taxonID	type	description	language	source
038687A1FFF995439FE824CEFF3B7E9E.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Município de Pilão Arcado, Barra do Iuiu, 10 ° 07 ’ 09 ” S, 42 ° 51 ’ 15 ” W, 436 m alt., 07 September 2005 (fl., fr.), L. P. Queiroz et al. 10917 (holotype: HUEFS [101058]!).	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF995439FE824CEFF3B7E9E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: — Paepalanthus paganuccii resembles P. sessiliflorus, sharing with it the general habit consisting of an elongated stem, the lack of scapes and spathes, two series of involucral bracts, trimerous flowers, and floral bract pilose at apex. Paepalanthus paganuccii is mainly distinguished by its being robust with 4.5 – 7.0 cm long tall (vs. 0.6 – 1.6 (– 3.0 cm long); leaves usually senescent at the lower parts of the stem with persistent leaf sheaths (vs. persistent leaves along the entire stem), erect to patent, 8 – 10 mm long, acuminate apex (vs. recurved, 3 – 5 mm long, acute to obtuse apex), differentiated into sheath and blade (vs. undifferentiated); apical leaves surpassing the flowers by two times or more the floral disc size (vs. apical leaves surpassing the flowers slightly or one time the floral disc); involucral bracts lanceolate (external series) to obovate-elliptic (inner series), apex acute (vs. involucral bracts narrowly-oblong, apex cuspidate; floral bracts spathulate (vs. oblong to linear); seed coat tuberculate-striate (vs. seed coat reticulate).	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF995439FE824CEFF3B7E9E.taxon	description	Description: — Annual caulescent herb, 4.5 – 7.0 cm tall., roots brown. Stem erect, branched at the distal parts, leaves spirally arranged along the stem, persistent from middle to the apex and usually deciduous from the middle to base with persistent sheaths. Leaves lanceolate, erect to patent, membranous to chartaceous, 8 – 10 × 0.2 – 0.3 mm, apex acuminate, sheath abruptly detached from the limb, ca. 0.8 mm wide, ciliate along the margin from the middle toward the limb base, trichomes long (ca. 1.2 mm long), filamentous, 3 – 4 - celled, basal and collar cells bulging, distal cells with short tuberculate wall; the uppermost leaves subtending the capitulum, about two times longer than the floral disc. Scape and spathe absent. Each capitulum terminating an abbreviated leafy branch, sessile, hemispherical, ca. 2 mm diam., receptacle densely long-villous with erect white trichomes, ca. 1.3 mm long. Involucral bracts in 2 series, ca. 6 bracts in each series, bracts of the outer series ca. 1.6 × 0.5 mm, lanceolate, apex acute, glabrous, bracts of the inner series ca. 1.4 × 0.8 mm, obovate-elliptic, apex acute, glabrous. Floral bracts spathulate, ca. 1.6 × 0.4 mm, apex round, long-ciliate in the upper part, filamentous trichomes (ca. 0.4 mm long), uniseriate, 4 – 5 - celled, apex acute, slightly shorter than staminate flowers and with the size of the pistillate flowers. Flowers trimerous. Staminate flowers ca. 2 mm long; pedicel ca. 0.6 mm long; sepals spathulate-obovate, concave, fused at base, ca. 0.7 mm long, apex round or emarginate, white-cilliate, with short trichomes; anthophore ca. 0.5 mm long, corolla campanulate, shortly lobed, involute after anthesis, glabrous, overtopping the calyx due to the anthophore; stamens 3, exserted, filaments filiform, adnate to corolla, 2 - thecous, 4 - sporangiate, anthers dorsifixed; carpellodes 3, reduced. Pistillate flowers, ca. 1.4 mm long, pedicel ca. 0.6 mm long; sepals linear-spathulate, concave, free, ca. 0.8 mm long, apex rounded, glabrous, becoming rigid and revolute during the fruit development; petals 3, free, flat, linear-spathulate, ca. 0.8 mm long, loosely ciliate at the rounded apex; gynoecium ca. 1.0 mm long, 3 - locular ovary, ca. 0.4 mm long, styles united in column ca. 0.6 mm long, stigmatic branches united, short stigmas, caducous during fruiting, nectariferous branches lacking. Fruit a capsule, released from the capitulum with the erect petals still connected at the top by the ciliate margin, through the elevation of the fruit associated with the pression of the rigid and revolute sepals. Seed obovate, ca. 0.4 mm long, seed coat with primary sculpture with a tuberculate-striate pattern, with tubercule organized in rows. This pattern is probably associate to a presence of an almost intact periclinal wall when the seed is liberated.	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF995439FE824CEFF3B7E9E.taxon	distribution	Distribution, Habitat, and Conservation: — The type of Paepalanthus paganuccii was collected in the Caatinga of western Bahia, forming a dense population over seasonally humid sandy soils in a temporary lagoon in the São Francisco riverbanks (400 m high). Other disjunct populations were found in sandy areas of the Cerrado in Maranhão, and Tocantins (Figure 3), but further detailed botanical expeditions and careful analysis of herbarium specimens may reveal a more continuous distribution. Paepalanthus paganuccii has EOO = 118,138.378 km 2, and A 00 = 16.000 km 2. Its populations are threatened by disturbance and change of the water regime near the São Francisco River as well as increasing disturbance and clearing of vast tracts of the Cerrado of Maranhão and Tocantins for agrobusiness. Apart from the population found within the Parque Nacional da Chapada das Mesas (Silva 903), the other populations are currently under threat. According IUCN (2019) criteria B 1 (bii, iv) and B 2 (b, iii, iv), we consider the species should be treated as Endangered (EN).	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF995439FE824CEFF3B7E9E.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The epithet honours Prof. Dr. Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz from the Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil, for collecting the holotype and specially for his relevant contributions to the botanical studies of the Brazilian Semiarid region.	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF995439FE824CEFF3B7E9E.taxon	discussion	Comments: — Paepalanthus paganuccii differs from the majority of the Eriocaulaceae by lacking one of the family’s main diagnostic characters, the presence of scapes and spathes. In this species the sessile capitulum terminates a short leafy branch, resembling the two species of P. subg. Thelxinoë. The flowers in the new species are however trimerous instead of dimerous, being therefore morphologically more related to P. sessiliflorus, its sister species (Figure 1). Paepalanthus paganuccii is provisionally placed in P. ser. Leptocephali, which also comprises P. sessiliflorus and P. polytrichoides, both also annual herbs, with the seeds with a similar dispersal mechanism (Figures 2 – 5). Among the Paepalanthus species with trimerous flowers, P. paganuccii is morphologically most related to P. sessiliflorus, and the differences between both species are detailed in the diagnosis and in Table 2 and illustrated in Figures 4 – 5. The specimens which have been included as paratypes were not examined in the phylogeny, nor were their seeds examined under SEM. However, they display other morphological characters, which is in accord with those found in P. paganuccii, even though some specimens may have leaves that are persistent along the stem, when juvenile (see Harley 56669 from Tocantins). Another aspect, which distinguishes between the two species in their distribution. While P. paganuccii is limited to a few populations within the Caatinga and Cerrado, P. sessiliflorus occurs in the Atlantic dunes and campo rupestre of the Chapada Diamantina in Bahia, with a heterotypic variety in northern South America (Figure 3).	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF995439FE824CEFF3B7E9E.taxon	materials_examined	Additional material examined: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Gentio do Ouro, estrada de Gentio do Ouro para XiqueXique (BA- 160 / BR- 330), ca. 20 km de Xique-Xique, 11 ° 07 ’ 04 ” S, 42 ° 44 ’ 14 ” W, 03 May 2014, C. M. Siniscalchi et al. 471 (HUEFS, SPF). Maranhão: Carolina, Rodovia MA- 010, Serra do Portal da Chapada, solo arenoso na base dos paredões de arenito, em áreas sombreadas, 296 m, 07 ° 11 ’ 12 ” S, 47 ° 25 ’ 22 ” W, 19 May 2012, C. Silva et al. 903 (HUEFS). Tocantins: Miracema do Tocantins, Rodovia TO- 010, para a cidade de Lagedo e Palmas, ca. 9 km da cidade, paredão úmido na beira da estrada, 263 m, 09 ° 37 ’ 48 ” S, 48 ° 25 ’ 04 ” W, 01 February 2012, R. M. Harley et al. 56669 (HUEFS).	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF495409FE82464FA427D02.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Moldenke 1976 b): — [BRAZIL] “ Crescit in prov. Bahiensis campis haud procul a mari prope praedium Caballo ”, s. d., Luschnath 33 in Martius Hb. Fl. Bras. 557 (M [0165226]!, isolectotypes B [10 0247672 - a]!, B [10 0247672 - b]!, BM [000938297]!, BR [0000008619570]!, BR [0000008619587]!, HAL [0109753]!, K [000293242]!, MO [202612]!, NY [00102939]!, NY [00102940]!).	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF495409FE82464FA427D02.taxon	description	(Figures 2 G, 3, 4 L – M, 5 J – N).	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF495409FE82464FA427D02.taxon	discussion	The name Paepalanthus sessiliflorus was initially suggested in manuscripts and annotated in specimens by Martius, but was only validly published by Körnicke (1863: 361), who cites two different collection numbers Luschnath 33 and Mart. Hb. Fl. Bras. 557. These numbers are in fact the same collection, as suggested by the specimens at BR. One of the herbarium sheets kept at BR contain both original labels Luschnath 33 and Mart. Hb. Fl. Bras. 557, with the first including the original location description. The other specimen contains one original label Mart. Hb. Fl. Bras. 557 indicating Luschnath as the collector. The label Mart. Hb. Fl. Bras. 557 represented Martius’s personal numbering system. The specimen at B is a single sheet with two labels, but in this case, there is a later attempt to segregate both collections. The remaining material was distributed to various herbaria labelled only as Mart. Hb. Fl. Bras. 557. Moldenke (1976 b) explicitly refers as type the specimen Luschnath 33 (distributed as Martius 557) housed at M, and as isotypes the specimens at B, and BR (2 x). According to the current ICN (Turland et al. 2018), Moldenke type citation is to be followed as an inferential lectotype (articles 7.11, 9.10, and 9.23).	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF495409FE82464FA427D02.taxon	diagnosis	Paepalanthus sessiliflorus is mainly distinguished by its annual dwarf 0.6 – 2.0 cm long habit; erect stem with persistent, recurved, lanceolate, leaves 3.0 – 5.0 mm long, and blade almost indistinguishable from the sheath, margin ciliate in the basal half, with obtuse to acute apex, the apical leaves slightly to twice as long as the floral disc. These characters are present in both varieties, however there are few differential morphological characters according to Moldenke (1974) and Hensold (1999).	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF495409FE82464FA427D02.taxon	description	Körnicke (1863) described the seed as subrounded, brown and glabrous. Using SEM, the seeds are obovate, ca. 0.4 mm long, seed coat with primary sculpture with a reticulated pattern, cells 4 - 5 walled, the longitudinal anticlinal walls more prominent than the transverse walls, giving rise to longitudinal ribs along the seed coat (Figures 5 M – N). This seed coat pattern is similar with that of Paepalanthus perpusillus Kunth (1841: 503) (see Giulietti et al. 1988), but it is different from P. pagannucii, all three species included in Paepalanthus series Leptocephali.	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF495409FE82464FA427D02.taxon	distribution	Paepalanthus sessiliflorus var. sessiliflorus (Figure 2 G) is endemic to Brazil, mostly distributed in sandy soils of the restingas of Bahia and Sergipe states, with populations occurring also in the northern part of the Espinhaço Range in Bahia (Figure 3). Field observations and the analysis of recent and historical collections of this variety reveal few morphological differences between the populations found in the costal sand dunes, and the campo rupestre. The campo rupestre plants are usually larger (1.5 – 2 cm long), and the inner involucral bracts can be ciliate. In this treatment, this is interpreted as within the range of morphological variation of a single taxon, especially because all specimens seen have the same seed coat pattern.	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF495409FE82464FA427D02.taxon	materials_examined	Additional selected material examined: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Itamaraju, 12 August 1995, Hatschbach et al. 63034 (MBM); Lençois, Capitinga, 12 ° 30 ’ S, 41 ° 23 ’, 15 August 2006, F. F. Rocha 63 (HUEFS); Maraú, povoado de Saquaira, 15 August 1999, J. G. Jardim 2237 (HUEFS, NY); Rio de Contas, Serra Marsalina, campo cerrado, 16 August 2006, M. J. G. Andrade et al. 623 (HUEFS); Pico das Almas, campo rupestre, R. M. Harley et al. 53657 (HUEFS); Salvador, 30 September 1984, L. P. Queiroz 880 (HUEFS). Sergipe: Indiaroba, 16 August 201, A. P. Prata et al. 2824 (ASE).	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF795409FE82610FF01795E.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: — VENEZUELA. Bolivar: “ carretera El Dorado to Santa Elena de Uairen, 198 km south of El Dorado, at 1200 - 1400 meters altitude ”, 7 – 10 December 1972, J. Steyermark et al. 106609 (LL [00374800]!, isotypes MO [202560]!, VEN [99028]!, U [00088400]!).	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF795409FE82610FF01795E.taxon	diagnosis	Moldenke (1974) described Paepalanthus sessiliflorus var. venezuelensis based on the specimen Steyermark et al. 106609, distinguishing the taxon from the typical variety by the sepals of the staminate flowers with acute apex, rather than truncate nor erose; involucral bracts obtusely cuspidate and more gradually attenuate, and stamens slightly exserted.	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF795409FE82610FF01795E.taxon	discussion	Moldenke (1949) had previously described Paepalanthus lilliputianus as a very small species of ca. “ 80 mm ” (but the correct measurement is 8 mm, based on the isotypes seen at K and NY), with sessile capitula, lacking scapes, sheaths, and involucral bracts. He comments also that P. lilliputianus resembles P. sessiliflorus from Bahia, Brazil, differing “ in technical characters ” (Moldenke 1949). Although described with capitula lacking involucral bracts, the analyses of the isotype at K show the presence of these bracts in two series. Also, another important character observed, was the sepals of the staminate flower with obtuse apex, ciliate with long trichomes, and dorsal face villous with longtrichomes. However, the sepals in P. sessiliflorus var. sessiliflorus are rounded and simply ciliate.	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF795409FE82610FF01795E.taxon	distribution	Hensold (1999) refers Paepalanthus sessiliflorus var. venezuelensis as occurring in the Brazilian Amazon, and includes P. lilliputianus in its synonymy, a position followed here after our own analysis of the historical collections. Paepalanthus sessiliflorus var. venezuelensis occurs in sandy soils of the savannas to rock outcrops Northern South America, with records in Venezuela and Brazil (Figure 3).	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF795409FE82610FF01795E.taxon	materials_examined	Additional selected material examined: — BRAZIL. Amazonas: Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, campina de Temendaru, ca. 40 km below Tapuruvara, 13 October 1978, M. T. Madison et al. 6226 (NY); Along the Rio Negro, between Manaus and São Gabriel, Temendui Lagoon, 00 ° 35 ’ S, 64 ° 40 ’ W, 29 – 30 June 1979, J. M. Poole 1795 (INPA, NY).	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF795479FE8225DFB997EA6.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype, first-step (designated by Moldenke 1975): at B. Lectotype, second-step (here designated): BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Serra dos Cristaes, 4 April 1892, C. A. W. Schwacke 8503 (B [10 _ 0243944]!, isolectotypes B [10 _ 0243943]!, K [000640071]!). (Figures 2 A – B, 3, 4 N – P, 6 A – H)	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF795479FE8225DFB997EA6.taxon	discussion	Ruhland (1903) described Paepalanthus leucocephalus based on the collection Schwacke 8503, gathered in Minas Gerais. We found three specimens related to this collection, two deposited at B, where Willy Ruhland mostly worked, and one housed at K. It is also a situation with no holotype being clearly indicated, requiring a lectotype selection (McNeill 2014, Turland et al. 2018). Moldenke (1975) indicated that the type of this species is deposited at B with the indication “ Thelxinoë leucocephala ”. The two specimens at B contain the same annotation, therefore we consider Moldenke’s (1975) statement as a first-step lectotype indication according to the article 9.17 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018). One of the specimens housed at B contains Ruhland’s original handwritings and drawings attached, also perfectly matching the description. We designate this specimen [B barcode 10 _ 0243944] as the second-step lectotype. Paepalanthus leucocephalus is sister of P. scleranthus and they are the only species in Paepalanthus subg. Thelxinoë according to Ruhland (1903). They also share the annual caulescent habit of small plants, with the absence of scapes and spathes, capitulum sessile, involucral bracts not differentiated from the apical leaves, floral bracts acuminate, and dimerous flowers. They are sympatric in the Espinhaço Range in some mountains in Minas Gerais, and also in Rio de Contas, Bahia. There is also a population occurring in sandy soils further north in Morro do Chapéu in Bahia (Figure 3). P. leucocephalus is morphologically similar to P. scleranthus (Figures 6 I-N), sharing also the loss of the nectariferous branches (Silva et al. 2016), a condition observed in P. paganuccii and P. sessiliflorus as well (Figures 4 – 5). The whitish capitula are a visible character to distinguish P. leucocephalus from P. scleranthus, along with the convex leaves clearly distinguished into sheath and blade, and the morphology of the flowers, illustrated for the first time in this paper. However, the segregation of these species is weak and deserve further investigations as previously stated by Moldenke “ The species is extremely close to P. scleranthus and I am not at all certain that the two are distinct ” (Moldenke 1975).	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF795479FE8225DFB997EA6.taxon	distribution	As expected of a widespread species, Paepalanthus leucocephalus encompasses a relevant morphological variation and the relationship with P. scleranthus is complex (Figures 2, 4, 6). Some populations, as the one represented by the specimen Andrade 625 from Rio de Contas in Bahia, are composed of individuals noteworthy for being smaller than specimens from other populations, especially from those occurring in the Southern Espinhaço Range. The populations from Minas Gerais, occurring mostly in the Diamantina Plateau, also have more hairy floral structures and a shinier white capitulum. The inclusion of specimens from the whole morphological and geographical range of P. leucocephalus and P. scleranthus in future studies at the population level is crucial to circumscribe these species more accurately.	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF795479FE8225DFB997EA6.taxon	materials_examined	Additional selected material examined: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Morro do Chapéu, Tabuleiro dos Tigres, 11 ° 36 ’ 09 ” S, 41 ° 09 ’ 44 ” W, 20 July 2005, M. J. G. Andrade et al. 589 (HUEFS); Rio de Contas, Serra Marsalina, campo cerrado, 16 August 2006, M. J. G. Andrade et al. 620 (HUEFS); Idem, M. J. G. Andrade et al. 625 (HUEFS). Minas Gerais: Datas, 04 km da estrada Datas-Milho Verde, 07 April 2004, M. J. G. Andrade et al. 549 (HUEFS); Diamantina, 05 May 2010, C. Munhoz et al. 7283 (UB); Grão Mogol, Trilha do Barão, 02 April 2004, M. J. G. Andrade et al. 481 (HUEFS); Mariana, Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, 06 April 2018, D. Rodrigues et al. 27 (OUPR).	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF095479FE82475FBF47454.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (here designated): — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Perpetua près Diamantina, entre les rochers, 11 April 1892, A. F. M. Glaziou 19990 (B [10 _ 0247678]!, isolectotypes BR [0000008619495]!, C [10011014]!, G [00192125]!, K [000640072]!, LE [00001220]!, P [00716724]!, P [00716725]!).	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF095479FE82475FBF47454.taxon	description	(Figures 2 F, 3, 4 Q-S, 6 I-N).	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF095479FE82475FBF47454.taxon	discussion	Ruhland (1903) described Paepalanthus scleranthus based on the specimens Schwacke 11987, Ule 2714, Ule 2717 and Glaziou 19990, collected in Minas Gerais and distributed throughout many herbaria. According to the ICN (Turland et al. 2018) and the type clarifications provided by McNeill (2014), a lectotype must be selected. Moldenke (1976 a) argued that the specimen Glaziou 19990 deposited in B was the most relevant specimen used for the species description but referred all specimens as cotypes. We agree with Moldenke’s (1976 a) interpretation, as among the original material, the specimen Glaziou 19990 at B perfectly matches the original description and plate and contains the original handwriting and line drawings provided by Willy Ruhland himself. It is therefore designated here as the lectotype.	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF095479FE82475FBF47454.taxon	distribution	Paepalanthus scleranthus (Figure 2 F) is restricted to the sandy soils of the campo rupestre from the Espinhaço Range in Bahia and Minas Gerais, and it is sympatric in some areas with P. leucocephalus (Figure 3). According to Ruhland (1903), it is mainly differentiated from P. leucocephalus by the blackish capitula (vs. whitish), besides a few floral variations explored in Table 2 and Figures 6 A – N. Although in some specimens the capitulum colour is clearly distinctive, in field observations and some herbarium specimens (e. g., the lectotype housed at C) the difference may be misleading. Moldenke (1976 a) had previously expressed doubts on maintaining these two taxa segregated, especially regarding the type specimens, gathered in the same area.	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF095479FE82475FBF47454.taxon	discussion	Based on our field observation and herbarium analysis, we decided to keep Paepalanthus scleranthus and P. leucocephalus as distinct units as detailed in the Table 2 and Figures 2, 4, 6. The difficult in differentiating both species is mainly regarding the populations from the Diamantina Plateau (where the types came from), and a few other localities where both species are frequently found growing together. The capitulum colour variation may represent a phenological and / or ecological condition, but yet no individual presenting capitula with intermediate color or with both capitula colors was recorded. Herbarium specimens with some individuals presenting whitish capitula and other presenting blackish capitula may represent problematic field collections (a common situation in small Eriocaulaceae), but not necessarily reflect the species delimitation. We also may keep in mind that hybrids in Eriocaulaceae may be more frequent than we expected, as exemplified in Hensold (1988). Paepalanthus being a group of recent diversification (Vasconcelos et al. 2020) and with the relevance of the capitulum color to the reproductive biology of Eriocaulaceae (Martins Junior et al. 2022), further investigations along the entire species distribution, including population genetics, reproductive biology, and morphology would be of benefit to precisely establish the species circumscription.	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF095479FE82475FBF47454.taxon	materials_examined	Additional selected material examined: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Rio de Contas, Serra Marsalina, 6 October 2006, R. M. Harley et al. 55538 a (HUEFS); Rio de Contas, Serra Marsalina, 6 October 2006, R. M. Harley et al. 55538 b (HUEFS). Minas Gerais: Catas Altas, Serra do Caraça, Ule 2717 (B, HBG, NY); Diamantina, Biribiri, 25 March 1984, A. M. Giulietti et al. CFCR 4290; Ouro Preto, Ule 2714 (B, HBG, R); Serra das Camarinhas, Schwacke 11987 (B, BHCB); Tiradentes, Serra de São José, 21 ° 05 ’ S, 44 ° 10 ’ W, s. d., R. Alves 4015 (RB).	en	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
