taxonID	type	description	language	source
038C87BF20561948FC778E96DE5DFC2E.taxon	materials_examined	Androctonus (Leiurus) Ehrenberg in Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828, pl. I, fig. 5; Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1829: 353 (in part).	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20561948FC778E96DE5DFC2E.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. Androctonus (Leiurus) quinquestriatus Ehrenberg, 1828.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20561948FC778E96DE5DFC2E.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. Two subgenera of Androctonus were created by Ehrenberg: Leiurus (= ‘ slender tail’), including species with more elongated metasomal segments, and Prionurus (= ‘ saw tail’) including species with heavier metasomal segments bearing serrated carinae.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20561948FC778E96DE5DFC2E.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Medium to large buthids (Sissom, 1990), adults 51 – 115 mm; carapace and tergites with granulated carinae; carapace with distinct anterior, superciliary, central median, central lateral, posterior median and posterior lateral carinae; central lateral and posterior median carinae fused into a lyre configuration; tergites I – II, VII with 5 carinae, III – VI with 3 carinae; metasoma elongate, metasoma I – III with 10 carinae, median lateral carinae complete on I, reduced on II – III; metasoma IV with 8 carinae; metasoma V with 7 carinae, dorsolateral carinae weak, ventrolateral carinae strong with serrate or lobate dentition; telson with bulbous vesicle lacking subaculear spine or tubercle; pectines with fulcra; chelicerae with characteristic buthid dentition (Vachon, 1963), two denticles on ventral aspect of fixed finger; pedipalps orthobothriotaxic, type A  (Vachon 1974, 1975); pedipalp femur with trichobothrium d 2 on dorsal surface, pedipalp patella with d 3 internal to dorsomedian carina; chela smooth with carinae reduced or obsolete, dentate margins of fingers armed with linear subrows of primary denticles; subrows flanked by internal and external accessory denticles; movable finger with two enlarged subdistal internal denticles; males without scalloping at base of pedipalp fingers; tergites without macrosetae; tibial spurs present on legs III – IV; basitarsi I – III with regular series of macrosetae on retrosuperior, retroinferior and inferior margins; ventral surfaces of telotarsi with paired rows of macrosetae; prolateral and retrolateral tarsal spurs present on all legs. Sexual dimorphism: compared to females, males have a narrower mesosoma, more robust carination on tergites and sternites III – V, more slender pedipalps and metasoma, longer pectines with larger teeth, and weaker dentition or granulation on ventromedian carinae of metasoma II – III. SPECIES COMPOSITION. The broad geographic range and morphological variation of Leiurus populations have caused difficulty for taxonomists. For a long time, the genus was assumed to be represented by a single polytypic species spread over a vast area, although different authors disagreed about the definition and validity of various subspecies. More recently, several distinctive species were described from widely disparate localities: L. jordanensis Lourenço et al., 2002, from sandstone cliffs isolated by dunes in Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia; L. savanicola Lourenço et al., 2006, from Sahel / savannah in Cameroon; L. nasheri Kovařík, 2007, from the humid Tihamah coastal plain in Yemen (= L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.); and L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur et al., 2009, from semi- arid rocky steppe in Turkey and northern Syria. Here we add four new species from the Arabian Peninsula: L. haenggii sp. n., from mountain ranges along the Red Sea coast (Hijaz and Asir) in Saudi Arabia, the Hadramaut in Yemen, and Dhofar mountains of Oman; L. arabicus sp. n., from arid plains and wadis of the central Najd plateau, extending to the east coast of Saudi Arabia; L. macroctenus sp. n., from coastal fog desert of Jiddat al Harasis in Oman; and L. heberti sp. n. from rocky wadis of the Jabal Samhan mountains in Dhofar, Oman. In addition, we propose revised diagnoses for: L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. from semi-arid / arid steppe habitats in Israel, Jordan and Syria; L. brachycentrus stat. n. from the Tihamah plain along the Red Sea coast of western Yemen and southwestern Saudi Arabia; and for the type species L. quinquestriatus from the Nile Valley and surrounding deserts in Egypt and Sudan, bringing the total number of included species to ten. Our findings show that, like many other scorpion genera, Leiurus is comprised of an assemblage of allopatric or parapatric species spread across different regions separated by physiographic barriers, each adapted to local environments and substrates. Additional species diversity may emerge when other local populations are analyzed in more detail, for example those in southern Sinai, and in more central parts of North Africa.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20561948FC778E96DE5DFC2E.taxon	discussion	Key to adult Leiurus species examined in this study	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 – 11, 59 E – F, 87 C, 88 C, 89 C, 90 C, 91 E, 92 G, 93 G, 95, 98 – 100, Tab. 3 B)	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype ♂, Yemen, “ Lohaie ” (= Al Luhayyah: 14 ° 42.53 ' N 43 ° 12 ' E), 1824 – 1825, leg. F. W. Hemprich & C. G. Ehrenberg (ZMHB No. 141) (examined); 4 ♀ (holotype and paratypes of Leiurus nasheri), 10 km W of Al Mansuriah, Al Hudaydah, 14 ° 43 ’ N 43 ° 12 ’ E, 110 m a. s. l., 8. IV. 2007, leg. P. Kabátek & D. Král (FKCP) (examined). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. Saudi Arabia: 1 ♂, Ad Darb, 17 ° 43 ' 22 '' N 42 ° 15 ' 09 '' E, 70 m a. s. l., 10. IV. 1979, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ag). Yemen: 2 ♀ Ta’izz gov., 28. X. 2007, N of Al Makha by road, 13 ° 23 ' 37 " N 43 ° 16 ' 22 " E, 5 m a. s. l. (locality No. 7), 2 ♀, leg. D. Král (FKCP).	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. The name refers to the telson which is relatively robust compared to that of L. quinquestriatus, with an aculeus that in males is clearly shorter than the vesicle.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Small to medium sized Leiurus, 60 – 72 mm in length, carapace L 6.3 – 8.0 mm; base color yellow; legs, pedipalps, metasoma and telson with pattern of fuscous markings; metasoma V without dark pigment except on carinae; carapace with anterior median carinae extending to anterior marginal granule row; area of carapace between anterior median carinae lacking dark pigment, with sparse, fine granules, area between posterior median carinae with shallow median furrow, nearly flat, flanked by lateral arcs of fine granules; medial intercarinal surfaces of tergites II – III with dense, coarse to fine granulation; posterior margin of coxa III with row of small granules; metasoma moderately slender, metasoma II L / W 1.51 – 1.66, metasoma III L / W 1.66 – 1.83, metasoma IV L / W 2.03 – 2.19; ventromedian carinae of metasoma II and III with 14 – 16 denticles; metasoma V with enlarged subtriangular or lobate denticles on ventrolateral carinae; pedipalps moderately slender, patella L / W ♂ 3.00 – 3.25, ♀ 2.72; leg III patella L / D 2.72 – 3.25; pectine teeth ♂ 31 – 35, ♀ 25 – 28; pectines medium sized, very broad in males, pectine L / carapace L ♂ 1.18, ♀ 0.96, mid- pectine sensillar margin L / metasoma I W ♂ 0.210 – 0.234, ♀ 0.115; basal 6 pectine teeth of males overlap if anterior pectine margins aligned to posterior margins of coxae IV; pectine basal piece very lightly, finely shagreened, nearly smooth; leg III basitarsus with 11 – 15 retrosuperior setae; pedipalp chela fixed finger with trichobothrium db proximal to est; sternite VII with area between median carinae smooth in females, densely, finely shagreened in males; sternite carination: males, sternite III with median carinae strong, sternites IV – V with lateral carinae strong, median carinae weak; females, sternite III with median carinae obsolete, sternites IV – V with lateral carinae very weak, median carinae obsolete. COMPARISONS. L. brachycentrus stat. n. is differentiated from other Leiurus by a combination of small size, distinctive color pattern, granular medial intercarinal surfaces of tergites II – III, proximal position of chela trichobothrium db relative to est, large male pectine teeth, morphometrics of pedipalp, legs and metasoma, and sternite carination. Among the Arabian species, L. macroctenus sp. n. is most similar in its morphometrics, large male pectine teeth, weak or obsolete carinae on sternites III – V in females, and db basal to est in a minority of specimens. It differs by its larger size, darker fuscous pigment on metasoma V, larger numbers of setae on basitarsal bristle combs, higher pectinal tooth counts, and larger female pectine teeth. L. savanicola from northern Cameroon is another small to medium sized species with maculate pigmentation. It differs in having darker fuscous pigment on metasoma V, distal position of db relative to est, and uniform serrate dentition on ventrolateral carinae of metasoma V.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	description	REDESCRIPTION (adult male, Ad Darb). Coloration. Base color yellow, with distinctive pattern of fuscous markings; carapace with dark pigment on median ocular tubercle, fuscosity extending forward on lateral interocular triangle external to anterior median carinae, and on central median, central lateral, lateral ocular, posterior median and posterior lateral carinae; medial areas between anterior median, central median and posterior median carinae yellow; pretergites lightly fuscous, with darker medial band flanked by pale spots in some segments; tergites I – VI with darkly marked median and lateral carinae, and fuscous anterolateral areas, posterior median areas yellow; tergite VII with fuscosity underlying median and inner lateral carinae; metasoma I – VI yellow with variable dark pigment on ventromedian and ventrolateral carinae, more intense posteriorly; metasoma V yellow to yellow-brown, with variable dark pigment on ventromedian, ventrosubmedian, ventrolateral and dorsolateral carinae; pedipalp femur and patella with faint to moderate fuscosity on dorsal and internal surfaces, external surface lighter; pedipalp chela with weak or very faint fuscosity on manus; femur of all legs with faint to moderate fuscosity on distal 2 / 3 of prolateral surface and retrosuperior carina; tibia of all legs with band of faint to moderate fuscosity on proximal 1 / 2 of inferior prolateral surfaces and superior prolateral carina. Carapace. Subrectangular, W / L 1.03, with steeply sloped lateral flanks; upper surface with posterior and medial plateau areas, moderately raised ocular tubercle; interocular triangle convex laterally, weakly depressed medially; anterior margin straight, entire width bearing fine granules or denticles, bordered by row of large granules; 10 medium to long macrosetae on anterior margin, carapace otherwise devoid of macrosetae; 5 lateral eyes (3 large, 2 small) on each side; carination: anterior median, superciliary, central lateral, posterior median and posterior lateral carinae strong, coarsely granular; granules of anterior median carinae extend forward continuously, contacting anterior marginal row of granules; central lateral and posterior median carinae fused into lyre configuration; central median carinae coarsely granular, anterior portion linear and angled outward, posterior portion outwardly curved; posterior lateral carinae strong, caudal end extended laterally and downward, projecting past posterior margin of carapace; lateral ocular carinae weak or moderate, with smaller granules; granulation: sparse patches of 10 – 15 large granules on each anterolateral corner of interocular triangle, 10 – 13 small granules on area on front of lateral ocular carinae; surface between anterior median carinae micro-shagreened with scattered small granules; lateral flanks with moderately dense cover of medium and fine granules; other intercarinal surfaces finely shagreened with scattered small granules; posterior median furrow shallow, almost flat, with median line of fine granules or microgranules, flanked by lateral arcs of small granules; posterior margin of carapace between posterior lateral carinae bordered by row of medium to small granules. Chelicera. Dorsal surface of manus smooth to slightly shagreened, with 4 short, pale microsetae, 2 near apical margin, 2 subapical, each surrounded by granules; dorsointernal carina at base of fixed finger moderately strong with small granules proximally, terminating distally in prominent granules projecting over front of manus; single macroseta in middle of dorsointernal carina; dorsal surface of movable finger smooth, with 4 pale microsetae; fingers with characteristic buthid dentition (Vachon, 1963); movable finger dorsal margin with 5 teeth: dorsal distal tine, subdistal, median and 2 basal teeth fused in bicusp; ventral margin with 3 teeth: ventral distal tine, median and basal teeth; fixed finger margin with 4 teeth: distal tine, subdistal, median and basal teeth; ventral aspect of fixed finger with 2 teeth. Coxosternal area. Coxa I coarsely granulated, II with sparse medium or fine granules, III lightly shagreened or smooth except for proximal series of medium to small granules along posterior margin, IV lightly shagreened with several isolated medium granules; coxal endite II with strong, coarsely granulated carina; coxae II – III with medium to coarse granulation on anterior carinae, distal margins bearing coarse granules; proximal 1 / 3 of anterior carina of coxa III with medium tuberculate granulation; 3 macrosetae along anterior carinae of coxae II – III; anterior carina of coxa IV with regular medium to coarse granulation, with single proximal macroseta; posterior margin of coxa IV with finely granulated carina on proximal half; sternum weakly granulated, subtriangular with straight lateral margins, deep posteromedian pit, 2 short macrosetae; genital opercula smooth with 3 short macrosetae, posterolateral margins convex. Pectines. Basal piece with concave anterior margin and small median groove and pit, slightly roughened, bearing 3 macrosetae; pectines broad, tips extending to proximal 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 of coxa IV; combs with 3 marginal lamellae, left comb with small accessory lamella distal to first marginal lamella, 8 – 9 middle lamellae, 31 – 33 teeth; basal middle lamella with proximal margin extended, protruding, 1.30 – 1.35 times longer than distal margin; marginal and middle lamellae with moderate cover of short reddish macrosetae; fulcra with 3 – 8 setae; pectine teeth relatively large, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / pectine L 0.112, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / metasoma I W 0.210. Mesosoma. Tergites: pretergites smooth; tergites I – II with 5 granular carinae; median and inner lateral carinae linear with medium to coarse granules; outer lateral carinae aligned with posterior lateral carinae of carapace, angled outward, very strong with large, uniform granules, hind ends extending past posterior margins of tergites, without lateral extensions; medial intercarinal surfaces densely granulated, with small to medium granules, and shagreened; lateral flanks moderately sloped, heavily granulated; tergites III – VI with 3 straight coarsely granulated carinae; medial intercarinal surfaces finely granulated or shagreened; short transverse anterior series of granules present on III – IV, obsolete on V – VI; tergites III – VI with fine granulation on anterior median patch and short transverse strips on either side; lateral surfaces of III – VI moderately sloped, heavily granulated, III with short longitudinal rows of granules; tergite VII with 5 strong, granular carinae; inner and outer lateral carinae joined anteriorly by transverse granule rows; medial intercarinal surfaces smooth; patches of fine granulation on anterior ends of median and lateral carinae; posterior margins of tergites I – VI rimmed with linear rows of small to medium sized granules; posterior margin of tergite VII with 3 small granules between inner lateral carinae, and 1 – 2 small granules laterally; sternites: sternite III with median carinae strong, thick, finely granulated; sternites IV – VI with moderate to strong, finely granulated lateral carinae, weak, finely granulated median carinae; sternite VII with strong, crenulate-granulate median and lateral carinae; lateral margins of sternites IV – VII armed with fine, regular denticulate granules; medial intercarinal surface of III finely shagreened; medial and mediolateral intercarinal surfaces IV – V finely shagreened anteriorly, smooth posteriorly, VI finely shagreened except for posterior margin, medial intercarinal surface of VII finely shagreened anteriorly, smooth posteriorly; lateral intercarinal surfaces of III smooth or very weakly, finely shagreened, IV – VI shagreened anteriorly, smooth posteriorly; mediolateral and lateral surfaces of VII sparsely, finely shagreened; setation: sternite III with 5 macrosetae on median carinae (one shared), single small setae on areas external to median carinae; sternites IV – VII with 2 paired macrosetae on median carinae, one pair in middle of sternite, other on posterior margin; lateral carinae on IV – VI with single posterior marginal macroseta; intercarinal macrosetae: one pair of lateral marginal setae, one outer pair of mediolateral setae on IV – VI, one pair of lateral setae on VII; intercarinal posterior marginal macrosetae on III – VII: 4, 3, 3, 0, 0. Metasoma. Moderately long, slender, total metasoma and telson L / carapace L 6.29; carination: segment I with 10 complete carinae; segments II – III with 8 complete carinae, median lateral carinae restricted to posterior 0.34 – 0.50 of II, posterior 0.22 of III; metasoma IV with 8 carinae, V with 7 carinae; carinae on segments I – IV crenulate-granulate; dorsosubmedian carinae moderate on I – III, weak on IV; dorsolateral carinae moderate on I – IV, ventrolateral carinae moderate to strong; median lateral carinae granulate, moderate on I – III; ventromedian carinae moderate on I – IV, crenulations on II – III very weak anteriorly; 14 – 20 granules on ventromedian carinae of metasoma II – III; metasoma V with dorsolateral carinae very weak, faintly granulated, ventrolateral carinae strong, with blunt subtriangular denticles increasing in size posteriorly, ventrosubmedian carinae marked by series of non-contiguous small to large dentate granules along anterior 5 / 8 of ventral surface, ventromedian carina strong, with closely spaced medium to large rounded, dentate granules increasing in size posteriorly; lateral anal margin with 3 blunt lobes divided by deep incisions, ventral anal margin with 9 irregular, narrow to wide transverse crenulations; intercarinal surfaces: segments I – IV smooth to lightly shagreened, segment V lightly shagreened dorsally and laterally, more densely shagreened ventrally; setation: segments I – IV: ventromedian carinae with 3 macrosetae (one posterior marginal), ventrolateral carinae with 2 macrosetae slightly external to carina; metasoma V with 5 macrosetae on lateral surface (2 lateral anal), 4 pairs on ventral surface. Telson. Vesicle smooth, rather elongate with steep posterior slope; ventral surface bearing scattered fine microsetae and several short macrosetae with associated shallow indentations; aculeus shorter than vesicle. Pedipalp. Femur: moderately slender, L / W 3.54; dorsoexternal, dorsointernal and ventrointernal carinae strong with coarse, closely spaced dentate granules; internal carina strong, with irregular small and large dentate granules; external carina weak to moderate, with well spaced coarse dentate granules; external surface smooth, other intercarinal surfaces lightly shagreened; linear cluster of 14 – 15 accessory macrosetae on lower distal external surface; patella: moderately slender, L / W 3.25; dorsointernal carina strong with coarse granlation; dorsomedian carina moderate with fine granulation; dorsoexternal carina very weak, almost smooth; external carina weak, smooth; ventroexternal carina weak, almost smooth; ventromedian carina weak with fine granules; ventrointernal carina strong, with well spaced medium granules and ventral patellar spur; internal carina strong with large dentate granules interspersed with medium granules and dorsal patellar spur; external surfaces smooth, other intercarinal surfaces very lightly shagreened; chela: slender, L / W 6.09, fingers relatively short, movable finger L / manus ventral L 1.93; dorsal internal carina weak to obsolete, marked by few isolated granules on manus; dorsal marginal carina weak, with faint granulation at base of manus; external secondary carina weak, smooth; ventroexternal carina moderate, smooth; other carinae obsolete; all intercarinal surfaces smooth; manus and fixed finger with sparse short macrosetae; movable finger with numerous short macrosetae on ventral aspect, culminating in dense subapical brush; 12 primary denticle subrows on movable fingers, fixed fingers damaged or with anomalous dentition; all subrows except proximal flanked by internal and external accessory denticles. Trichobothriotaxy: orthobothriotaxic, type A  (Vachon, 1974), db on fixed finger proximal to est. Legs. Moderately elongated, femur III L / carapace L 1.09, patella III L / D 3.58; inferior carinae strongly denticulate on femur I – IV, moderately denticulate on patella I – III, weakly denticulate on patella IV; tibia III – IV with long spurs; retrolateral tarsal spurs simple, non- setose; prolateral tarsal spurs basally bifurcate, bearing 1 – 3 macrosetae (1 on I – II, 2 on III, 2 – 3 on IV); basitarsi I – III with well developed bristle-combs, clearly wider than basitarsal segment; basitarsus III setal counts (left / right): retrosuperior 13 / 11, retroinferior 11 / 11 (including basal accessory seta), inferior 12 / 12; ventral surface of telotarsi with long, slender tapered macrosetae. Measurements of male from Ad Darb (NHMB 17 ag) (mm). Total L 59.50; metasoma + telson L 40.00; carapace L 6.36, W 6.54, carapace preocular L 2.75; metasomal segments (L / W / D) I 4.99 / 4.00 / 3.53, II 6.02 / 3.63 / 3.27, III 6.28 / 3.44 / 3.12, IV 7.02 / 3.20 / 2.92, V 7.74 / 3.11 / 2.58; telson L 6.75; vesicle L 3.87, W 2.58, D 2.65; pedipalp chela L 11.27, manus ventral L 3.78, manus W 1.85, manus D 2.25, fixed finger L 6.49, movable finger L 7.31; pedipalp femur L 5.93, W 1.68, patella L 6.79, W 2.09; pectine L 7.52, mid-pectine sensillar margin L 0.841; leg III femur L 6.97; leg III patella L 5.89, D 1.65. Measurements of holotype male (ZMHB No. 141) (mm). Total L 61.0; carapace L 6.8, W 7.0, metasomal segments (L / W / D) I 5.30 / 4.30 / 3.50, II 6.15 / 3.90 / 3.45, III 6.50 / 3.75 / 3.40, IV 7.05 / 3.35 / 3.30, V 7.90 / 3.30 / 3.00; telson L 6.90; vesicle L 4.20, W 2.85, D 2.75; pedipalp chela L 10.80, manus ventral L 3.90, manus W 2.20, manus D 2.20, fixed finger L 6.60, movable finger L 7.90; pedipalp femur L 5.40, W 1.70, patella L 7.30, W 2.15; pectine L 8.55, mid-pectine sensillar margin L 1.025; leg III femur L 5.20; leg III patella L 6.00, D 1.65. Pectine teeth: 34 – 35. Female (paratype of L. nasheri). Differs from male as follows: body wider, carapace W / L 1.11; carapace, tergites and coxae with weaker, more finely granulate carinae, intercarinal surfaces more finely granulated or shagreened; genital opercula with slightly sinuous posterolateral margin; pectine basal piece wider with small anteromedian notch; pectines narrower, shorter, 7 – 8 middle lamellae; proximal margin of basal middle lamella not extended, 1.15 – 1.28 times longer than distal margin; pectine tips not extending past distal end of trochanter IV, teeth smaller, with short sensillar margins, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / pectine L 0.070, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / metasoma I W 0.115; 25 – 28 pectine teeth; basal pectine teeth do not overlap if anterior pectine margins aligned to posterior margins of coxae IV; sternite III – VI with median carinae obsolete, medial surfaces smooth; sternites IV – V with lateral carinae weak, smooth, lateral surfaces weakly shagreened; sternite VI with moderate, finely granulated lateral carinae, sternite VII with moderate, crenulategranulate median and lateral carinae, intercarinal surfaces finely roughened; spiracles on VI with fine granules along anterior margins; ventromedian carinae on metasoma II – III more strongly crenulate, with larger denticles; telson with sparse, fine granules on ventral surface of vesicle; metasoma and pedipalp segments less slender; pedipalp fixed fingers with 11 primary denticle subrows; prolateral tarsal spurs with 1, 2, 2 – 3, 3 setae on legs I – IV. Measurements of female (mm). Total L 61.00; metasoma + telson L 38.00; carapace L 7.04, W 7.84, carapace preocular L 3.39; metasomal segments (L / W / D) I 4.82 / 4.10 / 3.50, II 5.54 / 3.67 / 3.47, III 5.78 / 3.47 / 3.60, IV 6.59 / 3.25 / 3.12, V 7.47 / 3.56 / 2.97; telson L 7.16; vesicle L 3.95, W 3.12, D 2.88; pedipalp chela L 12.20, manus ventral L 4.25, manus W 2.36, manus D 2.80, fixed finger L 7.05, movable finger L 8.57; pedipalp femur L 5.79, W 1.89, patella L 7.11, W 2.61; pectine L 6.78; mid-pectine sensillar margin L 0.474; leg III femur L 7.08; leg III patella L 5.77, D 1.94. Variation. Fuscous intercarinal markings were darker in female from Al Mansuriah, much weaker in male from Ad Darb. Chela trichobothrium db was always proximal to est, but its position was variable, db - est distance / pedipalp fixed finger L - 0.0497 – - 0.0056 (- 0.0208 ± 0.0132; n = 11 fingers).	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the Tihamah plain along the Red Sea coast of western Yemen and southwestern Saudi Arabia. In addition to the material examined, we have also included the type locality of Buthus beccarii (Moka = Al Mukhah, 13 ° 19 ' 11 '' N 43 ° 14 ' 24 '' E) (Simon, 1882). Borelli (1915) listed a male and female from Aden as L. q. brachycentrus, but we have not confirmed this record.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	biology_ecology	ECOLOGY. All collections are from low elevation coastal sites (<110 m a. s. l.). The well developed tarsal bristle combs and long setation suggest adaptation to an arenicolous life on sandy soils of coastal dunes. The Tihamah plain is a hot environment with daily high temperatures of ca. 43 ° C, and 40 – 60 % relative humidity, and the southern sites lie in the zone of coastal fog desert.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	discussion	REMARKS. There has been some ambiguity about the type locality. It was cited as ‘ district of Gedda (Gumfudam) ’ by Levy et al. (1970: 233), and ‘ Jidda (Gumfudam) ’ by Levy & Amitai (1980: 47), and later transcribed as ‘ Jeddah, Arabia’ by Sissom (1994: 23). This is misleading because ‘ Gumfudam’ (= Al Qunfudhah, Saudi Arabia) is ca. 325 km SE of Jeddah. In Symbolae Physicae, Ehrenberg (1831) described brachycentrus as a form of A. quinquestriatus from Arabian desert ‘ prope Gumfudam’ (= near Al Qunfudhah), but then writes: ‘ In Arabiae felitis prope Lohaiam 3 species collegimus: Androctonus (Liurus) tunetanum  intermedium cum quinquestriato  brachycentro et Prionurum liosoma. ’ Thus the type locality is actually ‘ Lohaie’ (= Al Luhayyah, ca. 867 km SE of Jeddah), in Arabia Felix (= Yemen) (see also Birula, 1908; Braunwalder & Fet, 1998). According to Moritz & Fischer (1980), and confirmed here, the label stored with the type of L. brachycentrus stat. n. reads ‘ Arabia Felix’. The taxonomic status of L. brachycentrus has long been uncertain. Ehrenberg (1829, 1831) originally differentiated subspecies brachycentrus from the nominotypic form by two diagnostic characters: short aculeus, equal in length to telson vesicle, and absence of dark pigment on metasoma V. The subspecies was accepted by Birula (1908, 1917) and Borelli (1915). Birula (1937) published a more detailed redescription based on a series of specimens from Al Hudaydah, but did not study the type, and we consider his material to represent a different species, L. haenggii sp. n. Vachon (1979) has suggested that lighter coloration on metasoma V may also occur in other Leiurus populations. Levy et al. (1970) mentioned L. q. brachycentrus but did not render an opinion because they did not examine Arabian material. Later, Levy & Amitai (1980) synonymized L. q. brachycentrus with the nominate subspecies. However, they did not examine the type and assumed that L. brachycentrus was represented by specimens from Jeddah. We examined several Leiurus from Jeddah and found that they belong to different species. Our analysis of the holotype of L. brachycentrus, and similar specimens from the surrounding region on the Tihamah plain, demonstrates that this is a valid species. Simon (1882) described Buthus beccarii based on a single male collected from Moka (= Al Mukha) on the southern Red Sea coast of Yemen. Kraepelin (1891, 1899) listed it as a synonym of L. quinquestriatus, and Birula (1908) considered it a synonym of Buthus quinquestriatus brachycentrus. This is consistent with its type locality on the southern Tihamah coastal plain, and with certain mentioned characters, i. e. relatively smaller size (total length 56.7 mm), tan yellow color with dark carinae, pectinal tooth count 34, and anterior median carinae extending continuously to anterior margin of carapace. As previously noted (Kraepelin, 1891; Levy et al., 1970), the rostral limit of the anterior median carinae can vary in Leiurus, and is not by itself a reliable diagnostic character. Nevertheless, in specimens of L. brachycentrus that we examined, the carinae did form continuous arcs of granules extending to the anterior transverse marginal row of granules, with very little gap (typically less than one granule diameter; Figs. 3 A, 7 A). In other species there was often a substantial gap, or the arrangement of granules became irregular near the anterior margin causing a break up of the carinae. Considering these characters and the locality, we regard B. beccarii to be a synonym of L. brachycentrus stat. n.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	description	(Figs. 12 – 22, 58 A, 59 A – B, 87 G, 88 G, 89 G, 90 G, 91 B, 92 H – I, 93 H, 95, 98 – 100, Tabs. 1, 3 B, 4) http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 55 E 2 C 0 48 - 986 D- 43 A 2 - AF 63 - 5874138435 D 6	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. Adult ♂, Oman, Nejd Desert; S of Thumrait, UV detection, fine silty soil, open plain with rock outcrops and small wadis, 17 ° 30.76 ' N 54 ° 02.76 ' E, 580 m a. s. l., 16. X. 1993, 19: 28 h, leg. G. Lowe, NHMB. PARATYPES. Oman: 2 ♂, Thamarit, Dhofar, sand & rock (limestone), 17 ° 38 ' N 54 ° 01 ' E, 350 m a. s. l., I. 1980, leg. J. N. Barnes & M. D. Gallagher MDG 5954 (MNHN); 2 ♀, Thamarit, Dhofar, sand & rock, 17 ° 38 ' N 54 ° 01 ' E, 350 m a. s. l., I. 1980, leg. J. N. Barnes & M. D. Gallagher MDG 5952, 5953 (MNHN); 1 immature ♀, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, under object on gravel in wadi, 17 ° 41 ' N 54 ° 03 ' E, 440 m a. s. l., 22. II. 1980, leg. J. N. Barnes & M. D. Gallagher MDG 5973 (MNHN); 1 ♂, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, 17 ° 42 ' N 54 ° 02 ' E, 440 m a. s. l., 4. III. 1980, leg. J. N. Barnes & M. D. Gallagher MDG 5972 (MNHN); 1 juv, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, on sand, 17 ° 40 ' N 54 ° 02 ' E, 450 m a. s. l., 22. III. 1980, leg. J. N. Barnes 50 A (MNHN); 1 juv, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, under object on sand, 17 ° 40 ' N 54 ° 02 ' E, 450 m a. s. l., 22. III. 1980, leg. J. N. Barnes 54 (NHMB); 1 juv, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, 17 ° 40 ' N 54 ° 02 ' E, 450 m a. s. l., 22. III. 1980, leg. J. N. Barnes 52 (NHMB); 1 juv, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, under object on sand, 17 ° 40 ' N 54 ° 02 ' E, 450 m a. s. l., 22. III. 1980, leg. J. N. Barnes 37 (MNHN); 1 ♂, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, under rock, 17 ° 41 ' N 54 ° 02 ' E, 450 m a. s. l., 23. III. 1980, leg. J. N. Barnes (NHMB); 1 juv, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, under object on sand, 17 ° 40 ' N 54 ° 00 ' E, 450 m a. s. l., 24. III. 1980, leg. J. N. Barnes 35 (NHMB); 1 ♀, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, under object on sand, 17 ° 40 ' N 54 ° 00 ' E, 450 m a. s. l., 24. III. 1980, leg. J. N. Barnes (NHMB); 1 ♂, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, 17 ° 41 ' N 54 ° 03 ' E, 450 m a. s. l., 24. III. 1980, leg. J. N. Barnes 33 (NHMB); 1 juv, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, on sand, 17 ° 40 ' N 54 ° 02 ' E, 450 m a. s. l., 24. III. 1980, leg. J. N. Barnes 55, (NHMB); 1 juv, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, on gravel, 17 ° 40 ' N 54 ° 02 ' E, 450 m a. s. l., 30. III. 1980, leg. J. N. Barnes 58 (NHMB); 1 ♂, 3 mi. NW of Thamarit, under sack on sand, 17 ° 43 ' N 54 ° 00 ' E, 420 m a. s. l., 8. III. 1980, leg. M. D. Gallagher MDG 5971 (MNHN); 1 ♂, 4 mi. NE of Thamarit, Dhofar, in soft sand under sack in green wadi, 17 ° 42 ' N 54 ° 03 ' E, 8. III. 1980, leg. J. N. Barnes & M. D. Gallagher MDG 5975 (MNHN); 1 ♂, nr Al Ashkara, 22 ° 00 ' N 59 ° 40 ' E, XII. 1980, leg. A. B. Paltrinieri (NHMB 17 bq); 1 ♂, Yalooni, Jiddat al Harasis, in house, sand on stony plateau, 19 ° 57 ' N 57 ° 07 ' E, 154 m a. s. l., 22. IV. 1982, leg. M. D. Gallagher MDG 6428 / 1,2 (ONHM); 1 ♂, Wadi Haytam, sandy depression in rocks, 19 ° 11 ' N 57 ° 00 ' E, 13. V. 1983, leg. M. D. Gallagher MDG 6770 (NHMB); 1 ♂, Thamarit, under rock on soft sand, 17 ° 42 ' N 53 ° 59 ' E, 24. V. 1983, leg. J. N. Barnes 126 (BMNH); 1 ♂, Thamarit, under rock on soft sand, 17 ° 42 ' N 53 ° 59 ' E, 24. V. 1983, leg. J. N. Barnes 125 (ONHM); 1 ♂, Yalooni, Jiddat al Harasis, 19 ° 57 ' N 57 ° 06 ' E, 154 m a. s. l., 17. XII. 1984, leg. M. D. Gallagher (NHMB); 1 juv, Qarhat Mu'ammar, 21 ° 38 ' N 59 ° 18 ' E, 130 m a. s. l., 28. II. 1986, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 bt); 1 ♀, Ra's al Hadd, on sand under object, 0.5 km from sea, 22 ° 31.8 ' N 59 ° 46 ' E, 5 m a. s. l., 3. II. 1988, 10: 00 h, leg. M. D. Gallagher MDG 8020 (NHMB 17 br); 1 juv, Huqf, central Oman, under rock on sand, 20 ° 53 ' N 57 ° 36 ' E, 15. III. 1988, 14: 00 h, M. D. Gallagher MDG 8031 (NHMB 17 bs); 1 ♂, between Bani bu Ali & Al Ashkharah, 3 km W Qumaylah turning, under rubbish on sand, 21 ° 56 ' N 59 ° 35 ' E, 17. I. 1991, leg. S. M. Farook & A. S. Gardner (MNHN); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 3 km N of Khubah, 22 ° 16 ' N 59 ° 48 ' E, 11. II. 1993, leg. A. S. Gardner (NHMB); 6 ♂, between Khabbah & Daffah, under stones on limestone plateau, 22 ° 15 ' N 59 ° 48 ' E, 29. VIII. 1993, leg. A. S. Gardner & S. M. Farook (NHMB); 6 ♂, 4 ♀, 5 juvs, S of Thumrait, Nejd Desert, UV detection, near or partly in burrows, fine silty soil, open plain rock outcrops & small wadis, 17 ° 30.76 ' N 54 ° 02.76 ' E, 580 m a. s. l., 16. X. 1993, 19: 28 h, leg. G. Lowe (NHMB); 4 ♂, 4 ♀, 4 juvs, S of Thumrait, Nejd Desert, UV detection, on soil & at mouths of burrows, fine silty soil, open plain rock outcrops & small wadis, 17 ° 30.8 ' N 54 ° 02.94 ' E, 580 m a. s. l., 16. X. 1993, 20: 57 h, leg. G. Lowe (NHMB, ONHM 1 ♀, WDS 1 ♂); 1 ♂, Salalah-Thumrait road, Nejd Desert, UV detection, on ground, hills near main road, 17 ° 25.56 ' N 54 ° 03.14 ' E, 600 m a. s. l., 16. X. 1993, 21: 49 h, leg. G. Lowe (NHMB); 1 juv, E of Thumrait, road to Marmul, UV detection, open desert plain, sparse vegetation, 17 ° 38.99 ' N 54 ° 08.29 ' E, 500 m a. s. l., 19. X. 1993, 21: 10 h, leg. G. Lowe (NHMB); 3 ♂, 2 ♀, E of Thumrait, road to Marmul, UV detection, open plain, low rocky hills, 17 ° 38.33 ' N 54 ° 07.77 ' E, 500 m a. s. l., 19. X. 1993, 21: 31 h, leg. G. Lowe (ONHM); 3 ♂, 1 juv, S of Thumrait, Nejd Desert, UV detection, open alluvial plain with rock outcrops and small wadis, on fine soil & partially in burrows, 17 ° 30.77 ' N 54 ° 02.82 ' E, 600 m a. s. l., 19. X. 1993, 23: 02 h, leg. G. Lowe (NHMB); 2 juvs, Yalooni, UV detection, on gravel plain with Prosopis woodland, 19 ° 57 ' N 57 ° 06 ' E, 150 m a. s. l., 21. X. 1993, leg. M. Fisher (NHMB); 2 juvs, Yalooni, on sand, amongst fallen twigs, clear moonless sky, slight breeze, 19 ° 56 ' N 57 ° 05 ' E, 154 m a. s. l., 15. III. 1994, 22: 00 h, leg. M. D. Gallagher MDG 8564.3 - 4 (NHMB); 1 ♀, 2 km N of Yalooni, Jiddat Al Harasis, under barrel with beetles on sand, 19 ° 58 ' N 57 ° 07 ' E, 154 m a. s. l., 17. III. 1994, 13: 30 h, leg. M. D. Gallagher MDG 8569 (NHMB); 1 juv, nr Ad Daffah, low dunes, below rocky escarpment, 22 ° 15 ' N 59 ° 48 ' E, 24. XI. 1994, leg. A. S. Gardner (NHMB); 1 juv, Jabal Qara, hilltop, UV detection, 17 ° 14.51 ' N 54 ° 04.25 ' E, 800 m a. s. l., 30. IV. 1995, leg. J. Dundon (NHMB); 1 ♂, Jabal Qara, hilltop, UV detection, 17 ° 14.51 ' N 54 ° 04.25 ' E, 800 m a. s. l., 30. IV. 1995, leg. J. Dundon (USNM); 1 ♀, 2 juvs, Masirah Island, north Masirah, east coast, low rock littered slopes, compact silty soil, UV detection, 20 ° 34.48 ' N 58 ° 55.36 ' E, 25 m a. s. l., 20. IX. 1995, 19: 50 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (NHMB); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Masirah Island, north Masirah, east coast, UV detection near edge of wide wadi with small side wadis, from edges of slopes, 20 ° 35.68 ' N 58 ° 53.98 ' E, 20 m a. s. l., 20. IX. 1995, 21: 10 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (NHMB); 1 ♂, 3 ♀, Masirah Island, north Masirah, east coast, wadi with row of trees & flowing water close to beach with hermit crabs, UV detection on gravelly ground away from trees, 20 ° 39.78 ' N 58 ° 54.28 ' E, 5 m a. s. l., 20. IX. 1995, 22: 30 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (MNHN); 1 ♂, 3 ♀, 6 juvs, Masirah Island, north Masirah, east coast, UV detection on sand and gravel, by row of trees along wadi with flowing water, 20 ° 40.14 ' N 58 ° 54.4 ' E, 20. IX. 1995, 23: 20 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (GL); 1 ♀, 2 juvs, Masirah Island, north Masirah, east coast, UV detection, near beach, gravelly / silty flat with shrubs, 20 ° 41.01 ' N 58 ° 54.63 ' E, 21. IX. 1995, 0: 05 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (BMNH); 1 ♂, 5 ♀, 3 juvs, Masirah Island, south Masirah, base of Jabal Suwayr, seepage area with trees & standing water at base of Jabal rock and boulder slopes, UV detection on sand & gravel plain below not far from beach, 20 ° 11.65 ' N 58 ° 39.42 ' E, 20 m a. s. l., 21. IX. 1995, 18: 10 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (NHMB); 3 ♂, 8 ♀, 3 juvs, Masirah Island, south Masirah, Wadi Qitaar, UV detection on sand deposits along edges of wide sandy wadi, 20 ° 13.78 ' N 58 ° 38.4 ' E, 20 m a. s. l., 21. IX. 1995, 21: 20 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (NHMB); 6 ♂, 11 ♀, 5 juvs, Masirah Island, south Masirah, UV detection on sand, area with shrubs by low rocky hills, 20 ° 16.05 ' N 58 ° 38 ' E, 25 m a. s. l., 21. IX. 1995, 22: 30 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (ONHM); 2 ♂, 3 ♀, 5 juvs, Masirah Island, UV detection on sand in wide wadi system, densely vegetated with low shrubs, 20 ° 23.48 ' N 58 ° 41.32 ' E, 30 m a. s. l., 21. IX. 1995, 23: 50 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (NHMB); 1 ♂, Masirah Island, north Masirah, west coast, SE of Dafiyat, under wood debris on ground, gravel flat, 20 ° 35.28 ' N 58 ° 50.76 ' E, 22. IX. 1995, 0: 50 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (BMNH); 1 ♀, nr Duqm, cliff with nearby wadi and trees, 19 ° 36.06 ' N 57 ° 37.29 ' E, 50 m a. s. l., 23. IX. 1995, 18: 50 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (MZUF); 1 ♂, 3 juvs, nr Duqm, UV detection, 19 ° 30.59 ' N 57 ° 34.9 ' E, 95 m a. s. l., 23. IX. 1995, 18: 40 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (NHMB); 2 ♂, 1 juv, nr Duqm, UV detection, vegetated wadi, 19 ° 33.53 ' N 57 ° 37.38 ' E, 75 m a. s. l., 23. IX. 1995, 23: 00 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (MNHN); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, E. of Duqm, UV detection on ground, densely vegetated wadi, 19 ° 39 ' N 57 ° 40 ' E, 30 m a. s. l., 23. IX. 1995, 23: 50 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (NHMB); 11 ♂, 8 ♀, 10 juvs, N edge of Wadi Dirif, UV detection on sandy substrate, rocky knoll overlooking wadi and on open flats of wadi, 18 ° 57.51 ' N 57 ° 21.73 ' E, 20 m a. s. l., 24. IX. 1995, 18: 40 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (NHMB); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Wadi Dirif, above beach zone, UV detection, fine silty soil by rock outcrops, 18 ° 57.57 ' N 57 ° 20.63 ' E, 5 m a. s. l., 24. IX. 1995, 23: 30 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (MCZN); 4 ♂, 2 juvs, Wadi Dirif, W edge of wadi, UV detection on sand, 18 ° 57.2 ' N 57 ° 20.63 ' E, 10 m a. s. l., 24. IX. 1995, 23: 40 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (BMNH); 13 juvs, Wadi Dirif, E edge of wadi, UV detection, rock outcrops on sand, 18 ° 57.1 ' N 57 ° 20.71 ' E, 10 m a. s. l., 25. IX. 1995, 0: 25 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (ONHM); 6 ♂, 6 ♀, Wadi Dirif, E edge of wadi, UV detection on sand, with rocks, 18 ° 57.1 ' N 57 ° 20.71 ' E, 10 m a. s. l., 25. IX. 1995, 0: 25 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (NHMB); 1 juv, Wadi Dirif, dunes by road, UV detection on sand, 18 ° 57.07 ' N 57 ° 20.09 ' E, 20 m a. s. l., 24. IX. 1995, 22: 50 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (NHMB); 4 juvs, Wadi Shuwaymiyah, UV detection, base of cliff along southern edge of wadi, sand and loose rock along base, 17 ° 54.9 ' N 55 ° 34.63 ' E, 25. IX. 1995, 22: 00 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (NHMB); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, coast W of Shuwaymiyah, UV detection on sand, wide sandy wadi along coast, gentle slopes up to cliffs on edges, 17 ° 53.91 ' N 55 ° 39.16 ' E, 5 m a. s. l., 25. IX. 1995, 23: 40 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (FKCP); 2 ♂, 2 juvs, plateau between Shalim & Ash Shuwaymiyah, UV detection, open rocky windswept plateau with sparse shrubs ground with bare rock and patches of soil, strong wind, 18 ° 02.44 ' N 55 ° 36.91 ' E, 265 m a. s. l., 26. IX. 1995, 1: 32 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (GL); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, 2 juvs, Saiwan, Rudist outcrop, 20 ° 42.94 ' N 57 ° 36.96 ' E, 20. II. 1996, leg. A. S. Gardner (ONHM); 1 ♂, Marmul, 18 ° 10.09 ' N 0 ° 14.76 ' E (FKCP); 1 ♂, 30 km N of Haima, near Haylat Harashif, dry level sand desert, in large open area, arid gravel desert, 20 ° 11.43 ' N 56 ° 33.58 ' E, 6. XII. 1996, leg. M. D. Gallagher MDG 8798 (FKCP); 1 ♂, 3 ♀, Khawr Dirif, on sand under small plants and rocks, 18 ° 56.7 ' N 57 ° 20.73 ' E, 5 m a. s. l., 7. XII. 1996, leg. I. D. Harrison & M. D. Gallagher MDG 8802 (USNM); 3 ♂, 3 ♀, 5 juvs, 20 km N of Liqbi, Sahil al Jazr, sand and scrub, 18 ° 24.17 ' N 56 ° 33.95 ' E, 15 m a. s. l., 8. XII. 1996, leg. I. D. Harrison & M. D. Gallagher MDG 8805 (NHMB); 11 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 juv, Thumrait, wadi area SE of Thumrait and golf course, 17 ° 42 ' N 53 ° 59 ' E, 11 - 12. II – 9. X. 1997, leg. J. N. Barnes (ONHM, EV 1 ♂); 1 ♂, Huqf, on open sand between bushes at foot of low hills, three quarter moon, strong wind, 20 ° 25.7 ' N 57 ° 26.42 ' E, 18. IV. 1997, M. D. Gallagher MDG 8859 (ONHM); 3 ♂, 2 ♀, 4 juvs, Ra's Al Ghubbah, hiding under shrubs from three quarter moon, on sand over rock slope from beach, 20 ° 07.95 ' N 57 ° 49.77 ' E, 5 - 20 m a. s. l., 19. IV. 1997, 19: 00 – 21: 00 h, leg. M. D. Gallagher & I. D. & M. Harrison MDG 8866 (NHMB); 8 ♂, 2 ♀, Duhai, low aeolianite hilltop & slope to sand, to edge of trees, 500 m 2 area, 21 ° 06.26 ' N 58 ° 22.29 ' E, 70 m a. s. l., 21. X. 1997, leg. M. D. Gallagher & I. D. Harrison MDG 8889, (ONHM 2 ♀, GL); 4 ♀, 1 juv, NE of Ras Al Jibsh, slope of sand and scrub hummocks, between sea and rocky mountains, on rocks, sand and under scrub, 21 ° 35.4 ' N 59 ° 25.1 ' E, 100 m a. s. l., 19. II. 1998, leg. J. Peterson, I. D. Harrison & M. D. Gallagher MDG 8945 (MZUF); 6 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 juvs, N of Al Ashkharah, beach sand, scrub and rocks, most hiding in scrub from three quarter moon, 21 ° 54.7 ' N 59 ° 36.78 ' E, 2 m a. s. l., 7. IV. 1998, leg. I. D., S. & R. Harrison. & M. D. Gallagher (NHMB); 1 ♂, E. of Hayma, on sparse vegetation, 19 ° 46.05 ' N 56 ° 35.77 ' E, 3. X. 1998, leg. I. D. Harrison (NHMB); 3 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 juv, between Al Ashkharah and A'Seelal, under small bushes, 21 ° 55.4 ' N 59 ° 37. 67 ' E, 21. XI. 1998, leg. I. D. Harrison (MNHN); 1 juv, Jiddat al Harasis nr Habab (site F / 9), under rocks in road cut, 19 ° 42.28 ' N 56 ° 48.72 ' E, 250 m a. s. l., 29. XII. 1998, 14: 45 h, leg. A. Winkler & B. Winkler (NHMB); 5 ♂, 2 juvs, nr Al Ashkharah, on grass, on sandy plain between sea & mountains, 21 ° 54 ' N 59 ° 36 ' E, 15. IV. 1999, leg. I. D. & S. E. Harrison (NHMB); 1 ♀, nr Ras Khaysat al Liiyakh, ca. 20 km N Ras Madrakah, Al Wusta region, sitting under small plant 30 cm × 30 cm, 19 ° 13.5 ' N 57 ° 45 ' E, 21. IX. 2000, leg. R. Harrison & S. Harrison (ONHM); 1 ♂, Al Hayl, by rock, in rock / pebble strewn sand on low ridge overlooking wide sandy wadi, 20 ° 42 ' N 58 ° 15 ' E, 11. XI. 2001, leg. I. D. Harrison (ONHM); 2 ♂, Wadi Abaytham, under rock on low ridge overlooking wadi, sparse vegetation on ridge, denser in wadi, 18 ° 58 ' N 57 ° 36 ' E, 12. XI. 2001, leg. I. D. Harrison (MCZN); 1 ♀, S Duqm (site F / 24), UV detection, in small dunes, mouth of burrow, 19 ° 26.75 ' N 57 ° 35.78 ' E, 147 m a. s. l., 26. XII. 2001, 19: 00 – 20: 00 h, leg. A. Winkler (NHMB); 1 juv, S Duqm (site F / 24), UV detection, in small dunes, mouth of burrow, 19 ° 26.75 ' N 57 ° 35.78 ' E, 147 m a. s. l., 27. XII. 2001, 04: 00 – 05: 00 h, leg. A. Winkler (NHMB); 1 ♀ subadult, 3 juvs, Al – Saadanat, 19 ° 20.37 ' N 57 ° 35.47 ' E, 97 m a. s. l., 18. III. 2014, leg. D. Hoferek (FKCP); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, UV detection 20: 00 – 22: 00 h, Wadi Dirif, 18 ° 56.51 ' N 57 ° 20.73 ' E, 7 m a. s. l. 19. III. 2014, leg. D. Hoferek (FKCP); 4 ♀, UV detection 20: 00 – 22: 00 h, Shalím, 18 ° 02.46 ' N 55 ° 36. 93 ' E, 290 m a. s. l., 20. III. 2014, leg. D. Hoferek (FKCP).	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. The name macroctenus (= ‘ large comb’) refers to the large size of the pectine teeth in both sexes, which distinguishes this species from other members of the genus.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (adults). Medium to large Leiurus, 61 – 88 mm in length, carapace L 7.1 – 10.2 mm, base color yellow to pale orange, carapace with limited fuscosity on median interocular tubercle; metasoma V slightly fuscous to dark except for posterior end; carapace with area between anterior median carinae smooth or bearing sparse medium to fine granules, area between posterior median carinae with moderately deep median furrow flanked by lateral arcs of medium to fine granules; medial intercarinal surfaces of tergites II – III densely shagreened and granulated; posterior margin of coxa III smooth or with sparse, fine granules; metasoma robust to moderately slender, metasoma II L / W 1.48 – 1.82, metasoma III L / W 1.59 – 2.03, metasoma IV L / W 1.87 – 2.40; ventromedian carinae of metasoma II and III with 14 – 23 denticles (78 / 80 carinae); metasoma V with enlarged subtriangular or lobate denticles on ventrolateral carinae; pedipalps moderately slender, patella L / W ♂ 2.83 – 3.64, ♀ 2.55 – 3.32; leg III patella L / D ♂ 3.43 – 4.48, ♀ 3.38 – 4.00; pectine teeth ♂ 33 – 43, ♀ 30 – 37; pectines large, broad, pectine L / carapace L ♂ 1.15 – 1.52, ♀ 1.03 – 1.26, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / metasoma I W ♂ 0.216 – 0.254, ♀ 0.156 – 0.203; basal 3 – 6 pectine teeth of males overlap if anterior pectine margins aligned to posterior margins of coxae IV; pectine basal piece lightly, finely shagreened; leg III basitarsus with 15 – 26 retrosuperior setae; pedipalp chela fixed finger with trichobothrium db either distal or proximal to est; sternite VII with area between median carinae smooth or slightly roughened anteriorly; sternite carination: males: sternite III with median carinae strong, sternites IV – V with lateral carinae moderate to strong, median carinae weak or obsolete, shagreened; females: sternite III with median carinae weak and finely granulated, or smooth and obsolete, sternites IV – V with lateral carinae weak or moderate, finely granulated, median carinae obsolete. COMPARISONS. L. macroctenus sp. n. is distinguished from most other species of Leiurus by its large pectine teeth, a distinction that is more pronounced when comparing females, and by strongly overlapping basal pectine teeth of males. The male of L. brachycentrus also has large pectine teeth, but the teeth of females are much smaller than those of female L. macroctenus. The number of retrosuperior setae in the basitarsal bristle combs of L. macroctenus is significantly higher than in other species, which is likely an adaptation to soft sandy substrates.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION (holotype male). Coloration. Base color pale orange or yellow; melanic pigmentation confined to patches around median ocular tubercle and carinae of interocular triangle; ventromedian carinae of metasoma II – IV without pigmentation; metasoma V darkened except for distal portion of segment. Carapace. Subrectangular, W / L 0.97, with steep lateral flanks; top nearly flat, with median eyes strongly raised; interocular triangle convex laterally, depressed medially; anterior margin very slightly emarginate, minutely denticulate laterally with several fine median granules, bordered by row of coarse granules; 11 short macrosetae on anterior margin, carapace otherwise devoid of macrosetae; 5 lateral eyes (3 large, 2 small) on each side; carination: anterior median, central lateral, posterior median and posterior lateral carinae strongly developed, coarsely granular; supraocular section of superciliary carinae with weaker granulation (likely due to abrasion), postocular section coarsely granular; anterior median carinae not extending to anterior margin of carapace, separated from anterior marginal row of granules; central lateral and posterior median carinae fused into lyre configuration; central median carinae coarsely granular, bifurcated, posterior branch weakly curved; posterior lateral carinae curved with lateral extension, projecting past posterior margin of carapace; lateral ocular carinae moderate, with small, spaced granules; granulation: sparse patches of 11 medium to large granules on anterolateral corners of interocular triangle, 7 – 8 small and large granules in front of lateral ocular carinae; surface between anterior median carinae sparsely, finely shagreened with few isolated small granules; other intercarinal surfaces smooth or faintly microshagreened or with isolated small granules; posterior median furrow very shallow, nearly flat, with few fine granules or micro-shagreened along median line, flanked by lateral arcs of small to medium granules; posterior margin of carapace between posterior lateral carinae rimmed by regular row of small contiguous granules. Chelicera. Dorsal surface of manus smooth, glabrous, with 6 short, pale microsetae, 3 near apical margin, 3 subapical, each surrounded by granules; dorsointernal carina at base of fixed finger strong, well granulated, terminating anteriorly with prominent granules projecting over front of manus; single long macroseta in middle of dorsointernal carina; dorsal surface of movable finger smooth, with 4 pale microsetae; fingers with characteristic buthid dentition (Vachon, 1963); movable finger dorsal margin with 5 teeth: dorsal distal tine, subdistal, median and 2 basal teeth fused in bicusp; ventral margin with 3 teeth: ventral distal tine, median and basal teeth; fixed finger margin with 4 teeth: distal tine, subdistal, median and basal teeth; ventral aspect of fixed finger with 2 teeth. Coxosternal area. Coxae smooth; coxal endite II with weak, finely granulated carina; coxae II – III with coarsely granular anterior carinae, distal margins bearing medium to coarse granules; proximal 1 / 3 of anterior carina of coxa III finely granulate; 3 long macrosetae along anterior carina of coxa II, 3 macrosetae along anterior carina of coxa III; anterior carina of coxa IV with regular small to medium granulation, with single proximal macroseta; posterior margin of coxa IV with very finely granulated carina on proximal half; sternum with scattered fine granules, subtriangular with slightly convex, nearly straight lateral margins, deep posteromedian longitudinal sulcus and pit with finely granulated posterior lip, two short macrosetae; genital opercula smooth with 4 short macrosetae. Pectines. Basal piece with concave anterior margin divided by small median groove, surface finely shagreened medially, almost smooth laterally; 4 short macrosetae on anterior margin, 1 posteromedial; pectines long, tips extending past proximal 4 / 5 of trochanter IV; pectines with 3 marginal lamellae, small accessory lamella distal to first marginal lamella, 9 middle lamellae, 38 – 39 teeth; marginal and middle lamellae with dense cover of short reddish macrosetae; fulcra with 3 – 6 setae; pectine teeth long; when anterior margins of left and right pectines aligned with posterior edges of coxae IV, basal 4 teeth overlap, without gap between basal middle lamellae, pectine teeth contact median carinae of sternite III; pectine teeth relatively large, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / pectine L 0.096, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / metasoma I W 0.231. Mesosoma. Tergites: pretergites smooth; tergites I – II with 5 granular carinae; median and inner lateral carinae linear with medium granules; outer lateral carinae aligned with posterior lateral carinae of carapace, strongly raised with enlarged posterior granules, hind ends with short lateral extensions, projecting past posterior margins of tergites; lateral flanks steeply sloped, with sparse granulation; medial intercarinal surfaces with dense, fine granulation or shagreened, with transverse anterior series of fine granules; tergites III – VI with 3 linear or slightly curved carinae with medium to large, erect granules; medial intercarinal surfaces densely shagreened, with few larger granules, transverse anterior series of fine granules becoming more diffuse in posterior tergites; heavier fine granulation on median patch in front of median carina; lateral surfaces moderately sloped, shagreened, with many medium size granules; tergite VII with 5 strong, coarsely granular carinae; inner and outer lateral carinae joined anteriorly by transverse granule rows; intercarinal surfaces smooth or very faintly shagreened, fine granulation on anteromedian and paired anterolateral patches; posterior margins of tergites I – VI rimmed with linear rows of medium sized granules; posterior margin of tergite VII with 3 small granules between inner lateral carinae; sternites: sternite III with moderately strong, broad, finely granulated median carinae; sternites IV – V with strong, finely granulated lateral carinae, very weak, almost obsolete densely shagreened median carinae; sternite VI with strong, coarsely granulated lateral carinae, moderate, finely granulated median carinae; sternite VII with strong, coarsely granulated median and lateral carinae; lateral margins of sternites IV – VII armed with regular denticulate granules; medial intercarinal surface of sternite III densely shagreened throughout, of IV – VI densely shagreened anteriorly; lateral intercarinal surfaces on IV – VI heavily shagreened anteriorly, lightly on post-spiracular area; setation: sternite III with 5 – 6 macrosetae on median carinae, 4 – 5 on external side of median carinae; sternites IV – VII with 2 paired macrosetae on median carinae, one pair in middle of sternite, other on posterior margin; lateral carinae on IV – VI with posterior marginal macrosetae, mid-carinal setae on IV; intercarinal macrosetae: one middle pair of lateral marginal setae on sternites IV – VI; paired mediolateral setae 3 on IV, 2 on V, 1 on VI; one pair of lateromarginal setae on VII; intercarinal posterior marginal macrosetae on III – VII: 4, 4, 2, 2, 0. Hemispermatophore (topoparatype male). Trunk elongate, slender; flagellum long, filiform, pars recta 0.4 times length of trunk, pars reflecta half length of trunk; inner lobe a broad lamina, gently tapering apically; median and outer lobes narrower at base, sharply tapering to thin apical processes; inner lobe longer than median and outer lobes; outer lobe flexed at apex; basal lobe thin, curved hook; measurements: trunk L (to base of flagellum) 7.2 mm, pars recta 2.9 mm, inner lobe (from base of flagellum) 810  m, median lobe 410  m, outer lobe 530  m, basal lobe 200  m. Metasoma. Long, slender; total metasoma and telson L / carapace L 5.4; carination: segment I with 10 complete carinae; segments II – III with 8 complete carinae, median lateral carinae restricted to posterior 0.25 – 0.38 of II, posterior 0.20 of III; metasoma IV with 8 carinae, V with 7 carinae; carinae on segments I – IV with crenulate or denticulate granulation; dorsosubmedian carinae moderate on I, moderate to weak on II – III, weak on IV; dorsolateral, ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae moderate on I, strong on II – IV; median lateral carinae moderate on I – III; ventromedian carinae on II – III with 16 – 19 granules, posterior granules larger; metasoma V with dorsolateral carinae very weak, faintly granulated on anterior 1 / 3, obsolete on posterior 2 / 3; ventrolateral carinae strong with dentate granules increasing in size posteriorly, larger subtriangular denticles alternating with series of smaller crenulations, ventrosubmedian carinae marked by series of small to medium dentate granules on anterior 2 / 3 of segment, ventromedian carina strong, armed with small to large dentate granules; lateral anal margin with 3 lobes, ventral lobe well separated from dorsal lobes, ventral anal margin with 13 irregular, narrow to wide transverse crenulations; intercarinal surfaces: segments I – IV smooth, segment V smooth dorsally, finely sparsely shagreened laterally and ventrally; setation: segments I – IV: ventromedian carinae with 3 macrosetae (one posterior marginal), ventrolateral carinae with 2 external macrosetae; metasoma V with 5 macrosetae on lateral surface (2 lateral anal), 4 pairs on ventral surface. Telson. Vesicle smooth, bulbous; ventral surface with scattered fine microsetae and several short macrosetae; aculeus slightly shorter than vesicle. Pedipalp. Femur: slender, L / W 3.52; dorsoexternal, dorsointernal and ventrointernal carinae strong with coarse, closely spaced dentate granules; internal carina moderate with large dentate granules spaced well apart; external carina obsolete, smooth ridge with isolated medium granules; ventral surface smooth with isolated small proximal granules, external surface smooth, dorsal and internal surfaces weakly, sparsely shagreened; linear cluster of 17 – 20 accessory macrosetae on lower distal external surface; patella: slender, L / W 3.20; dorsointernal carina moderate with coarse non-contiguous granulation; dorsomedian carina weak, almost smooth; dorsoexternal, external, ventroexternal carinae weak, smooth, ventromedian carina obsolete; ventrointernal carina weak, with well spaced medium granules and ventral patellar spur; internal carina moderate, with well spaced small to medium dentate granules and dorsal patellar spur; all intercarinal surfaces smooth; chela: slender, L / W 6.34, movable finger L / manus ventral L 2.2; dorsal marginal and ventroexternal carinae weak, smooth, other carinae obsolete; all intercarinal surfaces smooth; manus and fixed finger with sparse short macrosetae; movable finger with numerous short macrosetae on ventral aspect, culminating in dense subapical brush; 13 primary denticle subrows on movable fingers, 12 – 13 on fixed fingers; 12 subrows flanked by internal and external accessory denticles. Trichobothriotaxy: orthobothriotaxic, type A  (Vachon, 1974), db on fixed finger distal to est. Legs. Moderately long, slender, femur III L / carapace L 1.13, patella III L / D 4.00; inferior carinae strongly denticulate on femur I – IV and patella I – III, almost smooth on patella IV; tibia III – IV with long spurs; retrolateral tarsal spurs simple, non-setose; prolateral tarsal spurs basally bifurcate, bearing 1 – 5 macrosetae; basitarsi I – III with well developed bristlecombs, at least as wide as basitarsal segment; basitarsus III setal counts (left / right): retrosuperior 20 / 20, retroinferior 15 / 14 (including basal accessory seta), inferior 15 / 12; ventral surface of telotarsi with numerous, long fine macrosetae. Measurements of holotype male (mm). Total L 72.50; metasoma + telson L 45.50; carapace L 8.36, W 8.08, carapace preocular L 3.72; metasomal segments (L / W / D) I 5.90 / 4.59 / 3.96, II 7.05 / 4.13 / 3.81, III 7.17 / 3.84 / 3.65, IV 7.87 / 3.55 / 3.32, V 9.09 / 3.66 / 3.02; telson L 8.20; vesicle L 4.40, W 3.22, D 3.11; pedipalp chela L 15.02, manus ventral L 4.93, manus W 2.37, manus D 2.84, fixed finger L 8.96, movable finger L 10.84; pedipalp femur L 7.47, W 2.12, patella L 8.94, W 2.79; pectine L 11.09; leg III femur L 9.46; leg III patella L 7.91, D 1.978. Paratype female (Thumrait). Differs from male as follows: larger, more robust, wider body, carapace W / L 1.06; weaker carination on carapace, tergites and coxae; pectines narrower, shorter, tips extending to proximal 1 / 5 of trochanter IV, teeth smaller with shorter sensillar margins, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / pectine L 0.084, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / metasoma I W 0.189; 33 – 34 pectine teeth, basal pectine teeth nonoverlapping; sternite III with weak, narrow, finely granular median carinae; sternites IV – V with strong but narrower, more finely granulated lateral carinae, median carinae obsolete; sternites VI with narrower, finely granulated lateral carinae, weaker, narrower median carinae with regular small granules; VII with slightly stronger, granular carinae; intercarinal surfaces of sternites III – VI smooth medially, finely micro-shagreened anterolaterally; ventromedian carinae on metasoma II – III more strongly crenulate or dentate, with larger posterior denticles; pedipalp chela more robust, L / W 5.35. Measurements of paratype female (mm). Total L 84.00; metasoma + telson L 49.00; carapace L 9.70, W 10.29, carapace preocular L 4.19; metasomal segments (L / D / W) I 6.27 / 4.54 / 5.17, II 7.56 / 4.44 / 4.58, III 7.79 / 4.28 / 4.37, IV 8.74 / 3.85 / 4.08, V 10.00 / 3.58 / 4.34; telson L 9.00; vesicle L 4.83, D 3.65, W 3.71; pedipalp chela L 17.18, manus ventral L 5.43, manus W 3.21, manus D 3.85, fixed finger L 9.93, movable finger L 12.22; pedipalp femur L 8.54, W 2.59, patella L 10.09, W 3.30; pectine L 11.71; leg III femur L 10.32; leg III patella L 8.60, D 2.19. Variation. Base color varied with location and substrate, being pale yellow in samples from Thumrait and Jiddat al Harasis, and light brown or orange in some coastal sites including Masirah Island. Morphometric variation was observed in subpopulations sampled from three separate regions: inland Nejd desert around Thumrait, central coast of Oman (Ras ad Duqm south to Ras Sawqirah) and Masirah Island. Variation in size was sexdependent: males from central coast were on average smaller with less size variation (carapace L 7.60 ± 0.22 mm) than males from Thumrait (8.21 ± 0.50 mm) or Masirah Island (7.78 ± 0.49 mm); female mean sizes were similar for these populations, but sample variance was smallest in central coast and greatest in Thumrait populations. Variation in specific morphometric ratios among different populations is summarized in Table 1. Samples from the central coast (Ras ad Duqm south to Ras Sawqirah) had on average less slender legs, pedipalp chelae and metasomal segments compared to samples from Thumrait and Masirah Island. In contrast, the morphometrics of Thumrait and Masirah Island populations were broadly overlapped. Overall morphometric variation is summarized in Table 4. Sexual dimorphism: compared to females, the males had on average more slender pedipalps and larger pectine teeth (Tab. 4 B). The number of denticles on ventromedian carinae of metasoma III was significantly lower in males (16.79 ± 1.61) than females (18.81 ± 1.47) (P = 0.00027, t test). Diagnostic characters: (1) leg III retrosuperior setae (bristle-comb): the number of setae exhibited a unimodal distribution with no significant difference between males and females; setal count = 19.96 ± 2.61 (mean ± SD, n = 100, sexes pooled), with 95 / 100 (95 %) of basitarsi bearing 17 or more setae); (2) female pectine teeth: sensillar margins were relatively long over the length of the pectine, but shorter for the basal tooth; mid-pectine sensillar margin L / carapace L 0.09 – 0.11 (0.10 ± 0.01, n = 28), basal-pectine sensillar margin L / carapace L 0.03 – 0.08 (0.06 ± 0.01, n = 28). Basal teeth were also very different in proportions, with a longer trunk and shorter sensillar margin: mid-pectine trunk L / sensillar margin L 0.31 – 0.49 (0.38 ± 0.04, n = 30), basal-pectine trunk L / sensillar margin L 0.56 – 1.45 (0.96 ± 0.23, n = 28). Fig. 95 B plots the range of covariation of the ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L / carapace L, and midpectine sensillar margin L / metasoma I W, showing the large morphometric difference from other Leiurus. The large pectine teeth are a more robust diagnostic character in females. In males, the enlargement of pectine teeth as a secondary sexual characteristic obscures the interspecies difference; (3) pedipalp fixed finger db was distal to est in 142 / 175 (81 %), and proximal in 33 / 175 (19 %) of fixed fingers (Fig. 95 A).	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the central and north-eastern coast (including Masirah Island, reaching as far north as Ras Al Hadd), and the south-central plains (Jiddat al Harasis and Nejd Desert) of Oman. The elevation range of records is 2 – 800 m, with the lowest on the coast, and the highest in the Jabal Qara hills.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	biology_ecology	ECOLOGY. These are arenicolous scorpions from coastal and adjacent inland alluvial plains and steppes in Oman. In the Nejd desert north of Jabal Qara, L. macroctenus was observed in burrows excavated in fine sedimentary soil around rock outcroppings. Individuals were often waiting in nocturnal ambush positions at the burrow entrance with carapace and pedipalps protruding, chela fingers open, while their mesosoma and metasoma were protected inside the burrow. In sandy wadis on Masirah Island, they were observed at night resting on open sand with tarsi spread in a wide circle, a characteristic behavior of psammophilous scorpions localizing moving prey by substrate vibrations detected by basitarsal slit sensillae (Brownell, 1977; Brownell & Farley, 1979). Adaptation to sandy substrates is suggested by the well developed basitarsal bristle combs that are broader and denser than those of other Leiurus. On the mainland, L. macroctenus was absent from the Wahiba Sands and Rub’ al Khali. It could be excluded from those dunes by intraguild predation from the larger Apistobuthus, which is absent from Masirah Island. The Wahiba Sands also present an ecological barrier to the dispersal of other terrestrial fauna (Munton 1988).	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	description	(Figs. 23 – 34, 46, 58 C, 59 C – D, 87 D, 88 D, 89 D, 90 D, 91 A, 92 E – F, 93 C – D, 94 D – E, 95, 98 – 100, Tabs. 3 B, 4) http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: E 2 D 4 F 1 37 - 9 FEA- 4 A 9 D-A 0 B 5 - 07100870 F 6 AA	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. Adult ♀, Saudi Arabia, Ta’if, X. 1975, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 k). PARATYPES. Oman: 1 ♂, Wadi Ghaiz, Dhofar, under rock, 16 ° 58 ' N 53 ° 52 ' E, 60 m a. s. l., 11. IV. 1980, leg. J. N. Barnes, MDG 5995 (NHMB); 1 ♀, Sarfait Area, Dhofar, 16 ° 40 ' N 53 ° 06 ' E, 1985, leg. Sultan of Oman Land Forces (NHMB); 1 ♀, Sarfait, Jabal Qara, 16 ° 43 ' N 53 ° 07 ' E, 1300 m a. s. l., 4. IX. 1989, leg. R. P. Whitcomb (NHMB); 1 ♀, Jabal Qara, Dhofar, edge of dry Nejd, 17 ° 19 ' N 54 ° 16 ' E, 850 m a. s. l., 6. IX. 1989, leg. M. D. Gallagher MDG 8146 (ONHM); 1 ♂, Salalah, Dhofar, 17 ° 05 ' N 54 ° 10 ' E, X. 1993, leg. F. Barter (NHMB); 1 ♀, Jabal Qara; north slopes, Nejd, UV detection rocky wadi, rocky wadi & rocky slopes, 17 ° 17.83 ' N 54 ° 05.11 ' E, 800 m a. s. l., 16. X. 1993, 22: 38 h, leg. G. Lowe (GL); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 juv, Jabal Qara; Salalah- Thumrait road, UV detection, rocky wadi, edge of Nejd Desert, dry zone, 17 ° 17.26 ' N 54 ° 05.36 ' E, 800 m a. s. l., 17. X. 1993, 20: 53 h, leg. G. Lowe (NHMB); 2 ♂, 2 juvs, Jabal Qara; Salalah-Thumrait road, UV detection, wide rocky wadi, nr edge of wadi & rocky flats, 17 ° 17.58 ' N 54 ° 04.97 ' E, 800 m a. s. l., 17. X. 1993, 21: 45 h, leg. G. Lowe (NHMB); 1 ♀, main road above Khor Rori Beach, east of Taqah, UV detection on ground, densely vegetated wadi, warm & humid with many insects, 17 ° 03.22 ' N 54 ° 25.33 ' E, 50 m a. s. l., 18. X. 1993, 21: 24 h, leg. G. Lowe (NHMB); 2 ♀, Salalah Plain; road to Ayn Hamran, 3.5 km off main coast road, UV detection, open plain with scattered Prosopis, 17 ° 03.54 ' N 54 ° 16.4 ' E, 50 m a. s. l., 18. X. 1993, 22: 29 h, leg. G. Lowe (GL); 1 ♀, Jabal Qara, UV detection, on rock by line of date palms, 17 ° 01.89 ' N 54 ° 05.46 ' E, 29. IV. 1995, 21: 30 h, leg. J. Dundon (BMNH); 2 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 juv, Jabal Qara, UV detection, 17 ° 07.54 ' N 54 ° 08.97 ' E, 142 m a. s. l., 30. IV. 1995, leg. J. Dundon (GL); 1 ♀, Khor Rori Beach (site F / 23), UV detection, rocky slope of densely vegetated wadi between rocks, 17 ° 03.18 ' N 54 ° 25.51 ' E, 22 m a. s. l., 24. XII. 2001, 02: 25 - 04: 45 h, leg. A. Winkler (ONHM); 2 ♀, Wadi Khor Rori, Dhofar, 17 ° 02 ' 59.7 " N 54 ° 25 ' 28.4 " E, 22 m a. s. l., IX. 2013, leg. T. Mazuch and P. Novák (FKCP); 1 juv., UV detection 22: 00 – 23: 00 h, Taqah, 17 ° 03.26 ' N 54 ° 25.50 ' E, 26 m a. s. l., 21. III. 2014, leg. D. Hoferek (FKCP); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 juvs, UV detection 20: 00 – 22: 00 h, Mirbat, 17 ° 02.19 ' N 54 ° 38.75 ' E, 54 m a. s. l., Adenium steppe, 22. III. 2014, leg. D. Hoferek (FKCP). Saudi Arabia: 1 ♀, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ae 2); 1 juv ♀, Wadi Turabah, camp 2, 20 ° 28.6 ' N 41 ° 10.05 ' E, 1580 m a. s. l., leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ah); 3 ♂, Wadi Wajj, 18 km SW Taif, 21 ° 10 ' N 40 ° 16 ' E, 1810 m a. s. l., leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 as); 1 ♀, Wadi Wajj, 18 km SW Taif, 21 ° 10 ' N 40 ° 16 ' E, 1810 m a. s. l., leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 x); 1 ♀, 1 juv ♀, Taif, 21 ° 18 ' N 40 ° 24 ' E, 1670 m a. s. l., X. 1975, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 k); 1 juv ♀, Abha Gizan km 53, Wadi Ad Dilla, 17 ° 51 ' N 42 ° 22.8 ' E, 300 m a. s. l., 21. IV. 1976, leg. W. Büttiker & W. Witt (NHMB 17 s); 1 ♀, 15 km W of Khamis Mushayt, 18 ° 18.4 ' N 42 ° 35.7 ' E, 2050 m a. s. l., 18. II. 1977, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 u); 1 ♀, Adnan, 20 ° 26 ' N 41 ° 31 ' E, 1650 m a. s. l., 21. IX. 1978, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 am); 2 ♀, Wadi Maraba, 17 ° 53.76 ' N 42 ° 23.4 ' E, 320 m a. s. l., 1. X. 1978, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 al); 2 ♂, Wadi Qatan, 18 ° 06.86 ' N 44 ° 09.03 ' E, 1350 m a. s. l., 25. XI. 1979, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ad, 17 af); 1 ♀, Wadi Qatan, 18 ° 06.86 ' N 44 ° 09.03 ' E, 1350 m a. s. l., 25. XI. 1979, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 z); 1 ♀, Wadi Jaddah, 25 ° 52 ' N 48 ° 48 ' E, 26. XI. 1979, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 y); 1 ♀, Adama, 19 ° 20.33 ' N 42 ° 01.37 ' E, 1770 m a. s. l., 1980, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 as 2); 1 ♂, Wadi Gaanah, 18 ° 25.8 ' N 41 ° 53.6 ' E, 470 m a. s. l., 13. II. 1980, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ab); 1 juv ♂, Wadi Yamaniyah, 21 ° 39 ' N 40 ° 19 ' E, 1100 m a. s. l., 31. III. 1980, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ax); 2 ♀, Wadi Turabah, 20 ° 29 ' N 41 ° 12 ' E, 1480 m a. s. l., 4. IV. 1980, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 am 2); 2 juv ♂, 4 juv ♀, Adama, 19 ° 20.33 ' N 42 ° 01.37 ' E, 1770 m a. s. l., 17. IV. 1980, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ap 2); 2 juv ♂, Adama, 19 ° 20.33 ' N 42 ° 01. 37 ' E, 1770 m a. s. l., 17. IV. 1980, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ar 2); 1 ♀, Wadi Shuqub, 20 ° 43 ' N 41 ° 10 ' E, 1480 m a. s. l., 21. IV. 1980, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 bb); 1 juv ♂, 2 juv ♀, Wadi Turabah, 20 ° 29 ' N 41 ° 12 ' E, 1510 m a. s. l., 15. IX. 1980, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ad 2); 1 ♀, Wadi Qatan, 18 ° 06.86 ' N 44 ° 09. 03 ' E, 1350 m a. s. l., 23. IX. 1980, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 bf); 1 juv ♀, Wadi Sanakhah, 18 ° 01 ' N 44 ° 07 ' E, 1320 m a. s. l., 21. IV. 1980, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 az); 2 ♂, 10 km NE of Biljurshi, 19 ° 54.57 ' N 41 ° 34 ' E, 2050 m a. s. l., 7. X. 1980, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ak 2); 1 juv ♀, Biljurshi, 19 ° 50.06 ' N 41 ° 32. 54 ' E, 1840 m a. s. l., 7. X. 1980, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ay); 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Hesua, camp 1, 18 ° 05 ' N 42 ° 21 ' E, 1930 m a. s. l., 27. IX. 1981, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ab 2); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 juv ♂, Al Faraah, 20 ° 57 ' N 40 ° 12 ' E, 700 m a. s. l., 15. II. 1982, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 aj 2); 1 ♂, Wadi Wajj, 18 km SW of Taif, 21 ° 10 ' N 40 ° 16 ' E, 1810 m a. s. l., 23. IV. 1982, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 aw); 1 juv ♂, 1 juv ♀, Wadi Maharish, 21 ° 21.5 ' N 40 ° 13 ' E, 1000 m a. s. l., 7. I. 1983, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 au); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 juv ♀, Wadi Bani Malek, 21 ° 34.48 ' N 39 ° 17. 15 ' E, 8. II. 1983, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ah 2); 1 juv ♂, Wadi Ellah, 22 ° 35 ' N 41 ° 35 ' E, 1480 m a. s. l., 9. IX. 1983, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 be); 1 ♂, 1 juv ♀, Wadi Asidah, 20 ° 25 ' N 41 ° 12 ' E, 1560 m a. s. l., 10. IX. 1983, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 al 2); 1 ♀, Wadi Tayyah, 18 ° 32 ' N 42 ° 14 ' E, 825 m a. s. l., 15. IX. 1983, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 av); 1 juv ♀, Wadi Dhiyan, 19 ° 54.5 ' N 41 ° 30.4 ' E, 1050 m a. s. l., 8. III. 1984, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 bc); 1 juv ♂, 1 juv ♀ exuvium, Baha, 20 ° 00.65 ' N 41 ° 28 ' E, 2170 m a. s. l., 3. VIII. 1984, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 at); 1 juv, Al Foqah, 19 ° 50 ' N 41 ° 51 ' E, 1630 m a. s. l., 10. IX. 1984, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB); 1 juv ♂, 2 juv ♀, Al Foqah, 19 ° 59 ' N 41 ° 51 ' E, 1630 m a. s. l., 20. X. 1984, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 aq 2); 1 juv, Jebel Lebaba, 18 ° 01.65 ' N 42 ° 01.93 ' E, 420 m a. s. l., 24. III. 1985, leg. J. Grainger (NHMB); 1 ♂, Jebel Warjan, 23 ° 59 ' N 39 ° 10 ' E, 2100 m a. s. l., 2. IV. 1985, leg. S. Collenette (NHMB); 1 ♀, Fare, 22 ° 45 ' N 39 ° 48.4 ' E, 850 m a. s. l., 25. IV. 1985, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ba); 1 ♀, Jebel Al Lawz, 28 ° 41.52 ' N 35 ° 17.88 ' E, 2200 m a. s. l., 5. VI. 1985, leg. J. Grainger (NHMB 17 an 2); 1 ♂, 1 juv ♀, Shumaisy, 25 ° 06 ' N 38 ° 43 ' E, 740 m a. s. l., 12. XI. 1986, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 bh). Yemen: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, captive bred (Sanáa), M. Heule (GL); 1 juv ♀, Jebel Bagim, nr Sadah, 16 ° 55.5 ' N 43 ° 47 ' E, 2000 m a. s. l., 27. IX. 1985, W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 bd); 1 ♂, Wadí Dhahr, 15 km NW of Sanáa, 15 ° 24.52 ' N 44 ° 07.39 ' E, leg. Šťastný (FKCP); 1 ♂, Wadithar, 14 ° 26.6 ' N 44 ° 45.5 ' E, 17. XI. 2003, leg. P. Kabátek (GL); 1 ♀, 4 juvs, Jabal Lawz, SE Sanáa, 15 ° 23 ' N 44 ° 29 ' E, 2828 m a. s. l., leg. P. Kabátek (FKCP); 2 ♀, 5 juvs, Al Bayda gov., At Taghiq vill. env., NW of Al Bayda by road (Locality No. 16), 14 ° 08.43 ' N 45 ° 25.88 ' E, 1968 m a. s. l., 4. - 5. XI. 2007, leg. D. Král (FKCP); 1 ♀ (FKCP).	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (adults). Medium to large Leiurus, 65 – 97 mm in length, carapace L 7.4 – 11.2 mm; base color yellow to orange-yellow, with varied fuscous pigmentation on carapace, tergites and metasoma V; interocular triangle fuscous or dark; metasoma V light brown to black except for posterior end; carapace with area between anterior median carinae bearing scattered medium to coarse granules, area between posterior median carinae with deep median furrow flanked by arcs of coarse granules; medial intercarinal surfaces of tergites II – III sparsely granulated, lightly shagreened or smooth; posterior margin of coxa III smooth or with sparse fine granules; metasoma robust to moderately slender, metasoma II L / W 1.46 – 1.80, metasoma III L / W 1.55 – 1.96, metasoma IV L / W 1.90 – 2.46; ventromedian carinae of metasoma II and III with 15 – 28 denticles (85 / 91 carinae); metasoma V with enlarged subtriangular or lobate denticles on ventrolateral carinae; pedipalps moderately slender, patella L / W ♂ 3.01 – 3.52, ♀ 2.60 – 3.14; leg III patella L / D ♂ 3.51 – 4.02, ♀ 3.21 – 3.70; pectine teeth ♂ 28 – 39, ♀ 24 – 32; pectines long, narrow, pectine L / carapace L ♂ 1.10 – 1.27, ♀ 0.91 – 1.15, midpectine sensillar margin L / metasoma I W ♂ 0.138 – 0.175, ♀ 0.093 – 0.116; basal 1 – 3 pectine teeth of males overlap if anterior pectine margins aligned to posterior margins of coxae IV; pectine basal piece smooth in females, smooth or slightly shagreened in males; leg III basitarsus with 10 – 15 retrosuperior setae; pedipalp chela fixed finger with trichobothrium db distal to est; sternite VII with area between median carinae smooth or with sparse fine granulation anteriorly, more heavily in males; sternite carination: males, sternite III with median carinae robust, sternites IV – V with lateral carinae robust, median carinae moderate or weak; females, sternite III with median carinae weak or obsolete, sternites IV – V with lateral carinae moderate, median carinae weak or obsolete.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. A patronym in honor of Dr. Ambros Hänggi, Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, for his many contributions to science and his long support of the authors studies of Arabian scorpions.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	discussion	COMPARISONS. L. haenggii sp. n. differs from L. quinquestriatus and resembles L. arabicus sp. n. in the following characters: posterior medial area of carapace with shallow to moderately deep median furrow, not flat, flanked by lateral granule arcs; medial intercarinal surfaces of tergites II – III between granule clusters smooth to sparsely shagreened or granulated (Figs. 94 D – E); medial intercarinal surfaces of sternites smooth or lightly, finely shagreened; pectine basal piece smooth or very slightly granulated. It differs from L. arabicus sp. n. by having more robust leg, pedipalp and metasomal segments (Fig. 46), and smooth or weakly granulated median carinae on sternites III – V of females (Figs. 92 E – F).	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION (holotype female). Coloration. Base color yellow or yellow-orange, carapace and tergites with extensive dark pigmentation; carapace dark on anterior interocular area, carinae, and posterior margin, light around posterior median furrow, lateral flanks outside lateral carinae pale; pretergites I – VI dark posteriorly, maculate anteriorly, III – VI with pair of pale median spots; tergites I – VI fuscous on medial and mediolateral intercarinal surfaces, with pair of pale anterior median spots, lateral flanks pale; tergite VII with slight fuscosity in anterior median area; ventromedian carinae of metasoma III – IV with dark stripes; metasoma V dark except for posterior end. Carapace. Subrectangular, broad, W / L 1.17, with moderately sloped lateral flanks; upper surface with nearly flat posterior and medial plateau, strongly raised ocular tubercle; interocular triangle convex laterally, depressed medially; anterior margin very slightly emarginate, nearly straight, medially microdenticulate, bordered by row of medium sized granules; 5 short macrosetae on anterior margin, carapace otherwise devoid of macrosetae; 5 lateral eyes (3 large, 2 small) on each side; carination: anterior median, superciliary, central lateral, posterior median and posterior lateral carinae moderate to strong, coarsely granular; anterior median carinae not extending to anterior margin of carapace, separated from anterior marginal row of granules; central lateral and posterior median carinae fused into lyre configuration; central median carinae coarsely granular, anterior part nearly straight, angled outward, posterior part outwardly curved; posterior lateral carinae strong, hind end without lateral extension, projecting only slightly past posterior margin of carapace; lateral ocular carinae moderate, with medium, spaced granules; granulation: sparse patches of 17 – 20 small to large granules on anterolateral corners of interocular triangle, 9 – 10 small to medium granules in front of lateral ocular carinae; surface between anterior median carinae smooth except for 10 small to medium granules dispersed in anterior area; other intercarinal surfaces smooth except for few isolated small to medium granules; posterior median furrow shallow, broad, with few median microgranules, flanked by lateral arcs of small granules; posterior margin of carapace between posterior lateral carinae rimmed by regular series of medium granules. Chelicera. Dorsal surface of manus smooth, with 6 short, pale microsetae, 3 near apical margin, 3 subapical, each surrounded by granules; 2 – 3 finer microsetae on anterolateral margins; dorsointernal carina at base of fixed finger moderately strong, granulated, terminating anteriorly with prominent granules projecting over front of manus; single macroseta in middle of dorsointernal carina; dorsal surface of movable finger smooth, with 5 pale microsetae; fingers with characteristic buthid dentition (Vachon, 1963); movable finger dorsal margin with 5 teeth: dorsal distal tine, subdistal, median and 2 basal teeth fused in bicusp; ventral margin with 3 teeth: ventral distal tine, median and basal teeth; fixed finger margin with 4 teeth: distal tine, subdistal, median and basal teeth; ventral aspect of fixed finger with 2 teeth. Coxosternal area. Coxae smooth; coxal endite II with weak, finely granulated carina; coxae II – III with moderately granular anterior carinae, distal margins with coarse granules; proximal 1 / 3 of anterior margin of coxa III with sparse microgranulation, almost smooth; 3 long macrosetae along anterior carina of coxa II, 4 macrosetae along anterior carina of coxa III; anterior carina of coxa IV with regular small to medium granulation, with 1 – 2 proximal macrosetae; posterior margin of coxa IV with finely granulated carina on proximal half; sternum smooth, subtriangular with slightly concave lateral margins, deep posteromedian longitudinal sulcus and pit, 2 short macrosetae; genital opercula smooth with 5 – 6 short macrosetae, posterolateral margins weakly concave. Pectines. Basal piece with concave anterior margin divided by small median emargination, lacking granules, bearing 9 macrosetae; pectines narrow, tips not extending past distal end of coxa IV; both combs with 3 marginal lamellae and small accessory lamella distal to first marginal lamella, 9 middle lamellae, 30 – 30 teeth; marginal and middle lamellae with moderate cover of long reddish macrosetae; fulcra with 3 – 5 setae; pectine teeth relatively small, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / pectine L 0.063, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / metasoma I W 0.105. Mesosoma. Tergites: pretergites smooth; tergites I – II with 5 granular carinae; median and inner lateral carinae linear with medium to coarse granules; outer lateral carinae aligned with posterior lateral carinae of carapace, angled outward, strong, uniformly granular, hind ends extending past posterior margins of tergites, without lateral extensions on I, with short extensions on II; medial intercarinal surfaces smooth, with sparse medium or coarse granules; lateral flanks moderately sloped with sparse fine granulation; tergites III – VI with 3 straight carinae with medium granules; medial intercarinal surfaces smooth, with short transverse anterior series of granules; very fine granulation on anterior median patch and short transverse strips on either side; lateral surfaces moderately sloped, well granulated, III – IV with short longitudinal rows of granules; tergite VII with 5 strong, granular carinae; inner and outer lateral carinae joined anteriorly by transverse granule rows; intercarinal surfaces smooth, with few isolated fine granules; fine granulation on anterior median patch and isolated lateral patches on either side; posterior margins of tergites I – VI rimmed with regular rows of small to medium sized granules; posterior margin of tergite VII with regular small granules; sternites: sternite III with median carinae very weak, smooth, almost obsolete; sternites IV – V with weak, finely granulated lateral carinae, obsolete median carinae; sternite VI with moderate, finely crenulate lateral carinae, weak finely granulated median carinae; sternite VII with strong, crenulategranulate median and lateral carinae; lateral margins of sternites IV – VII armed with regular denticulate granules; medial intercarinal surfaces of all sternites smooth, lateral intercarinal surfaces smooth posteriorly, smooth to faintly shagreened anteriorly on IV – VI; setation: sternite III with 5 macrosetae on median carinae, 6 – 7 on areas external to median carinae; sternites IV – VII with 2 paired macrosetae on median carinae, one pair in middle of sternite, other on posterior margin; lateral carinae on IV – V with mid-carinal and posterior marginal macrosetae, on VI with posterior marginal macrosetae; intercarinal macrosetae: one pair of lateral marginal setae on sternites IV – VI; 2 pairs of mediolateral setae on IV – V, one pair on VI; one pair of latero-marginal setae on VII; intercarinal posterior marginal macrosetae on III – VII: 7, 5, 4, 0, 0. Metasoma. Moderately long, with robust segments, total metasoma and telson L / carapace L 5.61; carination: segment I with 10 complete carinae; segments II – III with 8 complete carinae, median lateral carinae restricted to posterior 1 / 2 of II, posterior 1 / 2 to 1 / 3 of III; metasoma IV with 8 carinae, V with 7 carinae; carinae on segments I – IV granulate or crenulate-granulate; dorsosubmedian carinae granulate, moderate on I – III, weak on IV; dorsolateral carinae granulate, moderate, ventrolateral carinae granulate-crenulate, moderate to strong on I – IV; median lateral carinae granulate, moderate on I – II, moderate posteriorly, weak anteriorly on III; ventromedian carinae moderate on I, strong on II – IV; granules on II – IV larger, taller posteriorly; ventromedian carinae with 20 – 21 granules on metasoma II, 25 – 26 on III; metasoma V with dorsolateral carinae very weak, faintly granulated, ventrolateral carinae strong with rounded dentate granules increasing in size posteriorly, with several large subtriangular, lobate denticles, ventrosubmedian carinae marked by prominent series of medium to large rounded, dentate granules along length of segment, ventromedian carina strong, with medium to large rounded, dentate granules increasing in size posteriorly; lateral anal margin with 3 lobes, ventral anal margin with 10 irregular, narrow to wide transverse crenulations; intercarinal surfaces: segments I – IV smooth, segment V smooth dorsally, lightly shagreened or finely granulate laterally and ventrally; setation: segments I – IV: ventromedian carinae with 3 macrosetae (one posterior marginal), ventrolateral carinae with 2 macrosetae slightly external to carina; metasoma V with 5 macrosetae on lateral surface (2 lateral anal), 4 pairs on ventral surface. Telson. Vesicle smooth, bulbous; ventral surface bearing scattered fine microsetae and several short macrosetae with associated shallow indentations; aculeus slightly shorter than vesicle. Pedipalp. Femur: moderately slender, L / W 3.28; dorsoexternal, dorsointernal and ventrointernal carinae strong with coarse, closely spaced dentate granules; internal carina strong, with small and large dentate granules spaced well apart; external carina moderate, with well spaced coarse dentate granules; all intercarinal surfaces smooth; linear cluster of 29 – 30 accessory macrosetae on lower distal external surface; patella: moderately slender, L / W 2.89; dorsointernal carina moderate with medium granulation; dorsomedian and dorsoexternal carinae moderate with fine granulation; external carina moderate, smooth; ventroexternal carina weak, with fine granulation; ventromedian carina moderate, with medium to fine granulation; ventrointernal carina moderate, medium to small dentate granules and ventral patellar spur; internal carina moderate, with several larger dentate granules interspersed with closely spaced small granules, and dorsal patellar spur; all intercarinal surfaces smooth or with sparse, fine granules; chela: slender, L / W 5.94, movable finger L / manus ventral L 2.10; dorsal marginal and external secondary carinae weak, smooth; ventroexternal carina moderate, smooth; other carinae obsolete; all intercarinal surfaces smooth; manus and fixed finger with sparse short macrosetae; movable finger with numerous short macrosetae on ventral aspect, culminating in dense subapical brush; 12 primary denticle subrows on left movable finger (right movable finger of holotype with anomalous dentition, 6 subrows), 11 – 12 on fixed fingers; all subrows except proximal flanked by internal and external accessory denticles. Trichobothriotaxy: orthobothriotaxic, type A  (Vachon, 1974), db on fixed finger distal to est. Legs. Moderately elongated, femur III L / carapace L 1.05, patella III L / D 3.61; inferior carinae strongly denticulate on femur I – IV, moderately denticulate on patella I – III, weakly denticulate, almost smooth on patella IV; tibia III – IV with long spurs; retrolateral tarsal spurs simple, non-setose; prolateral tarsal spurs basally bifurcate, bearing 2 – 3 macrosetae; basitarsi I – III with well developed bristle-combs, at least as wide as basitarsal segment; basitarsus III setal counts (left / right): retrosuperior 11 / 10, retroinferior 13 / 12 (including basal accessory seta), inferior 12 / 13; ventral surface of telotarsi with robust, short tapered macrosetae. Measurements of holotype female (mm). Total L 85.00; metasoma + telson L 54.00; carapace L 9.62, W 11.24, carapace preocular L 4.69; metasomal segments (L / W / D) I 6.92 / 6.01 / 5.10, II 8.19 / 5.30 / 4.89, III 8.42 / 5.00 / 4.81, IV 9.64 / 4.65 / 4.55, V 10.81 / 4.60 / 4.18; telson L 10.48; vesicle L 5.58, W 3.11, D 3.92; pedipalp chela L 18.46, manus ventral L 6.13, manus W 3.11, manus D 3.50, fixed finger L 10.77, movable finger L 12.88; pedipalp femur L 9.37, W 2.86, patella L 10.53, W 3.64; pectine L 10.04, mid-pectine sensillar margin L 0.633; leg III femur L 10.06; leg III patella L 8.58, D 2.38. Paratype male (Wadi Asidah). Differs from holotype female as follows: body narrower, carapace W / L 1.13; carapace, tergites and coxae with stronger, more coarsely granulate carinae; genital opercula with convex posterolateral margin; pectine basal piece narrower, with deeper anteromedian fold; pectines wider, longer, 11 – 13 middle lamellae, tips extending to proximal 1 / 3 – 1 / 2 of trochanter IV, teeth larger with longer sensillar margins, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / pectine L 0.084, midpectine sensillar margin L / metasoma I W 0.146; 36 – 38 pectine teeth; 3 basal pectine teeth overlap if anterior pectine margins aligned to posterior margins of coxae IV; sternite III with strong, thick, granulated median carinae; sternites IV – V with stronger, more heavily granulated lateral carinae, IV with moderate, V with weak granulated median carinae; sternites VI – VII with all carinae strong, coarsely granulated; spiracles on IV – VI with fine granules along anterior margins; intercarinal surfaces of sternites III – VI roughened, shagreened in anterior median areas; ventromedian carinae on metasoma II – III more weakly crenulate, with smaller denticles; dorsal surface of metasoma V more heavily shagreened; pedipalp femur and patella with stronger carination, pedipalp chela manus with weak dorsointernal carina with small granules. Measurements of paratype male (NHMB 17 al 2) (mm). Total L 82.50; metasoma + telson L 55.00; carapace L 9.00, W 10.20, carapace preocular L 4.46; metasomal segments (L / W / D) I 6.90 / 6.42 / 5.47, II 8.39 / 5.73 / 5.10, III 8.68 / 5.36 / 4.93, IV 9.77 / 4.95 / 4.64, V 10.46 / 4.59 / 4.01; telson L 9.75; vesicle L 5.11, W 3.87, D 3.68; pedipalp chela L 18.59, manus ventral L 5.97, manus W 3.06, manus D 3.33, fixed finger L 11.13, movable finger L 13.02; pedipalp femur L 9.62, W 3.00, patella L 10.62, W 3.53; pectine L 11.17; midpectine sensillar margin L 0.939; leg III femur L 10.70; leg III patella L 8.81, D 2.38. Variation. Color: the dark dorsal color pattern of the holotype was the most common form, but other variants were observed. There may be less intense, diffuse fuscosity on carapace and tergites, with brown color extending onto lateral flanks of tergites I – VI (Adnan, Adama). Intercarinal fuscosity on the carapace may be limited to the anterior area in front of the median ocular tubercle, with posterior areas light (Wadi Maraba, Jeddah), and tergites may be pale (Jeddah). Dark pigment on metasoma V and ventral carinae of metasoma II – IV can vary from faded yellow-brown to dark black, and the posterior yellow area on metasoma V may extend forward up to 1 / 3 the length of the segment, with the dark zone terminating in trident pattern towards the posteroventral area (Jeddah, Wadi Qatan). Juveniles usually exhibit darker color patterns. Morphosculpture: female sternite carination was typically weak or obsolete, with minor variation: median carinae of sternite III obsolete in 9 cases, very weak in 7, weak in 3, median carinae of sternites IV (or V) obsolete in 17 (or 16) cases, weak in 2 (or 3). Morphometrics and meristics: see Table 4. Metasomal segments were typically robust, but were more elongated in a few examples: males from Wadi Ghaiz and Jeddah, and a female from Wadi Qatan had metasomal segments as slender as L. arabicus sp. n. The number of denticles on ventromedian carinae of metasoma III was significantly higher in males (22.93 ± 2.81) than females (20.16 ± 3.24) (P = 0.0085, t test).	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Records indicate a wide distribution in the western Arabian Peninsula, along the chain of mountains running parallel to the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia and Yemen (Al Hijaz and Asir mountains). A series of specimens was also collected from the Dhofar mountains in Oman, and the species is likely to occur in the intervening Hadramaut ranges along the southern coast of Yemen. Records span a wide range of elevations (22 – 2,828 m a. s. l.), ranging from coastal plains to the Asir highlands.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	biology_ecology	ECOLOGY. Specimens in Oman were found at night by UV detection on rock and gravel substrates in densely vegetated wadis, from coastal plains to mountains. The species probably shelters in scrapes excavated in soil beneath rocks. Similar lapidicolous habitats may be occupied in the mountains of Yemen and western Saudi Arabia.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	discussion	REMARKS. Birula (1937) referred a series of specimens from Hodeida (= Al Hudaydah, Yemen) to L. quinquestriatus brachycentrus. We consider these to represent L. haenggii, based on the following reported characters: larger size (adult female 86.4 mm, adult male 72.6 mm), dark coloration of carapace, mesosoma and metasoma V, and nearly smooth intercarinal surfaces on tergites.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	description	(Figs. 25 – 46, 58 C, 87 B, 88 B, 89 B, 90 B, 91 F, 92 B – C, 93 A – B, 94 D, 95, 98 – 100, Tabs. 3 A, 4) http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 1 EAD 22 25 - BC 00 - 46 F 3 - B 053 - F 59637 AAEF 44	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. Adult ♀, Saudi Arabia, Kushm Dibi, 19. X. 1979, leg. A. Barkham (NHMB 17 aq). PARATYPES. Bahrain: 2 ♀, Al Amar, 25 ° 59 ' N 50 ° 32 ' E, 20 m a. s. l., XI. 1985, leg. D. Lickfold (NHMB 17 bg). Saudi Arabia: 1 ♀, 1 juv ♀, Kashm Khafs, 25 ° 36 ' N 46 ° 27 ' E, 720 m a. s. l., leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ac 2); 1 juv ♂, Khushm Dibi, 24 ° 17 ' N 46 ° 09 ' E, 750 m a. s. l., leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ac); 1 juv ♂, Wadi Durmah, Stn 11, végétation riche, 24 ° 37 ' N 46 ° 06 ' E, 580 m a. s. l., 2. I. 1976, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 m); 1 ♀, Wadi Tumair, Stn 13, oasis, désert de pierres sèches, 25 ° 43 ' N 45 ° 51 ' E, 650 m a. s. l., 20. II. 1976, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 o); 2 ♀, 1 juv ♂, 3 juv ♀, Wadi Mizbil, Stn 18, désert de pierres sèches, 24 ° 30 ' N 46 ° 25 ' E, 700 m a. s. l., 25. II. 1977, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 l); 1 juv ♀, Wadi Mutaiwijah, Stn 21, Mecca Road, végétation relativement riche, 24 ° 34 ' N 46 ° 11 ' E, 600 m a. s. l., 18. III. 1977, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 p); 1 ♂, Jeddah, 21 ° 31 ' N 39 ° 13.15 ' E, 1. IX. 1977, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 q); 1 juv ♀, Wadi Mizbil, 24 ° 29 ' N 46 ° 25 ' E, 610 m a. s. l., 24. XII. 1977, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ao); 1 ♀, Jubail, 27 ° 00.28 ' N 49 ° 39.68 ' E, 8 m a. s. l., III. 1978, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 v); 1 juv ♂, Jebel Banban, 25 ° 23 ' N 46 ° 36 ' E, 660 m a. s. l., 16. III. 1978, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 n); 1 juv ♂, Khushm Dibi, 24 ° 17 ' N 46 ° 09 ' E, 750 m a. s. l., 19. V. 1978, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 t); 1 ♂, Riyadh, 23 ° 20 ' N 45 ° 20 ' E, IX. 1978, leg. B. Vincett (NHMB 17 ap); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Wadi Khumrah, Station 12, 24 ° 55 ' N 46 ° 11 ' E, 9. XI. 1978, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 r); 1 ♀, Wadi Khumrah, 24 ° 56 ' N 46 ° 08 ' E, 830 m a. s. l., 17. VIII. 1979, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 w); 1 ♀, Riyadh, 23 ° 20 ' N 45 ° 20 ' E, Sep 1979, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ar); 1 ♂, Kushm al Buwayhiyat, 25 ° 12 ' N 46 ° 52 ' E, 720 m a. s. l., 23. IX. 1979, leg. A. Barkham (NHMB 17 an); 1 juv ♂, 1 juv ♀, Khushm Dibi, 24 ° 13.61 ' N 46 ° 06.5 ' E, 19. X. 1979, leg. A. Barkham (NHMB 17 ae); 3 ♂, Khushm Dibi, 24 ° 13.61 ' N 46 ° 06.5 ' E, 19. X. 1979, leg. A. Barkham (NHMB 17 aq); 2 juv ♀, Jeddah, 21 ° 31 ' N 39 ° 13.15 ' E, 1. XI. 1979, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ak); 1 ♂, Riyadh, 23 ° 20 ' E 45 ° 20 ' E, 3. XI. 1979, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ai); 1 juv ♀, Jebel Buwayb, 25 ° 21 ' N 46 ° 45 ' E, 700 m a. s. l., 29. XI. 1979, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 aa); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Wadi Tuweig, 24 ° 32.6 ' N 46 ° 32.7 ' E, 680 m a. s. l., 7. II. 1980, leg. W. Büttiker, NHMB Sc 495); 1 ♀, Wadi Khumrah, 24 ° 56 ' N 46 ° 08 ' E, 830 m a. s. l., Jun 1980, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 bj); 1 ♂, Hudenah, 25 ° 34.09 ' N 39 ° 21.66 ' E, 800 m a. s. l., 1981, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 bk); 3 ♀, 3 juv ♀, Khushm Dibi, 24 ° 17 ' N 46 ° 09 ' E, 750 m a. s. l., 23. I. 1981, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 ag 2); 1 juv ♂, Wadi Khumrah, 24 ° 56 ' N 46 ° 08 ' E, 830 m a. s. l., 4. IV. 1981, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 bl); 1 ♂, Kashm al-Atash, 24 ° 07 ' N 46 ° 19 ' E, 630 m a. s. l., 10. IX. 1981, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 aa 2); 1 ♀, 2 juv ♂, 1 juv ♀, Khushm Dibi, 24 ° 17 ' N 46 ° 09 ' E, 30. IX. 1981, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 af 2); 1 ♀, 1 juv ♂, 3 juv ♀, Riyadh, 24 ° 18.6 ' N 46 ° 28.2 ' E, 5. XI. 1981, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17 bm); 1 ♂, Jeddah, Al Odaybi, 21 ° 31.01 ' N 39 ° 13.15 ' E, 20 m a. s. l., 13. XI. 1983, leg. M. F. Ismar (NHMB 17 ai 2); 2 ♀, Jeddah, 21 ° 31 ' N 39 ° 13.15 ' E, 4. XII. 1984, leg. K. Yip (NHMB 17 bi); 1 ♀, halfway between Ranja and Qalat Bishah, 20 ° 37.81 ' N 42 ° 39. 57 ' E, 1080 m a. s. l., 25. II. 1985, leg. J. Dobricek (NHMB 17 ao 2).	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (adults). Medium to large Leiurus, 74 – 100 mm in length, carapace L 8.9 – 11.6 mm; base color yellow to orange-yellow, with variable dark pigmentation on carapace and tergites, either uniformly dark on carapace and tergites I – VI, or yellow to brown with dark color around median ocular tubercle and light interocular triangle; metasoma V dark except for posterior end; area of carapace between anterior median carinae smooth or with scattered medium to fine granules, area between posterior median carinae with shallow to moderately deep median furrow flanked by arcs of fine or coarse granules; medial intercarinal surfaces of tergites II – III usually smooth or with sparse granulation; posterior margin of coxa III smooth or with sparse fine granules; metasoma moderately slender, metasoma II L / W 1.65 – 1.89, metasoma III L / W 1.86 – 2.12, metasoma IV L / W 2.31 – 2.58; ventromedian carinae of metasoma II and III with 17 – 27 denticles (41 / 44 carinae); metasoma V with enlarged subtriangular or triangular denticles on ventrolateral carinae; pedipalps slender, patella L / W 3.35 – 3.91; leg III patella L / D 3.82 – 4.38; pectine teeth ♂ 34 – 40, ♀ 28 – 33; pectines long, narrow, pectine L / carapace L ♂ 1.27, ♀ 1.03 – 1.19, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / metasoma I W ♂ 0.159, ♀ 0.093 – 0.120; 1 – 2 basal pectine teeth of males overlap if anterior pectine margins aligned to posterior margins of coxae IV; pectine basal piece smooth in females, smooth or slightly shagreened in males; leg III basitarsus with 7 – 19 retrosuperior setae; pedipalp chela fixed finger with trichobothrium db usually distal to est; sternite VII with area between median carinae smooth or very faintly shagreened anteriorly, more heavily in males; sternite carination: males, sternite III with median carinae moderate to strong, sternites IV – V with lateral carinae strong, median carinae weak to moderate; females, sternite III with median carinae weak to moderately strong, sternites IV – V with lateral carinae strong, median carinae weak to moderate. COMPARISONS. L. arabicus sp. n. differs from L. quinquestriatus, and resembles L. haenggii sp. n. in the characters indicated under comparison with the latter species. It differs from L. haenggii by having more slender pedipalp, leg and metasomal segments, and moderate to strongly granulated median carinae on sternites III – V of females (Figs. 25 B vs. 37 B, 92 B – C vs. 92 E – F). These differences are more apparent when comparing adult females, and tend to be obscured in adult males which have as secondary sexual characteristics, elongation of pedipalp and metasomal segments and stronger carination or granulation of sternites. Morphometric ratios of L. haenggii and L. arabicus are overlapped in younger instars, but diverge with increasing age and separate in adults (Figs. 46 B – D). Biometric separation of adult females of the two species was obtained from the product of three morphometric ratios quantifying slenderness of pedipalp, leg and metasomal segments: F s = (pedipalp patella L / W) × (leg III patella L / D) × (metasoma III L / W) (Fig. 46 A). The interocular triangle was always dark or fuscous in L. haenggii, whereas in L. arabicus it was either pale (typical form in central Najd) or dark (Arabian Gulf coast and Jeddah).	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. The specific epithet refers to the Arabian Peninsula where this species is endemic.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION (holotype female). Coloration. Base color yellow; carapace with central mask of dark reddish-brown pigmentation around median ocular tubercle between central lateral and lateral ocular carinae, pigment extending forward to lateral eyes; interocular triangle yellow, with faint fuscosity along anterior median carinae and anterior carapace margin; posterior median area of carapace with weaker fuscosity; median and anterior areas of tergites with irregular faint fuscosity, pretergites mottled brown; metasoma V dark brown except for posterior end, dorsal surface less intensely pigmented but more fuscous medially; ventral aspect of metasoma IV with pair of dark longitudinal stripes along ventromedian carinae. Carapace. Subrectangular, W / L 1.14, with steeply sloped lateral flanks; upper surface with nearly flat posterior and medial plateau, strongly raised ocular tubercle; interocular triangle convex laterally, depressed medially; anterior margin straight, medially microgranulated, laterally smooth, bordered by gently curved row of medium sized granules; 8 short macrosetae on anterior margin, carapace otherwise devoid of macrosetae; 5 lateral eyes (3 large, 2 small) on each side; carination: anterior median, superciliary, central lateral, posterior median and posterior lateral carinae moderate to strong, coarsely granular; anterior median carinae not extending to anterior margin of carapace, separated from anterior marginal row of granules; central lateral and posterior median carinae fused into lyre configuration; central median carinae coarsely granular, anterior part straight, angled outward, posterior part outwardly curved; posterior lateral carinae strong, hind end with little or no lateral extension, projecting past posterior margin of carapace; lateral ocular carinae moderate, with small, spaced granules; granulation: sparse patches of 12 – 14 large granules on anterolateral corners of interocular triangle, 6 – 8 small granules in front of lateral ocular carinae; surface between anterior median carinae smooth, with one small granule and few microgranules; other intercarinal surfaces smooth except for few isolated small to medium granules; posterior median furrow shallow with broken median line of fine granules, flanked by lateral arcs of small to medium granules; posterior margin of carapace between posterior lateral carinae rimmed by irregular row of small to medium granules. Chelicera. Dorsal surface of manus smooth, with 6 short, pale microsetae, 4 near apical margin, 2 subapical, each surrounded by granules; dorsointernal carina at base of fixed finger very strong, well granulated, terminating anteriorly with prominent granules projecting over front of manus; single macroseta in middle of dorsointernal carina; dorsal surface of movable finger smooth, with 4 pale microsetae; fingers with characteristic buthid dentition (Vachon, 1963); movable finger dorsal margin with 5 teeth: dorsal distal tine, subdistal, median and 2 basal teeth fused in bicusp; ventral margin with 3 teeth: ventral distal tine, median and basal teeth; fixed finger margin with 4 teeth: distal tine, subdistal, median and basal teeth; ventral aspect of fixed finger with 2 teeth. Coxosternal area. Coxae smooth; coxal endite II with weak, finely granulated carina; coxae II – III with coarsely granular anterior carinae, distal margins bearing medium to coarse granules; proximal 1 / 3 of anterior carina of coxa III almost smooth; 3 long macrosetae along anterior carina of coxa II, 4 macrosetae (3 long, 1 short) along anterior carina of coxa III; anterior carina of coxa IV with regular small to medium granulation, with single proximal macroseta; posterior margin of coxa IV with finely granulated carina on proximal half; sternum smooth, subtriangular with indented lateral margins, deep posteromedian longitudinal sulcus and pit, two short macrosetae; genital opercula smooth with 5 – 6 short macrosetae. Pectines. Basal piece with concave anterior margin divided by small median groove, lacking granules, bearing 6 macrosetae; pectines narrow, tips not extending past distal end of coxa IV; both combs with 3 marginal lamellae (right comb with small accessory lamella distal to first marginal lamella), 7 – 8 middle lamellae, 31 – 31 teeth; marginal and middle lamellae with sparse to moderate cover of short reddish macrosetae; fulcra with 3 – 5 setae; pectine teeth relatively small, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / pectine L 0.056, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / metasoma I W 0.107. Mesosoma, Tergites: pretergites smooth; tergites I – II with 5 granular carinae; median and inner lateral carinae linear with medium granules; outer lateral carinae aligned with posterior lateral carinae of carapace, angled outward, strongly raised with enlarged posterior granules, hind ends projecting past posterior margins of tergites, without lateral extensions; medial intercarinal surfaces smooth, with transverse anterior series of small or medium granules; lateral flanks steeply sloped with sparse granulation; tergites III – VI with 3 straight or slightly curved carinae with medium granules; medial intercarinal surfaces smooth, with short transverse anterior series of granules; very fine granulation on anterior median patch and in transverse strips on either side; lateral surfaces moderately sloped, heavily granulated, with short longitudinal rows of granules; tergite VII with 5 strong, granular carinae; inner and outer lateral carinae joined anteriorly by transverse granule rows; intercarinal surfaces smooth, with few isolated fine granules; fine granulation on anterior median patch and transverse strips on either side; posterior margins of tergites I – VI rimmed with linear rows of medium sized granules; posterior margin of tergite VII smooth except for sparse granules between inner lateral carinae; sternites: sternite III with moderately strong, broad, finely granulated median carinae; sternites IV – V with strong, finely granulated lateral carinae, weak, lightly shagreened median carinae; sternite VI with strong, coarsely granulated lateral carinae, moderate, finely granulated median carinae; sternite VII with strong, coarsely granulated median and lateral carinae; lateral margins of sternites IV – VII armed with regular denticulate granules; medial intercarinal surfaces of all sternites smooth or very faintly shagreened anteriorly, lateral intercarinal surfaces smooth posteriorly, lightly shagreened anteriorly on IV – VI; setation: sternite III with 4 – 5 macrosetae on median carinae, 5 – 6 on areas external to median carinae; sternites IV – VII with 2 paired macrosetae on median carinae, one pair in middle of sternite, other on posterior margin; lateral carinae on IV – VI with posterior marginal macrosetae, mid-carinal seta present or absent; intercarinal macrosetae: one anterior pair of lateral marginal setae on sternites IV – VI; two outer pairs of mediolateral setae on IV – V, one pair on VI; one pair of lateromarginal setae on VII; intercarinal posterior marginal macrosetae on III – VII: 9, 6, 4, 1, 0. Metasoma. Long, slender; total metasoma and telson L / carapace L 5.9; carination: segment I with 10 complete carinae; segments II – III with 8 complete carinae, median lateral carinae restricted to posterior 0.28 of II, posterior 0.23 of III; metasoma IV with 8 carinae, V with 7 carinae; carinae on segments I – IV with crenulate granulation; dorsosubmedian carinae moderate on I – II, weak on III – IV; dorsolateral and ventrolateral carinae moderate on I – IV; median lateral carinae moderate on I – II, moderate posteriorly, weak anteriorly on III; ventromedian carinae moderate on I and IV, moderate anteriorly, strong posteriorly on II – III, with posterior granules taller but shorter; 20 – 21 granules on ventromedian carinae of metasoma II – III; metasoma V with dorsolateral carinae very weak, faintly granulated, ventrolateral carinae strong with dentate granules increasing in size posteriorly, with several large triangular denticles, ventrosubmedian carinae marked by series of small to medium dentate granules on anterior 2 / 3 of segment, ventromedian carina strong, armed with small to large dentate granules; lateral anal margin with 3 lobes, ventral anal margin with 10 irregular, narrow to wide transverse crenulations; intercarinal surfaces: segments I – IV smooth, segment V smooth dorsally, finely shagreened laterally, smooth to slightly shagreened ventrally; setation: segments I – IV: ventromedian carinae with 3 macrosetae (one posterior marginal), ventrolateral carinae with 2 macrosetae slightly external to carina; metasoma V with 5 macrosetae on lateral surface (2 lateral anal), 4 pairs on ventral surface. Telson. Vesicle smooth, bulbous; ventral surface bearing scattered fine microsetae and several short macrosetae with associated shallow indentations; aculeus approximately same length as than vesicle. Pedipalp. Femur: slender, L / W 3.82; dorsoexternal, dorsointernal and ventrointernal carinae strong with coarse, closely spaced dentate granules; internal carina strong, with large dentate granules spaced well apart; external carina weak to obsolete, a smooth ridge with isolated dentate granules distally; all intercarinal surfaces smooth; linear cluster of 18 – 21 accessory macrosetae on lower distal external surface; patella: slender, L / W 3.60; dorsointernal carina moderate with coarse granulation; dorsomedian carina weak with fine granulation; dorsoexternal, external and ventroexternal carinae weak, smooth; ventromedian carina weak, with fine granules; ventrointernal carina weak, with well spaced medium to small granules and ventral patellar spur; internal carina moderate, with closely spaced small granules and dorsal patellar spur; all intercarinal surfaces smooth; chela: slender, L / W 6.93, movable finger L / manus ventral L 2.3; dorsal marginal and dorsal secondary carinae weak, smooth; digital carina weak, smooth, obsolete on manus; external secondary and ventroexternal carinae weak, smooth; other carinae obsolete; all intercarinal surfaces smooth; manus and fixed finger with sparse short macrosetae; movable finger with numerous short macrosetae on ventral aspect, culminating in dense subapical brush; 13 primary denticle subrows on movable fingers, 11 – 13 on fixed fingers; all subrows except proximal flanked by internal and external accessory denticles. Trichobothriotaxy: orthobothriotaxic, type A  (Vachon, 1974), db on fixed finger distal to est. Legs. Moderately long, slender, femur III L / carapace L 1.14, patella III L / D 4.12; inferior carinae strongly denticulate on femur I – IV and patella I – III, very weakly denticulate, almost smooth on patella IV; tibia III – IV with long spurs; retrolateral tarsal spurs simple, non-setose; prolateral tarsal spurs basally bifurcate, bearing 1 – 3 macrosetae; basitarsi I – III with well developed bristle-combs, at least as wide as basitarsal segment; basitarsus III setal counts (left / right): retrosuperior 15 / 17, retroinferior 13 / 13 (including basal accessory seta), inferior 15 / 13; ventral surface of telotarsi with robust, short tapered macrosetae. Measurements of holotype female (mm). Total L 89.00; metasoma + telson L 58.00; carapace L 9.85, W 11.18, carapace preocular L 4.97; metasomal segments (L / W / D) I 7.35 / 5.59 / 4.95, II 8.82 / 4.72 / 4.33, III 9.29 / 4.59 / 4.23, IV 10.30 / 4.05 / 3.90, V 11.51 / 4.13 / 3.84; telson L 9.73; vesicle L 5.15, W 3.80, D 3.53; pedipalp chela L 20.24, manus ventral L 6.22, manus W 2.92, manus D 3.47, fixed finger L 12.36, movable finger L 14.29; pedipalp femur L 10.70, W 2.80, patella L 11.71, W 3.25; pectine L 10.68, mid-pectine sensillar margin L 0.60; leg III femur L 11.19; leg III patella L 9.45, D 2.29. Paratype male (Riyadh). Differs from holotype female as follows: less intense fuscosity on carapace and metasoma V, tergites yellow, metasoma IV without dark markings on ventromedian carinae; body narrower, carapace W / L 1.04; stronger carinae on carapace, tergites and coxae; medial intercarinal surfaces of tergites very faintly shagreened; pectine basal piece narrower, anterior margin more strongly incised, with deep median pit; pectines wider, longer, tips extending to basal 1 / 3 of trochanter IV, teeth larger with longer sensillar margins, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / pectine L 0.078, midpectine sensillar margin L / metasoma I W 0.159; 37 – 38 pectine teeth; 1 – 2 basal pectine teeth overlap if anterior pectine margins aligned to posterior margins of coxae IV; sternite III with stronger, thicker, granulated median carinae; sternites IV – V with stronger, thicker, more heavily granulated lateral and median carinae; sternites VI – VII with all carinae stronger, more coarsely granulated; intercarinal surfaces of sternites III – VI roughened, micro-shagreened, anterior lateral areas more heavily, densely shagreened; ventromedian carinae on metasoma II – III more weakly crenulate, with smaller posterior denticles; metasoma V with dorsal surface slightly roughened, ventral surface more densely shagreened; pedipalp patella more slender, L / W 3.82, with larger denticles and spurs on ventrointernal and internal carinae; pedipalp chela more slender, L / W 7.18, with slightly stronger carination, dorsal marginal and dorsal secondary carinae weakly granulated on manus. Measurements of paratype male (NHMB 17 ap) (mm). Total L 84.00; metasoma + telson L 56.00; carapace L 9.23, W 9.58, carapace preocular L 4.34; metasomal segments (L / W / D) I 7.37 / 5.76 / 4.92, II 8.90 / 5.00 / 4.52, III 9.20 / 4.72 / 4.29, IV 10.30 / 4.30 / 3.99, V 10.70 / 4.10 / 3.76; telson L 9.47; vesicle L 4.87, W 3.80, D 3.43; pedipalp chela L 18.75, manus ventral L 6.27, manus W 2.61, manus D 2.98, fixed finger L 11.14, movable finger L 13.03; pedipalp femur L 9.89, W 2.70, patella L 11.19, W 2.93; pectine L 11.73; mid-pectine sensillar margin L 0.918; leg III femur L 11.05; leg III patella L 9.06, D 2.07. Variation (females). Color: the holotype represents a light color phase from the central plateau region of Saudi Arabia. A dark color phase is represented by material from the Arabian Gulf coast and from Jeddah on the Red Sea Coast: carapace and tergites I – VI dark except for narrow band along lateral margins, tergite VII dark on anterior median area, dark stripes on ventromedian and ventrolateral carinae of metasoma II – IV, diffuse intercarinal fuscosity may be present on IV. Morphosculpture: area between anterior median carinae of carapace mostly smooth but sometimes with scattered fine granules; proximal 1 / 3 of anterior carina of coxa II smooth to finely granulated (weaker granulation than distal 2 / 3); basal piece of pectines smooth to lightly shagreened; anterior mediolateral intercarinal surfaces of sternites weakly to moderately shagreened; intercarinal surfaces of pedipalp femur and patella smooth to lightly, finely shagreened; inferior carina of leg IV patella smooth to weakly denticulate; morphometrics and meristics: see Table 4.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. The studied material is mostly from the Najd plateau region of central Saudi Arabia and wadis around the Tuwayq escarpment (light color phase), with a few samples from the east coast (Al Amar and Jubail on the Arabian Gulf) and from Jeddah on the Red Sea coast (both dark color phases). Jeddah lies at the northern end of the Tihamah plain, a distinctive ecological region separated from the Najd by escarpments of the Hijaz and Asir mountain ranges. It is possible that the seemingly disjunct record in Jeddah is due to artificial dispersal from dark phase populations in the east via the heavily traveled Mecca Road. The elevation range of records is 20 – 800 m, with the lowest on the east coast, and the highest on the Najd plateau.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	biology_ecology	ECOLOGY. Most collections were made from vegetated wadis and oases in arid, stony desert in the region around Riyadh. The species is probably arenicolous, inhabiting burrows in sandy desert soils.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	discussion	REMARKS. L. arabicus and L. haenggii appear to be closely related parapatric forms distributed in adjacent ecological regions and habitats of the Arabian Peninsula, i. e. rocky mountains along the Red Sea coast and Hadramaut vs. alluvial desert plains of the central Najd plateau and eastern plains extending to the Gulf coast, respectively. Our samples permitted a differential diagnosis based on a combination of pedipalp, leg and metasomal morphometrics, and sternite carination in adult females. However, there remains the possibility that additional sampling could reveal hybridization in transition zones between the two eco-regions. This can be tested in the future by analyzing additional collections from a wider area.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	description	(Figs. 47 – 57, 58 B, 59 G – H, 87 E, 88 E, 89 E, 90 E, 91 C, 92 D, 93 E, 95 B – D, 98 – 100, Tabs. 2, 3 B) http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 2 E 5906 DA- 1108 - 4669 - B 2 B 7 - 8831 B 60 EA 4 D 1	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. Adult ♂, Oman, Wadi Andur, UV detection, rocky boulder wadi, along base of cliff, east edge of wadi, 17 ° 40.08 ' N 54 ° 39.27 ' E, 405 m a. s. l., 26. IX. 1995, 22: 50 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (NHMB). PARATYPES. Oman: 1 adult ♂, 1 immature ♂, Wadi Andur, UV detection, rocky boulder wadi, along base of cliff, east edge of wadi, 17 ° 40.08 ' N 54 ° 39.27 ' E, 405 m a. s. l., 26. IX. 1995, 22: 50 h, leg. G. Lowe & M. D. Gallagher (NHMB); 1 adult or subadult ♀, Jabal Samhan, 15 km W of Jufa, 17 ° 11.169 ’ N 54 ° 56.571 ' E, 380 m a. s. l., 24. IX. 2011, leg. W. Grosser (FKCP).	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (adults). Medium to large Leiurus, 73 – 83 mm in length, carapace L 8.4 – 8.9 mm; base color yellow, carapace darkly pigmented on interocular area and carinae, tergites with weak, variable fuscosity or pale; pace between anterior median carinae with sparse medium or fine granules; area between posterior median carinae with shallow median furrow flanked by lateral arcs of medium or fine granules; medial intercarinal surfaces of tergites II – III sparsely granular, finely shagreened or smooth; posterior margin of coxa III smooth; metasoma very long, slender, metasoma II L / W ♂ 1.91 – 1.95, ♀ 1.74, metasoma III L / W ♂ 2.19 – 2.30, ♀ 1.92, metasoma IV L / W ♂ 2. 70 – 2.94, ♀ 2.30; ventromedian carinae of metasoma II and III with 36 – 46 (♂) or 20 – 25 (♀) denticles; ventrolateral carinae of metasoma V with small triangular denticles in male, enlarged subtriangular or lobate denticles in female; pedipalps very slender, patella L / W ♂ 4.28 – 4.48, ♀ 3.09; leg III patella L / D ♀ 4.35 – 4.54, ♂ 3.23; pectine teeth ♂ 36 – 37, ♀ 33 – 34; pectines long, narrow, pectine L / carapace L ♂ 1.38 – 1.44, ♀ 1.05, mid- pectine sensillar margin L / metasoma I W ♂ 0.198 – 0.225, ♀ 0.114; basal 1 – 3 pectine teeth of males overlap if anterior pectine margins aligned to posterior margins of coxae IV; fulcra mostly with 3 – 4 setae; pectine basal piece smooth except for anterior median patches of fine granules; leg III basitarsus with 8 – 11 retrosuperior setae; pedipalp chela fixed finger with trichobothrium db distal to est; sternite VII with area between median carinae smooth or very faintly shagreened anteriorly; sternite carination: males, sternite III with median carinae strong, sternites IV – V with lateral carinae strong, median carinae moderate to strong; females, sternite III with median carinae obsolete, sternites IV – V with lateral carinae weak, median carinae obsolete. COMPARISONS. L. heberti sp. n. appears most closely related to L. haenggii sp. n. from Yemen, southwestern Oman, and western Saudi Arabia. The two species share similar carination and granulation of the carapace, tergites and sternites, with transverse arcs of granules between posterior median carinae on the carapace, and moderately developed basitarsal bristle combs. L. haenggii sp. n. differs from L. heberti sp. n. as follows: (i) males with less elongated pedipalps, legs and metasoma II – V; (ii) carinae on metasoma I – IV more robust with coarser granulation; (iii) males with larger, lobate dentition on ventrolateral carinae of metasoma V; (iv) dark pigmentation typically extends over posterior area of carapace and most of tergites; (v) lower range of pectinal tooth counts. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modrý et Amr, 2002, from Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia also has long, slender pedipalps and metasomal segments, but can be differentiated from L. heberti sp. n. as follows: (i) different color pattern, with dark brown carapace, pedipalps, tergites and metasoma, and contrasting yellow telson and pedipalp fingers; (ii) larger size, adult female carapace length up to 11.4 mm; (iii) telson with vesicle elongated, not bulbous; (iv) lower range of pectinal tooth counts: ♂ 33 – 37, ♀ 27 – 31; (v) basitarsi I – III with 10 – 20 retrosuperior setae.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. A patronym in honor of Blaine Hébert, California, for his friendship and support of arachnology, science education and music.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION (holotype male). Coloration. Base color pale orange-yellow; carapace with dark pigmentation on interocular triangle, and around median ocular tubercle; carinae of carapace and tergites darkened; faint intercarinal fuscosity on posteromedial area of carapace and medial areas of tergites; metasoma V black except for most distal portion; all appendages pale yellow. Carapace. Subrectangular, W / L 1.03, with steeply sloped lateral flanks; upper surface with nearly flat posterior and medial plateau areas, well raised ocular tubercle; interocular triangle convex laterally, weakly depressed medially; anterior margin distinctly emarginate, microdenticulate except for lateral ends, bordered by row of large granules; 6 short macrosetae on anterior margin, carapace otherwise devoid of macrosetae; 5 lateral eyes (3 large, 2 small) on each side; carination: anterior median, superciliary, central lateral, posterior median and posterior lateral carinae strong, coarsely granular; anterior median carinae separated by clear gap from anterior marginal granules; central lateral and posterior median carinae fused into lyre configuration; central median carinae coarsely granular, anterior and posterior portions nearly collinear, not strongly curved, with only slight inward bend on posterior ends; posterior lateral carinae strong, hind end with slight lateral bend, projecting past posterior margin of carapace; lateral ocular carinae weak with medium granules; granulation: sparse patches of 8 – 10 medium or large granules on each anterolateral corner of interocular triangle, 8 – 9 small granules on area in front of lateral ocular carinae; surface between anterior median carinae smooth with 8 scattered small granules; lateral flanks almost smooth, with few sparse granules; other intercarinal surfaces smooth with few fine granules; posterior median furrow shallow, almost flat, with median line of several fine granules or microgranules, flanked by lateral arcs of small granules; posterior margin of carapace between posterior lateral carinae bordered by row of medium granules. Chelicera. Dorsal surface of manus smooth, with 6 short, pale microsetae, 4 near apical margin, 2 subapical, each surrounded by clusters of granules; dorsointernal carina at base of fixed finger moderately strong, terminated anteriorly by large granules projecting over front of manus; single dark macroseta midway along dorsointernal carina; dorsal surface of movable finger smooth, with 4 pale microsetae; fingers with characteristic buthid dentition (Vachon, 1963); movable finger dorsal margin with 5 teeth: dorsal distal tine, subdistal, median and 2 basal teeth fused in bicusp; ventral margin with 3 teeth: ventral distal tine, median and basal teeth; fixed finger margin with 4 teeth: distal tine, subdistal, median and basal teeth; ventral aspect of fixed finger with 2 teeth. Coxosternal area. Coxa I smooth except for coarse granules on distal margin, II smooth with sparse fine granules along posterior margin, III smooth, IV smooth to faintly shagreened; coxal endite II with weak, finely granulated carina; coxae II – III with medium to coarse granulation on anterior carinae, distal margins bearing coarse granules; proximal part of anterior carina of coxa III with fine denticulation; 3 macrosetae along anterior carinae of coxae II – III; anterior carina of coxa IV with regular coarse granulation, becoming fine proximally, with single proximal macroseta; posterior margin of coxa IV with finely granulated carina on proximal half; sternum smooth, with anterior clusters of fine granules, scattered fine granules, one pair of macrosetae, and deep posteromedian furrow; genital opercula subtriangular with convex margins, sparse microgranulation in lateral areas, 5 – 6 short macrosetae. Pectines. Basal piece with deep anterior median pit, with patches of fine granules anteromedially, otherwise smooth; 6 short macrosetae along anterior margin, 3 more in center; pectines long, tips extending past proximal 7 / 8 of trochanter IV; 3 marginal lamellae, small accessory lamella distal to first marginal lamella, 11 middle lamellae, 37 – 37 teeth; marginal lamellae, middle lamellae and fulcra with dense cover of short reddish macrosetae; fulcra with 3 – 4 setae; if anterior margins of left and right pectines aligned with posterior edges of coxae IV, only most basal pair of teeth slightly overlap, with wide gap between basal middle lamellae, and teeth contact only anterior half of median carinae of sternite III; pectine teeth of moderate size, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / pectine L 0.080, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / metasoma I W 0.198. Mesosoma. Tergites: pretergites smooth; tergites I – II with 5 granular carinae; median and inner lateral carinae linear with medium granules; outer lateral carinae aligned with posterior lateral carinae of carapace, angled outward, strong with large, granules, hind ends extending past posterior margins of tergites without (on I) or with short (on II) lateral extensions; medial intercarinal surfaces smooth with few medium granules, and linear transverse series of fine granules on anterior margin; lateral flanks steeply sloped with sparse microgranulation; tergites III – VI with 3 straight coarsely granulated carinae; medial intercarinal surfaces mostly smooth with traces of microgranulation; fine granules present in anterior median patch and short transverse strips on either side; lateral surfaces of III – VI moderately sloped, with numerous medium to coarse granules, some arranged in short longitudinal rows; tergite VII with 5 strong, granular carinae; inner and outer lateral carinae joined anteriorly by transverse series of granules becoming more irregular laterally; medial intercarinal surface smooth, sparse anterior median and anterior lateral patches of microgranules; mediolateral surface smooth with 2 – 3 isolated small granules; lateral surfaces smooth; posterior margins of tergites I – VI rimmed with linear rows of small to medium sized granules; posterior margin of tergite VII with 5 granules between inner lateral carinae, and 0 – 2 small granules laterally; sternites: sternite III with median carinae strong, thick, densely finely granulated; sternites IV – V with thick, densely granulated carinae, lateral carinae strong, median carinae moderate; sternite VI with median carinae strong, with dense fine granulation, lateral carinae strong with dense, fine granulation in anterior half, coarse serial granulation in posterior half; lateral margins of sternites IV – VII armed with regular medium to large denticulate granules; medial intercarinal surface of III lightly shagreened anteriorly, heavily on posterior margin, of IV densely shagreened, smooth along posterior margin, of V densely shagreened anteriorly, with broad, smooth posterior margin, of VI densely shagreened anteriorly, nearly smooth towards posterior margin; mediolateral surfaces on IV – VI heavily shagreened anteriorly, lightly in posterior area; lateral surfaces of IV – VI smooth; sternite VII with 4 strong, narrow, coarsely granular carinae, intercarinal surfaces smooth except for lightly shagreened area anterior to median carinae; setation: sternite III with 4 macrosetae on median carinae, 4 along external margins; sternites IV – VII with 2 paired macrosetae on median carinae, one in middle of sternite, other on posterior margin; lateral carinae on IV – VI with single posterior marginal macroseta; intercarinal macrosetae: one pair of lateral submarginal setae, one pair of outer mediolateral setae on IV – VI, one pair of lateral setae on VII; intercarinal posterior marginal macrosetae on III – VII: 4, 3, 2, 0, 0. Hemispermatophore. Trunk elongate, slender; flagellum long, filiform, pars recta 0.4 times length of trunk, pars reflecta 0.6 times length of trunk; inner lobe a broad lamina, gently tapering with blunt apex; median and outer lobes shorter, partially fused, sharply tapering to thin, flexed apical processes; basal lobe a prominent, digitate hook; measurements (topoparatype): trunk L (to base of flagellum) 7.6 mm, pars recta 2.9 mm, pars reflecta 4.5 mm, inner lobe (from base of flagellum) 837  m, median lobe (from juncture with inner lobe) 694  m, outer lobe (from juncture with median lobe) 300  m, basal lobe 216  m. Metasoma. Very long, slender, total metasoma and telson L / carapace L 6.1; carination: segment I with 10 complete carinae; segments II – III with 8 complete carinae, median lateral carinae restricted to posterior 1 / 4 of II, posterior 1 / 7 of III; metasoma IV with 8 carinae, V with 7 carinae; carinae on segments I – IV finely crenulate-granulate; dorsosubmedian carinae moderately granulate on I, weakly granulate-crenulate on II – III, with irregular fine granulation on posterior 2 / 3 of IV; dorsolateral carinae moderately serrate or crenulate on I – II, weakly granulate-crenulate on III – IV, weak and finely granular on V; ventrolateral carinae moderate, finely granulate-crenulate on I – IV; median lateral carinae moderate, granulate on I – III; ventromedian carinae moderate to strong on I – IV, crenulations on II – III uniform, not enlarged posteriorly; 42 – 43 granules on ventromedian carinae of metasoma II – III; metasoma V with dorsolateral carinae weak, finely granular; ventrolateral carinae strong, with small and large triangular dentate granules, larger posteriorly, forming scalloped margin; ventrosubmedian carinae on V weak, confined to anterior 2 / 3 of segment, marked by small and large dentate granules; ventromedian carina strong, with small to large dentate granules, increasing in size posteriorly; lateral anal margin with 3 large rounded lobes; ventral anal margin with 11 irregular, transverse crenulations; intercarinal surfaces: smooth on segments I – III, smooth to minutely shagreened on IV, sparsely, finely shagreened on V; setation: ventromedian and ventrolateral carinae on segments I – IV each bearing 2 exterior macrosetae; metasoma V with 4 macrosetae on lateral surface, 2 on ventrosubmedian carinae. Telson. Vesicle smooth, bulbous; ventral surface with scattered fine microsetae and several short macrosetae; aculeus slightly shorter than vesicle. Pedipalp. Femur: slender, L / W 4.3; dorsoexternal, dorsointernal and ventrointernal carinae strong with regular large conical granules; internal carina strong, with irregular large dentate granules; external carina obsolete, a smooth ridge with isolated large dentate granules; dorsal and internal surfaces finely, sparsely shagreened, ventral and external surfaces nearly smooth; linear group of 15 – 17 short macrosetae on distal 1 / 3 of segment along lower external surface, nearly level with or distal to trichobothrium e 2, part of total of 20 – 21 distal external accessory macrosetae; patella: slender, L / W 4.48; dorsointernal carina moderate, with medium to fine granules; dorsomedian carina weak, finely granular; dorsoexternal and external carinae weak, smooth; ventroexternal and ventromedian carinae weak, with fine granules; ventrointernal carina obsolete, marked by noncontiguous coarse conical granules; internal carina moderate, with widely spaced large conical granules separated by fine granulation; both internal and ventrointernal carinae with proximal patellar spur; all patellar surfaces smooth; chela: slender, L / W 8.24, with tenuous upwardly curved fingers, movable finger L / manus ventral L 2.34; dorsal marginal and ventroexternal carinae faint, smooth, other carinae obsolete; all chela surfaces smooth; manus and fixed finger with sparse short macrosetae; movable finger with numerous short macrosetae on ventral aspect, culminating in dense subapical brush; 12 primary denticle subrows on fixed and movable fingers (left fixed finger regenerated, with 8 subrows); all denticle subrows flanked by internal and external accessory denticles, except proximal subrow of fixed finger without internal accessory denticle; Trichobothriotaxy: orthobothriotaxic, type A  (Vachon, 1974), db on fixed finger distal to est (db missing on right fixed finger, et missing on left fixed finger, both present in paratypes). Legs. Long, slender, femur III L / carapace L 1.27, patella III L / D 4.54; inferior carinae strongly denticulate on femur I – IV and patella I – III, very weakly denticulate, almost smooth on patella IV; tibia III – IV with long spurs; retrolateral pedal spurs simple, non-setose; prolateral pedal spurs basally bifurcate, bearing 2 – 3 macrosetae; basitarsi I – III with weakly developed bristlecombs, basitarsus III setal counts (left / right): retrosuperior 9 / 8, retroinferior (including basal accessory seta) 12 / 13, inferior 14 / 12; ventral surface of telotarsi with sparse paired rows of stout, finely tapered macrosetae. Right leg I of holotype malformed, vestigial. Measurements of holotype male (mm). Total L 83.00; metasoma + telson L 54.00; carapace L 8.79, W 9.34, carapace preocular L 4.00; metasomal segments (L / D / W) I 7.00 / 4.30 / 4.96, II 8.36 / 3.93 / 4.37, III 8.87 / 3.67 / 3.86, IV 9.95 / 3.31 / 3.38, V 10.57 / 3.08 / 3.27; telson L 8.75; vesicle L 4.94, D 3.27, W 3.48; pedipalp chela L 18.21, manus ventral L 5.69, manus W 2.21, manus D 2.57, fixed finger L 11.36, movable finger L 13.29; pedipalp femur L 9.98, W 2.32, patella L 11.12, W 2.48; pectine L 12.17, mid-pectine sensillar margin L 0.98; leg III femur L 11.18; leg III patella L 9.37, D 2.06. Paratype female (Jabal Samhan). Smaller than holotype male, presumably sub-adult; differs as follows: metasoma, pedipalps and legs not conspicuously elongated: metasoma II L / W 1.74, metasoma III L / W 1.92, metasoma IV L / W 2.30, metasoma V L / W 2.47, pedipalp femur L / W 3.25, pedipalp patella L / W 3.09, pedipalp chela L / carapace L 1.72, pedipalp chela L / manus W 6.12, leg III patella L / D 3.23; wider mesosoma; pectines shorter, tips extending to base of trochanter IV, teeth smaller with shorter sensillar margin, 33 – 34 in number; basal pectine teeth not overlapped when anterior pectinal margins aligned with posterior margins of coxae IV; median carinae obsolete on sternites III – V, weak on VI; lateral carinae moderate, smooth on sternites IV – V, moderate, finely granular on VI; sternite VII with finer median and lateral carinae; sternites with smooth intercarinal surfaces; coarser granules and crenulation on ventromedian and ventrolateral carinae on metasoma II – III, with more enlarged denticles on posterior half of segments; metasoma II – III with 20 – 25 granules on ventromedian carinae; metasoma V with larger denticles on ventrolateral carinae, posterior denticles enlarged, triangular; pedipalp femur with 27 distal external accessory macrosetae. Measurements of sub-adult female (mm). Total L 73.00; metasoma + telson L 48.00; carapace L 8.43, W 9.55, carapace preocular L 4.10; metasomal segments (L / D / W) I 5.76 / 4.11 / 4.77, II 7.01 / 3.87 / 4.03, III 7.33 / 3.86 / 3.82, IV 8.15 / 3.54 / 3.54, V 9.28 / 3.12 / 3.76; telson L 8.70; vesicle L 4.38, D 3.12, W 3.30; pedipalp chela L 14.50, manus ventral L 4.31, manus W 2.37, manus D 2.72, fixed finger L 9.08, movable finger L 10.40; pedipalp femur L 7.96, W 2.45, patella L 9.04, W 2.93; pectine L 8.86; mid-pectine sensillar margin L 0.54; leg III femur L 8.88; leg III patella L 7.11, D 2.20. Meristics: pedipalp movable fingers with 12 / 12 (left / right) subrows of primary denticles, fixed fingers with 11 / 8 subrows (anomalous fusion of rows on right finger); basitarsus III seta counts (left / right): retrosuperior 15 / 11, retroinferior 14 / 13, inferior 13 / 14. Variation. Comparison of the holotype to two smaller paratype males showed an increasing slenderness of pedipalps, legs and metasoma with increasing size (Tab. 2). The smaller of the two paratype males is more similar to L. haenggii sp. n. in morphometrics and the presence of 4 enlarged denticles on ventrolateral carinae of metasoma V. Median carinae on sternites III – V are weak or obsolete on the smaller paratype male. The larger paratype male, like the holotype, has weakly developed bristle combs on basitarsi I – III, with seta counts (left / right): retrosuperior 9 / 10, retroinferior 12 / 12, inferior 13 / 13.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the Jabal Samhan mountains of Dhofar Province, Oman.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	biology_ecology	ECOLOGY. The male types were collected by ultraviolet detection among rocks and boulders along the edge of a lightly vegetated wadi on the northern side of the Jabal Samhan mountains. All were very agile and aggressive when captured. The only known female paratype was collected near the base of the Jabal Samhan escarpment facing the southern coastal plain. Both sites are at lower elevations (ca. 400 m a. s. l.), and it is not known if this species occurs at higher elevations in these mountains whose peaks reach over 2,000 m a. s. l. The compressed body, elongated legs, pedipalps and metasoma, and weakly developed basitarsal bristle combs are consistent with a lithophilous ecomorphotype.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	description	(Figs. 60 – 71, 87 F, 88 F, 89 F, 90 F, 91 G, 92 K, 93 I – J, 94 D – E, 95, 98 – 99, Tabs. 3 A, 5)	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. Lectotype adult ♀, 4 immature paralectoptypes, Jordan, Wadi ‘ Arrud (ZISP 578) (not examined, Figs. 70 – 71). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. Israel: 3 ♂, 7 ♀, 15 juvs, Palaestina (ev. Jordanien) (NHMB 17 a); 1 ♀, Palaestina (ev. Jordanien), Jericho, 31 ° 30.6 ' N 35 ° 16.8 ' E, IV. 1927, leg. O. Wohlberedt (NHMB 17 - Ia); 2 ♀, ca. 11 km S of Beersheba, Hadarom, 31 ° 06.19 ' N 34 ° 49.41 ' E, 350 m a. s. l., 15. IV. 1983, leg. A. M. de Saint Michel (MEB 034); 1 ♂, 2 juvs, between Nesher & Yagur, Haifa District, 32 ° 45.22 ' N 35 ° 03.69 ' E, 27 m a. s. l., 20. IX. 1984, leg. M. R. Warburg (MEB 197); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Haifa area, 32 ° 48 ' N 34 ° 59 ' E, 300 m a. s. l., 30. XI. 1984, leg. M. R. Warburg (MEB 198); 1 ♂, 3 ♀, 3 juvs, Negev desert, Vadi Hazaz near Sede Boqer (Haluqim Ridge), XI. - XII. 2004, leg. J. Král (FKCP); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Negev desert, Sede Boqer, IX. 2007, leg. J. Král and M. Forman (FKCP). Jordan: 1 ♂, 4 ♀, Madaba, 31 ° 43 ' N 35 ° 48 ' E, 764 m a. s. l., 22. III. 1983, leg. M. A. Jafar (MEB 346); 1 ♀, Tabaqat, 32 ° 27 ' N 35 ° 37 ' E, – 200 m a. s. l., 4. V. 1995, leg. V. Sejva (GL); 1 ♀, Kurayyima Udoli, 32 ° 16.75 ' N 35 ° 35.87 ' E, 23. VII. 2000 (GL). Syria: 4 ♂, Bosra, V. 1994, leg. D. Modrý (FKCP); 1 ♀, Seydmaya, V. 1994, leg. D. Modrý (FKCP).	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (adults). Small to medium sized Leiurus, 58 – 77 mm in length, carapace L 6.5 – 9.3 mm; base color yellow to orange-brown, with variable fuscosity on carapace and tergites; metasoma V either clear or fuscous except for posterior end; carapace with area between anterior median carinae finely shagreened, with scattered medium to fine granules, area between posterior median carinae with shallow median furrow flanked by arcs of medium or fine granules; medial intercarinal surfaces of tergites II – III shagreened, with variable medium to fine granulation; posterior margin of coxa III smooth or with sparse fine granules; metasoma robust, metasoma II L / W 1.38 – 1.64, metasoma III L / W 1.49 – 1.69, metasoma IV L / W 1.71 – 2.03; ventromedian carinae of metasoma II and III with 14 – 19 denticles (46 / 48 carinae); metasoma V with enlarged subtriangular or lobate denticles on ventrolateral carinae; pedipalps relatively stout, patella L / W ♂ 2.81 – 2.95, ♀ 2.48 – 2.83; leg III patella L / D 3.13 – 3.71; pectine teeth ♂ 33 – 37, ♀ 27 – 32; pectines medium sized, pectine L / carapace L ♂ 1.14 – 1.29, ♀ 0.92 – 1.21, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / metasoma I W ♂ 0.169 – 0.180, ♀ 0.100 – 0.136; basal 1 – 2 pectine teeth of males overlap if anterior pectine margins aligned to posterior margins of coxae IV; pectine basal piece very lightly, finely shagreened, almost smooth in females, almost smooth or weakly granulated in males; leg III basitarsus with 7 – 12 retrosuperior setae; pedipalp chela fixed finger with trichobothrium db either distal or proximal to est; sternite VII with area between median carinae densely, finely microgranulated or shagreened; sternite carination: males, sternite III with median carinae moderate to strong, sternites IV – V with lateral carinae strong, median carinae weak to moderate; females, sternite III with median carinae weak or obsolete, sternites IV – V with lateral carinae weak to moderate, median carinae obsolete.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	description	MEASUREMENTS. Male, Israel (NHMB 17 a) (mm). Total L 58.0; metasoma + telson L 36.0; carapace L 6.74, W 7.22, carapace preocular L 3.05; metasomal segments (L / D / W) I 4.98 / 4.01 / 4.34, II 5.82 / 3.63 / 3.97, III 6.08 / 3.56 / 3.85, IV 6.92 / 3.44 / 3.59, V 7.67 / 2.89 / 3.49; telson L 7.00; vesicle L 3.85, D 2.78, W 2.87; pedipalp chela L 11.62, manus ventral L 3.51, manus W 1.93, manus D 2.14, fixed finger L 6.79, movable finger L 7.98; pedipalp femur L 5.98, W 2.03, patella L 7.36, W 2.55; pectine L 7.83, mid-pectine sensillar margin L 0.735; leg III femur L 6.87; leg III patella L 5.79, D 1.825; chela db – est (left / right) distance 0.292 / 0.958; pectine teeth (left / right) 35 / 35. Female, Israel (NHMB 17 a) (mm). Total L 76.0; metasoma + telson L 44.0; carapace L 8.09, W 8.91, carapace preocular L 3.82; metasomal segments (L / D / W) I 5.70 / 4.30 / 4.83, II 6.44 / 4.15 / 4.30, III 6.48 / 4.05 / 4.10, IV 7.53 / 3.82 / 3.84, V 9.06 / 3.49 / 4.06; telson L 8.41; vesicle L 4.53, D 3.28, W 3.49; pedipalp chela L 14.34, manus ventral L 4.28, manus W 2.41, manus D 2.56, fixed finger L 8.20, movable finger L 10.03; pedipalp femur L 6.88, W 2.23, patella L 8.32, W 3.05; pectine L 8.83, mid-pectine sensillar margin L 0.653; leg III femur L 8.15; leg III patella L 6.92, D 2.00; chela db – est (left / right) 0.354 / 0.417; pectine teeth (left / right) 30 / 30.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	discussion	REMARKS. Birula (1908) separated L. q. hebraeus from the nominotypic subspecies by 11 characters. We assessed these characters by comparing 20 adult L. hebraeus from Israel and Jordan with 26 adult L. quinquestriatus from Egypt and Sudan: (1) weaker carapace carination and granulation, (2) granulated ocular tubercle, (3) more coarsely shagreened tergites, (4) non-granulated intercarinal surfaces on the metasoma: (1) – (4) were unreliable when granulation was visualized in fine detail by UV fluorescence; (5) ventromedian carinae of metasoma II – III with denticles increasing in size posteriorly (vs. uniform in size): this was confirmed for L. hebraeus, but also observed in some L. quinquestriatus, and hence was not diagnostic; (6) smaller number of denticles (15 – 17) on ventromedian carinae of metasoma III (vs. 18 – 27): this was well supported with no overlap, i. e. 46 / 46 carinae of L. quinquestriatus with 19 or more denticles, 24 / 24 carinae of L. hebraeus with 18 or fewer denticles; (7) lower range of denticles (18 – 31) on ventrolateral carinae of metasoma V (vs. 23 – 38): due to the broad overlap of ranges, this was not diagnostic; (8) more stout pedipalp and metasomal segments: this was supported by smaller morphometric ratios, pedipalp patella L / W and metasoma III – IV L / W; (9) metasoma I only barely wider than metasoma II (vs. significantly wider): this was not diagnostic, due to significant overlap of the ratio metasoma I W / metasoma II W (L. quinquestriatus 1.10 – 1.21, L. hebraeus 1.09 – 1.14); (10) telson vesicle longer than aculeus (chord length), vesicle width equal to aculeus length (vs. about the same length or shorter, and width <aculeus length): there was a trend for L. quinquestriatus to have a relatively longer aculeus and a shorter, more bulbous vesicle than L. hebraeus, but there was significant overlap in the ratio of vesicle L / telson L (L. quinquestriatus 0.48 – 0.56, L. hebraeus 0.52 – 0.61); (11) pedipalp movable finger short, less than twice manus length, with 12 denticle subrows (vs. long, slender,> twice manus length, and 13 subrows): this was not diagnostic, because although the movable finger was on average relatively shorter in L. hebraeus vs. L. quinquestriatus, there was broad overlap in the ratio movable finger L (chord) / manus ventral L, and movable fingers had either 12 or 13 subrows in both species. Levy et al. (1970) accepted characters (5) and (10) of Birula (1908), and proposed 3 additional characters to differentiate L. q. hebraeus: (12) posterior median area of carapace granulated, with paired granule arcs (vs. smooth or sparsely granulated): this difference was confirmed for most specimens, although some L. quinquestriatus have weak arcs of fine granulation; (13) lateral flanks of tergite V with irregular granulation (vs. short rows of granules, resembling carinae): this rather subjective character was quite variable, and short granule rows could be discerned or not in both L. hebraeus and L. quinquestriatus; (14) weak or obsolete carinae on sternites (slightly more distinct on posterior segments) (vs. distinct, elevated strong carinae on sternites IV – VII): this difference applies to males, however females have weaker carinae and some L. quinquestriatus females can have weak to obsolete carination on sternites IV – V. Thus, from the above list, only characters (6), (14) (males only), and perhaps (12), were potential diagnostic characters separating L. hebraeus from L. quinquestriatus. Four examined adult and subadult males from southern Sinai resembled L. quinquestriatus in having slender pedipalp and metasomal segments, and reduced granulation between the posterior median carinae of the carapace. However, they grouped with the northern populations from Israel and Jordan in other morphometrics (i. e. lower metasoma I W / II W, lower pedipalp movable finger L / manus ventral L, higher vesicle L / telson L) and meristics (number of denticles on ventromedian carinae of metasoma II – III). Levy et al (1980) also noted that the southern populations of L. q. hebraeus had more slender appendages. Partial overlap of characters suggests that there could be two subspecies, L. q. quinquestriatus and L. q. hebraeus, with a hybrid zone in southern Sinai. However, there appears to be a physical barrier preventing gene flow between these populations because Leiurus is excluded from the sandy coastal plain connecting North Africa and the Sinai Peninsula (Levy & Amitai, 1980). Genetic isolation is supported by divergent evolution of distinct polypeptide toxins in their venoms (Smertenko et al., 2001) and different physicochemical profiles of venom proteins (Nascimento et al., 2006). Here, we propose to diagnose the African and Middle Eastern populations as distinct species by a combination of morphological characters. The southern Sinai populations occur in a different habitat (i. e. rocky mountains), and may belong to other undescribed species.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	description	(Figs. 72 – 82, 87 H, 88 H, 89 H, 90 H, 91 D, 92 J, 93 K, 94 – 95, 96 C, 98 – 99, Tabs. 3 A, 5)	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. 8 original syntypes (2 ♂, 2 ♀, 4 juv): Egypt, Sinai; Arabian Desert; Sudan, Dongola (= Dunqulah, Nubia); 1823 – 1824, leg. F. W. Hemprich & C. G. Ehrenberg (ZMHB No. 140) (examined, Fig. 82). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. Egypt: 2 juvs, Lisht, 29 ° 33 ' N 31 ° 08 ' E, 54 m a. s. l., leg. A. Hrdlička (USNM); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Kena (= Qena), 26 ° 09.77 ' N 32 ° 42.69 ' E (NHMB 17 g); 2 ♀, Girga, 26 ° 19.74 ' N 31 ° 52.8 ' E (NHMB 17 h); 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Kharga Oasis, 25 ° 15 ' N 30 ° 35 ' E (NHMB 17 i); 2 ♂, 2 ♀, 1 juv ♀, Cairo, 30 ° 03 ' N 31 ° 15 ' E, leg. Zschokke (NHMB 17 c); 1 ♂, 5 ♀, 2 juvs ♂, 2 juvs ♀, Cairo environs, 30 ° 03 ' N 31 ° 15 ' E, leg. E. Graeter (NHMB 17 d); 3 ♀ (NHMB 17 f); 1 ♂, 3 ♀, 2007 (GL). Sudan: 1 ♂, 4 ♀, Malha, West Darfur, 15 ° 04.63 ' N 26 ° 09 ' E, 900 m a. s. l., 20. I. 1986, leg. H. Dumont (MEB 364); 2 ♂, 7 ♀, 12 juvs, Sabaloka Mt., ca 16 ° 20 ' N 32 ° 30 ' E, 24. X. – 14. XI. 2011, leg. P. Pokorný (FKCP).	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (adults). Medium to large Leiurus, 69 – 90 mm in length, carapace L 7.8 – 11.0 mm, color uniformly yellow or with variable fuscous markings on carapace and tergites; metasoma V yellow, or darkened except for posterior end; carapace with area between anterior median carinae lacking dark pigment, smooth or slightly roughened, with few sparse granules, area between posterior median carinae flat or with shallow median depression, lateral arcs of granules either very fine or absent; medial intercarinal surfaces of tergites II – III densely shagreened with fine granules, granulation weaker and sparser in females (Figs. 93 K, 94); posterior margin of coxa III smooth, or with scattered fine granules; metasoma moderately slender, metasoma II L / W 1.51 – 1.96, metasoma III L / W 1.67 – 2.22, metasoma IV L / W 2.07 – 2.63; ventromedian carinae of metasoma II and III with 19 – 26 denticles (90 / 92 carinae); metasoma V with enlarged subtriangular or lobate denticles on ventrolateral carinae; pedipalps slender, patella L / W ♂ 3.17 – 3.85, ♀ 2.88 – 3.61; leg III patella L / D 3.24 – 4.38; pectine teeth ♂ 30 – 39, ♀ 26 – 38; pectines medium sized, pectine L / carapace L ♂ 1.11 – 1.40, ♀ 0.89 – 1.38, midpectine sensillar margin L / metasoma I W ♂ 0.142 – 0.184, ♀ 0.078 – 0.156; basal 1 – 3 pectine teeth of males overlap if anterior pectine margins aligned to posterior margins of coxae IV; pectine basal piece densely, shagreened, usually with more coarse medial granules in males; leg III basitarsus with 8 – 16 retrosuperior setae; pedipalp chela fixed finger with trichobothrium usually db distal to est; area of sternite VII between median carinae with dense, fine granulation or shagreened anteriorly, more heavily in males; sternite carination: males and females: sternite III with median carinae strong, densely granular or shagreened, sternites IV – V with lateral carinae strong, median carinae moderate.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	description	MEASUREMENTS. Male syntype (Fig. 82 C, subadult) (mm). Total L 63.0; metasoma + telson L 41.5; carapace L 6.6, W 7.8; metasomal segments (L / W) I 5.4 / 4.2, II 6.3 / 3.6, III 6.3 / 3.5, IV 7.3 / 3.2, V 8.6 / 3.0; telson L 7.6; pedipalp chela L 13.1, manus W 1.9, movable finger L 8.9; pedipalp femur L 7.2, W 1.7, patella L 8.0, W 2.2; pectine L 8.5, mid-pectine sensillar margin L 0.85; pectine teeth 30 – 30. Adult female syntype (Fig. 82 A) (mm). Total L 90.0; metasoma + telson L 56.7; carapace L 10.3, W 11.6; metasomal segments (L / W) I 7.4 / 5.8, II 8.5 / 5.3, III 8.6 / 5.2, IV 10.1 / 4.7, V 11.4 / 4.4; telson L 10.7; pedipalp chela L 18.7, manus W 3.3, movable finger L 13.5; pedipalp femur L 10.1, W 2.8, patella L 10.8, W 3.5; pectine L 9.7, mid-pectine sensillar margin L 0.90; pectine teeth 30. Male, Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17 g) (mm). Total L 74.00; metasoma + telson L 48.00; carapace L 8.28, W 8.57, carapace preocular L 3.69; metasomal segments (L / D / W) I 6.31 / 4.30 / 5.15, II 7.50 / 4.57 / 4.55, III 7.71 / 3.78 / 4.28, IV 8.62 / 3.41 / 3.87, V 9.28 / 3.22 / 3.68; telson L 7.62; vesicle L 3.76, D 3.04, W 3.04; pedipalp chela L 15.60, manus ventral L 4.49, manus W 2.35, manus D 2.57, fixed finger L 9.90, movable finger L 11.40; pedipalp femur L 8.22, W 2.31, patella L 9.50, W 2.81; pectine L 9.98, mid-pectine sensillar margin L 0.898; leg III femur L 8.77; leg III patella L 7.59, D 2.00; chela db – est distance (left / right) 0.958 / 0.917; pectine teeth (left / right) 35 / 35. Female, Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17 g) (mm). Total L 80.00; metasoma + telson L 53.00; carapace L 9.46, W 10.80, carapace preocular L 4.44; metasomal segments (L / D / W) I 6.62 / 5.18 / 5.75, II 7.96 / 4.64 / 5.04, III 8.16 / 4.49 / 4.79, IV 8.99 / 3.93 / 4.35, V 10.11 / 3.59 / 4.34; telson L 9.33; vesicle L 4.63, D 3.51, W 3.62; pedipalp chela L 17.03, manus ventral L 5.14, manus W 2.63, manus D 3.14, fixed finger L 9.99, movable finger L 12.14; pedipalp femur L 8.88, W 2.75, patella L 10.12, W 3.44; pectine L 9.53, mid-pectine sensillar margin L 0.653; leg III femur L 9.71; leg III patella L 8.29, D 2.17; chela db – est distance (left / right) 0.917 / 1.125; pectine teeth (left / right) 28 / 28.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Egypt, Sudan.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	discussion	REMARKS. The syntypes include assorted material from the Sinai, the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan, and the desert region of Egypt east of the Nile. These could represent more than one species if the populations in the Sinai are distinct from those of the Nile Valley. However, since individual specimens do not have locality labels, they cannot be referred to specific populations. We refrain from designating a lectotype until the taxonomic status of these populations is clari-fied by further study.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF200E192AFF3A8BAFDF62FAE2.taxon	description	(Figs. 83 – 84, 87 A, 88 A, 89 A, 90 A, 91 H, 92 A, 94 F, 95, 98 – 99, Tab. 3 A)	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF200E192AFF3A8BAFDF62FAE2.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype adult ♂, Turkey, hill 1 km E of Sarısalkım Village, 37 ° 05 ' 46.5 " N 37 ° 16 ' 51.3 " E, 1029 m a. s. l., 14. VIII. 2004, leg. E. A. Yağmur (MTAS / But: 0908 - 01). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. Syria: 1 ♀, Aleppo, 36 ° 06 ' N, 37 ° 10.8 ' E, leg. E. Graeter (NHMB 17 e); 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Al- Hasakah Province, eastern Abd Al-Aziz Mountain, 40 km SW Al-Hasakah, 12. VII. 2009, 36 ° 23 ' 20 " N 40 ° 22 ' 01 " E, 674 m a. s. l., leg. N. Khalil (MTAS); 1 ♀, Homs Province, Al- Mukharram Region, Al-Sankari Village, 4. VII. 2009, 34 ° 48 ' 46 " N 37 ° 09 ' 32 " E, 655 m a. s. l., leg. N. Khalil (MTAS). Turkey: 1 ♂, 1 km S of Tanır Village, Nizip District, Gaziantep Province, 37 ° 06 ' 34 " N 37 ° 49 ' 57 " E, 529 m a. s. l., 30. V. 2003, leg. E. A. Yağmur & S. Kesmezoğlu (MTAS); 1 ♀, hill E of Sarısalkım Village, Şahinbey District, Gaziantep Province, 37 ° 05 ' 47 " N 37 ° 16 ' 51 " E, 1024 m a. s. l., 30. VII. 2003, leg. E. A. Yağmur (MTAS); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Şirvan Hill, Sarısalkım Village, Şahinbey District, Gaziantep Province, 37 ° 05 ' 27 " N 37 ° 15 ' 52 " E, 1076 m a. s. l., 6. IX. 2003, leg. E. A. Yağmur (MTAS); 1 ♀, hill E of Sarısalkım Village, Şahinbey District, Gaziantep Province, 37 ° 05 ' 47 " N 37 ° 16 ' 51 " E, 1024 m a. s. l., 14. VIII. 2004, leg. E. A. Yağmur (MTAS); 1 ♀, 1 km S of Kayacık Village fork in road, Oğuzeli District, Gaziantep Province, 36 ° 50 ' 41 " N 37 ° 34 ' 29 " E, 619 m a. s. l., 11. IX. 2004, leg. E. A. Yağmur & M. Yalçın (MTAS); 1 ♂, 1 km S of Kızılhisar Village, Şahinbey District, Gaziantep Province, 36 ° 59 ' 52 " N 37 ° 18 ' 17 " E, 900 m a. s. l., 14. IX. 2004, leg. E. A. Yağmur & C. Toprak (MTAS); 1 ♂, Köksalan Village, Şehitkamil District, Gaziantep Province, 37 ° 15 ' 44 " N 37 ° 14 ' 32 " E, 956 m a. s. l., 9. IV. 2005, leg. E. A. Yağmur, M. Yalçın & F. Değir- menci (MTAS); 1 ♀, 2 km N of Sarikaya Village, Şahinbey District, Gaziantep Province, 37 ° 07 ' 06 " N 37 ° 03 ' 07 " E, 1178 m a. s. l., 7. V. 2005, leg. E. A. Yağmur, M. Yalçın & F. Değirmenci (MTAS); 1 ♀, 3 km SW of Hasancalı Village, Musabeyli District, Kilis Province, 36 ° 52 ' 47.2 " N 36 ° 47 ' 42.4 " E, 755 m a. s. l., 27. IV. 2006, leg. E. A. Yağmur & M. Özkörük (MTAS); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 km E of Küplüce Village, Central District, Kilis Province, 36 ° 44 ' 92 " N 37 ° 15 ' 19 " E, 624 m a. s. l., 29. IV. 2006, leg. E. A. Yağmur & M. Yalçın (MTAS); 1 ♂, 1 km NE of Çaybaşı Village, Oğuzeli District, Gaziantep Province, 36 ° 47 ' 47 " N 37 ° 35 ' 15 " E, 546 m a. s. l., 25. VI. 2006, leg. E. A. Yağmur & M. Özkörük (MTAS); 1 ♀, 1 km W of Aydınoluk Village fork in road, Central District, Adıyaman Province, 37 ° 46 ' 08 " E, 38 ° 20 ' 54 " N 11. VIII. 2006, leg. E. A. Yağmur & A. Avcı (MTAS); 1 ♂, 1 ♂, 4 km E of Kaşlıca Village, Tut District, Adıyaman Province, 37 ° 48 ' 34 " N 37 ° 59 ' 21 " E, 1183 m a. s. l., 8. VI. 2007, leg. E. A. Yağmur & G. Çalışır (MTAS); 1 ♂, 1 km S of Eski Sarkaya Village, Sehitkamil District, Gaziantemp Province, 37 ° 12.733 ' N 37 ° 7.75 ' E, 1000 m a. s. l., 23. VI. 2007, leg. E. A. Yağmur & M. Yalçin (GL); 1 ♀, 0.5 km N of Hörük Village fork in road, Pazarcık District, Kahramanmaraş Province, 37 ° 30 ' 10 " N 37 ° 33 ' 46 " E, 795 m a. s. l., 24. VI. 2007, leg. E. A. Yağmur & M. Yalçın (MTAS); 1 ♀, Çörten Village, Central District, Kilis Province, 36 ° 46 ' 35 " N, 37 ° 18 ' 00 ", 27. VI. 2007, E. M. Z. Yıldız (MTAS); 1 ♂, 2 km E of Yamaçoba Village, Şehitkamil District, Gaziantep Province, 37 ° 10 ' 27.3 " N 37 ° 05 ' 33.1 " E, 1099 m a. s. l., 1. VII. 2007, leg. E. A. Yağmur & M. Yalçın (MTAS); 1 ♂, Konakdere Hamlet, Gökçay Village, Central District, Adıyaman Province, 37 ° 57 ' 24.9 " N 38 ° 17 ' 55.3 " E, 1155 a. s. l., 29. VII. 2007, leg. E. A. Yağmur & A. Avcı (MTAS); 1 ♀, İncesu Village, Şehitkamil District, Gaziantep Province, 37 ° 13 ' 16 " N 37 ° 18 ' 05 " E, 942 m a. s. l., 4. V. 2008, leg. E. A. Yağmur & E. Tezcan (MTAS); 1 ♀, 2 km E of Çaybasi Village, Oguzeli District, Gaziantep Province, 36 ° 47.783 ' N 37 ° 35.25 ' E, 546 m a. s. l., 18. VII. 2010, leg. E. A. Yağmur & M. Özkörük (GL); 1 ♂, 1 ♂, 1 km W of Çakıryiğit Village, Reyhanlı District, Hatay Province, 36 ° 15 ' 42 " N 36 ° 36 ' 22 " E, 225 m a. s. l., 06. VII. 2011, leg. E. A. Yağmur, M. Özkörük (MTAS).	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF200E192AFF3A8BAFDF62FAE2.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (adults). Medium sized Leiurus, 51 – 68 mm in length, carapace L 6.2 – 8.8 mm; base color yellow with variable fuscous markings on carapace and tergites; metasoma V dark except for posterior end; area of carapace between anterior median carinae smooth or with a few small granules anteriorly, area between posterior median carinae with shallow to moderately deep median furrow flanked by arcs of fine or coarse granules; medial intercarinal surfaces of tergites II – III with shagreened or with dense, fine granulation; posterior margin of coxa III smooth; metasoma stout, metasoma II L / W 1.26 – 1.46, metasoma III L / W 1.35 – 1.64, metasoma IV L / W 1.28 – 1.85; ventromedian carinae of metasoma II and III with 10 – 17 denticles (12 / 12 carinae); metasoma V with enlarged subtriangular or lobate denticles on ventrolateral carinae; pedipalps stout, patella L / W 2.39 – 2.86; leg III patella L / D 2.96 – 3.90; pectine teeth ♂ 36 – 42, ♀ 30 – 35; pectines medium sized, pectine L / carapace L ♂ 1.07 – 1.30, ♀ 1.01 – 1.22, mid-pectine sensillar margin L / metasoma I W ♂ 0.129 – 0.206, ♀ 0.093 – 0.162; basal 4 – 5 pectine teeth of males overlap if anterior pectine margins aligned to posterior margins of coxae IV; pectine basal piece smooth in females, with fine granules anteromedially, otherwise smooth in males; leg III basitarsus with 12 – 18 retrosuperior setae; pedipalp chela fixed finger with trichobothrium db usually proximal to est; sternite VII with area between median carinae smooth; sternite carination: males, sternite III with median carinae weak to moderate, sternites IV – V with lateral carinae weak to moderate, median carinae weak to obsolete; females, sternite III with median carinae obsolete, sternites IV – V with lateral carinae weak, median carinae obsolete.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF200E192AFF3A8BAFDF62FAE2.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Turkey, Syria.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20361928FF3F88A6DF30F9D2.taxon	description	(Figs. 85 – 86, 92 L, 93 L, 95 B, 95 D, 98 – 99, Tab. 3 B)	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20361928FF3F88A6DF30F9D2.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. Adult holotype ♀, Jordan, NW of Al-Mudawwarah, 29 ° 19 ' 22.3 " N, 35 ° 59 ' 24.3 " E, ca. 700 m a. s. l., 14. VII. 2000, leg. D. Modrý (MHNG) (not examined). MATERIAL EXAMINED. Jordan: 2 subadult ♀, Wadi Ramm, 29 ° 35 ' N 35 ° 36 ' E, 27. V. 2008, leg. P. Kabátek (FKCP). Saudi Arabia: 2 ♀, al- Tawil, 29 ° 58 ' N 39 ° 34 ' E, 2. XI. 1984, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 179 a); 1 subadult ♂, 1 ♀, al- Tawil, 29 ° 58 ' N 39 ° 34 ' E, 2. XI. 1984, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 179 b).	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20361928FF3F88A6DF30F9D2.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (adult). Large Leiurus, 74 – 115 mm in length, carapace L 8.5 – 11.3 mm; carapace and tergites with variable fuscosity; metasoma I – IV yellow to fuscous; metasoma V dark except for posterior end, telson contrasting yellow; area of carapace between anterior median carinae smooth or with isolated granules; area between posterior median carinae with moderately deep median furrow flanked by arcs of fine or coarse granules; medial intercarinal surfaces of tergites II – III moderately shagreened; posterior margin of coxa III irregularly granulate; metasoma log, slender, metasoma II L / W 1.75 – 1.89 (♀), metasoma III L / W 1.95 – 2.19 (♀), metasoma IV L / W 2.54 – 2.64 (♀); ventromedian carinae of metasoma II and III with 31 – 36 denticles (4 / 4 ♀ carinae); metasoma V with slightly enlarged subtriangular denticles on ventrolateral carinae; pedipalps slender, patella L / W 3.48 – 4.00 (♀); leg III patella L / D 3.86 – 4.13 (♀); pectine teeth ♂ 33 – 37, ♀ 27 – 31; pectines medium sized, pectine L / carapace L 1.08 – 1.10 (♀), mid- pectine sensillar margin L / metasoma I W ♂ 0.167 (subadult), ♀ 0.101 – 0.126; basal pectine teeth of males do not overlap if anterior pectine margins aligned to posterior margins of coxae IV; pectine basal piece lightly to moderately shagreened in females; leg III basitarsus with 18 – 20 retrosuperior setae; pedipalp chela fixed finger with trichobothrium db distal to est; sternite VII with area between median carinae finely granulated anteriorly; sternite carination: males and females, sternite III with median carinae strong, granular, sternites IV – V with lateral carinae strong, granular, median cari-nae moderate.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20361928FF3F88A6DF30F9D2.taxon	description	MEASUREMENTS. Female, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 179) (mm). Total L 114; metasoma + telson L 67; carapace L 11.23, W 13.04, carapace preocular L 5.15; metasomal segments (L / D / W) I 8.87 / 5.55 / 6.58, II 10.54 / 5.10 / 5.59, III 10.99 / 4.82 / 5.01, IV 12.09 / 4.26 / 4.58, V 13.60 / 3.78 / 4.25; telson L 11.64; vesicle L 6.32, D 4.17, W 4.19; pedipalp chela L 23.90, manus ventral L 7.70, manus W 3.30, manus D 3.78, fixed finger L 13.86, movable finger L 16.52; pedipalp femur L 12.88, W 3.34, patella L 13.55, W 3.81; pectine L 12.24, midpectine sensillar margin L 0.776; leg III femur L 13.23; leg III patella L 10.61, D 2.57; chela db – est distance (left / right) 1.00 / 0.875; pectine teeth (left / right) 27 – 29.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
038C87BF20361928FF3F88A6DF30F9D2.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Jordan, Saudi Arabia.	en	Lowe, Graeme, Yağmur, Ersen Aydın, Kovařík, František (2014): A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius 191: 1-129, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2014.vol2014.iss191.1
