identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
134187C7FFFEFFD0E3B1529925D68734.text	134187C7FFFEFFD0E3B1529925D68734.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paralitonotidae Zhang & Zhao & Chi & Warren & Pan & Song 2022	<div><p>FAMILY PARALITONOTIDAE FAM. NOV.</p> <p>Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 4C15DF9C-2DD5-4D28-B442-0469353361AA</p> <p>Diagnosis: Slender Pleurostomatida with anterior part of right somatic kineties shortened and forming an unciliated region in each of the apical and subapical regions.</p> <p>Type genus: Paralitonotus (see below).</p> <p>Etymology: Composite of the stem of the name of the type genus and the family suffix -idae (see Articles 29.1 and 29.2 of the ICZN, 1999).</p> <p>Genera assigned: Apolitonotus Pan et al., 2020, Paralitonotus, Pseudolitonotus Wu et al., 2022.</p> <p>Remarks: According to Article 64 of the ICZN (1999), any included valid nominal genus can be chosen as the type genus, not necessarily that having the oldest name. We have chosen the new genus Paralitonotus as the type genus because its anteriorly shortened right kineties form the most conspicuous glabrous region on the right side, which is the main diagnostic character of the family.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/134187C7FFFEFFD0E3B1529925D68734	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Gongaote;Zhao, Yan;Chi, Yong;Warren, Alan;Pan, Hongbo;Song, Weibo	Zhang, Gongaote, Zhao, Yan, Chi, Yong, Warren, Alan, Pan, Hongbo, Song, Weibo (2022): Updating the phylogeny and taxonomy of pleurostomatid ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) with establishment of a new family, a new genus and two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (1): 105-123, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac028, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac028
134187C7FFFEFFD0E0DA556023018107.text	134187C7FFFEFFD0E0DA556023018107.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paralitonotus Zhang & Zhao & Chi & Warren & Pan & Song 2022	<div><p>GENUS PARALITONOTUS GEN. NOV.</p> <p>Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: CB662085-9DE5-469F-9BC5-ADBE6496AAF1</p> <p>Diagnosis: Paralitonotidae with right somatic kineties progressively shortened from middle towards dorsal full kinety and perioral kinety; leftmost kinety extending to anterior end of cell.</p> <p>Type species: Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov.</p> <p>Etymology: Composite of the Greek prefix Παρά- (derive from) and the generic name Litonotus Wresniowski, 1870, referring to the Litonotus -like general ciliary pattern. Masculine gender.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/134187C7FFFEFFD0E0DA556023018107	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Gongaote;Zhao, Yan;Chi, Yong;Warren, Alan;Pan, Hongbo;Song, Weibo	Zhang, Gongaote, Zhao, Yan, Chi, Yong, Warren, Alan, Pan, Hongbo, Song, Weibo (2022): Updating the phylogeny and taxonomy of pleurostomatid ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) with establishment of a new family, a new genus and two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (1): 105-123, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac028, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac028
134187C7FFFEFFD6E0D0535222BF836A.text	134187C7FFFEFFD6E0D0535222BF836A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paralitonotus foissneri Zhang & Zhao & Chi & Warren & Pan & Song 2022	<div><p>PARALITONOTUS FOISSNERI SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 2, 3; TABLE 1)</p> <p>Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 39F1669A-2ED6-41BF-A718-CF3584918B9C</p> <p>Diagnosis: Cell elongate and extremely contractile, with long neck ~40–50% of body length, posterior portion of body conspicuously tail-like; size in extended individuals about 150–300 µm × 30–50 µm; six or seven left and 13–15 right somatic kineties; single subterminal contractile vacuole; two macronuclear nodules and single micronucleus; marine habitat.</p> <p>Type material: A silver proteinate slide with the holotype specimen circled by ink and a second silver proteinate slide with paratype specimens were deposited in Laboratory of Protozoology, Ocean University of China, with registration numbers CY2018101603-1 and CY2018101603-2, respectively.</p> <p>Type locality and ecological features: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.67556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.276615" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.67556/lat 36.276615)">Intertidal</a> zone of a sandy beach in Qingdao, China (36°16′35.817″N, 120°40′32.0124″E). Water temperature 21 °C and salinity 30 ‰.</p> <p>Etymology: We dedicate this species to Professor Dr Wilhelm Foissner, University of Salzburg, Austria, in recognition of his significant contributions to ciliatology.</p> <p>SSU rDNA sequence: The partial SSU rDNA gene sequence of Pa. foissneri sp. nov. is deposited in GenBank with length 1593 bp, G+C content 42.81% and accession number MW414674. The SSU rDNA gene sequence similarity between Pa. foissneri sp. nov. and its similar species ranges from 0.901 to 0.973 (Fig. 8).</p> <p>Description: Body size highly variable, cell length mostly ~150–300 µm, contracts ≤ 50%, occasionally&gt; 350 µm when fully extended. Main body spindle shaped, ~70–170 µm long, with neck ~40–50% and tail ~15% of cell length (Figs 2A, B, F, 3A–E, I). Cilia in right kineties are ~6 µm long in vivo and densely arranged, whereas those in left kineties are undetectable in live cells. Nuclear apparatus centrally located, comprising two ovoidal macronuclear nodules, each about 10–30 µm × 5–10 µm after silver proteinate staining, and a single micronucleus (Figs 2A, B, D, G, 3K, M). Micronucleus located between two macronuclear nodules (Fig. 3M, arrowhead). Single contractile vacuole subterminally located (Figs 2A, B, 3C), pulsates about every 2 min. Extrusomes scattered in main body (Figs 2F, H, 3H), straight or slightly curved, ~4 µm long in vivo (Fig. 2C). Extrusomes in oral bulge undetected. Cortical granules not observed. Cytoplasm colourless or greyish, with numerous endoplasmic granules (~1–3 µm in diameter) in main body, rendering this region opaque. Locomotion typically by swimming, with anterior portion repeatedly contracting and swinging from side to side, sometimes by gliding on substrate.</p> <p>Ciliary pattern as shown in Figures 2E, G–I, 3J, L. About 14 (13–15) right somatic kineties, middle one longest, terminating anteriorly about one-sixth down the length of the body (Figs 2E, G–I, 3J, L; Table 1). Anterior of rightmost kinety terminating at one-third down length of cell, second rightmost kinety (RK n −1) extending to anterior and posterior ends of cell as a full kinety. Other right somatic kineties progressively shortened anteriorly towards dorsal and ventral margins to form two semi-sutures along dorsal full RK n −1 and PK2, respectively (Figs 2G–I, 3L). Left side sparsely ciliated, with six or seven kineties (including PK1; Fig. 2E, H; Table 1). Dorsal brush kinety consisting of dikinetids in anterior half of cell and monokinetids in posterior half (Fig. 2E). Leftmost left kinety (LK n) extending to anterior end of cell (Fig. 2E, H). Two perioral kineties (PKs), one either side of oral slit, both consisting of densely spaced dikinetids in anterior 30%, continuing posteriorly as a row of monokinetids (Fig. 2E, H).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/134187C7FFFEFFD6E0D0535222BF836A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Gongaote;Zhao, Yan;Chi, Yong;Warren, Alan;Pan, Hongbo;Song, Weibo	Zhang, Gongaote, Zhao, Yan, Chi, Yong, Warren, Alan, Pan, Hongbo, Song, Weibo (2022): Updating the phylogeny and taxonomy of pleurostomatid ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) with establishment of a new family, a new genus and two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (1): 105-123, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac028, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac028
134187C7FFF8FFD4E01E51C9230D80FF.text	134187C7FFF8FFD4E01E51C9230D80FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Loxophyllum apochlorelligerum Zhang & Zhao & Chi & Warren & Pan & Song 2022	<div><p>LOXOPHYLLUM APOCHLORELLIGERUM SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 4, 5; TABLE 1)</p> <p>Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 32A46325-B72C-4B1D-A5AA-44145403DBB3</p> <p>aPerioral kinety 2 or perioral kineties 2–3 were included.</p> <p>bPerioral kinety 1 and dorsal brush kinety were included.</p> <p>cOut of 25 individuals of Loxophyllum apochlorelligerum sp. nov. only three had a single macronuclear nodule; and out of 17 individuals of Paralitonotus foissneri sp. nov. only one had a single macronuclear nodule.</p> <p>Abbreviations: CV, coefficient of variation (as a percentage); mean, arithmetic mean; N, number of specimens; SD, standard deviation.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Body lanceolate, about 170 – 280 µm × 35–50 µm in vivo; seven to nine left and 12–14 right somatic kineties; extrusomes clavate, distributed along entire cell margin; three to five inconspicuous dorsal warts located at anterior one-third of body; single subterminal contractile vacuole; two ovoidal macronuclear nodules and one micronucleus; freshwater habitat.</p> <p>Type material: A silver proteinate slide with the holotype specimen circled by ink and another two silver proteinate slides with paratype specimens deposited in the Laboratory of Protozoa, Ocean University of China, with registration numbers ZGAT2020051801-1 (holotype), ZGAT2020051801-2 and ZGAT2020051801-3.</p> <p>Type locality and ecological features: A boggy area in <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.156296&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.766544" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.156296/lat 34.766544)">Weishan Lake</a> (34°45′59.56″N, 117°09′22.65″E), Ji’ning, China. Water temperature 21 °C and pH 8.30.</p> <p>Etymology: Composite of the Greek adjective αΠό- (from) and the species-group name chlorelligerum (‘bearing chlorellae’, a green alga), indicating a ciliate similar to Loxophyllum chlorelligerum Vuxanovici, 1959.</p> <p>SSU rDNA sequence: The SSU rDNA sequence of Lo. apochlorelligerum sp. nov. has been deposited in the GenBank database, with length 1531 bp, G+C content 42.26% and accession number MW414675. The SSU rDNA gene sequence similarity between Lo. apochlorelligerum sp. nov. and its congeners ranges from 0.958 to 0.978 (Fig. 8).</p> <p>Description: Body lanceolate, slightly contractile, with a beak-like anterior end and a pointed posterior end. Cell size about 170–280 µm × 35–50 µm in vivo when fully extended. Neck region inconspicuous, occupying 25% of cell length, often with several inconspicuous dorsal warts (Fig. 4A, arrows). Cell typically with a thin, well-defined hyaline fringe (Fig. 5A, D, G). Right side densely ciliated; left side somewhat vaulted and sparsely ciliated. Two macronuclear nodules, elliptical in outline, about 15–23 µm × 10–15 µm in vivo, centrally located (Figs 4D, E, H, 5B, E, I; Table 1). Micronucleus positioned between macronuclear nodules (Figs 4H, 5I). Contractile vacuole subterminally located (Figs 4A, D, F, 5A, B, G), ~15–20 µm in diameter, pulsating about every 30 s. Extrusomes clavate, straight or slightly curved, ~5–7 µm long, distributed along entire cell margin and often clustered in anterior portion of dorsal margin to form three to fie warts (Figs 4A, D, J, 5C, F). Cortical granules tiny (&lt;0.3 µm) and densely distributed between ciliary rows (Figs 4I, 5H). Cytoplasm colourless or greyish, with numerous densely packed food vacuoles (~4–7 µm in diameter) that render main body region opaque (Figs 4A, F, 5A, B, D, G). Locomotion typically by slowly gliding on substrate, sometimes by swimming while rotating about longitudinal body axis.</p> <p>Ciliary pattern as shown in Figure 4B, C, G. There are 12–14 right somatic kineties (including PK2 and PK3), each consisting of monokinetids and terminating anteriorly along PK3 (Figs 4C, 5J; Table 1). Left side sparsely ciliated, with seven to nine (average eight) left somatic kineties (including PK1; Figs 4B, 5L, M; Table 1). Dorsal brush kinety consisting of regularly spaced dikinetids in anterior half of cell length and continuing posteriorly as monokinetids (Fig. 4B, G).</p> <p>Three perioral kineties around oral slit. Perioral kinety 1 (PK1) consisting of densely spaced dikinetids in anterior half and continuing posteriorly as a row of monokinetids (Fig. 4B, G). Perioral kinety 2 (PK2) consisting of densely spaced dikinetids in anterior half and continuing posteriorly as a row of monokinetids (Fig. 4C, G). Perioral kinety 3 (PK3) composed of densely spaced monokinetids (Fig. 4C, G).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/134187C7FFF8FFD4E01E51C9230D80FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Gongaote;Zhao, Yan;Chi, Yong;Warren, Alan;Pan, Hongbo;Song, Weibo	Zhang, Gongaote, Zhao, Yan, Chi, Yong, Warren, Alan, Pan, Hongbo, Song, Weibo (2022): Updating the phylogeny and taxonomy of pleurostomatid ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) with establishment of a new family, a new genus and two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (1): 105-123, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac028, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac028
134187C7FFF2FFDCE2A157F5239A814C.text	134187C7FFF2FFDCE2A157F5239A814C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pleurostomatida Based	<div><p>KEY TO GENERA WITHIN THE ORDER PLEUROSTOMATIDA Based on previous reports (Wu et al., 2017; Pan et al., 2020) and the present work, a revised key to the genera is provided here:</p> <p>1. Glabrous region in anterior of right side present …............................................................................. 2</p> <p>Glabrous region in anterior of right side absent …............................................................................... 4</p> <p>2. Leftmost left kinety (LK n) terminates at anterior end of cell …........................................................... 3</p> <p>Leftmost left kinety (LK) does not terminate at anterior end of cell...........................… Pseudolitonotus</p> <p>n</p> <p>3. Right somatic kineties anteriorly shortened along rightmost full kineties …..................... Apolitonotus</p> <p>Right somatic kineties progressively shortened anteriorly from middle towards dorsal and ventral margins …............................................................................................................................ Paralitonotus</p> <p>4. Middle right somatic kineties anteriorly shortened to form a suture …............................................. 5</p> <p>Middle right somatic kineties not shortened to form a suture ….......................................................... 10</p> <p>5. Middle right somatic kineties shortened posteriorly to form a suture …..................... Kentrophyllum</p> <p>Middle right somatic kineties not shortened posteriorly to form a suture.......................................... 6</p> <p>6. Spoon-like excavation in anterior region present …........................................................ Amphileptiscus</p> <p>Spoon-like exca vation in anterior region absent…...................................................................................7</p> <p>7. Left perioral kinety forming a circle …................................................................................... Opisthodon</p> <p>Left perioral kinety not forming a circ le ….................................................................................................8</p> <p>8. Right and left perioral kineties do not cross and reach posterior of cell ….......................................... 9</p> <p>Right and left perioral kineties cross and do not reach posterior end of cell …................ Apoamphileptus</p> <p>9. Oral slit extends nearly to posterior end of cell …....................................................... Pseudoamphileptus</p> <p>Oral slit does not extend nearly to posterior end of cell …..................................................... Amphileptus</p> <p>10. Right somatic kineties anteriorly shortened along rightmost full kineties ….................... Protolitonotus</p> <p>Right somatic kineties anteriorly shortened along perioral kinety.................................................... 11</p> <p>11. Extrusomes absent along dorsal margin ….......................................................................................... 12</p> <p>Extrusomes present along dorsal margin ….......................................................................................... 13</p> <p>12. Spoon-like excavation present …................................................................................................ Acineria</p> <p>Spoon-like excavation absent …..............................................................................................., Litonotus</p> <p>13. Without string-like oral bulge ….......................................................................................... Loxophyllum</p> <p>With string-like oral bulge…........................................................................................... Siroloxophyllum</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/134187C7FFF2FFDCE2A157F5239A814C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Gongaote;Zhao, Yan;Chi, Yong;Warren, Alan;Pan, Hongbo;Song, Weibo	Zhang, Gongaote, Zhao, Yan, Chi, Yong, Warren, Alan, Pan, Hongbo, Song, Weibo (2022): Updating the phylogeny and taxonomy of pleurostomatid ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) with establishment of a new family, a new genus and two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (1): 105-123, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac028, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac028
