identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
27FD72243286553DB92DADA295765AFD.text	27FD72243286553DB92DADA295765AFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Idiopyrgus adamanteus Salvador & Silva & Bichuette 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Idiopyrgus adamanteus sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Fig. 2A-H</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>MZSP 158237 (holotype), LES 0027974 (14 paratypes, from type locality), LES 0027975 (3 paratypes, from type locality).</p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Brazil, Bahia state, Central municipality, Toca Bonita cave.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Known from four caves in Central municipality.</p>
            <p>Etymology.</p>
            <p> From Latin, meaning 'of  diamond’ ; an allusion to the region in Bahia known as Chapada Diamantina, where all the caves in the  species’ known distribution are located. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Elongated shell spire; narrow body whorl; more circular aperture when compared to congeners.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Shell small, truncatelloid, of translucent beige to whitish color. Protoconch bulbous and translucent, of fragile appearance (it is broken off in many specimens). Spire narrow. Shell smooth except for fine growth lines; growth lines can be more marked in some specimens, forming a light axial ribbing pattern (Fig. 2E, G). Suture deep; subsutural cord observed in one specimen (Fig. 2E). Whorl profile markedly convex, rounded. Whorls initially increasing regularly in size with growth, but final whorls are typically similar in size (Fig. 2A, D-G). Aperture small in proportion to body whorl; oval to circular, with a more acuminate end towards the upper lip insertion. Peristome complete; reflexed but not thickened. Shell rimate. Operculum translucent, of same color as the shell. Soft body white.</p>
            <p>Measurements.</p>
            <p> holotype:  6½ whorls, H = 5.3 mm, D = 2.3 mm; mean (n = 7),  6½ whorls (min 6, max 7), H = 5.6  ± 0.39 mm, D = 2.5  ± 0.12 mm. </p>
            <p>Genetic data.</p>
            <p>GenBank reg. nrs: COI, ON323464; 16S, ON359913; ITS2+28S, ON324828.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Idiopyrgus adamanteus sp. nov. is most similar in shell shape to  I. souleyetianus and  I. brasiliensis , but it can be diagnosed from them by the fewer number of whorls and the much narrower body whorl, as well as a more circular aperture (Fig. 1). It can be distinguished from  I. rudolphi by the deeper suture, more convex whorl profile and more circular aperture. It differs from the remaining congeners by its narrower shell, more elongated spire and smaller aperture (in proportion to body whorl). </p>
            <p> Idiopyrgus adamanteus sp. nov. displays a fair amount of morphological variation in the shell, even in specimens from the same cave (Fig. 2A-D, F-H), like what is observed in many other freshwater truncatelloids. The shell and the spire of some specimens can be shorter (Fig. 2C) or taller and more elongated (Fig. 2D), the body whorl can be slighter wider (Fig. 2C, H), the shell sculpture can be more prominent (Fig. 2E, G), and a subsutural cord can be present (Fig. 2E). </p>
            <p> Given its occurrence in four distinct caves of Central region (Bahia state),  Idiopyrgus adamanteus sp. nov. is considered a troglophilic species rather than a strict troglobitic one. The region of Central is characterized by a dry vegetation type (Caatinga) and the caves represent good shelters for these animals, given their high-humidity microhabitats. Few collections were conducted outside the caves and, as such, this species occurrence outside subterranean habitats was not tested. Nevertheless, the lack of body pigmentation and the translucent shell of some specimens (Fig. 2A-H) are possible troglomorphisms, i.e., morphological traits typically observed in cave-dwelling gastropods (Christiansen 2012; Trontelj et al. 2012; Salvador et al. 2022). </p>
            <p>The caves of Central municipality and their surroundings are impacted by deforestation caused by subsistence agriculture, mining activities, and wind energy installations in the karst landscapes (Bichuette, pers. obs.).</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/27FD72243286553DB92DADA295765AFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Silva, Fernanda S.;Bichuette, Maria E.	Salvador, Rodrigo B., Silva, Fernanda S., Bichuette, Maria E. (2022): Phylogenetic position of the relict South American genus Idiopyrgus Pilsbry, 1911 (Gastropoda, Truncatelloidea), with the description of two new cave species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 98 (2): 365-375, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.90797, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.90797
9CDC470A4764535590020CE9025304DC.text	9CDC470A4764535590020CE9025304DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Idiopyrgus minor Salvador & Silva & Bichuette 2022	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Idiopyrgus minor sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Fig. 2I-K</p>
            <p>Type material.</p>
            <p>MZSP 158238 (holotype), LES 0027980 (2 paratypes, from Gruna do Engrunado).</p>
            <p>Type locality.</p>
            <p>Brazil, Bahia state, Feira da Mata municipality, Gruna da Pingueira II cave.</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Known only from two caves in Feira da Mata municipality.</p>
            <p>Etymology.</p>
            <p> From Latin, meaning  ‘little’ . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p>Smaller shell than congeners; spire not as elongated and wider than most congeners; aperture proportionately larger in relation to preceding whorl.</p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Shell minute, truncatelloid, of translucent white color. Protoconch not too prominent. Shell smooth except for fine growth lines. Suture deep, rendering whorls lightly shouldered in holotype (Fig. 2I, J). Whorl profile convex. Whorls increasing regularly in size with growth. Aperture large in proportion to body whorl; oval to circular, with a more acuminate end towards the upper lip insertion. Peristome complete; reflexed but not thickened. Shell rimate. Operculum translucent, of same color as the shell. Soft body white.</p>
            <p>Measurements.</p>
            <p>holotype: 5 whorls, H = 3.5 mm, D = 1.7 mm; paratype: H = 3.7 mm, D = 1.7 mm.</p>
            <p>Genetic data.</p>
            <p>GenBank reg. nrs: COI, ON720330; 16S, ON720564; ITS2+28S, ON720562.</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Idiopyrgus minor sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners by its small size. It also has a less elongated and wider spire than most of its congeners, the exceptions being  I. pilsbryi and  I. walkeri (Fig. 1). Nevertheless, it can also be easily diagnosed from them:  I. minor sp. nov. is much smaller and has a narrower shell than  I. walkeri , and has a larger and wider aperture than  I. pilsbryi . Finally, there is a reasonably large genetic distance separating  I. minor sp. nov. from  I. adamanteus sp. nov. (Fig. 3), comparable to the distance between the species of  Truncatellidae and  Stenothyridae present on the tree and larger than the distances between species of  Pomatiopsidae . </p>
            <p> This species is considered troglobitic, given its occurrence in a single cave of the Serra do Ramalho karst area. The specimens were collected in pools resulting from infiltration water and seem to be restricted to this habitat. Besides the translucent shell and lack of body pigmentation, the smaller body size of  I. minor sp. nov. can also be interpreted as a possible troglomorphism, given that miniaturization is common in cave organisms, including snails (Christiansen 2012; Salvador et al. 2022). </p>
            <p>The Serra do Ramalho region has been historically exploited for agriculture, charcoal production, and mining, from small to large scales (Gallão and Bichuette 2018).</p>
            <p>Phylogenetics and biogeography</p>
            <p> The phylogenetic analysis included a total of 51 species (counting the outgroup) and all family level taxa were well-supported (posterior probability, PP = 1 in all cases except  Falsicingulidae , for which PP = 0.98). As such, even though there is an unsolved polytomy in the tree (Fig. 3; in all likelihood a result of the exclusion of northern hemisphere families not immediately related to our question), the membership of each species to a particular family can be readily and reliably assessed. </p>
            <p> In that regard, it can be seen that  Idiopyrgus does not belong to  Pomatiopsidae ; rather, it is grouped together with  Tomichia and  Coxiella . These three genera together form the family  Tomichiidae , which recovers the results of Wilke et al. (2013) and fully establishes this family as a Gondwanan clade. The most basal branch in  Tomichiidae appears to be the Australian  Coxiella , with the South African  Tomichia and the South American  Idiopyrgus spp. forming a well-supported monophyletic clade (PP = 0.97; Fig. 3). This represents a typical Gondwanan scenario, with the Australian branch being the most basal one. Furthermore, it can be surmised that all three genera are relicts in their respective continents, given their present low diversity and restricted distributions (Wilke 2019). </p>
            <p> Nevertheless, the diversity of the Brazilian branch of this family might be underestimated. Specimens of  I. souleyetianus have been reported from several localities in Brazil, including the aphotic zones of caves (e.g., Thiengo et al. 2005; Salvador et al. 2017; Salvador and Simone 2021). Shell morphology and the apparent isolation of some populations in cave systems indicate, however, that "  I. souleyetianus " from the literature is likely a species complex (see also the discussion below). The two new species described herein from caves also point towards this conclusion. Future morphological and molecular studies might thus shed light on the real diversity of this group in Brazil. </p>
            <p> It is also noteworthy that  Tomichiidae is absent from Zealandia, especially considering that the family  Tateidae is likewise a Gondwanan clade and has representatives in South America, Australia and New Zealand (Fig. 3; Zielske et al. 2016; Ponder 2019). Given the more basal position of  Tateidae in relation to  Tomichiidae , it can be hypothesized that it represents an earlier branch of  Truncatelloidea and that  Tomichiidae therefore arose after Zealandia had split from Gondwana (circa 80 Ma). </p>
            <p>Taxonomy</p>
            <p> Based on the study of type material and further specimens available to us, it was possible to reassess those species of  Idiopyrgus that are presently considered synonyms (as per Simone 2006) of  I. souleyetianus . This assessment was done based on conchological characters of the type specimens, topotypes, and additional voucher specimens, as no additional DNA-grade material could be acquired. Therefore, we are aware that our proposed arrangement may change in the future when more material becomes available. </p>
            <p> I. souleyetianus (Fig. 1A, B) is here restricted to populations from  Espírito Santo state (Southeast Atlantic hydrographic region), which includes the type locality, and Bahia state (  São Francisco hydrographic region; specimens reported by Salvador et al. 2017) (Fig. 4). The specimens from northern Minas Gerais (  São Francisco hydrographic region; Fig. 4) assigned by Salvador and Simone (2021) to  I. souleyetianus display much smaller shells, with fewer whorls and a weak axial teleoconch sculpture. As such, they might represent a still unrecognized species. Likewise, the records from  Goiás state assigned to  I. souleyetianus by Thiengo et al. (2005: not illustrated) stem from an area belonging to yet another hydrographic region (Tocantins-Araguaia; Fig. 4) and should be reassessed; they are treated here as  Idiopyrgus sp. </p>
            <p> Idiopyrgus pilsbryi (Fig. 1C, D) has a much smaller shell than  I. souleyetianus , having circa 2/3 of the  latter’s shell length. The whorls of  I. souleyetianus are taller than those of  I. pilsbryi , and it has a taller spire with more whorls.  I. pilsbryi inhabits Rio Grande do Norte state, ca. 1,500 km north of the type locality of  I. souleyetianus , in a completely different climate and biome. It is geographically isolated from  I. souleyetianus , whose northernmost occurrence is in central Bahia state (Fig. 4), and in a different hydrographic region (Eastern Northeast Atlantic region). As such, we reinstate  I. pilsbryi as an accepted species. </p>
            <p> Idiopyrgus walkeri was described from Minas Gerais state and its type specimen could not be located in the ANSP collection during the present study. By its description and published illustrations (Pilsbry 1924, reproduced here as Fig. 1E), it has a more conical shell and wider and more convex whorls than  I. souleyetianus (being of similar size to it), alongside a shorter spire with fewer whorls. It inhabits the  São Francisco hydrographic region (Fig. 4), but on a different area from where  I. souleyetanus is known. In absence of type material,  I. walkeri is here considered potentially distinct from  I. souleyetanus , but it is regarded as a taxon inquirendum until the types come to light or topotypes are collected. Three specimens collected from caves in Coribe municipality, southern Bahia state (Fig. 4), have wider shells and could represent specimens of  I. walkeri . </p>
            <p> Idiopyrgus rudolphi (Fig. 1F, G) is the most immediately diagnosable species, as its shell has a straighter spire profile, almost subulinid-like, with whorls only slightly convex in profile. This feature was deemed sufficient by Haas (1938) to describe the genus  Hydracme to house this species. Considering the morphological variation known in the shell shape of truncatelloids, we prefer to follow the most conservative approach for now and to maintain  Hydracme as a synonym of  Idiopyrgus until molecular studies on  I. rudolphi can be conducted and its position in the  group’s phylogeny assessed.  I. rudolphi is known only from its type locality in Pernambuco state (  São Francisco hydrographic region), seemingly isolated from  I. souleyetianus to the south and  I. pilsbryi to the north (Fig. 4). </p>
            <p> The type material of  Idiopyrgus brasiliensis , despite being databased in the MZSP collection, could not be located during the present study. According to the species description and published illustrations (Rey 1959, reproduced here as Fig. 1H), this species is very similar in shell shape and size to  I. souleyetianus , but it has a taller body whorl, a more vertically positioned aperture, and a less reflected lip. It is also geographically isolated from other  Idiopyrgus spp. (Fig. 3). Therefore, we reinstate it as an accepted species. It inhabits Mato Grosso do Sul state (Paraguay hydrographic region) and, given its occurrence in  Corumbá municipality (Rey 1959) close to the border, it should likely be found in Bolivia and perhaps Paraguay as well. The record from Mato Grosso state (Simone 2006; Birckolz et al. 2016) is in all likelihood a misinterpretation of the records of Rey (1959), since back then the state of Mato Grosso still contained the area that later became Mato Grosso do Sul state. The genus  Aquidauania , which was erected to house  I. brasiliensis (erroneously described as belonging to  Oncomelania Gredler, 1881, an Asian genus; Rey 1959), is therefore a synonym of  Idiopyrgus ¸ as already indicated by Simone (2006). </p>
            <p> The two new species described herein,  I. adamanteus sp. nov. and  I. minor sp. nov., are from Bahia state, belonging to the Middle  São Francisco hydrographic region (Fig. 4).  Idiopyrgus adamanteus sp. nov. is apparently isolated from  I. souleyetianus in the south and  I. rudolphi in the north (Fig. 4). The distribution of  I. minor sp. nov., however, overlaps with  I. souleyetianus and potentially with  I. walkeri as well (Fig. 4). It is thus tempting to consider  I. souleyetianus and/or  I. walkeri as widespread species whose isolated populations in caves might have given rise to new species such as  I. minor sp. nov. </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9CDC470A4764535590020CE9025304DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Silva, Fernanda S.;Bichuette, Maria E.	Salvador, Rodrigo B., Silva, Fernanda S., Bichuette, Maria E. (2022): Phylogenetic position of the relict South American genus Idiopyrgus Pilsbry, 1911 (Gastropoda, Truncatelloidea), with the description of two new cave species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 98 (2): 365-375, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.90797, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.90797
