identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
F75487A8FFD88B65FF42FDD7FF6F5A89.text	F75487A8FFD88B65FF42FDD7FF6F5A89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thanatus C. L. Koch 1837	<div><p>Genus Thanatus C. L. Koch, 1837</p> <p>Type species: Araneus formicinus Clerck, 1757</p> <p>Diagnosis. For description and diagnosis of the genus, see Dondale et al. (1964), Schick (1965) and Levy (1977).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F75487A8FFD88B65FF42FDD7FF6F5A89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sudhin, Puthoor Pattammal;Sen, Souvik;Caleb, John T. D.	Sudhin, Puthoor Pattammal, Sen, Souvik, Caleb, John T. D. (2022): Taxonomic notes on the placement of Tibellus elongatus Tikader, 1960 and Apollophanes bangalores Tikader, 1963 (Araneae: Philodromidae). Zootaxa 5182 (3): 288-296, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5182.3.6
F75487A8FFD88B61FF42FCEBFE285FBC.text	F75487A8FFD88B61FF42FCEBFE285FBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thanatus elongatus (Tikader 1960) Sudhin & Sen & Caleb 2022	<div><p>Thanatus elongatus (Tikader, 1960) comb. nov.</p> <p>Figs 1A–H, 2A–H, 3A–D, 4A–F</p> <p>Tibellus elongatus Tikader, 1960: 176, figs 3a–b (description and illustrations of female). Tikader 1971: 82, figs 20E–F (description and illustrations of female); Tikader 1980: 217, figs 288–289 (description and illustrations of female); Tikader &amp; Biswas 1981: 88, figs 152–153 (description and illustrations of female).</p> <p>Type material. Holotype female from INDIA: West Bengal: Calcutta (now Kolkata), Dhakuria, 01 June 1958, B. K. Tikader (NZC-ZSI, Kolkata, Regd. No. 2522/18), examined.</p> <p>Other material examined. INDIA: West Bengal: 1♀ (Regd. No. 2638/18), Calcutta, Pratapgarh, Jadavpur, 19 December 1976, B. Biswas (NZC-ZSI, Kolkata, a registered male specimen [Regd. No. 2641/18] could not be located in the arachnid collection of ZSI). Tamil Nadu: 1♂, 2♀♀, Kanyakumari, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.30313&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.456522" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.30313/lat 8.456522)">Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, 8°27'23.48"N, 77°18'11.26"E, 91 m, 15 February 2020, S. Sen, by hand (NZC-ZSI-7381/18); 1♀, 8°22'50.48"N, 77°24'41.26"E, 104 m, 13 February 2020, S. Sen, by hand (NZC-ZSI-7382/18). Kerala: 2♀♀, Thiruvananthapuram, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.15056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.53389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.15056/lat 8.53389)">Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, 08°32'02"N 77°09'02"E, 82 m, 16 January 2019, P. M. Sureshan, by hand (NZC-ZSI- 7383/18).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Thanatus elongatus is characterised by the specific configuration of tibial apophyses and bulbal sclerites of the male palp (Figs 2A–B, 3A–B) and the female genitalic structures (Figs 2C–H, 3C–D). Currently it cannot be allocated to a particular species group. The male resembles those of some Asian species, above all T. hongkong Song, Zhu &amp; Wu, 1997, T. pollex Li, Feng &amp; Yang, 2012, T. fornicatus Simon, 1897, and T. mongolicus (Schenkel, 1936). It can be separated from T. hongkong by the G-shaped sperm duct loop (S-shaped in T. hongkong), from T. pollex by the compact RTA (elongated and tapering RTA in T. pollex), from T. fornicatus by the short VTA (VTA longer than RTA in T. fornicatus) and from T. mongolicus by the robust embolus tip (filiform ventrad tip in T. mongolicus). The epigyne of Thanatus elongatus resembles those of Thanatus fornicatus Simon, 1897 and Thanatus saraevi Ponomarev, 2007, but the vulva is strikingly different: glandular heads situated mediolaterally (anterolateral in both T. fornicatus and T. saraevi); spermathecae almost spherical and separated from each other (with tubular elongation posteriorly and relatively closer to each other in both T. fornicatus and T. saraevi) (cf. Figs 2A–H, 3A–D with figs 3–8 in Logunov 2011, figs 11–12 in Levy 1991, figs 2B–C in Li et al. 2012, figs 2A–B in Song et al. 1997, and figs 8, 13, 24, 35 in Kastrygina &amp; Kovblyuk 2013).</p> <p>Justification of transfer. Tikader (1960) described Tibellus elongatus on the basis of a single female specimen collected from Calcutta (now Kolkata). Detailed examination of the holotype, additional specimens from Calcutta and newly collected material including both sexes from South India, show that this species has diagnostic features of Thanatus: oval to elongate body; eyes small, of almost same size; anterior row of eyes distinctly closer together than posterior row of eyes (Figs 1G–H); both eye rows moderately recurved, with the posterior row of eyes almost equally spaced (Figs 1G–H); legs relatively long; abdomen oval, slightly tapering posteriorly, dorsomedially with dark longitudinal marking (Figs 1A, D–E); male palp with simple RTA and VTA; embolus distally on tegulum; epigynum with broad median septum; spermathecae with glandular head (Levy 1977). Based on the presence of all of these characters, the species is thus transferred to Thanatus.</p> <p>Description. Male (NZC-ZSI-7381/18) (Figs 1C–D, H, 2A–B, 3A–B): Measurements: Body length 5.65. Carapace length 2.54, width 2.16. Abdomen length 3.11, width 1.60. Eye interdistances: AME–AME 0.21, ALE– AME 0.19, PME–PME 0.25, PLE–PME 0.39, ALE–PLE 0.46, AME–PME 0.20, ALE–ALE 0.49, PLE–PLE 0.96. Measurements of legs: I 7.3 [2.08, 0.99, 1.72, 1.48, 1.03], II 8.8 [2.88, 0.81, 1.98, 2.05, 1.08], III 6.37 [2.00, 0.78, 1.67, 1.27, 0.65], IV 6.81 [2.26, 0.73, 1.44, 1.29, 1.09]. Leg formula: 2143. Spination. Palp: femur pl 1 rl 1 do 1 rlv 3, tibia pl 1 rl 1, tarsus pl 2. Legs: femur I–II pl 3 rl 4 do 3, III pl 2 rl 2 do 3, IV pl 1 rl 1 do 3; patella I–IV pl 1; tibia I–III pl 3 rl 3 do 1 plv 3 rlv 3, IV pl 2 rl 2 do 1 plv 2 rlv 2; metatarsus I–II pl 3 rl 3 plv 2 rlv 2, III pl 3 rl 3 do 1 v 1 plv 2 rlv 2, IV pl 4 rl 4 v 1 plv 3 rlv 3; tarsus I–IV spineless.</p> <p>Carapace pale yellow, flattened, narrowing in front, covered with setae, laterally with dark bands of numerous spots, carapace margin with narrow black dotted lines (Fig. 1D); eyes black, small, posterior row more recurved than anterior, PLE larger than other eyes, ocular quad longer than wide (Fig. 1D). Clypeus low, pale yellow, covered with black spots. Chelicerae pale yellow, basally with several black spots, promargin with two teeth; fangs small, light-yellowish brown. Endites yellow, longer than wide, scopulate (Fig. 1C). Labium yellowish brown, wider than long, with median notch, apically scopulate (Fig. 1C). Sternum yellow, nearly cordate, laterally with few black spots, anterior margin straight, posterior margin ending with obtuse tip between coxae IV (Fig. 1C). Legs yellow with black spots, more densely spotted on lateral side; tarsi, metatarsi with conspicuous scapulae, claw tuft distinct. Abdomen elongate oval, yellow with white reticulation and several lateral black spots; dorsum medially with a longitudinal black dotted line extending the entire length of the abdomen and four pairs of similar transverse parallel lines stretching from the median line to the lateral margins; dorsum with two pairs of sigilla, anteriorly with two pairs of black markings, medially with a round black patch, and posteromedially with a pair of conspicuous black patches (Fig. 1D); venter yellow, with white reticulations and a faint median white band (Fig. 1C). Palp as shown in Figs 2A–B, 3A–B: tegulum yellowish brown, rest of the segments pale yellow; cymbium long oval with a prolateral ventral spine and numerous short white setae; tegulum oval without tegular apophysis, ‘G’ shaped sperm duct loop visible on the middle of tegulum (Figs 2B, 3B); embolus hook-shaped, situated distally on tegulum, near the 12 o’clock position, with the acute tip curving inwards towards the tegulum (Figs 2B, 3B); tibia with short and membranous VTA, RTA basally broad, tip blunt, not suppressing the basal part of cymbium (Figs 2A, 3A).</p> <p>Redescription. Female (NZC-ZSI-7381/18) (Figs 1A–B, E–G, 2C–H, 3C–D, 4A–D): Measurements: Body length 7.62. Carapace length 2.31, width 2.24. Abdomen length 5.31, width 2.99. Eye interdistances: AME–AME 0.18, ALE–AME 0.17, PME–PME 0.28, PLE–PME 0.39, ALE–PLE 0.48, AME–PME 0.20, ALE–ALE 0.50, PLE– PLE 1.0. Measurements of legs: I 7.9 [2.56, 0.93, 1.98, 1.64, 0.79], II 9.71 [2.76, 0.92, 2.46, 2.37, 1.20], III 5.47 [1.66, 0.82, 1.45, 0.92, 0.62]; IV 7.02 [1.85, 0.93, 1.95 1.24, 1.05]. Leg formula: 2143. Spination. Palp: femur pl 1 rl 1 do 1 rlv 3 plv 1, patella pl 1 rl 1, tibia pl 2 rl 2 plv 3, tarsus plv 4 rlv 4; Legs: femur I–II pl 3 rl 4 do 3, III–IV pl 2 rl 2 do 3; patella I–IV pl 1; tibia I–IV pl 3 rl 3 do 1 plv 3 rlv 3; metatarsus I– II pl 3 rl 3 plv 2 rlv 2, III–IV pl 3 rl 3 plv 3 rlv 3; tarsus I–IV spineless.</p> <p>Colouration as in male, except for the following: carapace light yellowish brown, laterally with dense black spots (Fig. 1A). Sternum medially with several black spots (Fig. 1B). Abdomen longer and wider with more prominent white reticulation (Fig. 1A). Epigyne as shown in Figs 2C–H, 3C–D. Epigyne with broad, ‘U’ shaped, median septum, copulatory opening located laterally to the septum (Figs 2C, F, H, 3C); spermathecae almost spherical, posteriorly narrowing, separated from each other, with a mediolaterally situated glandular head (Figs 2C, E, G, 3C, D); fertilization ducts long, leaf like, oriented anterolaterally, situated at the posterior region of spermathecae (Figs 2E, G, 3D).</p> <p>Distribution. India: Kerala (NWS), Maharashtra (Pune), Tamil Nadu (Chennai, KWS), West Bengal (Dhakuria – type locality; Pratapgarh) (Tikader 1960; Tikader 1971; Tikader &amp; Biswas 1981; Caleb 2020; present data) (Fig. 6).</p> <p>Variation. Body length: Female: 6.92–7.60 (n=3). The abdominal patterns of the specimen collected from NWS are composed of dark brown stripes, while of the specimens collected from KWS are composed of numerous black spots (Figs 1A, E).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F75487A8FFD88B61FF42FCEBFE285FBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sudhin, Puthoor Pattammal;Sen, Souvik;Caleb, John T. D.	Sudhin, Puthoor Pattammal, Sen, Souvik, Caleb, John T. D. (2022): Taxonomic notes on the placement of Tibellus elongatus Tikader, 1960 and Apollophanes bangalores Tikader, 1963 (Araneae: Philodromidae). Zootaxa 5182 (3): 288-296, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5182.3.6
F75487A8FFDE8B63FF42FF62FB315BDE.text	F75487A8FFDE8B63FF42FF62FB315BDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lycopus bangalores (Tikader 1963) Sudhin & Sen & Caleb 2022	<div><p>Lycopus bangalores (Tikader, 1963) comb. nov.</p> <p>Figs 5A–G</p> <p>Apollophanes bangalores Tikader, 1963: 260 fig. 10 (description and illustrations of female). Tikader 1971: 86, figs 21G–H (description and illustrations of female); Tikader 1980: 231, figs 304–305 (description and illustrations of female).</p> <p>Type material. Holotype female from INDIA: Karnataka: Mysore: Bangalore city, Lalbagh (Botanical Garden), 9 January 1961, B.K. Tikader (NZC-ZSI, Kolkata, Regd. No. 3161/18), examined. Paratype female data same as holotype (Regd. No. 3162/18), examined.</p> <p>Note: The ZSI collection has a single glass bottle for this species. In the same bottle there are two glass vials with one holotype and two paratype specimens, all in very poor condition (Figs 5A–D). The main glass bottle initially labelled as Tibellus bangalores, was later changed to Apollophanes bangalores (Fig. 5E). Both small bottles are labelled as Tibellus bangalores and contain a piece of paper written Apollophanes bangalores (Figs 5F–G).</p> <p>Remarks. Tikader (1963) described this species on the basis of female specimens collected from Karnataka. Detailed examination of the specimens reveal that this species was described based on two subadult specimens. The specimens have the diagnostic features of the family Thomisidae and share some morphological similarity with Lycopus Thorell, 1895: convex prosoma, relatively larger eyes with conspicuous eye tubercles, clypeus with the same width as the ocular area, and the elongated abdomen (Tang &amp; Li 2009). Based on these characters we are provisionally transferring it to Lycopus. Another species, Lycopus trabeatus Simon, 1895 was described from Madurai, Trichy and Kodaikanal localities in Tamil Nadu, but there are no illustrations to recognize the species (Simon 1895). Since L. bangalores is known only based on subadult specimens, its validity needs to be confirmed with new samples collected from the type locality and compared with the type of L. trabeatus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F75487A8FFDE8B63FF42FF62FB315BDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sudhin, Puthoor Pattammal;Sen, Souvik;Caleb, John T. D.	Sudhin, Puthoor Pattammal, Sen, Souvik, Caleb, John T. D. (2022): Taxonomic notes on the placement of Tibellus elongatus Tikader, 1960 and Apollophanes bangalores Tikader, 1963 (Araneae: Philodromidae). Zootaxa 5182 (3): 288-296, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5182.3.6
