identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038687A1FFF995439FE824CEFF3B7E9E.text	038687A1FFF995439FE824CEFF3B7E9E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paepalanthus paganuccii Giul. & M. J. G. Andrade 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.  Paepalanthus paganuccii Giul. &amp; M.J.G. Andrade ,  sp. nov. (Figures 2C–E, 3, 4A–K, 5A–I). </p>
            <p>
                 Type:—   BRAZIL. Bahia: Município de Pilão Arcado,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.854164/lat -10.119166)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.854164&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.119166">Barra do Iuiu</a>
                 , 10°07’09”S, 42°51’15”W, 436 m alt., 07 September 2005 (fl., fr.), L. P.  Queiroz et al. 10917 (holotype: HUEFS [101058]!)  . 
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            <p> Diagnosis:—  Paepalanthus paganuccii resembles  P. sessiliflorus , sharing with it the general habit consisting of an elongated stem, the lack of scapes and spathes, two series of involucral bracts, trimerous flowers, and floral bract pilose at apex.  Paepalanthus paganuccii is mainly distinguished by its being robust with 4.5–7.0 cm long tall (vs. 0.6–1.6 (–3.0 cm long); leaves usually senescent at the lower parts of the stem with persistent leaf sheaths (vs. persistent leaves along the entire stem), erect to patent, 8–10 mm long, acuminate apex (vs. recurved, 3–5 mm long, acute to obtuse apex), differentiated into sheath and blade (vs. undifferentiated); apical leaves surpassing the flowers by two times or more the floral disc size (vs. apical leaves surpassing the flowers slightly or one time the floral disc); involucral bracts lanceolate (external series) to obovate-elliptic (inner series), apex acute (vs. involucral bracts narrowly-oblong, apex cuspidate; floral bracts spathulate (vs. oblong to linear); seed coat tuberculate-striate (vs. seed coat reticulate). </p>
            <p>Description:— Annual caulescent herb, 4.5–7.0 cm tall., roots brown. Stem erect, branched at the distal parts, leaves spirally arranged along the stem, persistent from middle to the apex and usually deciduous from the middle to base with persistent sheaths. Leaves lanceolate, erect to patent, membranous to chartaceous, 8–10 × 0.2–0.3 mm, apex acuminate, sheath abruptly detached from the limb, ca. 0.8 mm wide, ciliate along the margin from the middle toward the limb base, trichomes long (ca. 1.2 mm long), filamentous, 3–4-celled, basal and collar cells bulging, distal cells with short tuberculate wall; the uppermost leaves subtending the capitulum, about two times longer than the floral disc. Scape and spathe absent. Each capitulum terminating an abbreviated leafy branch, sessile, hemispherical, ca. 2 mm diam., receptacle densely long-villous with erect white trichomes, ca. 1.3 mm long. Involucral bracts in 2 series, ca. 6 bracts in each series, bracts of the outer series ca. 1.6 × 0.5 mm, lanceolate, apex acute, glabrous, bracts of the inner series ca. 1.4 × 0.8 mm, obovate-elliptic, apex acute, glabrous. Floral bracts spathulate, ca. 1.6 × 0.4 mm, apex round, long-ciliate in the upper part, filamentous trichomes (ca. 0.4 mm long), uniseriate, 4–5-celled, apex acute, slightly shorter than staminate flowers and with the size of the pistillate flowers. Flowers trimerous. Staminate flowers ca. 2 mm long; pedicel ca. 0.6 mm long; sepals spathulate-obovate, concave, fused at base, ca. 0.7 mm long, apex round or emarginate, white-cilliate, with short trichomes; anthophore ca. 0.5 mm long, corolla campanulate, shortly lobed, involute after anthesis, glabrous, overtopping the calyx due to the anthophore; stamens 3, exserted, filaments filiform, adnate to corolla, 2-thecous, 4-sporangiate, anthers dorsifixed; carpellodes 3, reduced. Pistillate flowers, ca. 1.4 mm long, pedicel ca. 0.6 mm long; sepals linear-spathulate, concave, free, ca. 0.8 mm long, apex rounded, glabrous, becoming rigid and revolute during the fruit development; petals 3, free, flat, linear-spathulate, ca. 0.8 mm long, loosely ciliate at the rounded apex; gynoecium ca. 1.0 mm long, 3-locular ovary, ca. 0.4 mm long, styles united in column ca. 0.6 mm long, stigmatic branches united, short stigmas, caducous during fruiting, nectariferous branches lacking. Fruit a capsule, released from the capitulum with the erect petals still connected at the top by the ciliate margin, through the elevation of the fruit associated with the pression of the rigid and revolute sepals. Seed obovate, ca. 0.4 mm long, seed coat with primary sculpture with a tuberculate-striate pattern, with tubercule organized in rows. This pattern is probably associate to a presence of an almost intact periclinal wall when the seed is liberated.</p>
            <p> Distribution, Habitat, and Conservation:— The type of  Paepalanthus paganuccii was collected in the Caatinga of western Bahia, forming a dense population over seasonally humid sandy soils in a temporary lagoon in the São Francisco riverbanks (400 m high). Other disjunct populations were found in sandy areas of the Cerrado in Maranhão, and Tocantins (Figure 3), but further detailed botanical expeditions and careful analysis of herbarium specimens may reveal a more continuous distribution. </p>
            <p> Paepalanthus paganuccii has EOO = 118,138.378 km 2, and A00 = 16.000 km 2. Its populations are threatened by disturbance and change of the water regime near the São Francisco River as well as increasing disturbance and clearing of vast tracts of the Cerrado of Maranhão and Tocantins for agrobusiness. Apart from the population found within the Parque Nacional da Chapada das Mesas (Silva 903), the other populations are currently under threat. According IUCN (2019) criteria B1(bii,iv) and B2 (b,iii,iv), we consider the species should be treated as Endangered (EN). </p>
            <p>Etymology:— The epithet honours Prof. Dr. Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz from the Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil, for collecting the holotype and specially for his relevant contributions to the botanical studies of the Brazilian Semiarid region.</p>
            <p> Comments:—  Paepalanthus paganuccii differs from the majority of the  Eriocaulaceae by lacking one of the family’s main diagnostic characters, the presence of scapes and spathes. In this species the sessile capitulum terminates a short leafy branch, resembling the two species of P. subg. Thelxinoë. The flowers in the new species are however trimerous instead of dimerous, being therefore morphologically more related to  P. sessiliflorus , its sister species (Figure 1).  Paepalanthus paganuccii is provisionally placed in P. ser.  Leptocephali , which also comprises  P. sessiliflorus and  P. polytrichoides , both also annual herbs, with the seeds with a similar dispersal mechanism (Figures 2–5). </p>
            <p> Among the  Paepalanthus species with trimerous flowers,  P. paganuccii is morphologically most related to  P. sessiliflorus , and the differences between both species are detailed in the diagnosis and in Table 2 and illustrated in Figures 4–5. The specimens which have been included as paratypes were not examined in the phylogeny, nor were their seeds examined under SEM. However, they display other morphological characters, which is in accord with those found in  P. paganuccii , even though some specimens may have leaves that are persistent along the stem, when juvenile (see Harley 56669 from Tocantins). Another aspect, which distinguishes between the two species in their distribution. While  P. paganuccii is limited to a few populations within the Caatinga and Cerrado,  P. sessiliflorus occurs in the Atlantic dunes and campo rupestre of the Chapada Diamantina in Bahia, with a heterotypic variety in northern South America (Figure 3). </p>
            <p>
                 Additional material examined:—   BRAZIL. Bahia: Gentio do Ouro, estrada de  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.73722/lat -11.117778)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.73722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.117778">Gentio do Ouro</a>
                 para XiqueXique (BA-160/BR-330), ca. 20 km de Xique-Xique, 11°07’04”S, 42°44’14”W, 03 May 2014, C. M  .   Siniscalchi et al. 471 (HUEFS, SPF)  .   Maranhão:  Carolina, Rodovia MA-010,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.42278/lat -7.186667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.42278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.186667">Serra do Portal da Chapada</a>
                 , solo arenoso na base dos paredões de arenito, em áreas sombreadas, 296 m, 07°11’12”S, 47°25’22”W, 19 May 2012, C  .   Silva et al. 903 (HUEFS)  .  Tocantins: Miracema do  Tocantins, Rodovia TO-010, para a cidade de Lagedo e  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.417778/lat -9.63)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.417778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.63">Palmas</a>
                 , ca. 9 km da cidade, paredão úmido na beira da estrada, 263 m, 09°37’48”S, 48°25’04”W, 01 February 2012, R. M  .   Harley et al. 56669 (HUEFS)  . 
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687A1FFF995439FE824CEFF3B7E9E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De;Trovó, Marcelo;Rocha, Lamarck;Giulietti, Ana Maria	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF495409FE82464FA427D02.text	038687A1FFF495409FE82464FA427D02.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paepalanthus sessiliflorus var. sessiliflorus Korn.	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 2.1.  Paepalanthus sessiliflorus var. sessiliflorus Mart. ex Körn. in Martius, Fl. Bras. 3(1): 361. 1863. </p>
            <p>  Lectotype (designated by Moldenke 1976b):—[BRAZIL] “Crescit in prov. Bahiensis campis haud procul a mari prope praedium Caballo”, s.d.,  Luschnath 33 in Martius Hb. Fl. Bras. 557 (M [0165226]!, isolectotypes B [10 0247672-a]!, B [10 0247672-b]!, BM [000938297]!, BR [0000008619570]!, BR [0000008619587]!, HAL [0109753]!, K [000293242]!, MO [202612]!, NY [00102939]!, NY [00102940]!). </p>
            <p>(Figures 2G, 3, 4L–M, 5J–N).</p>
            <p> The name  Paepalanthus sessiliflorus was initially suggested in manuscripts and annotated in specimens by Martius, but was only validly published by Körnicke (1863: 361), who cites two different collection numbers Luschnath 33 and Mart. Hb. Fl. Bras. 557. These numbers are in fact the same collection, as suggested by the specimens at BR. One of the herbarium sheets kept at BR contain both original labels Luschnath 33 and Mart. Hb. Fl. Bras. 557, with the first including the original location description. The other specimen contains one original label Mart. Hb. Fl. Bras. 557 indicating Luschnath as the collector. The label Mart. Hb. Fl. Bras. 557 represented Martius’s personal numbering system. The specimen at B is a single sheet with two labels, but in this case, there is a later attempt to segregate both collections. The remaining material was distributed to various herbaria labelled only as Mart. Hb. Fl. Bras. 557. Moldenke (1976b) explicitly refers as type the specimen Luschnath 33 (distributed as Martius 557) housed at M, and as isotypes the specimens at B, and BR (2x). According to the current ICN (Turland et al. 2018), Moldenke type citation is to be followed as an inferential lectotype (articles 7.11, 9.10, and 9.23). </p>
            <p> Paepalanthus sessiliflorus is mainly distinguished by its annual dwarf 0.6–2.0 cm long habit; erect stem with persistent, recurved, lanceolate, leaves 3.0–5.0 mm long, and blade almost indistinguishable from the sheath, margin ciliate in the basal half, with obtuse to acute apex, the apical leaves slightly to twice as long as the floral disc. These characters are present in both varieties, however there are few differential morphological characters according to Moldenke (1974) and Hensold (1999). </p>
            <p> Körnicke (1863) described the seed as subrounded, brown and glabrous. Using SEM, the seeds are obovate, ca. 0.4 mm long, seed coat with primary sculpture with a reticulated pattern, cells 4-5 walled, the longitudinal anticlinal walls more prominent than the transverse walls, giving rise to longitudinal ribs along the seed coat (Figures 5M–N). This seed coat pattern is similar with that of  Paepalanthus perpusillus Kunth (1841: 503) (see Giulietti et al. 1988), but it is different from  P. pagannucii , all three species included in  Paepalanthus series Leptocephali . </p>
            <p> Paepalanthus sessiliflorus var. sessiliflorus (Figure 2G) is endemic to Brazil, mostly distributed in sandy soils of the restingas of Bahia and Sergipe states, with populations occurring also in the northern part of the Espinhaço Range in Bahia (Figure 3). Field observations and the analysis of recent and historical collections of this  variety reveal few morphological differences between the populations found in the costal sand dunes, and the campo rupestre. The campo rupestre plants are usually larger (1.5–2 cm long), and the inner involucral bracts can be ciliate. In this treatment, this is interpreted as within the range of morphological variation of a single taxon, especially because all specimens seen have the same seed coat pattern. </p>
            <p> Additional selected material examined:—   BRAZIL. Bahia: Itamaraju, 12August 1995, Hatschbach et al. 63034 (MBM); Lençois,  Capitinga , 12°30’S, 41°23’, 15 August 2006, F  .  F .   Rocha 63 (HUEFS);  Maraú , povoado de Saquaira, 15 August 1999, J  .  G .   Jardim 2237 (HUEFS, NY); Rio de Contas,  Serra Marsalina , campo cerrado, 16 August 2006, M  .  J . G.  Andrade et al. 623 (HUEFS); Pico das Almas, campo rupestre, R .  M .   Harley et al. 53657 (HUEFS);  Salvador , 30 September 1984, L  .  P .  Queiroz 880 (HUEFS) .  Sergipe: Indiaroba, 16 August 201, A .  P .  Prata et al. 2824 (ASE) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687A1FFF495409FE82464FA427D02	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De;Trovó, Marcelo;Rocha, Lamarck;Giulietti, Ana Maria	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF795409FE82610FF01795E.text	038687A1FFF795409FE82610FF01795E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paepalanthus sessiliflorus var. venezuelensis Moldenke 1974	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 2.2.  Paepalanthus sessiliflorus var. venezuelensis Moldenke in Phytologia 28: 193. 1974. </p>
            <p>  Holotype:— VENEZUELA. Bolivar: “carretera El Dorado to Santa Elena de Uairen, 198 km south of  El Dorado , at 1200-1400 meters altitude”, 7–10 December 1972, J. Steyermark et al.106609 (LL [00374800]!, isotypes MO [202560]!, VEN [99028]!, U [00088400]!). </p>
            <p> =  Paepalanthus lilliputianus Moldenke in  Phytologia 3: 115. 1949. Holotype:— GUYANA. November 1931, R. Giglioli s.n. (FI [005381]!, isotypes K [000587316]!, NY [00102895]!). </p>
            <p> Moldenke (1974) described  Paepalanthus sessiliflorus var. venezuelensis based on the specimen Steyermark et al. 106609, distinguishing the taxon from the typical variety by the sepals of the staminate flowers with acute apex, rather than truncate nor erose; involucral bracts obtusely cuspidate and more gradually attenuate, and stamens slightly exserted. </p>
            <p> Moldenke (1949) had previously described  Paepalanthus lilliputianus as a very small species of ca. “ 80 mm ” (but the correct measurement is 8 mm, based on the isotypes seen at K and NY), with sessile capitula, lacking scapes, sheaths, and involucral bracts. He comments also that  P. lilliputianus resembles  P. sessiliflorus from Bahia, Brazil, differing “in technical characters” (Moldenke 1949). Although described with capitula lacking involucral bracts, the analyses of the isotype at K show the presence of these bracts in two series. Also, another important character observed, was the sepals of the staminate flower with obtuse apex, ciliate with long trichomes, and dorsal face villous with longtrichomes. However, the sepals in  P. sessiliflorus var. sessiliflorus are rounded and simply ciliate. </p>
            <p> Hensold (1999) refers  Paepalanthus sessiliflorus var. venezuelensis as occurring in the Brazilian Amazon, and includes  P. lilliputianus in its synonymy, a position followed here after our own analysis of the historical collections.  Paepalanthus sessiliflorus var. venezuelensis occurs in sandy soils of the savannas to rock outcrops Northern South America, with records in Venezuela and Brazil (Figure 3). </p>
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                 Additional selected material examined:—   BRAZIL. Amazonas:  Santa Isabel do Rio Negro , campina de Temendaru, ca. 40 km below Tapuruvara, 13 October 1978, M. T  .   Madison et al. 6226 (NY);  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.666664/lat -0.5833333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.666664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.5833333">Along</a>
                 the Rio Negro, between Manaus and São Gabriel, Temendui Lagoon, 00°35’S, 64°40’W, 29–30 June 1979, J. M  .  Poole 1795 (INPA, NY) . 
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687A1FFF795409FE82610FF01795E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De;Trovó, Marcelo;Rocha, Lamarck;Giulietti, Ana Maria	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF795479FE8225DFB997EA6.text	038687A1FFF795479FE8225DFB997EA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paepalanthus leucocephalus Ruhland, M. J. G. Andrade 1903	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 3.  Paepalanthus leucocephalus Ruhland in Engler, Pflanzenr. IV.30 (Heft 13): 200. 1903. </p>
            <p>  Lectotype, first-step (designated by Moldenke 1975): at B. Lectotype, second-step (here designated): BRAZIL. Minas Gerais:  Serra dos Cristaes , 4 April 1892, C.A.W. Schwacke 8503 (B [10_0243944]!  ,  isolectotypes B [10_0243943]!, K [000640071]!). (Figures 2A–B, 3, 4N –P, 6A–H)</p>
            <p> Ruhland (1903) described  Paepalanthus leucocephalus based on the collection Schwacke 8503, gathered in Minas Gerais. We found three specimens related to this collection, two deposited at B, where Willy Ruhland mostly worked, and one housed at K. It is also a situation with no holotype being clearly indicated, requiring a lectotype selection (McNeill 2014, Turland et al. 2018). Moldenke (1975) indicated that the type of this species is deposited at B with the indication “ Thelxinoë leucocephala ”. The two specimens at B contain the same annotation, therefore we consider Moldenke’s (1975) statement as a first-step lectotype indication according to the article 9.17 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018). One of the specimens housed at B contains Ruhland’s original handwritings and drawings attached, also perfectly matching the description. We designate this specimen [B barcode 10_0243944] as the second-step lectotype. </p>
            <p> Paepalanthus leucocephalus is sister of  P. scleranthus and they are the only species in  Paepalanthus subg. Thelxinoë according to Ruhland (1903). They also share the annual caulescent habit of small plants, with the absence of scapes and spathes, capitulum sessile, involucral bracts not differentiated from the apical leaves, floral bracts acuminate, and dimerous flowers. They are sympatric in the Espinhaço Range in some mountains in Minas Gerais, and also in Rio de Contas, Bahia. There is also a population occurring in sandy soils further north in Morro do Chapéu in Bahia (Figure 3).  P. leucocephalus is morphologically similar to  P. scleranthus (Figures 6 I-N), sharing also the loss of the nectariferous branches (Silva et al. 2016), a condition observed in  P. paganuccii and  P. sessiliflorus as well (Figures 4–5). The whitish capitula are a visible character to distinguish  P. leucocephalus from  P. scleranthus , along with the convex leaves clearly distinguished into sheath and blade, and the morphology of the flowers, illustrated for the first time in this paper. However, the segregation of these species is weak and deserve further investigations as previously stated by Moldenke “The species is extremely close to  P. scleranthus and I am not at all certain that the two are distinct” (Moldenke 1975). </p>
            <p> As expected of a widespread species,  Paepalanthus leucocephalus encompasses a relevant morphological variation and the relationship with  P. scleranthus is complex (Figures 2, 4, 6). Some populations, as the one represented by the specimen Andrade 625 from Rio de Contas in Bahia, are composed of individuals noteworthy for being smaller than specimens from other populations, especially from those occurring in the Southern Espinhaço Range. The populations from Minas Gerais, occurring mostly in the  Diamantina Plateau , also have more hairy floral structures and a shinier white capitulum. The inclusion of specimens from the whole morphological and geographical range of  P. leucocephalus and  P. scleranthus in future studies at the population level is crucial to circumscribe these species more accurately. </p>
            <p>
                 Additional selected material examined:—   BRAZIL. Bahia: Morro do Chapéu, Tabuleiro dos  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -41.162224/lat -11.6025)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-41.162224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.6025">Tigres</a>
                 , 11°36’09”S, 41°09’44”W, 20 July 2005, M. J. G  .   Andrade et al. 589 (HUEFS); Rio de Contas,  Serra Marsalina , campo cerrado, 16 August 2006, M. J. G  .  Andrade et al. 620 (HUEFS); Idem, M. J. G .  Andrade et al. 625 (HUEFS) .   Minas Gerais: Datas, 04 km da estrada  Datas-Milho Verde , 07 April 2004, M. J. G  .   Andrade et al. 549 (HUEFS);  Diamantina , 05 May 2010, C  .   Munhoz et al. 7283 (UB); Grão Mogol,  Trilha do Barão , 02 April 2004, M. J. G  .   Andrade et al. 481 (HUEFS); Mariana,  Parque Estadual do Itacolomi , 06 April 2018, D. Rodrigues et al. 27 (OUPR)  . 
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687A1FFF795479FE8225DFB997EA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De;Trovó, Marcelo;Rocha, Lamarck;Giulietti, Ana Maria	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
038687A1FFF095479FE82475FBF47454.text	038687A1FFF095479FE82475FBF47454.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paepalanthus scleranthus Ruhland, M. J. G. Andrade 1903	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.  Paepalanthus scleranthus Ruhland in Engler, Pflanzenr. IV.30 (Heft 13): 200. tab. 28, 1903. </p>
            <p>  Lectotype (here designated):— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Perpetua près  Diamantina , entre les rochers, 11 April 1892, A.F.M. Glaziou 19990 (B [10_0247678]!  ,  isolectotypes BR [0000008619495]!, C [10011014]!, G [00192125]!, K [000640072]!, LE [00001220]!, P [00716724]!, P [00716725]!) . </p>
            <p>(Figures 2F, 3, 4 Q-S, 6I-N).</p>
            <p> Ruhland (1903) described  Paepalanthus scleranthus based on the specimens Schwacke 11987, Ule 2714, Ule 2717 and Glaziou 19990, collected in Minas Gerais and distributed throughout many herbaria. According to the ICN (Turland et al. 2018) and the type clarifications provided by McNeill (2014), a lectotype must be selected. Moldenke (1976a) argued that the specimen Glaziou 19990 deposited in B was the most relevant specimen used for the species description but referred all specimens as cotypes. We agree with Moldenke’s (1976a) interpretation, as among the original material, the specimen Glaziou 19990 at B perfectly matches the original description and plate and contains the original handwriting and line drawings provided by Willy Ruhland himself. It is therefore designated here as the lectotype. </p>
            <p> Paepalanthus scleranthus (Figure 2F) is restricted to the sandy soils of the campo rupestre from the Espinhaço Range in Bahia and Minas Gerais, and it is sympatric in some areas with  P. leucocephalus (Figure 3). According to Ruhland (1903), it is mainly differentiated from  P. leucocephalus by the blackish capitula (vs. whitish), besides a few floral variations explored in Table 2 and Figures 6 A–N. Although in some specimens the capitulum colour is clearly distinctive, in field observations and some herbarium specimens (e.g., the lectotype housed at C) the difference may be misleading. Moldenke (1976a) had previously expressed doubts on maintaining these two taxa segregated, especially regarding the type specimens, gathered in the same area. </p>
            <p> Based on our field observation and herbarium analysis, we decided to keep  Paepalanthus scleranthus and  P. leucocephalus as distinct units as detailed in the Table 2 and Figures 2, 4, 6. The difficult in differentiating both species is mainly regarding the populations from the  Diamantina Plateau (where the types came from), and a few other localities where both species are frequently found growing together. The capitulum colour variation may represent a phenological and/or ecological condition, but yet no individual presenting capitula with intermediate color or with both capitula colors was recorded. Herbarium specimens with some individuals presenting whitish capitula and other presenting blackish capitula may represent problematic field collections (a common situation in small  Eriocaulaceae ), but not necessarily reflect the species delimitation. We also may keep in mind that hybrids in  Eriocaulaceae may be more frequent than we expected, as exemplified in Hensold (1988).  Paepalanthus being a group of recent diversification (Vasconcelos et al. 2020) and with the relevance of the capitulum color to the reproductive biology of  Eriocaulaceae (Martins Junior et al. 2022) , further investigations along the entire species distribution, including population genetics, reproductive biology, and morphology would be of benefit to precisely establish the species circumscription. </p>
            <p>
                 Additional selected material examined:—   BRAZIL. Bahia: Rio de Contas,  Serra Marsalina , 6 October 2006, R. M  .   Harley et al. 55538a (HUEFS); Rio de Contas,  Serra Marsalina , 6 October 2006, R. M  .   Harley et al. 55538b (HUEFS)  .   Minas Gerais: Catas Altas, Serra do Caraça,  Ule 2717 (B, HBG, NY);  Diamantina, Biribiri , 25 March 1984, A. M  .  Giulietti et al. CFCR 4290 ;   Ouro Preto, Ule 2714 (B, HBG, R); Serra das Camarinhas,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.166668/lat -21.083334)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.166668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.083334">Schwacke</a>
                 11987 (B, BHCB);  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.166668/lat -21.083334)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.166668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.083334">Tiradentes</a>
                 ,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.166668/lat -21.083334)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.166668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.083334">Serra de São José</a>
                 , 21°05’S, 44°10’W, s.d., R  .   Alves 4015 (RB)  . 
            </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038687A1FFF095479FE82475FBF47454	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De;Trovó, Marcelo;Rocha, Lamarck;Giulietti, Ana Maria	Andrade, Maria José Gomes De, Trovó, Marcelo, Rocha, Lamarck, Giulietti, Ana Maria (2022): Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) without scapes and spathes, a survey with the description of a new species. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 135-152, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.1
