taxonID	type	description	language	source
21176831FFA2FFFCFF6DF8C6FAA3F843.taxon	description	(Figs 1, 2 A – I, 3 A – D, 8 E – H, 9 D – F, 10 A – I)	en	Delvare, Gérard, Shaw, Mark R. (2022): Characterisation of some species groups of Brachymeria (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), with a review of the B. tibialis-group and description of a new species parasitizing Zygaena pupae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Zootaxa 5178 (5): 401-432, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.1
21176831FFA2FFFCFF6DF8C6FAA3F843.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype ♀ (in NMS). FRANCE: Alpes-de-Haute-Provence: Lac de Sainte-Croix, ex pupa of Zygaena sarpedon, collect 23. vi. 1996, emergence 06. vii. 1996 (Hofmann A.). Paratypes (all NMS unless stated otherwise). EUROPE. FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes: Saint-Martin-Vésubie, La Colmiane, ex cocoon Charops sp. from cocoon of Zygaena filipendulae, collect 02. viii. 1987, emergence 22. viii. 1987 (Shaw M. R.) (1 ♂); Saint-Martin-Vésubie, Valdeblore, ex pupa of Zygaena filipendulae, collect 01. viii. 1997, emergence 04. viii. 1987 (Shaw M. R.) (1 ♂). Charente-Maritime: Benon, Forêt de Benon, ex pupa of Zygaena transalpina, 07. vi. 1976 (Rouch A.) (1 ♂). Deux-Sèvres: Availles-Thouarsais, ex pupa of Zygaena filipendulae, collect 19. viii. 1979, emergence 22. viii. 1979 (Drouet E.) (1 ♀). Dordogne: Brantôme (NW), NW Mareuil, 100 m, ex pupa of Zygaena transalpina, collect 16. ix. 1999, emergence 16. ix. 1999 (Tremewan W. G. & M. A.) (1 ♂); Saint-Alvère, ex pupa of Zygaena transalpina, collect 18. v. 1996, emergence vii. 1996 (Shaw M. R.) (1 ♀). Haute-Marne: Fayl-Billot (towards Langres), ex pupa of Zygaena transalpina, collect 10. vii. 1996, emergence vii. 1996 (Shaw M. R.) (1 ♂); same data but collect 24. vii. 1996, emergence on 28. vii. 1996 (4 ♀; 1 in CNC, 1 in MNHN, 1 in NHMUK), on 29. vii. 1996 (1 ♀), on 06. viii. 1996 (1 ♀), on 08. viii. 1996 (1 ♀), on 19. x. 1996 (1 ♀). Hautes-Pyrénées: Gèdre, Héas, 1450 - 1500 m, ex pupa of Zygaena filipendulae, collect 24. vii. 1978, emergence 24. viii. 1998 (Tremewan W. G. & S. M.) (1 ♀). Hérault: Coursan, ex pupa of Zygaena sarpedon, 01. vi. 1993 (Hofmann A.) (1 ♂). Indre: Pouligny-Saint-Pierre, Les Veillons, ex pupa of Zygaena filipendulae, collect 05. viii. 1979, emergence 23. viii. 1979 (Drouet E.) (1 ♂), emergence on 24. viii. 1978 (1 ♂); same data but collect on 04. viii. 1978, emergence 05. ix. 1978 (Drouet E.) (1 ♀). Isère: Le Quichat, Mont Rachais, ex pupa of Zygaena transalpina alpina, 12. ix. 1983 (Drouet E.) (2 ♀ 1 ♂). Landes: Dax, Labenne-Océan (N.), 5 - 10 m, ex pupa of Zygaena filipendulae, collect 20. ix. 1999, emergence 22. ix. 1999 (1 ♀) (Tremewan W. G. & S. M.); on 29. ix. 1999 (1 ♀), on 30. ix. 1999 (1 ♀), on 02. x. 1999 (2 ♀). Loire-Atlantique: Guérande, Kervin, ex pupa of Zygaena filipendulae, 08. vii. 1991 (Rouch A.) (1 ♀); Guérande, Sandun, ex pupa of Zygaena filipendulae, collect 04. vi. 1980, emergence 29. vi. 1980 (Drouet E.) (1 ♀); same locality, ex pupa of Zygaena trifolii, 28. vi. 1992 (Rouch A.) (1 ♂; in MNHN); Le Grave, Forêt du Grave, ex pupa of Zygaena trifolii, collect 16. v. 1976 (Rouch A.) (1 ♀); Saint-André-des-Eaux, Le Gros Chêne, ex pupa of Zygaena trifolii, collect 02. vii. 1991 (Rouch A.) (1 ♂). Lot-et-Garonne: Villeneuve-sur-Lot, Castelnaud-de-Gratecambe, 200 m, ex pupa of Zygaena transalpina, collect 31. v. 1998, emergence 20. vi. 1998 (Tremewan W. G. & S. M.) (1 ♀). Manche: Coutances, Pirou Plage (4 km S.), 5 m, ex pupa of Zygaena filipendulae, collect 17. viii. 1995, emergence viii. 1995 (Tremewan W. G.) (2 ♀); same locality, ex pupa of Zygaena trifolii, collect 08. vi. 1998, emergence 24. vi. 1998 (Tremewan W. G. & S. M.) (1 ♀ 1 ♂); same data but collect on 08. vi. 1998, emergence on 28. vi. 1998 (1 ♀), on 22. vi. 1998 (1 ♂; in CNC), on 23. vi. 1998 (1 ♀); Coutances, Pointe d’Agon, 0 - 5 m, ex pupa of Zygaena trifolii, collect 08. vi. 1998, emergence 24. vi. 1998 (Tremewan W. G. & S. M.) (1 ♂, in NHMUK), same data but emergence on 25. vi. 1998 (1 ♀), on 27. vi. 1998 (1 ♀). Puy-de-Dôme: Issoire (NW), 4 km S Champeix, 725 m, ex pupa of Zygaena transalpina, collect 12 - 13. vii. 1998, emergence 28. vii. 1998 (Tremewan W. G.) (1 ♂). Sarthe: vic. Vibraye, ex pupa of Zygaena transalpina, collect 05. vi. 1998, emergence 30. vi. 1998 (Nicolle M.) (1 ♂). Seine-Maritime: Sauveur Mesnil, Lieubray, ex pupa of Zygaena filipendulae, 09. viii. 1990 (Drouet E.) (1 ♀); same data but emergence on 15. viii. 1990 (1 ♀). Var: Taradeau, ex pupa of Zygaena filipendulae, collect on 28. v. 2014, emergence 09. vi. 2014 (Kan P. & B.) (1 ♀, GDEL 0388, in CBGP). GERMANY: Baden-Wüttemberg: Schwäbische-Alb., Thaxhaim-Onst., ex pupa of Zygaena angelicae elegans, collect 31. vii. 1996, emergence viii. 1996 (Hofmann A.) (1 ♀). ITALY: Potenza: Monte Pollino (N.), Serra Capellino, Voscari (3 km W), 1050 - 1100 m, ex pupa of Zygaena lonicerae, emergence 14. vi. 2003 (1 ♂) (Tremewan W. G.); same date but emergence on 15. vi. 2003 (1 ♂), on 19. vi. 2003 (1 ♀), on 26. vi. 2003 (2 ♀), on 01. vii. 2003 (1 ♀). NORTH AFRICA. MOROCCO: Fès-Boulmane, Boulemane, Moyen-Atlas, M. F. Tirhboula, 1600 m, ex pupa of Zygaena favonia ssp. thevestis, collect 28. v. 1980, emergence 01. vi. 1980 (Hofmann A. & Reiss G.) (1 ♂). DrâaTafilalet: Ouarzazate, vic. Skoura ex pupa of Zygaena maroccana, emergence vi. 1993 (Weiss J. - C.) (4 ♀ 4 ♂). NEAR EAST. IRAN: Fars: Eqlid (W.), via Timur Gun, 2650 m, ex pupa of Zygaena nocturna, 28. vi. 2001 (Tremewan W. G.) (1 ♀). Kerman: 50 km N Kerman, Gardaneh-ye Khorasani, 2450 - 2600 m, ex pupa of Zygaena rubricollis, collect 30 - 31. v. 2002, emergence 21. vi. 2002 (Tremewan W. G.) (1 ♀); Mazandarân, Gardaneh-ye Lavashm, 2800 - 2950 m, ex pupa of Zygaena haberhaueri, collect 29 - 30. vii. 1997, emergence 06. viii. 1997 (Tremewan W. G.) (1 ♀); Goulujett, ex pupa of Zygaena tamara (Hofmann A.) (1 ♀). TURKEY: Ankara: vic. Beynam, 1200 - 1250 m, ex pupa of Zygaena laeta, collect 10 - 13. vii. 1999, emergence 24. vii. 1999 (Tremewan W. G.) (1 ♀). AlaDagh, ex pupa of Zygaena lydia, vii. 1995 (Eckweiler W.) (1 ♂). NON TYPE MATERIAL. EUROPE. CZECH REPUBLIC: Moravia, Mer. Or. Poštornǎ. BV. sans by ‘ Františkŭv’ pond, 02. vi. 2003 (Kment P.) (1 ♂, GDPC). FRANCE: Bouches-du-Rhône, Aix-en-Provence, Europole de l’Arbois, 27. viii. 2007 (Ponel P.) (1 ♀, GDEL 0471, CBGP). Hérault: Grabels; 13. vii. 1989 (Tussac H.) (1 ♀, GDPC); Lauroux, Cirque de Labeil, 25. v. 1983 (Delvare G.) (1 ♀, GDPC); Mireval, Mas d’Andos, 19. vi. 1994 (Delvare G.) (1 m, GDPC); Montpellier, 03. iv. 1989 (Maldès J. - M) (1 ♀, GDPC); Saint-Geniès-de-Varensal, Albès, 785 m, 01. ix. 1989 (Delvare G.) (7 ♀, GDPC); same locality and collector, 15. viii. 2004 (1 ♀); Viols-le-Fort, 13. v. 1995 (Cocquempot C.) (1 ♀) (both GDPC). Lot: Comiac, 03. vii. 1977 (Tussac H.) (1 ♂, GDPC); Saint-Géry, 28. vii. 1989 (Tussac H.) (1 ♀, GDPC). NORTH AFRICA. MOROCCO: Drâa-Tafilalet: Ouarzazate, Anti-Atlas, 1 km N Tizi n’ Tiniffifft, 29. v. 1992 (Delvare G.) (7 ♂, GDPC). Souss-Massa: Tasserirt, emergence v. 1985 [no collector name but handwriting identical with that of J. - C. Weiss] (2 ♂, NMS). NEAR EAST. IRAN: [no locality] ex pupa of Zygaena cuvieri, collect 25. vii. 2009, emergence 10. viii. 2009 (Hofmann A.) (1 ♀, NMS); [no locality] ex pupa of Zygaena tamara, collect 14. viii. 2009, emergence 25. ix. 2009 (Hofmann A.) (1 ♂, NMS); [no locality] ex pupa of Zygaena tenhagenova, viii. 2009 (Hofmann A.) (1 ♂, NMS). TURKEY [no locality] ex pupa of Zygaena filipendulae, 1996 (Hofmann A.) (1 ♀, NMS). Bingöl: Genç, Karhova, Merkez, 1046 - 1885 m, 05. v- 03. vi. 2019, on flowers of various plants (Kaplan E.) (6 ♀ 1 ♂, BU); Diyarbakar: Ҫermik, Hani, Lice, Silvan, 777 - 1188 m, on flowers of various plants (Kaplan E.) (5 ♀, BU).	en	Delvare, Gérard, Shaw, Mark R. (2022): Characterisation of some species groups of Brachymeria (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), with a review of the B. tibialis-group and description of a new species parasitizing Zygaena pupae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Zootaxa 5178 (5): 401-432, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.1
21176831FFA2FFFCFF6DF8C6FAA3F843.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE (holotype). See relevant parts above relative to tibialis species-group characters (Figs 2 A – I, 2 A – 3 D). Characters that distinguish females of B. zygaenae from B. tibialis include: mesepisternum with adscrobal area entirely areolate (Fig. 8 E); metacoxa without or with vestigial inner ventral tooth (Fig. 8 F); metafemur broad, 1.55 × as long as wide and densely punctulate, the interspaces about as large as the diameter of the punctures, with dorsal and ventral margins of femur similarly curved and teeth on ventral margin with same appearance throughout, appearing as equilateral triangles; metatibia with edge of apical truncation somewhat concave (Fig. 8 G); hind tarsus slender, 4.35 × as long as width of metatibia (Fig. 8 G); hind pretarsus with falcate seta narrow, not broadening from base (Fig. 8 H). Additional characters are as follows: Colour. Body black, including mandibles, antenna, coxae, trochanters, basal two thirds of profemur, meso- and metafemora except apices, outer ventral spots on pro- and mesotibiae, ventral strip broadening mesally on metatibia; tegula and rest of legs bright yellow; venation dark brown; setation of wings black (Fig. 1). Setation. Setae thin, filiform and suberect on frons and dorsum of mesosoma, not visible from above because orientated subvertically (Fig. 2 H); setae longer on mesoscutellum, especially in front of frenal carina where adpressed (Fig. 2 I), setae on propodeal callus and postspiracular region, thicker, also longer on metepimeron ventrally (Figs 10 D, E). Gt 2 ‒ Gt 5 with moderately thick and adpressed setation, distributed in 2 ‒ 3 intricate rows on each tergite (Fig. 3 D). Measurements. Head respectively 2.3 × and 1.34 × as wide as long and high; POL and OOL respectively 1.9 × and 0.67 × as long as diameter of lateral ocellus; temple 0.26 × as long as eye; eyes separated by 0.94 × their height; malar space 0.34 × as long as eye height and 0.43 × as oral fossa width; antennal scrobes 1.22 × as long as wide; distance from ventral edge of antennal toruli to lower ocular line 0.18 × as long as antennal scrobes. Antenna with scape, pedicel, F 1 and F 7, respectively, 4.15 ×, 0.83 ×, 0.90 × and 0.68 × as long as wide; F 1 1.18 × as long as pedicel; clava 1.73 × as long as wide. Mesosoma 1.38 × as long as wide, mesoscutellum as long as mesoscutum and 0.97 × as long as wide. Hind leg with metacoxa and metafemur respectively 1.87 × and 1.55 × as long as wide; hind tarsus 4.35 × as long as metatibia width. Fore wing 2.87 × as long as wide, costal cell 1.11 × as long as wing width, marginal vein half as long as costal cell; postmarginal vein respectively 0.55 × and 2.55 × as long as marginal and stigmal veins. Metasoma with gaster 0.94 × as long as mesosoma and 1.4 × as long as wide; Gt 1 0.34 × as long as gaster. Structure. Labrum semicircular, its surface hardly concave, setose on ventral half. Clypeus as low triangle, with step-like upper margin and 3 rows of setiferous points (Fig. 2 F). Frons, lower face and temples rugulose-areolate; gena below postgenal groove with finer sculpture than rest of head, with small setiferous points behind malar groove and areolate-rugulose near genal carina (Figs 2 F, 10 B); vertex coriaceous on interspaces between punctures (Fig. 10 A); genal carina faintly continuing on occiput. Antenna with scape somewhat narrowing subapically, with a row of setae along either side of ventral margin, the scape apex reaching median ocellus; anellus discoidal (Fig. 2 G); flagellomeres with several intricate rows of short MPS and numerous short, suberect setae (Fig. 10 C). Pronotum with pronotal carina restricted to sides. Pro- and mesonotum regularly punctured (Fig. 2 H). Notauli as impressed punctured lines, their apices facing axillar grooves on transscutal line, the latter also appearing as punctured impressions. Mesoscutellum strongly sloping subapically, its punctuation similar to that of mesoscutum. Edge of frenal carina uniformly curved, preceded by a row of areolae. Propodeum sloping at an angle of about 70 ° with dorsum of mesonotum, entirely areolate, with a median areola and a sublateral projection at base of a setose postspiracular region (Figs 10 D, E). Femoral depression of mesepisternum entirely strigose dorsally (Fig. 8 E). Mesodiscrimen with projection separating its dorsal and ventral sections moderately expanded (Fig. 3 B). Metepisternum with bulging coriaceous adpetiolar region (Fig. 3 B). Metepimeron coarsely areolate (Fig. 1). Fore wing (Fig. 1) with basal cell mostly bare except a few setae apically; speculum visible as a narrow strip behind parastigma; costal cell entirely setose ventrally; marginal fringe absent apically; parastigma with 3 sensilla, uncus with 4 aligned sensilla. Metasomal petiole with exposed ventral part longitudinally strigose (Fig. 3 C). Gaster shortly acute (Fig. 3 D). Gt 2 with 3 rows of setiferous points basally on anterior half of mesal surface, bare and delicately punctulate beyond. Gt 3 ‒ Gt 6 entirely setose dorsally and laterally. Syntergum very short. Outer plate with 2 ‒ 3 rows of coarse setiferous punctures. Tip of hypopygium level with hind margin of Gt 5. MALE. Characters separating males of B. zygaenae from B. tibialis include special, spatulate setae present on F 1 ‒ F 5, with F 1 having 8 ‒ 10 and their number decreasing from 12 ‒ 15 on F 2 to 4 ‒ 6 on F 5 (Fig. 9 D). Otherwise, the male is mostly similar to the female except all parts of the hind leg are more slender (Figs 9 E, 9 F). Morphological variation. Variation is evident mainly in the intensity of sculpture of various body parts: gena sometimes with more delicate sculpture, with only small setiferous punctures; adscrobal area of mesepisternum occasionally not completely areolate; femoral groove also not entirely strigose; propodeum without postspiracular projection. Such variation is exhibited by specimens reared from the same host at the same time and thus represent individual variation among the same populations. Different variation, apparently of a regional nature, occurs in both sexes of specimens reared or collected in Morocco in the Northern slope of the Anti-Atlas. One series was reared near Skoura in the Vallée des Roses, the other was collected independently near the pass separating the northern from the southern slope of the Anti-Atlas with a reduced distance between the two sites. In these specimens the hind tarsus is shorter and thicker in both sexes, tending to the habitus of B. tibialis (Figs 10 F – I). All other characters of the legs and of the male flagellum agree with those described above for B. zygaenae; in addition, the two sexes were reared from Zygaena maroccana.	en	Delvare, Gérard, Shaw, Mark R. (2022): Characterisation of some species groups of Brachymeria (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), with a review of the B. tibialis-group and description of a new species parasitizing Zygaena pupae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Zootaxa 5178 (5): 401-432, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.1
21176831FFA2FFFCFF6DF8C6FAA3F843.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Table 1). The species is present in North Africa (Morocco), southern Europe (France, Italy, Spain), Central Europe (Czech Republic and Germany) and Near East (Turkey). It is also known from England (Shaw et al. 2010, as B. tibialis) but its presence here appears to be the result of recent establishment. The most easterly known distribution is Iran; it occurs up to 2950 m in Iran and 1600 m in Morocco. The known distribution of B. zygaenae indicates it might be better adapted to prolonged winter conditions than B. tibialis.	en	Delvare, Gérard, Shaw, Mark R. (2022): Characterisation of some species groups of Brachymeria (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), with a review of the B. tibialis-group and description of a new species parasitizing Zygaena pupae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Zootaxa 5178 (5): 401-432, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.1
21176831FFA2FFFCFF6DF8C6FAA3F843.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts and biology. When only a single date is given in the above list of reared specimens it is usually a date of collection (although ambiguous) and interpreted as such here. All the reared specimens examined were from cocoons of various Zygaena species (Table 1), almost always as a primary parasitoid of the Zygaena pupa. The preponderance of host records from Zygaena species whose cocoons are formed high up in field layer vegetation, such as Z. filipendulae, Z. lonicerae, Z. transalpina and Z. trifolii, is likely to be no more than a sampling artefact and we suspect that cocooned pupae of all Zygaena species would be potentially susceptible to being parasitized by this species. Only a single male was reared from a cocoon of Charops sp. [undoubtedly C. cantator (DeGeer)] (Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae) which had parasitized the larva of Zygaena filipendulae and made its cocoon within that of the Zygaena host. Thus, secondary parasitism can occur but is probably exceptional for this species. The adults emerge, always in the year of host collection, from June to early October. Host cocoon collection dates range from May to September, and in some localities (e. g. in southern Europe) bivoltine Zygaena species are found. From the rearing data it is clear that B. zygaenae is plurivoltine under suitable conditions. One female collected at the beginning of April, and others in early May, further strongly suggest that hibernation is as an adult.	en	Delvare, Gérard, Shaw, Mark R. (2022): Characterisation of some species groups of Brachymeria (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), with a review of the B. tibialis-group and description of a new species parasitizing Zygaena pupae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Zootaxa 5178 (5): 401-432, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.1
21176831FFADFFE3FF6DF975FBB5FA7D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. TYPE MATERIAL. Chalcis tibialis: lectotype ♂ (NHMUK Hym type 5 - 428) (labelling on Fig. 12 A). Chalcis distinguenda: lectotype ♀ (NHMUK Hym type 5.5123) (labelling on Fig. 12 B). Chalcis cingulata: lectotype ♂ (NHMUK Hym type 5 - 428). Chalcis scirropoda: three conspecific syntypes (NHMW) (labelling on Fig. 12 C). Oncochalcis quettaensis: lectotype, previously designated by Bouček, a ♀ on a micropin (NHMUK Hym. 5 - 127) (labelling on Fig. 12 E). The male lectotype of Chalcis tibialis still has the base of the left flagellum. It was therefore possible to examine the distribution of the modified, spatulate setae on its underneath and determine that the setae are missing from F 1 (cf. Fig. 9 A). The adscrobal area on the mesopleuron has only a moderate number of punctures and a smooth surface in front of the femoral depression, and the hind tarsus is relatively thick, all characters in accordance with the diagnosis provided below. Bouček (1992) erroneously stated that the type of C. distinguenda was lost but the putatively missing type is actually that of C. cingulata. The types of C. scirropoda and O. quettaensis show the distinctive feature of C. tibialis sensu stricto. Thanks to images sent to GD by M. Rune Bygebjerg, (LBM) it was possible to confirm the identity of Chalcis boops (labelling on Fig. 12 D). The synonymy between the above names established first by Ruschka (1922) and then by Bouček (1992) is also confirmed here. The types of the varieties quoted by Masi as B. intermedia var. rufofemorata and B. intermedia var. turkestanica could not be located and the host name (Genesis sp.) could not be found in any catalogue or database of the Lepidoptera. Nevertheless our sampling included specimens that fit with the original descriptions. These varieties correspond to phenotypes that were mixed with specimens exhibiting the typical morphological characters of B. tibialis. OTHER MATERIAL. EUROPE. CZECH REPUBLIC: CHKO Pálava: NPR Děvín-Kotel-Soutěska, Břeclav distr., Perná, 01 vii. 2010 (Delvare G.) (1 ♂, GDPC). FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes: Belvédère, Castellarou, point 263, 1500 m sweeping, 24. vii. 2009 (Delvare G.) (2 ♀, GDEL 0287 & GDEL 0288, CBGP); Breil-sur-Roya, GR 52 A, SW Cime du Bosc, 900 m, sweeping, 17. vi. 2012 (Delvare G.) (1 ♀, GDEL 0338, CBGP); Levens, 10. x. 1983 (Delvare G.) (1 ♀, GDPC). Ardèche: Berrias-et-Casteljau, Bois de Païolive, Montchamp, sweeping, 06. vii. 2002 (Delvare G.) (2 ♀, GDEL 0217, GDEL 0218, CBGP); same locality, Malaise trap, 11. vi- 07. vii. 2006 (Aberlenc H-P.) (2 ♂, GDPC); same locality, ex pupae of Tortrix viridana (Delvare G.) (1 ♀ 1 ♂, GDPC); La Fontaine du Cade, on Juniperus, 24. iii. 1990 (Foucart A.) (1 ♀, GDPC); Lagorce, 15. ix. 1987 (Foucart A.) (5 ♂, GDPC); Saint-Laurent-les-Bains, 1100 m, N village, (Delvare G.) (1 ♂, GDPC). Bouches-du-Rhône: Aix-en-Provence, Europole de l’Arbois, 27. viii. 2007 (Ponel P.) (1 ♂, GDEL 0471, CBGP); Var: Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, 04. v. 1986 (Matocq A.) (1 ♀, GDPC). Gard: Le Cailar, 15. v. 1986 (Vayssières J. - F.) (3 ♀, GDPC); Saint-Félix-de-Pallières, L’Ourne, 02. x. 1981 (Vayssières J. - F.) (1 ♀ 1 ♂, GDPC); Saint-Geniès-de-Malgoire, Mas de Mme Rouquette, on flower of Paliurus spina-christi, 22. vi. 2000 (Delvare G.) (1 ♂, GDPC); Trèves, Gorges du Trévezel, 510 m, sweeping, 17. vi. 2011 (Delvare G.) (2 ♀, GDEL 0329 & GDEL 0339, CBGP). Hérault: Aniane, Les Bernagues, on flower of Paliurus spina-christi, 29. vi. 1985 (Maldès J. - M.) (1 ♀, GDPC); same locality and collector, 17 - 19. vii. 1984 (1 ♂, GDPC); Assas, on Prunus, 12. vi. 1988 (Foucart A.) (1 ♀, GDPC); Clapiers, 01. vi. 1984 (Delvare G.) (1 ♀, GDPC); Ganges ex pupa of Lymantria dispar, collect vi. 1988 (Feltwell J.) (1 ♂, NMS); same data but collect vi. 1989 emergence 24. vii. 1989 (2 ♂, GDPC); Grabels; 10. vii. 1989 (Tussac H.) (3 ♂, GDPC); 13. vii. 1989 (2 ♂ GDPC); Lézignan, 20. v. 1991 (Tussac H.) (1 ♂, GDPC); Mauguio, Mas de Roquefeuille, 26. v. 2006 (Delvare G.) (1 ♀, GDPC); Montagnac, Mas de Linarès, 10. v. 1980 (Maldès J. - M) (2 ♀, GDPC); Montferrier-sur-Lez, campus Csiro, within greenhouse, 26. v. 2002 (Delvare G.) (1 ♀, GDPC); bord du Lez, 07. iv. 1989 (Maldès J. - M) (1 ♀, GDPC); Montpellier, 03. iv. 1979 (Maldès J. - M) (1 ♀, GDPC); same city, Cirad campus, 30. viii. 1984 (Delvare G.) (1 ♂, GDPC); Saint-Gély-du-Fesc, 02. ix. 2009 (Michel B.) (1 ♀, GDPC); SaintGeniès-de-Varensal, Albès, 785 m, 01. ix. 1989 (Delvare G.) (1 ♀, GDPC); Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert, 16. vii. 1986 (Vayssières J. - F.) (1 ♂, GDPC); same locality, 27. vi. 1986 (Maldès J. - M) (1 ♂, GDPC); Saint-Martin-de-Londres, on flower of Echinops ritro, 02. viii. 1988 (Foucart A.) (9 ♀, GDPC); same locality and collector, Uglas, 12. vii. 1988 (3 ♀, GDPC); Frouzet, same locality and collector (6 ♂, GDPC); Sète, N 112, on flower of Echinophora spinosa, 15. viii. 1986 (Delvare G.) (1 ♂, GDPC); same locality and collector, on Arundo donax, 25. vii. 2004 (Delvare G.) (1 ♂, GDPC); Valflaunès, 18. viii. 2005 (Delvare G.) (1 ♂, GDEL 0179, CBGP) and 16. viii. 2005 (Delvare G.) (1 ♀, GDEL 0180, CBGP); Vias, on flower of Pastinaca latifolia (Delvare G.) (2 ♀, GDPC); Viols-le-Fort, 13. iv. 1985 (Delvare G.) (1 ♀, GDPC). Lot: Brengues, 21. vii. 1984 (Tussac H.) (2 ♂, GDPC); Cabrerets, 13. vii. 1983 (Tussac H.) (2 ♀ 4 ♂, GDPC); Cahors, 29. vii. 1984 (Tussac H.) (1 ♀), 18. viii. 1984 (1 ♂) (both GDPC); Marcilhac-sur-Célé, 30. vi. 1983 (Tussac H.) (1 ♂, GDPC); Flaujac-Poujols, 28. ix. 1984 (Tussac H.) (1 ♀, GDPC). Lozère: Belvezet, around Moure de la Gardille, 21. vii. 2006 (Delvare G.) (1 ♂, GDPC); Le Monastier, on Prunus, 10. vii. 1987 (Foucart A.) (1 ♀ 1 ♂, GDPC). Tarn-et-Garonne: Montauban, Villemade, 30. vii. 1991 (Tussac H.) (1 ♂, GDPC). Var: Le Muy, Bois de Palaison, 13. vii. 1995 (Delvare G.) (1 ♂, GDPC); Saint-Paul-en-Forêt, 15. vii. 1995 (Delvare G.) (1 ♀, GDPC); Vidauban, Malaise trap, 08. vi. 2015 (Rault P. - A.) (1 ♀, GDPC). GREECE: Arkadia: Tripoli, Piana road, 11. iv. 2000 (Cocquempot C.) (1 ♀, GDPC). ITALY: Sicilia: Cesaro, Monte Nebrodi, Solazzo Buffali, 37.87305 ° N 14.67514 ° E 1300 m, sweeping on Opopanax chironium in Quercus cerris forest, 01. vii. 2014 (Delvare G.) (1 ♀, GDEL 0404, CBGP). SPAIN: Bages, Alzimar de Sant Marti., 400 m, ex pupa of Euphydryas aurinia, collect 16. v. 2003, emergence 07. vi. 2003 (Stefanescu C. & Planas J.) (1 ♀, NMS); same data but collect on 22. iv. 2006, emergence 2006 (1 ♀, NMS); same locality but ex pupa of Euphydryas desfontainii, collect 21. v. 2005, emergence 05. vi. 2005 (1 ♀, NMS); Bages, El Guix, 350 m, ex pupa of Euphydryas aurinia, collect 24. v .. 2004, emergence 09. vi. 2004 (Stefanescu C. & Planas J.) (1 ♂, NMS). Zaragoza, Justibol, 200 m, ex pupa of Pleuroptya ruralis, collect 11. viii. 1999, emergence 13. viii. 1999 (King G. E.) (1 ♀, NMS). NORTH AFRICA. MOROCCO: Larache, 17. v. 1989 (Tussac H.) (1 ♀, GDPC). Moulay Idriss, Antic city of Volubilis, 04. vi. 1992 (Delvare G.) (1 ♀ 8 ♂, GDPC). NEAR EAST. IRAN: Kohmare, 29 ° 32 ’ ° N 57 ° 27 ’ ° E, Malaise trap in Quercus forest, 07. v. 2006 (Fallahzaded M.) (2 ♀, GDEL 0378 & GDEL 0379, CBGP). TURKEY: Ankara: Beynam, ex pupa of Tortricidae, collect 16. vi. 1999, emergence 12. vii. 1999 (Shaw M. R.) (1 ♂, NMS). Bingöl: Adakli, Genç, Karhova, Kiði, Merkez, Solhan, Yayladere, Yedisu, 975 - 1893 m, 17. v- 20. vii. 2019, on flowers of various plants (Kaplan E.) (81 ♀ 5 ♂, BU); Diyarbakar: Ҫermik, Ҫinar, Ҫüngüs, Dicle, Eðil, Ergani, Hani, Hazro, Kokaköy, Kulp, Lice, Silvan, 545 - 1400 m, on flowers of various plants (Kaplan E.) (80 ♀ 3 ♂, BU).	en	Delvare, Gérard, Shaw, Mark R. (2022): Characterisation of some species groups of Brachymeria (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), with a review of the B. tibialis-group and description of a new species parasitizing Zygaena pupae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Zootaxa 5178 (5): 401-432, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.1
21176831FFADFFE3FF6DF975FBB5FA7D.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. See relevant parts above relative to tibialis species-group characters. Characters that distinguish females of B. tibialis from B. zygaenae include: mesepisternum with adscrobal area not completely areolate, with a smooth surface in front of femoral depression, which is either smooth or partly strigose (Fig. 8 A); metacoxa with well expanded inner ventral tooth (Fig. 8 B); metafemur more slender, about 1.8 × as long as wide and sparsely punctulate, the interspaces larger than the diameter of the punctures (Fig. 8 B), the dorsal margin more strongly curved than ventral margin, and basal teeth on ventral margin not much projecting and with base broader than the following ones; metatibia somewhat thickened mesally (its dorsal margin more convex than the ventral one) (Fig. 8 B) and with edge of apical truncation straight (Fig. 8 C); hind tarsus incrassate, 3.4 × as long as width of metatibia (Fig. 8 C); hind pretarsus with falcate seta lanceolate, somewhat broadening apically (Fig. 8 D); tegula and legs with light parts pale instead of bright yellow; propodeum without a postspiracular projection on the setose region. MALE. Spatulate setae absent or present in very small number (2 or 3) on F 1, present only on F 2 ‒ F 5 their number decreasing from F 2 (Fig. 9 A). Morphological variation. The same variation in the sculpture of different parts of the body was seen as in B. zygaenae; the punctulation of the metafemur is also somewhat variable, in some specimens approaching the condition exhibited by B. zygaenae. An outstanding variation in colour was found, mostly in the southern part of its distribution area (Morocco, Turkey and Iran) but rarely also in southern France. In most cases this concerns the black part of the hind leg being reduced in comparison with the usual situation (Fig. 11 D); it corresponds to the variety turkestanica, found in Iran and Turkey. On the other hand, the black colour may be replaced by red or reddish, which corresponds to the variety rufofemorata found in Morocco, rarely in southern France, and frequently in Turkey. In one extreme variation concerning a female from Morocco the entire meso- and metasoma were dark red (Figs 11 A – C). In the southeast of Turkey the three phenotypes, the classical tibialis, turkestanica and rufofemorata, were seen in samples collected at the same places and time, which strongly suggests that they represent individual variation of no taxonomic value.	en	Delvare, Gérard, Shaw, Mark R. (2022): Characterisation of some species groups of Brachymeria (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), with a review of the B. tibialis-group and description of a new species parasitizing Zygaena pupae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Zootaxa 5178 (5): 401-432, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.1
21176831FFADFFE3FF6DF975FBB5FA7D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. In addition to the countries given under ‘ Material examined’ the species has been recorded from several others. Its distribution extends from North Africa to the North of India (Kashmir) through the Iberian, Italian and Balkan Peninsulas, Western and Central Europe, Anatolia, Russia and SW Asia. The species is apparently absent from Great Britain, Scandinavia, the Arabian Peninsula and Japan. Brachymeria tibialis was introduced to North America in the first half of the 20 th century for the control of Lymantria dispar (Erebidae: Lymantriinae).	en	Delvare, Gérard, Shaw, Mark R. (2022): Characterisation of some species groups of Brachymeria (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), with a review of the B. tibialis-group and description of a new species parasitizing Zygaena pupae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Zootaxa 5178 (5): 401-432, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.1
21176831FFADFFE3FF6DF975FBB5FA7D.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts and biology. Brachymeria tibialis is a solitary endoparasitoid of lepidopteran pupae (Burgess & Crossman 1929). The recorded hosts are summarized in Table 1. The host families cited only a single time may be doubtful, especially Gelechiidae (Madl 2008) and Depressariidae (Thomson 1954) in Lepidoptera, Diprionidae (Madl 2008) in Hymenoptera, Cecidomyiidae (Nanu et al. 1980; Andriescu 1988) and Sarcophagidae (Georgiev 1996) in Diptera. The other Diptera cited (all Tachinidae) were reared in laboratory culture, never recovered in the field; Dowden (1935) pointed out that the parasitism was constrained and thus artificial in those cases. Parasitism of Cricula trifenestrata is erroneous according to the images provided by Tikader (2012), which are those of B. criculae (Kohl) a well-known parasitoid of that Saturniidae. Finally, the Brachymeria species quoted by Sacharov (1913) as a parasitoid of Pieris rapae and Pontia daplidice is certainly B. femorata (Panzer), a frequent parasitoid of these Pieridae; at that time it was mixed with B. tibialis before Masi (1916) and then Ruschka (1922) provided characters for recognizing them as distinct. In most of the papers the parasitoid is mentioned as B. intermedia even after its synonymy with B. tibialis by Bouček (1992). In our list, two lepidopteran families are predominant, Tortricidae (17 hosts) and Erebidae (14 hosts), which possibly is a result of a bias towards moths of economic importance or as pests of forests. Largely because of interest in using the species for the control of invasive Lymantriinae such as Lymantria dispar North America, there is a large body of literature on various aspects of the biology of B. tibialis, which is certainly the most frequently studied chalcidid species and may figure as a model for the family. Its biology was particularly extensively researched by Dowden (1935) and has been summarised by Villemant (1989). Seasonal occurrence was studied in the USA by Kerguelen & Cardé (1997 a). It is plurivoltine with two or three generations occurring each year, the last generation hibernating at the adult stage under bark or inside the litter (Burgess & Crossman 1929; Waldvogel & Brown 1978), sometimes in aggregation (Schaefer 1993). Only the females hibernate as the males die at the end of the summer; they are able to oviposit again after winter even if they had oviposited before (Villemant 1989). The female is synovigenic, capable of producing eggs successively. The duration of oviposition activity ranges from 20 ‒ 40 days (Burgess & Crossman 1929) and starts 2 ‒ 3 days after mating (Villemant 1989). The reproductive system was studied by Barbosa & Frongillo (1979), Barbosa et al. (1986), Drost & Cardé (1992 a) and Dindo et al. (1996). The female shows behavioral and physiological responses according to its immediate history: those permanently deprived of hosts accumulate eggs but have a low level of host acceptance when again in contact with suitable pupae, in contrast with those having been initially in contact with a host and regularly ovipositing thereafter (Drost & Cardé 1992 a, 1992 b; Kerguelen & Cardé 1996 a). Progeny production, development time, sex ratio and parasitoid-related host mortality are dependent on female age and host exposure (Barbosa et al. 1986). The female uses olfactory cues in searching for the host, though visual cues are involved in the recognition of the host microhabitat, and some learning is exhibited in this respect (Leonard et al. 1975; Minot & Leonard 1976 c; Tucker & Leonard 1977; Barbosa et al. 1978; Mohamed 1986; Cardé & Lee 1989; Drost & Cardé 1990, 1992 a; Kerguelen & Cardé 1996 b, 1997 b, 1998). Host acceptance and host suitability both depend on the identity of the host (Dindo et al. 2013). An optimal fresh age of the pupae (around 4 days) is important for suitability and B. tibialis selects its hosts accordingly (Lashomb et al. 1983; Rotheray & Barbosa 1984). The female is strongly reluctant to oviposit into already parasitized pupae (Dowden 1935; Goodwin & Odell 1979). Low humidity, high temperatures and light intensity increase the activity, fecundity and biotic potential of B. tibialis (Minot & Leonard 1976 a, 1976 b; Barbosa & Frongillo 1977, 1979 b; Weseloh 1979). Consequently the wasp is typically found in sunny and open places. The description of the courtship behaviour and interaction with pheromones were dealt with by Leonard & Ringo (1978), Askari (1979), Simser & Coppel (1980) and Mohamed & Coppel (1987 a, 1987 b). Brachymeria tibialis is the only Chalcididae to have successfully been reared on an artificial medium (Thompson 1980; Dindo & Campadelli 1992, 1993; Dindo & Luciano 1995; Dindo et al. 1995, 1997, 2001, 2002). This procedure allowed the authors to precisely observe the host-parasitic larva relationships, particularly the effect of parasitism on the host’s activity. Natural and biological control of Lymantria dispar. Numerous assessments have been made, as listed in Table 1. The assessment of parasitism depends on the method used as shown by Gould et al. (1992). Different authors operating in various countries and continents discovered that the level of parasitism depends on the density of the host and is higher during outbreaks (Ticehurst et al. 1978; Luciano & Prota 1982, 1984; Fuester & Taylor 1996; Hoch et al. 2006). In addition, the pupae of L. dispar originating from an outbreak population are even more suitable for the development of B. tibialis (Greenblatt & Barbosa 1980). Consequently the chalcidid may effectively destroy its host population as shown with L. dispar in Morocco by Lépiney (1930). In addition to parasitism, injuries from the sting in cases of host feeding increase host mortality both directly and possibly further through introductions of pathogenic microorganisms (Villemant 1989). Brachymeria tibialis was introduced in North America to control the gypsy moth after its involuntary introduction at the end of the 19 th century (Howard & Fiske 1911; Burgess & Crossman 1929). The introduction of B. tibialis was in two phases, respectively before and after the First World War. Finally, 22,197 parasitoids were introduced from some Mediterranean countries (Clausen 1978). Brachymeria tibialis was nevertheless recovered only much later (Leonard 1966, 1967, 1977). In fact the release of the chalcidid usually had no apparent effect on the population dynamics of the gipsy moth (Blumenthal et al. 1979). In some cases, however, the presence and abundance of alternate hosts (Tortricidae) can allow a quick increase of the parasitoid population which is then able to destroy a large number of the gypsy moth pupae (Minot & Leonard 1976 a).	en	Delvare, Gérard, Shaw, Mark R. (2022): Characterisation of some species groups of Brachymeria (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), with a review of the B. tibialis-group and description of a new species parasitizing Zygaena pupae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Zootaxa 5178 (5): 401-432, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.1
