taxonID	type	description	language	source
072C87E5FFFEFFA1FC82A39DCBA72DE2.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Melania mitra Dunker, 1844 by subsequent designation by Brot (1874).	en	Lentge-MAAss, Nora, Neiber, Marco T., Gimnich, France, Glaubrecht, Matthias (2021): Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (3): 736-762, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120
072C87E5FFFEFFA1FC82A39DCBA72DE2.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Melania venustula Brot, 1877 by original designation.	en	Lentge-MAAss, Nora, Neiber, Marco T., Gimnich, France, Glaubrecht, Matthias (2021): Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (3): 736-762, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120
072C87E5FFFEFFA1FC82A39DCBA72DE2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Smallthiarids (usually <30 mm, exceptionally up to 41 mm) with slender, turreted to high-turreted shells, with up to ten whorls; spire whorls flattened; last whorl evenly rounded. Shell sculptured with widely spaced axial, usually pronouncedly opisthocyrt ribs on the upper part of all whorls; basal part of body whorl with prominent spiral grooves and ridges. Distribution: Species of the genus are recorded from India and Sri Lanka and are distributed widely in mainland and the insular regions of Southeast Asia, the Indo-Malay Archipelago ranging far into the Pacific region, as well as to Australia (for details see Fig. 2 and material list under the respective species). Remarks	en	Lentge-MAAss, Nora, Neiber, Marco T., Gimnich, France, Glaubrecht, Matthias (2021): Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (3): 736-762, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120
072C87E5FFFEFFA1FC82A39DCBA72DE2.taxon	discussion	Sermyla was originally proposed as a subgenus of Melanella Swainson, 1840 by Adams & Adams (1854) to include five nominal species: Melania harpula Dunker, 1844, Melania mitra Dunker, 1844, Melania nana Lea & Lea, 1851, Melania semicostata Philippi, 1847 and Melania tornatella Lea & Lea, 1851. Brot (1874: 7) designated M. mitra as the type species of Sermyla. The selection of M. harpula by Cossmann (1909: 208) as type species of Sermyla or the mentioning of M. tornatella as typical representative of the taxon by Thiele (1928: 401) are therefore invalid. At least eight nominal species can be attributed as synonyms in addition to the two species S. riquetii and S. carbonata that are currently accepted as biologically valid, resulting in a taxonomic redundancy of 4: 1 (i. e. four times more names than evolutionary entities).	en	Lentge-MAAss, Nora, Neiber, Marco T., Gimnich, France, Glaubrecht, Matthias (2021): Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (3): 736-762, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120
072C87E5FFFBFFBEFF07A0D9CD38299F.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 A – O, 4, 11 C, D)	en	Lentge-MAAss, Nora, Neiber, Marco T., Gimnich, France, Glaubrecht, Matthias (2021): Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (3): 736-762, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120
072C87E5FFFBFFBEFF07A0D9CD38299F.taxon	description	Melania mitra Dunker, 1844 in Philippi (1844: 162, Melania pl. 3, fig. 9).	en	Lentge-MAAss, Nora, Neiber, Marco T., Gimnich, France, Glaubrecht, Matthias (2021): Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (3): 736-762, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120
072C87E5FFFBFFBEFF07A0D9CD38299F.taxon	description	Type locality: Not given in the original publication, but ‘ Philippinen’ (Philippines) is mentioned on the label of the type series (ZMB 109670).	en	Lentge-MAAss, Nora, Neiber, Marco T., Gimnich, France, Glaubrecht, Matthias (2021): Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (3): 736-762, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120
072C87E5FFFBFFBEFF07A0D9CD38299F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Melania riquetii: two syntypes (BMNH 1907.11.2240 – 41). Melania harpula: one syntype (ZMB 109669). Melania mitra: two syntypes (ZMB 109770). Melania tornatella: three syntypes (BMNH 1978155). Melania sculpta: lectotype (present designation; BMNH 1854.7.24.381); five paralectotypes (BMNH 1854.7.24.381; only one conspecific with the lectotype, see Fig. 1 G and Remarks below). Sermyla kowloonensis: Holotype (USNM 48041). Additional material examined: Samples indicated by ‘ w’ refer to ethanol-preserved material used for molecular genetic analyses herein. India: (MCZ; USNM 41037, 119780); Bombay (MNHN); Malabar Coast (MNHN); Guilon (USNM 515619). Sri Lanka: (MCZ; USNM 20005). Thailand: (MCZ 292173 w); Narativat, canal of the Lagoon (MCZ 292170; SMF 21987 - 1; ZSM 3817 w); Klong Koto, 40 km from Narativath to Pattani (ZSM 3818); Pak Panang near Nakon Sri-Tammarath (MCZ 288662, 292172; SMF 219868 – 9; ZSM 3812 w; MNHN); Kao Yoi, near Petburi (MCZ 288656; SMF 219861 / 1, 244575 / 10, 271681 / 45; ZSM 624); Ban La Mung, Chonburi Province, Klong Na Glua at Ban Na Glua (MCZ 256624, 292171 w, 280588; SMF 219858 – 60; ZSM 621 – 2 w); Klong Na Chom Tian, Chonburi (SMF 206921 / 6; USNM 776183, w); Pattaya, Mung (SMF 219859); Pattaya, Na Klua (SMF 219857); Maenam Chao Phraya, Bangkok (SMF 219862, 220341 / 15; ZSM 3811 w); Klong Ka Seng, Smgkla (SMF 198239 / 9); Ko Samui: Klong Jokare, Ang Tong (SMF 219863 – 4; USNM 776209 w, 794130 w); Ban Had Lamai (SMF 219866); Ban Bo Phud (SMF 219865 / 15); Klong Lung Wat Thai, near Pak Bang, Ratapun (ZSM 3839 w); Gulf of Siam, Koh Pa-ngan (USNM 384123, 384126); Ban Amphoe, Sattahieb (USNM 776740, w); Klong La Mung, Chonburi (USNM 777539); Puek Tian, N of Hua Hin, 12 ° 57.495´N 100 ° 1.91´E (ZMB 107883, 107886); Petchaburi, drainage near Puek Tian, 12 ° 57.426´N 100 ° 2.075´E (ZMB 127817); Samut Song Khram, Don Hoi Lot, 13 ° 22.084´N 100 ° 0.267´E (ZMB 127818). Vietnam: (MCZ); Tonkin: Phong Tho (?) (ZMB 61228); Tuan Chau Island, Ha Long Bay (BMNH 2403); Hue, Laggon near Lang Co, 16 ° 15.67´N 108 ° 3.52´E, (ZMB 114421). China: (USNM 195903); Hongkong (CAS 6164; MCZ 167009; SMF 50022 / 8, 39143 - a / 1, 39143 / 27, 39144, 115456 / 18, 291774 / 6, 213472 / 3; ZMB 94721); Landau, near Hongkong (SMF 39146 / 10); Kowloon (USNM 516422 – 3); Macau (SMF 39147 / 3, USNM 218446); Setshuan (SMF 291775 / 6); Hainan (SMF 39142, 39145 / 6, 39148 / 2, 39161 / 39, 291773 / 5). Japan: Riu Kiu Islands: Okinawa (USNM 342622); Loochoo Islands: (MCZ 43018); Naha (USNM 218541). Philippines: (CAS 6216; MCZ 74828, 49684; MNHN; SMF 291786 – 7, 291790 / 2; ZMB 26735, 210087); Ubay (BMNH). Leyte: estuary, 2 miles S of Tanauan, W side of airfield (MCZ 179067; USNM 788823); Ormoe Bay (MCZ); Tarragona, 1 mile E (MCZ); Baybay (USNM 788745); Cancabato River, bridge at Burayan (USNM 789949); Lubang Island: (USNM 467359); Cabuyan Islands, SW of Lubang (MCZ 138214); Loac, Agkawayan River (MCZ 108214); Cabra Island (MCZ 138202). Luzon: Manila (MCZ 22245; USNM 259116, 654082); Pasigfluss (ZMB 210084); near mouth Sayabas River (USNM 239995); Camp Wallace, La Union (USNM 259258); Basiguran (USNM 259228); Bacoon Bay (USNM 259361, 258891); Port San Vincente, Palaui (USNM 259014); Bin Malay, Pangasinan (USNM 608320); Merivales Harbor (CAS 20691). Negros: (USNM 118539, 130784); Dunagusta (USNM 881), Guijulugan (USNM 243523). Mindoro: Sapa, Lubang (MCZ); Malugayo River (USNM 258966); Naujan River (USNM 259340); Paluan Bay, mouth of Paluan River (USNM 239849, 258940), Caminiwit Pt. (USNM 487579, 487592). Mindanao: Dapitan (MCZ 22244; SMF 291789 / 9); Minlagas, Misamis (SMF 291791 / 1); Opol (USNM 258972); Santa Cruz: Davao (MCZ 36265); Davao River (USNM 258907, 259317, 739431); near Zamboanga (USNM 259128, 591910); Susigao River (USNM 258922, 544066); S of Cotobata (USNM 258953); Malaling River, Malabang (USNM 259296, 258984). Palawan: Iwahig River, near Alf (CAS 599); Siquijor (SMF 291788 / 17); Bagac, Bataan (USNM 774990, 775021). Singapore: (ZMB 210077); Bedok Well (USNM 622515); Mandai River estuary, N Singapore, 1 ° 26´N, 103 ° 46´E (AMS C. 317335). Indonesia: Java: (MNHN, ZMB 210080); ‘ Batavia’ (= Jakarta) (ZMB 107007); Batavia, rice fields (MCZ 90663); West Java, Ujungkulon Peninsula, Nyiur (CAS 109940 w); Sukabumi (ZMB 210078); Garoet (MCZ 115025). Borneo: Balikpapan (MCZ 100483), Singkawang (ZMB 210083). Bali: Gumbrih River, 8 ° 26.542´S 114 ° 52.598´E (ZMB 106474); Lovina (ZMB 104180); Lombok: SW Pemenang, near estuary (ZMB 104178); Laboean Hadji, beach (ZMB 75506). Sumbawa: Satonda Island, crater lake (ZMB 104179). Flores: Waiara, E of Maumere, 8 ° 38.391´S 122 ° 18.707´E, (ZMB 106473). Timor: Kupang (210085). Banka: Muntok (ZMB 210081). Bunguran: Sungei Illu (ZMB 210086). Bismarck Archipelago: New Britain: Karlei, Weite Bucht (ZMB 87303); Weite Bucht (ZMB 87305); Malkong (ZMB 87304); Willaumez-Halbinsel: Nakanai (Dakatansee) (ZMB 87362). New Ireland: E coast, Medina, 100 km S Karieng (USNM 858220 w). Solomon Islands: Bougainville Id., Kieta (MCZ 111918); Guadalcanal, Lunga River (USNM 610202). Diagnosis: Shell less than 20 mm high, aperture approximately as high as the spire; opisthocyrt ribs and basal spiral grooves well-developed. Crawling juveniles released from subhaemocoelic brood pouch of female. Description Shell (Fig. 1 A – O): Shell compact, oval, usually dark brown (sometimes lighter brown or cream coloured with darker spots) with up to seven whorls; up to 20 mm high. Sculpture on body whorl and spire prominent axial, opisthocyrt ribs; on basal part of body whorl also with elevated spiral ridges and deep spiral grooves. Reproduction: Brood pouches of females filled with about 25 to 80 (mean 64) shelled juveniles of different ontogenetic stages, i. e. reproductive strategy euviviparous. Juvenile shell (Fig. 5 B): Juvenile shells with up to five whorls and pronounced axial ribs, crossed by more or less developed spiral ridges. Most of the juveniles ~ 1 mm high (maximum 2.5 mm). Percentage of juveniles bigger than 1.1 mm ranges from 2.5 % (Bali) to 12.8 % (Thailand). Radula (Fig. 11 C, D): Taeniogloss and typical for Thiaridae (see: Glaubrecht et al., 2009). Rachidian with a narrow triangular central denticle with a sharply pointed tip and three smaller denticles on either side of central denticle, also triangular in shape with a sharply pointed tip. Central denticles of the lateralia broad and rounded, flanked by two to three pointed denticles on either side. Marginal teeth with six to seven denticles. Ecology: Sermyla riquetii was originally suspected to be a marine species by Grateloupe (1840: 433: ‘ Je la soupconne marine’). This is erroneous insofar as we found all Sermyla species in freshwater to brackishwater environments in the estuaries of tropical streams, above the influence of the tides, where it lives on muddy and sandy substrate and feeds on detritus. Based on our observation from sampling in Thailand, S. riquetii was found in the quieter regions of the river rather than in the running stream, because in those parts mud, sand and richer substrate can accumulate. Distribution: The species is distributed from India and Sri Lanka into the mainland and insular regions of Southeast Asia, the Indo-Malay Archipelago ranging far into the Pacific region and to Australia (see Fig. 2 and the material list for details). Remarks All samples collected outside of Sulawesi and Australia belong to S. riquetii as here delimited. Accordingly, we synonymize M. harpula, M. mitra, M. semicostata, M. tornatella, M. sculpta and S. kowloonensis with S. riquetii, which exhibit no discernible differences that would justify species separation. The type series of M. sculpta includes at least three different thiarid species. To stabilize the name, we here select the specimen shown in Figure 1 G as the lectotype of M. sculpta. There is one paralectotype considered here to be conspecific with the lectotype. One of the remaining four paralectotypes is identified as Mieniplotia scabra (Müller, 1774). The other three probably belong to the taxonomic complex comprised by the genus-group taxa Melanoides Olivier, 1804, Stenomelania Fischer, 1885 and Neoradina Brandt, 1974 in the sense of Wiggering et al. (2019). Glaubrecht et al. (2009) supposed an ovoviviparous reproductive strategy for S. riquetii based on the investigation of material from Sulawesi. However, our results suggest that this particular reproductive strategy is actually restricted to samples from Sulawesi only, which we here suggest to represent a distinct species (see below). In contrast, S. riquetii has an euviviparous reproductive strategy, which we recorded here for samples from Thailand, Vietnam and Bali, and which Bandel & Riedel (1998) recorded for samples from Negros Island (Philippines). However, it has to be noted that this hypothesis should be tested when additional preserved material becomes available for study in the future.	en	Lentge-MAAss, Nora, Neiber, Marco T., Gimnich, France, Glaubrecht, Matthias (2021): Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (3): 736-762, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120
072C87E5FFE4FFBCFC42A726C8552894.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 P – T, 4, 11 A, B) Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 14715 EED- 3 C 76 - 4 F 47 - AD 05 - 9 DE 6 F 6 F 8127 D	en	Lentge-MAAss, Nora, Neiber, Marco T., Gimnich, France, Glaubrecht, Matthias (2021): Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (3): 736-762, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120
072C87E5FFE4FFBCFC42A726C8552894.taxon	etymology	Etymology: For the type locality, the township of Kupa in south-western Sulawesi.	en	Lentge-MAAss, Nora, Neiber, Marco T., Gimnich, France, Glaubrecht, Matthias (2021): Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (3): 736-762, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120
072C87E5FFE4FFBCFC42A726C8552894.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype, Indonesia, Sulawesi, Kupa, stream E of road Makassar-Parepare, 4 ° 7.567´S 119 ° 37.426´E (MZB Gst. 12.191 w); 16 paratypes from the type locality (ZMB 190982); 88 paratypes from the type locality (ZMB 191388 w); 80 paratypes from the type locality (MZB Gst. 12.192 w); five paratypes from the type locality (ZMH 94335 w). Additional material examined: Indonesia: Sulawesi: Makassar, 5 ° 8 ′ S 119 ° 25 ′ E (ZMB 210079, 210082).	en	Lentge-MAAss, Nora, Neiber, Marco T., Gimnich, France, Glaubrecht, Matthias (2021): Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (3): 736-762, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120
072C87E5FFE4FFBCFC42A726C8552894.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell as in S. riquetii. Veliger larvae (> 1000) are released from the subhaemocoelic brood pouch of the female.	en	Lentge-MAAss, Nora, Neiber, Marco T., Gimnich, France, Glaubrecht, Matthias (2021): Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (3): 736-762, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120
072C87E5FFE4FFBCFC42A726C8552894.taxon	description	Description Shell (Fig. 1 P – T): The shell of S. kupaensis cannot be distinguished from that of S. riquetii. Reproduction: Female S. kupaensis individuals were found to contain only veliger larvae (> 1000) in their brood pouches, i. e. the species has an ovoviviparous reproductive strategy. Juvenile shell (Fig. 5 B): Since we did not observe any shelled juveniles in the brood pouch, we display the image of a veliger larvae with an already clearly visible operculum. We are not able to make any further statements concerning the juvenile shell of S. kupaensis. Radula (Fig. 11 A, B): Typical, as in other Thiaridae (see: Glaubrecht et al., 2009). Rachidian with a subtriangular central denticle with broadly rounded tip and three smaller denticles on either side of central denticle, also triangular in shape with a rounded tip. Central denticles of lateralia broader and rounder than seen in other thiarids, flanked by two relatively large denticles forming a pronounced wing-shaped plate on the inner side projecting towards the central teeth. Marginal teeth with six to seven denticles.	en	Lentge-MAAss, Nora, Neiber, Marco T., Gimnich, France, Glaubrecht, Matthias (2021): Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (3): 736-762, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120
072C87E5FFE4FFBCFC42A726C8552894.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology: This species lives in water bodies above tidal influence, although empty shells may be washed downstream. Near Kupa it was found exclusively at elevations of several dozen metres above the sea level on an elevated plateau with muddy pools of stagnant water adjacent to the river course, but not in the running stream itself. The species seems to prefer these pools with stagnant water over running water, apparently due to the richer muddy substrate it lives in and feeds from.	en	Lentge-MAAss, Nora, Neiber, Marco T., Gimnich, France, Glaubrecht, Matthias (2021): Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (3): 736-762, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120
072C87E5FFE4FFBCFC42A726C8552894.taxon	distribution	Distribution: It is known only from the type locality. Shells found in Makassar further south on Sulawesi along the same coast line are probably also attributable to this species.	en	Lentge-MAAss, Nora, Neiber, Marco T., Gimnich, France, Glaubrecht, Matthias (2021): Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (3): 736-762, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120
072C87E5FFE4FFBCFC42A726C8552894.taxon	discussion	Remarks Shells of S. kupaensis cannot be distinguished from S. riquetii but are, on average, slightly larger than samples from Thailand, Vietnam and Bali, for which an euviviparous reproductive strategy could be confirmed here. The different reproductive strategy, i. e. ovoviviparity, and the divergent mitochondrial haplotypes, suggest that the specimens from Sulawesi represent a distinct evolutionary lineage. Specimens of S. carbonata from Australia, which has a euviviparous reproductive strategy, usually have a higher spire than S. kupaensis. Moreover, some populations of S. carbonata can readily be distinguished by their weaker shell sculpture.	en	Lentge-MAAss, Nora, Neiber, Marco T., Gimnich, France, Glaubrecht, Matthias (2021): Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (3): 736-762, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120
072C87E5FFE6FFBAFF02A44ECB9B2AA8.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 U – AB, 4, 11 E, F)	en	Lentge-MAAss, Nora, Neiber, Marco T., Gimnich, France, Glaubrecht, Matthias (2021): Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (3): 736-762, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120
072C87E5FFE6FFBAFF02A44ECB9B2AA8.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: ‘ Port Denison, Nov. Holl. ’ (Port Denison, Western Australia).	en	Lentge-MAAss, Nora, Neiber, Marco T., Gimnich, France, Glaubrecht, Matthias (2021): Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (3): 736-762, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120
072C87E5FFE6FFBAFF02A44ECB9B2AA8.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Melania carbonata: two syntypes (BMNH 20010762). Melania venustula: six syntypes (MHNG 121205). Sermylasma prognata: holotype (BMNH 1857.9.30.8). Additional material examined: Australia: Western Australia: West side of Cape Range, Bundara Sinkhole, 225 ° S 113 ° 46´E (WAM BES 10049 w, 10050 w, 13049 w, 13050 w). Northern Territory: Howard Springs 6 km E of Stuart highway (station Northern Territory 10) (AMS C. 110490, C. 427959 w); Howard Springs, 12 ° 27.345´S 131 ° 03.146´E (ZMB 106593 w, 106700 w, 127660 w); Howard Springs Creek, 12 ° 27.268´S 131 ° 03.108´E (ZMB 106595 w, 107228 w, 107627 w, 107630 w); Spring creek at Howard Springs, 12 ° 27.553´S 131 ° 03.069´E (ZMB 107979 w, 127659 w, 127660 w); Berry Springs, 48 miles SW of Darwin (QM 5624, 5625); Berry Springs, SE of Darwin, 12 ° 42.111´S 130 ° 59.875´E (ZMB 107210 w, 107544 w, 107545 w, 127634 w); Black Jungle Springs, 13 ° 3´S 132 ° 9.86´E (VK 25843); Katherine River, 3 miles W of Katherine (QM 5621); SE of Katherine, creek just before turn off from Roper to Elsey Falls; Stevie´s Hole at Waterhouse River, Elsey National Park, 15 ° 55.782´S 133 ° 8.732´E (ZMB 106682); Little Roper River, at crossing, 14 ° 55.581´S 133 ° 07.176´E (ZMB 106629 w, 106678 w, 107236 w, 107561 w, 107562 w); Little Roper River at crossing, south bank, lilly pond, 14 ° 55.589´S 133 ° 07.137´E (ZMB 127515 w, 127639 w); Little Roper River at crossing, north bank, among palms, 14 ° 55.630´S 133 ° 07.105´E (ZMB 127640 w, 127641 w); Roper River (QM 8476; AMS C. 109742); Roper River, old bridge crossing at Mataranka Homestead, 14 ° 55.5´S 133 ° 6.5´E (AMS C. 317322 w, C. 317323 w, C. 317325 w); Roper Creek near junction with Waterhouse Creek near Mataranka at road crossing ford-Station Northern Territory 10, 14 ° 55.74´S 133 ° 7.06´E, stagnant pool; roots alongside of river, not in max flow of water (AMS C. 323808 w); Waterhouse River, Mataranka tourist resort (QM 5158; VK 0958); Roper River, at Botanic Walk, 14 ° 56.126´S 133 ° 08.532´E (ZMB 127642 w); Roper River, at 4 - mile point, 14 ° 56.120´S 133 ° 10.069´E (ZMB 127644 w); Wabalarr, at Roper River, 14 ° 56.028´S 133 ° 10.444´E (ZMB 107615 w, 107616 w, 107618 w, 127645 w); Mulurark, at Roper River, 14 ° 56.763´S 133 ° 12.614´E (ZMB 107621 w, 127646 w); Roper River, at Jalmurark Camp Ground, 14 ° 57.158´S 133 ° 13.29´E (ZMB 106676 w, 107229 w, 107557 w, 107558 w); Roper River, between Mataranka Falls and Jalmurark campground, 2 km below Jalmurark (downstream), 14 ° 57.515´S 133 ° 14.275´E (ZMB 127638 w); Roper River, at Mataranka, 14 ° 56.771´S 133 ° 12.609´E (ZMB 106623 w); E of Mataranka between Elsey Station and Elsey falls, 14 ° 57.5´S 133 ° 18.333´E (AMS C. 322659); Salt Creek at junction to Roper River, 14 ° 57.453´S 133 ° 15.095´E (ZMB 127635 w); Elsey Creek on Roper Highway, 15 ° 00.627´S 133 ° 14.417´E (ZMB 107231 w, 127649 w, 127650 w); Salt Creek, near Elsey Creek, at crossing of Roper Highway, 15 ° 0.703´S 133 ° 14.417´E (ZMB 107230 w, 127647 w, 127648 w); Warloch Ponds on Elsey Creek, near Old Stuart Highway, Elsey Station, Mataranka Area, 16 ° 05.042´S 133 ° 07.258´E (ZMB 192019 w, 127657 w, 127658 w); Roper Bar, Roper River, 14 ° 42.816´S 134 ° 30.501´E (ZMB 192017 w, AMS C. 323807 w); Mumpumapu waterhole, Phelp River drainage, Numbulwar-Roper road, Mumpumapu Outstation, Arnhem Land, 14 ° 22.59´S 135 ° 19.34´E (AMS C. 461353 w); 8 km NE of Towns River Crossing, 14 ° 59.82´S 135 ° 16.28´E (ZMB 192016 w, 192018 w); Towns River, E of Mataranka, 14 ° 42.94´S 134 ° 30.44´E, below road crossing (Station Northern Territory 15) (AMS C. 317337 w); Roper Bar, Roper River, Gulf of Carpentaria, 14 ° 42.46 ’ S 134 ° 30.30 ’ E (VK 26347, VK 25911); Roper River, SW section of Gulf of Carpentaria, 14 ° 42 ’ S 134 ° 05 ’ E (NTM P 15921); Towns River, at crossing with Roper Highway, 15 ° 02.570´S 135 ° 12.718´E (ZMB 127651 w); Towns River, backwater at junction with creek, 14 ° 59.999´S 135 ° 17.030´E (ZMB 127654 w, 127655 w); Foelsche River, 16 ° 12.628´S 136 ° 53.034´E (ZMB 107232 w); Queensland: Bynoe River (ZMB 106712 w, MCZ 173385); 4.5 km NW of Normanton, road from Normanton to Karumba (saline ponds), 17 ° 39.43´S 141 ° 06.03´E (VK 26.356, ZMB 106713 w); Norman River, billabong 1 km N of Normanton, 17 ° 39.712´S 141 ° 06.154´E (ZMB 107235 w, 127656 w); Billabong ca. 1 km from Norman River towards Kurumba on Kurumba Road, 17 ° 39.64´S 141 6.1´E, on sand and mud; Ivanho crossing, Ord River, 7.5 miles NW of Kununurra (QM 5627); Gregory River, Riversleigh Station (QM 64501); Townsville, northern Queensland, crawling on algal slime at the water edge, smaller, i. e. older artificial lake, 19 ° 16´S 146 ° 49´E, (NTM P 27449); Currejong, Townsville, northern Queensland, 19 ° 16´S 146 ° 49´E, (NTM P 27448); Port Denison (ZMB 59156); North of Hughenden, Soda Valley Creek, 20 22´S 150 ° 32´E (AMS C. 58393); Peanmnga Spring, west of Mt. Whelan, 22 ° 26´S 138 ° 48.30´E, (AMS C. 338667); Caloundra (QM 64454); Fitzroy River at Rockhampton, 23 ° 22´S 150 ° 32´E, (AMS C. 58393). And initially as S. cf. riquetii from Australia: Northern Territory: Towns River, E of Mataranka, below road crossing, 14 ° 42.94´S 134 ° 30.44´E, (AMS C. 317336; station Northern Territory 15, 5781). Queensland: Lizard Island (BMNH 1854.10.28.32): Kapoh Cove Beach, North Point (AMS); Buchans Point, N of Cairns (AMS); Port Curtis (AMS); Caloundra, brackish water from Twoway Creek (AMS C. 42010). Diagnosis: Shell up to 34 mm high (exceptional 41 mm), aperture reaching approximately one-third of total shell height; opisthocyrt ribs and basal spiral grooves usually well developed, sometimes faint to rarely absent. Crawling juveniles with up to seven shell whorls are released from the subhaemocoelic brood pouch of the female. Description Shell (Fig 1 U – AB): Shell highly polymorphic, but generally slender, with up to ten whorls and with a mean height of about 21 mm (occasionally over 30 mm; or even exceptionally 41 mm (Roper River population) and a maximum of 11 whorls); light to dark brown, often with darker brown blotches, mainly on the body whorl. Basal part of body whorl with spiral grooves and ridges, the axial opisthocyrt ribs on upper part of body whorl and spire more or less pronounced. Shells from Western Australia, Bundara Sinkhole (Fig. 1 X) with lightest shell colour and without blotches, with less-developed axial ribs, but clearly visible radial ridges in the basal part of the last whorl. Shells from Howard Springs (Fig. 1 Y) medium to dark brown and darker colour pattern, axial ribs and spiral sculpture pronounced. Shells from Roper River (Fig. 1 Z, AA) relatively large, with medium brown coloration and dark patterns on all whorls; axial ribs more or less pronounced, radial ridges and grooves on basal part of body whorl always pronounced (most similar to the type material) of M. venustula (Fig. 1 V). Shells from the Gulf of Carpentaria (Fig. 1 AB) darker in comparison to the former, much smaller compared to all the other S. carbonata populations, with a pronounced radial spiral sculpture; upper tip of shell usually corroded. Reproduction: Brood pouches of female S. carbonata filled with about 150 shelled juveniles of different ontogenetic stages, i. e. the species has a euviviparous reproductive strategy. Juvenile shell (Fig. 5 B): Juvenile shells of S. carbonata as diverse as the adult shells, with up to seven whorls; mostly with clearly visible axial ribs, crossed by weak spiral grooves. Only juvenile shells from Western Australia (Bundara Sinkhole) lacking spiral grooves, but with axial growth lines. Most juveniles ~ 1 mm (sometimes> 3 mm). Only between 3.7 % (Western Australia) and 7.9 % (Howard Springs) of the shells are 1.1 mm or more in shell height. Radula (Fig. 11 E, F): The radula of S. carbonata corresponds to those typical for other Thiaridae (Glaubrecht et al., 2009). The approximately nine denticles along cutting edge of rachidian teeth consistently more distinctly cusped than in other thiarids, with sharply pointed denticles. Central denticle of the lateralia also narrow and sharply pointed, flanked on either by three to four pointed denticles. Marginalia with nine to ten denticles. Ecology: Sermyla carbonata is not only known from lower courses of rivers and streams (e. g. Towns River), but also further inland in the Northern Territory at localities with partial saline conditions. Some areas of the Roper River drainage system, for example, at Salt Creek, are almost marine-like in their salt content dissolved from sedimentary rocks (see: Glaubrecht et al., 2009). Distribution: Sermyla carbonata is distributed mainly in the northern part of the Australian continent, but restricted to the Timor Sea and Gulf of Carpentaria drainages. In addition to the distribution revealed in Glaubrecht et al. (2009), two new localities have recently been discovered and verified with the use of molecular genetics (see below): (1) Berry Springs, to the south-west of Darwin, Northern Territory, at a highly isolated location and (2) even further to the west, the isolated population from Bundara Sinkhole in Western Australia. On the basis of shell morphology and biometry, shells initially sorted to S. cf. riquetii were assigned to S. carbonata. This extends the distribution into the Coral Sea / Jardinian – Krefftain drainage system on the basis of historical shell samples. Remarks Glaubrecht et al. (2009) described this taxon in detail under the available name S. venustula Brot, 1877 (see also: Maass & Glaubrecht, 2012). However, this species name cannot be used because M. carbonata Reeve, 1859, which we consider to be conspecific, has priority. The type locality of M. carbonata was not given in the original publication, but later stated to be from Port Essington (Australia, Northern Territory, Cobourg Peninsula) by Brot (1876: 153) and Smith (1882: 259). The name S. prognata Irdale, 1943 cannot be regarded as a replacement name (although stated to be a nom. nov.) for M. venustula Brot, 1874, because Iredale (1943: 208) considered both to be separate species. Sermyla prognata was based by Iredale (1943: 208) on a single specimen [with reference to a description and figure of that specimen by Smith (1882: 260, pl. 5, fig. 10)], which has, therefore, to be considered the holotype. Sermyla carbonata can be distinguished from S. riquetii and S. kupaensis by the higher spire and often larger and variable shell. From S. kupaensis it can also be distinguished by the different reproductive strategy, i. e. euviviparity, with crawling juveniles released from the brood pouch of female S. carbonata, compared to ovoviviparity, with veliger larvae released from the brood pouch of female S. kupaensis.	en	Lentge-MAAss, Nora, Neiber, Marco T., Gimnich, France, Glaubrecht, Matthias (2021): Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 192 (3): 736-762, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120
