taxonID	type	description	language	source
03FE6B50FFF8FFAFECD6ADB66C961D83.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Bairdoppilata martyni Coryell, Sample & Jennings, 1935 was described from the Chickasawhay Formation of Mississippi (Oligocene).	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFF8FFAFECD6ADB66C961D83.taxon	synonymic_list	Species Included: The soft anatomy has been described, at least in part, for only 15 named species of Bairdoppilata (Table 2), although others have been designated in open nomenclature. Before this report, the esophageal valve had been illustrated for only two of those species.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFF8FFAFECD6ADB66C961D83.taxon	description	Anatomical Remarks: For living species, the genera Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (so far as known) are identified by seven key anatomical traits: (1) Supplemental dentition is developed on the anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins of the valves (Figs. 2 C, 8 M – P, 9 N – Q, 12 F – G). (2) The anterodistal seta of the A 2, which is a slender seta in other genera, is a large claw (1 Q, 5 F, 6 A – B, 8 A – B, 13 D, 15 E, 16 F, 18 F). In adults of most species, this claw is almost as long and thick as the main distal claw, resembling a scissors blade. This claw emerges only at the last (pre-adult) molt, and it is represented in instars by a fusiform anlage (Figs. 1 A, O, 14 F). (3) The fused claw of the A 2 is smooth or undulate, rather than barbed, serrate or pectinate (Figs. 1 Q, 6 F, 6 A – B, 8 A – B, 13 D, 15 E, 16 F, 18 F). (4) The vibratory plate of the fifth limb has four segregated setae in both sexes (a trait shared also by Paranesidea and some other genera). (5) The furca has seven setae of medium and long lengths (Fig. 1 E, 13 A, 14 A). (6) The hemipenis has a complex distal configuration, with several appendages on the medial and terminal elements, which may have locking, sensory and protective functions (Figs. 5 C – E, 6 G – H, 7 A – D, 9 D – H, 13 A – B, 18 D-E). On an erect specimen these processes are clearly visible and offer taxonomic information. In non-erect specimens, these processes are folded down and overlap, and it is difficult to see details. The copulatory rod is confined within a fairly long, arcuate tube (Figs. 5 C – E, 6 G – H, 7 A – D, 9 D – H, 13 A – B, 18 D – E) and ends in a slender tip with two delicate processes (Fig. 9 F). (7) The configuration of the esophageal flapper valve contributes a seventh unifying trait for Bairdoppilata. The plate is relatively thin and wedge-shaped, with a curved, multidentate posterior margin, where a series of nodes or low teeth project dorsally and posteriorly (Figs. 1 G, M; 5 A; 6 C – E; 8 G – H; 9 A; 10 A – B). The array is notable for the large number and evenness of the teeth, which are all about the same size and arranged in a single marginal row. The plate of Glyptobairdia coronata, as illustrated by Rome (1960, Fig. 2 D), conforms to the same pattern. This delicately serrate profile is easily distinguished from the smooth-edged, toothless plate of some other bairdioid genera (Aponesidea, Havanardia, Mydionobairdia, Triebelina, and a few species of Neonesidea). It resembles the pattern that is common in typical species of Neonesidea, except that the teeth are more numerous (12 – 18, compared with 6 – 10 in Neonesidea), smaller, and more nearly equal in size. The dorsal surface of the plate is apparently smooth, not tuberculate (as in Bythocypris) or spinose (as in Paranesidea). The chitin framework of the mouth region (forehead, upper lip, atrium, lower lip, sternum) in Bairdoppilata is similar to that described for Neonesidea (Maddocks 2015, 2018). A hemispherical swelling on the atrial surface of the lower lip, ringed with concentric rows of tiny cilia and surmounted by a flagellate seta, protrudes centrally into the atrium (Figs. 6 K – L, 9 I). That flagellate seta has been seen in species of Neonesidea and Paranesidea, as well, and should be looked for in other genera. The taxonomic value of the head capsule has not been investigated for Bairdiidae, although some special adaptations are expressed in the flexible jaws of Pussellidae (Pussella, Anchistrocheles, Bythopussella).	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFF8FFAFECD6ADB66C961D83.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic Remarks: Bairdoppilata is an ancient genus. Fossil species, recognized by supplemental dentition on the anterior and posterior ends of the dorsal overhang, are reported in Jurassic, Cretaceous and Cenozoic faunas. Kempf (1986, 1995, 2004) listed more than 100 nominal species. Today, it is global and represented by one or several species in most assemblages. The WoRMS database includes 39 species, most of which are Holocene or Neogene (Brandão & Karanovic 2021). The subgenera proposed by Maddocks (1969) proved to be cumbersome and unnecessary, and they should be ignored (as recommended by Maddocks 1995). Glyptobairdia is more appropriately ranked as a separate genus. The restriction of Bairdoppilata to low-latitude, shallow-water forms (suggested by Maddocks 1969) is not sustainable. No distinction should be made (by use of a question mark) for species collected from high latitudes or deep water, unless supported by morphological attributes.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFF9FFAFECD6AF436AD918A0.taxon	description	(Figures 1 A – K, 2 A – E) 1969 Bairdoppilata (Bairdoppilata) alcyonicola Maddocks: 71, figs. 36 A – H, 37 A – H, 38 A – C. 1995 Bairdoppilata alcyonicola Maddocks. — Maddocks, p. 216, pl. 6, figs. 1 – 4; pl. 14, figs. 7 – 8.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFF9FFAFECD6AF436AD918A0.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined: Five juvenile specimens and several subfossil carapaces from sands of the fringing reef, Nosy Be, Madagascar.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFF9FFAFECD6AF436AD918A0.taxon	description	Dimensions: Specimen 168 J: LVL 0.706 mm, LVH 0.404 mm; RVL 0.698 mm, RVH 0.373. Specimen 523 J: RVL 0.703 mm, RVH 0.399. Specimen 524 J: LVL 0.719 mm, LVH 0.419 mm. Specimen 764 W: LVL 0.970 mm, LVH 0.590, RVL 0.930, RVH 0.530 mm. Specimen 2629 WF: LVL 0.930 mm, LVH 0.590 mm, RVL 0.950 mm, RVH 0.520 mm. Specimen 3089 WM: LVL 0.880 mm, LVH 0.540 mm, RVL 0.900 mm, RVH 0.490 mm. A height: length scatter plot for adult valves was published by Maddocks (1995, Graph 1). Esophageal Valve: The plate is flat and thin (Fig. 1 G) The evenly curved posterior perimeter carries 12 low, mound-like teeth, of equal size and evenly spaced, which project upward (dorsally) and very slightly posteriorly. The two corner teeth are no larger than the others, have an indistinct or no secondary cusp (not compound), and are set apart from the others by only a small gap. A solitary guide pin (setule) rises at a shelf outside each corner from the ventral brush below. The anterolateral scroll is asymmetrical, with a triangular tab. Anatomical Remarks: The adult carapace has a somewhat irregular texture produced by numerous tiny puncta, which are not aligned in rows and are separated by broader muri (Maddocks 1995, Pl. 6, figs. 1 – 4; Pl. 14, figs. 7 – 8). The caudal process may be slightly thickened, but there is no horizontal bar. Delicate posteroventral marginal denticles may be present. The opaque pattern consists of a broad, irregular vertical streak across the central region, which almost reaches the ventral margin, narrows above mid-height, and does not reach the dorsal margin (Figs. 2 A – B). Small opaque spots are also present at the anterodorsal and posterodorsal corners. The A – 1 carapace is thin – walled with delicately impressed, shallow, round puncta (Figs. 1 A – C). The opaque pattern consists of an elongate central spot over the AMS, a long band along the anteroventral margin, and a spot filling the posteroventral angle. Marginal denticles are not well developed on the juvenile LV, but the RV has broad anterior and posterior fringes. The fused zone (infold) is narrow. The anterior and posterior vestibules are deep and connected through the ventral region. The inner lamella is very weakly calcified and not as wide as in adults. About 6 large sensilla are located at the caudal angle (Fig. 1 B). In the vestibule of a molting A – 1, folds of new cuticle with attached marginal and carapace sensilla are stored (Fig. 1 H). In juveniles the anterodistal antennal claw is represented by a short, tapering anlage. In a molting individual one can see the tip of the adult anterodistal claw being withdrawn from this A – 1 anlage (Figs. 1 D, F).	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFFBFFAAECD6AC966CFC1FA7.taxon	description	(Figures 1 L – Q, 2 F – H) 1969 Bairdoppilata (Bairdoppilata) cratericola Maddocks: 75, fig. 39 A – H. 1995 Bairdoppilata cratericola Maddocks. — Maddocks, p. 216, pl. 6, figs. 3 – 8; pl. 14, figs. 3 – 6.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFFBFFAAECD6AC966CFC1FA7.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined: One adult living female, one juvenile (fragmentary), and two subfossil carapaces from sands of the fringing reef, Nosy Be, Madagascar.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFFBFFAAECD6AC966CFC1FA7.taxon	description	Dimensions: Specimen 763 W: LVL 0.990 mm, LVH 0.630 mm, RVL 0.980 mm, RVH 0.550 mm. Specimen 972 F: LVL 0.982 mm, LVH 0.609, RVL 0.972 mm, RVH 0.553 mm. Specimen 2627 WM: LVL 0.910, LVH 0.570, RVL 0.900, RVH 0.520 mm. A height: length scatter plot for adult valves was published by Maddocks (1995, Graph 1). Esophageal Valve: The plate is flat and thin (Fig. 1 M). The scalloped posterior perimeter curves gently and bears 12 evenly spaced, rounded, mound-like teeth, which increase slightly in size outward from the midline, and which project upward (dorsally) more than posteriorly. The two corner teeth are the same size as the others, bicuspate, and are set apart from the others by a gap. A solitary guide pin rises at a shelf outside each corner from the ventral brush below. The bracket consists of two walls, which converge but do not join anteriorly. The anterolateral scroll is symmetrical, with a semicircular indentation and a curved, spinose projection. Anatomical Remarks: The high-arched carapace has numerous, nearly circular puncta, aligned in regular, concentric rows, which are smaller in the marginal regions (Figs. 1 O – P). The pattern becomes coarser centrally, not only because of increasing diameter of the pits but also increasing width of the muri (Maddocks 1995, Pl. 6, figs. 5 - 8; Pl. 14, figs. 3 - 6). The anterodorsal corner and posterior caudal process are slightly thickened, but there is no horizontal bar. Broad fringes may be developed along the anteroventral and posteroventral margins of both valves, which may be worn or eroded in subfossil specimens. The opaque pattern consists of an irregular oval over the MSP, which narrows dorsally and ventrally and does not reach either margin (Fig. 2 F – G). Smaller spots are located at the anterior and posterior ends. The anterodistal claw of the adult A 2 is almost as long and not quite as thick as the distal claw (Fig. 1 Q). In the A – 1 instar it is represented by a short anlage (Fig. 1 L).	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFFCFFB5ECD6AD1A6F12188A.taxon	description	(Figures 3, 4, 5 A – J, 6 A – L, 7 A – N, 8 A – P, 9 A – S, 10 A – G) 1949 Nesidea cushmani Tressler: 342, figs. 4 – 8. 1961 Bairdoppilata carinata Kornicker: 66, pl. 1, figs. 5 a – e; figs. 9 A – J, 10 B – C, E [junior subjective synonym]. 1963 Bairdoppilata triangulata Edwards. — Benson & Coleman, p. 20, pl. 3, figs. 1 – 3; fig. 9.? 1966 Bairdoppilata carinata Kornicker. — Baker & Hulings, pl. 2, fig. 12. 1969 Bairdoppilata (Bairdoppilata) cushmani (Tressler). — Maddocks, p. 68, figs. 34 A – G, 35 A – C. 1975 Bairdoppilata (Bairdoppilata) cushmani (Tressler). — Teeter, figs. 3 f, 4 d. 1977 Bairdia aff. B. amygaloides Brady. — Bold, table 3 [fide Bold, 1988 A, p. 152]. 1983 Bairdoppilata cushmani (Tressler). — Palacios-Fest et al., table 1, pl. 1, figs. 3 – 4. 1988 B Bairdoppilata cushmani (Tressler). — Bold: 154, appendix. 1992 Bairdoppilata cushmani (Tressler). — Machain-Castillo & Gio-Argaez, appendix 1. 1994 Bairdoppilata cushmani (Tressler). — Machain-Castillo & Gio-Argaez, table 1 2009 Bairdoppilata cushmani (Tressler). — Maddocks et al., Checklist, p. 888.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFFCFFB5ECD6AD1A6F12188A.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined: Two living male specimens from the Bahamas. One male carapace with dry body fragments from the Bahamas. One female carapace with dry body fragments from Cuba. One living male and one female from the West Coast of Florida. Numerous empty carapaces and valves from sediment samples collected in carbonate platform environments of the Bahamas, Belize, Cozumel, Cuba, the Florida Keys, Grand Cayman Island, Honduras, and Jamaica.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFFCFFB5ECD6AD1A6F12188A.taxon	description	Dimensions: Specimen 1026 F: LVL 1.252 mm, LVH 0.812 mm, RVL 1.225 mm, RVH 0.758 mm. Specimen 1648 M: LVL 1.093 mm, LVH 0.624 mm, RVL 1.065 mm, RVH 0.626 mm. Specimen 2395 F: LVL 1.089 mm, LVH 0.708 mm, RVL 1.098, RVH 0.745 mm. Specimen 2399 M: LVL 1.022 mm, LVH 0.648 mm, RVL 1.005 mm, RVH 0.606 mm. Specimen 3114 M: LVL 1.122 mm, LVH 0.698 mm, RVL 1.097 mm, RVH 0.648 mm. Specimen 4081 WJ, LVL 0.892 mm, LVH 0.554 mm, RVL 0.884 mm, RVH 0.529 mm. Specimen 4082 WJ, LVL 0.662 mm, LVH 0.420, RVL 0.653 mm, RVH 0.396 mm. See also Figs. 3, 4. Esophageal Valve: The plate is broad, pie-shaped, with a gently curved posterior margin, about 12 small conical teeth of equal sizes, and multilobate corner teeth (Figs. 5 A; 6 C – E; 8 G – H; 9 A; 10 A – B). [One deviant specimen (2399 M) has two teeth in near-central position that are longer and broader than the others (Fig. 9 A). In all other specimens, including 2395 F from the same locality, the plate has numerous small conical teeth of uniform size. The plate is tiny and cannot be oriented consistently for viewing, so that some uncertainty is associated with these generalizations.] The chevron groove is broad with parallel brush setules, giving a striate texture in transmitted light. The scroll is deeply incised with a hemicircular excavation and triangular spine. Anatomical Remarks: The carapace surface is glassy-smooth, with visible NPC but no puncta. It is transparent in live specimens, becoming translucent or cloudy in subfossil material. The lateral outline of the left valve is high-arched, subtriangular to subpentagonal, and subtly angulate; with well-marked anterodorsal and anterior angles, indistinct or rounded posterodorsal angle, a caudal process that is only slightly sinuous, diagonally truncate anteroventral and posteroventral margins, and nearly horizontal ventral margin. The patch pattern is diagnostic and well expressed in both adults and instars (Figs. 5 G – J, 7 E – N, 8 I – L, 9 J – M, 10 D – G). A shield-shaped to ovate central patch may be indented dorsally, becoming more or less U-shaped. Above this, and sometimes partly connected to it, are two small opaque patches located beneath the mid-dorsal angle. In the posterodorsal region are two larger patches, the upper of which is circular or irregular, and the lower of which is wedge-shaped or triangular. Another spot is located at the anterodorsal angle, which usually has a smaller anterior spot attached by a peninsula. Additional opaque regions with indistinct contours are located at the caudal angle, anteroventral, and posteroventral margins. The two opaque spots of the patch pattern along the posterodorsal slope are distinctive. In well-conserved subfossil assemblages, adult and juvenile valves of B. cushmani are easily recognized and may be quickly sorted by looking for the two posterodorsal spots. This is convenient, because at least two other smooth species are common in the central Caribbean but have only a single posterodorsal spot. For quick assignment of isolated individuals of B. cushmani in subfossil assemblages, the most reliable landmark is the two posterodorsal opaque spots. Taxonomic Remarks: On the H: L plots (Figs. 3 – 4) the conspicuous length of the adult clusters is due to sexual dimorphism, with females being longer than males and also a little higher in proportion to length. Within these clusters, there is some tendency for separation of local geographic populations, although with considerable overlap. The Florida population appears to be shorter and higher relative to length. The Bahamas population is longer, but relatively lower. The population from Roatan, Honduras is both longer and relatively higher. The largest individuals, which have intermediate H: L proportions, are from Cuba. Formal taxonomic interpretation of this heterogeneity, perhaps as a superspecies with component species or subspecific entities, will require more evidence, especially more comprehensive documentation of soft anatomy and ontogeny from other locations. Geographic Distribution: This species is widely distributed in carbonate platform environments through the Caribbean, including the northern “ transition zone ” of Bold (1977). It is abundant in many subfossil assemblages, and it is usually the most common species of Bairdoppilata. Kornicker (1961) collected it from bioclastic sand and rock surfaces with thin sand cover of Bimini. Teeter (1975) reported it in the carbonate-platform biofacies of Belize. Additionally, it has been reported from both the eastern and western parts of the Yucatan platform (Machain-Castillo & Gio-Argaez 1992, Palacios-Fest 1983). Bold (1988 A, Table 2) summarized its distribution as including the Gulf of Mexico, Alacran reef on the northwestern Yucatan platform, Cozumel on the northeastern Yucatan shelf, the Belize platform, and the Caribbean, but not the Nicaragua shelf. Fithian (1980, unpublished) stated that it is one of the most abundant species on the Paria-TrinidadOrinoco Shelf. In the material at hand it has been identified in near-reef and platform sediments from the Bahamas, Belize, Cozumel, Cuba, Florida Bay and the Florida Keys, Grand Cayman Island, Jamaica, and Roatan Island, Honduras. It has not been seen or reported in assemblages of the Bermuda Platform, the Flower Gardens in the northern Gulf of Mexico, the reefs near Vera Cruz in the western Gulf of Mexico, and the Gulf of Campeche in the southern Gulf of Mexico.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFE4FFB3ECD6AC966D781EFB.taxon	description	(Figure 11) 1880 Bairdia hirsuta Brady, n. sp.: 51, pl. 4, figs. 4, 5. 1976 Bairdia hirsuta Brady. — Puri & Hulings, p. 265, pl. 4, figs. 4, 5. Not 1969 Bairdoppilata (Bairdoppilata?) hirsuta (Brady). — Maddocks, p. 79, fig. 43 A – I, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2. Not 1973 Bairdoppilata hirsuta (Brady). — Maddocks, p. 42, figs. 5 B – G, 6 A – E [= B. hirsutella, n. sp., see below]. Not 2009 Bairdoppilata? hirsuta (Brady). — Maddocks et al., Checklist, p. 888.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFE4FFB3ECD6AC966D781EFB.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined: None. Taxonomic Remarks: The species is firmly identified only from the type locality. The lectotype selected by Puri & Hulings (1976) is a somewhat nondescript RV from Challenger Station 300, near Juan Fernandez Island in the Southeast Pacific (33 o 44 ’ 0 ” S, 78 o 10 ’ 0 ” W, depth 1375 fathoms). They reported the dimensions as: RVL 1.46 mm, RVH 0.90 mm (see Fig. 11). Supplemental bairdoppilatan dentition was not mentioned and is not visible in their illustration. The calcified inner lamella (infold) of the lectotype is somewhat narrow, and it may be an instar. The soft parts are unknown. Redescription of a larger, preferably living population from this locality will be needed to recognize this species, and all records of B. hirsuta at other localities require re-examination. Specimens from Eltanin station 25, in the East Pacific were identified as B. hirsuta by Maddocks (1973), but that identification is dubious. For clarity of communication, a new name, B. hirsutella Maddocks, n. sp., is proposed below for that Eltanin population. Maddocks (1969) described and illustrated two adult females as B. (B.?) hirsuta (specimen 468 F, USNM 121353; specimen 469 F, USNM 121355; both from the Gulf of Mexico, 28 o 15 ’ N, 87 o 02 ’ W, depth 1000 m). Their dimensions agree well with the population described from Eltanin station 25 (Fig. 12), but without males a firm identification is difficult. Maddocks (1969) also reported subfossil valves from numerous Albatross and Anton Bruun stations, but those identifications are even less plausible. Brandão (2008) demonstrated that the diversity of bairdioids has been severely underestimated in the Southern Ocean and in deeper water.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFE5FFBEECD6ADDB6F231A85.taxon	description	(Figures 11, 12 A – M, 13 A – F, 14 A)? 1969 Bairdoppilata (Bairdoppilata?) hirsuta (Brady). — Maddocks, p. 79, fig. 43 A – I, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2 [specimens USNM 121353 and 121355 from the Gulf of Mexico, only, with uncertainty]. 1973 Bairdoppilata hirsuta (Brady). — Maddocks, p. 42, figs. 5 B – G, 6 A – E.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFE5FFBEECD6ADDB6F231A85.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined: Eleven specimens, including USNM 139893, 139895 – 139900 (Maddocks 1973). Types: Holotype male specimen 634 M, USNM 139891; illustrated paratype female USNM 635 F, USNM 139892; illustrated paratype, molting juvenile specimen 689 J, USNM 139894. Type locality: Eltanin Station 25 in the Pacific Ocean, east of the Galapagos Islands; 04 o 53 ’ N, 80 o 28 ’ W, depth 2489 m.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFE5FFBEECD6ADDB6F231A85.taxon	description	Dimensions: Male specimen 634 M (USNM 139891): LVL 1.700 mm, LVH 1.070 mm, RVL 1.680 mm, RVH 0.980 mm. Female specimen 635 F: USNM 139892: LVL 1.836, LVH 1.238, RVL 1.836 mm, RVH 1.083 mm. Molting juvenile specimen 689 J: USNM 139894: LVL 1.447 mm, LVH 0.930 mm, RVL 1.434 mm, RVH 0.853 mm. See also Fig. 11. The RV dimensions of juvenile specimen 689 J are close to those reported for the RV lectotype of B. hirsuta by Puri & Hulings (1976), but the latter was described as an adult. Esophageal Valve: The plate (Fig. 13 C) is broad, thin, and gently curved with smooth contours. There are about 18 low, thin, conical to subcylindrical teeth, which are widely spaced around the perimeter; the middle teeth are the smallest, and sizes increase somewhat toward the corners. There are no corner teeth, and the corners are smoothly rounded. Anatomical Remarks: The rotund carapace is inflated, thickest at mid-height near the AMS, and smooth, glossy, with NPC but no surface sculpture (Figs. 12 H – M). In lateral outline it is broadly oval and upright in posture, with evenly curved dorsal and ventral margins. Both the anterodorsal corner and the caudal process are located distinctly above mid-height. Bairdoppilatan dentition is well developed (Figs. 12 F – G). The calcified inner lamella of the A- 1 instar is fairly broad (Figs. 12 A, C) but weakly calcified and easily damaged. The adult A 2 and walking legs are extraordinarily long and thin, as usual in deep-sea animals. The distal claws of the A 2 (Fig. 13 D) are equal in size, long and very thin. The fused claw is perfectly smooth and tapers to a sharp point. Maddocks (1973, fig. 5 B – G, 6 A – E) published a full suite of drawings for male specimen 634 M, USNM 139891, which is here designated as the holotype. The drawing of the hemipenis showed the non-erect condition, with several overlapping processes enveloped by the hood-like distal appendage. Photographs of the same specimen are provided here as Figs. 13 A – D. The conspicuous carapace sensilla (Fig. 12 H) for which B. hirsuta was named are not unique to this species or genus but are seen in many bairdioids (for example, fig. 19 N of Brandão, 2008). They are more noticeable in deepsea forms, because the dark color contrasts with the stark white valves. The number of NPC increases for each instar in bairdiids (Smith & Kamiya 2002). At each molt, the existing sensilla are retained, although their exocuticular covering is discarded with the exuvia. The inherited sensilla are thicker, longer, and darker in color than those newly added. On the adult carapace there are numerous NPC of different sizes, bearing sensilla of several ontogenetic ages, as indicated by length, thickness and color. One may speculate that this canopy of sensilla allows a small animal to claim a large volume of space, confers buoyancy, provides early warning of predation, and protects the carapace from abrasion and siltation. Taxonomic Remarks: Maddocks (1973) identified these specimens as B. hirsuta (Brady), but that identification requires re-examination. The soft parts of B. hirsuta are unknown, the lectotype may be a juvenile, the type locality is many thousands of kilometers distant, and no geographically intermediate populations have been reported. Brandão (2008) demonstrated that the diversity of deep-sea bairdioids has been greatly under-estimated, and it is best to be more conservative with identifications of Brady’s species. For clarity of communication, the population collected at Eltanin station 25 is named here as a new species. B. hirsutella is similar to the two females collected from the Gulf of Mexico, which were identified as B. (B.?) hirsuta by Maddocks (1969) (specimens 468 F, 469 F, USNM 121353, 121355). Their identity is considered uncertain at present. Larger assemblages, including males, will be required to evaluate the relationship of these distant populations.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFE8FFBCECD6AA486D051CF3.taxon	description	(Figures 15 J – L) 1935 Bairdoppilata martyni Coryell, Sample and Jennings: 3, text-figs. 1, 2.? 1942 Bairdoppilata cf. B. martyni Coryell, Sample and Jennings. — Vernon, p. 60 – 66.? 1964 Bairdoppilata margini [sic] Coryell, Sample and Jennings. — Puri & Vernon, p. 114. 1974 Bairdoppilata martyni Coryell, Sample and Jennings. — Poag, p. 346.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFE8FFBCECD6AA486D051CF3.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined: Several fossil valves (including RV specimen 1018 RV, LV specimen 1019 LV) in UH 0083, collected from the type locality.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFE8FFBCECD6AA486D051CF3.taxon	description	Dimensions: LV specimen 1019 LV: LVL 1.057 mm, LVH 0.675 mm; RV specimen 1018 RV: RVL 1.060 mm, RVH 0.647 mm. Coryell, Sample & Jennings (1935) reported carapace length 1.030 mm, carapace height 0.68 mm. Anatomical Remarks. The valves are smooth, lacking puncta. In lateral outline the LV is rounded-subtriangular, with the greatest height being located at about one-third of length (Fig. 16 L). The posterior angle is located rather low, at about one-quarter of height. Supplemental dentition is well developed in these specimens. Nothing is known of the flapper valve or other soft anatomy in this fossil species. A distinctive patch pattern is preserved (Figs. 15 J – L), which does not resemble any modern species of the Gulf Coast and Caribbean. It features a shield-shaped, central opaque spot, which is connected by three or more narrow bridges to a broad opaque expanse covering the dorsal margin and the posterior region. Numerous clear, circular islands are located within this posterior opaque region. A familiar spot is present at the anterior corner, but the crescentic vertical streak in the central-anterior region has no analogue among the living Caribbean species. Taxonomic Remarks: Photographs of topotype specimens of this species are offered here, to supplement the drawings that accompanied the original published description. Howe & Law (1936, p. 28) compared their new species B. taxodonta to B. martyni, stating: “ The closely related B. martyni of the Lower Chickasawhay may not be separated easily from B. taxodonta in exterior view, but from the interior it shows a more delicate carapace with thinner, narrower margins and a more delicate hinge. Translucent specimens usually show three vertical cloudy areas instead of one, and the inner edge of the hinge line is decidedly angulate instead of being broadly rounded. ” Poag (1974) reported that B. martyni occurs consistently but in low numbers at six exposures of the Chickasawhay Formation and the overlying Paynes Hammock Formation, in southeastern Mississippi and Alabama. These units belong to the Chickasawhayan Local Stage of early Late Oligocene age. He did not find it in the underlying Byram Marl and Bucatunna Formations. The species has also been reported from the Suwannee Limestone of the Florida Panhandle (Vernon 1942, Puri & Vernon 1964).	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFEAFFBCECD6AFD36D5818A0.taxon	description	(Figure 16 A – B) 2015 Bairdoppilata scaura Maddocks, n. sp.: p. 298, figs. 6 – 11. 2018 Bairdoppilata scaura Maddocks. — Maddocks: p. 6, figs. 3 B, E, G; 5 H, 8 P – Q, 10 D.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFEAFFBCECD6AFD36D5818A0.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined: Two males and one juvenile from French Frigate Shoals and Kanéohe Bay, the Hawaiian Islands.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFEAFFBCECD6AFD36D5818A0.taxon	description	Dimensions: Holotype male specimen 3360 M, LVL 0.830 mm, LVH 0.480 mm, RVL 0.810 mm, RVH 0.430 mm. Paratype male specimen 3864 M, LVL 0.810, LVH 0.490. Paratype juvenile specimen 3359 J, LVL 0.748 mm, LVH 0.420 mm. Esophageal Valve: The plate of the holotype (Fig. 16 A) is relatively broad with slightly curved lateral edges. The posterior perimeter bears about 10 low teeth, mounded to subconical in shape, which are largest near the midline and decrease in size toward the corners. The corner teeth are broader and multilobate. The anterolateral scroll has a hemicircular indentation and curved spine. Another male specimen (3864 M) has a plate with about 10 smaller, subconical teeth, which are all about the same size (Maddocks, 2015, Fig. 11 I; Maddocks 2018, Figs. 8 Q, 10 D). A second, inner row of approximately 10 slightly smaller teeth seems to be visible through the gaps, or these may be steps at the base of the main teeth rather than separate teeth. The corner teeth are not enlarged, and no multiple cusps can be seen through the setules of the ventral brush. The anterolateral scroll is asymmetrical on the two sides, with poorly developed indentation and broad-based spine. A juvenile specimen (3959 J) has a plate with about 12 teeth, with asymmetrically conical outlines, which increase slightly in size away from the midline (Maddocks 2018, Fig. 5 H). Indistinct corner teeth are set apart by a gap. The anterolateral scroll has a shallow, curved indentation and broad-based spine. The observed differences between these specimens are mentioned to show the effect of viewing perspective. The plate is naturally curled rather than flat, unless it is compressed in a dissection slide. The teeth project upward (dorsally) as well as outward (posteriorly), so that the apparent shapes of the teeth depend on the angle at which the plate is tilted. In a dissection slide that provides a dorsal view, the plate rests on the ventral bracket, and the angle of tilt depends on the amount of deformation of the bracket walls.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFEBFFBDECD6AC966D761D87.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined: None.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFEBFFBDECD6AC966D761D87.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic Remarks: The species is firmly identified only from subfossil type specimens at the type locality, and the soft parts are not known. Brandão (2008) demonstrated that, in the Southern Ocean alone, the materials subsequently reported under this name include at least 10 species, and identifications from other regions are even more suspect. For example, two specimens from the materials identified as B. (B.?) simplex by Maddocks (1969) were re-examined by Brandão (2008, p. 387, figs. 8 B, E, H – I, L, P, Q): Female specimen 191 F, USNM 121347, was collected at Eltanin station 418, 62 o 39 – 40 ’ S, 56 o 8 – 10 ’ W, 311 – 426 m. Male specimen 205 M, USNM 121348, was collected at Eltanin station 1345, 54 o 50 – 51 ’ S, 129 o 46 – 48 ’ W, 915 – 1153 m. Brandão stated that they represent either one or two different species, which she provisionally identified as? Bairdoppilata sp. 1 aff.? B. labiata (Müller). The appendages and hemipenis were described, but not the esophageal valve.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFEBFFBDECD6AF3D6CFF1AB6.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined: None.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFEBFFBDECD6AF3D6CFF1AB6.taxon	discussion	Anatomical Remarks: Brady’s drawing of the esophageal flapper valve of B. villosa was the first published illustration of this structure (Brady 1880, pl. 3, fig. 3; Maddocks 2015, fig. 1 A). It shows the general relationships of the ring with collar and belt, two thick, symmetrical braces ending in oval aprons, and a fan-shaped plate with concentric light and dark bands, but it does not show whether the posterior margin of the plate is dentate. Taxonomic Remarks: The species is reliably identified only from the subfossil lectotype specimen at the type locality near Kerguelen Island. Brady’s description of soft anatomy should be verified from new material. All reports of this species from elsewhere should be re-examined. It is likely that they comprehend multiple species, as Brandão (2008) showed for B. simplex. For example, the two adult males (specimen 371 M, USNM 121344; specimen 194 M, USNM 121345) described by Maddocks (1969) were collected from Eltanin station 1418 (54 o 32 ’ S, 159 o 02 ’ E, 113 – 92 m), which is thousands of kilometers east of the type locality at Kerguelen Island. They represent a species of Bairdoppilata, but the identification as B. villosa requires re-examination.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFEBFFBAECD6AA116D691E87.taxon	description	(Figures 15 A – I, 16 F – I) 2017 Bairdoppilata sp. 2: Morais & Coimbra, fig. 3 E.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFEBFFBAECD6AA116D691E87.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined. Five specimens from Saco do Francisco, Brazil.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFEBFFBAECD6AA116D691E87.taxon	description	Dimensions: Specimen 3991 F, LVL 0.974 mm, LVH 0.672 mm. Specimen 3988 F, RVL 0.91, RVH 0.509. Esophageal Valve: The plate is flat, broadly wedge-shaped, and furnished with about 14 evenly spaced triangular teeth (Fig. 16 G). The scroll-like indentations on the anterior edges are well marked. The bracket consists of two curving triangular walls arranged in a V, with conspicuous tubercles along their anterior ends. The braces have thick shafts and rather short, blunt aprons (Fig. 16 H). Anatomical Remarks: In lateral view the dorsal margin of the carapace arches to unusually great height, the posterior end is not caudate, and the surface is entirely smooth (Figs. 15 A – B, H). The distal antennal claws are short, saber-like and sharply pointed, with the anterodistal claw being slightly thinner than the main claw (Figs 15 D – E). The fused claw is smooth. The eye is unusually large and dark red (Fig. 15 A, F). Taxonomic Remarks: Morais and Coimbra (2017) collected empty valves (interpreted as allochthonous) of B. sp. 2 in turf algae of rocky shores immediately below low tide (1 – 3 m) in Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. They pointed out, correctly, that the taxonomic composition of phytal assemblages of rocky shores is poorly known, echoing similar comments by Maddocks (2013). Then, they characterized Bairdoppilata as a “ shelf genus, which lives mainly on sandy sediments, ” and they expressed surprise at finding these valves captured by algal turf. This illustrates a familiar paleoecological dilemma: It is easy to equate the site of collection with the habitat in life, forgetting that most species are known only from subfossil valves collected in sea-floor sediments, after post-mortem transport and mixing by sedimentary and taphonomic processes.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFECFFBAECD6AE476B791B59.taxon	description	(Figure 16 C) 2015 Bairdoppilata sp. 2: Maddocks, p. 304, figs. 12 A – L, 13 A – J. 2018 Bairdoppilata sp. 2, Maddocks. — Maddocks: figs. 3 D, H; 4 A, B; 7 D – G; 8 A – D, L; 13 A – D; 14 A – G; 15 A – F; 16 A – C.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFECFFBAECD6AE476B791B59.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined: Twelve specimens from Kanéohe Bay, O’ahu, the Hawaiian Islands (Maddocks 2015, 2018).	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFECFFBAECD6AE476B791B59.taxon	description	Dimensions: Female 3969 F, carapace L 0.892 mm, carapace H 0.566 mm. Esophageal Valve: The plate is flat, wedge-shaped, with an incised but fairly narrow chevron groove (Fig. 16 C). The posterior perimeter is scalloped with about eight gently curved teeth or low mounds, of equal sizes with no medial gap, which are set apart by a space from the multilobate corner teeth and one or more guide pins (or setules of the underlying ventral brush). Specimens from this species population were illustrated extensively by Maddocks (2018) to show the three-dimensional configuration of the esophageal apparatus and the molting process.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFECFFBAECD6A87A6A701965.taxon	description	(Figure 16 D) 2015 Bairdoppilata sp. 3: Maddocks, p. 304, figs. 14 A – I, 15 A – D, 16 A – L, 17 A – F. 2018 Bairdoppilata sp. 3, Maddocks. — Maddocks, fig. 3 F.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFECFFBAECD6A87A6A701965.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined: Five specimens from FFS – TC – 13, French Frigate Shoals, the Hawaiian Islands.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFECFFBAECD6A87A6A701965.taxon	description	Dimensions: Adult female 3923 F, Carapace L 0.995 mm, H 0.631 mm. Esophageal Valve: Plate flat, wedge-shaped, with curved posterior edge bordered by 12 regularly spaced, moderately prominent, conical teeth, without a median gap, of which the two middle teeth and the two end teeth are slightly smaller than the others (Fig. 16 D). At the corners, slightly larger, multilobate teeth are set apart from the median teeth by a gap, and tufts of setules are visible from the underlying ventral brush.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFECFFBAECD6AA5F6CB21888.taxon	description	(Figure 16 E) 2015 Bairdoppilata sp. 4: Maddocks, p. 305, figs. 17 G – P. 2018 Bairdoppilata sp. 4, Maddocks. — Maddocks, figs. 5 C – D; 8 E – F, J – K; 10 H – J; 12 A – J; 16 D – H.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFECFFBAECD6AA5F6CB21888.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined: One female (specimen 3963 F) from KB Station 5, Kane’ohe Bay, the Hawaiian Islands.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFECFFBAECD6AA5F6CB21888.taxon	description	Dimensions: Adult female 3963 F, carapace L 1.084 mm, H 0.732 mm. Esophageal Valve: Plate flat, wedge-shaped, with curved posterior edge bordered by about 10 closely spaced, conical to subtriangular teeth, without a median gap, of which the 2 middle teeth and the 2 end teeth are slightly narrower than the 4 teeth between (Fig. 16 E). At the corners, slightly wider, multilobate corner teeth are visible, together with setules from the underlying brush.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFEDFFB8ECD6AB026F381A7F.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species: Bairdia coronata Brady, 1870 [= Glyptobairdia bermudezi Stephenson, 1946].	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFEDFFB8ECD6AB026F381A7F.taxon	synonymic_list	Species Included: The only species for which the soft anatomy has been described, including the esophageal valve, is G. coronata (Brady) (by Rome 1960). The other living species, G. trinodosa Teeter, is known, so far, only by subfossil specimens from the reefs and carbonate platform of Belize and Honduras, and Alacran Reef on the Yucatan platform. Bold (1974) illustrated a fossil RV of Glyptobairdia sp. from the Morne Delmar Formation, Pliocene of Haiti.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFEDFFB8ECD6AB026F381A7F.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic Remarks: Several bairdiid genera, including Paranesidea and Triebelina, have some species with robust, asymmetrical carapaces and a densely punctate or nodose surface. From these, Glyptobairdia is easily distinguished by its bairdoppilatan supplemental dentition, the consistent placement of sculptural ridges, the esophageal valve, and the soft anatomy. Glyptobairdia is represented only in the Caribbean region, although some other lineages of ornate bairdiids, such as Triebelina and Havanardia, appear to be circumtropical. For a time, Glyptobairdia was regarded as a subjective synonym of Triebelina Bold, 1946. Both genera have highly asymmetrical, heavily calcified, densely punctate carapaces with a tendency to develop ornamental ridges and nodes. The similarities do not extend to the soft anatomy, however, which are of bairdoppilatan aspect in Glyptobairdia and of unique character in Triebelina. Various views in this controversy were summarized by Morkhoven (1958), Rome (1960), Maddocks (1969), Bold (1974), Malz & Lord (1988), Warne (1988) and Maddocks & Wouters (1990). The similarities arise from convergence, presumably, as species of both lineages live in high energy habitats near the reef front. Bold (1974) emphasized that ornate bairdiids are polyphyletic and have arisen multiple times in geologic history, providing examples of heterochronous parallelism. The RV hinge of both species of Glyptobairdia has unusually prominent, crescentic terminal teeth, which are directed laterally (into corresponding sockets of the LV) and which extend dorsally above the level of the median hinge-bar (Fig. 21 I). This is a contrast to the hinge of Bairdoppilata and most other bairdioids, in which the ends of the RV hinge-bar are less elevated relative to the median bar and less distinctly demarcated from it. Doubtless, the exaggeration of this feature serves to anchor the axis of rotation securely in these asymmetrical, robustly calcified animals. Bold (1974) doubted whether instars of Glyptobairdia can be distinguished consistently from those of other bairdiids in a subfossil assemblage. Teeter (1975, p. 421 - 422, discussing G. trinodosa) mentioned that instars of Glyptobairdia have the bairdian outlines, valve asymmetry, and punctate ornament of the adult, but they lack any indication of the thick carapace ridges. He did not measure or illustrate these instars, nor did he explain how he identified them as G. trinodosa rather than G. coronata. Measurements and photographs of the A – 1 and A – 2 instars of G. coronata are published here for the first time. These juvenile specimens are from a subfossil assemblage in the Florida Keys, which also yields abundant adults of G. coronata but not G. trinodosa. No instars of G. trinodosa have yet been recognized in the samples examined for this report.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFEEFF84ECD6A95F6C541AEF.taxon	description	(Figs. 17, 18 A – H, 19 A – L) 1870 Bairdia coronata Brady, n. sp.: p. 243, pl. 32, fig. 9. 1946 Glyptobairdia bermudezi Stephenson, n. sp.: p. 346, pl. 42, figs. 1 – 3. 1947 Triebelina coronata (Brady). — Stephenson, p. 578. 1954 Triebelina coronata (Brady). — Keij, p. 330, pl. 4, fig. 2. 1958 Triebelina coronata (Brady). — Morkhoven, p. 366, pl. 46, figs. 1 – 6. 1960 Triebelina coronata (Brady). — Rome, p. 1 – 14, figs. 1 A – H, 2 A – S, 3 A – D, 4 A – L. 1960 Triebelina coronata (Brady). — Puri, p. 131, pl. 6, figs. 1 – 2. 1963 Triebelina coronata (Brady). — Morkhoven, 1963, figs. 44 a – b. 1969 Bairdoppilata (Glyptobairdia) coronata (Brady). — Maddocks, p. 84, figs. 44 A – G. 1971 Glyptobairdia coronate (Brady). — Bold, p. 336, pl. 3, fig. 6. 1974 Glyptobairdia coronata (Brady). — Bold, p. 33. 1975 Bairdoppilata (Glyptobairdia) coronata (Brady). — Teeter, p. 421, figs. 3 h, 4 f.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFEEFF84ECD6A95F6C541AEF.taxon	description	1982 Bairdoppilata (Glyptobairdia) coronata (Brady). — Krutak, table 2, p. 164, pl. 1, figs. 9 – 18. 1983 Bairdoppilata (Glyptobairdia) coronata (Brady). — Palacios-Fest et al., table 1, pl. 1, fig. 5. 1986 Glyptobairdia coronata (Brady). — Maddocks & Kornicker, p. 386, fig. 91. 1986 Glyptobairdia coronata (Brady). — Maddocks & Iliffe, p. 57, table 2. 1988 Glyptobairdia coronata (Brady). — Malz & Lord, p. 70, pl. 3, figs. 1 – 3. 1988 A Glyptobairdia coronata (Brady). — Bold, table 1, p. 146; table 2, p. 150. 2000 Glyptobairdia coronata (Brady). — Keyser & Schöning, p. 569, pl. 2, fig. 33. 2009 Glyptobairdia coronata (Brady). — Maddocks et al., p. 888 (Checklist).	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFEEFF84ECD6A95F6C541AEF.taxon	materials_examined	Material: Approximately 90 subfossil valves from the Bahamas, Bermuda, Belize, Cuba, Florida, Grand Cayman Island, Honduras, Vera Cruz, and the U. S. Virgin Islands.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFEEFF84ECD6A95F6C541AEF.taxon	description	Dimensions: Male specimen 2441 M, LVL 0.817, LVH 0.477, RVL 0.806 mm, RVH 0.406 mm. In Fig. 18, some differences in size may be perceived among these geographic populations. In general, specimens from Bermuda and Vera Cruz are larger, while those from Florida are smaller. So far as known, females are longer than males and higher in proportion to length. Anatomical Remarks: The oval ridge on the lateral field of each valve is well defined, continuous, with a slightly rippled course in the posterodorsal region, but no gaps. The crest of this ridge is occupied by a chain of NPC with short, thick sensilla (Figs. 18 G – H). A short horizontal bar is located within the level field enclosed by this loop, which is nearly straight in the RV and weakly arched (concave-down) in the LV. Thin spurs diverge from the ridge to become muri. Well-defined horizontal ridges at the anterior and posterior ends connect with the oval lateral ridge. The central field has a complex reticular pattern of thin muri and oval to polygonal fossae with stippled floors. None of the numerous intact and fragmentary specimens of G. coronata examined for this project, from multiple localities and of various degrees of conservation, show gaps in the ridges or any tendency toward development of nodes resembling those of G. trinodosa. As Morkhoven (1963) pointed out, the hinge is strongly developed, with smooth terminal teeth, and all elements show fine crenulation. This crenulation is ligamental rather than articulatory in function and does not have taxonomic significance. Excellent SEM images of adults of G. coronata were published by Krutak (1982, pl. 1, figs. 9 - 18, including dramatic dorsal, ventral, anterior and posterior views of the intact carapace) and by Malz & Lord (1988, pl. 3, figs. 1 – 3, including hinges and supplemental dentition). Bold (1974, p. 31) doubted whether juveniles of ornate bairdiids can be distinguished from those of co-occurring, less ornate genera, pointing out that “ I have nearly always found only adult specimens of Glyptobairdia and Triebelina, with fully developed marginal areas, never molts (except perhaps in the case of the last immature instar). ” Here, photographs of the A – 1 and A – 2 instars of G. coronata are published for the first time (Figs. 19 A-L). These juvenile specimens are from a subfossil assemblage in the Florida Keys, which yields abundant adults of G. coronata, but none of G. trinodosa. They somewhat resemble the instars of a punctate species of Bairdoppilata [identified by Puri (1960) as “ Bairdia milne-edwardsi (Brady) ” and by Benson & Coleman (1963) as “ Bairdia cf. B. bradyi Bold ”], which is common in the same assemblage. Nevertheless, they may be discriminated by their more angular, quadrate to hexagonal, broad-shouldered lateral outlines (Figs. 20 A-L). In particular, they are slightly longer through the mid-dorsal section, between the anterodorsal and posterodorsal corners, which are more distinctly marked (Figs. 19 B, I, K – L) than in species of Bairdoppilata. These juvenile valves are thin-walled and fragile but densely punctate, with polygonal to oval puncta linearly arrayed between narrower muri (Figs. 19 A – F, H – L). No exterior ridges are developed, and the carapace wall is not thickened near the anterodorsal corner and caudal process. The caudal process, which is conspicuous but narrowly pinched at its base in adults, is broader at its base in these instars, longer in proportion to valve length, and tapers sinuously (Figs. 19 E – G, J). Instead of the long, heavily calcified marginal denticles and corrugated frill of the adults, the instars have only thin, discontinuous, zig-zag laminae near the perimeter (Figs. 19 E – G). Bairdoppilatan dentition is foreshadowed in the A – 1 RV by a slight thickening and roughening of the valve edge, in the location where supplemental denticles will develop in the adult (Fig. 19 G). In the A – 1 LV no corresponding locules are visible, and the infold is too narrow in this area to accommodate them (Figs. 19 D, F). No calcified inner lamella is preserved in these subfossil valves. Geographic Distribution: This species was described by Brady (1870) from reefs off Vera Cruz in the western Gulf of Mexico, where it was also reported by Krutak (1982). Stephenson (1946) described it (as G. bermudezi) from recent sediments at La Chorrera, Havana, Cuba. Puri (1960) reported it from Molasses Reef off Tavernier Island in Florida Bay, and off Key Largo in the Florida Keys. Rome (1960) described and illustrated the soft parts of living specimens, including the esophageal valve, which were collected from St. Barthelmy Island in the Lesser Antilles. The description by Maddocks (1969) was based on material collected by Louis S. Kornicker from Andros Island in the Bahamas. Teeter (1975, Table 1) collected a total of 8 specimens at 4 stations on the carbonate platform of Belize. Bold (1974; 1988 A, Table 2) summarized its distribution: Alacran Reef, Belize, Cozumel, Cuba, Hispaniola, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Tobago, northern Venezuela, the Lesser Antilles, and the Caribbean. Additionally, in the material examined for this report, it occurs in near-reef sediments of Bermuda, the Bahamas, the Florida Keys, and Roatan Island (Bay Islands, Honduras). It is absent from the western shelf of the Yucatan Peninsula, the Bay of Campeche, and the Flower Gardens on the shelf-edge of Texas. In all assemblages it is relatively rare, being characteristic of stations near the reef front rather than the lagoon or back-reef platform. Bold (1974, p. 33) stated that G. coronata has a stratigraphic range of Pleistocene to recent, citing a fossil occurrence in the Manchioneal Formation of Jamaica.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFD2FF83ECD6A9EF6B641DBF.taxon	description	(Figs. 20, 21 A – J) 1975 Bairdoppilata (Glyptobairdia) trinodosa Teeter, n. sp.: p. 421, figs. 3 h, 4 f. 1983 Bairdoppilata (Glyptobairdia) binodosa [sic] Teeter. — Palacios-Fest et al., table 1. 1988 A Glyptobairdia trinodosa Teeter. — Bold, table 2, p. 150.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFD2FF83ECD6A9EF6B641DBF.taxon	materials_examined	Material: Sixteen subfossil carapaces and valves from near-reef sediments of the carbonate platform of Belize and Honduras.	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
03FE6B50FFD2FF83ECD6A9EF6B641DBF.taxon	description	Dimensions: Dry carapace specimen 4083 W, LVL 0.720 mm, LVH 0.431 mm, RVL 0.708 mm, RVH 0.351 mm. Teeter reported carapace dimensions of L 0.70 mm, H 0.40 mm. The H: L clusters for G. trinodosa (Fig. 21) are more compact than those for G. coronata, in part because fewer specimens were recovered from fewer localities. It is likely that females are longer and higher than males, but without soft parts this cannot be confirmed. The clusters of G. trinodosa (Fig. 20) overlap with the lower and middle parts of the clusters for G. coronata (Fig. 17), approximately equivalent to the Florida population of that species. Anatomical Remarks: The subfossil valves are colorless, transparent to translucent, with a sugary texture and no opaque pattern. The two dorsal ends of the U-shaped central ridges on the lateral surfaces are thickened or flare into sharp crests (Figs. 21 A – H). A large round node is isolated a little above the gap between these ends. A second node is located in the middle of the central space, and the third node is positioned anteroventrally at a little distance from the second. This ornamental configuration is easily distinguished from that of G. coronata. Teeter mentioned but did not illustrate supposed sexual dimorphism: “ Dimorphism present in left valve; posteroventral part of submarginal rim depressed in males, continuous in females. ” This feature could not be confirmed in the specimens examined for this report. The “ submarginal rim ” mentioned by Teeter actually consists of two low, rounded, crescentic (concave-up) folds in the marginal fabric, located in the anteroventral and posteroventral regions. They more or less coincide with the valve margins as seen in lateral view, but not the valve edges. They do not meet at midlength, nor do they extend dorsally. Because of the rather coarse pattern of punctation, which crosses these ridges, small nicks or breaks in the narrow muri may appear to interrupt the ridges in some specimens. These are accidental features, probably post-mortem. Like that of G. coronata, the RV hinge has prominent, crescentic terminal teeth, which are directed laterally (into corresponding sockets of the LV) and project dorsally above the level of the median hinge-bar (Fig. 21 I). This is a contrast to the hinge of most bairdioids, in which the ends of the RV hinge-bar are less elevated relative to the median bar and less tooth-like in form. The hinge elements of G. trinodosa display coarse ligamental crenulation, like that of G. coronata (Figs. 21 I – J). The soft parts and esophageal valve of this species are unknown. Taxonomic Remarks: Bold (1974, p. 34) initially suggested that “ this may be no more than a local variant ” of G. coronata, but the differences between these two species are consistent, and specimens are easily sorted where they occur together. On the Belize platform, Teeter (1975, Table 1) reported nine adult specimens plus uncounted juveniles of G. trinodosa at six collecting stations. For G. coronata, he collected eight specimens at four stations, and the two species occurred together in one sample. The occasional co-occurrence of these two uncommon species is confirmed in the near-reef assemblages of Belize and Honduras examined for this report. Teeter (p. 421) stated that “ The presumed juveniles of either this species or B. (G.) coronata indicate a remarkable ontogeny. They have the bairdian outline, show pronounced dorsal overlap, and have a punctate surface; but they lack any indication of the prominent ridges common to the adult. ” The “ dorsal overlap ” he mentioned probably refers to overreach. In his Table 1, juvenile specimens were recorded at just one station and identified as G. trinodosa, without explanation. Illustrations and dimensions were not provided for the juveniles. No adults of either species were recorded in that sample, and no juveniles of G. coronata were tabulated at any station. Here, juveniles of G. coronata from collections in the Florida Keys are illustrated for the first time (Figs. 19 AL). In the subfossil assemblages from Belize and Roatan examined for this report, no juveniles of either species have yet been seen. Geographic Distribution: G. trinodosa occurs consistently, though never abundantly, in near-reef assemblages of the Belize carbonate platform and Roatan Island (Bay Islands, Honduras). It has been reported as far north as Cozumel on the eastern shelf of the Yucatan platform (Bold 1988 A, table 2, p. 150; Palacios-Fest et al. 1983).	en	Maddocks, Rosalie F. (2022): Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography. Zootaxa 5175 (3): 301-342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.1
