identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E07D1EFFF99230FE77356AC919333A.text	03E07D1EFFF99230FE77356AC919333A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taeniogonalos Schulz 1906	<div><p>Genus Taeniogonalos Schulz, 1906</p> <p>Taeniogonalos Schulz, 1906: 212. Type species (by monotypy): Trigonalys maculata Smith, 1851</p> <p>Labidogonalos Schulz, 1906: 207. Type species (by monotypy): Trigonalys ornata Smith, 1851</p> <p>Poecilogonalos Schulz, 1906: 212. Type species (by monotypy): Trigonalys thwaitesii Westwood, 1874</p> <p>Nanogonalos Schulz, 1906: 211. Type species (by monotypy): Nanogonalos enderleini De Santis, 1980</p> <p>Ischnogonalos Schulz, 1907: 11. Type species (by monotypy): Trigonalys dubia Magretti, 1997</p> <p>Lycogastroides Strand, 1912: 129. Type species (by original designation): Lycogastroides gracilicornis Strand, 1912</p> <p>Lycogonalos Bischoff, 1913: 155. Type species (by original designation): Lycogonalos flavicincta Bischoff, 1913</p> <p>Taiwanogonalos Tsuneki, 1991: 35. Type species (by original designation): Taiwanogonalos alishana Tsuneki, 1991</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Antenna filiform with 21–26 segments, male with linear tyloids on 10th–16th or 11th–16th antennomeres; supra-antennal elevations reduced, well separated; temple usually punctate; fore wing often with subapical dark patch; second metasomal sternite expanded, often with armature; third metasomal sternite with armature in T. subtruncata.</p> <p>Biology</p> <p>Reared as hyperparasitoids of parasitoid wasps (Ichneumonidae and Braconidae) and parasitoid flies (Tachinidae) in caterpillars, but some species are primary parasitoids of pergid sawflies (Pergidae) in Australia (Raff 1934; Carne 1969; He and Chen 1986; Weinstein and Austin 1995; Carmean and Kimsey 1998; Chen et al. 2014). Interestingly, two species, Taeniogonalos henicospili (Rohwer) (= T. kerala (Ayyar)) and T. gestroi (Schulz), attack the same host, Enicospilus rufus (Brullé, 1846) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), even after being strikingly congeneric.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Taeniogonalos is the most widely distributed of all trigonalid genera, and is found everywhere trigonalids occur, except Europe. Most species are from eastern Asia and South America.</p> <p>Key to Indian species of Taeniogonalos Schulz</p> <p>1. Scutellum unicoloured yellow-orange or yellow (Figure 5b); second sternite of ♀ produced medio-posteriorly (Figures 5d and f); [middle lobe of mesoscutum bicoloured]..................................................................................................... T. fulvoscutellata (Ayyar)</p> <p>– Scutellum bicoloured (Figures 2b, 7b and 10b); second sternite of ♀ truncate medioposteriorly (Figures 2e, 2h, 7d, 10d, 10f, 12h and 15e)........................................................ 2</p> <p>2. Vertex and frons sublaterally with large shiny interspaces wider than fine punctures (Figures 8b and 9d); ocelli comparatively small (Figures 8b and 9d); [middle lobe of mesoscutum tricoloured].................................................................................. T. kerala (Ayyar)</p> <p>– Vertex and frons laterally with small and less shiny interspaces narrower than coarser punctures (Figures 1d, 6d and 6e), but about equal in T. thwaitesii (Figure 14c); ocelli comparatively large (Figures 1d, 6d and 6e)............................................................................ 3</p> <p>3. Apex of metasoma of ♀ conspicuously setose (Figure 2f); middle lobe of mesoscutum tricoloured (Figure 2b); pale apical band of second metasomal sternite narrow medially (Figure 2h); laterally frons white anteriorly and remainder mainly black (Figure 1d); [second metasomal tergite with limited yellow pattern (Figure 1g); antenna brown or yellow-brown basally (Figures 1a and 1b)].................................................................................................. T. ayyari Binoy, van Achterberg and Girish Kumar, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Apex of metasoma of ♀ normally less setose (Figures 7d, 15b and 15e), but moderately setose in T. latae sp. nov. (Figure 12f); middle lobe of mesoscutum bicoloured (Figures 7b, 12b and 14d); pale apical band of second metasomal sternite comparatively wide (Figures 7f and 15e); laterally frons yellow (Figures 6d and 14c)............. 4</p> <p>4. Yellow band of second tergite broad centrally (Figure 15d); antenna basally yellow/ pale brown (Figures 14a and 14b); head and body tricoloured: dark brown-black/midbrown/yellow (Figures 14a–e and 15a–e)................................. T. thwaitesii (Westwood)</p> <p>– Yellow band of second tergite narrow medially (Figures 7e and 12h); antenna basally brown (Figure 11b) or black touched with yellow (Figures 6b and 6e); head and body bicoloured: dark brown/yellow (Figures 11a–e and 12a–h) or black/yellow (Figures 6a–e and 7a–f)........................................................................................................................................ 5</p> <p>5. Second tergite finely longitudinally striate/aciculate, matt (Figure 7e); antenna black with yellow fleck on scape (Figures 6b and 6e); frons and vertex with extensive yellow areas (Figures 6d and 6e)................................................................................ T. gestroi (Schulz)</p> <p>– Second tergite punctate, glossy (Figure 12g); antenna entirely brown (Figure 11b); frons and vertex entirely dark (Figures 11d and 11e)................................................................................................................................................................. T. latae Polaszek and Binoy, sp.nov.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Taeniogonalos thwaitesii (Westwood) from Sri Lanka possibly occurs in South India (Smith and Tripotin 2015), but there are no recorded observations of its occurrence in India. In this key we include this species to facilitate future recognition.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E07D1EFFF99230FE77356AC919333A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Binoy, C.;van Achterberg, Cornelis;Polaszek, Andrew;Kumar, P. Girish;Santhosh, S.	Binoy, C., van Achterberg, Cornelis, Polaszek, Andrew, Kumar, P. Girish, Santhosh, S. (2022): A review of Taeniogonalos (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae) from India with the description of two new species. Journal of Natural History 56 (21 - 24): 1153-1185, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2088311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2088311
03E07D1EFFFF923CFF0D322EC9F5344A.text	03E07D1EFFFF923CFF0D322EC9F5344A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taeniogonalos ayyari Binoy, van Achterberg and Girish Kumar 2022	<div><p>Taeniogonalos ayyari Binoy, van Achterberg and Girish Kumar sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figures 1a–e and 2a–h)</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype ♀, India: Tamil Nadu, Thirunelveli district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.548&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.682" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.548/lat 8.682)">Ambasamudram</a> range (8.682°N, 77.548°E; alt. 264 m), 23 August 2019, coll. P. Girish Kumar, (ZSIK) Regd. No. ZSI/ WGRC / IR/INV.17487.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Scutellum black medially and pale yellow laterally; middle lobe of mesoscutum tricoloured (Figure 2b); body markedly setose; outer side of supra-antennal elevations oblique and elevations 0.3× as long as scape; additional pair of oblique elevations at inner margin of eye; occipital carina distinct; head rugose-punctate, area adjoining ocelli smooth, devoid of punctures; interspaces smooth and shiny, punctures sparse on occiput and ventrally on temple; temple dorsally largely smooth except for some punctures; head distinctly wide in dorsal view; posterior margin of second metasomal sternite straight, armature lacking.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Holotype, female, length of body 5.6 mm; fore wing 4.6 mm.</p> <p>Head. Head in dorsal view 1.6× as wide as long; antenna with 24 antennomeres; frons coarsely rugose punctate, with narrow shiny interspaces; vertex with similar sculpture, moderately setose with medium-sized setae; OOD 2.4× POD, OOD 1.2× OD; temple largely smooth except some sparse setigerous punctation (Figure 1c); interocular distance at middle of face 3.5× distance between antennal toruli (Figure 1e). Eye in dorsal view 1.1× as long as temple; occipital carina distinct; supra-antennal elevation medium-sized, about 0.3× as long as scape, outer margin oblique; a pair of oblique projection on frons at inner eye margin (Figure 1d); clypeus markedly concave medio-apically, setose; mandible large.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high (Figure 2a); transverse mesopleural sulcus indistinct; mesopleuron irregularly rugose anteriorly, indistinct below setation; posteriorly smooth, shiny; notauli deep, moderately narrow and largely crenulate; middle lobe of mesoscutum coarsely transversely rugose-punctate, lateral lobes with similar sculpture, short longitudinal parapsidal line indicated on lateral lobes; scutellar sulcus complete, medium-sized, finely crenulate; scutellum similarly sculptured as mesoscutum, convex, above level of mesoscutum, metanotum medially slightly convex, not protruding, faintly rugose (Figure 2b); propodeum largely longitudinally or obliquely rugose or nearly so; posterior propodeal carina arched (Figure 2c).</p> <p>Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M 0.9× as long as vein 1-SR, straight; subdiscal and discal cells less setose than remainder of wing (Figure 2d).</p> <p>Metasoma. First metasomal tergite 2.5× as long as apically wide, smooth (Figure 2g); second metasomal tergite rugose-punctate, shiny, moderately setose; remaining tergites conspicuously rugose punctate, strongly setose (Figure 2g); sternites with similar sculpture as tergites; second sternite with posterior margin straight; third sternite 0.2× as long as second sternite; hypopygium bluntly triangular in ventral view (Figure 2h).</p> <p>Colour. Black with the following parts differently coloured: head in dorsal view with a distinct V-shaped red band behind stemmaticum extending along occipital line and forming diverging band from occiput towards eye on either side (Figure 1d), pale spots anterior to median ocellus, faint red patch just beyond middle of post-ocellar line; head in frontal view black with following parts variously coloured: patch arising ventrad to lower ocular line, not extending onto middle of face, not meeting medially, on supra-antennal elevation, non-confluent patch on clypeal shield, medially interrupted by black band; mandible yellow with brown-red to black teeth; head in lateral view with yellow patch on outer orbital margin, meeting with red-brown patch from occiput enclosing black patch (Figure 1e); antennomeres testaceous, ventrally pale; mesosoma variably coloured, pronotum black with postero-lateral angle pale yellow; mesoscutum red-brown with the following parts variously coloured: middle lobe of mesoscutum red-brown with antero-medial inverted triangular black patch, lateral corner pale yellow; lateral lobe of mesoscutum redbrown with anterior part darker; axilla red-brown; scutellum black flanked by pale yellow patch on each side, anterior margin red-brown, lateral margin beyond yellow patch redbrown; metanotum pale yellow with median lobe dark (Figure 2b); propodeum black with two pale yellow patches sub-medially (Figure 2c); fore and mid coxae brown with ventral area dark; fore and mid femora dark brown with ventral margin pale brown; fore and mid tibiae brown with apex dark brown; hind coxa pale yellow with ventral margin black; all trochanters pale yellow; hind trochanter pale yellow with ventral margin brown; hind femur brown with apico-ventral area pale; all tarsi brown; fore wing largely fuscous with subapical dark brown patch; first metasomal tergite with pale yellow patch on antero-medial margin; second tergite with narrow subapical yellow band (Figure 2g); fourth and fifth metasomal tergites with non-confluent yellow band/macula on apical margin; sixth tergite yellow (Figure 2g); first–second metasomal sternites with subapical yellow band (Figure 2h).</p> <p>Biology</p> <p>Unknown.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species name is a genitive noun from the patronym Ayyar, after the Indian entomologist and pioneer T.V. Ramakrishna Ayyar who described many species including T. fulvoscutellata and T. kerala from southern India.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>India (Tamil Nadu).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Taeniogonalos ayyari sp. nov. resembles T. kerala (Ayyar) in having the head with rugosepunctate sculpture; supra-antennal tubercles short and obtuse, apico-medial margin of second metasomal sternite of female straight, and metasomal armature lacking. Taeniogonalos ayyari sp. nov. however differs from T. kerala in having the head in dorsal view 1.6× as wide as long (vs 1.4× as wide as long); antenna 24-segmented (vs antenna 22- segmented); mesosoma red-brown (vs brown); second metasomal tergite without any yellow patch on anterior margin (vs second tergite with yellow patch at anterior margin); yellow patch on fourth tergite large (vs yellow patch on fourth tergite comparatively small); hind tibia dark brown without pale basal patch (vs hind tibia brown with pale basal patch); metasoma black with yellow marking (vs metasoma red-brown with yellow marking); yellow band on second metasomal sternite small (vs yellow band on second sternite wider than in alternative); different colour pattern of mesonotum).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E07D1EFFFF923CFF0D322EC9F5344A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Binoy, C.;van Achterberg, Cornelis;Polaszek, Andrew;Kumar, P. Girish;Santhosh, S.	Binoy, C., van Achterberg, Cornelis, Polaszek, Andrew, Kumar, P. Girish, Santhosh, S. (2022): A review of Taeniogonalos (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae) from India with the description of two new species. Journal of Natural History 56 (21 - 24): 1153-1185, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2088311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2088311
03E07D1EFFF3923DFE5935D7CE5F3217.text	03E07D1EFFF3923DFE5935D7CE5F3217.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taeniogonalos fulvoscutellata (Ayyar 1919)	<div><p>Taeniogonalos fulvoscutellata (Ayyar, 1919)</p> <p>(Figures 3 a-d, 4a–e and 5a–f)</p> <p>Poecilogonalos fulvoscutellata Ayyar, 1919: 471 [India: Tamil Nadu, Pulney Hills, 3600 feet, Madura district. Coll. P. Susainathan (P.S. Nathan); v. 1917] (see Materials and methods for holotype deposition) (transferred to Taeniogonalos by Carmean and Kimsey 1998: 67)</p> <p>Poecilogonalos mimus Cockerell 1920: 191; Rohwer 1929: 66 (synonym of T. fulvoscutellata (Ayyar) by Bischoff 1938: 7; Weinstein and Austin 1991: 423)</p> <p>Taeniogonalos sauteri (non Bischoff 1913): Smith and Tripotin 2015: 11–12 (misidentification)</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype of T. mimus, ♀ (Figures 3a–d), India: Tamil Nadu, Palani hills (= south India, Pulney hills), 3000–6000 ft., 10–31 May 1917, coll. P. S. Nathan (USNM) Type No. 23451, USNMENT 01545544.</p> <p>Additional material examined</p> <p>♀, India: Kerala, Thrissur district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.279" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.861/lat 10.279)">Malakkappara</a> (10.279°N, 76.861°E; alt. 949 m), 1 February 2017, coll. P. Girish Kumar (ZSIK) Regd. No. ZSI/ WGRC /IR/INV.17488.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Scutellum entirely yellow-orange or yellow (Figures 3c and 5b); outer side of supraantennal elevations oblique and elevations 0.4× as long as scape; occipital carina distinct; head finely punctate, punctures on head widely placed, more than half the diameter of individual punctures, interspaces smooth and shiny, punctures fade posteriorly towards occiput and ventrally towards gena (Figure 4d); temple dorsally largely smooth except for some punctures (Figure 4c); head distinctly wide in dorsal view; second metasomal sternite of female subtruncate apically, armature truncate posteriorly (Figure 5f).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E07D1EFFF3923DFE5935D7CE5F3217	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Binoy, C.;van Achterberg, Cornelis;Polaszek, Andrew;Kumar, P. Girish;Santhosh, S.	Binoy, C., van Achterberg, Cornelis, Polaszek, Andrew, Kumar, P. Girish, Santhosh, S. (2022): A review of Taeniogonalos (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae) from India with the description of two new species. Journal of Natural History 56 (21 - 24): 1153-1185, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2088311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2088311
03E07D1EFFF69224FE753411CE46337A.text	03E07D1EFFF69224FE753411CE46337A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taeniogonalos gestroi (Schulz 1908)	<div><p>Taeniogonalos gestroi (Schulz, 1908)</p> <p>(Figures 6a–e and 7a–f)</p> <p>Poecilogonalos pulchella var. gestroi Schulz, 1908: 24. Holotype, female ‘ Burma’ [Myanmar] (re-instated as gestroi and combined with Taeniogonalos by Chen et al. 2014: 141)</p> <p>Poecilogonalos thwaitesi gestroi; Weinstein and Austin 1991: 423</p> <p>Poecilogonalos thwaitesi thwaitesi; Weinstein and Austin 1991: 424</p> <p>Taeniogonalos thwaitesii; Tsuneki 1991: 51 (not Westwood 1874) (combined with Taeniogonalos by Carmean and Kimsey 1998: 68)</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Scutellum and middle lobe of mesoscutum bicoloured (Figure 7b); supra-antennal elevations 0.1–0.4× as long as scape, outer side oblique (Figure 6d); antenna with 24 antennomeres (Figure 6b); head posteriorly with extensive yellow or orange-brown pattern, including a V-shaped yellow or orange pattern behind stemmaticum; head dorsally often densely reticulate-punctate (Figure 6d); temple largely smooth with sparse fine punctures (Figure 6c); clypeus moderately emarginate medio-ventrally (Figure 6e); middle mesoscutal lobe similar to lateral lobes, black or yellow laterally and black medially (Figure 7b); mesopleuron and metapleuron with extensive yellow pattern (Figure 7a); third submarginal cell of fore wing 0.5–0.7× as long as second submarginal cell (Figure 7c); second metasomal sternite of both sexes without medio-apical protuberance (Figure 7f), distinctly convex and no opening between second and following sternites in lateral view (Figure 7d); third metasomal sternite of female without apical ledge (Figure 7f).</p> <p>Biology</p> <p>Clausen (1929) reported the emergence of T. thwaitesii (actually T. gestroi) from cocoons of Henicospilus rufus Tosq. (= Enicospilus rufus (Brullé, 1846) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Hyperparasitoid of Ichneumonidae in pyralid caterpillars (Carmean and Kimsey 1998, as T. thwaitesii).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>India (Sikkim). Extralimital: China; Indonesia (syntype); Laos; Malaysia; Myanmar (syntype); Papua New Guinea; Sri Lanka; Taiwan; Thailand (Chen et al. 2014). The record from Sri Lanka may concern T. thwaitesii (Westwood) and needs confirmation.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Taeniogonalos gestroi (Schulz) differs significantly from T. thwaitesii (Westwood), and Chen et al. (2014) re-instated T. gestroi as a valid species occurring from North India to China and insular Southeast Asia. No specimens were obtained during the present study, so the above diagnosis is based on the redescription of the species by Chen et al. (2014).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E07D1EFFF69224FE753411CE46337A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Binoy, C.;van Achterberg, Cornelis;Polaszek, Andrew;Kumar, P. Girish;Santhosh, S.	Binoy, C., van Achterberg, Cornelis, Polaszek, Andrew, Kumar, P. Girish, Santhosh, S. (2022): A review of Taeniogonalos (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae) from India with the description of two new species. Journal of Natural History 56 (21 - 24): 1153-1185, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2088311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2088311
03E07D1EFFEB9226FE6D32E1CBBB30DF.text	03E07D1EFFEB9226FE6D32E1CBBB30DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taeniogonalos kerala (Ayyar 1919) Ayyar 1919	<div><p>Taeniogonalos kerala (Ayyar, 1919)</p> <p>(Figures 8a–d, 9a–e and 10a–f)</p> <p>Poecilogonalos kerala Ayyar, 1919: 472 [India: Kerala, Santhanathode, Western Ghats, Malabar (Wayanad) district, coll. T.V. Ramakrishna Ayyar; 7 October 1917]. (see Materials and methods for holotype deposition) (transferred to Taeniogonalos by Carmean and Kimsey 1998: 67).</p> <p>Poecilogonalos henicospili Rohwer, 1929: 65 (transferred to Taeniogonalos by Carmean and Kimsey 1998: 68). syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype of T. henicospili, ♀ (Figures 8a–d), India: Assam, Jorhat, March 1927, coll. C.P. Clausen, ex. cocoons of Henicospilus rufus Tosq., no. 2084 (metasoma missing) (USNM) Type No. 40978, USNMENT 01545589.</p> <p>Additional material examined</p> <p>♀, India: Kerala, Ernakulam district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.6877&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.129" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.6877/lat 10.129)">Thattekad Bird Sanctuary</a> (10.129°N, 76.6877°E; alt. 450 m), 5 February 2017, coll. P. Girish Kumar, (ZSIK) Regd. No. ZSI/ WGRC /IR/INV.17489.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Scutellum bicoloured and middle lobe of mesoscutum tricoloured (Figures 8c and 10b); outer side of supra-antennal elevations oblique and elevations 0.4× as long as scape; occipital carina marked; head densely rugose-punctate, interspaces smooth and shiny, punctures fade posteriorly towards occiput and ventrally towards temple; temple dorsally largely smooth except for scattered punctures near the outer eye margin (Figures 8b and 9c–e); head distinctly wide in dorsal view; posterior margin of second metasomal sternite straight, armature absent.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E07D1EFFEB9226FE6D32E1CBBB30DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Binoy, C.;van Achterberg, Cornelis;Polaszek, Andrew;Kumar, P. Girish;Santhosh, S.	Binoy, C., van Achterberg, Cornelis, Polaszek, Andrew, Kumar, P. Girish, Santhosh, S. (2022): A review of Taeniogonalos (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae) from India with the description of two new species. Journal of Natural History 56 (21 - 24): 1153-1185, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2088311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2088311
03E07D1EFFEE922FFE853395CB733424.text	03E07D1EFFEE922FFE853395CB733424.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taeniogonalos latae Polaszek and Binoy 2022	<div><p>Taeniogonalos latae Polaszek and Binoy, sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figures 11 a-e, 12 a-h and 13a-b)</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B54ECC8F-E48E-4942-8872-BC8DB3FE3A5E</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype ♀, India: Tamil Nadu, [Dindigul district] <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.503&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.232" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.503/lat 10.232)">Shembaganur</a> [10.232°N, 77.503°E; alt. 1785m] October 1979 coll. J.S. Noyes, B.M. 1979-518. Type 2d.18. (NHMUK).</p> <p>Diagnosis (female) (Figures 11a– e and 12a–h)</p> <p>Scutellum black medially and pale yellow laterally; middle lobe of mesoscutum black with two yellow spots anteriorly (Figure 12b); occipital carina marked; entire frons and vertex dark (Figure 11d) head finely punctate, shiny, the distances between punctures a little larger than the puncture diameter; entire stemmaticum punctate, with area immediately adjacent to ocelli smooth; interspaces smooth and shiny, punctures sparse adjacent to occipital carina; head subglobose in dorsal view (Figure 11d); anterior propodeum laterally with conspicuous extensions of peritreme (Figure 12a); posterior margin of second metasomal sternite straight, armature lacking.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Holotype, female, length of body 5.0 mm; fore wing 4.0 mm.</p> <p>Head. Head in dorsal view 1.5× as wide as long, antenna with 22 antennomeres; frons finely punctate, with shiny interspaces; vertex with similar sculpture, moderately setose with medium-sized setae; OOD 2.0× POD, OOD 2.5× OD; temple largely smooth except some sparse setigerous punctation (Figure 11c); eye in dorsal view 1.2× as long as temple; occipital carina distinct; supra-antennal elevation mediumsized, about 0.3× as long as scape, outer margin oblique; clypeus concave medioapically, setose; mandibles large, asymmetric (l. = 4-dentate; r = 3-dentate, Figure 11e); interocular distance at middle of face 4.8× distance between antennal toruli (Figure 11e).</p> <p>Mesosoma. Mesosoma 1.5× as long as high (Figure 12a); transverse mesopleural sulcus present; upper mesopleuron anterior to mesepimeron with striate sculpture, remainder irregularly rugose (Figure 12a); notauli deep, narrow, non-crenulate; entire mesoscutum rugose-punctate, side lobes with clear parapsidal lines; scutellar sulcus complete, obscured by pin; scutellum similarly sculptured to mesoscutum, convex, above level of mesoscutum, metanotum medially slightly convex, not protruding, less rugose than scutellum (Figure 12c); propodeum largely rugose/punctate, striate laterally; posterior propodeal carina arched (Figure 12c). Peritremes (spiracle covers) very prominent (Figure 12c).</p> <p>Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M (measured in a straight line between its ends) 1.2× as long as vein 1-SR, curved; vein 2 m-cu very faint, non-tubular for its entire length; basal cells less setose than distal cells (Figure 12d).</p> <p>Metasoma. First metasomal tergite 1.8× as long as narrowest (basal) width, smooth (Figures 12e and 12g); second metasomal tergite punctate, shiny, sparsely setose; remaining tergites punctate, shiny, setation increasing dense towards apex of metasoma (Figure 12g). Sternites with similar sculpture to tergites; second sternite with posterior margin straight; maximum length third sternite 0.23× as long as second sternite; hypopygium bluntly triangular in ventral view (Figures 12f and 12h).</p> <p>Colour. Black/dark brown, with the following parts differently coloured: head in front view with the following areas bright yellow: face along inner orbits; two large spots on clypeus; inner supra-antennal elevations; most of outer mandibles (Figure 11e). Lateral mesosoma black/dark brown with the following areas bright yellow: upper and lower lateral pronotum, a spot on the upper posterior mesopleuron (Figure 12a). Dorsal mesosoma black/dark brown with the following areas bright yellow: two small spots at anterior mesoscutum adjacent to inner notauli; lateral thirds of scutellum; entire metanotum and two lateral spots; two large areas on each side of propodeum (Figure 12c). All coxae and trochanters partly yellow, the hind trochanter entirely yellow (Figure 11a); all femora brown, with some yellow at the proximal ends; tibiae and tarsi brown, the fore and mid tibiae fading to yellow (Figure 11a). Wings largely hyaline with infuscation restricted to the areas adjacent to SR1 (Figure 12d). Dorsal metasoma dark brown with the following areas bright yellow: Most of first tergite; a broken band at the apex of second tergite; two spots on each of fourth and fifth tergite; remainder of dorsal metasoma yellow (Figure 12g). Ventral metasoma entirely brown with only first sternite yellow, and second sternite yellow laterally (Figure 12h).</p> <p>Male (Figures 13a and 13b): description</p> <p>Paratypes, 2 ♂, length of body 9.0 mm; fore wing 7.5 mm. Same data as holotype.</p> <p>Head. Head in dorsal view 1.7× as wide as long, antenna with 25 antennomeres, tyloids present on 10–16, a minute, short tyloid on 17; frons and vertex densely punctate, with shiny interspaces; clypeus with very shallow punctures, smooth and shining. OOD 2.9× POD, OOD 2.6× OD; temple largely smooth except some sparse setigerous punctation; eye in dorsal view approximately as long as temple; occipital carina distinct; supra-antennal elevation present, about 0.3× as long as scape, outer margin oblique; clypeus concave medio-apically, setose; mandibles large, symmetric, each with three teeth, the inner tooth broadly truncate; interocular distance at middle of face 3.5× distance between antennal toruli.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Mesosoma 1.5× as long as high (Figure 13a); transverse mesopleural sulcus present; upper mesopleuron anterior to mesepimeron with finer, less dense setation, hence appearing shinier, remainder irregularly rugose; notauli deep, narrow, noncrenulate; entire mesoscutum rugose-punctate, parapsidal lines clearly present on side lobes of mesoscutum; more obvious than in female; scutellar sulcus complete; scutellum similarly sculptured as mesoscutum, convex, above level of mesoscutum, metanotum medially slightly convex, not protruding, less rugose than scutellum; propodeum largely rugose/punctate, striate laterally; posterior propodeal carina arched. Peritreme very prominent.</p> <p>Wings. Fore wing: length of vein 1-M (measured in a straight line between its ends) 1.1× as long as vein 1-SR, curved; vein 2 m-cu largely absent, present but non-tubular basally; basal cells less setose than distal cells (Figure 13a).</p> <p>Metasoma. First metasomal tergite 1.8× as long as narrowest (basal) width, smooth; second metasomal tergite punctate, shiny, sparsely setose; remaining tergites punctate, shiny, setation increasing dense towards apex of metasoma (Figure 13b); sternites with similar sculpture as tergites; second sternite with posterior margin straight; maximum length third sternite 0.2× as long as second sternite; genitalia as in Figure 13b.</p> <p>Colour. Almost identical to that of the female holotype, the yellow band on second tergite complete centrally in one of the two males; wings generally slightly infuscate (Figure 13a).</p> <p>Biology</p> <p>Unknown.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species name is a genitive noun from the matronym Lata, after the Indian playback singer Lata Mangeshkar (1929–2022) known as the Nightingale of India, one of the greatest and most influential singers with a distinguished career spanning over seven decades. We dedicate the species to her memory, fondly remembering the timeless song Lag Ja Gale from the film Woh Kaun Thi (1964).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>India (Tamil Nadu).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Morphologically T. latae sp. nov. resembles T. ayyari sp. nov. in having head with rugose-punctate sculpture; supra-antennal tubercle short and obtuse, apico-medial margin of second metasomal sternite of ♀ straight and metasomal armature lacking. However, T. latae sp. nov. differs from T. ayyari sp. nov. in having head in dorsal view with much shallower punctures, and more shiny. The colour, though similar on the metasoma and propodeum, differs markedly on the mesosoma (compare Figures 2b and 12b), being tricoloured in T. ayyari and bicoloured in T. latae. The 2 m-cu in T. ayyari is tubular for part of its length, entirely spectral in T. latae. Taeniogonalos latae shares several aspects of its colour pattern with T. gestroi, but differs markedly in the form of the sculpture (weakly punctate and shiny in T. latae and densely punctate/aciculate in T. getroi.</p> <p>In the key of Chen et al. (2014) T. latae keys to T. alticola (Tsuneki), but it differs markedly from that species in most aspects of both colour and morphology.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>All three specimens bear the following labels: ‘ Taeniogonalos near maga (Teranishi 1929) Det. Carmean 1993 ’. Clearly David Carmean, a leading authority on Trigonalyidae, considered these specimens to be both conspecific with each other and different from, but close to, T. maga. Taeniogonalos latae differs in several respects from T. maga, and in particular lacks the lamelliform occipital carina (Chen et al. 2014).</p> <p>The genitalia of one male paratype were mounted on the lower data label by David Carmean.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E07D1EFFEE922FFE853395CB733424	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Binoy, C.;van Achterberg, Cornelis;Polaszek, Andrew;Kumar, P. Girish;Santhosh, S.	Binoy, C., van Achterberg, Cornelis, Polaszek, Andrew, Kumar, P. Girish, Santhosh, S. (2022): A review of Taeniogonalos (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae) from India with the description of two new species. Journal of Natural History 56 (21 - 24): 1153-1185, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2088311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2088311
03E07D1EFFE0922AFE5A3531C9FC3460.text	03E07D1EFFE0922AFE5A3531C9FC3460.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taeniogonalos thwaitesii (Westwood 1874)	<div><p>Taeniogonalos thwaitesii (Westwood, 1874)</p> <p>(Figures 14a–e and 15a–f)</p> <p>Trigonalys thwaitesii Westwood, 1874: 124 (transferred to Taeniogonalos by Carmean and Kimsey 1998: 68)</p> <p>Trigonalys pulchella Westwood, 1868: 327. nom. preocc., non Cresson 1867 (junior homonym)</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype, ♀ (Figures 14a–e and 15a–f), Sri Lanka ‘ Insula Ceylon (Thwaites)’ (OUMNH).</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Scutellum and middle lobe of mesoscutum bicoloured (Figures 14a and 14d); second metasomal tergite largely yellow (Figures 15b–d); body chestnut coloured with bright yellow patches on the following: clypeal lobe, patch along inner eye margin extending as a streak onto median ocellus, triangular patch beyond anterior ocellus onto frons, patch on temple, narrow streak from occiput to either of the lateral ocelli (Figure 14c), pronotum laterally, lateral patches on middle lobe of mesoscutum, scutellum on lateral sides; metanotum on medial and lateral lobes (Figure 14d), patch on medio-posterior margin of first metasomal tergite, inverted triangular patch on anterior margin of second metasomal tergite, broad apical band, third tergite immaculate, fourth–sixth tergites with a non-confluent patch (Figure 15d), fore wing with apical brown patch (Figure 14a).</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>According to the description by Westwood (1874), the type locality is ‘Insula Ceylon (Thwaites)’. ‘Thwaites’ refers to the English botanist and entomologist George Henry Kendrick Thwaites (1812–1882), who was the director of the Peradeniya Botanic Gardens in Sri Lanka (1857–1880). He also indicated he had only one specimen (‘olim nostr’. or ‘our only one’), and the above-listed specimen we consider the holotype. The species also has a high possibility of occurring in Peninsular India. Taeniogonalos gestroi, distributed from Northern India to Myanmar to China and in southeastern Asia (Indonesia and Malaysia), was previously misidentified as T. thwaitesii on the assumption that the latter is a widespread and variable species in Asia (Carmean and Kimsey 1998). So far, T. thwaitesii is confined to Sri Lanka and possibly southern India, and further studies and extensive collections from these localities are needed to understand the entire range of the species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E07D1EFFE0922AFE5A3531C9FC3460	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Binoy, C.;van Achterberg, Cornelis;Polaszek, Andrew;Kumar, P. Girish;Santhosh, S.	Binoy, C., van Achterberg, Cornelis, Polaszek, Andrew, Kumar, P. Girish, Santhosh, S. (2022): A review of Taeniogonalos (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae) from India with the description of two new species. Journal of Natural History 56 (21 - 24): 1153-1185, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2088311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2088311
