5FF22851C02D2FB9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF9BFFC4FCA583860662FAE2.text	E25E878FFF9BFFC4FCA583860662FAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrocorinae Sites 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> SUBFAMILY  MACROCORINAE SUBFAM. NOV.</p>
            <p>FIGS 10G, 11G</p>
            <p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: 75C4C846-27F8-42DC-91B4-7812C7789D36</p>
            <p> Type species:  Macrocoris flavicollis Signoret, 1861 . Taxonomic history: The genera  Macrocoris and  Neomacrocoris have been held in  Naucorinae :  Naucorini (Štys &amp; Jansson, 1988;  Zettel, 2001 ). Two species of  Macrocoris from Madagascar were originally described in  Pseudambrysus (Montandon, 1897a) ; however, the genus was downgraded to subgenus by Montandon (1900), then appeared as a synonym of  Macrocoris in the catalogue of La Rivers (1971). </p>
            <p> Revised taxonomy: Based on the evidence from the molecular analyses and morphology of the aedeagus, I here erect the new subfamily  Macrocorinae to hold these two sister genera. As such,  Macrocoris (Fig. 10g) and  Neomacrocoris are transferred from  Naucorinae to  Macrocorinae . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Members of  Macrocorinae are among the most dorsoventrally robust in the family. Both genera have a dramatically asymmetrical aedeagus with a characteristic shape and substantial, heavily sclerotized, articulated vesica (Fig. 11g). Large, elliptical parameres flank the aedeagus in  Macrocoris (Fig. 11g), whereas parameres are absent in  Neomacrocoris . The mesosternal carina is sufficiently setose to obscure the cuticular structure of the carina, which can be entire (  Macrocoris ) or crenulate (  Neomacrocoris ) (  Sites &amp; Mbogho, 2012). The pygophore is greatly elongated at the midline to nearly half the aedeagus length (Fig. 11g). </p>
            <p> Comments: This subfamily is endemic to Africa, with  Macrocoris occurring on both the mainland and Madagascar and  Neomacrocoris restricted to the African mainland.  Neomacrocoris was revised recently (  Sites &amp; Mbogho, 2012), whereas  Macrocoris is in need of revision. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF9BFFC4FCA583860662FAE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF9AFFCBFF388287048BFB1E.text	E25E878FFF9AFFCBFF388287048BFB1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Naucorinae LEACH 1815	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> SUBFAMILY  NAUCORINAE LEACH, 1815</p>
            <p>FIGS 10H, 11H, 17, 19, 22–25</p>
            <p> Type species:  Naucoris maculatus Fabricius, 1798 . </p>
            <p> Taxonomic history: The nominate subfamily was recognized as the division Naucoraria by Stål (1876) to include  Ilyocoris ,  Macrocoris ,  Naucoris and  Pelocoris . The group was referenced as subfamily  Naucorinae by Montandon (1900) when describing  Macrocoris parviceps . Since then, additional genera have been described and placed in  Naucorinae , but the subfamily was not based on any synapomorphies and the monotypy has been considered doubtful (e.g.  Sites &amp; Mbogho, 2012). The genus  Carvalhoiella was described in  Ambrysinae (De Carlo, 1963) , then was transferred to  Naucorini (Nieser, 1975) , but was later transferred back to  Ambrysinae (Nieser et al., 1999) .  Zettel (2001) suggested the tribe  Ilyocorini to contain  Ilyocoris ,  Pelocoris and  Placomerus and  Naucorini to contain  Asthenocoris ,  Macrocoris ,  Nanonaucoris ,  Naucoris ,  Neomacrocoris ,  Philippinocoris ,  Stalocoris and  Thurselinus Distant, 1904 . In the description of  Halmaheria, Zettel (2007) noted a series of attributes suggesting a close relationship of this new genus with both Sagocorini (  Cheirochelinae ) and  Naucorini (Naucorinae) . Therefore, he transferred the Philippine genera of Sagocorini (  Asthenocoris ,  Philippinocoris and  Stalocoris ) to  Naucorini . Recently,  Pelocoris was transferred from  Naucorinae to  Ambrysinae (ReynosoVelasco &amp; Sites, 2021) . </p>
            <p> Revised taxonomy: In my Most Probable Phylogeny dendrogram (Fig. 9), I substituted the ML topology of Clade O, the predominantly New Guinean clade, into the BI dendrogram to represent what I consider to be the most plausible, supported evolutionary relationships within the subfamily. The revised subfamily  Naucorinae presented in the Most Probable Phylogeny has four major clades (Fig. 18), each of which represents a tribe and includes a species of  Naucoris (Fig. 19) at its root with strong support. Because the genus  Naucoris , as currently conceived, is clearly polyphyletic, new genera will be necessary for species of  Naucoris in all but one clade. Because these species were previously considered congeners, morphological distinctions supporting their recognition as multiple genera are not evident in some cases. Nonetheless, the molecular evidence presented here that  Naucoris as currently conceived is polyphyletic is strong. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: With the recent transfer of  Pelocoris to  Ambrysinae ,  Ilyocoris and  Placomerus to  Ilyocorinae , and  Macrocoris and  Neomacrocoris to  Macrocorinae , a clear synapomorphy among genera in  Naucorinae is now evident. The male parameres are large, crisscrossing and dramatically asymmetrical in all species. More specifically, the left paramere overlaps the right and is broader and slightly shorter than the right. The right paramere tends to have a sulcus or elongated fossa on its right side to accommodate the left side of the aedeagus shaft. Both parameres wrap around and embrace the aedeagus (Fig. 11h). </p>
            <p> Comments: Because each of these tribe groups has one or more species of  Naucoris at the root, this suggests that an especially vagile ancestral  Naucoris -like taxon dispersed widely, giving rise to multiple independent lineages of naucorids. This concept was astutely hypothesized by Polhemus &amp; Polhemus (1987) when considering the origins of the Philippine and New Guinean stock based on head structure and male genitalia. We now have strong corroborating molecular evidence for these relationships. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF9AFFCBFF388287048BFB1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF95FFCAFC5483CD07ACF932.text	E25E878FFF95FFCAFC5483CD07ACF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Afronaucorini Sites 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> TRIBE  AFRONAUCORINI TRIB. NOV.</p>
            <p>FIGS 11H, 19C, 22</p>
            <p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: 92431AE1-96E6-4568-8873-7D5D38B34307</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Autapomorphies for this clade are not evident at this time, but the distinction as an independent lineage is supported by the geographic association with the Afrotropical region.</p>
            <p> Comments: Three specimens of  Naucoris from Africa were recovered as a clade distinct from the other tribe-level clades in  Naucorinae (pp = 1.0, bs = 100). This group was represented in the analysis by two populations of  Naucoris obscuratus Montandon, 1913 from the Pwani and Mara regions in Tanzania with little evolutionary distance from each other.  Naucoris parvulus Signoret, 1860 from Madagascar was recovered as their sister. As such, for these African species of  Naucoris , I propose  Afronaucoris</p>
            <p> 1270 R.W.  SITES gen. nov. and the containing group in the new tribe  Afronaucorini . Also examined morphologically were  Naucoris ciliatistylus Linnavuori, 1971 ,  Naucoris kenyalis Poisson, 1949 and  Naucoris madagascariensis Montandon, 1899 . These species are remarkably similar in appearance and are also transferred to  Afronaucoris . Three additional species of  Naucoris are known from Africa (  Naucoris fuscipennis Schaum, 1853 ,  Naucoris perezii Bolívar, 1879 and  Naucoris planus Germar, 1838 ). Although I know of no museum specimens, because of their African geographic records, these species are provisionally transferred to  Afronaucoris for taxonomic stability. Further study of these species is needed to confirm their proper generic assignment. The Palaearctic  Naucoris maculatus Fabricius, 1798 occurs in northern Africa and was recovered in a different clade with other species of  Naucoris from Southeast Asia (  Naucorini ). </p>
            <p> Included taxa: The two species included in the molecular analysis were  Afronaucoris parvulus (Signoret, 1860) comb. nov. from Madagascar and two populations of  Afronaucoris obscuratus (Montandon, 1913) comb. nov. from Tanzania. Additional taxonomic actions are given below in the formal description of the genus. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF95FFCAFC5483CD07ACF932	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF94FFCAFECF81E80363FAD0.text	E25E878FFF94FFCAFECF81E80363FAD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asthenocorini Sites 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> TRIBE  ASTHENOCORINI TRIB. NOV.</p>
            <p>FIGS 17, 19D, 24</p>
            <p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: 195C2481-7E1F-4692-A007-4AA952D643AE</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: All members of  Asthenocorini have an anteromedial tooth of the prosternum (Fig. 17), except  Indonaucoris gen. nov.</p>
            <p> Comments: This predominantly Philippine clade is represented by the three former members of Sagocorini that were transferred to  Naucorinae by  Zettel (2007) and a tiny (5 mm length)  Naucoris -like species from India at its root. For this strongly supported group (pp = 1.0, bs = 100), I propose the new tribe  Asthenocorini and the small  Naucoris -like species at the root is described here as  Indonaucoris minutus sp. nov. (see description below). </p>
            <p> Included taxa: This tribe contains three genera endemic to the Philippines:  Asthenocoris ,  Philippinocoris and  Stalocoris . Also included is  Indonaucoris from Maharashtra, India. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF94FFCAFECF81E80363FAD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF94FFC9FC0682F6066CFBDD.text	E25E878FFF94FFC9FC0682F6066CFBDD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Idiocarini Sites 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> TRIBE  IDIOCARINI TRIB. NOV.</p>
            <p>FIG. 23</p>
            <p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: 3F13F62A-0CCB-4452-9224-7CE361467AF7</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Despite the diversity of genera in this tribe, a synapomorphy that unites them is the shape of the left paramere of the males (Fig. 23c). Specifically, they tend to be relatively broad and lack the pronounced lobe of the left side that is present in the other tribes of  Naucorinae (Figs 22c, 24e), thus rendering the structure as appearing less modified, whereas this is probably the derived character state given its phylogenetic position in the dendrogram and that the lobe is present in the other tribes. Species of  Sagocoris may have secondarily acquired an incipient lobe unrelated to the pronounced lobe of the other tribes. </p>
            <p> Comments: The seven New Guinean endemic genera of the former tribes Sagocorini and Tanycricini are here transferred from  Cheirochelinae to  Naucorinae . They were recovered with an Australian species of  Naucoris at the root. For this strongly supported clade (pp = 1.0, bs = 100), I propose the new tribe  Idiocarini and  Australonaucoris gen. nov. described below, in which to transfer  Naucoris congrex . In addition to  N. congrex , five other species of  Naucoris are known from Australia:  Naucoris australicus Stål, 1876 ,  Naucoris magela Lansbury, 1991 ,  Naucoris scutellaris (=  Naucoris rhizomatus J. Polhemus, 1984 ; some authorities placed this species in  Thurselinus Distant, 1904 ),  Naucoris subaureus Lansbury, 1985 and  Naucoris subopacus Montandon, 1913 . </p>
            <p> Included taxa: This tribe contains seven genera endemic to New Guinea, including  Aptinocoris Montandon, 1897d ,  Cavocoris ,  Idiocarus ,  Nesocricos ,  Sagocoris ,  Tanycricos and  Warisia La Rivers, 1971 . Also included is  Australonaucoris from Australia. Three of the other species of  Naucoris from Australia also are transferred to  Australonaucoris (see description of the genus below). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF94FFC9FC0682F6066CFBDD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF97FFC8FED683B8058EFE9A.text	E25E878FFF97FFC8FED683B8058EFE9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Naucorini POPOV 1970	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> TRIBE  NAUCORINI POPOV, 1970</p>
            <p>FIG. 10H</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: As has been the dilemma with the previous concept of the subfamily  Naucorinae , apomorphic characters to define the tribe as considered here are not evident. The dramatically asymmetrical parameres are consistent with all other tribes in  Naucorinae . It lacks the relatively broad left paramere without a pronounced lobe on the left side which is characteristic of  Idiocarini . It lacks the anteromedial tooth of the prosternum, which is characteristic of all but one member of  Asthenocorini . </p>
            <p> Comments: The major clade at the root of  Naucorinae includes two species of  Naucoris and two populations of the closely related  Thurselinus scutellaris , and forms the tribe  Naucorini . Although most treatments have considered the species as  Naucoris scutellaris, Zettel (2001) resurrected Distant’s (1904) genus  Thurselinus in which to place  N. scutellaris based on connexival corner shape and paramere condition.  Naucoris maculatus is the nominate species of the family and its relationship with  Thurselinus renders the clade paraphyletic in this topology; thus,  Thurselinus is here re-synonymized with  Naucoris as originally described by Stål (1860). Further, the two specimens identified as  N. scutellaris are from Australia and Thailand and are of sufficient molecular evolutionary distance that they apparently are not conspecific. The population from Australia was first described as  Naucoris rhizomatus Polhemus, 1984 , but was later synonymized with  N. scutellaris (Polhemus &amp; Polhemus, 2013) . Because the type locality for the species is Java, it is uncertain if either the Australian or Thai specimens represent actual  N. scutellaris . Comparison with material from Java is needed to determine appropriate name changes. Assuming the Australian and Thai specimens included in the analysis here are not conspecific, one of three nomenclatural scenarios is possible: the Thai population is unique and should be described,  N. rhizomatus should be reinstated as a valid species as originally described, or both if neither population is conspecific with  N. scutellaris from Java. Further complicating the identity of  N. scutellaris is that Shruti Paripatyadar (Pune, India) has populations of putative  N. scutellaris from Maharashtra with the typical spined left paramere but with a right paramere that differs. Also,  N. scutellaris has been recorded from the Philippines and also has the spined left paramere (  Zettel, 1999 ). Thus, it seems that the widespread  N. scutellaris might be a complex of cryptic species. If so, several synonyms exist that might be available for Indian and Sri Lankan species (Lundblad, 1933). </p>
            <p> Included taxa: The distribution of  N. maculatus is Palaearctic,  N. scutellaris and  N. sigaloeis are Southeast Asian,  N. rhizomatus is Australian and five additional species of  Naucoris have not been mentioned above. Because of the apparent vagility of the ancestral stock and precarious action of assigning these additional five species to groups without compelling non-molecular evidence, the following are not treated here and are incertae sedis:  Naucoris acuta Spinola, 1837 ,  Naucoris minutus D. Polhemus &amp; J. Polhemus, 2013 ,  Naucoris obscuripennis Stål, 1854 ,  Naucoris pumilus Zettel, Nieser &amp; D.Polhemus, 1999 and  Naucoris sumatranus Fieber, 1851 . The identity of  N. acuta is unknown because the eleven-word original description and lack of authoritatively determined specimens render the species unrecognizable based on available information, thus this is a species inquirenda. Figures in the original description of  N. minutus , and descriptions of  N. obscuripennis and  N. pumilus (see  Zettel, 1999 ) show a lobe on the left side of the left paramere. These species are therefore not members of  Idiocarini . A female lectotype of  N. sumatranus was designated based on the only remaining specimen from the type series (  Zettel, 2011 ), if more than one specimen ever existed, thus male genitalia are not available for this species. Additional research is needed to determine proper taxonomic placement of these five species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF97FFC8FED683B8058EFE9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF96FFCFFE9885C5059BFA42.text	E25E878FFF96FFCFFE9885C5059BFA42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tsingala Sites 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> TSINGALA GEN. NOV.</p>
            <p>FIGS 5C, D, 11H, 20</p>
            <p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: 92EEA10A-6208-404D-8024-C2DBAF79590D</p>
            <p> Type species:  Tsingala humeralis (Signoret, 1860) . </p>
            <p>Description: Form ovate; widest at embolia; moderately flattened for family.</p>
            <p>Head broad, eyes and anterior margin continuously and evenly convex to anterolateral corners of pronotum. Eyes slightly divergent anteriorly; mesal margin straight or nearly so, anteroventral margin concave; narrow band of cuticle posterior to eye widening lateral to eye. Front of head rolled posteroventrally so labrum set back from functional anterior margin, giving a bull-nosed appearance. Labrum broadly, evenly rounded with transverse basal sulcus. Maxillary plate not flap like, but integral with head capsule, immediately posterolateral to labrum. Rostrum with three visible segments, with segments 1 and part of 2 concealed behind labrum. Antenna four segmented with segment 1 short and inconspicuous, 2 and 4 longer, 3 longest; segments 2–3 enlarged, 2–4 setose. Head and pronotum moderately convex transversely.</p>
            <p>Pronotum with anterior margin straight between eyes, then becoming concave as margin contours around eye; lateral margins convergent anteriorly and with slight convexity; posterior margin straight with rounded posterolateral corners. Scutellum triangular, lateral margins sinuate, twice as wide as long, evenly domed, heavily punctate. Hemelytra punctate, extending to tip of abdomen. Embolium well defined with embolar suture, yellowish anteriorly, dark posteriorly; clavus well defined with claval and intraclaval sutures; corium, clavus and embolium with sparse, fine hairs.</p>
            <p>Propleuron immediately lateral to coxal cavity infuscated and covered with long clavate setae; laterally light coloured and glabrous. Prosternum sharply carinate, anterior surface of carina expressed as an elongate triangle to appress rostrum. Mesosternum roundedly carinate medially with a brush of long hairs and several isolated short, dark spines; carina terminates posteriorly as posteroventrally-directed tubercle. Metaxyphus broad with sharp median carina. Abdominal venter mostly glabrous along midline of III–V, covered with recumbent hairs and long, erect hairs laterally; thin, glabrous band along lateral margin; laterosternites each with 2–5 oval, glabrous depressions near spiracles; laterosternite V posterior margin modified as a variously-shaped lobe in females.</p>
            <p>Profemur elongate, inflated, anterior margin with dorsal and ventral rows of golden hairs sandwiching one row of short, dark spines. Protarsus single segmented in females, two segmented in males, each with paired movable pretarsal claws. Males with thick pad of setae on mesotibia and tarsomeres 2 and 3, and to a lesser extent on protibia and both tarsomeres; female with pads of setae greatly reduced. Metafemur with anteroventral oblique, straight row of long setae (Fig. 5d). Meso- and metafemora with posteroventral rows of short, spinose setae spaced approximately one spine width apart for most of length, tightly spaced in distal fifth of mesofemur (Fig. 5c); posterior margins with dense brush of light-coloured hair; hairs longer on mesofemur. Meso- and metatibiae with rows of long dark-red spines. Long golden swimming hairs sparse on mesotibia and tarsus, profuse on metatibia and tarsus.</p>
            <p>Males with aedeagus stout, narrowing apically; parameres asymmetrical, short, generally hatchet shaped; medial lobes of tergum VIII (pseudoparameres) well-developed. Female mediosternite VII (subgenital plate) broad basally, convex transversely, lateral margins convergent posteriorly, shape at apex differs interspecifically.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: In addition to features unique to the subfamily and tribe (see diagnoses above), the labral apex is rounded, the hemelytra lack a fracture from the distal ends of the embolia through the tip of the claval commissure, the anterior margin of the head is rounded rather than sharply margined, and the genus is endemic to Madagascar.</p>
            <p>Etymology: In Malagasy, the native language of Madagascar, tsingala is the word for a naucorid bug. As such, I honour the people of Madagascar by elevating their common name for these insects with formal scientific recognition.</p>
            <p> Comments: The three species formerly held in  Heleocoris known from Madagascar are here transferred to  Tsingala . As such, the following new combinations are proposed: </p>
            <p> Tsingala humeralis (Signoret, 1860) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Tsingala naucoroides naucoroides (Montandon, 1897d) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Tsingala naucoroides ambiguus (Poisson, 1962) comb. nov. </p>
            <p> Tsingala nossibeanus (Bergroth, 1893) comb. nov.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF96FFCFFE9885C5059BFA42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF91FFCDFED6817F0416FE9B.text	E25E878FFF91FFCDFED6817F0416FE9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heleolaccocoris Sites 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> HELEOLACCOCORIS GEN. NOV.</p>
            <p>FIGS 4B, 5A, B, 11E, 21</p>
            <p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: E84AF6F5-D470-436E-9D0C-F26EB532CCF4</p>
            <p> Type species:  Heleolaccocoris horvathi (Montandon, 1897b) . </p>
            <p>Description: Form broadly oval; widest at embolia; dorsoventrally flattened.</p>
            <p>Head broad, less than twice as long as wide, eyes and anterior margin continuously and evenly convex to anterolateral corners of pronotum. Eyes slightly convergent anteriorly; mesal margin straight, anteroventral margin concave; narrow band of cuticle posterior to eye widening lateral to eye. Front of head rolled posteroventrally so labrum set back from functional anterior margin, giving a bull-nosed appearance. Labrum wider than long, apex rounded or pointed, without transverse basal sulcus. Maxillary plate not flap like, but integral with head capsule, immediately posterolateral to labrum. Rostrum with three visible segments, with segments 1 and part of 2 concealed behind labrum. Antennae four segmented with segment 1 short and inconspicuous, 2 and 4 longer, 3 longest; segment 2 enlarged, 2–4 setose. Head and pronotum flattened transversely.</p>
            <p>Pronotum with anterior margin straight or slightly concave between eyes, then concavity becoming more pronounced as margin contours around eye; lateral margins strongly convergent anteriorly and with slight convexity; posterior margin straight except at posterolateral corners. Scutellum triangular, lateral margins sinuate, ~twice as wide as long, heavily punctate. Hemelytra punctate throughout, extending to tip of abdomen. Embolar suture well-defined mesally, but poorly defined or absent posteriorly in some species; clavus well defined with claval and intraclaval sutures.</p>
            <p>Propleuron immediately lateral to coxal cavity with brush of long setae; mesal part irregularly shaped and pruinose; lateral part glabrous. Prosternum sharply carinate, carina widening anteriorly to form a Y shape. Mesosternum tumescent medially with thick brush of long hairs. Metaxyphus well developed and with median carina. Abdominal venter covered with dense pile of appressed hairs; brush of long hairs on midline of III–VII in females, III–VIII in males; glabrous band along lateral margin; laterosternites each with 2–4 oval to elongate, glabrous depressions near spiracles.</p>
            <p>Profemur elongate for family, not noticeably inflated, anterior margin with dorsal and ventral rows of golden hairs sandwiching one or two rows of short, dark spines. Protarsus single segmented in females, two segmented in males, each with paired movable pretarsal claws. Males with thick pad of hairs on mesotibia and tarsomeres 2 and 3, and to a lesser extent on protibia and both tarsomeres; females with pads of hairs greatly reduced. Mesofemur with posteroventral row of short, spinose setae tightly spaced such that bases of adjacent setae are in contact or nearly so (Fig. 5a); posterior margin with dense brush of light-coloured setae. Metafemur with posteroventral row of short spinose setae spaced approximately one seta width apart for most of length; with anteroventral seta row noticeably arcuate or with a posteromesal direction change in basal third as it extends basally (Fig. 5b). Meso- and metatibiae with rows of long, dark-red spines. Long, golden swimming hairs sparse on mesotibia and tarsus, profuse on metatibia and tarsus.</p>
            <p>Proctiger triangular; aedeagus with lateral margins convex or angled, widest near middle; parameres small, symmetrical, touching or nearly touching lateral margins of aedeagus. Female mediosternite VII (subgenital plate) broad basally, strongly convex transversely, lateral margins convergent posteriorly; posterior margin interspecifically variable.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Beyond attributes unique to the subfamily and tribe (see diagnoses above), additional nonmolecular features to distinguish  Heleolaccocoris from  Heleocoris in India are not apparent other than geographic association. </p>
            <p> Etymology: The genus name recognizes the previous generic associations of species in this clade. Thus,  Heleolaccocoris is an amalgamation of  Heleocoris and  Laccocoris , with the prefix derived from the Greek ἕλειος, marsh dwelling. </p>
            <p> Comments: All species of  Laccocoris from Southeast Asia, the Sunda Islands and Philippines, as well as all species of  Heleocoris from Southeast Asia, including Yunnan, are here transferred to  Heleolaccocoris . Although I have not examined all species, because of the clear geographic association for species of  Laccocoris and  Heleocoris , all species from this region are here transferred for taxonomic stability. As such, the following new combinations are proposed: </p>
            <p> Heleolaccocoris dissidens (Montandon, 1910a) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Heleolaccocoris floresensis (Nieser &amp; Chen, 1992) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Heleolaccocoris grandis (Montandon, 1909) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Heleolaccocoris hoogstraali (La Rivers, 1970) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Heleolaccocoris horvathi (Montandon, 1897b) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Heleolaccocoris jaechi (Zettel, 2012) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Heleolaccocoris laeviceps (Montandon, 1897b) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Heleolaccocoris malayensis (D. Polhemus &amp; J. Polhemus, 2013) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Heleolaccocoris marginatus (Montandon, 1897d) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Heleolaccocoris mcphersoni (Sites &amp; Vitheepradit, 2011) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Heleolaccocoris montandoni (Lundblad, 1933) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Heleolaccocoris nebulosus (Montandon, 1909) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Heleolaccocoris nervicus (Montandon, 1897d) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Heleolaccocoris obscuratus (Montandon, 1897d) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Heleolaccocoris ovatus (Montandon, 1897b) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Heleolaccocoris staudingeri (Montandon, 1897b) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Heleolaccocoris strabus (Montandon, 1897b) comb. nov.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF91FFCDFED6817F0416FE9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF93FFCDFBD686540204FD25.text	E25E878FFF93FFCDFBD686540204FD25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Naucorinae LEACH 1815	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> NAUCORINAE</p>
            <p> Species in the following three new genera were, or would have been in the case of  Indonaucoris , previously recognized within  Naucoris . Thus, although molecular evidence reveals strong distinctions among them, generic level morphological differences are subtle at best in these morphologically conserved taxa. As such, I provide a generalized description of each new genus, but with few evident morphological differences. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF93FFCDFBD686540204FD25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFF93FFF3FC0585FC05FDF98F.text	E25E878FFF93FFF3FC0585FC05FDF98F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Afronaucoris Sites 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> AFRONAUCORIS GEN. NOV.</p>
            <p>FIGS 19C, 22</p>
            <p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: BEBB3A8F-C584-468C-824A-0592A28716E5</p>
            <p> Type species:  Afronaucoris obscuratus (Montandon, 1913) . </p>
            <p>Description: Form ovate; widest just posterior to middle, at embolia (Fig. 22a); moderately flattened for family. Head broad, eyes and anterior margin continuously and evenly convex to anterolateral corners of pronotum. Eyes convergent anteriorly; each eye narrowing anteriorly when viewed from above, mesal margin straight or nearly so, anteroventral margin concave; narrow band of cuticle lateral to eye. Labrum arising at front of head between inner margins of eyes; apex broadly rounded. Maxillary plates angled ventromedially, tips rounded, not exceeding apex of labrum. Rostrum with three visible segments, with segments one and part of two concealed behind labrum. Antennae four segmented with segment 1 short and inconspicuous, 2 and 4 longer, 3 longest, segments 2–4 enlarged and setose. Midventer of head sharply carinate. Head and pronotum moderately convex transversely.</p>
            <p>Pronotum with anterior margin straight or slightly concave between eyes, then concavity becoming more pronounced as margin wraps around eyes; lateral margins slightly convex and convergent anteriorly; posterior margin mostly straight, with slight concavity medially and convexity laterally to posterolateral corners. Scutellum triangular, slightly wider than long, evenly domed, heavily punctate. Hemelytra extending to tip of abdomen. Embolium well defined with embolar suture, yellowish anteriorly, dark posteriorly; clavus well defined with claval and intraclaval sutures; corium, clavus and membrane punctate and dark with subtle mottling, sparse long hairs and a single light spot at the middle of corium/membrane interface.</p>
            <p>Propleuron lateral to coxal cavity infuscated and setose; posterolaterally light coloured and glabrous; mesal margin triangular and touching prosternellum such that prosternellum is dorsad of propleuron tip. Probasisternum sharply carinate, carina continuous with midventral carina of head. Mesosternum broadly carinate medially with a brush of long hairs and several isolated short, dark spines, which can be concealed by hairs. Metaxyphus with sharp median carina. Abdominal venter thickly covered with long hairs except narrow glabrous lateral band; laterosternites with paired, oval, glabrous depressions near spiracles.</p>
            <p>Profemur inflated, anterior margin with dorsal and ventral rows of golden hairs sandwiching two rows of short, dark spines. Protarsus single segmented with single, fixed, minute pretarsal claw. Meso- and metafemora with posteroventral row of short spines; those on mesofemur densely packed such that bases of adjacent spines are touching or nearly touching; those on metafemur less densely packed, spaced approximately one spine width apart. Meso- and metatibiae with numerous rows of long dark red spines. Long golden swimming hairs sparse on mesotibia and tarsus, profuse on metatibia and tarsus.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia with aedeagus widest apically, with pronounced flap-like structure on right side with membranous window below; parameres strongly asymmetrical, criss-crossing in basal third; left paramere overlapping right, arcuate, with pronounced lobe on left margin; right paramere slenderer, more arcuate, with elongate sulcus in distal third to embrace aedeagus. Female mediosternite VII (subgenital plate) broad basally, strongly convex transversely, lateral margins convergent posteriorly toward broadly rounded to spatulate apex.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Morphological features diagnostic for this clade are not evident at this time; however, the distinction of this genus as an independent lineage is supported by its geographic association with the Afrotropical region.</p>
            <p> Etymology: The genus name recognizes the region in which these former members of  Naucoris occur, while still referencing the previous generic association. The prefix is derived from the Latin  Afer , African. </p>
            <p> Comments: Poisson (1949) established the subgenus  Naucorisella for the Madagascan  Naucoris parvulus Signoret, 1860 , but the subgenus was considered to be invalid and was synonymized by Štys &amp; Jansson (1988). The Afrotropical species of  Naucoris , which excludes the Palaearctic  Naucoris maculatus occurring in northern Africa, are here transferred to  Afronaucoris . Although only two species were included in the molecular analysis, the phylogenetic framework suggests a geographic occurrence by which to preliminarily associate species with this new genus. I have examined five of the eight described Afrotropical species and these are exceedingly similar in appearance. In fact,  Naucoris kenyalis was originally described as a subspecies of  N. obscuratus (Poisson, 1949) . Of the remaining three species, one is known from only the holotype (  N. fuscipennis ) and the other two (  N. perezii and  N. planus ) are known from only the inadequately brief original descriptions of more than 140 years ago (only 20 words in length for  N. planus ). Nonetheless, because of their geographic association and to establish taxonomic stability, they are included here. As such, the following new combinations are proposed: </p>
            <p> Afronaucoris ciliatistylus (Linnavuori, 1971) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Afronaucoris fuscipennis (Schaum, 1853) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Afronaucoris kenyalis (Poisson, 1949) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Afronaucoris madagascariensis (Montandon, 1899) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Afronaucoris obscuratus (Montandon, 1913) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Afronaucoris parvulus (Signoret, 1860) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Afronaucoris perezii (Bolívar, 1879) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Afronaucoris planus (Germar, 1838) comb. nov.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFF93FFF3FC0585FC05FDF98F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFFADFFF1FECF81A90645FE9A.text	E25E878FFFADFFF1FECF81A90645FE9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Australonaucoris Sites 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> AUSTRALONAUCORIS GEN. NOV.</p>
            <p>FIG. 23</p>
            <p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: E165175A-EC63-4447-954B-EFE478B99A16</p>
            <p> Type species:  Australonaucoris congrex (Stål, 1876) . Description: Form ovate; widest at middle, the middle of embolia; moderately flattened for family. Head broad, about twice as wide as long, eyes and anterior margin continuously and evenly convex to anterolateral corners of pronotum. Eyes convergent anteriorly in anterior half, subparallel in posterior half; each eye narrowing anteriorly when viewed from above, anteroventral margin concave; narrow band of cuticle posterior and lateral to eye, widening slightly at anterolateral point. Labrum arising at front of head between inner margins of eyes; apex broadly rounded. Maxillary plates angled ventromedially, tips rounded, nearly attaining apex of labrum. Rostrum with three visible segments, with segments one and part of two concealed behind labrum. Antennae four segmented with segment 1 short and inconspicuous, 2 and 4 longer, 3 longest, segments 2–4 setose. Midventer of head with rounded, setose carina. Head and pronotum moderately flattened transversely. </p>
            <p>Pronotum with anterior margin straight or slightly concave between eyes, then concavity becoming more pronounced as margin contours around eyes; lateral margins straight to slightly convex and convergent anteriorly; posterior margin mostly straight, with slight concavity medially and convexity laterally to angulate posterolateral corners. Scutellum triangular, approximately twice as wide as long, flattened, heavily punctate, lateral margins concave posteriorly and convex anteriorly. Hemelytra usually not covering tip of abdomen, leaving last segment exposed; narrowed such that lateral margins of abdominal terga are widely exposed. Embolium well defined with embolar suture, yellowish anteriorly, dark posteriorly; clavus well defined with claval and intraclaval sutures; corium, clavus and membrane punctate, darkly coloured, with sparse fine recumbent hairs.</p>
            <p>Propleuron lateral to coxal cavity infuscated and setose; posterolaterally light coloured and glabrous; mesal margin subducting beneath (dorsad to) prosternellum. Probasisternum sharply carinate, carina continuous with rounded midventral carina of head. Mesosternum broadly carinate medially with a brush of long hairs and several isolated short, dark spines, which can be concealed by hairs. Metaxyphus with sharp median carina. Abdominal venter covered with long hairs except wide glabrous lateral band; laterosternites with paired, oval, glabrous depressions near spiracles.</p>
            <p>Profemur inflated, anterior margin with dorsal and ventral rows of golden hairs sandwiching two rows of short, dark spines. Protarsus single segmented with single, fixed, minute pretarsal claw. Meso- and metafemora with posteroventral row of short spines; those on mesofemur densely packed such that adjacent spines are touching or nearly touching; those on metafemur less densely packed, spaced approximately one spine width apart. Meso- and metatibiae with numerous rows of long dark red spines. Long golden swimming hairs sparse on mesotibia and tarsus, profuse on metatibia and tarsus.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia with aedeagus long and slender, with right side angled apically and left side curving slightly to acuminate apex; parameres strongly asymmetrical, criss-crossing in basal two-thirds; left paramere overlapping right, broad, without pronounced lobe on left margin; right paramere slenderer, helically twisted, with elongate sulcus in distal fourth to embrace aedeagus; pygophore asymmetrical. Female mediosternite VII (subgenital plate) as wide as long, convex transversely, lateral margins with distinct concavity at middle, convergent toward broadly rounded apex.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: The left paramere is without a pronounced lobe on the left side and the pygophore is asymmetrical.</p>
            <p> Etymology: The genus name recognizes the Australian region in which these former members of  Naucoris occur, while still referencing the previous generic association. The prefix is derived from the Latin australis, southern. </p>
            <p> Comments: The left paramere is diagnostic for this former member of  Naucoris . Among other species of  Naucoris from Australia, figures included in the original description of  N. subaureus and the redescription of  N. subopacus clearly show the left parameres each without a lobe on the left side and pygophore asymmetrical (Lansbury, 1985); thus, these species are transferred to  Australonaucoris . Validation for the transfer of  N. subopacus was provided recently whereby it was recovered as sister to the clade with the New Guinea endemic genera (Ye et al., 2020). The parameres of  N. magela were illustrated twice (figs 19, 20) by Lansbury (1991). Although each illustration shows a dramatically different shape of the left paramere that cannot be resolved by considering viewing angles, neither illustration shows a pronounced lobe on the left side, suggesting that  N. magela also should be transferred to  Australonaucoris ; thus, this species is provisionally transferred pending confirmation of paramere condition. The parameres of  N. australicus have not been illustrated, so until specimens have been examined for paramere shape and other features, this species remains incertae sedis. The following new combinations are proposed: </p>
            <p> Australonaucoris congrex (Stål, 1876) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Australonaucoris magela (Lansbury, 1991) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Australonaucoris subaureus (Lansbury, 1985) comb. nov.</p>
            <p> Australonaucoris subopacus (Montandon, 1913) comb. nov.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFFADFFF1FECF81A90645FE9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
E25E878FFFAFFFF1FEEF86BD027AF9EE.text	E25E878FFFAFFFF1FEEF86BD027AF9EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Indonaucoris Sites 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> INDONAUCORIS GEN. NOV.</p>
            <p>FIGS 24, 25</p>
            <p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: 1E965D6D-14C1-4AE0-9A6E-C7D19EE8E41E</p>
            <p> Type species:  Indonaucoris minutus sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Description: Form nearly ovate; widest at middle, the embolia; moderately flattened for family.</p>
            <p>Head broad, eyes and anterior margin evenly convex to anterolateral corners of pronotum. Anterior margin of head with sparse row of elongate, lightcoloured setae. Eyes convergent anteriorly, angle of convergence subtly becoming greater in anterior half; anteroventral margin concave; narrow band of cuticle lateral to eye. Labrum arising at front of head between inner margins of eyes; apex broadly rounded. Maxillary plates angled ventromedially, tips almost truncate, but broadly rounded, not exceeding apex of labrum. Rostrum with three visible segments, with segments 1 and part of 2 concealed behind labrum. Antennae four segmented with segment 1 short and inconspicuous, 2 widest, 2–4 subequal in length. Midventer of head with anterior half roundedly carinate, posterior half flat. Head and pronotum moderately convex transversely.</p>
            <p>Pronotum with anterior margin straight or slightly concave between eyes, then concavity becoming more pronounced as margin contours around eyes; lateral margins convex and convergent anteriorly; posterior margin mostly straight, with slight concavities medially and midlaterally before rounded posterolateral corners; sparse long hairs near lateral margin. Scutellum large, triangular, slightly wider than long, evenly domed, heavily punctate. Hemelytra extending to tip of abdomen; embolium well defined with embolar suture, yellowish anteriorly, darker posteriorly; clavus well defined with claval and intraclaval sutures; corium, clavus and membrane punctate and with subtle mottling; sparse long hairs evident on scutellum, clavus and corium, hairs not evident on membrane; a single light spot at middle of corium/membrane interface. Hindwings macropterous.</p>
            <p>Propleuron lateral to coxal cavity infuscated and setose; posterolaterally light coloured and glabrous; mesal margin roundedly triangular and deflexed at tip, suggesting that mesal margin would subduct beneath prosternellum in intact specimen. Probasisternum sharply carinate, carina widening posteriorly and apparently not continuous with midventral carina of head. Mesosternum on right side suggests at most a broad tumescence medially, left side missing. Metasternum missing entirely. Abdominal venter thickly covered with long hairs; laterosternites with paired, oval, glabrous depressions near spiracles. Wide glabrous lateral band.</p>
            <p>Profemur inflated, anterior margin with ventral row of golden hairs beneath two rows of short, dark spines; dorsal row of golden hairs imperceptible. Protarsus single-segmented with single, fixed, minute pretarsal claw. Meso- and metafemora with posteroventral row of short spines; those on mesofemur densely packed such that adjacent spines are touching or nearly touching, but with occasional interruptions; those on metafemur less densely packed, spaced approximately one spine width apart. Meso- and metatibiae with numerous rows of long dark red spines. Long golden swimming hairs imperceptible on mesotibia and tarsus, profuse on metatibia and tarsus.</p>
            <p>Aedeagus long and slender; parameres asymmetrical, criss-crossing; left paramere overlapping right, with pronounced lobe on left margin; right paramere with elongate sulcus in distal half.</p>
            <p>Female: Unknown.</p>
            <p> Etymology: The genus name references the Indian region in which this insect was collected and the genus  Naucoris which it closely resembles. The prefix is derived from the Latin Indus, Indian. </p>
            <p>Comments: The single male specimen was dissected so that thoracic musculature could be extracted and used for the molecular analyses. Thus, it has incurred significant meso- and metasternal damage. The connection between the prothorax and mesothorax has been substantially weakened. Nonetheless, most other structures, including the genital capsule, are intact and five legs are available. Because of the condition of the specimen, it is preserved in 80% etOH. It would not pin or point well, and if card-mounted, future removal from the card to examine ventral features would likely cause further damage to this fragile specimen.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFFAFFFF1FEEF86BD027AF9EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
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            <p> INDONAUCORIS MINUTUS SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: 4AD885CF-C005-4D25-B099-D97897F2A4C8</p>
            <p>Description: See generic description; only additional details given here. Colour medium brown with yellowish markings. Head mostly yellow, with brown punctures (Fig. 24a). Pronotum yellow with brown punctures; transverse band in posterior third with irregular longitudinal stripes (Fig. 24a). Scutellum yellowish, hemelytra brown with subtle mottling most evident on corium and membrane. Legs mostly yellowish, except brown protarsus (Fig. 24b) and tarsomere 3 of hindleg (Fig. 24g). Abdominal terga mostly yellowish and sterna light brown. Hindwing extending to posterior half of tergum VIII. Mensural features (in mm) as follows: body length 5.08, width 2.76; head length 0.90, width 1.61; synthlipsis 0.66; labrum length 0.28, width 0.44; rostrum 0.38; antenna 0.44 (segments 1–4 0.04, 0.12, 0.14, 0.14, respectively); pronotum length 1.00, width 2.58; scutellum length 0.50, width 1.60; hemelytron (chord measurement) 3.44; embolium 0.48; foreleg: femur 1.02, tibia 0.68, tarsus 0.18; mesoleg: femur 1.10, tibia 0.84, tarsomere 1 0.10, tarsomere 2 0.14, tarsomere 3 0.18; hindleg: femur 1.22, tibia 1.36, tarsomere 1 0.12, tarsomere 2 0.26, tarsomere 3 0.27.</p>
            <p>Proctiger nearly twice as long as wide, brush of long setae along lateral margins, apex broadly rounded. Pygophore (sternum IX) conical posteriorly (basally), with thick brush of hairs around lateral and posterior margins, anterior margin broadly rounded (Fig. 24c, d). Aedeagus long and slender, slightly arcuate, with subapical membranous area on right side; parameres strongly asymmetrical, criss-crossing in basal half (Fig.</p>
            <p> PHYLOGENY OF  NAUCORIDAE (  HEMIPTERA ) 1281 </p>
            <p>24d); left paramere overlapping right, with pronounced truncate lobe on left margin (Fig. 24e); right paramere slenderer, more arcuate, with elongate sulcus in distal half to embrace aedeagus (Fig. 24e).</p>
            <p> Etymology: This is one of the smallest species that would have been formerly placed in the genus  Naucoris . Therefore, the Latin epithet  minutus , small, is in reference to its relatively small size. </p>
            <p>
                 Material examined:   Holotype. Macropterous male: India: Maharashtra,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 73.42757/lat 18.44425)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=73.42757&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.44425">Mulshi</a>
                 , 18º26.655’N, 73º25.654’E, 9/28/2004. 
            </p>
            <p> Repository:   The holotype is currently housed in the  Enns Entomology Museum , University of Missouri, and will be transferred to the United States National Museum of Natural History (USNM)  . </p>
            <p>Comments: Only a single specimen was available to me at the time of this writing. The damage incurred during muscle extraction is regrettable, but the taxonomic importance of this specimen was not foreseen. My colleague Shruti Parapatyadar in Pune, India, has sampled at the type locality, but unfortunately she has not re-collected this species, although she provided a recent photo of the habitat (Fig. 25). She noted that this is a seasonal stream that is subject to complete drying, especially after the 2004 construction of a retention wall that cuts off water flow shortly after the monsoon season ends.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E25E878FFFAFFFF7FC57815A0363FACC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sites, Robert W.	Sites, Robert W. (2022): Phylogeny and revised classification of the saucer bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 1245-1286, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab105
