identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
4B47B9F27AAF5F38834EDA1EE6BBB7A0.text	4B47B9F27AAF5F38834EDA1EE6BBB7A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arastichus capipunctata Gates, Hanson, Jansen-Gonzalez & Zhang 2022	<div><p>Arastichus capipunctata Gates, Hanson, Jansen-Gonzalez &amp; Zhang sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs 6, 7, 21-23</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Arastichus capipunctata can be distinguished from all other known species through the bilobed mesoscutum at the posterior margin (Fig. 23), and the numerous large punctures on the face (Figs 21, 22). The coloration of both males and females are uniformly brown (Figs 6, 7). Females have three anelli.</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Holotype Costa Rica • [1F]; Guanacaste 9km S Santa Cecilia, EstacionBiologica Pitilla, 600 m 18.XII.2010. L. Chavarria leg.; USNMENT01788075; deposited in USNM. Paratypes: [44F, 26M]; same information as holotype; USNMENT01829180-250; USNM. [4F, 4M]; same information as holotype; ANIC. [4F, 4M]; same information as holotype; BMNH. [4F, 4M]; same information as holotype; CNCI. [4F, 4M]; same information as holotype; MNHN. Mexico • [3F, 4M]; Veracruz, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-95.090256&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.589474" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -95.090256/lat 18.589474)">San Andres Tuxtlas</a> , Est. Biol. Tropical Las Tuxtlas, 2.III. 2017, 124 m 18°35'22.1"N, 95°5'24.9"W, G. Amancio, A. Aguirre, F. Ozul leg., ex galled fruit Philodendron radiatum; USNMENT01788065-69; USNM. [1F, 1M]; same information as before; CNIN. [46F, 52M]; same information as before; MZUCR.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Holotype female. Body length 2.9 mm. Color: Brown except for the following yellow: scape, pedicel, lower face, prepectus, legs (except metacoxa brown), wing veins white to brown (Fig. 6).</p> <p>Head. 1.45 × as broad as high, with large punctures (Figs 21, 22); anterior tentorial pits with epistomal groove extending ventrally. Supraclypeal area glabrous; clypeus bilobed. Lower margin of eyes slightly sunken; malar suture distinct; malar space 0.37 × eye height, asetose beneath eye in elongate microreticulate area; frons protuberant. Preorbital carina absent; intrascrobal area divergent dorsally to laterad anterior ocellus, delimiting shallow equilateral triangular depression in front of anterior ocellus. Ratio of LOL:OOL:POL as 1:2.1:2.5. Vertexal seta 0.45 × eye height; vertexal suture rounded at inner eye margin (Fig. 21); occipital margin without transverse, sinuate carina. Head posteriorly lacking postgenal lamina, postgena with ventral depression near ventral margin.</p> <p>Antenna. (Fig. 6) ratio of scape (minus radicle): pedicel: A1: A2: A3: F1: F2: F3: F4: F5: club as 74:14:1:1:2:18:18:18:18:16:16; A1 constricted medially; A2 transverse; one row of MPS on all funicular segments, erect setae at 45° angle to angle to funicular segment, shorter than the funicular segment to which it is attached (Fig. 6).</p> <p>Mesosoma. 1.27 × as long as broad. Pronotum with two sets of setae posterolaterally. Midlobe of mesoscutum 0.88 × as long as broad; smooth, with one pair of adnotaular setae; posterior margin of mesoscutum bilobed (Fig. 24, arrow). Notauli complete, shallow. Scutellum 0.90 × as long as broad, effaced imbricate, with two pairs of setae; scutellum lacking submedian scutellar grooves, posterior margin rounded. Propodeum raised medially, laterally imbricate, with paraspiracular carina complete. Prepectus triangular, broadly rounded posteriorly, imbricate. Mesepimeron smooth anteriorly. Epicnemium imbricate. Metapleuron without circular fossa that is at least half as wide as propodeal spiracle. Fore wing with ratio of M:PMV:S as 9:1:4 (Fig. 6); SMV with three setae on dorsal surface.</p> <p>Metasoma. Finely imbricate; setose along the posterior edges of each gastral tergite; gastral sternites fused or weakly divided; third valvula extends beyond gaster.</p> <p>Male. Overall morphology and coloration as in female (Fig. 7). Body length 2.9 mm. Antennal ratio of scape (minus radicle):pedicel: A1:F1:F2:F3:F4:F5:F6:club as 25:8:1:2:17:17:17:17:16:9; scape with distinct ventral plaque in apical ½ (Fig. 7), funicular segments clavate basally, with whorl of setae extending ~1.5x length of the funicular segment to which it is attached. MPS sparse and located at midlength; clava with basal whorl and apical setae, MPS located at apex (Fig. 7). Genitalia: phallobase less than twice as long as broad, digitus with tooth-like projection on anterior margin, aedeagus broad, with apex rounded (Fig. 27).</p> <p>Variation.</p> <p>Both sexes: setation and sculpture variable; sometimes with faint traces of submedian scutellar grooves. Females: length of body 2.9-3.2mm, SMV with 2-3 setae. Males: length of body 2.4-2.9mm.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>Named for the distinctive punctate head.</p> <p>Biology.</p> <p>Reared from Philodendron radiatum.</p> <p>Distribution.</p> <p>Costa Rica and Mexico.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B47B9F27AAF5F38834EDA1EE6BBB7A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Zhang, Y. Miles;Gates, Michael W.;Hanson, Paul E.;Jansen-Gonzalez, Sergio	Zhang, Y. Miles, Gates, Michael W., Hanson, Paul E., Jansen-Gonzalez, Sergio (2022): Description of a Neotropical gall inducer on Araceae: Arastichus, gen. nov. (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) and two new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 92: 145-172, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.92.85967, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.92.85967
6EFA9E11921C5539B99D5803F826A0CE.text	6EFA9E11921C5539B99D5803F826A0CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arastichus gallicola (Zhang & Gates & Hanson & Jansen-González 2022) Zhang & Gates & Hanson & Jansen-González 2022	<div><p>Arastichus gallicola (Ferriere) comb. nov.</p> <p>Figs 3, 4-5, 10-15, 16-20</p> <p>Trichaporus gallicola, Ferrière, 1924.</p> <p>Exurus gallicola (Ferrière), Costa Lima (1959)</p> <p>Aprostocetus gallicola (Ferrière), LaSalle (1994)</p> <p>Material Examined.</p> <p>Lectotype Paraguay • [1F, top right of the pin]; 1914, R. Chodat leg., ovaries of Philodendron selloum = Thaumatophyllum bipinnatifidum (Schott ex Endl.) Sakur., Calazans &amp; Mayo; MNHN. Paralectotypes [9F, 4M]; same information as holotype; MNHN. Other material: Brazil • [37F, 48M]; São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo campus, 1.II.2011, Sergio Jansen-González leg., ex galled fruits of Philodendron bipinnatifidum; USNM01829346-432; USNM. [11F, 4M] same information; 13.II.2011; MZUSP. [11F, 6M]; São Paulo, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.383335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.183332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.383335/lat -27.183332)">Araras Zoo</a>, 14.II.1988, F.D. Bennett leg., Philodendron inflorescence; ANIC. [1F]; <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.383335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.183332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.383335/lat -27.183332)">Nova Tenutonia</a>, 27°11'S, 52°23'W, 300-500m, 12.I.1962, F. Plaumann leg.; CNCI. [1M]; same info as before; V. 1971.; CNCI. [3F]; Rondonia, 62 km SW. Ariquemes near faz. Rancho Grande 26.XII.1992, U. Schmitz leg., blacklight trap; CNCI. [5F] same info as before, J.E. Eger leg., 3-15.XII.1997; CNCI. [3F]; Rondonia, 62 km SW. Ariquemes near faz. Rancho Grande 26.XII.1992, U. Schmitz leg., blacklight trap; CNCI. [5F] same info as before, J.E. Eger leg., 3-15.XII.1997; CNCI. French Guiana • [144F, 54M]; Kourou National Road #1, km 96, 26.IV.2012. M. Gibernau leg. ex. Galled fruits of Philodendron solimoesense; USNMENT01829000-01829163; USNM. [4F, 4M] same information as before; ANIC; [4F, 4M] same information as before; BMNH; [4F, 4M] same information as before; CNCI; [4F, 2M] same information as before; CNIN; [4F, 4M] same information as before; MNHN; [9F, 4M] same information as before; MZUCR; [3F] same information as before; MZUSP.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Arastichus gallicola is morphologically similar to A. gibernau, but the posterior corner of metapleuron of A. gallicola lacks a noticeable fossa, or with an elongate depression (Fig. 4). Additionally, the vertexal suture is angulate or rounded where it reaches the inner eye margin in A. gallicola (Fig. 10), whereas in A. gibernau this suture is always rounded.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Female holotype. Body length 3.3mm. Color: Yellow: head, mouthparts, scape, pedicel, mesosoma, femoral depression, acropleuron, legs, ovipositor sheaths; dark brown: funicular segments, apices of mandibles, pronotum immediately surrounding spiracle, scutellum, dorsellum, propodeum, mesopleuron, metapleuron, metasoma. Wing veins white to light brown (Figs 3, 4).</p> <p>Head. 1.3 × as broad as high, effaced imbricate; anterior tentorial pits with epistomal groove extending ventrally (Fig. 10). Supraclypeal area glabrous; clypeus bilobed. Lower margin of eyes slightly sunken; malar suture distinct; malar space 0.58 × eye height, asetose beneath eye in elongate microreticulate area; frons protuberant (Fig. 10). Preorbital carina absent; intrascrobal area divergent dorsally to laterad anterior ocellus, delimiting shallow equilateral triangular depression in front of anterior ocellus. Ratio of LOL:OOL:POL as 1:3.1:3.4. Vertexal suture angulate, or rounded at inner eye margin (Fig. 10); occipital margin with transverse, sinuate carina. Head posteriorly lacking postgenal lamina, postgena without ventral depression near ventral margin.</p> <p>Antenna. (Fig. 14) ratio of scape (minus radicle): pedicel: A1:A2:F1:F2:F3:F4:F5:F6:club as 12.5:3.8:1.3:1:4.5:4.5:4.5:3.8:3.8:5; A1 constricted medially; A2 transverse; two rows of setae on all funicular segments (Fig. 14); erect setae at 45° angle to funicular segment, shorter than the funicular segment to which it is attached to (Fig. 4).</p> <p>Mesosoma. 1.8 × as long as broad. Pronotum with two sets of setae posterolaterally. Midlobe of mesoscutum 1.0 × as long as broad; with two pairs of adnotaular setae; posterior margin of mesoscutum not bilobed (Fig. 16). Scutellum 1.2 × as long as broad; effaced imbricate, with one to two pairs of setae; notauli complete, shallow; scutellum lacking submedian scutellar grooves, posterior margin rounded. Propodeum raised medially, laterally imbricate, with paraspiracular carina complete. Prepectus triangular, broadly rounded posteriorly, imbricate. Mesepimeron striate, becoming smooth anteriorly grading into femoral depression. Epicnemium imbricate. Metapleuron without circular fossa that is at least half as wide as propodeal spiracle. Fore wing with ratio of M:PMV:S as 3:1:1.1 (Fig. 4).</p> <p>Metasoma. Finely imbricate; setose along the posterior edges of each gastral tergite; gastral sternites fused or weakly divided; third valvula does not extend beyond gaster.</p> <p>Male. Overall morphology as in female (Fig. 5). Body length 2.5 mm. Color: Dark brown except the following golden: base of scape, ventral mouthparts, acropleuron, coxae apically, legs, metatibia in apical 1/4. Antennal ratio of scape (minus radicle):pedicel: A1:F1:F2:F3:F4:F5:F6:club as 6.9:1.4:1:4.3:4.7:4.7:4.3:4.1:3.6:2.9; scape with distinct, white ventral plaque in apical ½ (Fig. 5), funicular segments wide at base and narrowing off towards apex, with whorl of setae extending ~1.5x length of the funicular segment to which it is attached, MPS sparse and located at midlength; clava with basal whorl and apical setae, MPS located at apex (Fig. 5). Genitalia: phallobase twice as long as broad, digitus slender without projection on anterior margin, aedeagus slender, with apex pointed; digiti with or without a submedian longitudinal suture from the base of the digital tooth but not reaching the base of the digiti (Fig. 27).</p> <p>Variation.</p> <p>Both sexes: setation and sculpture variable; sometimes with faint traces of submedian scutellar grooves; vertexal suture can be rounded or angulate. Females: 2.6-3.8mm, scutellum with brown coloration often incomplete laterally, complete medially and anteriorly/posteriorly on scutellar margins; ocellar triangle sometimes brown; pronotal setation ranges from 1-3 per side, adnotaular setation ranges from 1-3 per side with the occasional odd seta in the notaulus; ocellar triangle often with two small divergent setae. Males: 2.5-3.0mm, may have brownish infuscation of the pro- and mesofemur, meso- and metacoxa may be entirely brown. Specimens from Araras Zoo in Brazil consistently had two setae on the lateral lobes of mesoscutum, whereas other specimens had three. However given the lack of other consistent characteristics, we conservatively group them under A. gallicola. Variation in female and male genitalia was found. Females reared from T. bipinnatifidum showed two distinct ovipositor morphologies with variation due mostly to larger or smaller first and second valvifers. Females reared from T. solimoesense showed an intermediate size ovipositor. Males reared from T. solimoesense show a longitudinal submedian suture in the digiti that begins at the base of the digital tooth and does not reach the base of the digiti.</p> <p>Biology.</p> <p>Reared from Thaumatophyllum bipinnatifidum and T. solimoesense.</p> <p>Distribution.</p> <p>Brazil and Paraguay.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6EFA9E11921C5539B99D5803F826A0CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Zhang, Y. Miles;Gates, Michael W.;Hanson, Paul E.;Jansen-Gonzalez, Sergio	Zhang, Y. Miles, Gates, Michael W., Hanson, Paul E., Jansen-Gonzalez, Sergio (2022): Description of a Neotropical gall inducer on Araceae: Arastichus, gen. nov. (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) and two new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 92: 145-172, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.92.85967, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.92.85967
19874D58C26156259562E60A5A7FB5A7.text	19874D58C26156259562E60A5A7FB5A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arastichus Gates, Hanson, Jansen-Gonzalez & Zhang 2022	<div><p>Arastichus Gates, Hanson, Jansen-Gonzalez &amp; Zhang gen. nov.</p> <p>Figs 3, 4-5, 6-7, 8-9, 10-15, 16-20, 21-25</p> <p>Type species.</p> <p>Arastichus gallicola (Ferrière).</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Vertex with single erect seta mesad to eye margin, ~0.5 × eye height (Fig. 10); vertex depressed posteriad and laterad lateral ocelli (Figs 12, 22); toruli positioned above middle of face, 1-1.5 × torular diameters from median ocellus (Figs 10, 21, 24); intrascrobal carina step like in lateral view with V-like carinae diverging to lateral margins of median ocellus (Figs 12, 22); antennal formula 11242 (Fig. 14) or 11342 in A. capiculata. A1 ~1.5 × wider at apex rather than base (note: often appears subdivided, representing fusion of two segments) wedge-like in lateral view, longest ventrally; ventral plaque present in male scape (Figs 5, 7, 9); clypeus bilobed, lobes apically truncate; gena ventrally extended beyond oral fossa/base of mandible (Figs 10, 21, 24); mesosoma shiny dorsally (Fig. 23); scutellum lacking submedian grooves (Figs 16, 23); petiole membranous ventrally; a tuft or sometimes one seta(e) anterad mesocoxa (Fig. 9); propodeal spiracles large, ~0.3 × length propodeum; distinct, suberect setation on mesal surface of procoxa and metacoxa (Figs 8, 9), Gt6 with spiracular rim elevated (Fig. 19).</p> <p>Arastichus gallicola was first described by Ferrière (1924) as Trichaporus gallicola, which was then transferred to Exurus Philippi by Costa Lima (1959a). LaSalle (1994) synonymized Exurus with Aprostocetus, through its type species E. colliguayae Philippi. He was hesitant about the status of A. gallicola (Fig. 3) as he was not able to examine any type specimens, but commented that it is quite distinct and warranted its own genus. As Ferrière did not designate a holotype, we hereby designate the top left specimen (female) on the pin with three other specimens as the lectotype (Fig. 3). The degree of morphological variation seen in Aprostocetus makes it difficult to characterize consistently using few characters; however, according to LaSalle (1994), most species have the SMV with ≥ 3 seta, propodeal spiracle partially covered by overhanging lobe of callus, and one cercal setae distinctly longest and sinuate or curved. Although Arastichus shares these diagnostics, several additional apomorphies set it apart from Aprostocetus (as noted in the diagnosis above).</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Coloration: Female. Length 3.8-5.2 mm. Head, antennae, body, coxae, and legs yellow or brown (Figs 3 - 9). Tegula pale golden. Pronotum either completely brown, or yellow except for the anterolateral panel. Ventral mouthparts and tarsomeres pale yellow. Female fore wing with soft opaque area at basal and cubital folds, disc hyaline (Fig. 4). Male fore wing with opaque base of cubital and basal folds; disc with soft opaque pattern (Fig. 5).</p> <p>Head: Surface rugulose or umbilicately punctate dorsally, laterally, and anteriorly, 1.3-1.6 × as broad as high. Supraclypeal area concave, glabrous, asetose (Figs 10, 21, 24), extending to toruli; lower tentorial pits minute. Genal carina present, extending to lower third of eye posteriorly (Figs 10, 13). Torulus with dorsal margin positioned at lower ocular line; intertorular space punctate, obtusely pointed; scrobal depression margined laterally, margin fading dorsally, reticulate with fine irregular rugae and with median carina between depressions in ventral half (Fig. 10). Eyes setose, seta sparsely distributed and very short. Mandible tridentate with apical and middle teeth acute, basal tooth broad and rounded (Fig. 21). Clypeus emarginate in step-like manner (Fig. 21), medially produced. Posterior surface of head without postgenal lamina, postgenal grooves slightly ridged, slightly convergent ventrally, extending to upper margin of hypostomal bridge; dorsal margin of lateral foraminal plate obliterated; subforaminal plate absent; postgenal sulci distinct; postgenal bridge glabrous (Fig. 11). Antenna (Figs 14, 15) with scape broadest medially, coarsely imbricate. Pedicel triangular in lateral view, narrowed ventrally; anelli (two in all species except A. capipunctata, which has three) transverse, glabrous; F1 chalice-shaped, imbricate in basal half (Fig. 14); funicle with each segment fusiform, longer than broad, apically truncate with two rows of MPS and sparse, semi-erect setation; F5-6 fused, apex with radially asymmetric sensillar area (Fig. 14).</p> <p>Mesosoma: Surface smooth, rugulose or umbilicate with interstices alveolate. Pronotum in dorsal view 2.2-3.3 × as broad as long. Mesoscutal midlobe 1.0-1.1 × as broad as long; notaulus complete, clearly indicated (Fig. 16). Scutellum 1.2-1.3 × as long as broad at its widest; broadly convex dorsally. Scutellum distinctly overhanging dorsellum. Sublateral prepectal concavity shallow; epicnemium flattened, with superficial submedial, shallow depressions to receive procoxa, these separated by low carina connecting to epicnemial carina ventrally. Procoxa imbricate anterobasally and medially, flat, low diagonal carina separating this area from umbilicately punctate anteroventral and lateral portion of procoxa; mesocoxa rugulose to imbricate; mesocoxal foramina narrowly open posteriorly; metacoxa rugulose to imbricate. Metapleuron and lateral areas of propodeum shallowly umbilicate, propodeum vaguely rounded laterally (Fig. 20), bordered laterally by reticulate sculpture overlain with umbilicate punctation; spiracle situated about 1/3 its greatest diameter from dorsellum, median channel with series of distinct transverse carinae (Fig. 20). Fore wing hyaline, venation whitish, setae pale brown, evenly distributed; PMV 1.0-1.1 × of V and S 0.7-0.8 × of M. Basal cell delimited by cubital and basal folds; speculum present; disc uniformly setose; number of dorsal setae on submarginal vein: female: 2-3, male: 1-4. Parastigma not swollen; marginal vein constricted near its base after parastigma and three times as long as stigmal vein. Stigmal vein at an angle of 20°-30° in relation to marginal vein. Uncus small, not extending far from stigma. Postmarginal vein reduced, less than 1/4 of stigmal vein (Figs 4, 5). Hind wing disc evenly setose. with apex of vein (at hamuli) not swollen or knobbed but darkened, with three hamuli.</p> <p>Metasoma: Petiole 0.3-0.4 × as long as broad in dorsal view, laterally protuberant, connected by dorsal transverse carina. Gaster ovate in lateral view; all terga with finely imbricate sculpture, evenly setose, setae fine and erect; Gt1 depressed behind petiole, setose; Gs1 fused with petiole (Fig. 19); syntergum short, setose; third valvula setose apically, arranged radially and curved.</p> <p>Genitalia: Female: First valvifer falcate 1/4-1/8 of ovipositor total length, articulates with T9 and the second valvifer very near each other, on its proximal end; second valvifer broad, sickle-shaped; second valvula 3/4 of ovipositor length, with row of 3-4 spaced setae at apical half; third valvula 1/3-1/5 of total ovipositor length (Fig. 26). Male: Phallobase cylindrical, 1.5-2.0 × as long as wide, paramere pointed with one apical seta, 1/5 × the length of phallobase. Volsella 1/2-1/3 of paramere length. Digitus dorsoventrally flattened, bean-shaped in either ventral or dorsal view, 2-3 × as long as wide, bearing a single apical digital spine. Aedeagus cylindrical, dorsoventrally flattened, pointed or round at apex (Fig. 27).</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>Name from the host plant family, Araceae. Gender masculine.</p> <p>Biology.</p> <p>Ferrière (1924) first described Arastichus gallicola (as Trichoporus gallicola) and defined the species as gall inducer on pistilate flowers of Philodendron selloum (now a synonym of Thaumatophyllum (Philodendron) bipinnatifidum (Mayo 1991) (Fig. 3). Gibernau et al. (2002) described the galls of A. gallicola on flowers of T. solimoesense and reported it as a seed predator. Recently, a more detailed study of the developmental biology of A. gallicola discards seed predation and supports the idea that this species is a gall inducer specialized on ovaries of T. bipinnatifidum (SJG, unpublished).</p> <p>Female wasps of A. gallicola oviposit during the period of anthesis which lasts 24-48 hours, when the inflorescence spathe is open and leaves the hundreds of pistilate flowers accessible to pollinators and female Arastichus (Gibernau et al. 2002). Once anthesis ends the spathe closes and the space between the spathe and the inflorescence fills with a liquid, often trapping and killing the female wasps inside.</p> <p>Time of development can vary from one to four months in Arastichus gallicola. Once the infrutescence attains maturity, the spathe develops an encircling dehiscent line at its base and falls, uncovering the orange fruits and galls. Exposure of galls to light and outer atmosphere might trigger adult wasp emergence from the galls, which is done by chewing through each gall wall. A single wasp develops per gall with up to six galls developing in a single fruit. It is possible to find infrutescences and/or fruits containing only seeds, combinations of seeds and galls, or only galls (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Although we have detailed information about gall induction only in A. gallicola, it is possible that the other two species of Arastichus are also gall inducers rather than seed predators. Examination of collected material for A. gibernau and A. capipunctata indicates that the biology of these species should not be very different from that of A. gallicola.</p> <p>The eurytomid Prodecatoma philodendri is associated with the galls of Arastichus gallicola and A. gibernau. Ferrière (1924) reported that Prodecatoma were phytophagous, and oviposits from the outside when the spathe is closed and Arastichus galls are in the process of formation (Gibernau et al. 2002; SJG pers. obs.). When examining the cavities from which Prodecatoma adults emerge, a series of tunnels communicate with adjacent Arastichus galls. These attacked galls contained dismembered body parts of Arastichus pupae, indicating that Prodecatoma larvae might consume several of them along with some gall tissue (Gibernau et al. 2002; SJG pers. obs.); this is in line with the fact that the adult Prodecatoma is about 4-5 times larger than the Arastichus adult. Thus, taken all together, P. philodendri is likely entomophytophagous, a common mode of feeding within Eurytomidae.</p> <p>It is difficult to estimate the taxonomic breadth of the relationship between Arastichus and Araceae. Philodendron is traditionally subdivided in three subgenera: Meconostigma, Philodendron and Pteromischum, but members of Meconostigma have been recently recognized as a distinct genus Thaumatophyllum Schott (Sakuragui et al. 2018). Arastichus has been found in species belonging to Thaumatophyllum (T. bipinnatifidum, T. solimoesense), and in the subgenus Philodendron Philodendron (P. radiatum). SJG has collected what seem to be female Arastichus body parts from inside closed spathes of P. cordatum and P. curvilobum in Brazil. Further studies and more extensive collecting are needed to determine the degree of species-specificity and to determine whether Arastichus is present in the subgenus Arastichus Pteromischum as well.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/19874D58C26156259562E60A5A7FB5A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Zhang, Y. Miles;Gates, Michael W.;Hanson, Paul E.;Jansen-Gonzalez, Sergio	Zhang, Y. Miles, Gates, Michael W., Hanson, Paul E., Jansen-Gonzalez, Sergio (2022): Description of a Neotropical gall inducer on Araceae: Arastichus, gen. nov. (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) and two new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 92: 145-172, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.92.85967, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.92.85967
A18801A459885CA4BDF78EAEA3297FE3.text	A18801A459885CA4BDF78EAEA3297FE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arastichus gibernau Gates, Hanson, Jansen-Gonzalez & Zhang 2022	<div><p>Arastichus gibernau Gates, Hanson, Jansen-Gonzalez &amp; Zhang sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs 8, 9, 24, 25</p> <p>Material Examined.</p> <p>Holotype Panama • [1F]; Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 40-22220, J. Zetek leg., ex. Philodendron oxycardium flowers, 8.30'40 1.IX.1940; USNMENT01829267; USNM. Paratypes [24F, 25M]; same information as holotype; USNMENT01829268-325; USNM. [3F, 3M]; same information as holotype; ANIC. [4F, 4M]; same information as holotype; BMNH. [4F, 4M]; same information as holotype; CNCI. [4F, 4M]; same information as holotype; MNHN. [4F, 4M]; same information as holotype; MZUCR.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Arastichus gibernau is morphologically similar to A. gallicola, but the posterior corner of metapleuron of A. gibernau has a noticeable fossa, or with an elongate depression ((Figs 8, 9). Additionally, the vertexal suture is always rounded where it reaches the inner eye margin in A. gibernau (Fig. 24), whereas in A. gallicola this suture is angulate or rounded (Fig. 10).</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Female holotype. Body length 4.4 mm. Color. Golden: head, mouthparts, antenna (brownish tint), mesosoma, femoral depression, acropleuron, legs, ovipositor sheaths. Light brown: wing veins, antennae. Dark brown: scutellum, dorsellum, propodeum, metapleuron; wing veins whitish to brownish (Fig. 8).</p> <p>Head. 1.36 × as broad as high, effaced imbricate; anterior tentorial pits with epistomal groove extending ventrally (Fig. 24); supraclypeal area with sparse setae extending from below scrobe to clypeus; clypeus bilobed. Lower margin of eyes slightly sunken; malar suture distinct; malar space 0.46 × eye height, asetose beneath eye in elongate microreticulate area; frons protubertant. Preorbital carina absent; intrascrobal area divergent dorsally to laterad of anterior ocellus, delimiting shallow, equilateral triangular depression anterad to anterior ocellus. Ratio of LOL:OOL:POL as 1:2.4:2.6. Vertexal suture rounded at inner eye margin (Fig. 24); occipital margin with transverse, sinuate carina. Head posteriorly lacking postgenal lamina, postgena without ventral depression near ventral margin. Gena expanded ventrally, giving it a "puffy cheeks’’ appearance.</p> <p>Antenna. Ratio of scape (minus radicle): pedicel: A1: A2: F1: F2: F3: F4: F5: club as 18:5:1.5:1:8.3:7.3:7:6.3:6.3:2.5 (Fig. 8); A1 constricted medially, A2 transverse, one row of MPS on all funicular segment, two rows of erect setae at 45° angle to funicular segment, shorter than the funicular segment to which it is attached (Fig. 8).</p> <p>Mesosoma. 1.34 × as long as broad. Pronotum with three sets of setae posterolaterally. Midlobe of mesoscutum 0.73 × as long as broad; with two pairs of adnotaular setae; posterior margin of mesoscutum not bilobed. Notauli complete, shallow. Scutellum 1.01x as long as broad; effaced imbricate, with two pairs of setae. Metapleuron with circular fossa that is at least half as wide as propodeal spiracle (Figs 8, 25 arrow). Propodeum raised medially, laterally imbricate, with paraspiracular carina complete. Prepectus triangular, broadly rounded posteriorly, imbricate. Mesepimeron striate, becoming smooth anteriorly grading into femoral depression. Epicnemium imbricate. Fore wing with ratio of M:PMV:S as 2.5:3.3:1.</p> <p>Metasoma. Finely imbricate (Fig. 8); setose along the posterior edges of each gastral tergite; third valvula extends beyond metasoma.</p> <p>Male. Overall morphology as in females (Fig. 9). Body length 3.3 mm. Color: Dark brown except the following white: all tibia, procoxa apically, pro- and meso femur, metatibia in apical 1/4. Antennal ratio of scape (minus radicle):pedicel: A1:F1:F2:F3:F4:F5:F6:club as 10.3:2.5:1:6.8:6.8:6.8:6.5:5.3:4.8:.3.5; scape with distinct ventral plaque in apical ½ (Fig. 9), funicular segments clavate basally, with whorl of setae extending ~1.5x length of the funicular segment to which it is attached, MPS sparse and located at midlength; clava with basal whorl and apical setae, MPS located at apex (Fig. 9). Genitalia: phallobase twice as long as broad, digitus slender with a blunt projection on anterior margin, aedeagus slender, with apex pointed (Fig. 27).</p> <p>Variation.</p> <p>Considerable variation is noted. Females: 3.5-5.2mm, pronotal setation ranges from 1-3 per side, adnotaular setation ranges from 1-2 per side. Males: 2.8-3.5mm, may have brownish infuscation of the pro- and mesofemur.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>Named in honor of Dr. Marc Gibernau for providing a very large sample of specimens of this species for our research.</p> <p>Biology.</p> <p>Reared from Philodendron hederaceum var. oxycardium.</p> <p>Distribution.</p> <p>Panama.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A18801A459885CA4BDF78EAEA3297FE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Zhang, Y. Miles;Gates, Michael W.;Hanson, Paul E.;Jansen-Gonzalez, Sergio	Zhang, Y. Miles, Gates, Michael W., Hanson, Paul E., Jansen-Gonzalez, Sergio (2022): Description of a Neotropical gall inducer on Araceae: Arastichus, gen. nov. (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) and two new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 92: 145-172, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.92.85967, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.92.85967
