identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
92B8727A6424595FB81FBE14E19F1C47.text	92B8727A6424595FB81FBE14E19F1C47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Piper hoyoscardozii W. Trujillo-C & M. A. Jaram. 2022	<div><p>Piper hoyoscardozii W. Trujillo-C &amp; M. A. Jaram. sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs 1, 2, 3 and 4</p> <p>Type.</p> <p>Colombia. Caquetá: Florencia, vereda Sucre, 1076 m elev., 1°47'50"N, 75°38'50"W, 18 Oct 2020 [fr], F. Hoyos 049 (Holotype COL, Isotype COAH, HUA, UMNG)</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Piper hoyoscardozii W. Trujillo &amp; M. A. Jaram. is similar to P. dryadum C. DC. (1891:221) and P. flagellicuspe Trel. &amp; Yunck. (1950:59) from which it is easily distinguished by peduncles 2-3 cm long, spikes long-apiculate and fruit with stigmas sessile vs. peduncle 0.5-1 cm long, spikes not-apiculate and fruit with stigmas on a short style in P. flagellicuspe and P. dryadum.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Shrub with sarmentose branches. Internodes (1)3-7 cm long, smooth, green, pubescent, trichomes pluricellular, uniseriate, 1-2.3 mm long, idioblasts not visible. Prophylls caducous, 1.2-1.5 cm long, green-whitish, pubescent, trichomes pluricellular, uniseriate, 0.2-1.0 mm long, dispersed on the abaxial surface, idioblasts not visible. Petioles uniform in size along all axes, 0.5-0.8 cm long, vaginate on the basal half, smooth and pubescent. Leaf-blades membranaceous, drying black, uniform in shape and size on all nodes, (5)6-7 × (13)15-17 cm, elliptic, symmetric, base cordate to rounded, apex acuminate; leaf blade smooth, pubescent on both surfaces, trichomes pluricellular, uniseriate, 0.5-2.3 mm long, dispersed on the adaxial surface, along first and second order nerves and dispersed on the areolas and third order nerves of the abaxial surface, eciliate; pinnately nerved from the lower 1/3, 2-3 nerves on each side, with spacing uniform or decreasing and angle increasing gradually towards the base, eucamptodromous, tertiary veins percurrent. Inflorescence and infructescence a simple spike, erect; peduncle 2-3 cm long, pubescent, green; rachis in flower 4-7 cm long, rachis in fruit 7-9 cm long, rachis with a 10-15 mm long, sterile green apical extension, fruits densely grouped along the rachis. Floral bracts cucullate, reddish in flower, triangular from above, 0.4-0.6 × 0.7-0.8 mm, glabrous on the adaxial surface, margin fimbriate, bracts forming bands around the spike. Flowers with four stamens, filaments 0.6-0.8 mm long, anthers 0.4-0.6 × 0.5-0.7 mm, longitudinally dehiscent, dithecous, with connective not protruding, glabrate, idioblasts not evident, black when dried. Sessile stigmas. Fruits rectangular, laterally compressed, green when alive and black when dry, 0.9-1.2 × 1.5-1.9 mm, pubescent, partially immersed in the rachis, with persistent sessile stigmas, 0.05-0.1 mm. Seeds oblong, laterally compressed, brown, smooth, 0.8-1 × 0.8-1.1 mm.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat.</p> <p>Piper hoyoscardozii is a shade-loving sarmentose shrub that grows on trees and rocks. It is known from the Amazonian slope of the Andes in southern Colombia and Ecuador, between 1000-1500 m in elevation (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Phenology.</p> <p>Flowering specimens were collected in July. Fruiting specimens were collected in August.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>This species name is dedicated to Fernando Hoyos Cardozo, a great companion during our floristic explorations of the Amazonian foothills and who collected the type specimen of this species in Caquetá.</p> <p>Conservation status.</p> <p>This species is known from six specimen collections representing two subpopulations. The locations where it occurs are threatened by deforestation and expansion of the agriculture frontier, especially extensive cattle ranching. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of 876 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) of 16 km2 are small, which, together with the continuing decline in quality of habitat, suggests it is Endangered [EN B1a+B2a].</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships.</p> <p>Piper hoyoscardozii belongs to the large clade Radula. A group of medium-size shrubs, mostly self-supporting, but some species are herbs or lianescent shrubs; leaves are plinerved or pinnately nerved. Flowers are densely arranged in spikes forming banding patterns and inflorescences can be erect or distally curved. Furthermore, this species is closely related to the clade of sarmentose shrubs occurring in wet tropical forests in Central America and the western slopes of the west Cordillera in Colombia (the latter corresponds largely to the Chocó Region) that includes P. brachypodon C. DC. (1869:327), P. cavendishioides Trel. &amp; Yunck. (Trelease and Yuncker 1950: 85), P. dryadum, P. flagellicuspe, P. ottoniifolium C. DC. (1866:213), P. oxystachyum C. DC. (1898:255) and P. novogranatense C. DC. (1869:313) (Jaramillo et al. 2008).</p> <p>Discussion.</p> <p>Piper hoyoscardozii is a sarmentose shrub, a habit not commonly observed amongst Piper species in the study region (eastern slope of the Andes). The phylogeny (Fig. 1) places P. hoyoscardozii sister to other climbing Piper species occurring on the western slope of the Andes and wetter parts of Mesoamerica. Here we provide a comparative table for the climbing Piper species included in the phylogeny (Table 2). P. hoyoscardozii is easily differentiated because its spikes (in flower and fruit) have a long peduncle and a long apiculate apex.</p> <p>Specimens examined.</p> <p>Colombia: Caquetá, Florencia, vereda Tarqui, monumento <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.66167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8411111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.66167/lat 1.8411111)">Divino Nino</a>, 1570 m elev., 1°50'0.3"N, 75°39'52.8"W, 30 Aug 2020 [fl], W. Trujillo &amp; F. Hoyos 4120 (COAH, UMNG).; vereda Tarqui, quebrada Tarqui, 1530 m elev., 1°50'28"N, 75°39'42"W, 20 Aug 2020 [42], W. Trujillo 4099 (COAH); corregimiento El Caraño, vereda Sucre. 1076 m elev., 1°47'50.8"N, 75°38'50.5"W, 8 Jul 2014 [fl], W. Trujillo 3130 (COAH); vereda Sucre, Finca campamento Sucre. 1°46'52"N, 75°39'5.1"W. 1050 m elev,. 5 Jul 2012 [fl]. W. Trujillo &amp; C. Malambo 2400; vereda Sucre, vía antigua <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.6473&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.7974445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.6473/lat 1.7974445)">Florencia-Huila</a>, 1°47'50.8"N, 75°38'50.3"W, 1000 m elev., 24 Sep 2020 [fl], F. Hoyos 042 (COAH). Ecuador. Napo, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.8333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.566666/lat -0.8333333)">Parque Nacional Sumaco-Galeras</a>, 0°50'S, 77°34'W, 1090 m elev., 27 Oct 2005 [fr], J. Homeier &amp; M.A. Chinchero 2000 (MO).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/92B8727A6424595FB81FBE14E19F1C47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Trujillo, William;Trujillo, Edwin Trujillo;Ortiz-Morea, Fausto Andres;Toro, Diego A.;Jaramillo, M. Alejandra	Trujillo, William, Trujillo, Edwin Trujillo, Ortiz-Morea, Fausto Andres, Toro, Diego A., Jaramillo, M. Alejandra (2022): New Piper species from the eastern slopes of the Andes in northern South America. PhytoKeys 206: 25-48, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.206.75971, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.206.75971
138BB73E0D575BDD893D64DB4B7025B4.text	138BB73E0D575BDD893D64DB4B7025B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Piper indiwasii W. Trujillo-C & M. A. Jaram. 2022	<div><p>Piper indiwasii W. Trujillo-C &amp; M. A. Jaram. sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs 1, 2, 5 and 6</p> <p>Type.</p> <p>Colombia. Caquetá, municipio de San José del Fragua, ronda de bosque cerca al balneario Villa Collazos sobre el <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.991104&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.3344445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.991104/lat 1.3344445)">rio Fragua</a>, 1°20'04"N, 75°59'28"W, 395 m elev., 14 May 2020, M. Angulo 1550 (Holotype COL, Isoptype COAH, HUA, HUAZ, UMNG).</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Piper indiwasii W. Trujillo &amp; M. A. Jaram. can be distinguished from P. scutilimbum C. DC. (1920a:242) by many attributes. Piper indiwasii has 1-1.7 cm long petioles, 7-8 pairs of secondary veins and a narrowly spatulate leaf base extension, 0.4-0.9(1.5) cm wide, vs. P. scutilimbum, which has a 4-6 cm long petioles, 10-12 secondary veins and an obtuse and rounded leaf-base extension, 2.5-4 cm wide. Piper indiwasii occurs in the Amazon watershed, on the eastern foothills of the Andes, while P. scutilimbum occurs west of the Andes in Panama and extends to Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Shrub, up to 2 m tall. Internodes 2-4(5) cm, canaliculate, green, glabrous. Prophylls not seen. Petioles are uniform in size along all axes, 1-1.7 cm long, vaginate along their entire length, canaliculate, glabrous. Leaf-blades coriaceous, drying grey to brown, uniform in size along all axes, (4.5)6-8.5 × (11)14-18 cm, elliptic, symmetric, leaf-base peltate, symmetric, with a narrowly spatulate extension, 0.4-0.9 × (0.5)1-2.3(2.5) cm, the leaf-base extension covering the petiole on sympodial nodes and orientated towards the axis on monopodial nodes, apex acuminate; leaf-blade glabrous on both surfaces, eciliate; pinnately nerved throughout, the nerves 7-8 on each side, brochidodromous, with spacing decreasing towards the base and angle uniform throughout, tertiary veins random reticulate. Inflorescences and infructescences a solitary spike, erect; peduncle 0.9-1.5 cm long, glabrous, green; rachis length in fruit (5)6-20 cm, fruits loosely grouped along the rachis. Floral bracts cucullate, triangular from above, 0.3-0.5 × 0.5-0.8 mm, glabrous on the adaxial surface, margin eciliate, not forming bands around the spike. Flowers with three stamens, filaments 0.5-0.8 mm long, anthers 0.3-0.5 × 0.2-0.3 mm long, longitudinally dehiscent, dithecous, with connective not protruding, glabrate, idioblasts not evident; stigmas 3, 0.05-1.5 mm long, sessile. Fruits obpyriform, green when alive and brown when dry, 0.6-0.8 × 0.9-1.2 mm, glabrous, partially immersed in the rachis, with stigmas persistent, 0.05-1.5 mm long, sessile. Seeds obpyriform, black.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat.</p> <p>Piper indiwasii is known from the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Colombia (Departments of Putumayo, Caquetá and Guaviare), Ecuador (Provinces of Guayas, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza and Sucumbíos) and Peru (Provinces of Amazonas), from 200 to 1,608 m elevation (Fig. 2). It occurs in lowland (sometimes along riverbanks) and lower montane forests. It is a shade-loving species that grows in the understorey and the edges of trails of preserved forests.</p> <p>Phenology.</p> <p>Fruiting specimens were collected from December to June and August to October. Flowering samples were collected in March, April, May and December.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>Piper indiwasii is named after the Inga word meaning "House of the Sun". Ingas or Inganos are an indigenous group belonging to the Quechua linguistic family. The Ingas of the Amazon foothills are made up of migratory groups from the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Amazon, the Mocoas and some survivors of the Andaquíes. The clans are united by their location, cosmovision and the culture of “yajé” (Banisteriopsis caapi). Furthermore, the type specimen of this species was collected in the Alto Fragua Indi-Wasi National Park, located in San José del Fragua, Caquetá-Colombia.</p> <p>Conservation status:</p> <p>Piper indiwasii is not endangered. It is known from 11 subpopulations and 12 localities; it has an EOO of 1,478,359 km2 and an AOO of 52 km2. According to IUCN guidelines, it is of Least Concern (LC) as the region where it occurs is threatened by deforestation and its conservation status should be monitored.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships.</p> <p>Piper indiwasii belongs to the Neotropical clade Oxodium. Species in this group are shrubs, sometimes sarmentose. They have plinerved or pinnately nerved leaves, leaf bases are often acute or cordate and they have lax inflorescences with loosely arranged flowers (Jaramillo et al. 2008). Piper indiwasii is closely related to P. scutilimbum. Nucleotide difference between the two Piper indiwasii ITS accession is 5 bp out of 641 (0.8%), while these sequences have a 27 bp (4%) dissimilarity with P. scutilimbum (collected in the type locality). Sequence data and leaf material were available for five species of Neotropical Piper with peltate leaves. P. subscutatum C. DC. (1869:321) and P. imberbe Trel. &amp; Standl. (Standley and Steyermark 1952:303-304) are in the Oxodium clade as P. indiwasii and P. scutilimbum; P. scutifolium Yunck. (1966:123-124) is part of the Ottonia clade; and P. maxonii C. DC. (1920b:16), P. hartwegianum (Benth.) C. DC. (1869: 369) and P. candollei Sodiro (1905:202) are members of the Macrostachys clade. Neotropical Piper species with peltate leaves do not form a monophyletic group and are part of at least four clades: Oxodium, Pothomorphe, Macrostachys and Ottonia (Fig. 1). Further studies are needed to shed light on the convergence of this trait.</p> <p>Uses by communities.</p> <p>Various common names are used for P. indiwasii amongst indigenous communities in Ecuador: a) " ñahui tapa panga " (closed eye leaf) (D. Irvine &amp; L. Cejua 1125, F, QCA); when a patient is sick and the eyes are closed even when awake, leaves are wrapped around tobacco and the smoke blown over the eyes of the patient; b) “uchi-ampar” a Shuar name, plant used against parasites, leaves and roots are used (Guerrero 171; Herrera 288, MO, QCNE); c) " palu sera aula " or the grandmother of palu sera, which is used for relieving toothache (D. Irvine 959, F, QCA).</p> <p>Discussion.</p> <p>After reviewing the specimens identified as P. scutilimbum from Panama and northern Colombia vs. specimens from the eastern (Amazonian) Andes slope in Colombia, Ecuador and Perú (Fig. 2), we found a consistent difference in the leaf base shape between collections from both regions. The obtuse and rounded leaf base extension of the type specimen from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta coincides with that of specimens collected in Panama in contrast to the narrowly spatulate base extension seen in P. indiwasi. The leaf base shape, combined with other morphological characters and geographical distribution, clearly allows Piper indiwasii to be proposed as a new species. We provide a comparative table of morphological characters for species of Piper with peltate leaves that belong to the Oxodium clade (see Table 3).</p> <p>* Leaves can be peltate or not.</p> <p>Specimens examined.</p> <p>Colombia. Caquetá, San José del Fragua, ronda de bosque cerca al balneario Villa Collazos sobre el <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.696945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.6322222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.696945/lat 1.6322222)">rio Fragua</a>, 1°20'04"N, 75°59'28"W, 400 m elev., 29 Jun 2011 [fr], W. Trujillo et al. 1999 (COAH); Belén de los Andaquies, vereda las verdes, cerro Monserrate, entrada por dos quebradas, 1°36'38"N, 75°53'23"W, 700 m elev., 24 Jun 2011 [fr], W. Trujillo et al. 1990 (COAH); Belén de los Andaquies, Parque Natural Municipal Andaqui, cabeceras del rio pescado, 1°41'52"N, 75°54'15"W, 1608 m elev., 25 Jan 2017 [fr], N. Castaño et al. 8734 (COAH, HUA); Belén de los Andaquies, Parque Natural Municipal Andaqui, sector entre filo seco y la bocana de la quebrada las verdes, 1°37'13"N, 75°53'46"W, 600-800 m elev., 7 Feb 2017 [fr], N. Castaño et al. 9659 (COAH, HUA); Florencia, vereda Damas Arriba, finca el Mirador, 1°37'56"N, 75°41'49"W, 750 m elev., 14 Feb 2002 [fr], M. Correa et al. 2853 (COAH, UDBC); Guaviare, El Retorno, cerca del Retorno, granja de la Corporación Araracuara, zona ligeramente disectada, bosque intervenido, 1 Mar 1994 [fl], P. Stevenson 1168 (COAH); Putumayo, Villagarzón, corregimiento la Castellana, vereda la Pradera, finca el Cairo, bosque intervenido a borde de quebrada, 0°52'23"N, 76°45'27"W, 600 m elev., 10 Dec 1999 [fr], C. Marín &amp; D. Cárdenas 1997 (COAH); Villagarzón, vereda la Kofaina, 1°01'00"N, 77°17'00"W, 550-700 m elev., 2 Sep 1993 [fr], A. Cogollo et al. 6830 (COAH, JAUM, MO); Ecuador. Napo, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.61667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.0666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.61667/lat -1.0666667)">EstacionBiologica Jatun Sacha</a> , 1°04'00"S, 77°37'00"W, 450 m elev., 10 Oct 2007 [fr], J. Homeier et al. 2834 (MO, QCA, QCNE, GOET); Estación Biológica Jatun Sacha, rio Napo, 8 km debajo de Misahualli, 1°04'00"S, 77°36'00"W, 450 m elev., 17 Jan - 6 Feb 1987 [fr], C. Cerón 638 (MO, HUA); Estación Biológica Jatun Sacha, rio Napo, 8 km debajo de Misahualli, 1°04'00"S, 77°36'00"W, 450 m elev., 19-28 Mar 1987 [fr], C. Cerón 1063 (HUA, MO); 9 km rio debajo de puerto Misahualli y 2 km al sur de la cuenca del rio Chinguipino, 1°05'00"S, 77°36'00"W, 430 m elev., 10 Mar 1985 [fr], D. Neill et al. 6054 (ECUAMZ, HUA, MO, NY, QCNE, US); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.0833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.6/lat -1.0833334)">Tena</a>, Estación Biológica Jatun Sacha, rio Napo, 8 km E of puerto Misahualli, 1°04'00"S, 77°36'00"W, 400 m elev., 18 May 1985 [fr], W. Palacios 421 (AAU, HUA, MO, NY, QCNE, US); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.0666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.6/lat -1.0666667)">Tena</a>, Estación Biológica Jatun Sacha, along S bank of rio Napo, 8 km E of puerto Misahualli, 1°04'00"S, 77°36'00"W, 450 m elev., 1 Apr 1992, T. Croat 73366 (HUA, MO) [fr]; along road between Tena and Puyo, 61.5 km N of Puyo, 1°11'36"S, 77°52'34"W, 500 m elev., 22 Dec 1979 [fl], T. Croat 49657 (MO); Archidona, Parque Nacional Galeras a 1.5 km de la comunidad Santa Rosa de Arapino, 00°51'00"S, 77°31'00"W, 1230 m elev., 3 Apr 1996 [fr], H. Vargas &amp; P. Grefa 951 (HUA, MO, QCNE); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.333336/lat -0.5)">San Jose de Payamino</a> 40 km W of Coca, 00°30'S, 77°20'W, 26 Apr 1984 [fl], D. Irvine &amp; H. Jipa 959 (F, QCA); 1 May 1984, D. Irvine &amp; L. Cejua 1125 (F, MO, QCA); Sucumbíos, Dureno, comunidad Cofan al sur del <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.666664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.083333336" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.666664/lat 0.083333336)">rio Aguarico</a>, 20 km al este de Lago Agrio, 00°05'00"N, 76°40'00"W, 350 m elev., 27 Dec 1988 [fr], C. Cerón et al. 5824 (MO, HUA); Dureno, comunidad Cofan al sur del <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.666664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.083333336" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.666664/lat 0.083333336)">rio Aguarico</a>, 20 km al este de Lago Agrio, 00°05'00"N, 76°40'00"W, 350 m elev., 27 Dec 1988 [fr], C. Cerón et al. 5827 (MO, HUA); Francisco de Orellana, Orellana, comunidad Shuar Tiguano al sur del Coca por la vía al <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.781944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.7494445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.781944/lat -0.7494445)">Pindo</a>, 00°44'58"S, 76°46'55"W, 300 m elev., 6-12 May 2004 [fl], W. Guerrero &amp; A. Herrera 171 (MO, QCNE); Orellana, comunidad Shuar Tiguano al sur del Coca por la vía al <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.6333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.5/lat -0.6333333)">Pindo</a>, 00°44'58"S, 76°46'55"W, 300 m elev., 11 May 2004 [fr], A. Herrera &amp; W. Guerrero 288 (MO, QCNE); Parque Nacional Yasuni, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.6333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.5/lat -0.6333333)">Rio Tiputini</a> al noroeste de la confluencia con el <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.6333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.5/lat -0.6333333)">Rio Tivacuno</a>, este de la carretera Repsol-YPF, km 32 hacia NPF, Sendero Botánico Guiyero, 00°38'S, 76°30'W, 200-300 m elev., 26 Feb 2002 [fr], G. Villa 1350 (F, QCA, US); Peru. Amazonas, Condorcanqui, Santiago, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.78199&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1170888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.78199/lat -3.1170888)">Cerros Kampankis</a>, Serranía entre los <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.78199&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1170888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.78199/lat -3.1170888)">Rios Santiago</a> y <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.78199&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1170888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.78199/lat -3.1170888)">Morona</a>, desde <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.78199&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1170888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.78199/lat -3.1170888)">RioMaranon</a> hasta frontera con <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.78199&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1170888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.78199/lat -3.1170888)">Ecuador</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.78199&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1170888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.78199/lat -3.1170888)">Campamento</a> 1: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.78199&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1170888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.78199/lat -3.1170888)">Pongo Shenin</a>, 03°07'01.52"S, 77°46'55.14"W, 520 m elev., 3 Aug 2011 [fr], I. Huamantupa 15217 (USM, F).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/138BB73E0D575BDD893D64DB4B7025B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Trujillo, William;Trujillo, Edwin Trujillo;Ortiz-Morea, Fausto Andres;Toro, Diego A.;Jaramillo, M. Alejandra	Trujillo, William, Trujillo, Edwin Trujillo, Ortiz-Morea, Fausto Andres, Toro, Diego A., Jaramillo, M. Alejandra (2022): New Piper species from the eastern slopes of the Andes in northern South America. PhytoKeys 206: 25-48, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.206.75971, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.206.75971
6726D4AE2BBF55149CAEA0CC4C3EAF5D.text	6726D4AE2BBF55149CAEA0CC4C3EAF5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Piper nokaidoyitau W. Trujillo-C & M. A. Jaram. 2022	<div><p>Piper nokaidoyitau W. Trujillo-C &amp; M. A. Jaram. sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs 1, 2, 7 and 8</p> <p>Type.</p> <p>Colombia, Caqueta; Florencia, corregimiento el Caraño, vereda Sucre, 01°47'50.8"N, 75°38'50.5"W, 1020 m elev., 25 Oct 2020 [fr], F. Hoyos &amp; W. Trujillo 046 (Holotype COL, Isotype COAH, UMNG, HUAZ, HUA)</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Piper nokaidoyitau W. Trujillo &amp; M. A. Jaram., can be separated from the similar species P. hostmannianum (Miq.) C. DC. (1869:287), by its prophylls up to 2.4 cm long, leaves 12-20 cm long vs. prophylls 2.8-3.5 cm long, leaves 21-26 cm long in P. hostmannianum.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Shrub up to 3 m tall; internodes (2.5-)3-4.5 cm long, canaliculate superficially, green, glabrous. Prophylls 2.8-3.2 cm long, green, glabrous, caducous, swollen in the basal portion (observable in live plants). Petioles uniform in size along all nodes, (0.7-)1-1.2(-1.5) cm long, sheathing at the base, smooth, glabrous. Leaf-blades coriaceous, drying black, uniform in shape and size along all axes, (4.5-)5-8 × (18) 21-26 cm, ovate, asymmetric, base rounded, glabrous on both surfaces, eciliate; pinnately nerved throughout, 4-5 ascending nerves on each side, eucamptodromous, with spacing decreasing and angle increasing towards the base, tertiary veins random, reticulate; apex acuminate. Inflorescences simple spikes, erect; peduncle 1-1.5 cm long, glabrous, green; rachis (7.5)10-12 × 0.3 cm in flower, 11-13 × 0.4-0.5 cm in fruit, flowers densely grouped along the rachis, forming bands around the spike. Floral bracts cucullate, heart-shaped from above, 0.2-0.35 × 0.4-0.7 mm, glabrous centrally on the abaxial surface, margin densely fimbriate. Flowers with three stamens, filaments 0.3-0.5 mm long, anthers 0.1-0.25 × 0.2-0.3 mm, transversally dehiscent, dithecous, with connective not protruding, glabrate, idioblasts not evident, colour black when dried; stigmas 3, 0.1-0.25 mm long, sessile. Fruits obpyriform in side view and triangular from above, green when alive, black when dry, 0.5-0.7 × 0.8-0.9 mm, glabrous, partially immersed in the rachis, with stigmas sessile and persistent.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat.</p> <p>Piper nokaidoyitau is known from the lower montane forests in the eastern slopes of the Andes in Colombia, ca. 1,100 m elevation (Fig. 2), the Department of Caquetá. It is a shade-loving species that grows in the understorey of preserved forest.</p> <p>Phenology.</p> <p>Flowering specimens were collected in September and October. Fruiting specimens in October.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>Piper nokaidoyitau is named after the Huitoto name for Piper plants, "Nokaido yitau". It means "the powers of the toucan" because these are sacred and medicinal plants used against fever, body and headaches and as anti-inflammatories.</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships.</p> <p>Piper nokaidoyitau belongs to the Radula clade of Neotropical Piper (Jaramillo et al. 2008). Specifically, P. nokaidoyitau is sister to the Isophyllon subclade, within Radula. Isophyllon species are mostly self-standing shrubs with coriaceous leaves, pinnately nerved, acute or obtuse bases and flowers densely arranged in erect inflorescences. Isophyllon species occur in the Atlantic Forest, Central America and the Amazon Region.</p> <p>Conservation status.</p> <p>This species is known from four specimen collections representing two subpopulations. The locations where it occurs are threatened by deforestation and expansion of the agriculture frontier. The area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km2 is small, which, together with the continuing decline in habitat quality, suggests it is Endangered [EN B1a+B2a].</p> <p>Comments.</p> <p>Leaves of Piper nokaidoyitau are pinnately nerved throughout with 4-5 ascending secondary veins on each side. This characteristic is shared by other species belonging to the Radula clade, specifically subclade Isophyllon (Jaramillo et al. 2008). We compared P. nokaidoyitau with similar species that occur on the eastern slope of the northern Andes (Table 4).</p> <p>Specimens examined.</p> <p>Colombia. Caquetá, municipio de Florencia: corregimiento El Caraño, vereda El Caraño, finca <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.92111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.6086111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.92111/lat 1.6086111)">Las Brisas</a>, 01°44'14.7"N, 75°40'35.3"W, 1116 m elev., 18 Oct 2013 [fl], W. Trujillo et al. 3005 (COL); Corregimiento El Caraño, finca Las Brisas, 01°44'14.7"N, 75°40'35.3"W, 1116 m elev., 18 Oct 2013 [fl], W. Trujillo et al. 3022 (COL); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.92111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.6086111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.92111/lat 1.6086111)">Municipio de Belen</a> de los Andaquíes: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.92111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.6086111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.92111/lat 1.6086111)">rio Pescado</a> , Parque Natural Andaqui, sector sur, 01°36'31"N, 75°55'16"W, 950 m elev., 25 Jun 2013, W. Trujillo et al. 2791 (HUAZ). Cauca. Municipio de Piamonte, corregimiento de Miraflor, vereda La Florida, camino a la reserva <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.46895&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.0832223" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.46895/lat 1.0832223)">La Cristalina</a>, 01°04'59.6"N, 76°28'08.2"W, 1146 m elev., 06 Jan 2021 [fr], E. Trujillo et al. 7249 (CUVC, JBB).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6726D4AE2BBF55149CAEA0CC4C3EAF5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Trujillo, William;Trujillo, Edwin Trujillo;Ortiz-Morea, Fausto Andres;Toro, Diego A.;Jaramillo, M. Alejandra	Trujillo, William, Trujillo, Edwin Trujillo, Ortiz-Morea, Fausto Andres, Toro, Diego A., Jaramillo, M. Alejandra (2022): New Piper species from the eastern slopes of the Andes in northern South America. PhytoKeys 206: 25-48, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.206.75971, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.206.75971
4BAD96EB87635066959F55F6618FD24D.text	4BAD96EB87635066959F55F6618FD24D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Piper velae W. Trujillo-C & M. A. Jaram. 2022	<div><p>Piper velae W. Trujillo-C &amp; M. A. Jaram. sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs 1, 2, 9 and 10</p> <p>Type.</p> <p>Colombia, Caquetá, Belen de los Andaquies, corredor resguardo <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.86364&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.6023889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.86364/lat 1.6023889)">La Cerinda</a>, PNN <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.86364&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.6023889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.86364/lat 1.6023889)">Alto Fragua Indiguazi</a>, etnia <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.86364&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.6023889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.86364/lat 1.6023889)">Embera Katio</a>, 1°36'08.6"N, 75°51'49.1"W, 470 m elev., 03 Oct 2007, W. Trujillo et al. 905 (Holotype COAH, Isotype HUAZ).</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Piper velae W. Trujillo &amp; M. A. Jaram. can be distinguished from the related species P. holdridgeanum W.C. Burger by its elliptic leaves with cordulate leaf bases at all nodes, petioles 0.8-1.5 cm long, fruits cylindrical and pubescent vs. leaves cordate to elliptical with leaf bases that are rounded at fertile nodes and cordate at sterile nodes, petioles that are variable in size from 1-5 cm long, fruits rounded and glabrous in P. holdridgeanum. It can be separated from similar species P. cornifolium Kunth (1815 [1816]:52) because it has leaves pinnately nerved in the lower half of the blade and pubescent fruits vs. leaves pinnately nerved in the lower third of the blade and glabrous fruits in P. cornifolium.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Shrub up to 1.5 m tall. Internodes 2-8.5 cm long, smooth, green, tomentulose, idioblasts not evident. Prophylls 1.2-2 cm long whitish, tomentulose, caducous. Petioles variable along all axes; on monopodial axes 1-1.5 cm long, vaginate to 3/4 of the length, smooth, tomentulose; on sympodial axes 0.8-1.2 cm long, vaginate at the base, smooth, tomentulose. Leaf-blades coriaceous, drying black, uniform in shape and size along all axes, 6-7(11) × 12-15(19) cm, elliptic, symmetric, base cordulate, basal extension asymmetrical; leaf blade smooth, tomentulose on the abaxial surface and glabrous adaxially, eciliate; pinnately nerved from the lower half, 4-5 ascending nerves on each side, festooned brochidodromous, with spacing decreasing and angle increasing towards the base, tertiary veins percurrent; apex acuminate. Inflorescences and infructescence a solitary spike, terminal, erect; peduncle 0.8-1.5 cm long, tomentulose, green; rachis in flower not seen, rachis in fruit 6-8.5 cm long, fruits densely grouped along the rachis. Floral bracts cucullate, triangular from above, 0.15-0.25 × 0.3-0.4 mm, glabrous on the adaxial surface, margin fimbriate, not forming bands around the spike. Flowers with four stamens, filaments 0.2-0.4 mm long, anthers 0.2-0.3 × 0.15-0.25 mm, longitudinally dehiscent, dithecous, shorter than filament, with connective not protruding, glabrate, idioblasts not evident, colour not seen. Stigmas 3, on a short style. Fruits cylindrical, laterally compressed, green when alive and black to brown when dry, 0.8-1.2 × 1-1.3 mm, pubescent on the tip, partially immersed in the rachis, with stigmas persistent, 0.07-0.12 mm long, on a short style, 0.1-0.3 mm long. Seeds 0.4-0.6 × 0.9-1.1 mm, rectangular, laterally compressed, obtuse, black.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat.</p> <p>Piper velae occurs in the eastern slopes of the Andes, from 250-1,500 m in elevation, spreading from wet lowland to wet premontane forests. It occurs in the Colombian Departments of Caquetá, Meta, Cauca and Putumayo. In lowland forests, it occurs in dense terra firme forests. In premontane forests, it grows mostly on moderate slopes, sometimes occurring on steep slopes and rocky substrates. It is a shade-loving species, growing in the understorey and it is also found in forest gaps.</p> <p>Phenology.</p> <p>Flowering specimens were collected in February, April, May, June, July and October. Fruiting specimens in January, April, June, July, September, October and December.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>Piper velae is named in honour of Huber Fernando Vela, M.D., a social and environmental leader of Caquetá who was murdered in 2021. Dr Vela and sponsored Piper collections by WT during 2020. Huber Fernando was the leader of the Nature Reserve Romi Kumu, where 30 ha of forest were restored in 2020. The type specimen of P. velae occurs in the region that Dr Vela loved and helped conserve and restore.</p> <p>Conservation status.</p> <p>This species is known from 41 specimen collections representing 12 subpopulations. It occurs in 18 locations threatened by deforestation. The extent of occurrence (EOO = 40,810 km2, below the EOO to be considered Vulnerable, VU) and area of occupancy (AOO = 96 km2), suggest it is of Near Threatened [NT B1a+B2a].</p> <p>Phylogenetic relationships.</p> <p>P. velae is sister to P. holdridgeanum and these form a clade sister to Macrostachys (Jaramillo et al. 2008). P. velae and P. holdridgeanum have sheathing petioles to ¾ of their length and tightly-arranged flowers. The marked foliar dimorphism between leaves on sterile (monopodial) and fertile (sympodial) nodes distinctive of P. holdridgeanum have obscured its relationships (Callejas-Posada 2020). Here, we present phylogenetic evidence for its placement sister to Macrostachys. Both species, P. velae and P. holdridgeanum require further study to understand their morphological affinities.</p> <p>Discussion.</p> <p>Piper velae can be confused with P. cornifolium, because of its cordulate leaf base; however, these taxa are distinguished, based on the leaf venation pattern and fruit pubescence (see Table 5). We also compare P. velae to closely-related P. holdridgeanum; further studies will help us corroborate this relationship and find morphological similarities.</p> <p>Specimen examined.</p> <p>Colombia: Caquetá: Belén de los Andaquíes: Parque Bosque Microcuenca La Resaca, sendero Alto Sarabando, 800 m elev., 1°27'29"N, 75°53'1.8"W, 26 Oct 2010, D. Cárdenas et al. 40791 (COAH); vereda Las Verdes, río Pescado, margen izq. Parque Natural Municipal Andakí, 700 m elev., 1°36'7.2"N, 75°54'10"W, 28 Oct 2010, D. Cárdenas et al. 40896 (COAH); sector Paramillo, camino entre Acevedo - Belén de Andaquíes, 1400 m elev., 1°40'58"N, 75°54'21"W, 23 Jul 2011, D. Cárdenas et al. 41848 (COAH); cerca del río Pescado, vereda Los Angeles, 1225 m elev., 1°34'49.7"N, 75°54'17"W, 9 Jul 2011, L. Martinez 24 (COAH); río Pescado, Parque Natural Andakí, sector Sur, 950 m elev., 1°36'31"N, 75°55'16"W, 25 Jun 2013, W. Trujillo et al. 2792 (COAH). Cartagena del Chairá: vereda Laguna del Chairá, 240 m elev., 1°15'23.9"N, 74°48'49.8"W, 28 Sep 2007, W. Trujillo et al. 853 (COAH). Florencia: corregimiento El Caraño, vereda Alto Brasil, camino hacia la quebrada Yumal, 321 m elev., 1°39.543'N, 75°36.128'W, 22 Oct. 2012, A. Jimenez et al. 4 (HUAZ); río Hacha, vereda El Caraño, finca Marsella, 500 m elev., 1°41'47"N, 75°37'16"W, 26 Jun 2010, D. Cárdenas et al. 24884 (COAH, HUAZ); vereda El Paraíso, antigua vía Florencia-Neiva, zona de cordillera baja, 756 m elev., 1°45'7.4"N, 75°39'56.9"W, 20 Oct 2010, D. Cárdenas et al. 40568 (COAH); vereda El Paraíso Bajo, vegetación de cordillera baja, 800 m elev., 1°45'0.2"N, 75°37'8.2"W, 22 Oct 2010, D. Cárdenas et al. 40595 (COAH); Centro de investigaciones Macagual, 258 m elev., 1°29'59.8"N, 75°39'22.6"W, 13 Dec 2008, W. Trujillo et al. 1214 (COAH); vereda El Caraño, 1116 m elev., 1°44'14.7"N, 75°40'35.3"W, 18 Oct 2013, W. Trujillo et al. 3002 (COAH). La Montañita: vereda Los Morros, reserva Las Dalias, 300 m elev., 1°29'21.5"N, 75°24'17.6"W, A. Meneses 15 (HUAZ); vereda Itarca, Reserva Natural Itarca, 340 m elev., 1°32'53"N, 75°28'20"W, 30 Oct 2010, D. Cárdenas et al. 40956 (COAH); vereda Itarca, Reserva Natural Itarca, 330 m elev., 1°32'34.5"N, 75°28'19"W, 26 Apr 2011, N. Castaño et al. 3142 (COAH); Reserva Las Dalias, 382 m elev., 1°29'21.6"N, 75°24'17.6"W, 41050, W. Trujillo et al. 2086 (COAH). San Vicente del Caguán: inspección Guacamaya, vereda La Música, margen izquierda del río Caguán, 600 m elev., 2°20'46"N, 74°54'12.4"W, 12 Jul 2015, D. Cárdenas et al. 44401 (COAH). Cauca: Piamonte: La Libertad, 700 m elev., 1°6'41.78"N, 76°28'46.5"W, 22 Feb 2010, W. Trujillo et al. 1271 (COAH). Santa Rosa: Inspección de Santa Marta, vereda Diamante Alto, 1150 m elev., 1°14'N, 76°36'W, 22 Jun 2002, B. Ramírez 16061 (COAH). Meta: San Juan de Arama: sector del chorro Santo Domingo, Parque Nacional Natural Sierra de La Macarena, 520 m elev., 3°15'23"N, 73°57'50"W, 27 Oct 2019, D. Cárdenas et al. 52002 (COAH); vereda Monserrate Bajo, finca El Paraíso, cerca al caño Las Ninfas, 590 m elev., 3°20'33.75"N, 73°57'3.06"W, 4 Apr 2004, L. Carvajal et al. 173 (COAH). Putumayo: Mocoa: vereda Medio Afán, camino Serranía El Churumbelo, sector Nororiental, 900 m elev., 1°10'39"N, 76°38'47"W, 4 Oct 2000, D. Cárdenas et al. 12221 (COAH); vereda San José del Pepino, 1°5'40.17"N, 76°37'49.05"W, 21 Jun 1997, R. López et al. 2514 (COAH); vereda San José del Pepino, 1°5'40.17"N, 76°37'49.05"W, 21 Jun 1997, R. López et al. 2610 (COAH). Orito: Santuario de Flora y Plantas Medicinales Ingui-Ande, vereda Líbano, sector de don Reinaldo, 900 m elev., 0°41.62'N, 77°3.789'W, 1 Oct 2015, D. Cárdenas et al. 45416 (COAH); Santuario de Flora y Plantas Medicinales Ingui-Ande, 1004 m elev., 0°41.627'N, 77°3.801'W, 27 Sep 2015, D. Cárdenas et al. 45454 (COAH); vereda El Líbano, 832 m elev., 0°38'15"N, 77°4'17.9"W, D. Cárdenas et al. 51291 (COAH).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4BAD96EB87635066959F55F6618FD24D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Trujillo, William;Trujillo, Edwin Trujillo;Ortiz-Morea, Fausto Andres;Toro, Diego A.;Jaramillo, M. Alejandra	Trujillo, William, Trujillo, Edwin Trujillo, Ortiz-Morea, Fausto Andres, Toro, Diego A., Jaramillo, M. Alejandra (2022): New Piper species from the eastern slopes of the Andes in northern South America. PhytoKeys 206: 25-48, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.206.75971, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.206.75971
