taxonID	type	description	language	source
03FF8784FFD2FFCBE8FCFB5BFB22FAB2.taxon	materials_examined	Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female ARG- 1833 - 1 (mounted with a paratype): ARGENTINA: RÍO NEGRO: Bariloche: San Carlos de Bariloche (41 º 08 ' S 71 º 14 ' W, 870 m), on an unidentified Baccharis species, 18 - April- 2012, collection of the Universidad de León. Paratypes: 4 apterous viviparous females, 1 alate viviparous female, 12 oviparous females and 8 males, same data as the holotype, collection of the Universidad de León.	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
03FF8784FFD2FFCBE8FCFB5BFB22FAB2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet of Aphis rogerblackmani sp. n. is dedicated to our colleague and friend, the late Roger L. Blackman, for his outstanding work on aphid taxonomy and in memory of his first entomological works, which were developed in the Argentine Patagonia.	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
03FF8784FFD2FFCBE8FCFB5BFB22FAB2.taxon	description	Apterous viviparous females (Fig. 1). From 5 specimens. When alive black. In mounted specimens, head dark brown, almost dorsally smooth, without reticulation, and ventrally striated. Frons wavy. ANT. I – II also almost smooth. ANT. III with 9 – 12 ST. URS thick and with straight edges. TH widely sclerotized and pigmented. ABD. 1 – 6 with wide spino-pleural bands and MG patches, in some segments contacting each other. ABD. 7 – 8 with wide transverse bands. Intersegmental sclerites conspicuous, as dark as the segmental and spiracular sclerites. PRI MG TUB relatively small, especially those on ABD. 7. COM MG TUB, usually absent (two specimens have one). ST long, slender, pointed, and pale. Coxae and trochanters dark. Tarsal formula, 3.3.2 or 3.3.3. SIPH long and tapering to apex, darker than the TH and ABD sclerotized parts. ABD. 8 with 2 ST. Genital plate with 2 – 5 discal and 8 – 12 posterior ST. Cauda lanceolate, with small midway constriction; with 7 – 11 ST. Other qualitative features in “ Common features of the new species ”. Metric features in Table 2. Alate viviparous females (Fig. 2). From 1 specimen. ABD. 2 – 5 mostly membranous, with MG patches; ABD. 6 with small spinal sclerites and wide MG patches; ABD. 7 – 8 with thin transverse bands. ANT. III with 10 – 14 SEC SEN. ANT. IV with 5 – 6 big and poorly aligned SEC SEN. Other qualitative features in “ Common features of the new species ”. Metric features in Table 2. Oviparous females (Fig. 3). From 12 specimens. Like apterous viviparae, with the typical features of this morph. TH and ABD sclerotization and pigmentation diverse, from like those in apterous viviparae to a complete absence. Hind tibiae not very thickened and carrying (48) 70 – 126 scent plates, often twins. ABD. 8 and cauda with 5 – 9 and 8 – 12 ST respectively. Genital plate with 30 – 42 ST. Metric features in Table 2. Males (Fig. 4). From 8 specimens. Winged and very similar to alate viviparae, with: (1) ANT longer, very dark, and with more SEC SEN: 23 – 32 on ANT. III, 13 – 22 on ANT. IV and 11 – 19 on ANT. V; (2) ABD. 2 – 6 with transverse spinal or spino-pleural bands in addition to MG patches; (3) darker legs; (4) shorter and thinner SIPH; and (5) triangular cauda. Parameres conical, robust, and dark brown. Metric features in Table 2.	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
03FF8784FFD2FFCBE8FCFB5BFB22FAB2.taxon	distribution	Bionomics and distribution. Aphis rogerblackmani sp. n. is holocyclic and presumably monoecious on species of Baccharis and perhaps on species of close genera.	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
03FF8784FFD2FFCBE8FCFB5BFB22FAB2.taxon	discussion	It is only known in one locality, whose environmental characteristics are the same to those existing in a large part of western Argentine provinces of Mendoza, Neuquén, Río Negro and Chubut. ...... Continued on the next page Taxonomic discussion, diagnosis. TH and ABD sclerotization, lengths of ANT. VI. PT and ST allows the identification of the new species. A. rogerblackmani sp. n. pairs with A. marthae Essig, 1953 in the first proposition of couple I of the key to apterous viviparae of Aphidina species known in South America by Nieto Nafría et al. (2019). Viviparae of both species can be separated from each other by ABD. 2 – 5 sclerotization: apterae and alatae of A. marthae respectively have discal plate and spino-pleural bands, while those of A. rogerblackmani sp. n. respectively have bands and at most scattered sclerites; in addition, the cauda is triangular in viviparae of A. marthae while it is lanceolate in A. rogerblackmani. The host plant of A. marthae is Quillaja saponaria (Quillajaceae). The viviparous females of Aphis rogerblackmani sp. n. could be confused with those of A. ingeborgae, which also lives on Baccharis, for a similar ABD sclerotization and pigmentation, but the peculiar shape of the MG TUB of A. ingeborgae and the length of ANT. VI. B, ANT. VI. PT, HT. 2, cauda and ST allow the separation of both species (see Nieto Nafría, 2019: Fig. 1, page 157, and Table 1, pages 160 - 161 for A. ingeborgae). The differences of apterous viviparae of A. rogerblackmani from those of the other species of Aphis that are known in southern South America living on Asteraceae are presented below in an identification key.	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
03FF8784FFDDFFCDE8FCFAADFD93F94A.taxon	materials_examined	Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female ARG- 917 - 7: ARGENTINA: MENDOZA: Las Heras: Uspallata 30 km. N (32 º 20 ’ S, 69 º 22 ’ W, 2300 m), on Gutierrezia gilliesii Griseb., 16 - November- 2001, collection of the Universidad de León. Paratypes: 51 apterous viviparous and 5 alate viviparous females, of them (1) same data as the holotype, 11 apterae; (2) same locality, host plant as the holotype, 17 - April- 2005, 23 apterae and 2 alatae; and (3) NEUQUéN: Zapala: Villa del Puente Picún Leufú (39 º 12 ’ S, 70 º 03 ’ W, 780 m), on G. sp., 13 - December- 2009, 17 apterae and 3 alatae. collection of the Universidad de León	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
03FF8784FFDDFFCDE8FCFAADFD93F94A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet of Aphis gutierreziae sp. n. is the genus name of its host plant in genitive case.	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
03FF8784FFDDFFCDE8FCFAADFD93F94A.taxon	description	Apterous viviparous females (Fig. 5, A – E). From 52 specimens. When alive green with reddish spots behind the base of SIPH. In mounted specimens, head light brown, gently reticulated on dorsum, and ventrally striated. Clypeus very well delineated — with thick and dark edges —, more pigmented than the cephalic dorsum and mandibular and maxillar laminae, and rough ahead. Frons straight. ANT. I – II almost smooth. ANT. III with 2 – 7 ST. URS with concave edges. TH. 1 – 3 with MG patches, as pigmented as head; these on TH. 2 are broad and with a rough appearance, because the spicules that form the reticular ornamentation are very thick. ABD usually membranous; small and pale post-siphuncular sclerite; ABD. 8 sometimes with small sclerites and with 2 (( 3 )) ST. TH. 1 MG TUB low, but more voluminous than the triommatidium and bigger than those on ABD. 1 and ABD. 7. COM MG TUB sometimes present, 1 – 3 (4). ST pale, somewhat thick, those on ANT, TH and ABD and many on legs are blunt. Coxae and trochanters dark. Tarsal formula, 3.3.2. SIPH very dark brown, sub-cylindrical, long, but not longer than the cauda, which is lanceolate, with little marked midway constriction and parallel edges for most of their length. ABD. 8 with 2 (( 3 )) ST. Genital plate with 2 – 3 discal and (5) 8 – 13 posterior ST, pigmented as head but with a paler anterior portion, where the discal ST are placed. Cauda with 4 – 9 ST. Other qualitative features in “ Common features of the new species ”. Metric features in Table 3. ...... Continued on the next page Alate viviparous females (Fig. 5, F – G) From 5 specimens. Clypeus well delineated from the mandibular and maxillary lames like apterous viviparae. ABD. 1 – 5 mostly membranous (some small MG sclerites can be present); ABD. 6 with post-siphuncular patches; and ABD. 7 – 8 with transverse bands. ANT. III with big and poorly aligned 5 – 9 SEC SEN. ANT. IV rarely with 1 small SEC SEN. Other qualitative features in “ Common features of the new species ”. Metric features in Table 3.	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
03FF8784FFDDFFCDE8FCFAADFD93F94A.taxon	distribution	Bionomics and distribution. A. gutierreziae specimens live on the stems of Gutierrezia plants forming compact groups. There are no data to establish the cycle of the species; presumably, it will be holocyclic and monoecious.	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
03FF8784FFDDFFCDE8FCFAADFD93F94A.taxon	discussion	The localities of collection are at very different altitudes (780 and 2300 m) and approximately 770 km apart in a straight line, which suggests that the species should be widespread in the arid Argentine western. The species seems infrequent or limited to a few places, since the authors have collected aphids on this territory for years and only found this species three times. Taxonomic discussion, diagnosis. Aphis gutierreziae sp. n. and A. fuentesi, which can live on Gutierrezia, can be differentiated from each other by the number, shape and size of the COM MARG TUB, the sclerotization of ABD and the size and shape of SIPH. A. gutierreziae sp. n. can be differentiated from the species included in the key to apterous viviparae of Aphidina species known in South America by Nieto Nafría et al. (2019) by its clypeus with marked dark edges and darker than the mandibular and maxillary laminae.	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
03FF8784FFDBFFD1E8FCF884FC3CFEB9.taxon	description	Paratypes: 84 apterous viviparous and 19 alate viviparous females collected on the same plant, collection of the Universidad de León; of them: (1) same data as the holotype, 3 apterae and 6 alatae; (2) same locality as the holotype, 27 - November- 2012, J. Arneodo leg., 2 apterae and 2 alatae; (3) Maipú: Chachingo (33 º 03 ’ S, 68 º 45 ' O, 815 m), 18 - November- 2002, 19 apterae; (4) CATAMARCA: Belén (27 º 37 ’ S, 67 º 01 ' O, 1310 m), 4 - November- 2006, 28 apterae; and (5) SAN JUAN: Calingasta (31 º 03 ’ S, 68 º 28 ' O, 1650 m), 5 - November- 1996, 32 apterae) and 11 alatae.	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
03FF8784FFDBFFD1E8FCF884FC3CFEB9.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet of Aphis hyalis sp. n. is the genus name of its host plant in genitive case. Apterous viviparous females (Fig. 6, A – E). From 107 specimens (82 measured). When alive pale brown to brownish black, with white wax powder, sometimes abundant. In mounted specimens head brown or pale brown, with very small and scattered wrinkles. Frons straight or gently wavy. Clypeus slightly thickened and darker than cephalic dorsum. ANT. I – II smooth. ANT. III with 1 – 4 ST. URS with concave edges, apparently very sharp. TH somewhat rough, in some specimens with small and pigmented areas. ABD. 1 – 6 membranous and with little obvious reticulation. Intersegmental sclerites small, as dark as the SIPH and darker than the small spiracular sclerites, and the ABD. 7 – 8 transverse bands, which are sometimes fragmented. TH. 1 MG TUB smaller than triommatidium, pale and slightly bigger than those on ABD. 1 and ABD. 7. COM MG TUB lacking. ST on ANT, TH, ABD and legs are thin, pointed and very pale, so that the small ones are almost inconspicuous. Coxae and trochanters light brown, like most part of femora. Tarsal formula, 3.3.2. SIPH subcylindrical, tapering to apex, very dark (they are the darkest part of aphid), and poorly ornamented. ABD. 8 with 2 (( 3 )) ST. Genital plate with 2 – 3 (( 6 )) discal and 6 – 15 posterior ST. Cauda finger-shaped, with well-marked midway constriction with the central area and sometimes the apical area much paler than dark margins and, so that it contrasts with SIPH (remembering somewhat to A. gossypii), and with 5 – 11 ST. Other qualitative features in “ Common features of the new species ”. Metric features in Table 3. Alate viviparous females (Fig. 6, F – G). From 19 specimens. ABD mostly membranous, ABD. 2 – 6 with MG patches and ABD. 7 – 8 with transverse bands, which are bigger than those in apterae. Cauda with 8 – 13 ST. ANT. III with 3 – 8 SEC SEN, big and well aligned. ANT. IV rarely with 1 – 2 small SEC SEN. Other qualitative features in “ Common features of the new species ”. Metric features in Table 3. Bionomics and distribution. The only known host plant of Aphis hyalis sp. n. is Hyalis argentea. The genus Hyalis D. Don ex Hook & Arn. (Asteraceae) is recorded for first time hosting an aphid species. There are no data available to establish the cycle of the species, which may be monoecious with sexual generation. The new species is known in several places of Catamarca, San Juan and Mendoza, and has never been found more to the south. Taxonomic discussion, diagnosis. Using the key for aptera of the Aphidina species known in South America by Nieto Nafría et al., (2019) Aphis hyalis sp. n. joins species in group 7. Apterous viviparae of many of these last species present segmental sclerotization on ABD. 2 – 6, while those of A. hyalis sp. n. lack it. In this group there are species whose aptera have ABD. 2 - 5 membranous being possible to differentiate them from the new species by means of the ratio “ ANT. VI. PT / ANT. VI. B ”, which is less than 1.5 times in A. hyalis sp. n. and greater than 1.5 times in many of the others. Aphis martinezi Nieto Nafría, Ortego and Mier Durante, 1999 is the only species included in this group with apterae like those of A. hyalis in both mentioned features; they can be separated from each other by the values of the ratios “ SIPH / cauda ” and “ ANT. III / ANT. VI. PT ”, which respectively are 0.96 – 1.30 and 2.0 - 2.8 in A. hyalis sp. n. versus 0.54 – 1.00 and 1.0 – 1.7 in A. martinezi.	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
03FF8784FFC7FFD5E8FCFB2DFB4FFF5C.taxon	materials_examined	Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female CHI- 522 - 7 (mounted with two paratypes): CHILE: AYSéN DEL GENERAL CARLOS IBáñEZ DEL CAMPO, Capitán Prat, Baker and Neff rivers junction (47 º 07 ' S, 72 º 46 ' W, 230 m), on Senecio patagonicum, 16 - January- 2019, collection of the Universidad de León. Paratypes: 190 apterous viviparous and 4 alate viviparous females, collection of the Universidad de León; of them: (1) same data as the holotype, 66 apterae and 4 alatae; (2) ARGENTINA: RÍO NEGRO: Pilcaniyeu: Dina Huapi (41 º 04 ' S, 71 º 07 ' W, 900 m), on Senecio filaginoides, 19 - January- 2000, 52 apterae; (3) ARGENTINA: CHUBUT: Futaleufú: Trevelin (43 º 07 ' S, 71 º 26 ' W, 390 m), on Senecio filaginoides, 20 - January- 2000, 40 apterae; and (4) CHILE: MAGALLANES Y ANTáRTICA CHILENA: Última Esperanza: Paine falls (50 º 56 ' S, 72 º 47 ' W, 120 m) on Senecio sp., 6 - January- 2016, 32 apterae.	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
03FF8784FFC7FFD5E8FCFB2DFB4FFF5C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The Latin epithet “ pulvereus, - a, - um ” means dusty or pulverulent and allows to remember a very distinguishing character of the species.	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
03FF8784FFC7FFD5E8FCFB2DFB4FFF5C.taxon	description	Descriptions. Apterous viviparous females (Fig. 7). From 191 specimens (164 measured). When alive dull black under a very remarkable layer of white wax powder, with conspicuous black cauda, and antennae and legs mostly brown dark to black. When mounted, most specimens are well pigmented because they are extensively sclerotized (see below). Head smooth for the most part, dark to very dark brown and often with a thin, irregular and pale epicranial line. Frons straight or nearly straight. ANT. I and ANT. II with some irregular streaks. ANT. III with 4 – 10 (14) ST. URS with concave edges on its proximal third. TH. 1 – 2 with sclerotized and striate bands not as dark as the head and ABD sclerites, usually almost complete, fragmented in less pigmented specimens. TH. 3 to ABD. 6 with a spino-pleural band of diverse development, sometimes cut in the middle and sometimes in contact with the immediate ones and with the MG patches; these last are usually as dark as spiracular sclerites and paler than intersegmental sclerites, they are absent in ABD. 1 as also in other segments in less pigmented specimens. ABD. 7 – 8 with transverse bands, usually wide and extensive to the sides. COM MG TUB absent. ST on ANT, TH, ABD and legs are thin, pointed and very pale. Coxae and trochanters light brown, like most part of femora. Tarsal formula, 3.3.2 (3). SIPH very dark brown or black (always darker than the head), truncated-conical with a relatively wide base or sub-cylindrical and not so wide at the base. ABD. 8 with (( 1 )) 2 (( 4 )) ST. Genital plate with 2 – 12 discal and 8 – 15 posterior ST. Cauda as dark as SIPH, elongated finger-shaped with quite pointed apex, carrying 7 – 17 ST, which are especially long and extremely thin. Other qualitative features in “ Common features of the new species ”. Quantitative features in Table 4. ...... Continued on the next page Alate viviparous females (Fig. 8). From 4 specimens. ABD sclerotization diverse, from spinal and pleural sclerites on ABD. 1, spinopleural bands and broad MG sclerites on ABD. 2 – 6, and transverse bands on ABD. 7 – 8 (in biggest specimen), to only MG sclerites on ABD. 2 – 5, MG plus minimal spinal sclerite on ABD. 6, and small and scattered sclerites on ABD. 7 – 8 (in smallest specimen). ANT. III with 7 – 10 SEC SEN. Other qualitative features in “ Common features of the new species ”. Quantitative features in Table 4.	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
03FF8784FFC7FFD5E8FCFB2DFB4FFF5C.taxon	distribution	Bionomics and distribution. The four collections of this species were made on plants of the Senecio genus, very abundant in Argentine and Chilean Patagonia. In all cases, only parthenogenetic females were obtained, it cannot be guaranteed that the species is holocyclic, but this is expected due to the latitude and the harsh winters.	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
03FF8784FFC7FFD5E8FCFB2DFB4FFF5C.taxon	discussion	Aphis pulverea sp. n. it has always been collected within the territory belonging to the Patagonia biogeographic formation, and south of parallel 40. Between the southernmost locality (Cascadas del Paine, Chile) and the northernmost (Dina Huapi, Argentina), there is an approximate distance of 2,500 km in a straight line, which suggests that the new species may be found throughout this area; furthermore, it may host on some of the numerous Senecio species present to the north of this area. Taxonomic discussion, diagnosis. Specimens of A. pulverea sp. n. show great variation in various measurements, in the SIPH shape (Fig. 7 A – D) and in the density of wax cover, when alive, which is greater in the specimens from the Baker and Neff rivers junction (Chile) than in other specimens. This variation could be a manifestation of a marked intraspecific variability or an indication of the existence of two or more taxonomic entities. To solve the doubt, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) followed by a Hierarchical Cluster of Principal Components (HCPC) was carried out under R v. 3.6.3 (R Core Team, 2020) with packages FactoMineR v. 1.42 (Lê et al. 2008) and factoextra v. 1.0.5 (Kassambara & Mundt, 2017). Measurements of 164 apterous viviparae that are sufficiently complete and well arranged on slides were used, of them: 43 from Dina Huapi (Argentina), 33 from Trevelin (Argentina), 58 from Baker and Neff rivers junction (Chile) and 30 from Paine falls (Chile). Only quantitative absolute features were used to avoid overfitting, although body and antenna lengths were removed to reduce size-effect. HCPC suggests that apterous viviparae of A. pulverea sp. n. belong to two morphological groups as determined automatically by the higher relative loss of inertia (Lê et al. 2008). All the specimens collected in Dina Huapi, almost all those collected in Trevelin (32 of 33) and in Paine falls (24 of 30), plus a few (4 of 54) collected in Baker and Neff rivers junction are part of a first group, while the majority of those from Baker & Neff rivers junction (54 of 58) and a few specimens from Trevelin and Paine falls (1 and 6 respectively) are part of a second group. The limits of the ranges of dispersion of most absolute and relative metric features of body parts and setae are distinctively different for both groups. Both the lower and upper limits in the first group well lower than the equivalent limits in the second group, and the respective ranges overlap for the most part. Specimens with truncatedconical SIPH are majority in the first group, although there are specimens with cylindrical and sub-cylindrical SIPH; the opposite occurs in the second group. Therefore, it seems sensible to conclude that both morphological groups belong to the same taxonomic entity. From the host plants, the collection places latitudes, and the collection dates, it is unlikely that the variations are related to the hosts or to the season or to a geographic cline. Therefore, the more logical conclusion, is that the species has great internal variability. A. pulverea sp. n. shares characters with the species that form part of groups 7 and 9 of the key to apterous viviparous females of Aphidina species known in South America by Nieto Nafría et al. (2019 a), however, it presents a very different ratio “ SIPH / cauda ”, which in the new species is no greater than 0.8 times.	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
03FF8784FFC3FFD4E8FCFEFBFCC9FD20.taxon	materials_examined	Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female (specimen ARG- 551 - 7 mounted with a paratype): ARGENTINA: MENDOZA: San Rafael: Cuesta de los Terneros (34 º 42 ' S, 68 º 34 ' W, 1800 m), on Tagetes mendocina, 7 - February- 2000; collection of the Universidad de León. Paratypes: 194 apterous viviparous and 67 alate viviparous females, collection of the Universidad de León; of them: (1) same data as the holotype, 15 apterae; (2) ibidem, 1 - November- 1997, 5 apterae; (3) ibidem, 9 - March- 1998, 20 apterae and 14 alatae; (4) ibidem, 9 - November- 1999, 19 apterae and 14 alatae; (5) ibidem, 13 - October- 2001, 3 apterae; (6) ibidem, 8 - November- 2001, 8 alatae; (7) Las Heras: Monumento Canota (32 º 36 ' S, 68 º 55 ' W, 1015 m), on Thymophylla pentachaeta, 30 - November- 2002, 28 apterae and 1 alate; (8) Luján de Cuyo (33 º 05 ' S, 68 º 58 ' W, 1050 m), on Th. pentachaeta, 30 - November- 2002, 6 apterae; (9) Tupungato: Cruz Negra (33 º 26 ' S, 68 º 58 ' W, 900 m), on Th. pentachaeta, 21 - November- 2002, 10 apterae; (10) NEUQUéN: Neuquén (32 º 58 ' S, 68 º 09 ' W, 300 m), on Th. pentachaeta, 8 - February- 2003, 31 apterae and 6 alatae; (11) LA RIOJA: General Felipe Varela: Cuesta de Miranda (29 º 21 ' S, 67 º 47 ' W, 2015 m), on Ta. mendocina, 26 - November- 2002, 14 apterae; (11) ibidem, 2 - November- 2006, 16 apterae and 18 alatae; (13) ibidem, 3 - December- 2017, 21 apterae and 5 alatae; and (14) SAN JUAN: Talacasto (31 º 05 ' S, 68 º 38 ' W, 980 m), on Pectis odorata, 6 - November- 1996, 4 apterae and 1 alatae.	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
03FF8784FFC3FFD4E8FCFEFBFCC9FD20.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet sanrafaelina of the new species name is the Spanish demonym of San Rafael, which is the place with more specimens-type, in feminine gender because Aphis is a feminine noun. Apterous viviparous females (Fig. 9 A – E). From 195 specimens (185 measured). When alive dull pale yellow to light green, usually with a reddish transverse strip immediately behind SIPH, and ABD. 1 – 6 with shiny black spots in variable number. In mounted specimens, head brown and almost smooth. Frons slightly wavy with the middle part somewhat rough and darker than the rest of cephalic dorsum. ANT. I – II smooth. URS subrectangular in shape. ANT. III with 1 – 7 ST. TH and ABD with reticulation, but sometimes almost inconspicuous. TH. 1 membranous or with scattered sclerites; TH. 2 with wide spino-pleural and MG sclerites, often coalescing. TH. 3 and ABD. 1 – 5 with spino-pleural plate, irregularly edged and sometimes with some depigmented spots, it can be fragment into bands or disintegrate. ABD. 6 usually with a spino-pleural band, sometime broken, and sometimes with small MG (postsiphuncular) sclerites. ABD. 7 - 8 with small or very small sclerites, or rarely with very thin transverse bands. All mentioned segmental sclerites are as dark as the spiracular sclerites and are paler than intersegmental (muscular) sclerites. Notwithstanding the above, TH and ABD of specimens smaller than 1.3 mm (collected in February in Neuquén) are membranous or at most exhibit small and scattered sclerites. TH. 1 MG TUB tall, as voluminous as the triommatidium and somewhat wider than those on ABD. 1 and ABD. 7; all of them with the proximal half thicker and somewhat darker than their distal half. COM MG TUB absent. ST fine, those on ANT, TH and ABD plus many on legs are blunt. Coxae as dark as or sometimes darker than trochanters and proximal part of femora. Tarsal formula 3.3.2. SIPH sub-cylindrical, very dark, rough (the imbrications of their margins are thick). ABD. 8 with (( 1 )) 2 (( 4 )) ST. Genital plate paler than the anal plate and much paler than cauda and SIPH, with 2 – 6 discal and 2 – 12 posterior ST. Cauda long-triangular or faintly finger-shaped, because the midway constriction does not exist or is very little marked, as dark as SIPH, but can be paler on the middle than on the edges, and carrying 6 – 10 ST. Other qualitative features in “ Common features of the new species ”. Quantitative features in Table 5. Alate viviparous females (Fig. 9, F – G). From 67 specimens. ABD. 2 - 6 with MG patches and sometimes small and scattered spinal sclerites; ABD. 7 - 8 with thin transverse bands or small or very small sclerites. ANT. III with 4 – 9 aligned SEC SEN. ANT. IV usually without SEC SEN, sometimes with 1 or 2, small. Other qualitative features in “ Common features of the new species ”. Quantitative features in Table 5. Bionomics and distribution. A. sanrafaelina sp. n. lives on plants of three genera of tribe Tageteae: Pectis L., Tagetes L. and Thymophylla Lag., on stems and leaves. The genus Thymophylla is recorded for the first time hosting an aphid species. Sexual morphs are unknown, although it is possible that they exist. The specimens collected in Neuquén, which are smaller and less sclerotized than the others, could be aestivating apterae. The new species in known in several places of La Rioja, Neuquén, Mendoza and San Juan, north and south of which it has never been found. Taxonomic discussion, diagnosis. The ratio “ URS / HT. 2 ” of the apterous viviparous of Aphis sanrafaelina sp. n. does not allow following only one of the two proportions of couple I of the key to apterous viviparous females of Aphidina species known in South America by Nieto Nafría et al. (2019 a), because this ratio varies between 0.8 and 1.1 times. Working on the identification of the specimens with this ratio lesser than or equal to 1 (approximately 90 % of the measured specimens collected on Tajetes mendocina, and 40 % of the specimens collected on Thymophylla pentachaeta or in Pectis odorata), the couple N of the mentioned key would be reached, with two species: A. berberidorum Ortego & Mier Durante, 1997 and A. tropaeoli Nieto Nafría & Brown, 2019. The ABD sclerotization of these species and A. sanrafaelina n. sp. is different; in addition, SIPH of A. berberidorum are usually shorter than cauda, and the cephalo-dorsal ST of A. tropaeoli are 27 µm long at least, while in A. sanrafaelina sp. n. SIPH are longer than cauda and the cephalo-dorsal ST are 21 µm long at most. Working on the identification of specimens with that ratio “ URS / HT. 2 ” bigger than 1 (which are a minority in the total of the type specimens), the new species is included in species group 7 of the key, with 26 species. A. sanrafaelina sp. n. differs from one or the other of the species of this group by: (1) the pigmentation of SIPH and cauda, (2) the ratio “ ANT. VI. PT / ANT. VI. B ”, (3) the shape of cauda, or (4) the sclerotization of TH and ABD.	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
03FF8784FFC2FFD6E8FCFB36FA46F9E1.taxon	discussion	The identification keys for animals of any type always refer to the known taxa in a certain zoological group in a specific territory, sometimes some limitation is included. A key that includes all the species of the genus Aphis known in this part of South America would be impractical, due to the high number of species to be included, and it would undoubtedly be partial, since it is very possible that there are yet numerous species to be described. Keys limited to aphids collected on species of the same genus are already sufficiently covered by the work of Blackman & Eastop (2021). The key to the viviparous females of the genus Aphis from southern South America (Argentina plus Chile) that is presented here, includes a limitation: host plant of aphids to be identified must belong to the family Asteraceae. The distinguishing characteristics between aphid species frequently show overlaps, which can be very wide in the quantitative ones, thus the identifications should be made using several apterous viviparae, 6 to 15 for example, and when possible, some alate viviparae. Each obtained identification must be subsequently verified with the species description. Characteristics that are used correspond to the apterous viviparae and should be taken with caution for alate viviparae, especially those relating to measurements and sclerotization. Characteristics that have no counterpart in the other proposition of the couplet are presented into brackets. Some features of the alate viviparous are included in curly brackets for informational purposes and although they are not always discriminating. This key is indebted to those by Blackman & Eastop (2021), Mier Durante et al. (2003) and Nieto Nafría et al. (2019 a, 2019 b).	en	Nieto Nafría, Juan M., Ortego, Jaime, Moreno-González, Víctor, Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2022): The genus Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) living on Asteraceae species in southern South America: Argentina and Chile, with five new species. Zootaxa 5183 (1): 439-463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5183.1.31
