identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
4A018914FFD3FFAAA9AE76C94E3FFCC6.text	4A018914FFD3FFAAA9AE76C94E3FFCC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spathiphyllum maldonadianum Diaz Jim. 2022	<div><p>Spathiphyllum maldonadianum Díaz Jim., sp. nov. (Fig. 2)</p> <p>Spathiphyllum maldonadianum can be confused with S. cochlearispathum, but it differs from that species in having the petiole longer than the blades and not sheathed up to the geniculum (vs. as long as the blade and sheathed near or up to the geniculum), blade of up to 47 primary veins per side (vs. less than 40), pistils up to 15 mm long (vs. less than 10 mm) and up to 11 ovules per ovary (vs. up to 16).</p> <p>Type: — MEXICO. Tabasco: Municipio <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.916664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.916664/lat 17.516666)">Teapa</a>, Sierra el Madrigal, San José Puyacatengo, 17°31’N, 92°55’W, 188 m asl, 13 Aug. 2008, Pedro Díaz Jiménez 604 (holotype UJAT!)</p> <p>Terrestrial; understory herb, frequently growing scattered in low densities. Up to 2.3 m tall; internodes short, up to 5.0 cm diam. LEAVES 166–250 cm long; petioles up to 1.80 times longer than the blades, 65–148 cm long, 8–10 mm diam., sheathed near the middle, or above to 11.5–60.0 cm from the geniculum, free portion terete, the sheath and free portion pale green and covered in white dots, sheath margins strongly wrinkled with a white edge up to 5 mm wide, straight or wavy, sometimes inrolled, light green; geniculum 3.5–7.5 cm long, 9–12 mm diam., yellowish-green and weakly covered in white dots; blades oblong, oblong-ovate or oblong-elliptic, widest at or just below the middle, 52–83 cm long, 22–32.3 cm wide, approx. 2.5–3 times longer than wide, cuspidate at apex, sometimes inrolled apically and forming a thin elongated tip of up to 5 cm, obtuse or rounded at base, subcoriaceous, dark green and glossy above, light green semi-glossy below, drying green to dark brown above, light brown below; midrib sunken and weakly covered in white dots, thicker than broad, dark green and glossy above, and light green to whitish below; primary lateral veins, 38–47 pairs, separated 6.5–25.0 mm, arising at an 60–80° angle, sunken and dark green above, light green below; minor veins dark green below. INFLORESCENCE erect, equal or taller than the leaves; peduncle 119–170 cm long, 7.2–13.0 mm diam., covered in white dots, green to light yellowish-green; spathe cucullate, oblanceolate or elliptic, 21–44 cm long, 15.3–17.4 cm wide, acuminate to narrowly acuminate apex, subcuneate, attenuate, oblique or sub-rounded at the base, decurrent up to 18 mm at the base, yellowish-green at anthesis, dark green at post-anthesis; spadix 10–21 cm long, 2.3–2.8 cm diam., cream-yellowish, emitting a strong and pleasant floral scent at anthesis, stipe 5–15 mm long, 8–10 mm diam., light green to yellowish-green at anthesis, dark green at post-anthesis; perianth with 6 free tepals, 2.2–3.0 mm long; up to 6 anthers, 1.8–2.1 mm long, thecae oblong, 1.0– 1.5 mm long; the pistils, sharply emergent, elongate-conic, 5–15 mm long, style 4.6–5.5 mm long, 1.5–2.0 mm diam. at the base; ovary 3-locular, 3–5 ovules per locule, 6–11 ovules per ovary. INFRUCTESCENCE 18–21 cm long, 2.7–3.3 cm diam.; berries obovoid to oblong, rostrate, 10–17 mm long, 3.3–6.0 mm wide, yellowish at maturity; seeds oblong, obovoid or oblique-ovoid, 2.3–3.8 mm long, light brown or dark brown and glossy when fresh.</p> <p>Distribution, habitat, and conservation status: — Spathiphyllum maldonadianum is endemic to Mexico, known only from the Sierra region of the state of Tabasco (Fig. 1). It grows mainly as an understory species in evergreen tropical forests, sometimes on riverbanks, often scattered or in small populations of few individuals, between 40 and 800 m asl. Due to its proximity to the northern highlands of Chiapas, S. maldonadianum may be also present in the state of Chiapas. By its distribution area (according to the GeoCAT program) and applying the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (B1 and B2), S. maldonadianum is not considered in any endangered status (IUCN 2012). However, we believe that due to the accelerated deforestation in the area, the species could be considered a threatened species.</p> <p>Phenology, floral scent and floral visitors: —According to the specimens reviewed and collected at anthesis and post-anthesis, flowering occurs in February and March, and from June to September. From the early hours of the morning, the spadices of S. maldonadianum emitted a strong and pleasant floral scent, sometimes perceptible several meters away. In the afternoon, the scent was less intense. The scented bouquet contained overall 41 volatile compounds (12 aromatics, 10 terpenoids, four nitrogen-containing compounds, and 15 unknown compounds, Appendix 1). The main compounds (&gt; 5% in any of samples) were (R)-Linalool, Methyl p -anisate, Methyl salicylate, Methyl benzoate, and Methyl (E)-cinnamate (Appendix 1). Three thereof ((R)-Linalool, Methyl p -anisate, Methyl (E)-cinnamate) are reported for the first time as part of the floral bouquet in a member of Spathiphyllum (Hentrich et al. 2010, Díaz Jiménez et al. 2019, 2021b). In the morning, when the scent is most intense, the spadices of S. maldonadianum are visited by male euglossine bees (Euglossa sp.; Fig. 3A) and stingless bees (Plebeia sp.; Fig. 3B).</p> <p>Eponymy: —The species is named in honor of the Mexican botanist, M. C. Francisco Maldonado Mares, who died on December 6, 2017. The “Magister”, as he was affectionately named, was a professor of botany at the Universidad Juarez Autónoma de Tabasco where he was always eager to support his students. Among his publications we can find the “Frutales Tropicales de Tabasco ”, “Cercos Vivos de Tabasco ”, and “Plantas Medicinales de Tabasco ”.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined (paratypes):— MEXICO. Tabasco: Mun. Tacotalpa: Ejido Lázaro Cárdenas, 12 May 80, C. Cowan 2989 (CSAT!); 0.2 km abajo (NW) de, y antes de entrar a <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.76667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.76667/lat 17.466667)">Tapijulapa. Hasta</a> 0.5 km arriba del camino por el arroyo a pie, 17°28’N, 92°46’W, 43 m, 30 May 1982, C. P. Cowan et al. 3531 (CSAT!); A 1 km al NE del ejido Xicotencatl, ladera exposición W. Sierra Poaná, 22 May 1985, E. S. López-Hernández 153 (UJAT!); A 3 km después de Tapijulapa por el camino a la Provincia, 28 Jun. 1985, E. S. López-Hernández 273 (UJAT!); Selva cuesta chica, 10 Jun. 2004, N. H. García 19 (UJAT!); ejido Agua Blanca, 31 Mar. 2004, N. H. García &amp; S. G. Ramírez H. 31 (UJAT!); R/ a. Madrigal 5a. Secc., Sierra el Madrigal, 17°30’N, 92°49’W, 200 m, 23 Mar. 2009, P. Díaz Jiménez &amp; A. M. de la Cruz López 726 (MO!, UJAT!); ejido <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.71667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.71667/lat 17.366667)">Pomoquita</a>, 17°22’N, 92°43’W, 109 m, 05 Jun. 2021, P. Díaz Jiménez &amp; P. A. Aguilar-Rodríguez 1582 (UJAT!); ejido <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.71667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.71667/lat 17.366667)">Pomoquita</a>, 17°22’N, 92°43’W, 109 m, 23 Jul. 2021, P. Díaz Jiménez 1586 (UJAT!). Mun. Teapa: parte W del cerro El Madrigal, 16 May 1981, G. Ramos et al. 699 (UJAT!); A 2 km del ejido Sta. Rosa hacia el ejido Lázaro Cárdenas, 17°32’N, 92°08’W, 40 – 50 m, 25 Feb. 1983, M. A. Magaña et al. 1020 (CSAT!, MO, UJAT!); Cerro del Madrigal, arriba del Centro Puyacatengo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.916664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.916664/lat 17.516666)">Chapingo</a>, al lado del <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.916664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.916664/lat 17.516666)">Río Puyacatengo</a>, 3 km de la carretera <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.916664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.916664/lat 17.516666)">Teapa-Tacotalpa</a>, 17°31’N, 92°55’W, 330 m, 18 Jun. 1983, C. P. Cowan et al. 3968 (MO!); 7 km SE of Teapa on road to Tacotalpa; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.833336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.833336/lat 17.583334)">Rancho San Eneas</a>, Sierra el Madrigal, 17°35’N, 92°50’W, 70 m, 30 Sep. 1986, B. E. Hammel &amp; M. Merello 15522 (MO!); Vicinity of Teapa, along road between Teapa and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.96667/lat 17.55)">Tacotalpa</a>, 3.1 m; E of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.96667/lat 17.55)">Teapa</a>, ca. 0.25 miles S of Highway, 17°33’N, 92°58’W, 150 m, 19 Feb. 1987, T. B. Croat &amp; D. P. Hannon 65372 (MO!); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.916664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.916664/lat 17.516666)">San José Puyacatengo</a>, evergreen tropical forest, 17°31’N, 92°55’W, 188 m, 14 May 2008, P. Díaz Jiménez 539 (MO!); Sierra el Madrigal, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.916664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.916664/lat 17.516666)">San José Puyacatengo</a>, 17°31’N, 92°55’W, 237 m, 28 May 2008, P. Díaz Jiménez 562 (XAL!).</p> <p>Notes: — Spathiphyllum maldonadianum represents the thirteenth species of the genus Spathiphyllum for Mexico, and the fourth species of Araceae recently described for Tabasco (Croat et al. 2019, Díaz Jiménez et al. 2020, PérezFarrera et al. 2022). All specimens collected in the type locality of S. maldonadianum and its surroundings, Sierra del Madrigal between Teapa-Tacotalpa, were mistakenly determined and for a long time reported as S. cochlearispathum (Cowan 1983, Pérez et al. 2005, Díaz Jiménez 2006, Díaz Jiménez et al. 2015, Tropicos 2022). However, unlike the latter, in S. maldonadianum the petiole sheath does not reach the geniculum, its blades are almost twice as wide, its pistils are longer, and have fewer ovules per ovary. Bunting (1965) mentioned that a specimen collected near Teapa and cultivated in a greenhouse, with a light green spathe in anthesis and up to 42 cm long, could represent a new species. That specimen actually corresponds to S. maldonadianum. Furthermore, no specimen from the Sierra del Madrigal was included in his revision under the name of S. cochlearispathum (Bunting 1960). The only specimen he included as S. cochlearispathum from Tabasco was S. lacustre Lundell (1941: 4–5), considered synonymous with that species, but representing a different species than S. cochlearispathum (Díaz Jiménez et al. unpubl.).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A018914FFD3FFAAA9AE76C94E3FFCC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jiménez, Pedro Díaz;Dötterl, Stefan;Fuchs, Roman;Hentrich, Heiko;Pérez-Farrera, Miguel Ángel;Vega, José Padilla;Aguilar-Rodríguez, Pedro A.	Jiménez, Pedro Díaz, Dötterl, Stefan, Fuchs, Roman, Hentrich, Heiko, Pérez-Farrera, Miguel Ángel, Vega, José Padilla, Aguilar-Rodríguez, Pedro A. (2022): Two new species of Spathiphyllum (Araceae) from Tabasco, Mexico with notes on their floral scent. Phytotaxa 566 (1): 121-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.566.1.7
4A018914FFD4FFA8A9AE73534B43FADA.text	4A018914FFD4FFA8A9AE73534B43FADA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spathiphyllum wilfridianum Diaz Jim. 2022	<div><p>Spathiphyllum wilfridianum Díaz Jim., sp. nov. (Fig. 4)</p> <p>Spathiphyllum wilfridianum is morphologically similar to S. cochlearispathum, but differs from that species in having petioles longer than the blades and sheathed to 33–54 cm from the geniculum (vs. as long as the blade and sheathed near or up to the geniculum), sheath margins entire (vs. wrinkled), blade attenuate at the base (vs. rounded), primary veins rising at an angle of 40–55° (vs. 60–80°), and up to 7 ovules per ovary (vs. up to 16).</p> <p>Type: — MEXICO. Tabasco: Municipio Centro, communal land Dos Montes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.75/lat 17.75)">Centro de Interpretación</a> y Convivencia con la Naturaleza “Yumka”, 17°45’N, 92°45’W, 7 m asl, 16 November 2009, Pedro Díaz Jiménez &amp; A. Garduza 1092 (holotype UJAT!).</p> <p>Terrestrial; understory herb, up to 2.15 m tall; internodes short, up to 6 cm diam. LEAVES 122–167 cm long; petioles up to twice as long as the blades, 70–104 cm long, 6–8 mm diam., sheathed near the middle, or above to 33–73 cm from the geniculum, free portion terete, the sheath and free portion pale green and covered in white dots, sheath margins entire, light green or dark green; geniculum 2.5–5.3 cm long, 7–9.5 mm diam., light green and covered in white dots; blades oblong or oblong-elliptic, widest almost in the middle, 50.0– 65.5 cm long, 14–29 cm wide, approx. 3 times longer than wide, acuminate at apex, attenuate (rarely sub-rounded) at the base, subcoriaceous, dark green to yellowishgreen and semi-glossy above, light green semi-glossy below, drying green dark to dark brown above, greenish-brown to light brown and below; midrib sunken, dark green above, and covered in white dots, light green to whitish below, thicker than broad; primary lateral veins, 24–30 pairs, separated 7–20 mm, arising at a 40–55° angle, sunken and dark green above, whitish below; minor veins dark green below. INFLORESCENCE erect, taller than the leaves; peduncle 139–168 cm long, 5.5–8.5 mm diam., covered in white dots, green to light yellowish-green; spathe cucullate, oblong or oblong-elliptic, 24–40 cm long, 12–15 cm wide, acuminate apex, subcuneate or attenuate, and oblique at the base, almost not decurrent on the peduncle, yellowish-green at anthesis, dark green at post-anthesis; spadix 11–13 cm long, 2.0– 2.5 cm diam., cream-yellowish, emitting a sweet and pleasant scent at anthesis, stipe short, 5–8 mm long, 6 mm diam., yellowish-green at anthesis, yellowish-green at anthesis; perianth with 6 free tepals, 1.5–2.5 mm long; 6 anthers, 3.5–4.0 mm long, thecae oblong, 1.0– 1.8 mm; the pistils, sharply emergent, conic, 5–7.3 mm long, style 1.8–3.1 mm long, 1.3–1.5 mm diam. at the base; ovary 3-locular, 1–4 ovules per locule, 4–7 ovules per ovary. INFRUCTESCENCE 18–21 cm long, 2.5–3.3 cm diam.; berries obovoid to oblong, rostrate, 10–17 mm long, 3.3–6.0 mm wide, yellowish at maturity; seeds oblong to oblique-ovoid, dark to dark brown when dry and glossy when fresh.</p> <p>Distribution, habitat and conservation status: — Spathiphyllum wilfridianum is only known from the Centro de Interpretación y Convivencia con la Naturaleza “Yumka”, Tabasco (Fig. 1). Only three adult individuals and four juveniles were found growing as an understory species in a flooded site in evergreen tropical forest, at 7 m asl in this protected natural area. Due to the low number of individuals found, the introduced exotic fauna (such as the deer, Axis axis), which often destroys the herbaceous vegetation of the understory, and according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, the species can be considered as critically endangered [CR B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v); IUCN 2012].</p> <p>Phenology and floral scent: —The specimens at anthesis and with infructescence were collected in November. Flowering in cultivated plants (plants cultivated since 2009 when they were still juveniles and removed with the complete rhizome) has been recorded in March, June, and November. The spadices of S. wilfridianum emitted a strong and pleasant floral scent, most intense between 6:00 and 12:00 AM. A total of 25 compounds was detected in the two samples (20 terpenoids, three aromatics and two lipid-derived compounds; Appendix 2). The main compounds (&gt; 5% in any sample) were (E)- β -Farnesene, (E)-Nerolidol, Methyl benzoate, α -Terpineol, and Eucalyptol (Appendix 2). (E)- Nerolidol is reported in this study for the first time as a main compound in Spathiphyllum (Hentrich et al. 2010; Díaz Jiménez et al. 2019; 2021b).</p> <p>Eponymy: — Spathiphyllum wilfridianum is named in honor of the Mexican scientist, Dr. Wilfrido Miguel Contreras Sánchez, a Mexican professor at the Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT). During his time as Faculty Director at the Division of Biological Sciences (DACBiol), he aided and supported the studies of the Araceae in the state of Tabasco, helping students to attend national and international conferences. Dr. Wilfrido is currently Secretary for Research, Graduate Studies, and Relations at the UJAT. His main line of research is fish reproduction and sexual inversion.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined (paratypes):— MEXICO. Tabasco: Mun. Centro, ejido Dos Montes, Centro de Interpretación y Convivencia con la Naturaleza Yumka, 17°45’, 92°45’, 7 m, 16 November 2009, Pedro Díaz Jiménez &amp; A. Garduza 1093 (MO!). Mun. Comalcalco, R / a. Independencia 2da. Sección (cultivated), 18º17’N, 93º09’W, 8 m, 09 Mar 2021, Pedro Díaz Jiménez 1496 (UJAT!).</p> <p>Notes: — Spathiphyllum wilfridianum had been mistakenly identified as S. cochlearispathum. However, S. wilfridianum has a petiole almost twice as long as the blade and is sheathed almost to the middle, the margin of the sheath is entire and not wrinkled, its blades are narrower with an attenuated base (rarely sub-rounded), the angle of the primary veins is less than 60°, and the number of ovules per ovary is less than that recorded in S. cochlearispathum (Bunting 1960, Díaz Jiménez et al. 2021a). Spathiphyllum wilfridianum is a rare species, only known from its type locality, growing below 10 m asl in tropical forests, while S. cochlearispathum has been collected mostly above 800 m asl in coffee crops and montane cloud forests (Díaz Jiménez et al. 2021a). The new species represents the fourteenth species for Mexico and the third species for Tabasco (Díaz Jiménez et al. 2021a, Croat et al. unpubl.). On the other hand, unlike S. maldonadianum, S. wilfridianum has entire sheath margins, shortest geniculum, narrower blades with attenuated base, fewer pairs of primary veins per side, shortest pistil, and fewer ovules per ovary.</p> <p>We strongly recommend that all specimens identified under S. cochlearispathum in Mexico require a detailed review, being revealed as a complex of several species morphologically similar, but with distinct floral scent composition. Initially, Liebmann (1849) published Hydnostachyon cochlearispathum Liebmann (1849: 24) and H. longirostre Liebm. (1849: 24), and Schott (1853), transferred them to Spathiphyllum. Engler (1879) published S. cochlearispathum and S. cochlearispathum var. longirostre (Liebm.) Engler (1879: 221). Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum var. longirostre, a taxon that is currently a synonym of S. cochlearispathum, has similar characteristics to the latter species as referred to by Bunting (1965). However, S. lacustre, also considered a synonym of S. cochlearispathum by Bunting (1965), has characteristics that separate it from S. cochlearispathum, therefore, it is considered a different species (Díaz Jiménez et al. unpubl.).</p> <p>Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum was formerly considered a species with a wide morphological variation, growing from sea level to 1600 m in different types of vegetation in the south of Mexico, in the states of Chiapas, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz, and Yucatán (Croat &amp; Acebey 2015), and the only species reported for Tabasco (Díaz Jiménez et al. 2015), but our detailed review of herbarium specimens and the collection of specimens from different populations, revealed that none of the studied specimens corresponds to S. cochlearispathum. Therefore, its presence in the state of Tabasco is currently doubtful (Díaz Jiménez et al. unpubl.). So far, the use of floral scent composition has been scarcely used to distinguish botanical species but is becoming more used in recent years to separate species (Peakall &amp; Whitehead 2014, Chen et al. 2017, Gervasi et al. 2017, Powers et al. 2020), even in sympatric and morphologically similar species (Okamoto &amp; Su 2021). These new species of Spathiphyllum have different odors, and whether these differences have any impact on their pollinator´s spectrum is still to be determined (see for example Díaz Jiménez et al. 2019). In this sense, at least with scented aroids, we consider it important to, when possible, reinforce species description with ecological data such as the volatile composition of floral scents and pollinators, especially for closely related aroids.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A018914FFD4FFA8A9AE73534B43FADA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jiménez, Pedro Díaz;Dötterl, Stefan;Fuchs, Roman;Hentrich, Heiko;Pérez-Farrera, Miguel Ángel;Vega, José Padilla;Aguilar-Rodríguez, Pedro A.	Jiménez, Pedro Díaz, Dötterl, Stefan, Fuchs, Roman, Hentrich, Heiko, Pérez-Farrera, Miguel Ángel, Vega, José Padilla, Aguilar-Rodríguez, Pedro A. (2022): Two new species of Spathiphyllum (Araceae) from Tabasco, Mexico with notes on their floral scent. Phytotaxa 566 (1): 121-132, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.566.1.7
