identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E10867FFBBFF9E348BB016FA33E65B.text	03E10867FFBBFF9E348BB016FA33E65B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysopinae Schneider 1851	<div><p>Subfamily Chrysopinae Schneider, 1851</p> <p>Chrysopinae comprises six extant genera and 24 species in Pakistan: Apertochrysa (8 spp.), Chrysopa (6 spp.), Chrysoperla (3 spp.), Italochrysa (3 spp.), Suarius (3 spp.), and Tumeochrysa (1 sp.).</p> <p>Key to genera of Chrysopinae from Pakistan</p> <p>1 Forewing with three regular series of gradate crossveins (Fig. 1A)............................ Tumeochrysa Needham</p> <p>– Wings with two regular series of gradate crossveins (Fig. 1B).................................................. 2</p> <p>2 Intramedian cell (im) of forewing nearly trapeziform (Figs 1C, 4)............................... Italochrysa Principi</p> <p>– Intramedian cell (im) of forewing nearly oval-triangular (Fig. 1D)................................................3</p> <p>3 Basal inner gradates meeting Psm in forewing (Fig. 1E)....................................................... 4</p> <p>– Basal inner gradates not meeting Psm in forewing (Fig. 1F).................................................... 5</p> <p>4 Head largely unmarked, except narrow dark brown spots on gena and clypeus (Figs 2A, D); basal crossvein between Rs and M present on distal margin of im cell (Fig. 1E) or beyond im cell............................... Chrysoperla Steinmann</p> <p>– Head with dark brown spots on frons and vertex (Figs 2B, E); basal crossvein between Rs and M present on subdistal margin of im cell............................................................................... Chrysopa Leach</p> <p>5 Scape yellow, with or without dark brown stripe; tibial spurs ratio on each leg (0-1-1) (Figs 3H–J); fifth and six cells beneath Rs in hindwing elongated (Figs 3C–D); tignum and gonapsis present in male genitalia (Figs 2G–H)................... 6</p> <p>– Scape yellow, with dorsal and lateral longitudinal dark stripes (Fig. 2C); tibial spurs ratio on each leg (0&gt;2&gt;2) (Figs 3E–G); fifth and six cells beneath Rs in hindwing short (Figs 3A–B); tignum and gonapsis absent in male genitalia... Suarius Navás</p> <p>6 Dorsal arm of apodeme on male tergum 9 + ectoproct extending to dorsal margin of callus cerci; gonapsis usually W, X, or Yshaped (Yang et al. 2005: figs 179 D–E, 189F).................................................. Mallada Navás</p> <p>– Dorsal arm of apodeme on male tergum 9 + ectoproct not extending to callus cerci (Fig. 30G); gonapsis with four distinctive shapes (Breitkreuz et al. 2021a: figs 1A–D), but all types with a pair of lateral wings, connected to a single anteriorly-directed rod................................................................................. Apertochrysa Tjeder</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FFBBFF9E348BB016FA33E65B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FFBAFF9E348BB4E4FA33E3A9.text	03E10867FFBAFF9E348BB4E4FA33E3A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Italochrysa Principi 1946	<div><p>Genus Italochrysa Principi, 1946</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Italochrysa can be generally recognized by their larger and robust bodies (forewing length: 19.5–24.0 mm) and brownish bodies with yellow markings. It can be distinguished by the quadrangular intramedian cell in the forewing (Figs 1C, 4) and the male genitalia with one pair of long parameres (Fig. 7F). Although Italochrysa is closely related to Evanochrysa Brooks &amp; Barnard, 1990 in having a quadrangular intramedian cell, it can be distinguished by the presence of parameres in male genitalia and the absence of pregenitale in female genitalia.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Italochrysa currently includes nine species in India (see Brooks &amp; Barnard 1990; Ghosh 2000) and three species in Pakistan: I. lefroyi (Needham), I. aequalis (Walker), and I. everetti (van der Weele). In this study, we revised the Pakistani Italochrysa species based on new materials and the paratype photographs of I. lefroyi from the Cornell University Insect Collection (CUIC). However, the identity of Italochrysa species in the subcontinent has remained obscure and it may include more unknown species in the region. Thus, the recent finding of I. aequalis and I. everetti from Pakistan is of great interest. This genus was not listed in the former catalogue from Pakistan (Hassan et al. 2019).</p> <p>Key to Italochrysa species from Pakistan</p> <p>1 Wings hyaline, unmarked (Fig. 5)........................................................................ 2</p> <p>– Forewing with a dark brown spot at distal margin of icu3 cell (Fig. 4)...................... I. everetti (van der Weele)</p> <p>2 Legs pale yellow, except femora with a median dark spot (Fig. 6F).............................. I. aequalis (Walker)</p> <p>– Legs pale yellow, unmarked (Figs 11A–B)................................................. I. lefroyi (Needham)</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FFBAFF9E348BB4E4FA33E3A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FFBAFF92348BB038FAB3E2B2.text	03E10867FFBAFF92348BB038FAB3E2B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Italochrysa aequalis (Walker 1853)	<div><p>Italochrysa aequalis (Walker, 1853)</p> <p>(Figs 5–7, 53)</p> <p>Chrysopa aequalis Walker, 1853: 266. Type locality: Unknown.</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>Italochrysa aequalis is very similar to I. lefroyi by similar body characters and wing venation, but it can be differentiated only by the presence of dark bands on each femur (see further details under I. lefroyi). Italochrysa aequalis has remained one of the least known lacewing species from the Indian subcontinent since its original description in 1853. However, this species has subsequently been recorded from China, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines (Yang 1997; Yang et al. 2005; Ghosh &amp; Sen 1977; Oswald 2022).</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>Measurements (2♂, 4♀). Forewing: length ♂ 19.5–20.0 mm, ♀ 19.5–20.7 mm, width ♂ 5.5 mm, ♀ 5.7–6.0 mm; hindwing: length ♂ 19.0 mm, ♀ 17.2–18.2 mm, width ♂ 5.0 mm, ♀ 5.0– 5.5 mm; body length: ♂ 11.6 mm, ♀ 10.0–11.0 mm.</p> <p>Head (Figs 6A–C). Vertex moderately raised, unmarked, proximal 1/2 brownish orange, distal 1/2 pale yellow, rounded in frontal view. Postorbital sclerite unmarked. Frons yellow, with distinct epistomal suture. Clypeus yellow, with short yellow setae. Labrum brownish yellow, with short yellow setae. Genae yellow, unmarked. Maxillary and labial palpi brownish yellow, with short yellow setae. Antennae shorter than forewing length; scape unmarked, orange, slightly longer than width; pedicel unmarked, orange; flagellum dark brown, each flagellomere with five rings, with short dark brown setae.</p> <p>Thorax (Figs 6C–D). Pronotum slightly wider than long (length 0.90–1.00 mm, width 1.60–2.00 mm), reddish brown with light yellow markings, proximally concave-shaped in dorsal view. Mesonotum dark brown with median yellow stripe; prescutum yellow, narrowly dark stripe around margins; mesoscutum yellow, laterally dark brown with a narrow yellow spot at wing base; metascutellum yellow, proximal 1/4 with dark brown stripe. Metanotum dark brown, medially with pale yellow stripe. Pleurite yellow, with dark brown stripes, covered with short yellow setae (Fig. 6F).</p> <p>Legs (Fig. 6F). Pale yellow, except femora with a median dark spot, covered with short pale yellow setae. Foreleg: Coxae and trochanter dark brown; femur with a narrow dark spot at extreme base, and subdistally with a larger dark spot; tibia pale yellow, anterolaterally at proximal 2/3 with a narrow dark spot; tarsomeres brownish. Mid leg: Coxae and trochanter dark brown, slightly pale yellow at apex; femur pale yellow, subdistally with a larger dark spot; tibia pale yellow, anterolaterally at proximal 1/3 with brownish spot; tarsomeres brownish. Hind leg: Coxae dark brown, slightly pale yellow at apex; trochanter dark brown; femur with a large median dark brown spot; tibia pale yellow; tarsomeres brownish. Pretarsal claws with basal dilation, arcuated laterally (Fig. 6E).</p> <p>Wings (Figs 5A–B). Veins brownish yellow, covered with short yellow setae. Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow at both ends, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (4–12). Subcostal area with seven to nine crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma pale brown. 18–20 radial cells (r cell). Six Banksian cells (b cell); six lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Basal crossvein between Rs and M (r-m 1) oblique, meets after middle of im cell. Median arculus (m-cu2), Pseudomedia (Psm), and pseudocubitus (Psc) brownish yellow. Two series of gradates, both meeting psm; 11 inner gradates (ig) and 11–12 outer gradates (og). Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) quadrate (length 0.90–2.00 mm). Second median cell (m2) is slightly longer than third median cell (m3). Three intracubital cells (two closed); first (icu1) is longer than second (icu2). Hindwing: Costal area relatively narrow at both ends. Subcostal area with eight crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma pale brown. 17 radial cells (r cell). Six Banksian cells (b cell); six lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Pseudomedia (Psm) and pseudocubitus (Psc) brownish yellow. Two series of gradates; nine inner gradates and nine outer gradates.</p> <p>Abdomen (Figs 6C–D, F). Tergum and sternum dark brown, covered with short yellow setae. Tergum and sternum of each pregenital segment distally with a narrow yellow stripe.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Figs 7A–B, E–I). Tergum 8 (T8) quadrate in lateral view. T9+ectoproct reniform in lateral view, covered with brownish setae. Dorsal arm of apodeme (da) on T9+ectoproct transverse, pointed at apex; submarginal apodeme (sa) of S8+9 straight. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 39 trichobothria. S8+9 fused, without suture, quadrate in lateral view, distally with a dark protrusion of penguin-shaped; S8+9 shorter than T9+ectoproct in lateral view. Gonarcus (gon) short and broad, with lateral projections. A pair of long horn-shaped parameres (pa), distal portion slightly diverged and pointed. Arcessus (arc) quadrate. Hypandrium internum (hi) V-shaped. Comes (c) slender in dorsal view.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Figs 7C–D, J). Tergum 8 (T8) quadrate in lateral view. T9+ectoproct rounded in lateral view. Sternum 7 (S7) trapezoidal in lateral view. Gonaphophyses lateralis (gl) oblong in lateral view. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 60 trichobothria. Subgenitale (sg) quadrate, bilobed distally, distinctly visible in lateral view. Spermatheca (sm) narrow, rounded, doughnut-shaped, with distinct median rounded invagination (inv).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FFBAFF92348BB038FAB3E2B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FFB2FF95348BB333FE93E140.text	03E10867FFB2FF95348BB333FE93E140.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Italochrysa everetti (van der Weele 1909)	<div><p>Italochrysa everetti (van der Weele, 1909)</p> <p>(Figs 4, 8–10, 53)</p> <p>Nothochrysa everetti van der Weele, 1909: 78. Type locality: Indonesia.</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>Nothochrysa evanescens was originally described from Malaysia by McLachlan (1869). Later, van der Weele (1909) described three subspecies: Nothochrysa evanescens javanica, N. evanescens everetti, and N. evanescens ludekingi. Among them, N. evanescens javanica and N. evanescens evanescens were transferred to Evanochrysa by Brooks &amp; Barnard (1990), while N. evanescens everetti, and N. evanescens ludekingi were considered as independent species in Italochrysa. The photograph provided by van der Weele (1909: fig. 32) for Italochrysa everetti is almost identical to our examined specimen from Pakistan, particularly the third intracubital cell (icu3) distally with distinct brownish spot (Fig. 4). Therefore, we followed van der Weele (1909) and identified I. everetti based on a newly collected male specimen.</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>Measurements (♂ n=1). Forewing: length 24.0 mm, width 6.5 mm; hindwing: length 21.0 mm, width 6.0 mm; body length 14.0 mm.</p> <p>Head (Figs 9A–B). Vertex moderately raised, unmarked, brownish yellow, medially with an inverted V-shaped suture, rounded in frontal view. Postorbital sclerite brownish yellow, unmarked. Frons pale yellow, brownish yellow around base of antennal toruli; epistomal suture with an inverted V-shaped; covered with short yellow setae. Clypeus yellow, covered with short yellow setae. Labrum brownish yellow, with short yellow setae. Genae yellow. Maxillary and labial palpi brownish yellow, with short yellow setae. Antennae shorter than forewing length; scape and pedicel orange, covered with short yellow setae; flagellum dark brown, each flagellomere with five rings, with short black setae.</p> <p>Thorax (Fig. 9C). Pronotum wider than long (length 1.10 mm, width 2.00 mm), brownish yellow, with a broad median yellow stripe, covered with short black and yellow setae. Meso- and metanotum brownish yellow at lateral margins, except with a broad median yellow stripe, covered with dark brown setae. Pleurite brownish with yellow markings, covered with short pale setae (Fig. 9E).</p> <p>Legs (Fig. 9E). Pale yellow, femora light brownish, covered with short dark brown setae. Pretarsal claws with distinct basal dilation, arcuated in lateral view (Fig. 9F).</p> <p>Wings (Fig. 4). Veins pale yellow, covered with short yellow setae. Subostal veinlets brownish yellow. Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow at both ends, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (4–14). Subcostal area with seven crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma brownish. 20 radial cells (r cell). Six Banksian cells (b cell); eight lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Basal crossvein between Rs and M (r-m 1) oblique, meets after middle of im cell. Median arculus (m-cu2), Pseudomedia (Psm), and pseudocubitus (Psc) pale yellow. Two series of gradates; both meeting psm; 11 inner gradates (ig) and outer gradates (og). Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) quadrate. Second median cell (m2) slightly longer than third (m3) median cells. Three intracubital cells (two closed); first (icu1) longer than second (icu2); third intracubital cell (icu3) distally with distinct brownish spot. Hindwing: Costal area narrow. Veins pale yellow. Radial branches brownish yellow. Subcostal area with eight crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma brownish. 17 radial cells (r cell). Six Banksian cells (b cell); eight lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Pseudomedia (Psm) and pseudocubitus (Psc) pale yellow. Two series of gradates; nine inner gradates and 10 outer gradates.</p> <p>Abdomen (Figs 9C–E). Tergum brownish, covered with short pale yellow setae. Sternum dark brown, covered with short pale yellow setae.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Figs 10A–G). Tergum 8 (T8) quadrate in lateral view. T9+ectoproct reniform in lateral view, covered with brownish setae. Dorsal arm of apodeme (da) on T9+ectoproct transverse, forked at apex; submarginal apodeme (sa) of S8+9 straight. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 55 trichobothria. S8+9 fused, without suture, quadrate in lateral view; S8+9 shorter than T9+ectoproct in lateral view. Gonarcus (gon) short and broad, with distinct broader V-shaped plates. A pair of parameres (pa), narrow and straight, slightly curved at proximal margin, pointed distally. Arcessus (arc) short, broader, digitiform distally. Hypandrium internum (hi) V-shaped. Comes (c) slender in dorsal view.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FFB2FF95348BB333FE93E140	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FFB1FF95348BB21EFCD2E2AB.text	03E10867FFB1FF95348BB21EFCD2E2AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Italochrysa lefroyi (Needham 1909)	<div><p>Italochrysa lefroyi (Needham, 1909)</p> <p>(Figs 11, 53)</p> <p>Nothochrysa lefroyi Needham, 1909: 203. Type locality: India (Assam, Bihar, Meghalaya), Pakistan (Punjab).</p> <p>Nothochrysa lefroi Needham, 1909. Ghosh, 1990: 351 (misspelling).</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>Italochrysa lefroyi (Fig. 11) is hitherto only known from India and Pakistan (Needham 1909). Ghosh &amp; Sen (1977), Brooks &amp; Barnard (1990), and Ghosh (1990, 2000) listed a record of this species from India. Its Pakistani record is missing in Hassan et al. (2019). Taxonomically this species is remarkably similar to I. aequalis and the only differences between these two species are in the coloration of legs (a character too weak to sustain the species): wholly yellowish brown in I. lefroyi (Fig. 11A), but unfortunately, the mid and hind legs are missing in the paratypes of I. lefroyi for comparison with I. aequalis, in which dark bands are present on each femur. However, this difference may be of individual variation. Thus, the taxonomic status of this species should be clarified either based on type specimen or newly collected materials from the type localities in Pakistan or India.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Pakistan. Punjab (Faisalabad), –– India (Assam, Bihar, Meghalaya, Punjab) (Needham 1909; Ghosh &amp; Sen 1977; Brooks &amp; Barnard 1990; Ghosh 1990, 2000; Oswald 2022).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FFB1FF95348BB21EFCD2E2AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FFACFF88348BB2E9FE43E24C.text	03E10867FFACFF88348BB2E9FE43E24C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tumeochrysa Needham 1909	<div><p>Genus Tumeochrysa Needham, 1909</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>The genus Tumeochrysa can be differentiated among the chrysopid genera in Pakistan by larger body size (forewing length 19–24 mm), head unmarked, scape distinctly enlarged and the presence of three gradated series in both fore- and hindwings. It currently includes 14 extant described species, being restricted to the highlands of India and Nepal, and the southwestern and eastern parts of China: nine species in southwestern parts of China, two species in India, and three species in Nepal. Unfortunately, both the Indian Tumeochrysa species are poorly described in the original or subsequent literatures: T. indica Needham, 1909, and T. cirerai (Navás, 1930) were originally described based on male specimens, and thereafter no further details are available, except the illustration of female genitalia for T. indica by Ghosh (1991).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FFACFF88348BB2E9FE43E24C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FFACFF8F348BB01DFC97E359.text	03E10867FFACFF8F348BB01DFC97E359.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tumeochrysa indica Needham 1909	<div><p>Tumeochrysa indica Needham, 1909</p> <p>(Figs 12–14, 54)</p> <p>Tumeochrysa indica Needham, 1909: 204. Type locality: India.</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>It is hard to determine Tumeochrysa indica without examining the male genitalia, but the photographs provided by Needham (1909) for the right fore- and hindwings, and the female genitalia by Ghosh (1991) for T. indica are almost identical to our examined specimens from Pakistan. Therefore, we follow Needham (1909) and Ghosh (1991) and identified our Tumeochrysa specimens to be T. indica. Unfortunately, the male genitalia of the examined specimen was damaged. It is necessary to find the male specimen of T. indica in Pakistan for further verification of our identification.</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>Measurements (♂ n=1?, ♀ n=1). Forewing: length ♀ 24.0 mm, width 5.7 mm; hindwing: length ♀ 21.5 mm, width 5.1 mm; body length: ♂ 12.0 mm, ♀ 11.8 mm.</p> <p>Head (Figs 13A–H). Vertex yellow, unmarked. Postorbital sclerite yellow, unmarked. Frons, clypeus, genae, and labrum yellow, unmarked. Maxillary and labial palpi yellow, covered with short black setae. Antennal toruli yellow. Antennae shorter than forewing (length 13.7–16.9 mm), yellow, unmarked, covered with short black setae. Scape yellow, more prominent and narrowly separated in males.</p> <p>Thorax (Fig. 13E). Pronotum slightly wider than long (length ♂ 0.90 mm, ♀ 0.94 mm, width ♂ 1.56 mm, ♀ 1.66 mm), yellow, with an indistinct brownish spot laterally, covered with short dark brown setae (Fig. 13G). Meso- and metanotum yellow, sparsely covered with short dark brown setae.</p> <p>Legs (Figs 13A, D). Pale yellow, unmarked, covered with short brownish setae. Pretarsal claws with distinct basal dilation, quadrate at base (Fig. 13I).</p> <p>Wings (Fig. 12). Veins pale green, covered with short brownish setae. Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow at both ends, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (4–16). Subcostal area with seven crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma white. 20 radial cells (r cell); a few radial crossveins at subdistal margin oblique. Three Banksian cells (b cell); nine lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Basal crossvein between Rs and M (r-m 1) oblique, meets at subdistal margin of im cell. Three series of gradates, outer gradates meet psm; 18 inner gradates (ig), 10 middle gradates (md) and 12 outer gradates (og). Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) ovate. Second (m2) and third (m3) median cells of similar size. Three intracubital cells (two closed); first cubital crossvein proximal to second mediocubital crossvein (m-cu2); first (icu1), second (icu2) and third (icu3) intracubital cells of similar size. Hindwing: Veins pale green. Costal area narrow. Subcostal area with seven crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma white. 19 radial cells (r cell); radial branches oblique. Three Banksian cells (b cell); eight lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Three series of gradates, outer gradates meet psm; 15 inner gradates, seven middle gradates (md) and nine outer gradates.</p> <p>Abdomen (Figs 13D–E). Tergum pale yellow, with lateral margins narrowly dark brown stripes, covered with short brown setae. Sternum pale yellow, covered with short brown setae.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Figs 14A–E). Tergum 8 (T8) subtrapezoidal in lateral view. T9+ect quadrate in lateral view. Sternum 7 (S7) quadrate in ventral view. Gonaphophyses lateralis (gl) oblong in lateral view. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 36–39 trichobothria. Subgenitale (sg) broad, quadrate, bilobed distally, heavily sclerotized. Spermatheca (sm) small, rounded, doughnut-shaped, with distinct median rounded invagination (inv) in lateral view. Spermathecal duct (sd) long, cylindrical, attached to bursa copulatrix (bc).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FFACFF8F348BB01DFC97E359	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FFABFF8E348BB009FA33E30C.text	03E10867FFABFF8E348BB009FA33E30C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apertochrysa Tjeder 1966	<div><p>Genus Apertochrysa Tjeder, 1966</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The genus Apertochrysa can be distinguished from other chrysopid genera in Pakistan by the following characters: antennal scape with lateral markings present (occasionally absent); forewing with elongated fifth and six cells beneath Rs (Figs 3C–D); basal inner gradates in both fore- and hindwing not arise from pseudomedia (Psm); outer gradate always arise from pseudomedia (Figs 17A–B); tibial spurs ratio in each legs are 0-1-1 (Figs 3H–J); legs with basal dilation of pretarsal claw present (occasionally absent); sternum 8 and 9 fused, rounded posteriorly (Fig. 19A); male genitalia with or without tignum, but the entoprocessus and gonapsis are always present (Figs 19C, E); gonapsis with distinctive shapes (see Breitkreuz et al. 2021a), and a pair of lateral wings, which are connected to a single anteriorly-directed rod; female with variable shapes, wider than long (Fig. 19M) or longer than wide (Fig. 23F).</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>The genus Apertochrysa currently includes 183 species worldwide and is one of the largest genera within the family (Duelli et al. 2017; Breitkreuz et al. 2021a). The taxonomic history of this genus is presented by Dong et al. (2004), Duelli et al. (2017), and Breitkreuz et al. (2021a). Here we record eight species of Apertochrysa from Pakistan. Among them, five species could not be identified to species, and the other two species are newly transferred to this genus. Among the undetermined female Apertochrysa species, A. sp. 2 has the subgenitale wider than long, while it is longer than wide in A. sp. 4 and A. sp. 5. All of these species, which are solely described based on females, require additional specimens to investigate the male genitalia; however, at present, these species differ in body coloration and shape of pretarsal claws. The known ranges of all these species is in in the northern portion of the country.</p> <p>Key to Apertochrysa species from Pakistan</p> <p>1 Pretarsal claws with basal dilation present (Fig. 15D)........................................................ 2</p> <p>– Pretarsal claws with basal dilation absent (Fig. 18E)......................................................... 4</p> <p>2 Frons with a transverse dark marking below antennal torulus; scape and pedicel distinctly dark brown in dorsal view (Dobosz et al. 2016: figs 2–3); widespread species.................................................. A. venosa (Rambur)</p> <p>– Frons without dark marking below antennal torulus; scape and pedicel entirely yellow (Figs 15B–C) or narrowly dark brown at dorsolateral margins (Tjeder 1963: fig. 17); endemic to Pakistan............................................... 3</p> <p>3 Scape and pedicel entirely yellow (Figs 15B–C); gonapsis butterfly-shaped, lateral wings broad, median stem long, digitiform (Figs 16C–D)................................................................................... A. sp. 1</p> <p>– Scape and pedicel with dark brown stripes; gonapsis rounded in frontal view, slightly wider medianly, lateral wings and median stem narrow, nearly equal in length (Tjeder 1963: fig. 10)................................... A. murreensis (Tjeder)</p> <p>4 Pretarsal claws feebly curved (Fig. 20D)...................................................................5</p> <p>– Pretarsal claws strongly curved (Fig. 18E)................................................................. 7</p> <p>5 Head pale brown without large spots; thorax dorsally pale brown............................ A. vartianorum (Hölzel)</p> <p>– Head yellow, vertex with two median longitudinal dark stripes (Fig. 20E) or four pink spots (Fig. 22D); thorax yellow, with dark brown markings or laterally with dark brown............................................................... 6</p> <p>6 Vertex with two median longitudinal dark stripes (Fig. 20E); frons brownish with a narrow median yellow spot (Fig. 20A)................................................................................................ A. sp. 3</p> <p>– Vertex with four dark pink spots (Fig. 22D); frons yellow with a crescentic pink stripe above tentorial pits (Fig. 22A).................................................................................................... A. sp. 4</p> <p>7 Vertex with four red spots (Fig. 18C); female subgenitale wider than long (Fig. 19M)........................ … A. sp. 2</p> <p>– Vertex with four dark pink spots (Fig. 25C); female subgenitale longer than wide (Fig. 26F).................... A. sp. 5</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FFABFF8E348BB009FA33E30C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FFAAFF8D348BB1DAFF4FE4FC.text	03E10867FFAAFF8D348BB1DAFF4FE4FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apertochrysa murreensis (Tjeder 1963) Hassan & Liu 2022	<div><p>Apertochrysa murreensis (Tjeder, 1963) comb. nov.</p> <p>(Fig. 55)</p> <p>Chrysopa murreensis Tjeder, 1963: 125. Type locality: Pakistan (Punjab: Murree).</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>Apertochrysa murreensis is hitherto only known from Pakistan. This species is closely related to Apertochrysa sp. 2 in having similar dark brown markings on genae and lateral margins of clypeus, as well as the pretarsal claws with basal dilation, and the male genitalia with arc-shaped tignum. However, it can be differentiated by the following characters: head with a distinct dark spot at bases of antennae; genae and clypeus with lateral dark stripes; thorax with a median longitudinal yellow stripe, lateral margins slightly brownish; and male genitalia with rounded gonapsis in dorsal view, which is somewhat wider at middle, lateral wings and median stem narrow, slender and almost equal in length. No additional specimens were added in this study.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Pakistan. Punjab (Rawalpindi, Murree), –– India (Uttar Pradesh) (Tjeder 1963; Hassan et al. 2019; Oswald 2022).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FFAAFF8D348BB1DAFF4FE4FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FFA9FF8D348BB68DFA8BE123.text	03E10867FFA9FF8D348BB68DFA8BE123.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apertochrysa vartianorum (Holzel 1973) Hassan & Liu 2022	<div><p>Apertochrysa vartianorum (Hölzel, 1973) comb. nov.</p> <p>(Fig. 55)</p> <p>Anisochrysa vartianorum Hölzel, 1973a: 195. Type locality: Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Madyan).</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>Apertochrysa vartianorum Hölzel (1973), originally described as Anisochrysa vartianorum from Pakistan, which was later transferred into Mallada by Brooks &amp; Barnard (1990). Based on the distinctive shape of male gonapsis (prasina group) with a narrow median plate consisting of distinct ventral scale-like projection, Mallada vartianorum is transferred into Apertochrysa. This species is only known based on a single male specimen from Pakistan. It is similar to Apertochrysa sp. 2 in male genitalia in having similar elongated and arcuated gonarcus, which is attached to entoprocessus (ent) at lateral margins, as well as prasina group type gonapsis and arcuated arcessus (arc) in lateral view. It can be distinguished by the lack of markings on the vertex and postorbital sclerite, feebly curved pretarsal claws, and the male genitalia with arched arcessus (arc) in lateral view. No additional specimens were added in this study.</p> <p>Distribution Pakistan. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Swat, Madyan) (Hölzel 1973a; Hassan et al. 2019; Oswald 2022).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FFA9FF8D348BB68DFA8BE123	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FFA9FF8D348BB3B0FE2CE207.text	03E10867FFA9FF8D348BB3B0FE2CE207.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apertochrysa venosa (Rambur 1838)	<div><p>Apertochrysa venosa (Rambur, 1838)</p> <p>(Fig. 55)</p> <p>Hemerobius venosa Rambur, [1838] 1837–1840: 9. Type locality: Spain (Andalucía: Granada).</p> <p>Chrysopa tosta Navás, 1934b: 108. Type locality: Tunisia.</p> <p>Chrysopa (Chrysoperla) reticulata Steinmann, 1965: 179. Type locality: Mongolia.</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>Apertochrysa venosa has been reported from various localities in northern Pakistan (Hölzel 1967, 2002; Ari et al. 2007), whereas the remaining congeners are only known from their type localities. It is distinctive among its congeners in Pakistan by the following characters: genae with lateral dark spots; clypeus laterally with dark brown stripe; frons with a transverse dark brown stripe below antennal toruli; scape marked dorsally; vertex with six dark brown spots, two crescentic above antennae, two parallel at medially, and two rounded at posterolateral margins (Dobosz et al. 2016: figs 2–3). No additional specimens were added in this study.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Pakistan. Gilgit-Baltistan (Gilgit, Nagar, Hunza), Punjab (Attock, Pindigheb), –– Russia, Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Middle East to Mongolia (Hölzel 1967, 2002; Ari et al. 2007; Dobosz et al. 2016; Hassan et al. 2019; Oswald 2022).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FFA9FF8D348BB3B0FE2CE207	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FFA8FF8C348BB7E4FC65E0CC.text	03E10867FFA8FF8C348BB7E4FC65E0CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apertochrysa undefined-1	<div><p>Apertochrysa sp. 1</p> <p>(Figs 15–16, 55)</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Apertochrysa sp. 1 is unique among the congeners in Pakistan by the following characters: body green, unmarked; scape and pedicel yellow, unmarked; vertex with distinct red markings on the postorbital sclerite in dorsal view; male gonapsis (alcestes group) with a pair of broad lateral wings and a long and slender central stem.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Measurement (♂ n=1). Forewing: length 10.5 mm, width 3.6 mm; hindwing (damaged); body length: 6.2 mm.</p> <p>Head (Figs 15B–C). Vertex moderately raised, yellow, unmarked. Postorbital sclerite with a pink spot in dorsal view. Frons unmarked. Clypeus with lateral brownish stripes. Interantennal marking absent. Labrum with short yellow setae. Genae with a broad median transverse reddish stripe. Maxillary and labial palpi pale yellow, terminal labial palpi dark brown, covered with short yellow setae. Antennal toruli yellow. Antennae shorter than forewing, brownish yellow, unmarked, covered with short black setae.</p> <p>Thorax (Fig. 15E). Pronotum slightly wider than long (length 0.67 mm, width 0.77 mm), unmarked, covered with long yellow setae. Meso- and metanotum sparsely covered with short yellow setae.</p> <p>Legs (Fig. 15F). Pale unmarked, covered with short brownish setae. Pretarsal claws with basal dilation 1/2 length of hook of claw (Fig. 15D).</p> <p>Wings (Fig. 15A). Veins brownish, cross veins with a median yellow band, covered with short brownish setae. Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow at both ends, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (3–10). Subcostal area with three crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma indistinct. Nine radial cells (r cell). Three Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Basal crossvein between Rs and M (r-m) straight, meets at subdistal margin of im cell. Two series of gradates, inner gradates not meeting psm; dark brown; four inner gradates (ig) and five outer gradates (og). Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) ovate. Second (m2) and third (m3) median cells of similar size. Three intracubital cells (two closed); first cubital crossvein proximal to second mediocubital crossvein (m-cu2); first (icu1), second (icu2) and third (icu3) intracubital cells of similar size. Hindwing: Veins pale brown; cross veins with a median yellow band.</p> <p>Abdomen (Figs 15E–F). Tergum and sternum covered with short yellow setae.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Figs 16A–H). Tergum 8 (T8) quadrated in lateral view. T9+ectoprocts quadrate in lateral view, covered with pale yellow setae. Dorsal arm of apodeme (da) on T9+ectoproct arcuated, not extending beyond callus cercus; submarginal apodeme (sa) of S9 straight. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 27 trichobothria. S8+9 fused, rounded at apex. Tignum (ti) arcuated; acumen (ac) small, without setae. Gonapsis (gps) with a butterfly-shaped, median plate consisting of long ventral scale-like projection. Gonarcus (gon) arcuated with a pair of short entoprocessus (ent) at lateral margins. Arcessus (arc) small, rounded in ventral view. Hypandrium internum (hi) V-shaped in dorsal view. Vela (vel) as long as hypandrium internum, conical in ventral view.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FFA8FF8C348BB7E4FC65E0CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FFA8FF85348BB193FB00E410.text	03E10867FFA8FF85348BB193FB00E410.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apertochrysa undefined-2	<div><p>Apertochrysa sp. 2</p> <p>(Figs 17–19, 55)</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Apertochrysa sp. 2 is similar to A. vartianorum in having prasina group type male gonapsis, with a narrow median plate consisting of distinct ventral scale-like projection, interantennal marking present, and the absence of basal dilation in pretarsal claws, but it can be distinguished by the distinctive red markings on frons, genae, vertex, and postorbital sclerite, and the undulating shape of tignum in male genitalia.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Measurements (♂ n=1, ♀ n=1). Forewing: length 11.1 mm, width 4.3 mm; hindwing: length 10.2 mm, width 3.4 mm; body length: 7.1 mm.</p> <p>Head (Figs 18A–C). Vertex moderately raised, with four red markings, two at proximal and two at distal margins. Postorbital sclerite with red spots at lateral margins in dorsal view. Frons unmarked. Interantennal marking red. Clypeus with lateral dark brown stripes. Labrum covered with short yellow setae. Genae with a broad median transverse dark brown spot. Maxillary and labial palpi pale yellow, except at proximal and distal margins narrowly dark brown, covered with short yellow setae. Antennal toruli yellow. Antennae shorter than forewing, brownish yellow; scape pale yellow, posterolaterally dark brown, covered with short yellow setae; pedicel and flagellum yellow, covered with short yellow setae.</p> <p>Thorax (Fig. 18C). Pronotum wider than long (length 0.55 mm, width 0.95 mm), lateral margins broadly dark brown, covered with mixed pale and dark brown setae. Meso- and metanotum with lateral margins narrowly dark brown, sparsely covered with short yellow setae.</p> <p>Legs (Fig. 18D). Pale unmarked, covered with short brownish setae. Pretarsal claws without basal dilation, quadrate at base (Fig. 18E).</p> <p>Wings (Fig 17A–B). Veins pale brown, covered with short brownish setae. Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow at both ends, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (3–12). Subcostal area with five crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma indistinct. 10 radial cells (r cell). Three Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Basal crossvein between Rs and M (r-m) straight, meets at distal margin of im cell. Two series of gradates, inner gradates not meeting psm; five inner gradates (ig) and six outer gradates (og). Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) ovate. Second (m2) and third (m3) median cells of similar size. Three intracubital cells (two closed); first cubital crossvein proximal to second mediocubital crossvein (m-cu2); first (icu1), second (icu2) and third (icu3) intracubital cells of similar size. Hindwing: Veins pale; crossveins brownish. Costal area narrow. Subcostal area with four crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma indistinct. Nine radial cells (r cell). Three Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Two series of gradates, inner gradates not meeting psm; four inner gradates and six outer gradates.</p> <p>Abdomen (Figs 18C–D). Tergum with lateral margins dark brown, covered with yellow setae. Sternum with each pregenital segment distally with a narrow dark brown stripe, covered with yellow setae.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Figs 19A–G). Tergum 8 (T8) quadrated in lateral view. T9+ectoprocts quadrate in lateral view, covered with short brown setae. Dorsal arm of apodeme (da) on T9+ectoproct arcuated, not extending beyond callus cercus; submarginal apodeme (sa) of S9 straight. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 35–38 trichobothria. S8+9 fused, subtrapezoidal in lateral view. Tignum (ti) undulating, acumen longer than wide. Gonapsis (gps) with a narrow median plate consisting of distinct ventral scale-like projection. Lateral arms of gonarcus (gon) broad. A pair of entoprocessus (ent) attached at the lateral margins of gonarcus, slightly arc at lateral margins. Arcessus (arc) narrow, arcuate in lateral view. Hypandrium internum (hi) V-shaped in dorsal view.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Figs 19H–M). Tergum 8 (T8) subtrapezoidal in lateral view. T9+ectoproct rounded in lateral view. Sternum 7 (S7) rectangular in lateral view. Gonaphophyses lateralis (gl) oblong in lateral view. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 25–27 trichobothria. Subgenitale (sg) rounded, wider than long, bilobed at apex, heavily sclerotized, distinctly visible in lateral view. Spermatheca (sm) small, rounded, doughnut-shaped, with a distinct median rounded invagination (inv). Spermathecal duct (sd) long, cylindrical, attached to bursa copulatrix (bc).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FFA8FF85348BB193FB00E410	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FFA1FF84348BB5C1FD66E44C.text	03E10867FFA1FF84348BB5C1FD66E44C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apertochrysa undefined-3	<div><p>Apertochrysa sp. 3</p> <p>(Figs 20, 55)</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Apertochrysa sp. 3 can be distinguished by the presence of distinctive dark brown markings on frons and vertex, the absence of basal dilation of pretarsal claws, and the following prominent black crossveins in forewing: m-cu2, crossveins of intracubital cell, proximal crossvein of im2 cell, distal branches of A1 and A2 veins (Fig. 20F).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Measurements (♀ n=1). Forewing: length 14.5 mm, width 4.3 mm; hindwing: length 14.0 mm, width 4.3 mm; body length: 7.5 mm.</p> <p>Head (Figs 20A–B, E). Vertex moderately raised, with a pair of median longitudinal dark brown stripes, lateral margins with two pairs of dark brown spots (Fig. 20E). Postorbital sclerite unmarked. Frons with a narrow median rounded yellow spot. Clypeus with proximal and lateral margins dark brown. Antennal toruli yellow. Interantennal spot indistinct. Genae yellow, with a median dark brown stripe. Maxillary palpi brownish yellow, covered with short yellow setae. Labial palpi brownish yellow, covered with short yellow setae. Antennae pale yellow; scape dorsally with longitudinal dark brown stripe; pedicel brownish, covered with short pale setae.</p> <p>Thorax (Fig. 20E). Pronotum slightly wider than long (length 0.62 mm, width 1.09 mm), with dark brown markings, covered with short black setae. Meso- and metanotum with dispersing brownish markings at sublateral margins, sparsely covered with dark brown setae.</p> <p>Legs (Fig. 20C). Pale unmarked, covered with short black setae. Pretarsal claws without basal dilation, quadrate at base (Fig. 20D).</p> <p>Wings (Fig. 20C). Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (4–10). Longitudinal veins pale. Subostal veinlets (cv) dark brown. Subcostal area with basal subcostal crossvein (bsx) dark brown, proximal four crossveins below pterostigma brownish yellow. Pterostigma pale. Branches of anal vein dark brown, proximally pale yellow. 10 radial cells; radial crossveins straight, dark brown. Branches of Rs pale yellow, proximal 1/3 dark brown; proximal three to four branches and marginal forks dark brown. Three Banksian cells (b cell), four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Two series of gradates; six inner gradates (ig); six outer (og) gradates; dark brown. Third intracubital cell (icu3) without dark spot. Basal crossvein between Rs and M (rm 1) meets at subdistal margin of im cell. Median arculus (m-cu2) dark brown. Pseudomedia (Psm) pale yellow, branches dark brown. Pseudocubitus (Psc) pale yellow, branches dark brown with a median yellow band. Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) ovate. Second median cell (m2) slightly shorter than third median cell (m3). First intracubital cell (icu1) slightly shorter than second intracubital cell (icu2). Hindwing: Costal area narrow. Longitudinal veins pale. Subostal veinlets dark brown. Subcostal area with four brownish crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma pale. Three b cells (including the small basal cell); four b’ cells. Nine radial cells; radial crossveins black, except median yellow streaks. Branches of Rs pale yellow, proximal 1/3 dark brown. Two series of gradates; four inner gradates; five outer gradates; dark brown. Pseudomedia (Psm) pale yellow, branches dark brown with a median yellow band. Pseudocubitus (Psc) pale yellow, branches pale yellow, but proximally dark brown. Anal veins pale yellow.</p> <p>Abdomen (Fig. 20C). Tergum dark brown, each pregenital segment distally with a narrow yellow stripe. Sternum brownish yellow, covered with short yellow setae.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FFA1FF84348BB5C1FD66E44C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FFA0FFBB348BB519FF64E7A0.text	03E10867FFA0FFBB348BB519FF64E7A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apertochrysa undefined-4	<div><p>Apertochrysa sp. 4</p> <p>(Figs 21–23, 55)</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>Apertochrysa sp. 4 is almost identical to Apertochrysa sp. 5 in external body characters and the shape of female genitalia (males unknown). However, it can be distinguished by the long dark brown setae on pronotum (Fig. 22D) and the feebly curved pretarsal claws (Fig. 22C), while in Apertochrysa sp. 5, the pronotum is covered with pale yellow setae and pretarsal claws are distinctly curved (Figs 25C, E).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Measurements (♀ n=1). Forewing: length 11.0 mm, width 3.5 mm; hindwing: length 10.0 mm, width 3.0 mm; body length: 7.8 mm.</p> <p>Head (Figs 22A–B, D). Vertex moderately raised, with four dark pink spots in dorsal view. Frons with a crescentic pink stripe above tentorial pits. Interantennal marking dark pink. Clypeus with lateral dark pink stripes. Labrum with lateral dark stripes. Genae with a broad median transverse dark brown spot. Maxillary palpi dark brown, pale yellow at both ends, covered with short yellow setae. Labial palpi pale yellow, terminal segment with a median dark brown spot, pointed at apex, covered with short yellow setae. Antennae shorter than forewing, pale yellow, unmarked; scape laterally with a narrow longitudinal dark pink stripe; pedicel dark pink stripe on subdistal margin; covered with short pale setae.</p> <p>Thorax (Fig. 22D). Pronotum slightly wider than long (length 0.58 mm, width 0.92 mm), sublateral margins with a dark pink stripe, anterolaterally at proximal 1/3 with a dark brown spot, covered with black setae; lateral margins with two dark brown spots, one at proximal and second at distal margin in lateral view; covered with yellow setae. Mesonotum with sublateral margins with a narrow dark pink stripe, anterior- and posterolateral margins with a dark brown spot; prescutum with lateral margins dark brown, sparsely covered with yellow setae; mesoscutum sublaterally with a narrow dark pink spot. Metanotum sublaterally with a narrow dark pink stripe; metascutum posterolaterally with dark spots.</p> <p>Legs (Fig. 22E). Pale unmarked, covered with short pale setae. Pretarsal claws simple, quadrate at base (Fig. 22C).</p> <p>Wings (Fig. 21). Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (5–9). Longitudinal veins pale. Subcostal veinlets (cv) dark brown, except 2–12 veinlets with a median yellow band. Subcostal area with a dark basal subcostal crossvein (bsx), while crossveins below pterostigma brownish yellow. Pterostigma slightly pale. 11 radial cells; radial crossveins straight, dark, except proximal five veinlets with a median yellow band. Branches of Rs pale, proximal third and fourth branches, and marginal forks dark brown. 10 radial cells; four Banksian cells (b cell), four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Two series of gradates, dark brown; four inner gradates (ig) and six outer (og) gradates. Basal crossvein between Rs and M (r-m) meets at subdistal margin of im cell. Median arculus (m-cu2) dark brown. Pseudomedia (Psm) pale yellow, branches dark brown. Pseudocubitus (Psc) pale yellow, branches dark branches with a median yellow band. Anal veins pale yellow, distal branches dark brown. Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) ovate. Second median cell (m2) slightly shorter than third median cell (m3). Three intracubital cells (two closed); first intracubital cell (icu1) slightly shorter than second intracubital cell (icu2). Third intracubital cell (icu3) with an indistinct dark spot at proximal margin. Hindwing: Costal area narrow. Longitudinal veins pale. Subcostal veinlets dark brown. Subcostal area with three brownish crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma slightly pale. Four b cells (including the small basal cell); four b’ cells. Nine radial cells; radial crossveins dark, except proximal third and fourth veinlets with a median yellow band. Branches of Rs pale, except proximal margin, and the first crossvein dark brown; second to fourth proximal crossveins with a median yellow band. Two series of gradates; three inner gradates; five outer gradates; dark brown. Radial crossveins dark brown, proximal two veinlets with a median yellow band. Branches of Rs pale, proximally dark brown. Psm, Psc, cubital and anal veins pale. Pseudomedia (Psm) pale yellow, branches dark brown with a median yellow band. Pseudocubitus (Psc) and branches pale yellow, except proximal margin dark brown.Anal veins pale yellow.</p> <p>Abdomen (Figs 22D–E). Tergum pale yellow, dark pink stripes at lateral margins, covered with short yellow setae. Sternum pale yellow, covered with short yellow setae.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Figs 23A–F). Tergum 8 (T8) (T8) subtrapezoidal in lateral view. Tergite 9+ectoproct (T9+e) quadrate in lateral view. Sternum 7 (S7) quadrate in ventral view. Callus cerci (cc) oval, with ~27 short trichobothria. Gonaphophyses lateralis (gl) rounded in lateral view. Subgenitale (sg) long, bilobed distally. Spermatheca (sm) small, doughnut-shaped, with a distinct median rounded invagination (inv) in ventral view. Spermathecal velum (vel) elongated, bilobed distally in ventral view. Spermathecal duct (sd) long, cylindrical, attached to bursa copulatrix (bc).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FFA0FFBB348BB519FF64E7A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FF9FFFBF348BB071FBCBE748.text	03E10867FF9FFFBF348BB071FBCBE748.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apertochrysa undefined-5	<div><p>Apertochrysa sp. 5</p> <p>(Figs 24–26, 55)</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>Apertochrysa sp. 5 is almost identical with Apertochrysa sp. 4 in external body characters and the shape of female genitalia (males unknown). However, it differs from Apertochrysa sp. 4 by the pale yellow setae on pronotum (Fig. 25C) and the distinctly curved pretarsal claws, which is cylindrical at base (Fig. 25E).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Measurements (♀ n=3). Forewing: length 11.0– 12.2 mm, width 3.5–4.0 mm; hindwing: length 10.0–11.0 mm, width 3.0– 3.4 mm; body length: 6.0– 8.4 mm.</p> <p>Head (Figs 25A–B). Markings are same as in Apertochrysa sp. 4.</p> <p>Thorax (Fig. 25C). Pronotum slightly wider than long (length = 0.58 mm, width = 0.92 mm). Thoracic markings similar to Apertochrysa sp. 4.</p> <p>Legs (Fig. 25D). Pale unmarked. Pretarsal claws simple, without basal dilation, cylindrical at base (Fig. 25E).</p> <p>Wings (Fig. 24). Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (5–11). Longitudinal veins pale. Subcostal veinlets (cv) dark brown, proximal 3–9 veinlets with a median pale yellow band (dark brown in some individuals). Subcostal area with dark basal subcostal crossvein (bsx). Pterostigma pale. 9–10 radial cells; radial crossveins straight, dark brown with a median yellow band. Branches of Rs pale yellow, proximal 3–4 branches, and marginal forks dark brown; four Banksian cells (b cell), four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Two series of gradates; four inner gradates (ig); six outer (og) gradates; dark brown. Basal crossvein between Rs and M (r-m) meets at subdistal margin of im cell. Median arculus (m-cu2) dark. Pseudomedia (Psm) pale yellow, branches dark with a median yellow band, distal branches dark brown. Pseudocubitus vein (Psc) pale, with dark branches. Anal veins with proximal 1/2 pale yellow, distal branches dark brown. Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) ovate. Second median cell (m2) slightly shorter than third median cell (m3). First intracubital cell (icu1) slightly shorter than second intracubital cell (icu2). Third intracubital cell (icu3) with an indistinct dark spot at proximal margin. Hindwing: Costal area narrow. Longitudinal veins pale. Subcostal veinlets dark brown. Subcostal area with three brownish crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma pale. Four b cells (including the small basal cell); four b’ cells. Nine radial cells; radial crossveins dark, except proximal 2–4 veinlets with a median yellow band. Branches of Rs pale. Two series of gradates; two inner gradates; five outer gradates; dark brown. Psm, Psc, cubital and anal veins pale. Pseudomedia (Psm) pale yellow, branches dark brown with a median yellow band. Pseudocubitus (Psc) and branches pale yellow, proximally dark brown. Anal veins pale yellow.</p> <p>Abdomen and the female genitalia are similar to Apertochrysa sp. 4 (Figs 26A–F).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FF9FFFBF348BB071FBCBE748	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FF9AFFBE348BB2D3FDB5E2FC.text	03E10867FF9AFFBE348BB2D3FDB5E2FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysopa astarte : Holzel 1967	<div><p>Chrysopa astarte Hölzel, 1967</p> <p>(Fig. 56)</p> <p>Chrysopa astarte Hölzel, 1967: 26: Type locality: Afghanistan (Kabul: Paghman).</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>This species is rather closely related to Chrysopa sogdianica by similar male and female genitalia (C. astarte: Hölzel 1967: figs 2–8; C. sogdianica: Hölzel 1966: figs 1–6) and lack of basal dilation of pretarsal claws, but it differs from C. sogdianica by the absence of dark markings on scape and occiput, and the presence of im cell in forewing. This Palaearctic species was originally described from Afghanistan (Paghman), Iran (Tehran), and Pakistan (Quetta) (Hölzel 1967). No additional specimens were added in this study.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Pakistan. Balochistan (Quetta), –– Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey (Hölzel 1967; Aspöck et al. 2001; Ari et al. 2007; Hassan et al. 2019; Oswald 2022).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FF9AFFBE348BB2D3FDB5E2FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FF9AFFBE348BB7E4FA33E00A.text	03E10867FF9AFFBE348BB7E4FA33E00A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysopa Leach 1815	<div><p>Genus Chrysopa Leach, 1815</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Chrysopa can be distinguished from the other Chrysopini genera in Pakistan by their distinctive head and thoracic markings, the shape of ovate im cell in forewing (occasionally absent), the pretarsal claws with or without basal dilation, and the male and female genital characters. The male adults are also distinguished by lack of gonapsis and tignum; pseudopenis hook-like, tapered apically; entoprocessus with dorsal horns; gonarcus arcuated in dorsal view, with a pair of lateral projections and a pair of median subtriangular projection; two pockets of long gonosetae (gst) in lateral margins of gonarcus; dorsal apodeme of ectoprocts curved upward; ventral apodeme of sternite 9 protruding distally; sternite 8 and 9 not fused; distal margin of sternite 9 with gonosetae. The female adults are distinguished by lack of pregenitale, and the presence of subgenitale, which is bilobed distally in ventral view.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>The genus Chrysopa currently includes six species in Pakistan: C. astarte Hölzel, C. cymbele Banks, C. dubitans McLachlan, C. formosa Brauer, C. pallens (Rambur), and C. sogdianica McLachlan, which are either listed in published catalogues (Ari et al. 2007; Hassan et al. 2019) or the Lacewing Digital Library (Oswald 2022). In the present study, we re-described three species: C. dubitans, C. formosa, and C. pallens, based on new materials from the northern areas of Pakistan.</p> <p>Key to Chrysopa species from Pakistan</p> <p>1 Vertex with two or four dark spots (Hölzel 1967: figs 25–26); pretarsal claws without basal dilation.................... 2</p> <p>– Vertex with or without dark spots, sometimes with red markings (Figs 28E, 33E, 34F); pretarsal claws with basal dilation.. 3</p> <p>2 Interantennal spot absent; frons medially with a brownish spot below antennal toruli; vertex with four dark spots; scape anterolaterally with dark stripe (Hölzel 1967: fig. 25); im cell absent in forewing (Hölzel 1967: fig. 1).................................................................................................. C. sogdianica McLachlan</p> <p>– Interantennal spot present; frons with two transverse brownish spots below antennal toruli; vertex with two dark spots; scape wholly yellow, unmarked (Hölzel 1967: fig. 26); im cell present in forewing.......................... C. astarte Hölzel</p> <p>3 Vertex with two dark spots or with red markings; dorsal horns of entoprocessus straight (Figs 29E–F, 31C–D); gonocristae consisting of small and large teeth.........................................................................4</p> <p>– Vertex unmarked (Fig. 36E); dorsal horns of entoprocessus arcuated (Figs 37G–H); gonocristae without small and large teeth.................................................................................... C. pallens (Rambur)</p> <p>4 Sub costal veinlets pale green in forewing (Fig. 27A–B); entoprocessus proximally inverted U-shaped with distinct lateral short horns (Figs 29E–F); two pairs of large equal-sized gonocristae (gcr) present (Fig. 29C)............ C. dubitans McLachlan</p> <p>– Sub costal veinlets dark brown in forewing (Figs 30A, 33A); entoprocessus proximally inverted V-shaped with distinct lateral long-horns, pointed apically (Figs 31C–D); two pairs of gonocristae (gcr), one at 1/4 of other (Fig. 31I).. C. formosa Brauer</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FF9AFFBE348BB7E4FA33E00A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FF99FFBD348BB7E4FF4FE619.text	03E10867FF99FFBD348BB7E4FF4FE619.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysopa cymbele Banks. We 1933	<div><p>Chrysopa cymbele Banks, 1933</p> <p>(Fig. 56)</p> <p>Chrysopa cymbele Banks, 1933: 4. Type locality: India (Tamil Nadu).</p> <p>Chrysopa cymbele var. afasciata Nasir, 1947: 119. Type locality: Pakistan (Punjab: Faisalabad).</p> <p>Chrysopa cymbele var. fasciata Nasir, 1947: 120. Type locality: Pakistan (Punjab: Faisalabad).</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>Based on comparison with the holotype of Chrysopa cymbele Banks, Nasir (1947) furthermore described two varieties based on the presence or absence of distinct bands along the epistomal suture and lateral margins of clypeus, viz., Chrysopa cymbele var. afasciata Nasir (without band: fig. 3) and Chrysopa cymbele var. fasciata Nasir (band only limited to the lateral margins of clypeus: fig. 4), now both are synonyms of Chrysopa cymbele Banks. We excluded this species in the present key, as it is hard to differentiate C. cymbele based on the original descriptions. Neither Banks (1933) nor Nasir (1947) provided any information about the utmost important characters of the male genitalia or any information about the pretarsal claws for the species delimitation. No additional specimens were added in this study.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Pakistan. Punjab (Faisalabad), –– India (Tamil Nadu) (Banks 1933; Nasir 1947; Hassan et al. 2019; Oswald 2022).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FF99FFBD348BB7E4FF4FE619	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FF99FFB2348BB4FCFE27E4FC.text	03E10867FF99FFB2348BB4FCFE27E4FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysopa dubitans McLachlan 1887	<div><p>Chrysopa dubitans McLachlan, 1887</p> <p>(Figs 27–29, 56)</p> <p>Chrysopa dubitans McLachlan, 1887: 448. Type locality: China (Qinghai).</p> <p>Cintameva venulosa Navás, 1914: 214. Type locality: Azerbaijan.</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>Chrysopa dubitans is similar to C. formosa by the similar dark marking on frons and vertex, but it can be distinguished by pale green subcostal veinlets in forewing and the male sternum 9 (S9) with two pairs of large gonocristae (gcr) at lateral margins, consisting of small and large teeth (Tjeder 1936: plate XIV A–L).</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>Measurements (♂ n=7, ♀ n=5). Forewing: length ♂ 10.7–13.0 mm, ♀ 12.0– 14.5 mm, width ♂ 4.0– 5.1 mm, ♀ 4.6–5.7 mm; hindwing: length ♂ 10.0– 12.5 mm, ♀ 11.0–13.0 mm, width ♂ 3.4–4.2 mm, ♀ 4.0– 4.9 mm; body length: ♂ 7.2–8.6 mm, ♀ 7.5–8.5 mm.</p> <p>Head (Figs 28A–B, D). Vertex moderately raised, with two dark spots at proximal 1/2, rounded in frontal view. Postorbital sclerite unmarked. Frons yellow, with a transverse dark spot around the base of antennal toruli, and medially with a dark spot below interantennal marking. Clypeus yellow, distally with a few long yellow setae. Labrum yellow, covered with short yellow setae. Genae yellow, with a dark spot. Maxillary and labial palpi dark brown, yellow at proximal 1/2, terminal segment wholly brownish yellow, covered with short dark brown setae. Antennal toruli yellow. Antennal yellow, unmarked, covered with short pale yellow setae; scape yellow, unmarked; pedicel yellow, distally dark brown; flagellum yellow.</p> <p>Thorax (Figs 28D–E). Pronotum slightly wider than long (length 0.47–0.68 mm, width 0.93–1.03 mm), yellow, covered with short dark brown setae, laterally with mixed short black and yellow setae. Meso- and metanotum yellow, sparsely covered with short pale yellow setae.</p> <p>Legs (Fig. 28E). Pale yellow, unmarked, covered with short brownish setae. Pretarsal claws with distinct basal dilation, less than 1/3 of the length of claws hook, quadrate at base (Fig. 28C).</p> <p>Wings (Figs 27A–B). Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow at both ends, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (4–13). Subcostal area with three to four crossveins below pterostigma; basal subcostal crossvein (bsx) dark brown. Longitudinal veins pale green except subcostal veinlets narrowly dark brown at extreme base, distal branches of anal veins dark brown (pale green in some specimens), crossveins of intramedian and intracubital cells dark brown (pale in some specimens). Pterostigma pale brown. 11–14 radial cells (r cell); radial crossveins proximally dark brown. Four Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Basal crossvein between Rs and M (r-m 1) oblique, meets at subdistal margin of im cell. Two series of gradates, both meet psm; four to five inner gradates (ig) and seven to eight outer gradates (og). Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) ovate. Second (m2) and third (m3) median cells of similar size. Three intracubital cells (two closed); first cubital crossvein proximal to second mediocubital crossvein (m-cu2); first (icu1), second (icu2) and third (icu3) intracubital cells of similar size. Hindwing: Veins pale green. Costal area narrow, proximal 1/2 of subcostal veinlets 1–11 dark brown. Subcostal area with three crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma pale brown. 10–13 radial cells (r cell). Four Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Two series of gradates, both meet psm; five inner gradates and six to seven outer gradates.</p> <p>Abdomen (Figs 28D–E). Tergum pale green, covered with short yellow setae. Sternum pale green, covered with short yellow setae, except S5–7 with dark brown setae.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Figs 29A–F). Tergum 8 (T8) quadrated in lateral view. T9+ectoproct rounded in lateral view, covered with brown setae. Dorsal arm of apodeme (da) on ectoproct arcuated, not extending beyond callus cercus; submarginal apodeme (sa) of S9 straight. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 32–35 trichobothria. S8 subtrapezoidal in lateral view; S9 triangular, slightly longer than T9+ectoproct in lateral view; a pair of large gonocristae (gcr) at lateral margins of S9, consisting of small and large teeth. Gonarcus (gon) broad, arcuated with lateral shorthorn. Entoprocessus (ent) small, with lateral dorsal shorthorns. Arcessus (arc) absent. Pseudopenis arcuated, pointed distally. Gonosetae (gst) in lateral pockets below gonarcus in lateral view. Tignum absent. Hypandrium internum (hi) V-shaped with small and straight comes (c) in dorsal view.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Figs 29G–K). Tergum 8 (T8) subquadrate in lateral view. T9+ectoproct rounded in lateral view. Sternum 7 (S7) quadrate in ventral view. Gonaphophyses lateralis (gl) oblong in lateral view. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 35–37 trichobothria. Subgenitale (sg) broad, rounded, bilobed distally, heavily sclerotized, membrane above lobes with crescent-shaped. Spermatheca (sm) small, rounded, doughnut-shaped, with distinct median rounded invagination (inv) in lateral view. Spermathecal duct (sd) long, cylindrical, double-coiled, attached to bursa copulatrix (bc).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FF99FFB2348BB4FCFE27E4FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FF96FFAB348BB431FDA6E7A0.text	03E10867FF96FFAB348BB431FDA6E7A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysopa formosa Brauer 1851	<div><p>Chrysopa formosa Brauer, 1851</p> <p>(Figs 30–34, 56)</p> <p>Chrysopa formosa Brauer, 1851: 8. Type locality: Austria (Wien: Prater).</p> <p>Chrysopa burmeisteri Schneider, 1851: 123. Type locality: Brazil (Espirito Santo).</p> <p>Hemerobius beckii Costa, 1855: 16. Type locality: Italy (Campania: Napoli).</p> <p>Chrysopa atomaria Navás, 1908: 18. Type locality: Spain (Zaragoza).</p> <p>Chrysopa laletana Navás, 1909: 793. Type locality: Spain (Catalunya: Barcelona).</p> <p>Chrysopa frontalis Pongracz, 1912: 201. Type locality: Unknown.</p> <p>Chrysopa decempunctata Lacroix, 1913: 106. Type locality: France (Poitou-Charentes: Châtelaillon).</p> <p>Chrysopa gelini Lacroix, 1913: 105. Type locality: France (Poitou-Charentes: Fouras).</p> <p>Chrysopa bufona Navás, 1915c: 73. Type locality: Unknown.</p> <p>Chrysopa var. gundisalvi Navás, 1915c: 73. Type locality: Unknown.</p> <p>Chrysopa japana Okamoto, 1919: 42. Type localities: Japan and Korea.</p> <p>Chrysopa foedata Navás, 1919a: 55. Type locality: Spain (Catalunya: Martorell).</p> <p>Chrysopa boguniana Navás, 1919a: 54. Type locality: Spain (Catalunya: Sarriá).</p> <p>Chrysopa yuanensis Navás, 1932b: 113. Type locality: China (Tsingshuiho).</p> <p>Cintameva pyrenaea Navás, [1931b] 1930: 161. Type locality: Spain.</p> <p>Cintameva sobradielina Navás, [1933a] 1932: 15. Type locality: Spain (Sobradiel).</p> <p>Cintameva tetuanensis Navás, 1934a: 6. Type locality: Morocco (Tetuan).</p> <p>Chrysopa bicristata Tjeder, 1936: 28. Type locality: China (Gansu).</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Chrysopa formosa is similar to C. dubitans in external body characters, but it can be distinguished by dark brown subcostal veinlets at proximal 2/ 3 in forewing, and the male genitalia with two pairs of gonocristae (gcr) at lateral margins of S9 (the first pair is smaller, with only a few larger teeth, whereas the second pair is larger, containing both small and large teeth).</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>For this common species, we noticed that the markings on frons and vertex exhibit numerous variations in size and shape that are not consistent among individuals collected from the same locality: vertex with a pair of median dark spots or with a large red marking; interantennal marking faint or distinct; antennal scape either entirely dark brown or pale yellow, and marking on genae either linear or rounded (Monserrat &amp; Pantaleoni 2020; fig. 5C; Figs 30D, 33C, 34B).</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>Measurements (♂ n=1, ♀ n=2). Forewing: length ♂ 14.0 mm, ♀ 11.6–14.7 mm; width ♂ 5.1 mm, ♀ 4.2–5.4 mm; hindwing: length ♂ 12.5 mm, ♀ 10.6–13.0 mm; width ♂ 4.3 mm, ♀ 3.4–4.4 mm; body length: ♂ 9.6 mm, ♀ 7.6–9.4 mm.</p> <p>Head (Figs 30B–D). Vertex moderately raised, with two dark spots (or with large red markings in some individuals), rounded in frontal view. Postorbital sclerite unmarked. Frons yellow (or with a large median dark band in some individuals), with a dark crescentic spot around the base of antennal toruli. Interantennal marking present. Clypeus yellow, lateral margins dark brown. Labrum yellow, covered with short yellow setae. Genae yellow, with a median transverse or round dark spot. Maxillary and labial palpi dark brown, pale yellow at both ends, terminal segment wholly brownish, covered with short dark brown setae. Antennal toruli yellow. Antennae shorter than forewing, yellow, unmarked, covered with short dark brown setae; scape yellow, unmarked, with short pale yellow setae; pedicel dark brown, distally pale yellow, with short yellow setae; flagellum pale yellow.</p> <p>Thorax (Figs 30B–C). Pronotum slightly wider than long (length 0.62–0.71 mm, width 0.95–1.11 mm), green, covered with pale yellow setae, lateral margins with mixed dark brown and pale yellow setae. Meso- and metanotum green, sparsely covered with short yellow setae.</p> <p>Legs (Fig. 30B). Pale yellow, unmarked, covered with short brownish setae. Pretarsal claws with distinct basal dilation, less than 1/3 of the length of claws hook, quadrate at base (Fig. 30E).</p> <p>Wings (Fig. 30A). Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow at both ends, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (4–12); proximal 1/2 of 2–11 subcostal veinlets dark brown. Subcostal area with three crossveins below pterostigma;basal subcostal crossvein(bsx)dark brown.Pterostigma pale yellow.Longitudinal veins pale green except subcostal veinlets at dark brown at proximal 2/ 3 in forewing. 11–13 radial cells (r cell); radial crossveins proximally dark brown. Proximal two branches of Rs vein dark brown; proximal three branches of pseudomedia and pseudocubita narrowly dark brown. Four Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). The basal crossvein between Rs and M (r-m 1) oblique, meets at subdistal margin of im cell. Two series of gradates, both meet psm; five inner gradates (ig) and seven outer gradates (og). Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) ovate (length 0.72– 0.95 mm, width 0.27–1.00 mm). Second (m2) and third (m3) median cells of similar size (length of median cells: m2 = 1.13–1.50 mm; m3 = 1.22–1.68 mm). Three intracubital cells (two closed); first cubital crossvein proximal to second mediocubital crossvein (m-cu2); first (icu1), second (icu2) and third (icu3) intracubital cells of similar size (length of intracubital cells: icu1 = 0.67–0.93 mm; icu2 = 0.90–1.25 mm; icu3 = 1.14–1.40 mm). Hindwing: Costal area narrow; proximal 1/2 of 2–13 subcostal veinlets dark brown. Subcostal area with four crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma pale yellow. 10–11 radial cells (r cell). Five Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Two series of gradates, both meet psm; three inner gradates and six outer gradates.</p> <p>Abdomen (Figs 30B–C). Tergum and sternum pale green, covered with short yellow setae, except S5–7 with dark brown setae.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Figs 31A–I). Tergum 8 (T8) quadrated in lateral view. T9+ectoproct rounded dorsally, covered with brown setae. Dorsal arm of apodeme (da) on T9+ectoproct arcuated, not extending beyond callus cercus; submarginal apodeme (sa) of S8+9 straight, extended upward distally. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 30–35 trichobothria. S8 quadrate in lateral view. S9 rectangular, pointed upward at subdistal margin, slightly longer than ectoproct in lateral view; two pairs of gonocristae (gcr), one large and one small, each with small and large teeth. Gonarcus (gon) broad, dorsally rounded, lateral horns arcuated in ventral view. Entoprocessus (ent) small, with distinct lateral horns. Arcessus (arc) absent. Pseudopenis arcuated, pointed distally. Long gonosetae (gst) in lateral pockets on gonarcus. Tignum absent. Hypandrium internum (hi) V-shaped with small and straight comes (c) in dorsal view.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Figs 32A–E). Tergum 8 (T8) subquadrate in lateral view. T9+ectoproct rounded in lateral view. Sternum 7 (S7) rectangular in ventral view. Gonaphophyses lateralis (gl) oblong in lateral view. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 29–32 trichobothria. Subgenitale (sg) broad, rounded, bilobed distally, heavily sclerotized, membrane proximally wide with highly sclerotized lateral plates. Spermatheca (sm) small, rounded, doughnut-shaped, with distinct median rounded invagination (inv) in lateral view. Spermathecal duct (sd) long, cylindrical, double-coiled, attached to bursa copulatrix (bc).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FF96FFAB348BB431FDA6E7A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FF8EFFA8348BB7E4FD38E730.text	03E10867FF8EFFA8348BB7E4FD38E730.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysopa pallens (Rambur 1838)	<div><p>Chrysopa pallens (Rambur, 1838)</p> <p>(Figs 35–37, 56)</p> <p>Hemerobius pallens Rambur, 1838: 9. Type locality: Spain (near Malaga).</p> <p>Chrysopa bipunctata Burmeister, 1839: 982. Type locality: Japan.</p> <p>Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmael, 1841: 210. Type locality: Belgium (Brabant: near Brussels).</p> <p>Hemerobius mauricianus Rambur, 1842: 425. Type locality: Mauritius.</p> <p>Chrysopa nobilis Schneider, 1851: 142. Type locality: Austria (Niederösterreich: Mödling).</p> <p>Chrysopa quadripunctata Schneider, 1851: 102. Type locality: North America.</p> <p>Chrysopa cognata McLachlan, [1867] 1868: 249. Type locality: Cambodia.</p> <p>Chrysopa centralis McLachlan, 1875: 19. Type locality: Unknown.</p> <p>Nothochrysa robusta Gerstaecker, 1893: 165. Type locality: Japan (Honshu: Kanagawa: Yokohama).</p> <p>Chrysopa ricciana Navás, 1910b: 193. Type locality: China (Beijing, Jiangxi and Sichuan).</p> <p>Chrysopa montandoni Navás, 1910c: 38. Type locality: Romania (Bucharest).</p> <p>Chrysopa pazsiczkyi Pongrácz, 1912: 194. Type locality: Unknown.</p> <p>Chrysopa occipitalis Pongrácz, 1912: 195. Type locality: Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kawa: Lulua).</p> <p>Chrysopa longicollis Navás, 1913a: 509. Type locality: Belgium (Arlon).</p> <p>Chrysopa septempunctata var. puncticollis Navás, 1915c: 71. Type locality: Belgium (Brabant: near Brussels).</p> <p>Chrysopa septempunctata var. polysticta Navás, 1915d: 473. Type locality: Spain (Catalunya: Sarrià).</p> <p>Chrysopa punctulata Navás, 1916b: 155. Type locality: Unknown.</p> <p>Chrysopa hernandezi Navás, 1918a: 353. Type locality: Spain (Soria: Dévanos).</p> <p>Cintameva media Navás, 1929b: 34. Type locality: China (Gansu: Tsinlingschan).</p> <p>Cintameva rubriceps Navás, 1932c: 68. Type locality: Spain (Valencia: Burjassot, Estación Fitopatológica).</p> <p>Cintameva frontalis Navás, 1934a: 4. Type locality: China (Jiangsu: Hufu). An invalid junior homonym &amp; junior synonym.</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>Chrysopa pallens is almost identical to C. gibeauxi (Leraut, 1989) (a Central European species, previously synonymized under C. pallens, but it was recently been re-validated) in body characters and male genitalia (Tillier et al. 2014: figs 1–20). However, it can be distinguished by the unmarked yellow scape, the proximal two subcostal veinlets pale green in both wings, and the shape of the internal structure of male gonocristae (gcr) and entoprocessus. Furthermore, the gonocristae are divided into three groups, with the central group having smaller and denser gonocristae (Tillier et al. 2014: figs 15–16), and the entoprocessus is angular in lateral view (Tillier et al. 2014: fig. 17) in C. pallens. This species can also be differentiated from its known congeners in Pakistan by the lack of dark markings on vertex (Tillier et al. 2014: fig. 3; present in C. dubitans and C. formosa), the presence of im cell in forewing (absent in C. sogdianica), and the pretarsal claws with distinct basal dilation (simple in C. astarte and C. sogdianica).</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>Measurements (♂ n=2). Forewing: length 15.0– 18.9 mm, width 5.2–6.0 mm; hindwing: length 13.1–16.5 mm, width 4.4–5.3 mm; body length: 10.0– 12.2 mm.</p> <p>Head (Figs 36A–B). Vertex moderately raised, unmarked, rounded in frontal view. Postorbital sclerite unmarked. Frons with a dark spot around the base of antennal toruli. Interantennal spot present. Clypeus with lateral crescentshaped dark spot. Labrum brownish yellow. Genae with a median round dark spot. Maxillary and labial palpi pale yellow, covered with short yellow setae. Antennal toruli yellow. Antennae yellow, unmarked, shorter than forewing, covered with short black setae.</p> <p>Thorax (Fig. 36E). Pronotum slightly wider than long (length 0.6 mm, width 1.0– 1.4 mm), covered with short yellow setae. Meso- and metanotum sparsely covered with short yellow setae.</p> <p>Legs (Fig. 36D). Pale yellow, unmarked, covered with short brownish setae. Pretarsal claws with basal dilation, 1/3 of the length of claw hook, quadrate at base (Fig. 36C).</p> <p>Wings (Fig. 35). Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow at both ends, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (4–15); proximal 3–23 subcostal veinlets dark brown, except pale green distally. Subcostal area with five crossveins below pterostigma; basal subcostal crossvein (bsx) brownish. Longitudinal veins pale green, except distal branches of A1 and A2 dark brown. Pterostigma pale. 16 radial cells (r cell); proximal margin of radial crossveins brownish. Four Banksian cells (b cell); six lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Basal crossvein between Rs and M (r-m) oblique, meets at subdistal margin of im cell. Two series of gradates, both meet psm, pale green, with exception of a narrow median dark streak; eight inner gradates (ig) and nine outer gradates (og). Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) ovate. Second (m2) and third (m3) median cells of similar size. Three intracubital cells (two closed); first cubital crossvein proximal to second mediocubital crossvein (m-cu2); first (icu1), second (icu2) and third (icu3) intracubital cells of similar size. Hindwing: Longitudinal veins pale green. Costal area narrow, subcostal veinlets dark brown, except the proximal two veinlets pale green. Subcostal area with five crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma pale. 15 radial cells (r cell); radial branches dark brown. Branches of pseudocubitus dark brown, paler at base. Four Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell); median branches of Rs slightly brownish at base. Two series of gradates, both meet psm, pale green, with exception of a narrow median dark streak; seven inner gradates and 10 outer gradates.</p> <p>Abdomen (Figs 36D–E). Pale yellow, covered with short yellow setae.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Figs 37A–H). Tergum 8 (T8) quadrated in lateral view. T9+ectoproct rounded in lateral view. Dorsal arm of apodeme (da) on T9+ectoproct arcuated, not extending beyond callus cercus; submarginal apodeme (sa) of S9 straight. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 30–32 trichobothria. S8 quadrate in lateral view. S9 subtrapezoidal in lateral view; gonocristae (gcr) globular, consisting of small teeth. Gonarcus (gon) broad, arcuated with lateral short horns. Entoprocessus (ent) short, wider proximally, lateral horns arcuated, pointed at apex. Arcessus (arc) absent. Pseudopenis arcuated, pointed at apex. Gonosetae (gst) in lateral pockets below gonarcus in lateral view. Tignum absent. Hypandrium internum (hi) V-shaped with small and straight comes (c) in dorsal view.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>PAKISTAN. Azad Kashmir territory: District Poonch, Rawalakot valley, Nergola Waterfall, 2♂, [33°50'44.5554"N, 73°48'15.0114"E], 1580 m, 19.ix.2019, leg. M.A. Hassan (CAU).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Pakistan. Azad Kashmir (Rawalakot), Gilgit-Baltistan(Gilgit),–– China, India, Europe,Palaearctic(widespread) (Ghosh 2000; Aspöck et al. 2001; Ari et al. 2007; Dobosz &amp; Popov 2018; Yang et al. 2018; Hassan et al. 2019; Monserrat &amp; Pantaleoni 2020; Oswald 2022).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FF8EFFA8348BB7E4FD38E730	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FF8BFFAE348BB7E4FA33E489.text	03E10867FF8BFFAE348BB7E4FA33E489.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysopa sogdianica McLachlan	<div><p>Chrysopa sogdianica McLachlan in Fedchenko, 1875</p> <p>(Fig. 56)</p> <p>Chrysopa sogdianica McLachlan in Fedchenko, 1875: 20. Type locality: Unknown.</p> <p>Chrysopisca minuta McLachlan in Fedchenko, 1875: 23. Type locality: Unknown.</p> <p>Chrysopa nadali Navás, 1913c: 218. Type locality: Tunisia (Kébili).</p> <p>Chrysopa euprepia Navás, 1915a: 369. Type locality: Tozeur.</p> <p>Chrysopa indiga Navás, 1915a: 370. Type locality: Tozeur.</p> <p>Chrysopa harterti Navás, 1929a: 57. Type locality: Algeria.</p> <p>Chrysopa cufrina Navás, 1932d: 420. Type locality: Libya.</p> <p>Minva punctata Navás, 1919c: 288. Type locality: Algeria.</p> <p>Sencera fezzanina Navás, 1932a: 114. Type locality: Libia.</p> <p>Chrysopa asiatica Steinmann, 1971: 256. Type locality: Mongolia.</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>This species is closely related to C. astarte by the absence of basal dilation in pretarsal claws, but can be distinguished by the following characters: frons with dark brown spots; scapes with dark markings on lateral margins; and vertex with four dark spots. No additional specimens were added in this study. Although this species is unique among its congeners in Pakistan by lack of im cell in the forewing (Hölzel 1967: fig. 1). The male and female genital photographs of C. sogdianica were presented by Hölzel (1966) based on the syntypes deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. In the same paper, McLachlan described a monotypic genus, Chrysopisca to accommodate Chrysopisca minuta, distinguished by lack of im cell in forewing. Based on similar male genitalia, Brooks &amp; Barnard (1990) later considered Chrysopisca minuta as a junior synonym of C. sogdianica.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Pakistan. Balochistan (Quetta) –– Afghanistan, Russia (Turkestan), Northern Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Sudan), Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Iran) east to Mongolia (Hölzel 1967, 1980; Aspöck et al. 2001; Hassan et al. 2019; Oswald 2022).</p> <p>Genus Chrysoperla Steinmann, 1964</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The genus Chrysoperla can be characterized by the following characters: medium-sized green lacewings (forewing length 9.0–14.0 mm); body generally pale green with dorsal median yellow stripe; head with dark brown spots on genae and clypeus; antennae not longer than forewing; legs unmarked; pretarsal claws with or without basal dilation; wings hyaline, without marking; im cell narrow, ovate; first radial crossvein meets Psm well distad of apex of im cell; gradates in two parallel series, meeting Psm in both wings; icu1 shorter than icu2; icu2 broad, rounded apically; male with sterna 8+9 fused, with apical lip. Apart from the above morphological characters, the structure, and shapes of male and female genitalia are most useful in distinguishing the Chrysoperla species. The male genitalia feature the following characters: absence of gonapsis and pseudopenis; entoprocessus small or absent; spinellae present or absent; arcessus narrow, pointed at apex and often recurved distally; tignum arcuated. The female genitaliafeature the following characters: absence of pregenitale; subgenitale bilobed distally, slightly extended at proximally; spermatheca narrow; ventral impression shallow or deep; vela short or long; spermathecal duct long, cylindrical, multiple-coiled, attached to bursa copulatrix (bc).</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Currently, Chrysoperla comprises ca. 36 valid species distributed throughout the world (Brooks 1994). Of these, three species are known in Pakistan (Henry et al. 2010; Hassan et al. 2019). The genus is further divided into four species groups: the carnea -group, the comans -group, the nyerina -group and the pudica -group, and each of them, except comans -group are further divided into two subgroups (Brooks &amp; Barnards 1990). Of these, two species groups are present in Pakistan: the carnea -group (including C. carnea and C. zastrowi sillemi), and the pudica -group (C. mutata).</p> <p>Key to Chrysoperla species from Pakistan</p> <p>1 Basal crossvein between Rs and M meets at or beyond apex of im cell in forewing (Figs 38A–B, 41A–B); male genitalia without spinellae.......................................................................................2</p> <p>– Basal crossvein between Rs and M meets beyond apex of im cell in forewing (Brooks 1994: fig. 160); male genitalia with spinellae (Brooks 1994: fig. 165)....................................................... C. mutata (McLachlan)</p> <p>2 Basal crossvein between Rs and M meets beyond at apex of im cell (Figs 38A–B); pretarsal claws with basal dilation more than 1/3 of claw hook; female subgenitale rounded, nearly as long as wide........................... C. carnea (Stephens)</p> <p>– Basal crossvein between Rs and M meets apex of im cell in forewing (Figs 41A–B); pretarsal claws with basal dilation, 1/3–1/4 length of claw hook (Brooks 1994: fig. 5; Fig. 42F); female subgenitale heart-shaped, wider than long (Fig. 43C).............................................................................. C. zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Petersen)</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FF8BFFAE348BB7E4FA33E489	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FF8AFFAE348BB56DFC5AE641.text	03E10867FF8AFFAE348BB56DFC5AE641.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens 1836)	<div><p>The carnea -group</p> <p>The Chrysoperla carnea- group consists of many sibling species, which can only be differentiated based on the comparative analysis of mating songs, adult and larval morphology, and ecological data (Henry et al. 1999, 2006; Henry &amp; Wells 2004). Morphologically, this species group can be characterized by the following male genital characters: arcessus striated; entoprocessus large and crescentic; gonarcus arc with broad lateral plates; gonosetae generally few; acumen of tignum digitiform; spinellae absent (Brooks 1994).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FF8AFFAE348BB56DFC5AE641	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FF8AFFA3348BB412FD4EE7CF.text	03E10867FF8AFFA3348BB412FD4EE7CF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens 1836)	<div><p>Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836)</p> <p>(Figs 38–40, 57)</p> <p>Chrysopa carnea Stephens, 1836: 103. Type locality: United Kingdom (England: near London).</p> <p>Chrysopa affinis Stephens, 1836: 104. Type locality: United Kingdom (England: near London, Dover, or Devonshire). Chrysopa microcephala Brauer, 1851: 6. Type locality: Austria (Wien: Prater); Switzerland (Thurgau: Erlen).</p> <p>Chrysopa vulgaris Schneider, 1851: 68. Type locality: Unknown.</p> <p>Chrysopa lamproptera Stein, 1863: 419. Type locality: Montenegro (Dalmatia: Herceg Novi).</p> <p>Chrysopa radialis Navás, 1904: 119. Type locality: Spain (Madrid: Chamartin de la Rosa).</p> <p>Chrysopa rubricata Navás, 1905: 14. Type locality: Spain (Catalunya: Barcelona).</p> <p>Chrysopa namurcensis Navás, 1910b: 75. Type locality: Belgium (near Namur: Jambes).</p> <p>Chrysopa lulliana Navás, 1910d: 248. Type locality: Spain (Illes Baleares: Pollenca).</p> <p>Chrysopa viridella Navás, 1911a: 207. Type locality: Spain (Granada).</p> <p>Chrysopa notata Pongracz, 1912: 209. Type locality: Unknown.</p> <p>Chrysopa minor Pongracz, 1912: 209. Type locality: Unknown.</p> <p>Chrysopa fulviceps Pongracz, 1912: 209. Type locality: Unknown.</p> <p>Chrysopa cingulate Navás, 1912: 751. Type locality: Austria (Steiermark).</p> <p>Chrysopa lucasina Lacroix, 1912: 203. Type locality: Algeria (Tiare: Frend).</p> <p>Chrysopa nigropilosa Navás, 1913a: 507. Type locality: Belgium (Arlon).</p> <p>Chrysopa lateralis Navás, 1913a: 508. Type locality: Belgium (Namur and Arlon).</p> <p>Chrysopa memorosa Navás, 1913a: 508. Type locality: Unknown.</p> <p>Chrysopa stigmalis Navás, 1913a: 508. Type locality: Belgium (Lives and Arlon).</p> <p>Chrysopa mista Navás, 1913b: 279. Type locality: Turkey (Fergana).</p> <p>Chrysopa pillichi Pongracz, 1913: 185. Type locality: Unknown.</p> <p>Chrysopa praetexta Lacroix, 1913: 101. Type locality: France (Poitou-Charentes: Busseau).</p> <p>Chrysopa thoracica Navás, 1915d: 471. Type locality: Spain (Aragon: Zaragoza).</p> <p>Chrysopa tristicta Navás, 1915d: 472. Type locality: Spain (Aragon: Zaragoza).</p> <p>Chrysopa disticha Navás, 1915d: 472. Type locality: Spain (Aragon: Zaragoza).</p> <p>Chrysopa doriana Navás, 1915e: 277. Type locality: Italy (Toscana: Giglio).</p> <p>Chrysopa catalaunica Navás, 1915c: 27. Type locality: Spain (Catalunya: Barcelona).</p> <p>Chrysopa ornata Navás, 1915c: 50. Type locality: Spain (Gerona).</p> <p>Chrysopa haematodes Navás, 1915b: 194. Type locality: Spain (Madrid: San Lorenzo de El Escorial).</p> <p>Chrysopa vicina Lacroix, 1915: 229. Type locality: France (Poitou-Charentes: Amuré, Sainte-Pezenne).</p> <p>Chrysopa striolata Navás, 1916a: 593. Type locality: Spain (Lleida: Arán valley: Bossòst).</p> <p>Chrysopa entoneura Navás, 1917a: 167. Type locality: Andorra (San Julián de Loria).</p> <p>Chrysopa gemella Navás, 1917b: 87. Type locality: Unknown.</p> <p>Chrysopa festiva Navás, 1918a: 350. Type locality: Spain (Aragon: Zaragoza).</p> <p>Chrysopa inversa Navás, 1918a: 350. Type locality: Spain (Ribas: Madrid).</p> <p>Chrysopa proxima Navás, 1918b: 18. Type locality: Spain (Puente la Reina: Osca).</p> <p>Chrysopa seriata Navás, 1919b: 195. Type locality: Spain (Girona: Viladráu).</p> <p>Chrysopa perepzacostai Navás, 1919b: 195. Type locality: Spain (Girona: Viladráu).</p> <p>Chrysopa moneri Navás, 1919b: 196. Type locality: Spain (Girona: Viladráu).</p> <p>Chrysopa seroi Navás, 1919b: 197. Type locality: Spain (Lleida: Grañena de Cervera).</p> <p>Chrysopa prothoracica Navás, 1919a: 52. Type locality: Spain (Aragon: Zaragoza).</p> <p>Chrysopa cephalica Navás, 1926: 52. Type locality: Egypt (Ghizeh and Amrieh).</p> <p>Chrysopa rubescens Navás, 1927: 4. Type locality: China (Jiangsu).</p> <p>Cintameva quettana Navás, 1930: 43. Type locality: Pakistan (Balochistan: Quetta). An invalid junior homonym of Chrysopa quettana Navás, 1931d: 83.</p> <p>Chrysopa vitellina Navás, [1931b] 1930: 160. Type locality: Spain (Tabescan: Lleida).</p> <p>Cintameva angelnina Navás, 1931c: 84. Type locality: Germany (Schleswig-Holstein: Satrup). Nomen dubium.</p> <p>Chrysopa ferganica Navás, 1933b: 107. Type locality: Uzbekistan (Fargana: Sphara).</p> <p>Chrysopa pictavica Lacroix, 1933: 147. Type locality: France (Poitou-Charentes: Marais d’ Ammuré).</p> <p>Chrysopa carnea var. adaptata Navás, 1934a: 1. Type locality: China.</p> <p>Chrysopa canariensis Tjeder, 1940: 31. Type locality: Spain (Canary lands: Tafira).</p> <p>Chrysopa lundbladi Tjeder, 1940: 8. Type locality: Portugal.</p> <p>Chrysopa maderensis Tjeder, 1940: 9. Type locality: Portugal (Madeira: Rabaçal).</p> <p>Chrysopa shansiensis Kuwayama, 1962: 9. Type locality: China (Shanxi: Wangmaochen).</p> <p>Chrysoperla nanceiensis Séméria, 1980: 29. Type locality: France (Lorraine: Campus of the Université de Nancy-Vandoeuvre).</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>Chrysoperla carnea is similar to C. zastrowi sillemi in external body characters and male genitalia. However, it can be distinguished from C. zastrowi sillemi by the forewing with basal crossvein between Rs and M distad apex of im cell (Figs 38A–B), the pretarsal claws with basal dilation more than 1/3 of claw hook (Fig. 39E), and the rounded subgenitale in female genitalia (Fig. 40C).</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>Measurements (♂ n=2, ♀ n=14). Forewing: length ♂ 12.0– 13.1 mm, ♀ 14.0 mm, width ♂ 4.0– 4.2 mm, ♀ 4.4– 4.6 mm; hindwing: length ♂ 11.2–11.6 mm, ♀ 12.8–13.0 mm, width ♂ 3.6–3.8 mm, ♀ 4.1–4.2 mm; body length: ♂ 7.2–7.9 mm, ♀ 9.0– 9.6 mm.</p> <p>Head (Figs 39A–B). Vertex moderately raised, unmarked, distally with a narrow greyish yellow spot. Frons unmarked. Postorbital sclerite greyish yellow, unmarked. Clypeus with lateral margins narrowly brownish or reddish brown in some individuals. Labrum brownish yellow. Genae with a median transverse dark brown stripe (Tsukaguchi 1995; figs 92a–c). Maxillary and labial palpi brownish yellow, covered with short black setae. Antennal toruli yellow. Antennae shorter than forewing, yellow, unmarked, covered with short black setae; scape yellow, covered with short yellow setae.</p> <p>Thorax (Figs 39C–D). Pronotum slightly wider than long (length 0.61–0.80 mm, width 0.78–0.95 mm), pale green, with a median pale yellow stripe, covered with short yellow setae, black dots at setal bases. Meso- and metanotum pale green, with distinct median pale yellow stripe, covered with short pale yellow setae.</p> <p>Legs (Fig. 39D). Pale yellow, unmarked, covered with short brownish setae. Pretarsal claws with basal dilation, longer than 1/3 of claws hook, quadrate at base (Fig. 39E).</p> <p>Wings (Figs 38A–B). Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow at both ends, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (4–14). Subcostal area with three to four crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma pale. Veins green. 11– 12 radial cells (r cell). Four Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Basal crossvein between Rs and M (r-m) straight, well separated at distal margin of im cell. Two series of gradates, both meet psm; six to seven inner gradates (ig) and seven to eight outer gradates (og). Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) ovate. Second (m2) and third (m3) median cells of similar size. Three intracubital cells (two closed); first cubital crossvein proximal to second mediocubital crossvein (m-cu2); first (icu1), second (icu2) and third (icu3) intracubital cells of similar size. Hindwing: Veins pale green. Costal area narrow. Subcostal area with three to four crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma pale. 10–11 radial cells (r cell). Four Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Two series of gradates, both meet psm; four to six inner gradates and six to eight outer gradates.</p> <p>Abdomen (Figs 39C–D). Tergum pale green, with median longitudinal greyish stripe, covered with short yellow setae. Sternum pale green, covered with short yellow setae.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Figs 40G–K). Tergum 8 (T8) quadrate in lateral view. T9+ectoproct rectangular, tapering inward laterally, covered with brown setae. Dorsal arm of apodeme (da) on T9+ectoproct long, extending beyond callus cercus, transverse, pointed at apex; submarginal apodeme (sa) of S8+9 arcuated. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 25–27 trichobothria. S8+9 fused, without suture; tip of sternite 8+9 broad, rounded in ventral view. S8+9 as long as T9+ectoproct in lateral view. Entoprocessus (ent) large, narrow, crescentic. Gonarcus (gon) with board lateral plates, arcuated in lateral view. Arcessus (arc) striated. Gonosetae (gst) short. Tignum (ti) with acumen (ac) long, without setae. Hypandrium internum (hi) V-shaped with small and straight comes (c) in dorsal view.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Figs 40A–F). Tergum 8 (T8) quadrate in lateral view. T9+ectoproct quadrate in lateral view. Sternum 7 (S7) quadrate in ventral view. Gonaphophyses lateralis (gl) oblong in lateral view. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 27–33 trichobothria. Subgenitale (sg) rounded, as long as wide, bilobed at distal margin, heavily sclerotized, distinctly visible in ventral view. Spermatheca (sm) small, rounded, doughnut-shaped, with distinct median rounded invagination (inv) in lateral view. Spermathecal duct (sd) long, cylindrical, multiple coiled, attached to bursa copulatrix (bc). Vela (vel) short, conical in ventral view.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>PAKISTAN. Azad Kashmir territory: District Bagh, Bagh city, 1♂, 1♀, [33°58'18.29"N, 73°47'37.45"E], 1150 m, 04.ix.2019, 1♂, [33°35'3.84"N, 73°27'49.68"E], 1628 m, 03.viii.2019; District Muzaffarabad, Muzaffarabad city, 14♀, [34°22'39.30402"N, 73°27'11.40361"E], 875 m, 21.viii.2019; Gilgit-Baltistan territory: District Skardu, Sermik valley, 1♂, 1♀, [35°10'41.52"N, 75°54'22.248"E], 3022 m, 16.vii.2019, leg. M.A. Hassan, R. Hussain &amp; M. Ali (CAU).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Pakistan. Azad Kashmir (Bagh, Muzaffarabad), Balochistan (Quetta), Gilgit-Baltistan (Sermik Valle), Punjab (Faisalabad), Sindh (Jamshoro), — Palaearctic (widespread), Afrotropical (Cape Verde, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Yemen), Oriental (China, India, Nepal) (Nasreen et al. 2004; Sultan et al. 2017; Dobosz &amp; Popov 2018; Yang et al. 2018; Hassan et al. 2019; Oswald 2022).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FF8AFFA3348BB412FD4EE7CF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FF85FFA7348BB7E4FCA4E698.text	03E10867FF85FFA7348BB7E4FCA4E698.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysoperla zastrowi subsp. sillemi (Esben-Petersen 1935)	<div><p>Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben-Petersen, 1935)</p> <p>(Figs 41–43, 57)</p> <p>Chrysopa sillemi Esben-Petersen, 1935: 234. Type locality: India (Kashmir).</p> <p>Chrysopa (Chrysoperla) gujaratensis Ghosh, 1976a: 74. Type locality: India (Gujarat).</p> <p>Chrysopa (Chrysoperla) punensis Ghosh, 1976b: 189. Type locality: India (Maharashtra).</p> <p>Chrysopa (Chrysoperla) sanandensis Ghosh, 1977: 103. Type locality: India (Gujarat).</p> <p>Chrysoperla zastrowi arabica Henry et al. 2006: 2192. Type locality: Oman.</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi is similar to Chrysoperla carnea in external body characters and male genitalia, but it can be distinguished by the basal dilation of pretarsal claws 1/4 or less length of the hook of claws (Brooks 1994: fig. 25; Fig. 42F), as well as the heart-shape female subgenitale (Fig. 43C).</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>Measurements (♂ n=2, ♀ n=3). Forewing: length ♂ 13.3–13.4 mm, ♀ 13.0–14.0 mm, width ♂ 4.2–4.3 mm, ♀ 4.2–4.7 mm; hindwing: length ♂ 12.1–12.5 mm, ♀ 11.5–12.6 mm, width ♂ 3.8–4.0 mm, ♀ 4.0– 4.3 mm; body length: ♂ 7.8 mm, ♀ 8.1–9.2 mm.</p> <p>Head (Figs 42A–E). Vertex moderately raised, unmarked, rounded in frontal view. Postorbital sclerite unmarked. Frons unmarked. Interantennal spot absent. Clypeus with lateral margins narrowly dark brown. Labrum pale green. Genae with a median transverse dark brown spot. Maxillary and labial palpi pale yellow (dorsal margin brownish yellow in some individuals), except terminal palpi brownish, covered with short dark brown setae. Antennal toruli yellow. Antennae shorter than forewing, yellow, unmarked, covered with short dark brown setae.</p> <p>Thorax (Fig. 42E). Pronotum slightly wider than long (length 0.53–0.78 mm, width 0.81–1.09 mm), pale green, with a median transverse greyish stripe, covered with short yellow setae, black dots at setal bases. Meso- and metanotum pale green, with transverse greyish stripe, sparsely covered short yellow setae.</p> <p>Legs (Fig. 42D). Pale green, unmarked, covered with short brownish setae. Pretarsal claws with basal dilation 1/3 of the length of hook of claws, quadrate at base (Fig. 42F).</p> <p>Wings (Figs 41A–B). Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow at both ends, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (5–15). Subcostal area with three crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma opaque, white. Veins green. 11–13 radial cells (r cell). Four Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Basal crossvein between Rs and M (r-m 1) straight, meets at apex of im cell. Two series of gradates, both meet psm; six to seven inner gradates (ig) and seven to eight outer gradates (og). Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) ovate. Second (m2) and third (m3) median cells of similar size. Three intracubital cells (two closed); first cubital crossvein proximal to second mediocubital crossvein (m-cu2); first (icu1), second (icu2) and third (icu3) intracubital cells of similar size. Hindwing: Veins pale green. Costal area narrow. Subcostal area with three crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma opaque, white. 10–11 radial cells (r cell). Four Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Two series of gradates, both meet psm; four to six inner gradates and five to eight outer gradates.</p> <p>Abdomen (Figs 42D–E). Tergum and sternum pale green, with median longitudinal greyish stripe, covered with pale yellow setae.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Figs 43F–J). Tergum 8 (T8) subquadrate in lateral view. T9+ectoproct quadrate in lateral view, covered with brown setae. Dorsal arm of apodeme (da) on T9+ectoproct long, extending beyond callus cercus, transverse, pointed distally; submarginal apodeme (sa) of S8+9 arcuated. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 27–30 trichobothria. S8+9 fused, without suture; tip of sternite 8+9 rounded in lateral view. S8+9 slightly shorter than T9+ectoproct in lateral view. Entoprocessus (ent) large, narrow, crescentic. Gonarcus (gon) with board lateral plate, arcuated. Arcessus (arc) striated. Gonosetae (gst) short. Tignum (ti) with long acumen (ac), covered with short prominent setae. Hypandrium internum (hi) V-shaped with small and straight comes (c) in dorsal view.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Figs 43A–E). Tergum 8 (T8) quadrate in lateral view. T9+ectoproct quadrate in lateral view. Sternum 7 (S7) quadrate in ventral view. Gonaphophyses lateralis (gl) oblong in lateral view. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 27–33 trichobothria. Subgenitale (sg) heart-shaped, wider than long, bilobed distally, heavily sclerotized, distinctly visible in ventral view. Spermatheca (sm) small, rounded, doughnut-shaped, with distinct median rounded invagination (inv) in lateral view. Spermathecal duct (sd) long, cylindrical, coiled, attached to bursa copulatrix (bc). Vela (vel) short, conical in ventral view.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FF85FFA7348BB7E4FCA4E698	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FF83FFA6348BB1D1FA33E1B7.text	03E10867FF83FFA6348BB1D1FA33E1B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysoperla mutata (McLachlan 1898)	<div><p>Chrysoperla mutata (McLachlan, 1898)</p> <p>(Fig. 57)</p> <p>Chrysopa mutata McLachlan, 1898: 167. Type locality: Algeria (Biskra).</p> <p>Anisochrysa (Chrysoperl a) concinna Hölzel, 1974: 44. Type locality: Iran.</p> <p>Chrysopa quettana Navás, 1931d: 83. Type locality: Pakistan (Balochistan: Quetta). A junior homonym of Cintameva quettana Navás, 1930: 43.</p> <p>Chrysopa phaeocephala Navás, 1931a: 120. Type locality: Tunisia.</p> <p>Chrysopa grazianii Navás, 1932d: 418. Type locality: Libya.</p> <p>Chrysopa expurgata Tjeder, 1949: 83. Type locality: Israel.</p> <p>Chrysopa nepia Navás, 1911b: 266. Type locality: Algeria.</p> <p>Chrysopa libera Navás, 1928: 463. Type locality: Libya.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Chrysoperla mutata is similar to C. pudica (Navás, 1914), but can be distinguished by the basal dilation of pretarsal claws half length of hook of claw. In C. pudica, the basal dilation is more than half length of hook of claw. No additional specimens were added in this study.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Pakistan. Balochistan (Quetta), Punjab (Lahore), — Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Middle East to India (Hölzel 1974, 1980; Aspöck et al. 1980; Brooks 1994; Canard &amp; Thierry 2014; Hassan et al. 2019; Oswald 2022).</p> <p>Genus Suarius Navás, 1914</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>Suarius can be distinguished from other Chrysopini genera in Pakistan by the following characters: number of tibial spurs on each leg (foreleg: 0; midleg: 2; hind leg: 2); male genitalia lacking tignum, pseudopenis, and gonapsis; arcessus narrow, arcuated, distally trifurcated; entoprocessus long, often broader distally; gonarcus long, arcuated with a pair of dorsal horns; pregenitale absent in female genitalia; subgenitale generally elongated and bilobed distally.</p> <p>This genus consists of ca. 22 valid described species and subspecies, occurring in the Eastern (5 spp.) and Western (17 spp.) Palearctic region (Brooks &amp; Barnard 1990). Three species are currently known to occur in Pakistan: S. nanus (McLachlan), S. paghmanus (Hölzel), and S. walsinghami orientalis Hölzel.</p> <p>Key to Suarius species from Pakistan</p> <p>1 Wings hyaline, except proximal crossvein of third intracubital cell (icu3) in forewing with a narrow dark brown marking (Fig. 49); pretarsal claws with basal dilation present or absent.......................................................2</p> <p>– Wings hyaline, unmarked (Figs 44A–B); pretarsal claws with basal dilation present (Fig. 45D)...... S. paghmanus (Hölzel)</p> <p>2 Pretarsal claws with basal dilation present................................................ S. nanus (McLachlan)</p> <p>– Pretarsal claws with basal dilation absent (Fig. 50E)................................ S. walsinghami orientalis Hölzel</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FF83FFA6348BB1D1FA33E1B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FF82FFA6348BB24AFD5DE22F.text	03E10867FF82FFA6348BB24AFD5DE22F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suarius nanus (McLachlan 1893)	<div><p>Suarius nanus (McLachlan, 1893)</p> <p>(Fig. 58)</p> <p>Chrysopa nanus McLachlan, 1893: 231. Type locality: Turkey (Adana).</p> <p>Chrysopa pretiosa Gerstaecker, 1894: 158. Type locality: Unknown.</p> <p>Chrysopa nymphula Navás, 1910c: 475. Type locality: Greece (Attica).</p> <p>Cintameva egena Navás, 1940: 101. Type locality: Cyprus (Limassol).</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Suarius nanus is similar to Suarius walsinghami orientalis in having similar brownish marking at the proximal crossvein of third intracubital cell (icu3) in the forewing (Hölzel 1978: figs 1–2), but can be distinguished by the presence of basal dilation of pretarsal claws. No additional specimens were added in this study.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Pakistan. Balochistan (Quetta), Gilgit-Baltistan (Gilgit, Hunza, Nagar), –– Afghanistan, South-Eastern Europe (Macedonia, Greece), Northern Africa (Algeria), Middle East (widespread) (Hölzel 1967, 1978; Ari et al. 2007; Doboz et al. 2018; Hassan et al. 2019; Oswald 2022).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FF82FFA6348BB24AFD5DE22F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FF80FFDB348BB178FAC4E23A.text	03E10867FF80FFDB348BB178FAC4E23A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suarius paghmanus (Holzel 1967)	<div><p>Suarius paghmanus (Hölzel, 1967)</p> <p>(Figs 44–48, 58)</p> <p>Chrysopa (Suarius) paghmana Hölzel, 1967: 38. Type locality: Afghanistan (Kabul: Paghman) and Pakistan (Gilgit-Baltistan: Gilgit).</p> <p>Chrysopa mongolica Steinmann, 1968: 94. Type locality: Mongolia. An invalid junior homonym of Prochrysopa mongolica Tjeder, 1936.</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>Suarius paghmanus seems to be very common and widespread throughout the northern areas in Pakistan, including Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan (Fig. 58). It can be distinguished by the following characters: frons pale yellow, with X-shaped dark pink marking around the base of antennal trouli; interantennal marking dark brown; scape with dorsal and lateral dark brown stripes; vertex with a median parenthesis-shaped dark brown stripes; lateral margins of pronotum dark brown; hind femora with subapical brownish spot; pretarsal claws with basal dilation. However, we observed a minor difference in markings on the frons and pronotum among some individuals, which probably are of intraspecific variations (Figs 46A–H).</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>Measurements (♂ n=8, ♀ n=5). Forewing: length ♂ 9.4–10.3 mm, ♀ 8.8–13.0 mm; width ♂ 3.2–3.6 mm, ♀ 2.9–3.8 mm; hindwing: length ♂ 8.0– 9.7 mm, ♀ 7.7–11.1 mm; width ♂ 2.8–3.0 mm, ♀ 2.2–3.5 mm; body length: ♂ 4.6–5.5 mm, ♀ 5.0– 6.5 mm.</p> <p>Head (Figs 46A–H). Vertex moderately raised, pale yellow, with two median longitudinal parenthesis-shaped brownish stripes; proximal margin above antennae with a dark brown V-shaped marking (indistinct in some individuals), contiguous to interantennal dark spot; lateral margins at distal half narrowly brownish yellow stripe. Postorbital sclerite yellow, unmarked. Frons yellow, with an inverted V-shape dark pink stripe at base of antennal toruli (indistinct in some individuals), contiguous to interantennal dark spot. Clypeus yellow, lateral margins with a crescent-shaped dark stripe. Labrum brownish yellow. Genae yellow, with a median transverse dark stripe. Maxillary and labial palpi dark brown, brownish yellow at joints, covered with short yellow setae. Antennal toruli yellow, lateral margins slightly dark brown. Antennae shorter than forewing, pale yellow, covered with short pale setae; scape with dorsal and lateral dark brown stripes; pedicel with dorsal dark brown stripe; flagellum pale yellow.</p> <p>Thorax (Figs 46A–H). Pronotum slightly wider than long (length 0.43–0.47 mm, width 0.48–0.73 mm), yellow, with a narrow median dark brown stripe and lateral margins broadly dark brown (lateral margins entirely pale yellow with indistinct brownish spots in some individuals), covered with short yellow setae. Meso- and metanotum yellow, with an indistinct median dark brown stripe, sublateral margins with brownish markings, sparsely covered with short yellow setae.</p> <p>Legs (Fig. 45E). Pale yellow, hind femora with subapical dark brown spot, covered with short black setae. Pretarsal claws with basal dilation, quadrate at base (Fig. 45D).</p> <p>Wings (Figs 44A–B). Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow at both ends, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (4–11). Subcostal area with three to four crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma indistinct. Crossveins, inner and outer gradates dark brown. Eight to nine radial cells (r cell). Four Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Basal crossvein between Rs and M (r-m) oblique, meets at subdistal margin of im cell. Median arculus (m-cu2), Pseudomedia (Psm) and pseudocubitus (Psc) dark brown. Two series of gradates; two to three inner gradates (ig) and four to five outer gradates (og). Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) ovate. Second (m2) and third (m3) median cells of similar size. Three intracubital cells (two closed); first cubital crossvein proximal to second mediocubital crossvein (m-cu2); first (icu1), second (icu2) and third (icu3) intracubital cells of similar size. Hindwing: Costal area narrow, subcostal veinlets dark brown. Subcostal area with three to four dark brown crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma indistinct. Longitudinal veins pale yellow. Crossveins dark brown. Seven to eight radial cells (r cell). Four Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Pseudomedia (Psm) and pseudocubitus (Psc) pale yellow, except branching points dark brown.</p> <p>Abdomen (Figs 44A–B). Tergum brownish yellow with dark brown patches at lateral margins, covered with short yellow setae. Sternum pale yellow, covered with short yellow setae.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Figs 47A–J). Tergum 8 (T8) subquadrate in lateral view. T9+ectoproct subquadrate in lateral view, covered with short brown setae. Dorsal arm of apodeme (da) on T9+ectoproct transverse, pointed at apex; submarginal apodeme (sa) of S8+9 arcuated. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 25–27 trichobothria. S8+9 fused, without suture, subtrapezoidal in lateral view. S8+9 as long as T9+ectoproct in lateral view. Entoprocessus (ent) long, inverted hooked shape distally. Gonarcus (gon) long, with a pair of median short horns, arcuated distally. Arcessus (arc) straight or bend downward in some individuals, trifurcate distally. Gonosetae (gst) short. Hypandrium internum (hi) V-shaped with small and straight comes (c) in dorsal view.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Figs 48A–F). Tergum 8 (T8) quadrate in lateral view. T9+ectoproct rounded in lateral view. Sternum 7 (S7) rectangular in lateral view. Gonaphophyses lateralis (gl) oblong in lateral view. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 25–27 trichobothria. Subgenitale (sg) rounded, as long as wide (0.17 mm), bilobed distally, heavily sclerotized, distinctly visible in lateral view. Spermatheca (sm) small, rounded, doughnut-shaped, with a distinct median rounded invagination (inv). Spermathecal duct (sd) long, cylindrical, attached to bursa copulatrix (bc).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FF80FFDB348BB178FAC4E23A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
03E10867FFFCFFDE348BB1E4FE0BE6F4.text	03E10867FFFCFFDE348BB1E4FE0BE6F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suarius walsinghami subsp. orientalis Holzel 1978	<div><p>Suarius walsinghami orientalis Hölzel, 1978</p> <p>(Figs 49–51, 58)</p> <p>Suarius walsinghami orientalis Hölzel, 1978: 6. Type localities: Iran (Tehran), Afghanistan (Kadaghan: Kabul), Pakistan (Balochistan: Quetta; Gilgit-Baltistan: Gilgit, Hunza, Nagar).</p> <p>Diagnosis and notes</p> <p>Suarius walsinghami orientalis is a subspecies of Suarius walsinghami, originally described from Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran. However, the nominate subspecies, S. walsinghami walsinghami, is widespread, known from southwestern Europe (Spain), northern Africa (widespread), and the Middle East (widespread). The wing markings in these two subspecies are almost identical (Hölzel 1978: figs 3–4, S. walsinghami orientalis; fig. 5, S. walsinghami walsinghami). Thus, the separation of these subspecies needs further confirmation. Based on the specimen we examined, this species is very similar to S. pallidus Hölzel, 1978 in the female subgenitale and the presence of dark brown marking on the proximal crossvein of third intracubital cell (icu3) in forewing, but it can be differentiated based on the absence of basal dilation in pretarsal claws.</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>Measurements (♀ n=1). Forewing: length 8.1 mm, width 2.8 mm; hindwing: length 7.4 mm, width 2.5 mm; body length: 4.7 mm.</p> <p>Head (Figs 50A–B). Vertex moderately raised, dome-shaped in frontal view, brownish yellow, posterolaterally dark brown; proximal margin above antennae narrowly dark brown. Postorbital sclerite narrowly yellow. Frons yellow, unmarked. Interantennal marking absent. Clypeus yellow, anterolateral margins dark brown stripe. Labrum brownish yellow. Genae yellow, with a median transverse dark brown stripe. Maxillary and labial palpi dark brown, brownish yellow at joints, covered with short yellow setae. Antennal toruli yellow, lateral margins slightly dark brown. Antennae broken, pale yellow, unmarked, except at lateral margins of scape shiny black; pedicel dark brown, covered with short pale setae.</p> <p>Thorax (Figs 50C–D). Pronotum slightly wider than long (length 0.47 mm, width 0.6 mm), brownish yellow, with a narrow median indistinct dark brown stripe, lateral margins broadly dark brown, covered with short yellow setae. Meso- and metanotum pale yellow, lateral margins dark brown with faintly median longitudinal brownish yellow stripes, sparsely covered with short yellow setae (Fig. 50D).</p> <p>Legs (Fig. 50D). Pale yellow, covered with short brownish setae; hind femora with subdistal dark brown marking. Pretarsal claws without basal dilation, quadrate at base (Fig. 50E).</p> <p>Wings (Fig. 49). Membrane with a narrow dark brown marking on radial branches and the proximal crossvein of third (icu3) intracubital cells in forewing; longitudinal veins pale yellow, covered with short dark brown setae. Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow at both ends, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (3–10). Subcostal area with three crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma indistinct. Crossveins, inner gradates and outer gradates dark brown. Six radial cells (r cell). Four Banksian cells (b cell); three lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Basal crossvein between Rs and M (r-m) oblique, meets at subdistal margin of im cell. Median arculus (m-cu2) dark brown. Pseudomedia (Psm) and pseudocubitus (Psc) pale yellow. Two series of gradates; three inner gradates (ig) and four outer gradates (og). Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) ovate. Second (m2) and third (m3) median cells of similar size. Three intracubital cells (two closed); first cubital crossvein proximal to second mediocubital crossvein (m-cu2); first (icu1), second (icu2) and third (icu3) intracubital cells of similar size. Hindwing: Subcostal veinlets dark brown. Subcostal area with three dark brown crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma indistinct. Longitudinal veins pale yellow. Crossveins pale yellow, branching points dark brown. Six radial cells (r cell). Three Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Pseudomedia (Psm) and pseudocubitus (Psc) pale yellow, branching points dark brown. Two series of gradates; three inner gradates; three outer gradates.</p> <p>Abdomen (Figs 50C–D). Tergum brownish yellow, with dark brown patches at lateral margins, covered with short yellow setae. Sternum brownish yellow, with short yellow setae.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Figs 51A–F). Tergum 8 (T8) subquadrate in lateral view. T9+ectoproct quadrate in lateral view. Sternum 7 (S7) rectangular in lateral view. Gonaphophyses lateralis (gl) oblong in lateral view. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 35 trichobothria. Subgenitale (sg) rounded, slightly longer than wide (length 0.17 mm, width 0.10 mm), bilobed distally, heavily sclerotized, distinctly visible in lateral view. Spermatheca (sm) small, rounded, doughnut-shaped, with distinct median rounded invagination (inv). Spermathecal duct (sd) long, cylindrical, attached to bursa copulatrix (bc).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E10867FFFCFFDE348BB1E4FE0BE6F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar;Liu, Xingyue	Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Liu, Xingyue (2022): The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species. Zootaxa 5180 (1): 1-83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1
