taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505624/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505624	Figure 1: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag).	Figure 1: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505626/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505626	Figure 2: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag).	Figure 2: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505628/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505628	Figure 3: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag).	Figure 3: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505630/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505630	Figure 4: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Fixed finger dentition. FL. Fixed finger dentition, left chela. G. Movable finger dentition. H. Chela, external aspect. Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag).	Figure 4: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Fixed finger dentition. FL. Fixed finger dentition, left chela. G. Movable finger dentition. H. Chela, external aspect. Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505632/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505632	Figure 5: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., female. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Al Mansuriah, Yemen.	Figure 5: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., female. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Al Mansuriah, Yemen.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505634/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505634	Figure 6: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., female. Habitus, ventral aspect. Al Mansuriah, Yemen.	Figure 6: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., female. Habitus, ventral aspect. Al Mansuriah, Yemen.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505636/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505636	Figure 7: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Al Mansuriah, Yemen.	Figure 7: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Al Mansuriah, Yemen.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505638/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505638	Figure 8: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., female. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Fixed finger dentition. G. Movable finger dentition. H. Chela, external aspect. Al Mansuriah, Yemen.	Figure 8: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., female. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Fixed finger dentition. G. Movable finger dentition. H. Chela, external aspect. Al Mansuriah, Yemen.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505642/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505642	Figure 9: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. Metasoma. A. Male, lateral aspect. B. Male, ventral aspect. C. Female, lateral aspect. D. Female, ventral aspect. Male, Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia. Female, Al Mansuriah, Yemen.	Figure 9: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. Metasoma. A. Male, lateral aspect. B. Male, ventral aspect. C. Female, lateral aspect. D. Female, ventral aspect. Male, Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia. Female, Al Mansuriah, Yemen.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505644/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505644	Figure 10: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male. Tarsi. A-D. Left telotarsus and distal basitarsus, ventral aspect. A. Leg I. B. Leg II. C. Leg III. D. Leg IV. E. Right basitarsus III retrolateral aspect. Upper scale bar: A–D, lower scale bar: E. Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag).	Figure 10: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male. Tarsi. A-D. Left telotarsus and distal basitarsus, ventral aspect. A. Leg I. B. Leg II. C. Leg III. D. Leg IV. E. Right basitarsus III retrolateral aspect. Upper scale bar: A–D, lower scale bar: E. Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505648/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505648	Figure 11: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., holotype male (ZMHB No. 141). A. Dorsal habitus. B. Ventral habitus. C. Right pedipalp, dorsal aspect. D. Right pedipalp, ventral aspect. E. Left pectine. F. Metasoma, lateral aspect. G. Right leg IV, telotarsus, basitarsus and distal tibia, ventral aspect. Scale bar: A, B, 10 mm..	Figure 11: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., holotype male (ZMHB No. 141). A. Dorsal habitus. B. Ventral habitus. C. Right pedipalp, dorsal aspect. D. Right pedipalp, ventral aspect. E. Left pectine. F. Metasoma, lateral aspect. G. Right leg IV, telotarsus, basitarsus and distal tibia, ventral aspect. Scale bar: A, B, 10 mm..	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505747/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505747	Figure 59: Chelicerae of Leiurus species. A, B. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype male, Thumrait, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) aspect. C, D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype male, Jabal Qara, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) aspect. E, F. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829), female, Al Mansuriah, Yemen. Right chelicera, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) aspect. G, H. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) aspect. Scale bar in A: 1 mm (also applies to B–H).	Figure 59: Chelicerae of Leiurus species. A, B. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype male, Thumrait, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) aspect. C, D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype male, Jabal Qara, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) aspect. E, F. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829), female, Al Mansuriah, Yemen. Right chelicera, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) aspect. G, H. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) aspect. Scale bar in A: 1 mm (also applies to B–H).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505806/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505806	Figure 87: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 87: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505808/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505808	Figure 88: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n.. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 88: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n.. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505810/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505810	Figure 89: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 89: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505812/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505812	Figure 90: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 90: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505814/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505814	Figure 91: Pigmentation patterns of metasoma IV, V of Leiurus species, ventral aspect. A. L. haenggii sp. n., holotype female, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k). B. L. macroctenus sp. n., holotype male, Thumrait, Oman. C. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. D. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Cairo, Egypt (NHMB 17d). E. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male, Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag). F. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype female, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). G. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female, Israel (NHMB 17a). H. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, male, Eski Sarkaya Village, Turkey. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 91: Pigmentation patterns of metasoma IV, V of Leiurus species, ventral aspect. A. L. haenggii sp. n., holotype female, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k). B. L. macroctenus sp. n., holotype male, Thumrait, Oman. C. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. D. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Cairo, Egypt (NHMB 17d). E. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male, Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag). F. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype female, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). G. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female, Israel (NHMB 17a). H. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, male, Eski Sarkaya Village, Turkey. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505816/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505816	Figure 92: Sternite III of Leiurus spp., female. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. B. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). C. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Al Amar, Bahrain (NHMB 17bg). D. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. E. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Turabah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). F. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Adnan, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17am). G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Thumrait, Oman. J. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). K. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	Figure 92: Sternite III of Leiurus spp., female. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. B. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). C. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Al Amar, Bahrain (NHMB 17bg). D. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. E. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Turabah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). F. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Adnan, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17am). G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Thumrait, Oman. J. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). K. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505818/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505818	Figure 93: Medial intercarinal areas of tergite III of female Leiurus spp. A. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. B. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Wadi Khumrah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17bj). C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Yemen. D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Maraba, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). E. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. F. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). J. L. hebraeus Birula, 1908, Kurayyima, Jordan. K. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	Figure 93: Medial intercarinal areas of tergite III of female Leiurus spp. A. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. B. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Wadi Khumrah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17bj). C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Yemen. D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Maraba, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). E. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. F. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). J. L. hebraeus Birula, 1908, Kurayyima, Jordan. K. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505822/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505822	Figure 95: Variation in key diagnostic biometrics of adult Leiurus spp. A. Cumulative distributions of position of trichobothrium db relative to est on pedipalp fixed finger for: L. abdullahbayrami (53), L. brachycentrus stat. n. (11), L. hebraeus stat. n. (38), L. macroctenus sp. n. (176), L. quinquestriatus (61), L. haenggii sp. n. (158), L. arabicus sp. n. (87) (number of fingers measured in parentheses). Data for males and females were pooled. The db–est distances were normalized to pedipalp movable finger length (chord length from finger tip to external articular condyle), with positive values indicating db distal to est, negative values indicating db proximal to est. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.06367) and L. arabicus sp. n. (µ = 0.06671) were not significantly different (P = 0.405148, t test), indicating a close relationship between these species. Distribution of L. quinquestriatus (µ = 0.047313) was significantly different from those of L. haenggii and L. arabicus (P = 0.000102 and 0.000030 respectively). B. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L (MPSM, indicated in inset) to metasoma I W, and to carapace L, showing differences in relative pectinal tooth size in females of nine species of Leiurus. C. A subset of the female data in Figure 95B, plotted as cumulative distributions of morphometric ratio of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.102268) and L. arabicus (µ = 0.10432) were not significantly different (P> 0.1, K-S test). D. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W (relative size of pectine teeth), and metasoma II L/W (slenderness of metasoma II) for females of nine species of Leiurus. A, C, D: symbol key as in Figure 95B.	Figure 95: Variation in key diagnostic biometrics of adult Leiurus spp. A. Cumulative distributions of position of trichobothrium db relative to est on pedipalp fixed finger for: L. abdullahbayrami (53), L. brachycentrus stat. n. (11), L. hebraeus stat. n. (38), L. macroctenus sp. n. (176), L. quinquestriatus (61), L. haenggii sp. n. (158), L. arabicus sp. n. (87) (number of fingers measured in parentheses). Data for males and females were pooled. The db–est distances were normalized to pedipalp movable finger length (chord length from finger tip to external articular condyle), with positive values indicating db distal to est, negative values indicating db proximal to est. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.06367) and L. arabicus sp. n. (µ = 0.06671) were not significantly different (P = 0.405148, t test), indicating a close relationship between these species. Distribution of L. quinquestriatus (µ = 0.047313) was significantly different from those of L. haenggii and L. arabicus (P = 0.000102 and 0.000030 respectively). B. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L (MPSM, indicated in inset) to metasoma I W, and to carapace L, showing differences in relative pectinal tooth size in females of nine species of Leiurus. C. A subset of the female data in Figure 95B, plotted as cumulative distributions of morphometric ratio of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.102268) and L. arabicus (µ = 0.10432) were not significantly different (P> 0.1, K-S test). D. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W (relative size of pectine teeth), and metasoma II L/W (slenderness of metasoma II) for females of nine species of Leiurus. A, C, D: symbol key as in Figure 95B.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505828/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505828	Figure 98: Selected morphometrics of Leiurus, Cicileiurus, Cicileus and Compsobuthus compared to other Buthus group scorpions. A–B. Scatter plots of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db (A) and est (B) vs. the ratio of movable finger length to carapace length. Each point represents one sex of one species. Larger ordinate values correspond to more basal positions of the trichobothria, and larger abscissa values to longer pedipalp fingers. There was a significant inverse correlation between relative length of the portion of the fixed finger distal to db and est (R = -0.6534, -0.5488, respectively), and the relative length of the movable finger (the latter being a measure of elongation of both fixed and movable fingers). Highlighted symbols show that Leiurus (light magenta circles), Cicileiurus (red triangle), Cicileus (green squares) and Compsobuthus (yellow circles) are located in the lower right halves of the plots, i.e. all have relatively elongated fingers and more distal placement of both db and est. Gray circles are data from other Buthus group species. C. Scatter plot of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db vs. the fraction distal to est. The strong positive correlation (R = 0.8052) indicates a tendency for db and est to move together towards more distal locations as the fixed finger becomes more elongated. Species above the diagonal (solid blue) have db proximal to est, and those below have db distal to est. Solid gray lines in A–C are fits by least squares regression through all points. D. Scatter plot of pedipalp femur L/W (a measure of pedipalp elongation) vs. carapace L (a measure of body size). These two variables were not significantly correlated (R = 0.094). Data were compiled from the literature and specimens in the authors collections for 38 genera and 203 species representing the majority of taxa in the Buthus group, including both males (N = 124) and females (N = 97). Genera (and number of species) included: Afghanobuthus (1), Androctonus (11), Apistobuthus (2), Baloorthochirus (1), Birulatus (2), Buthacus (13), Butheoloides (11), Butheolus (5), Buthiscus (1), Buthus (26), Cicileiurus (1), Cicileus (2), Compsobuthus (33), Congobuthus (1), Darchenia (1), Gint (1), Hemibuthus (1), Hottentotta (31), Leiurus (10), Liobuthus (1), Lissothus (3), Mesobuthus (7), Neobuthus (2), Odontobuthus (6), Orthochirus (12), Pantobuthus (1), Pectinibuthus (1), Plesiobuthus (1), Polisius (1), Razianus (3), Saharobuthus (1), Somalibuthus (1), Vachoniolus (4), Vachonus (1).	Figure 98: Selected morphometrics of Leiurus, Cicileiurus, Cicileus and Compsobuthus compared to other Buthus group scorpions. A–B. Scatter plots of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db (A) and est (B) vs. the ratio of movable finger length to carapace length. Each point represents one sex of one species. Larger ordinate values correspond to more basal positions of the trichobothria, and larger abscissa values to longer pedipalp fingers. There was a significant inverse correlation between relative length of the portion of the fixed finger distal to db and est (R = -0.6534, -0.5488, respectively), and the relative length of the movable finger (the latter being a measure of elongation of both fixed and movable fingers). Highlighted symbols show that Leiurus (light magenta circles), Cicileiurus (red triangle), Cicileus (green squares) and Compsobuthus (yellow circles) are located in the lower right halves of the plots, i.e. all have relatively elongated fingers and more distal placement of both db and est. Gray circles are data from other Buthus group species. C. Scatter plot of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db vs. the fraction distal to est. The strong positive correlation (R = 0.8052) indicates a tendency for db and est to move together towards more distal locations as the fixed finger becomes more elongated. Species above the diagonal (solid blue) have db proximal to est, and those below have db distal to est. Solid gray lines in A–C are fits by least squares regression through all points. D. Scatter plot of pedipalp femur L/W (a measure of pedipalp elongation) vs. carapace L (a measure of body size). These two variables were not significantly correlated (R = 0.094). Data were compiled from the literature and specimens in the authors collections for 38 genera and 203 species representing the majority of taxa in the Buthus group, including both males (N = 124) and females (N = 97). Genera (and number of species) included: Afghanobuthus (1), Androctonus (11), Apistobuthus (2), Baloorthochirus (1), Birulatus (2), Buthacus (13), Butheoloides (11), Butheolus (5), Buthiscus (1), Buthus (26), Cicileiurus (1), Cicileus (2), Compsobuthus (33), Congobuthus (1), Darchenia (1), Gint (1), Hemibuthus (1), Hottentotta (31), Leiurus (10), Liobuthus (1), Lissothus (3), Mesobuthus (7), Neobuthus (2), Odontobuthus (6), Orthochirus (12), Pantobuthus (1), Pectinibuthus (1), Plesiobuthus (1), Polisius (1), Razianus (3), Saharobuthus (1), Somalibuthus (1), Vachoniolus (4), Vachonus (1).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505832/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505832	Figure 99: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for nine species of Leiurus distributed over northeast Africa, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by elevation with shaded relief. Additional locality data for: L. abdullahbayrami from Yağmur et al., 2009; for L. brachycentrus Ehrenberg, 1829 stat. n., from Simon, 1882 (Buthus beccarii).	Figure 99: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for nine species of Leiurus distributed over northeast Africa, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by elevation with shaded relief. Additional locality data for: L. abdullahbayrami from Yağmur et al., 2009; for L. brachycentrus Ehrenberg, 1829 stat. n., from Simon, 1882 (Buthus beccarii).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2054195DFF358EE5DE9AF8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505834/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505834	Figure 100: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for five species of Leiurus from the Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by terrain with shaded relief, indicating major physiographic regions.	Figure 100: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for five species of Leiurus from the Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by terrain with shaded relief, indicating major physiographic regions.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505650/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505650	Figure 12: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., holotype male. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Thumrait, Oman.	Figure 12: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., holotype male. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Thumrait, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505652/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505652	Figure 13: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., holotype male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Thumrait, Oman.	Figure 13: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., holotype male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Thumrait, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505654/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505654	Figure 14: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., holotype male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Thumrait, Oman.	Figure 14: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., holotype male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Thumrait, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505656/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505656	Figure 15: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., holotype male. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Fixed finger dentition. G. Movable finger dentition. H. Chela, external aspect. Thumrait, Oman.	Figure 15: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., holotype male. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Fixed finger dentition. G. Movable finger dentition. H. Chela, external aspect. Thumrait, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505658/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505658	Figure 16: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., paratype female. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Wadi Qitaar, Masirah Island, Oman.	Figure 16: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., paratype female. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Wadi Qitaar, Masirah Island, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505660/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505660	Figure 17: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., paratype female. Habitus, ventral aspect. Wadi Qitaar, Masirah Island, Oman.	Figure 17: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., paratype female. Habitus, ventral aspect. Wadi Qitaar, Masirah Island, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505662/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505662	Figure 18: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., paratype female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Wadi Qitaar, Masirah Island, Oman.	Figure 18: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., paratype female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Wadi Qitaar, Masirah Island, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505664/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505664	Figure 19: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., paratype female. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Chela, external aspect. Wadi Qitaar, Masirah Island, Oman.	Figure 19: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., paratype female. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Chela, external aspect. Wadi Qitaar, Masirah Island, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505666/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505666	Figure 20: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n. Metasoma. A. Male, lateral aspect. B. Male, ventral aspect. C. Female, lateral aspect. D. Female, ventral aspect. Male holotype, Thumrait, Oman. Female paratype, Wadi Qitaar, Masirah Island, Oman.	Figure 20: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n. Metasoma. A. Male, lateral aspect. B. Male, ventral aspect. C. Female, lateral aspect. D. Female, ventral aspect. Male holotype, Thumrait, Oman. Female paratype, Wadi Qitaar, Masirah Island, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505668/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505668	Figure 21: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., holotype male. Tarsi. A–D. Left telotarsus and distal basitarsus, ventral aspect. A. Leg I. B. Leg II. C. Leg III. D. Leg IV. E. Right basitarsus III retrolateral aspect. Upper scale bar: A–D, lower scale bar: E. Thumrait, Oman.	Figure 21: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., holotype male. Tarsi. A–D. Left telotarsus and distal basitarsus, ventral aspect. A. Leg I. B. Leg II. C. Leg III. D. Leg IV. E. Right basitarsus III retrolateral aspect. Upper scale bar: A–D, lower scale bar: E. Thumrait, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505670/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505670	Figure 22: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., paratype female. Trichobothrial map of pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, external aspect. E. Chela, ventral aspect. Wadi Qitaar, Masirah Island, Oman.	Figure 22: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., paratype female. Trichobothrial map of pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, external aspect. E. Chela, ventral aspect. Wadi Qitaar, Masirah Island, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505745/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505745	Figure 58: Hemispermatophores of new Leiurus species. A. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype male, Duhai, Oman. B. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype male, Jabal Qara, Oman. Distal portions hemispermatophores illustrated to show flagellum and lobes (right hemispermatophores, convex aspect). Scale bars: 1 mm.	Figure 58: Hemispermatophores of new Leiurus species. A. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype male, Duhai, Oman. B. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype male, Jabal Qara, Oman. Distal portions hemispermatophores illustrated to show flagellum and lobes (right hemispermatophores, convex aspect). Scale bars: 1 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505747/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505747	Figure 59: Chelicerae of Leiurus species. A, B. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype male, Thumrait, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) aspect. C, D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype male, Jabal Qara, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) aspect. E, F. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829), female, Al Mansuriah, Yemen. Right chelicera, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) aspect. G, H. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) aspect. Scale bar in A: 1 mm (also applies to B–H).	Figure 59: Chelicerae of Leiurus species. A, B. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype male, Thumrait, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) aspect. C, D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype male, Jabal Qara, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) aspect. E, F. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829), female, Al Mansuriah, Yemen. Right chelicera, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) aspect. G, H. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) aspect. Scale bar in A: 1 mm (also applies to B–H).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505806/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505806	Figure 87: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 87: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505808/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505808	Figure 88: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n.. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 88: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n.. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505810/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505810	Figure 89: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 89: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505812/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505812	Figure 90: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 90: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505814/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505814	Figure 91: Pigmentation patterns of metasoma IV, V of Leiurus species, ventral aspect. A. L. haenggii sp. n., holotype female, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k). B. L. macroctenus sp. n., holotype male, Thumrait, Oman. C. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. D. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Cairo, Egypt (NHMB 17d). E. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male, Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag). F. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype female, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). G. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female, Israel (NHMB 17a). H. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, male, Eski Sarkaya Village, Turkey. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 91: Pigmentation patterns of metasoma IV, V of Leiurus species, ventral aspect. A. L. haenggii sp. n., holotype female, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k). B. L. macroctenus sp. n., holotype male, Thumrait, Oman. C. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. D. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Cairo, Egypt (NHMB 17d). E. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male, Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag). F. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype female, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). G. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female, Israel (NHMB 17a). H. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, male, Eski Sarkaya Village, Turkey. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505816/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505816	Figure 92: Sternite III of Leiurus spp., female. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. B. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). C. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Al Amar, Bahrain (NHMB 17bg). D. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. E. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Turabah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). F. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Adnan, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17am). G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Thumrait, Oman. J. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). K. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	Figure 92: Sternite III of Leiurus spp., female. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. B. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). C. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Al Amar, Bahrain (NHMB 17bg). D. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. E. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Turabah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). F. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Adnan, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17am). G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Thumrait, Oman. J. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). K. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505818/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505818	Figure 93: Medial intercarinal areas of tergite III of female Leiurus spp. A. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. B. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Wadi Khumrah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17bj). C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Yemen. D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Maraba, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). E. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. F. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). J. L. hebraeus Birula, 1908, Kurayyima, Jordan. K. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	Figure 93: Medial intercarinal areas of tergite III of female Leiurus spp. A. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. B. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Wadi Khumrah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17bj). C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Yemen. D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Maraba, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). E. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. F. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). J. L. hebraeus Birula, 1908, Kurayyima, Jordan. K. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505822/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505822	Figure 95: Variation in key diagnostic biometrics of adult Leiurus spp. A. Cumulative distributions of position of trichobothrium db relative to est on pedipalp fixed finger for: L. abdullahbayrami (53), L. brachycentrus stat. n. (11), L. hebraeus stat. n. (38), L. macroctenus sp. n. (176), L. quinquestriatus (61), L. haenggii sp. n. (158), L. arabicus sp. n. (87) (number of fingers measured in parentheses). Data for males and females were pooled. The db–est distances were normalized to pedipalp movable finger length (chord length from finger tip to external articular condyle), with positive values indicating db distal to est, negative values indicating db proximal to est. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.06367) and L. arabicus sp. n. (µ = 0.06671) were not significantly different (P = 0.405148, t test), indicating a close relationship between these species. Distribution of L. quinquestriatus (µ = 0.047313) was significantly different from those of L. haenggii and L. arabicus (P = 0.000102 and 0.000030 respectively). B. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L (MPSM, indicated in inset) to metasoma I W, and to carapace L, showing differences in relative pectinal tooth size in females of nine species of Leiurus. C. A subset of the female data in Figure 95B, plotted as cumulative distributions of morphometric ratio of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.102268) and L. arabicus (µ = 0.10432) were not significantly different (P> 0.1, K-S test). D. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W (relative size of pectine teeth), and metasoma II L/W (slenderness of metasoma II) for females of nine species of Leiurus. A, C, D: symbol key as in Figure 95B.	Figure 95: Variation in key diagnostic biometrics of adult Leiurus spp. A. Cumulative distributions of position of trichobothrium db relative to est on pedipalp fixed finger for: L. abdullahbayrami (53), L. brachycentrus stat. n. (11), L. hebraeus stat. n. (38), L. macroctenus sp. n. (176), L. quinquestriatus (61), L. haenggii sp. n. (158), L. arabicus sp. n. (87) (number of fingers measured in parentheses). Data for males and females were pooled. The db–est distances were normalized to pedipalp movable finger length (chord length from finger tip to external articular condyle), with positive values indicating db distal to est, negative values indicating db proximal to est. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.06367) and L. arabicus sp. n. (µ = 0.06671) were not significantly different (P = 0.405148, t test), indicating a close relationship between these species. Distribution of L. quinquestriatus (µ = 0.047313) was significantly different from those of L. haenggii and L. arabicus (P = 0.000102 and 0.000030 respectively). B. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L (MPSM, indicated in inset) to metasoma I W, and to carapace L, showing differences in relative pectinal tooth size in females of nine species of Leiurus. C. A subset of the female data in Figure 95B, plotted as cumulative distributions of morphometric ratio of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.102268) and L. arabicus (µ = 0.10432) were not significantly different (P> 0.1, K-S test). D. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W (relative size of pectine teeth), and metasoma II L/W (slenderness of metasoma II) for females of nine species of Leiurus. A, C, D: symbol key as in Figure 95B.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505828/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505828	Figure 98: Selected morphometrics of Leiurus, Cicileiurus, Cicileus and Compsobuthus compared to other Buthus group scorpions. A–B. Scatter plots of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db (A) and est (B) vs. the ratio of movable finger length to carapace length. Each point represents one sex of one species. Larger ordinate values correspond to more basal positions of the trichobothria, and larger abscissa values to longer pedipalp fingers. There was a significant inverse correlation between relative length of the portion of the fixed finger distal to db and est (R = -0.6534, -0.5488, respectively), and the relative length of the movable finger (the latter being a measure of elongation of both fixed and movable fingers). Highlighted symbols show that Leiurus (light magenta circles), Cicileiurus (red triangle), Cicileus (green squares) and Compsobuthus (yellow circles) are located in the lower right halves of the plots, i.e. all have relatively elongated fingers and more distal placement of both db and est. Gray circles are data from other Buthus group species. C. Scatter plot of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db vs. the fraction distal to est. The strong positive correlation (R = 0.8052) indicates a tendency for db and est to move together towards more distal locations as the fixed finger becomes more elongated. Species above the diagonal (solid blue) have db proximal to est, and those below have db distal to est. Solid gray lines in A–C are fits by least squares regression through all points. D. Scatter plot of pedipalp femur L/W (a measure of pedipalp elongation) vs. carapace L (a measure of body size). These two variables were not significantly correlated (R = 0.094). Data were compiled from the literature and specimens in the authors collections for 38 genera and 203 species representing the majority of taxa in the Buthus group, including both males (N = 124) and females (N = 97). Genera (and number of species) included: Afghanobuthus (1), Androctonus (11), Apistobuthus (2), Baloorthochirus (1), Birulatus (2), Buthacus (13), Butheoloides (11), Butheolus (5), Buthiscus (1), Buthus (26), Cicileiurus (1), Cicileus (2), Compsobuthus (33), Congobuthus (1), Darchenia (1), Gint (1), Hemibuthus (1), Hottentotta (31), Leiurus (10), Liobuthus (1), Lissothus (3), Mesobuthus (7), Neobuthus (2), Odontobuthus (6), Orthochirus (12), Pantobuthus (1), Pectinibuthus (1), Plesiobuthus (1), Polisius (1), Razianus (3), Saharobuthus (1), Somalibuthus (1), Vachoniolus (4), Vachonus (1).	Figure 98: Selected morphometrics of Leiurus, Cicileiurus, Cicileus and Compsobuthus compared to other Buthus group scorpions. A–B. Scatter plots of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db (A) and est (B) vs. the ratio of movable finger length to carapace length. Each point represents one sex of one species. Larger ordinate values correspond to more basal positions of the trichobothria, and larger abscissa values to longer pedipalp fingers. There was a significant inverse correlation between relative length of the portion of the fixed finger distal to db and est (R = -0.6534, -0.5488, respectively), and the relative length of the movable finger (the latter being a measure of elongation of both fixed and movable fingers). Highlighted symbols show that Leiurus (light magenta circles), Cicileiurus (red triangle), Cicileus (green squares) and Compsobuthus (yellow circles) are located in the lower right halves of the plots, i.e. all have relatively elongated fingers and more distal placement of both db and est. Gray circles are data from other Buthus group species. C. Scatter plot of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db vs. the fraction distal to est. The strong positive correlation (R = 0.8052) indicates a tendency for db and est to move together towards more distal locations as the fixed finger becomes more elongated. Species above the diagonal (solid blue) have db proximal to est, and those below have db distal to est. Solid gray lines in A–C are fits by least squares regression through all points. D. Scatter plot of pedipalp femur L/W (a measure of pedipalp elongation) vs. carapace L (a measure of body size). These two variables were not significantly correlated (R = 0.094). Data were compiled from the literature and specimens in the authors collections for 38 genera and 203 species representing the majority of taxa in the Buthus group, including both males (N = 124) and females (N = 97). Genera (and number of species) included: Afghanobuthus (1), Androctonus (11), Apistobuthus (2), Baloorthochirus (1), Birulatus (2), Buthacus (13), Butheoloides (11), Butheolus (5), Buthiscus (1), Buthus (26), Cicileiurus (1), Cicileus (2), Compsobuthus (33), Congobuthus (1), Darchenia (1), Gint (1), Hemibuthus (1), Hottentotta (31), Leiurus (10), Liobuthus (1), Lissothus (3), Mesobuthus (7), Neobuthus (2), Odontobuthus (6), Orthochirus (12), Pantobuthus (1), Pectinibuthus (1), Plesiobuthus (1), Polisius (1), Razianus (3), Saharobuthus (1), Somalibuthus (1), Vachoniolus (4), Vachonus (1).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505832/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505832	Figure 99: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for nine species of Leiurus distributed over northeast Africa, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by elevation with shaded relief. Additional locality data for: L. abdullahbayrami from Yağmur et al., 2009; for L. brachycentrus Ehrenberg, 1829 stat. n., from Simon, 1882 (Buthus beccarii).	Figure 99: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for nine species of Leiurus distributed over northeast Africa, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by elevation with shaded relief. Additional locality data for: L. abdullahbayrami from Yağmur et al., 2009; for L. brachycentrus Ehrenberg, 1829 stat. n., from Simon, 1882 (Buthus beccarii).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2046196DFEEA8DE2D816FF7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505834/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505834	Figure 100: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for five species of Leiurus from the Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by terrain with shaded relief, indicating major physiographic regions.	Figure 100: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for five species of Leiurus from the Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by terrain with shaded relief, indicating major physiographic regions.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505672/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505672	Figure 23: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., holotype female. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	Figure 23: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., holotype female. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505674/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505674	Figure 24: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., holotype female. Habitus, ventral aspect. Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	Figure 24: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., holotype female. Habitus, ventral aspect. Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505676/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505676	Figure 25: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., holotype female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	Figure 25: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., holotype female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505678/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505678	Figure 26: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., holotype female. Pedipalp. A. Right femur, dorsal aspect. B. Right patella, dorsal aspect. C. Right patella, external aspect. D. Left chela, dorsal aspect. E. Left chela, ventral aspect. F. Left movable finger dentition. G. Left fixed finger dentition. H. Left chela, external aspect. Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	Figure 26: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., holotype female. Pedipalp. A. Right femur, dorsal aspect. B. Right patella, dorsal aspect. C. Right patella, external aspect. D. Left chela, dorsal aspect. E. Left chela, ventral aspect. F. Left movable finger dentition. G. Left fixed finger dentition. H. Left chela, external aspect. Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505680/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505680	Figure 27: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	Figure 27: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505682/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505682	Figure 28: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	Figure 28: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505684/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505684	Figure 29: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	Figure 29: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505688/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505688	Figure 30: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Chela, external aspect. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	Figure 30: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Chela, external aspect. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505690/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505690	Figure 31: Leiurus haenggii sp. n. Metasoma. A. Male, lateral aspect. B. Male, ventral aspect. C. Female, lateral aspect. D. Female, ventral aspect. Male paratype, Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2). Female holotype, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	Figure 31: Leiurus haenggii sp. n. Metasoma. A. Male, lateral aspect. B. Male, ventral aspect. C. Female, lateral aspect. D. Female, ventral aspect. Male paratype, Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2). Female holotype, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505692/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505692	Figure 32: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., holotype female. Tarsi. A–D. Left telotarsus and distal basitarsus, ventral aspect. A. Leg I. B. Leg II. C. Leg III. D. Leg IV. E. Right basitarsus III retrolateral aspect. Upper scale bar: A–D, lower scale bar: E. Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	Figure 32: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., holotype female. Tarsi. A–D. Left telotarsus and distal basitarsus, ventral aspect. A. Leg I. B. Leg II. C. Leg III. D. Leg IV. E. Right basitarsus III retrolateral aspect. Upper scale bar: A–D, lower scale bar: E. Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505694/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505694	Figure 33: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. Trichobothrial map of pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, external aspect. E. Chela, ventral aspect. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	Figure 33: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. Trichobothrial map of pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, external aspect. E. Chela, ventral aspect. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505697/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505697	Figure 34: Leiurus haenggii sp. n.. A. Paratype female. B. Paratype male. Habitus in vivo, dorsal aspect. Captive bred from Sana'a, Yemen (M. Heule).	Figure 34: Leiurus haenggii sp. n.. A. Paratype female. B. Paratype male. Habitus in vivo, dorsal aspect. Captive bred from Sana'a, Yemen (M. Heule).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505721/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505721	Figure 46: Morphometric differentiation between female Leiurus arabicus sp. n. and L. haenggii sp. n. A. Scatter plot of the compound morphometric ratio (slenderness factor) Fs = a.b.c (where a = metasoma III L/W, b = pedipalp patella L/W, c = leg III patella L/D) vs. Carapace L (N = 30 L. arabicus, N = 43 L. haenggii). The distribution of ratios of the two species were overlapped for juveniles and young, and were increasingly separated in subadults and adults, as segments of L. arabicus become more slender by allometric growth. B, C, D. Log-log scatter plots of metasoma III L vs. W, pedipalp patella L vs. W, and leg III patella L vs. D, respectively. Linear regression was applied separately to data sets split into upper and lower size ranges for each species (red lines). Numbers show fitted slope ± standard deviation (SD), with SD ranges in brackets. Slopes were similar between L. arabicus and L. haenggii over the lower size range, and diverged over the upper size range. For all three segments, allometry was significantly diphasic in L. arabicus, and only weakly so, or monophasic, in L. haenggii.	Figure 46: Morphometric differentiation between female Leiurus arabicus sp. n. and L. haenggii sp. n. A. Scatter plot of the compound morphometric ratio (slenderness factor) Fs = a.b.c (where a = metasoma III L/W, b = pedipalp patella L/W, c = leg III patella L/D) vs. Carapace L (N = 30 L. arabicus, N = 43 L. haenggii). The distribution of ratios of the two species were overlapped for juveniles and young, and were increasingly separated in subadults and adults, as segments of L. arabicus become more slender by allometric growth. B, C, D. Log-log scatter plots of metasoma III L vs. W, pedipalp patella L vs. W, and leg III patella L vs. D, respectively. Linear regression was applied separately to data sets split into upper and lower size ranges for each species (red lines). Numbers show fitted slope ± standard deviation (SD), with SD ranges in brackets. Slopes were similar between L. arabicus and L. haenggii over the lower size range, and diverged over the upper size range. For all three segments, allometry was significantly diphasic in L. arabicus, and only weakly so, or monophasic, in L. haenggii.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505745/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505745	Figure 58: Hemispermatophores of new Leiurus species. A. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype male, Duhai, Oman. B. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype male, Jabal Qara, Oman. Distal portions hemispermatophores illustrated to show flagellum and lobes (right hemispermatophores, convex aspect). Scale bars: 1 mm.	Figure 58: Hemispermatophores of new Leiurus species. A. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype male, Duhai, Oman. B. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype male, Jabal Qara, Oman. Distal portions hemispermatophores illustrated to show flagellum and lobes (right hemispermatophores, convex aspect). Scale bars: 1 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505747/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505747	Figure 59: Chelicerae of Leiurus species. A, B. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype male, Thumrait, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) aspect. C, D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype male, Jabal Qara, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) aspect. E, F. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829), female, Al Mansuriah, Yemen. Right chelicera, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) aspect. G, H. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) aspect. Scale bar in A: 1 mm (also applies to B–H).	Figure 59: Chelicerae of Leiurus species. A, B. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype male, Thumrait, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) aspect. C, D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype male, Jabal Qara, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) aspect. E, F. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829), female, Al Mansuriah, Yemen. Right chelicera, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) aspect. G, H. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) aspect. Scale bar in A: 1 mm (also applies to B–H).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505806/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505806	Figure 87: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 87: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505808/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505808	Figure 88: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n.. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 88: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n.. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505810/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505810	Figure 89: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 89: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505812/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505812	Figure 90: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 90: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505814/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505814	Figure 91: Pigmentation patterns of metasoma IV, V of Leiurus species, ventral aspect. A. L. haenggii sp. n., holotype female, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k). B. L. macroctenus sp. n., holotype male, Thumrait, Oman. C. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. D. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Cairo, Egypt (NHMB 17d). E. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male, Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag). F. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype female, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). G. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female, Israel (NHMB 17a). H. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, male, Eski Sarkaya Village, Turkey. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 91: Pigmentation patterns of metasoma IV, V of Leiurus species, ventral aspect. A. L. haenggii sp. n., holotype female, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k). B. L. macroctenus sp. n., holotype male, Thumrait, Oman. C. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. D. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Cairo, Egypt (NHMB 17d). E. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male, Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag). F. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype female, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). G. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female, Israel (NHMB 17a). H. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, male, Eski Sarkaya Village, Turkey. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505816/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505816	Figure 92: Sternite III of Leiurus spp., female. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. B. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). C. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Al Amar, Bahrain (NHMB 17bg). D. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. E. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Turabah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). F. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Adnan, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17am). G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Thumrait, Oman. J. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). K. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	Figure 92: Sternite III of Leiurus spp., female. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. B. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). C. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Al Amar, Bahrain (NHMB 17bg). D. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. E. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Turabah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). F. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Adnan, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17am). G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Thumrait, Oman. J. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). K. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505818/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505818	Figure 93: Medial intercarinal areas of tergite III of female Leiurus spp. A. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. B. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Wadi Khumrah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17bj). C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Yemen. D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Maraba, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). E. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. F. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). J. L. hebraeus Birula, 1908, Kurayyima, Jordan. K. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	Figure 93: Medial intercarinal areas of tergite III of female Leiurus spp. A. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. B. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Wadi Khumrah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17bj). C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Yemen. D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Maraba, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). E. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. F. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). J. L. hebraeus Birula, 1908, Kurayyima, Jordan. K. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505820/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505820	Figure 94: Comparative analysis of granulation on tergite III of female Leiurus. A. UV fluorescence image of tergite III medial intercarinal surface of L. quinquestriatus (Egypt). B. Mask of granulation pattern on medial intercarinal surface from image in Figure 94A. C. Enlarged view of tergite III granulation in rectangular area indicated in Figure 94A. Granules were identified as local maxima of fluorescence intensity with contour shadows cast by directional UV illumination, and were modeled by elliptical regions-of-interest (ROIs). Parameters of granule ROIs were measured in ImageJ 1.44 (Rasband, 1997–2011). Area of granulometric analysis was restricted to surfaces bounded by the lateral and posterior marginal carinae, and a line passing through oblique, anterior transverse rows of enlarged granules (granules along carinae and bounding lines were omitted). D. Scatter plot of mean granule diameter vs. total granule area for 4 species of Leiurus (L. arabicus sp. n., L. haenggii sp. n., L. hebraeus stat. n. and L. quinquestriatus). Each point represents granulometric data derived from tergite III of one scorpion specimen (bilaterally, as shown in Figure 94B). Data were extracted from 18,423 ROIs from 36 scorpions. For each specimen, total granule area (a measure of density of granulation) was computed as sum of areas of all ROIs, and mean ROI diameter (a measure of coarseness of granulation) as the mean value of the maximum diameters of all granule ROIs. For comparative analysis, images from different size scorpions were resampled to equalize the distance between left and right posterior marginal granules of the lateral carinae (arbitrarily set to 4,000 units or pixels; linear dimensions expressed as [pixel], areas as [pixel2]). The total granule area separated the species into 2 groups: i.e. sparsely granulated (L. arabicus, L. haenggii) and densely granulated (L. hebraeus, L. quinquestriatus). In contrast, the distributions of ROI diameter were broadly overlapping. E. To obtain a more sensitive comparison of the coarseness of granulation, normalized cumulative distributions of single ROI areas for 3 species of Leiurus were computed (inset indicates number of scorpions analyzed). Relative horizontal positions of these curves indicated increasing coarseness of granulation, in rank order: L. haenggii <L. quinquestriatus <L. hebraeus (Ngranules = 2103, 5202, 2190 respectively). This ranking was confirmed by a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test which detected significant differences between the distributions of log (granule area) (P <0.001).	Figure 94: Comparative analysis of granulation on tergite III of female Leiurus. A. UV fluorescence image of tergite III medial intercarinal surface of L. quinquestriatus (Egypt). B. Mask of granulation pattern on medial intercarinal surface from image in Figure 94A. C. Enlarged view of tergite III granulation in rectangular area indicated in Figure 94A. Granules were identified as local maxima of fluorescence intensity with contour shadows cast by directional UV illumination, and were modeled by elliptical regions-of-interest (ROIs). Parameters of granule ROIs were measured in ImageJ 1.44 (Rasband, 1997–2011). Area of granulometric analysis was restricted to surfaces bounded by the lateral and posterior marginal carinae, and a line passing through oblique, anterior transverse rows of enlarged granules (granules along carinae and bounding lines were omitted). D. Scatter plot of mean granule diameter vs. total granule area for 4 species of Leiurus (L. arabicus sp. n., L. haenggii sp. n., L. hebraeus stat. n. and L. quinquestriatus). Each point represents granulometric data derived from tergite III of one scorpion specimen (bilaterally, as shown in Figure 94B). Data were extracted from 18,423 ROIs from 36 scorpions. For each specimen, total granule area (a measure of density of granulation) was computed as sum of areas of all ROIs, and mean ROI diameter (a measure of coarseness of granulation) as the mean value of the maximum diameters of all granule ROIs. For comparative analysis, images from different size scorpions were resampled to equalize the distance between left and right posterior marginal granules of the lateral carinae (arbitrarily set to 4,000 units or pixels; linear dimensions expressed as [pixel], areas as [pixel2]). The total granule area separated the species into 2 groups: i.e. sparsely granulated (L. arabicus, L. haenggii) and densely granulated (L. hebraeus, L. quinquestriatus). In contrast, the distributions of ROI diameter were broadly overlapping. E. To obtain a more sensitive comparison of the coarseness of granulation, normalized cumulative distributions of single ROI areas for 3 species of Leiurus were computed (inset indicates number of scorpions analyzed). Relative horizontal positions of these curves indicated increasing coarseness of granulation, in rank order: L. haenggii <L. quinquestriatus <L. hebraeus (Ngranules = 2103, 5202, 2190 respectively). This ranking was confirmed by a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test which detected significant differences between the distributions of log (granule area) (P <0.001).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505822/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505822	Figure 95: Variation in key diagnostic biometrics of adult Leiurus spp. A. Cumulative distributions of position of trichobothrium db relative to est on pedipalp fixed finger for: L. abdullahbayrami (53), L. brachycentrus stat. n. (11), L. hebraeus stat. n. (38), L. macroctenus sp. n. (176), L. quinquestriatus (61), L. haenggii sp. n. (158), L. arabicus sp. n. (87) (number of fingers measured in parentheses). Data for males and females were pooled. The db–est distances were normalized to pedipalp movable finger length (chord length from finger tip to external articular condyle), with positive values indicating db distal to est, negative values indicating db proximal to est. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.06367) and L. arabicus sp. n. (µ = 0.06671) were not significantly different (P = 0.405148, t test), indicating a close relationship between these species. Distribution of L. quinquestriatus (µ = 0.047313) was significantly different from those of L. haenggii and L. arabicus (P = 0.000102 and 0.000030 respectively). B. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L (MPSM, indicated in inset) to metasoma I W, and to carapace L, showing differences in relative pectinal tooth size in females of nine species of Leiurus. C. A subset of the female data in Figure 95B, plotted as cumulative distributions of morphometric ratio of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.102268) and L. arabicus (µ = 0.10432) were not significantly different (P> 0.1, K-S test). D. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W (relative size of pectine teeth), and metasoma II L/W (slenderness of metasoma II) for females of nine species of Leiurus. A, C, D: symbol key as in Figure 95B.	Figure 95: Variation in key diagnostic biometrics of adult Leiurus spp. A. Cumulative distributions of position of trichobothrium db relative to est on pedipalp fixed finger for: L. abdullahbayrami (53), L. brachycentrus stat. n. (11), L. hebraeus stat. n. (38), L. macroctenus sp. n. (176), L. quinquestriatus (61), L. haenggii sp. n. (158), L. arabicus sp. n. (87) (number of fingers measured in parentheses). Data for males and females were pooled. The db–est distances were normalized to pedipalp movable finger length (chord length from finger tip to external articular condyle), with positive values indicating db distal to est, negative values indicating db proximal to est. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.06367) and L. arabicus sp. n. (µ = 0.06671) were not significantly different (P = 0.405148, t test), indicating a close relationship between these species. Distribution of L. quinquestriatus (µ = 0.047313) was significantly different from those of L. haenggii and L. arabicus (P = 0.000102 and 0.000030 respectively). B. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L (MPSM, indicated in inset) to metasoma I W, and to carapace L, showing differences in relative pectinal tooth size in females of nine species of Leiurus. C. A subset of the female data in Figure 95B, plotted as cumulative distributions of morphometric ratio of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.102268) and L. arabicus (µ = 0.10432) were not significantly different (P> 0.1, K-S test). D. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W (relative size of pectine teeth), and metasoma II L/W (slenderness of metasoma II) for females of nine species of Leiurus. A, C, D: symbol key as in Figure 95B.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505828/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505828	Figure 98: Selected morphometrics of Leiurus, Cicileiurus, Cicileus and Compsobuthus compared to other Buthus group scorpions. A–B. Scatter plots of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db (A) and est (B) vs. the ratio of movable finger length to carapace length. Each point represents one sex of one species. Larger ordinate values correspond to more basal positions of the trichobothria, and larger abscissa values to longer pedipalp fingers. There was a significant inverse correlation between relative length of the portion of the fixed finger distal to db and est (R = -0.6534, -0.5488, respectively), and the relative length of the movable finger (the latter being a measure of elongation of both fixed and movable fingers). Highlighted symbols show that Leiurus (light magenta circles), Cicileiurus (red triangle), Cicileus (green squares) and Compsobuthus (yellow circles) are located in the lower right halves of the plots, i.e. all have relatively elongated fingers and more distal placement of both db and est. Gray circles are data from other Buthus group species. C. Scatter plot of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db vs. the fraction distal to est. The strong positive correlation (R = 0.8052) indicates a tendency for db and est to move together towards more distal locations as the fixed finger becomes more elongated. Species above the diagonal (solid blue) have db proximal to est, and those below have db distal to est. Solid gray lines in A–C are fits by least squares regression through all points. D. Scatter plot of pedipalp femur L/W (a measure of pedipalp elongation) vs. carapace L (a measure of body size). These two variables were not significantly correlated (R = 0.094). Data were compiled from the literature and specimens in the authors collections for 38 genera and 203 species representing the majority of taxa in the Buthus group, including both males (N = 124) and females (N = 97). Genera (and number of species) included: Afghanobuthus (1), Androctonus (11), Apistobuthus (2), Baloorthochirus (1), Birulatus (2), Buthacus (13), Butheoloides (11), Butheolus (5), Buthiscus (1), Buthus (26), Cicileiurus (1), Cicileus (2), Compsobuthus (33), Congobuthus (1), Darchenia (1), Gint (1), Hemibuthus (1), Hottentotta (31), Leiurus (10), Liobuthus (1), Lissothus (3), Mesobuthus (7), Neobuthus (2), Odontobuthus (6), Orthochirus (12), Pantobuthus (1), Pectinibuthus (1), Plesiobuthus (1), Polisius (1), Razianus (3), Saharobuthus (1), Somalibuthus (1), Vachoniolus (4), Vachonus (1).	Figure 98: Selected morphometrics of Leiurus, Cicileiurus, Cicileus and Compsobuthus compared to other Buthus group scorpions. A–B. Scatter plots of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db (A) and est (B) vs. the ratio of movable finger length to carapace length. Each point represents one sex of one species. Larger ordinate values correspond to more basal positions of the trichobothria, and larger abscissa values to longer pedipalp fingers. There was a significant inverse correlation between relative length of the portion of the fixed finger distal to db and est (R = -0.6534, -0.5488, respectively), and the relative length of the movable finger (the latter being a measure of elongation of both fixed and movable fingers). Highlighted symbols show that Leiurus (light magenta circles), Cicileiurus (red triangle), Cicileus (green squares) and Compsobuthus (yellow circles) are located in the lower right halves of the plots, i.e. all have relatively elongated fingers and more distal placement of both db and est. Gray circles are data from other Buthus group species. C. Scatter plot of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db vs. the fraction distal to est. The strong positive correlation (R = 0.8052) indicates a tendency for db and est to move together towards more distal locations as the fixed finger becomes more elongated. Species above the diagonal (solid blue) have db proximal to est, and those below have db distal to est. Solid gray lines in A–C are fits by least squares regression through all points. D. Scatter plot of pedipalp femur L/W (a measure of pedipalp elongation) vs. carapace L (a measure of body size). These two variables were not significantly correlated (R = 0.094). Data were compiled from the literature and specimens in the authors collections for 38 genera and 203 species representing the majority of taxa in the Buthus group, including both males (N = 124) and females (N = 97). Genera (and number of species) included: Afghanobuthus (1), Androctonus (11), Apistobuthus (2), Baloorthochirus (1), Birulatus (2), Buthacus (13), Butheoloides (11), Butheolus (5), Buthiscus (1), Buthus (26), Cicileiurus (1), Cicileus (2), Compsobuthus (33), Congobuthus (1), Darchenia (1), Gint (1), Hemibuthus (1), Hottentotta (31), Leiurus (10), Liobuthus (1), Lissothus (3), Mesobuthus (7), Neobuthus (2), Odontobuthus (6), Orthochirus (12), Pantobuthus (1), Pectinibuthus (1), Plesiobuthus (1), Polisius (1), Razianus (3), Saharobuthus (1), Somalibuthus (1), Vachoniolus (4), Vachonus (1).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505832/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505832	Figure 99: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for nine species of Leiurus distributed over northeast Africa, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by elevation with shaded relief. Additional locality data for: L. abdullahbayrami from Yağmur et al., 2009; for L. brachycentrus Ehrenberg, 1829 stat. n., from Simon, 1882 (Buthus beccarii).	Figure 99: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for nine species of Leiurus distributed over northeast Africa, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by elevation with shaded relief. Additional locality data for: L. abdullahbayrami from Yağmur et al., 2009; for L. brachycentrus Ehrenberg, 1829 stat. n., from Simon, 1882 (Buthus beccarii).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2071197FFC018C0BDED4FD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505834/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505834	Figure 100: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for five species of Leiurus from the Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by terrain with shaded relief, indicating major physiographic regions.	Figure 100: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for five species of Leiurus from the Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by terrain with shaded relief, indicating major physiographic regions.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505676/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505676	Figure 25: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., holotype female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	Figure 25: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., holotype female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505678/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505678	Figure 26: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., holotype female. Pedipalp. A. Right femur, dorsal aspect. B. Right patella, dorsal aspect. C. Right patella, external aspect. D. Left chela, dorsal aspect. E. Left chela, ventral aspect. F. Left movable finger dentition. G. Left fixed finger dentition. H. Left chela, external aspect. Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	Figure 26: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., holotype female. Pedipalp. A. Right femur, dorsal aspect. B. Right patella, dorsal aspect. C. Right patella, external aspect. D. Left chela, dorsal aspect. E. Left chela, ventral aspect. F. Left movable finger dentition. G. Left fixed finger dentition. H. Left chela, external aspect. Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505680/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505680	Figure 27: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	Figure 27: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505682/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505682	Figure 28: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	Figure 28: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505684/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505684	Figure 29: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	Figure 29: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505688/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505688	Figure 30: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Chela, external aspect. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	Figure 30: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Chela, external aspect. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505690/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505690	Figure 31: Leiurus haenggii sp. n. Metasoma. A. Male, lateral aspect. B. Male, ventral aspect. C. Female, lateral aspect. D. Female, ventral aspect. Male paratype, Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2). Female holotype, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	Figure 31: Leiurus haenggii sp. n. Metasoma. A. Male, lateral aspect. B. Male, ventral aspect. C. Female, lateral aspect. D. Female, ventral aspect. Male paratype, Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2). Female holotype, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505692/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505692	Figure 32: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., holotype female. Tarsi. A–D. Left telotarsus and distal basitarsus, ventral aspect. A. Leg I. B. Leg II. C. Leg III. D. Leg IV. E. Right basitarsus III retrolateral aspect. Upper scale bar: A–D, lower scale bar: E. Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	Figure 32: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., holotype female. Tarsi. A–D. Left telotarsus and distal basitarsus, ventral aspect. A. Leg I. B. Leg II. C. Leg III. D. Leg IV. E. Right basitarsus III retrolateral aspect. Upper scale bar: A–D, lower scale bar: E. Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505694/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505694	Figure 33: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. Trichobothrial map of pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, external aspect. E. Chela, ventral aspect. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	Figure 33: Leiurus haenggii sp. n., paratype male. Trichobothrial map of pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, external aspect. E. Chela, ventral aspect. Wadi Asidah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al2).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505697/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505697	Figure 34: Leiurus haenggii sp. n.. A. Paratype female. B. Paratype male. Habitus in vivo, dorsal aspect. Captive bred from Sana'a, Yemen (M. Heule).	Figure 34: Leiurus haenggii sp. n.. A. Paratype female. B. Paratype male. Habitus in vivo, dorsal aspect. Captive bred from Sana'a, Yemen (M. Heule).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505699/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505699	Figure 35: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., holotype female. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq).	Figure 35: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., holotype female. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505701/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505701	Figure 36: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., holotype female. Habitus, ventral aspect. Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq).	Figure 36: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., holotype female. Habitus, ventral aspect. Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505703/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505703	Figure 37: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., holotype female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq).	Figure 37: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., holotype female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505705/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505705	Figure 38: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., holotype female. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Fixed finger dentition. G. Movable finger dentition. H. Chela, external aspect. Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq).	Figure 38: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., holotype female. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Fixed finger dentition. G. Movable finger dentition. H. Chela, external aspect. Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505707/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505707	Figure 39: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., paratype male. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ap).	Figure 39: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., paratype male. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ap).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505709/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505709	Figure 40: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., paratype male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ap).	Figure 40: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., paratype male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ap).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505711/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505711	Figure 41: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., paratype male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ap).	Figure 41: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., paratype male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ap).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505713/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505713	Figure 42: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., paratype male. Left pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, dorsal aspect. E. Chela, ventral aspect. F. Movable finger dentition. G. Fixed finger dentition. H. Chela, external aspect. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ap).	Figure 42: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., paratype male. Left pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, dorsal aspect. E. Chela, ventral aspect. F. Movable finger dentition. G. Fixed finger dentition. H. Chela, external aspect. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ap).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505715/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505715	Figure 43: Leiurus arabicus sp. n. Metasoma. A. Male, lateral aspect. B. Male, ventral aspect. C. Female, lateral aspect. D. Female, ventral aspect. Male paratype, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ap). Female holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ap).	Figure 43: Leiurus arabicus sp. n. Metasoma. A. Male, lateral aspect. B. Male, ventral aspect. C. Female, lateral aspect. D. Female, ventral aspect. Male paratype, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ap). Female holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ap).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505717/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505717	Figure 44: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., holotype female. Tarsi. A-D. Left telotarsus and distal basitarsus, ventral aspect. A. Leg I. B. Leg II. C. Leg III. D. Leg IV. E. Right basitarsus III retrolateral aspect. Upper scale bar: A–D, lower scale bar: E. Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq).	Figure 44: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., holotype female. Tarsi. A-D. Left telotarsus and distal basitarsus, ventral aspect. A. Leg I. B. Leg II. C. Leg III. D. Leg IV. E. Right basitarsus III retrolateral aspect. Upper scale bar: A–D, lower scale bar: E. Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505719/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505719	Figure 45: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., holotype female. Trichobothrial map of pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, external aspect. E. Chela, ventral aspect. Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq).	Figure 45: Leiurus arabicus sp. n., holotype female. Trichobothrial map of pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, external aspect. E. Chela, ventral aspect. Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505721/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505721	Figure 46: Morphometric differentiation between female Leiurus arabicus sp. n. and L. haenggii sp. n. A. Scatter plot of the compound morphometric ratio (slenderness factor) Fs = a.b.c (where a = metasoma III L/W, b = pedipalp patella L/W, c = leg III patella L/D) vs. Carapace L (N = 30 L. arabicus, N = 43 L. haenggii). The distribution of ratios of the two species were overlapped for juveniles and young, and were increasingly separated in subadults and adults, as segments of L. arabicus become more slender by allometric growth. B, C, D. Log-log scatter plots of metasoma III L vs. W, pedipalp patella L vs. W, and leg III patella L vs. D, respectively. Linear regression was applied separately to data sets split into upper and lower size ranges for each species (red lines). Numbers show fitted slope ± standard deviation (SD), with SD ranges in brackets. Slopes were similar between L. arabicus and L. haenggii over the lower size range, and diverged over the upper size range. For all three segments, allometry was significantly diphasic in L. arabicus, and only weakly so, or monophasic, in L. haenggii.	Figure 46: Morphometric differentiation between female Leiurus arabicus sp. n. and L. haenggii sp. n. A. Scatter plot of the compound morphometric ratio (slenderness factor) Fs = a.b.c (where a = metasoma III L/W, b = pedipalp patella L/W, c = leg III patella L/D) vs. Carapace L (N = 30 L. arabicus, N = 43 L. haenggii). The distribution of ratios of the two species were overlapped for juveniles and young, and were increasingly separated in subadults and adults, as segments of L. arabicus become more slender by allometric growth. B, C, D. Log-log scatter plots of metasoma III L vs. W, pedipalp patella L vs. W, and leg III patella L vs. D, respectively. Linear regression was applied separately to data sets split into upper and lower size ranges for each species (red lines). Numbers show fitted slope ± standard deviation (SD), with SD ranges in brackets. Slopes were similar between L. arabicus and L. haenggii over the lower size range, and diverged over the upper size range. For all three segments, allometry was significantly diphasic in L. arabicus, and only weakly so, or monophasic, in L. haenggii.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505745/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505745	Figure 58: Hemispermatophores of new Leiurus species. A. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype male, Duhai, Oman. B. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype male, Jabal Qara, Oman. Distal portions hemispermatophores illustrated to show flagellum and lobes (right hemispermatophores, convex aspect). Scale bars: 1 mm.	Figure 58: Hemispermatophores of new Leiurus species. A. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype male, Duhai, Oman. B. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype male, Jabal Qara, Oman. Distal portions hemispermatophores illustrated to show flagellum and lobes (right hemispermatophores, convex aspect). Scale bars: 1 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505806/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505806	Figure 87: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 87: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505808/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505808	Figure 88: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n.. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 88: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n.. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505810/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505810	Figure 89: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 89: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505812/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505812	Figure 90: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 90: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505814/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505814	Figure 91: Pigmentation patterns of metasoma IV, V of Leiurus species, ventral aspect. A. L. haenggii sp. n., holotype female, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k). B. L. macroctenus sp. n., holotype male, Thumrait, Oman. C. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. D. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Cairo, Egypt (NHMB 17d). E. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male, Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag). F. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype female, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). G. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female, Israel (NHMB 17a). H. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, male, Eski Sarkaya Village, Turkey. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 91: Pigmentation patterns of metasoma IV, V of Leiurus species, ventral aspect. A. L. haenggii sp. n., holotype female, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k). B. L. macroctenus sp. n., holotype male, Thumrait, Oman. C. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. D. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Cairo, Egypt (NHMB 17d). E. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male, Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag). F. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype female, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). G. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female, Israel (NHMB 17a). H. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, male, Eski Sarkaya Village, Turkey. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505816/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505816	Figure 92: Sternite III of Leiurus spp., female. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. B. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). C. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Al Amar, Bahrain (NHMB 17bg). D. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. E. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Turabah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). F. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Adnan, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17am). G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Thumrait, Oman. J. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). K. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	Figure 92: Sternite III of Leiurus spp., female. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. B. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). C. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Al Amar, Bahrain (NHMB 17bg). D. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. E. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Turabah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). F. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Adnan, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17am). G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Thumrait, Oman. J. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). K. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505818/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505818	Figure 93: Medial intercarinal areas of tergite III of female Leiurus spp. A. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. B. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Wadi Khumrah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17bj). C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Yemen. D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Maraba, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). E. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. F. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). J. L. hebraeus Birula, 1908, Kurayyima, Jordan. K. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	Figure 93: Medial intercarinal areas of tergite III of female Leiurus spp. A. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. B. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Wadi Khumrah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17bj). C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Yemen. D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Maraba, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). E. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. F. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). J. L. hebraeus Birula, 1908, Kurayyima, Jordan. K. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505820/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505820	Figure 94: Comparative analysis of granulation on tergite III of female Leiurus. A. UV fluorescence image of tergite III medial intercarinal surface of L. quinquestriatus (Egypt). B. Mask of granulation pattern on medial intercarinal surface from image in Figure 94A. C. Enlarged view of tergite III granulation in rectangular area indicated in Figure 94A. Granules were identified as local maxima of fluorescence intensity with contour shadows cast by directional UV illumination, and were modeled by elliptical regions-of-interest (ROIs). Parameters of granule ROIs were measured in ImageJ 1.44 (Rasband, 1997–2011). Area of granulometric analysis was restricted to surfaces bounded by the lateral and posterior marginal carinae, and a line passing through oblique, anterior transverse rows of enlarged granules (granules along carinae and bounding lines were omitted). D. Scatter plot of mean granule diameter vs. total granule area for 4 species of Leiurus (L. arabicus sp. n., L. haenggii sp. n., L. hebraeus stat. n. and L. quinquestriatus). Each point represents granulometric data derived from tergite III of one scorpion specimen (bilaterally, as shown in Figure 94B). Data were extracted from 18,423 ROIs from 36 scorpions. For each specimen, total granule area (a measure of density of granulation) was computed as sum of areas of all ROIs, and mean ROI diameter (a measure of coarseness of granulation) as the mean value of the maximum diameters of all granule ROIs. For comparative analysis, images from different size scorpions were resampled to equalize the distance between left and right posterior marginal granules of the lateral carinae (arbitrarily set to 4,000 units or pixels; linear dimensions expressed as [pixel], areas as [pixel2]). The total granule area separated the species into 2 groups: i.e. sparsely granulated (L. arabicus, L. haenggii) and densely granulated (L. hebraeus, L. quinquestriatus). In contrast, the distributions of ROI diameter were broadly overlapping. E. To obtain a more sensitive comparison of the coarseness of granulation, normalized cumulative distributions of single ROI areas for 3 species of Leiurus were computed (inset indicates number of scorpions analyzed). Relative horizontal positions of these curves indicated increasing coarseness of granulation, in rank order: L. haenggii <L. quinquestriatus <L. hebraeus (Ngranules = 2103, 5202, 2190 respectively). This ranking was confirmed by a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test which detected significant differences between the distributions of log (granule area) (P <0.001).	Figure 94: Comparative analysis of granulation on tergite III of female Leiurus. A. UV fluorescence image of tergite III medial intercarinal surface of L. quinquestriatus (Egypt). B. Mask of granulation pattern on medial intercarinal surface from image in Figure 94A. C. Enlarged view of tergite III granulation in rectangular area indicated in Figure 94A. Granules were identified as local maxima of fluorescence intensity with contour shadows cast by directional UV illumination, and were modeled by elliptical regions-of-interest (ROIs). Parameters of granule ROIs were measured in ImageJ 1.44 (Rasband, 1997–2011). Area of granulometric analysis was restricted to surfaces bounded by the lateral and posterior marginal carinae, and a line passing through oblique, anterior transverse rows of enlarged granules (granules along carinae and bounding lines were omitted). D. Scatter plot of mean granule diameter vs. total granule area for 4 species of Leiurus (L. arabicus sp. n., L. haenggii sp. n., L. hebraeus stat. n. and L. quinquestriatus). Each point represents granulometric data derived from tergite III of one scorpion specimen (bilaterally, as shown in Figure 94B). Data were extracted from 18,423 ROIs from 36 scorpions. For each specimen, total granule area (a measure of density of granulation) was computed as sum of areas of all ROIs, and mean ROI diameter (a measure of coarseness of granulation) as the mean value of the maximum diameters of all granule ROIs. For comparative analysis, images from different size scorpions were resampled to equalize the distance between left and right posterior marginal granules of the lateral carinae (arbitrarily set to 4,000 units or pixels; linear dimensions expressed as [pixel], areas as [pixel2]). The total granule area separated the species into 2 groups: i.e. sparsely granulated (L. arabicus, L. haenggii) and densely granulated (L. hebraeus, L. quinquestriatus). In contrast, the distributions of ROI diameter were broadly overlapping. E. To obtain a more sensitive comparison of the coarseness of granulation, normalized cumulative distributions of single ROI areas for 3 species of Leiurus were computed (inset indicates number of scorpions analyzed). Relative horizontal positions of these curves indicated increasing coarseness of granulation, in rank order: L. haenggii <L. quinquestriatus <L. hebraeus (Ngranules = 2103, 5202, 2190 respectively). This ranking was confirmed by a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test which detected significant differences between the distributions of log (granule area) (P <0.001).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505822/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505822	Figure 95: Variation in key diagnostic biometrics of adult Leiurus spp. A. Cumulative distributions of position of trichobothrium db relative to est on pedipalp fixed finger for: L. abdullahbayrami (53), L. brachycentrus stat. n. (11), L. hebraeus stat. n. (38), L. macroctenus sp. n. (176), L. quinquestriatus (61), L. haenggii sp. n. (158), L. arabicus sp. n. (87) (number of fingers measured in parentheses). Data for males and females were pooled. The db–est distances were normalized to pedipalp movable finger length (chord length from finger tip to external articular condyle), with positive values indicating db distal to est, negative values indicating db proximal to est. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.06367) and L. arabicus sp. n. (µ = 0.06671) were not significantly different (P = 0.405148, t test), indicating a close relationship between these species. Distribution of L. quinquestriatus (µ = 0.047313) was significantly different from those of L. haenggii and L. arabicus (P = 0.000102 and 0.000030 respectively). B. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L (MPSM, indicated in inset) to metasoma I W, and to carapace L, showing differences in relative pectinal tooth size in females of nine species of Leiurus. C. A subset of the female data in Figure 95B, plotted as cumulative distributions of morphometric ratio of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.102268) and L. arabicus (µ = 0.10432) were not significantly different (P> 0.1, K-S test). D. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W (relative size of pectine teeth), and metasoma II L/W (slenderness of metasoma II) for females of nine species of Leiurus. A, C, D: symbol key as in Figure 95B.	Figure 95: Variation in key diagnostic biometrics of adult Leiurus spp. A. Cumulative distributions of position of trichobothrium db relative to est on pedipalp fixed finger for: L. abdullahbayrami (53), L. brachycentrus stat. n. (11), L. hebraeus stat. n. (38), L. macroctenus sp. n. (176), L. quinquestriatus (61), L. haenggii sp. n. (158), L. arabicus sp. n. (87) (number of fingers measured in parentheses). Data for males and females were pooled. The db–est distances were normalized to pedipalp movable finger length (chord length from finger tip to external articular condyle), with positive values indicating db distal to est, negative values indicating db proximal to est. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.06367) and L. arabicus sp. n. (µ = 0.06671) were not significantly different (P = 0.405148, t test), indicating a close relationship between these species. Distribution of L. quinquestriatus (µ = 0.047313) was significantly different from those of L. haenggii and L. arabicus (P = 0.000102 and 0.000030 respectively). B. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L (MPSM, indicated in inset) to metasoma I W, and to carapace L, showing differences in relative pectinal tooth size in females of nine species of Leiurus. C. A subset of the female data in Figure 95B, plotted as cumulative distributions of morphometric ratio of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.102268) and L. arabicus (µ = 0.10432) were not significantly different (P> 0.1, K-S test). D. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W (relative size of pectine teeth), and metasoma II L/W (slenderness of metasoma II) for females of nine species of Leiurus. A, C, D: symbol key as in Figure 95B.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505828/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505828	Figure 98: Selected morphometrics of Leiurus, Cicileiurus, Cicileus and Compsobuthus compared to other Buthus group scorpions. A–B. Scatter plots of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db (A) and est (B) vs. the ratio of movable finger length to carapace length. Each point represents one sex of one species. Larger ordinate values correspond to more basal positions of the trichobothria, and larger abscissa values to longer pedipalp fingers. There was a significant inverse correlation between relative length of the portion of the fixed finger distal to db and est (R = -0.6534, -0.5488, respectively), and the relative length of the movable finger (the latter being a measure of elongation of both fixed and movable fingers). Highlighted symbols show that Leiurus (light magenta circles), Cicileiurus (red triangle), Cicileus (green squares) and Compsobuthus (yellow circles) are located in the lower right halves of the plots, i.e. all have relatively elongated fingers and more distal placement of both db and est. Gray circles are data from other Buthus group species. C. Scatter plot of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db vs. the fraction distal to est. The strong positive correlation (R = 0.8052) indicates a tendency for db and est to move together towards more distal locations as the fixed finger becomes more elongated. Species above the diagonal (solid blue) have db proximal to est, and those below have db distal to est. Solid gray lines in A–C are fits by least squares regression through all points. D. Scatter plot of pedipalp femur L/W (a measure of pedipalp elongation) vs. carapace L (a measure of body size). These two variables were not significantly correlated (R = 0.094). Data were compiled from the literature and specimens in the authors collections for 38 genera and 203 species representing the majority of taxa in the Buthus group, including both males (N = 124) and females (N = 97). Genera (and number of species) included: Afghanobuthus (1), Androctonus (11), Apistobuthus (2), Baloorthochirus (1), Birulatus (2), Buthacus (13), Butheoloides (11), Butheolus (5), Buthiscus (1), Buthus (26), Cicileiurus (1), Cicileus (2), Compsobuthus (33), Congobuthus (1), Darchenia (1), Gint (1), Hemibuthus (1), Hottentotta (31), Leiurus (10), Liobuthus (1), Lissothus (3), Mesobuthus (7), Neobuthus (2), Odontobuthus (6), Orthochirus (12), Pantobuthus (1), Pectinibuthus (1), Plesiobuthus (1), Polisius (1), Razianus (3), Saharobuthus (1), Somalibuthus (1), Vachoniolus (4), Vachonus (1).	Figure 98: Selected morphometrics of Leiurus, Cicileiurus, Cicileus and Compsobuthus compared to other Buthus group scorpions. A–B. Scatter plots of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db (A) and est (B) vs. the ratio of movable finger length to carapace length. Each point represents one sex of one species. Larger ordinate values correspond to more basal positions of the trichobothria, and larger abscissa values to longer pedipalp fingers. There was a significant inverse correlation between relative length of the portion of the fixed finger distal to db and est (R = -0.6534, -0.5488, respectively), and the relative length of the movable finger (the latter being a measure of elongation of both fixed and movable fingers). Highlighted symbols show that Leiurus (light magenta circles), Cicileiurus (red triangle), Cicileus (green squares) and Compsobuthus (yellow circles) are located in the lower right halves of the plots, i.e. all have relatively elongated fingers and more distal placement of both db and est. Gray circles are data from other Buthus group species. C. Scatter plot of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db vs. the fraction distal to est. The strong positive correlation (R = 0.8052) indicates a tendency for db and est to move together towards more distal locations as the fixed finger becomes more elongated. Species above the diagonal (solid blue) have db proximal to est, and those below have db distal to est. Solid gray lines in A–C are fits by least squares regression through all points. D. Scatter plot of pedipalp femur L/W (a measure of pedipalp elongation) vs. carapace L (a measure of body size). These two variables were not significantly correlated (R = 0.094). Data were compiled from the literature and specimens in the authors collections for 38 genera and 203 species representing the majority of taxa in the Buthus group, including both males (N = 124) and females (N = 97). Genera (and number of species) included: Afghanobuthus (1), Androctonus (11), Apistobuthus (2), Baloorthochirus (1), Birulatus (2), Buthacus (13), Butheoloides (11), Butheolus (5), Buthiscus (1), Buthus (26), Cicileiurus (1), Cicileus (2), Compsobuthus (33), Congobuthus (1), Darchenia (1), Gint (1), Hemibuthus (1), Hottentotta (31), Leiurus (10), Liobuthus (1), Lissothus (3), Mesobuthus (7), Neobuthus (2), Odontobuthus (6), Orthochirus (12), Pantobuthus (1), Pectinibuthus (1), Plesiobuthus (1), Polisius (1), Razianus (3), Saharobuthus (1), Somalibuthus (1), Vachoniolus (4), Vachonus (1).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505832/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505832	Figure 99: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for nine species of Leiurus distributed over northeast Africa, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by elevation with shaded relief. Additional locality data for: L. abdullahbayrami from Yağmur et al., 2009; for L. brachycentrus Ehrenberg, 1829 stat. n., from Simon, 1882 (Buthus beccarii).	Figure 99: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for nine species of Leiurus distributed over northeast Africa, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by elevation with shaded relief. Additional locality data for: L. abdullahbayrami from Yağmur et al., 2009; for L. brachycentrus Ehrenberg, 1829 stat. n., from Simon, 1882 (Buthus beccarii).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20631970FC008FFBDC9EF932.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505834/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505834	Figure 100: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for five species of Leiurus from the Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by terrain with shaded relief, indicating major physiographic regions.	Figure 100: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for five species of Leiurus from the Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by terrain with shaded relief, indicating major physiographic regions.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505723/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505723	Figure 47: Leiurus heberti sp. n., holotype male. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Wadi Andur, Oman.	Figure 47: Leiurus heberti sp. n., holotype male. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Wadi Andur, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505725/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505725	Figure 48: Leiurus heberti sp. n., holotype male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Wadi Andur, Oman.	Figure 48: Leiurus heberti sp. n., holotype male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Wadi Andur, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505727/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505727	Figure 49: Leiurus heberti sp. n., holotype male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Wadi Andur, Oman.	Figure 49: Leiurus heberti sp. n., holotype male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Wadi Andur, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505729/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505729	Figure 50: Leiurus heberti sp. n., holotype male. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Fixed finger dentition. G. Movable finger dentition. H. Chela, external aspect. Wadi Andur, Oman.	Figure 50: Leiurus heberti sp. n., holotype male. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Fixed finger dentition. G. Movable finger dentition. H. Chela, external aspect. Wadi Andur, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505731/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505731	Figure 51: Leiurus heberti sp. n., paratype female. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Jabal Samhan, Oman.	Figure 51: Leiurus heberti sp. n., paratype female. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Jabal Samhan, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505733/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505733	Figure 52: Leiurus heberti sp. n., paratype female. Habitus, ventral aspect. Jabal Samhan, Oman.	Figure 52: Leiurus heberti sp. n., paratype female. Habitus, ventral aspect. Jabal Samhan, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505735/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505735	Figure 53: Leiurus heberti sp. n., paratype female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Jabal Samhan, Oman.	Figure 53: Leiurus heberti sp. n., paratype female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Jabal Samhan, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505737/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505737	Figure 54: Leiurus heberti sp. n., paratype female. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Chela, external aspect. Jabal Samhan, Oman.	Figure 54: Leiurus heberti sp. n., paratype female. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Chela, external aspect. Jabal Samhan, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505739/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505739	Figure 55: Leiurus heberti sp. n. Metasoma. A. Male, lateral aspect. B. Male, ventral aspect. C. Female, lateral aspect. D. Female, ventral aspect. Male holotype, Wadi Andur, Oman. Female paratype, Jabal Samhan, Oman.	Figure 55: Leiurus heberti sp. n. Metasoma. A. Male, lateral aspect. B. Male, ventral aspect. C. Female, lateral aspect. D. Female, ventral aspect. Male holotype, Wadi Andur, Oman. Female paratype, Jabal Samhan, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505741/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505741	Figure 56: Leiurus heberti sp. n., holotype male. Tarsi. A-D. Left telotarsus and distal basitarsus, ventral aspect. A. Leg I. B. Leg II. C. Leg III. D. Leg IV. E. Right basitarsus III retrolateral aspect. Upper scale bar: A–D, lower scale bar: E. Wadi Andur, Oman.	Figure 56: Leiurus heberti sp. n., holotype male. Tarsi. A-D. Left telotarsus and distal basitarsus, ventral aspect. A. Leg I. B. Leg II. C. Leg III. D. Leg IV. E. Right basitarsus III retrolateral aspect. Upper scale bar: A–D, lower scale bar: E. Wadi Andur, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505743/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505743	Figure 57: Leiurus heberti sp. n., holotype male. Trichobothrial map of pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, external aspect. E. Chela, ventral aspect. Wadi Andur, Oman.	Figure 57: Leiurus heberti sp. n., holotype male. Trichobothrial map of pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, external aspect. E. Chela, ventral aspect. Wadi Andur, Oman.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505745/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505745	Figure 58: Hemispermatophores of new Leiurus species. A. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype male, Duhai, Oman. B. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype male, Jabal Qara, Oman. Distal portions hemispermatophores illustrated to show flagellum and lobes (right hemispermatophores, convex aspect). Scale bars: 1 mm.	Figure 58: Hemispermatophores of new Leiurus species. A. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype male, Duhai, Oman. B. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype male, Jabal Qara, Oman. Distal portions hemispermatophores illustrated to show flagellum and lobes (right hemispermatophores, convex aspect). Scale bars: 1 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505747/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505747	Figure 59: Chelicerae of Leiurus species. A, B. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype male, Thumrait, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) aspect. C, D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype male, Jabal Qara, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) aspect. E, F. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829), female, Al Mansuriah, Yemen. Right chelicera, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) aspect. G, H. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) aspect. Scale bar in A: 1 mm (also applies to B–H).	Figure 59: Chelicerae of Leiurus species. A, B. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype male, Thumrait, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) aspect. C, D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype male, Jabal Qara, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) aspect. E, F. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829), female, Al Mansuriah, Yemen. Right chelicera, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) aspect. G, H. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. Right chelicera, ventral (G) and dorsal (H) aspect. Scale bar in A: 1 mm (also applies to B–H).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505806/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505806	Figure 87: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 87: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505808/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505808	Figure 88: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n.. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 88: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n.. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505810/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505810	Figure 89: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 89: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505812/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505812	Figure 90: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 90: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505814/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505814	Figure 91: Pigmentation patterns of metasoma IV, V of Leiurus species, ventral aspect. A. L. haenggii sp. n., holotype female, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k). B. L. macroctenus sp. n., holotype male, Thumrait, Oman. C. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. D. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Cairo, Egypt (NHMB 17d). E. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male, Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag). F. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype female, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). G. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female, Israel (NHMB 17a). H. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, male, Eski Sarkaya Village, Turkey. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 91: Pigmentation patterns of metasoma IV, V of Leiurus species, ventral aspect. A. L. haenggii sp. n., holotype female, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k). B. L. macroctenus sp. n., holotype male, Thumrait, Oman. C. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. D. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Cairo, Egypt (NHMB 17d). E. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male, Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag). F. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype female, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). G. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female, Israel (NHMB 17a). H. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, male, Eski Sarkaya Village, Turkey. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505816/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505816	Figure 92: Sternite III of Leiurus spp., female. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. B. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). C. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Al Amar, Bahrain (NHMB 17bg). D. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. E. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Turabah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). F. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Adnan, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17am). G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Thumrait, Oman. J. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). K. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	Figure 92: Sternite III of Leiurus spp., female. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. B. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). C. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Al Amar, Bahrain (NHMB 17bg). D. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. E. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Turabah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). F. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Adnan, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17am). G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Thumrait, Oman. J. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). K. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505818/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505818	Figure 93: Medial intercarinal areas of tergite III of female Leiurus spp. A. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. B. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Wadi Khumrah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17bj). C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Yemen. D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Maraba, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). E. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. F. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). J. L. hebraeus Birula, 1908, Kurayyima, Jordan. K. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	Figure 93: Medial intercarinal areas of tergite III of female Leiurus spp. A. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. B. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Wadi Khumrah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17bj). C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Yemen. D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Maraba, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). E. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. F. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). J. L. hebraeus Birula, 1908, Kurayyima, Jordan. K. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505822/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505822	Figure 95: Variation in key diagnostic biometrics of adult Leiurus spp. A. Cumulative distributions of position of trichobothrium db relative to est on pedipalp fixed finger for: L. abdullahbayrami (53), L. brachycentrus stat. n. (11), L. hebraeus stat. n. (38), L. macroctenus sp. n. (176), L. quinquestriatus (61), L. haenggii sp. n. (158), L. arabicus sp. n. (87) (number of fingers measured in parentheses). Data for males and females were pooled. The db–est distances were normalized to pedipalp movable finger length (chord length from finger tip to external articular condyle), with positive values indicating db distal to est, negative values indicating db proximal to est. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.06367) and L. arabicus sp. n. (µ = 0.06671) were not significantly different (P = 0.405148, t test), indicating a close relationship between these species. Distribution of L. quinquestriatus (µ = 0.047313) was significantly different from those of L. haenggii and L. arabicus (P = 0.000102 and 0.000030 respectively). B. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L (MPSM, indicated in inset) to metasoma I W, and to carapace L, showing differences in relative pectinal tooth size in females of nine species of Leiurus. C. A subset of the female data in Figure 95B, plotted as cumulative distributions of morphometric ratio of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.102268) and L. arabicus (µ = 0.10432) were not significantly different (P> 0.1, K-S test). D. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W (relative size of pectine teeth), and metasoma II L/W (slenderness of metasoma II) for females of nine species of Leiurus. A, C, D: symbol key as in Figure 95B.	Figure 95: Variation in key diagnostic biometrics of adult Leiurus spp. A. Cumulative distributions of position of trichobothrium db relative to est on pedipalp fixed finger for: L. abdullahbayrami (53), L. brachycentrus stat. n. (11), L. hebraeus stat. n. (38), L. macroctenus sp. n. (176), L. quinquestriatus (61), L. haenggii sp. n. (158), L. arabicus sp. n. (87) (number of fingers measured in parentheses). Data for males and females were pooled. The db–est distances were normalized to pedipalp movable finger length (chord length from finger tip to external articular condyle), with positive values indicating db distal to est, negative values indicating db proximal to est. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.06367) and L. arabicus sp. n. (µ = 0.06671) were not significantly different (P = 0.405148, t test), indicating a close relationship between these species. Distribution of L. quinquestriatus (µ = 0.047313) was significantly different from those of L. haenggii and L. arabicus (P = 0.000102 and 0.000030 respectively). B. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L (MPSM, indicated in inset) to metasoma I W, and to carapace L, showing differences in relative pectinal tooth size in females of nine species of Leiurus. C. A subset of the female data in Figure 95B, plotted as cumulative distributions of morphometric ratio of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.102268) and L. arabicus (µ = 0.10432) were not significantly different (P> 0.1, K-S test). D. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W (relative size of pectine teeth), and metasoma II L/W (slenderness of metasoma II) for females of nine species of Leiurus. A, C, D: symbol key as in Figure 95B.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505828/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505828	Figure 98: Selected morphometrics of Leiurus, Cicileiurus, Cicileus and Compsobuthus compared to other Buthus group scorpions. A–B. Scatter plots of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db (A) and est (B) vs. the ratio of movable finger length to carapace length. Each point represents one sex of one species. Larger ordinate values correspond to more basal positions of the trichobothria, and larger abscissa values to longer pedipalp fingers. There was a significant inverse correlation between relative length of the portion of the fixed finger distal to db and est (R = -0.6534, -0.5488, respectively), and the relative length of the movable finger (the latter being a measure of elongation of both fixed and movable fingers). Highlighted symbols show that Leiurus (light magenta circles), Cicileiurus (red triangle), Cicileus (green squares) and Compsobuthus (yellow circles) are located in the lower right halves of the plots, i.e. all have relatively elongated fingers and more distal placement of both db and est. Gray circles are data from other Buthus group species. C. Scatter plot of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db vs. the fraction distal to est. The strong positive correlation (R = 0.8052) indicates a tendency for db and est to move together towards more distal locations as the fixed finger becomes more elongated. Species above the diagonal (solid blue) have db proximal to est, and those below have db distal to est. Solid gray lines in A–C are fits by least squares regression through all points. D. Scatter plot of pedipalp femur L/W (a measure of pedipalp elongation) vs. carapace L (a measure of body size). These two variables were not significantly correlated (R = 0.094). Data were compiled from the literature and specimens in the authors collections for 38 genera and 203 species representing the majority of taxa in the Buthus group, including both males (N = 124) and females (N = 97). Genera (and number of species) included: Afghanobuthus (1), Androctonus (11), Apistobuthus (2), Baloorthochirus (1), Birulatus (2), Buthacus (13), Butheoloides (11), Butheolus (5), Buthiscus (1), Buthus (26), Cicileiurus (1), Cicileus (2), Compsobuthus (33), Congobuthus (1), Darchenia (1), Gint (1), Hemibuthus (1), Hottentotta (31), Leiurus (10), Liobuthus (1), Lissothus (3), Mesobuthus (7), Neobuthus (2), Odontobuthus (6), Orthochirus (12), Pantobuthus (1), Pectinibuthus (1), Plesiobuthus (1), Polisius (1), Razianus (3), Saharobuthus (1), Somalibuthus (1), Vachoniolus (4), Vachonus (1).	Figure 98: Selected morphometrics of Leiurus, Cicileiurus, Cicileus and Compsobuthus compared to other Buthus group scorpions. A–B. Scatter plots of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db (A) and est (B) vs. the ratio of movable finger length to carapace length. Each point represents one sex of one species. Larger ordinate values correspond to more basal positions of the trichobothria, and larger abscissa values to longer pedipalp fingers. There was a significant inverse correlation between relative length of the portion of the fixed finger distal to db and est (R = -0.6534, -0.5488, respectively), and the relative length of the movable finger (the latter being a measure of elongation of both fixed and movable fingers). Highlighted symbols show that Leiurus (light magenta circles), Cicileiurus (red triangle), Cicileus (green squares) and Compsobuthus (yellow circles) are located in the lower right halves of the plots, i.e. all have relatively elongated fingers and more distal placement of both db and est. Gray circles are data from other Buthus group species. C. Scatter plot of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db vs. the fraction distal to est. The strong positive correlation (R = 0.8052) indicates a tendency for db and est to move together towards more distal locations as the fixed finger becomes more elongated. Species above the diagonal (solid blue) have db proximal to est, and those below have db distal to est. Solid gray lines in A–C are fits by least squares regression through all points. D. Scatter plot of pedipalp femur L/W (a measure of pedipalp elongation) vs. carapace L (a measure of body size). These two variables were not significantly correlated (R = 0.094). Data were compiled from the literature and specimens in the authors collections for 38 genera and 203 species representing the majority of taxa in the Buthus group, including both males (N = 124) and females (N = 97). Genera (and number of species) included: Afghanobuthus (1), Androctonus (11), Apistobuthus (2), Baloorthochirus (1), Birulatus (2), Buthacus (13), Butheoloides (11), Butheolus (5), Buthiscus (1), Buthus (26), Cicileiurus (1), Cicileus (2), Compsobuthus (33), Congobuthus (1), Darchenia (1), Gint (1), Hemibuthus (1), Hottentotta (31), Leiurus (10), Liobuthus (1), Lissothus (3), Mesobuthus (7), Neobuthus (2), Odontobuthus (6), Orthochirus (12), Pantobuthus (1), Pectinibuthus (1), Plesiobuthus (1), Polisius (1), Razianus (3), Saharobuthus (1), Somalibuthus (1), Vachoniolus (4), Vachonus (1).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505832/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505832	Figure 99: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for nine species of Leiurus distributed over northeast Africa, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by elevation with shaded relief. Additional locality data for: L. abdullahbayrami from Yağmur et al., 2009; for L. brachycentrus Ehrenberg, 1829 stat. n., from Simon, 1882 (Buthus beccarii).	Figure 99: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for nine species of Leiurus distributed over northeast Africa, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by elevation with shaded relief. Additional locality data for: L. abdullahbayrami from Yağmur et al., 2009; for L. brachycentrus Ehrenberg, 1829 stat. n., from Simon, 1882 (Buthus beccarii).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF206C1904FEB48BF7D8DEFB63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505834/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505834	Figure 100: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for five species of Leiurus from the Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by terrain with shaded relief, indicating major physiographic regions.	Figure 100: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for five species of Leiurus from the Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by terrain with shaded relief, indicating major physiographic regions.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505749/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505749	Figure 60: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., male. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Israel (NHMB 17a).	Figure 60: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., male. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Israel (NHMB 17a).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505751/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505751	Figure 61: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Israel (NHMB 17a).	Figure 61: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Israel (NHMB 17a).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505753/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505753	Figure 62: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Israel (NHMB 17a).	Figure 62: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Israel (NHMB 17a).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505755/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505755	Figure 63: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., male. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Chela, external aspect. Israel (NHMB 17a).	Figure 63: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., male. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Chela, external aspect. Israel (NHMB 17a).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505757/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505757	Figure 64: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Israel (NHMB 17a).	Figure 64: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Israel (NHMB 17a).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505759/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505759	Figure 65: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female. Habitus, ventral aspect. Israel (NHMB 17a).	Figure 65: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female. Habitus, ventral aspect. Israel (NHMB 17a).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505761/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505761	Figure 66: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Israel (NHMB 17a).	Figure 66: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Israel (NHMB 17a).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505763/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505763	Figure 67: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Fixed finger dentition. G. Movable finger dentition. H. Chela, external aspect. Israel (NHMB 17a).	Figure 67: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Fixed finger dentition. G. Movable finger dentition. H. Chela, external aspect. Israel (NHMB 17a).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505765/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505765	Figure 68: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. Metasoma. A. Male, lateral aspect. B. Male, ventral aspect. C. Female, lateral aspect. D. Female, ventral aspect. Male and female, Israel (NHMB 17a).	Figure 68: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. Metasoma. A. Male, lateral aspect. B. Male, ventral aspect. C. Female, lateral aspect. D. Female, ventral aspect. Male and female, Israel (NHMB 17a).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505767/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505767	Figure 69: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female. Tarsi. A-D. Left telotarsus and distal basitarsus, ventral aspect. A. Leg I. B. Leg II. C. Leg III. D. Leg IV. E. Right basitarsus III retrolateral aspect. A–D: female, Israel (NHMB 17a). E: female, Jericho, Israel (NHMB 17I-a).	Figure 69: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female. Tarsi. A-D. Left telotarsus and distal basitarsus, ventral aspect. A. Leg I. B. Leg II. C. Leg III. D. Leg IV. E. Right basitarsus III retrolateral aspect. A–D: female, Israel (NHMB 17a). E: female, Jericho, Israel (NHMB 17I-a).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505769/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505769	Figure 70: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., lectotype female, designated here (ZISP 578). Habitus. A. Dorsal aspect. B. Ventral aspect. Wadi ‘Arrud, Jordan.	Figure 70: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., lectotype female, designated here (ZISP 578). Habitus. A. Dorsal aspect. B. Ventral aspect. Wadi ‘Arrud, Jordan.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505771/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505771	Figure 71: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., lectotype female and four paralectotypes, designated here (ZISP 578). Wadi ‘Arrud, Jordan. Label text in Russian: “Det. A. Birula, 5 ex. Coll. 25.IV.1897, Petro-Arabia, Wadi-Arrud, Southern shore of the Dead Sea, Davydov.”	Figure 71: Leiurus hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., lectotype female and four paralectotypes, designated here (ZISP 578). Wadi ‘Arrud, Jordan. Label text in Russian: “Det. A. Birula, 5 ex. Coll. 25.IV.1897, Petro-Arabia, Wadi-Arrud, Southern shore of the Dead Sea, Davydov.”	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505806/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505806	Figure 87: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 87: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505808/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505808	Figure 88: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n.. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 88: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n.. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505810/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505810	Figure 89: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 89: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505812/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505812	Figure 90: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 90: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505814/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505814	Figure 91: Pigmentation patterns of metasoma IV, V of Leiurus species, ventral aspect. A. L. haenggii sp. n., holotype female, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k). B. L. macroctenus sp. n., holotype male, Thumrait, Oman. C. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. D. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Cairo, Egypt (NHMB 17d). E. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male, Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag). F. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype female, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). G. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female, Israel (NHMB 17a). H. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, male, Eski Sarkaya Village, Turkey. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 91: Pigmentation patterns of metasoma IV, V of Leiurus species, ventral aspect. A. L. haenggii sp. n., holotype female, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k). B. L. macroctenus sp. n., holotype male, Thumrait, Oman. C. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. D. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Cairo, Egypt (NHMB 17d). E. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male, Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag). F. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype female, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). G. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female, Israel (NHMB 17a). H. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, male, Eski Sarkaya Village, Turkey. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505816/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505816	Figure 92: Sternite III of Leiurus spp., female. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. B. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). C. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Al Amar, Bahrain (NHMB 17bg). D. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. E. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Turabah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). F. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Adnan, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17am). G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Thumrait, Oman. J. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). K. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	Figure 92: Sternite III of Leiurus spp., female. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. B. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). C. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Al Amar, Bahrain (NHMB 17bg). D. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. E. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Turabah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). F. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Adnan, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17am). G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Thumrait, Oman. J. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). K. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505818/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505818	Figure 93: Medial intercarinal areas of tergite III of female Leiurus spp. A. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. B. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Wadi Khumrah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17bj). C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Yemen. D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Maraba, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). E. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. F. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). J. L. hebraeus Birula, 1908, Kurayyima, Jordan. K. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	Figure 93: Medial intercarinal areas of tergite III of female Leiurus spp. A. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. B. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Wadi Khumrah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17bj). C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Yemen. D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Maraba, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). E. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. F. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). J. L. hebraeus Birula, 1908, Kurayyima, Jordan. K. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505820/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505820	Figure 94: Comparative analysis of granulation on tergite III of female Leiurus. A. UV fluorescence image of tergite III medial intercarinal surface of L. quinquestriatus (Egypt). B. Mask of granulation pattern on medial intercarinal surface from image in Figure 94A. C. Enlarged view of tergite III granulation in rectangular area indicated in Figure 94A. Granules were identified as local maxima of fluorescence intensity with contour shadows cast by directional UV illumination, and were modeled by elliptical regions-of-interest (ROIs). Parameters of granule ROIs were measured in ImageJ 1.44 (Rasband, 1997–2011). Area of granulometric analysis was restricted to surfaces bounded by the lateral and posterior marginal carinae, and a line passing through oblique, anterior transverse rows of enlarged granules (granules along carinae and bounding lines were omitted). D. Scatter plot of mean granule diameter vs. total granule area for 4 species of Leiurus (L. arabicus sp. n., L. haenggii sp. n., L. hebraeus stat. n. and L. quinquestriatus). Each point represents granulometric data derived from tergite III of one scorpion specimen (bilaterally, as shown in Figure 94B). Data were extracted from 18,423 ROIs from 36 scorpions. For each specimen, total granule area (a measure of density of granulation) was computed as sum of areas of all ROIs, and mean ROI diameter (a measure of coarseness of granulation) as the mean value of the maximum diameters of all granule ROIs. For comparative analysis, images from different size scorpions were resampled to equalize the distance between left and right posterior marginal granules of the lateral carinae (arbitrarily set to 4,000 units or pixels; linear dimensions expressed as [pixel], areas as [pixel2]). The total granule area separated the species into 2 groups: i.e. sparsely granulated (L. arabicus, L. haenggii) and densely granulated (L. hebraeus, L. quinquestriatus). In contrast, the distributions of ROI diameter were broadly overlapping. E. To obtain a more sensitive comparison of the coarseness of granulation, normalized cumulative distributions of single ROI areas for 3 species of Leiurus were computed (inset indicates number of scorpions analyzed). Relative horizontal positions of these curves indicated increasing coarseness of granulation, in rank order: L. haenggii <L. quinquestriatus <L. hebraeus (Ngranules = 2103, 5202, 2190 respectively). This ranking was confirmed by a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test which detected significant differences between the distributions of log (granule area) (P <0.001).	Figure 94: Comparative analysis of granulation on tergite III of female Leiurus. A. UV fluorescence image of tergite III medial intercarinal surface of L. quinquestriatus (Egypt). B. Mask of granulation pattern on medial intercarinal surface from image in Figure 94A. C. Enlarged view of tergite III granulation in rectangular area indicated in Figure 94A. Granules were identified as local maxima of fluorescence intensity with contour shadows cast by directional UV illumination, and were modeled by elliptical regions-of-interest (ROIs). Parameters of granule ROIs were measured in ImageJ 1.44 (Rasband, 1997–2011). Area of granulometric analysis was restricted to surfaces bounded by the lateral and posterior marginal carinae, and a line passing through oblique, anterior transverse rows of enlarged granules (granules along carinae and bounding lines were omitted). D. Scatter plot of mean granule diameter vs. total granule area for 4 species of Leiurus (L. arabicus sp. n., L. haenggii sp. n., L. hebraeus stat. n. and L. quinquestriatus). Each point represents granulometric data derived from tergite III of one scorpion specimen (bilaterally, as shown in Figure 94B). Data were extracted from 18,423 ROIs from 36 scorpions. For each specimen, total granule area (a measure of density of granulation) was computed as sum of areas of all ROIs, and mean ROI diameter (a measure of coarseness of granulation) as the mean value of the maximum diameters of all granule ROIs. For comparative analysis, images from different size scorpions were resampled to equalize the distance between left and right posterior marginal granules of the lateral carinae (arbitrarily set to 4,000 units or pixels; linear dimensions expressed as [pixel], areas as [pixel2]). The total granule area separated the species into 2 groups: i.e. sparsely granulated (L. arabicus, L. haenggii) and densely granulated (L. hebraeus, L. quinquestriatus). In contrast, the distributions of ROI diameter were broadly overlapping. E. To obtain a more sensitive comparison of the coarseness of granulation, normalized cumulative distributions of single ROI areas for 3 species of Leiurus were computed (inset indicates number of scorpions analyzed). Relative horizontal positions of these curves indicated increasing coarseness of granulation, in rank order: L. haenggii <L. quinquestriatus <L. hebraeus (Ngranules = 2103, 5202, 2190 respectively). This ranking was confirmed by a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test which detected significant differences between the distributions of log (granule area) (P <0.001).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505822/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505822	Figure 95: Variation in key diagnostic biometrics of adult Leiurus spp. A. Cumulative distributions of position of trichobothrium db relative to est on pedipalp fixed finger for: L. abdullahbayrami (53), L. brachycentrus stat. n. (11), L. hebraeus stat. n. (38), L. macroctenus sp. n. (176), L. quinquestriatus (61), L. haenggii sp. n. (158), L. arabicus sp. n. (87) (number of fingers measured in parentheses). Data for males and females were pooled. The db–est distances were normalized to pedipalp movable finger length (chord length from finger tip to external articular condyle), with positive values indicating db distal to est, negative values indicating db proximal to est. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.06367) and L. arabicus sp. n. (µ = 0.06671) were not significantly different (P = 0.405148, t test), indicating a close relationship between these species. Distribution of L. quinquestriatus (µ = 0.047313) was significantly different from those of L. haenggii and L. arabicus (P = 0.000102 and 0.000030 respectively). B. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L (MPSM, indicated in inset) to metasoma I W, and to carapace L, showing differences in relative pectinal tooth size in females of nine species of Leiurus. C. A subset of the female data in Figure 95B, plotted as cumulative distributions of morphometric ratio of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.102268) and L. arabicus (µ = 0.10432) were not significantly different (P> 0.1, K-S test). D. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W (relative size of pectine teeth), and metasoma II L/W (slenderness of metasoma II) for females of nine species of Leiurus. A, C, D: symbol key as in Figure 95B.	Figure 95: Variation in key diagnostic biometrics of adult Leiurus spp. A. Cumulative distributions of position of trichobothrium db relative to est on pedipalp fixed finger for: L. abdullahbayrami (53), L. brachycentrus stat. n. (11), L. hebraeus stat. n. (38), L. macroctenus sp. n. (176), L. quinquestriatus (61), L. haenggii sp. n. (158), L. arabicus sp. n. (87) (number of fingers measured in parentheses). Data for males and females were pooled. The db–est distances were normalized to pedipalp movable finger length (chord length from finger tip to external articular condyle), with positive values indicating db distal to est, negative values indicating db proximal to est. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.06367) and L. arabicus sp. n. (µ = 0.06671) were not significantly different (P = 0.405148, t test), indicating a close relationship between these species. Distribution of L. quinquestriatus (µ = 0.047313) was significantly different from those of L. haenggii and L. arabicus (P = 0.000102 and 0.000030 respectively). B. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L (MPSM, indicated in inset) to metasoma I W, and to carapace L, showing differences in relative pectinal tooth size in females of nine species of Leiurus. C. A subset of the female data in Figure 95B, plotted as cumulative distributions of morphometric ratio of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.102268) and L. arabicus (µ = 0.10432) were not significantly different (P> 0.1, K-S test). D. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W (relative size of pectine teeth), and metasoma II L/W (slenderness of metasoma II) for females of nine species of Leiurus. A, C, D: symbol key as in Figure 95B.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505828/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505828	Figure 98: Selected morphometrics of Leiurus, Cicileiurus, Cicileus and Compsobuthus compared to other Buthus group scorpions. A–B. Scatter plots of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db (A) and est (B) vs. the ratio of movable finger length to carapace length. Each point represents one sex of one species. Larger ordinate values correspond to more basal positions of the trichobothria, and larger abscissa values to longer pedipalp fingers. There was a significant inverse correlation between relative length of the portion of the fixed finger distal to db and est (R = -0.6534, -0.5488, respectively), and the relative length of the movable finger (the latter being a measure of elongation of both fixed and movable fingers). Highlighted symbols show that Leiurus (light magenta circles), Cicileiurus (red triangle), Cicileus (green squares) and Compsobuthus (yellow circles) are located in the lower right halves of the plots, i.e. all have relatively elongated fingers and more distal placement of both db and est. Gray circles are data from other Buthus group species. C. Scatter plot of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db vs. the fraction distal to est. The strong positive correlation (R = 0.8052) indicates a tendency for db and est to move together towards more distal locations as the fixed finger becomes more elongated. Species above the diagonal (solid blue) have db proximal to est, and those below have db distal to est. Solid gray lines in A–C are fits by least squares regression through all points. D. Scatter plot of pedipalp femur L/W (a measure of pedipalp elongation) vs. carapace L (a measure of body size). These two variables were not significantly correlated (R = 0.094). Data were compiled from the literature and specimens in the authors collections for 38 genera and 203 species representing the majority of taxa in the Buthus group, including both males (N = 124) and females (N = 97). Genera (and number of species) included: Afghanobuthus (1), Androctonus (11), Apistobuthus (2), Baloorthochirus (1), Birulatus (2), Buthacus (13), Butheoloides (11), Butheolus (5), Buthiscus (1), Buthus (26), Cicileiurus (1), Cicileus (2), Compsobuthus (33), Congobuthus (1), Darchenia (1), Gint (1), Hemibuthus (1), Hottentotta (31), Leiurus (10), Liobuthus (1), Lissothus (3), Mesobuthus (7), Neobuthus (2), Odontobuthus (6), Orthochirus (12), Pantobuthus (1), Pectinibuthus (1), Plesiobuthus (1), Polisius (1), Razianus (3), Saharobuthus (1), Somalibuthus (1), Vachoniolus (4), Vachonus (1).	Figure 98: Selected morphometrics of Leiurus, Cicileiurus, Cicileus and Compsobuthus compared to other Buthus group scorpions. A–B. Scatter plots of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db (A) and est (B) vs. the ratio of movable finger length to carapace length. Each point represents one sex of one species. Larger ordinate values correspond to more basal positions of the trichobothria, and larger abscissa values to longer pedipalp fingers. There was a significant inverse correlation between relative length of the portion of the fixed finger distal to db and est (R = -0.6534, -0.5488, respectively), and the relative length of the movable finger (the latter being a measure of elongation of both fixed and movable fingers). Highlighted symbols show that Leiurus (light magenta circles), Cicileiurus (red triangle), Cicileus (green squares) and Compsobuthus (yellow circles) are located in the lower right halves of the plots, i.e. all have relatively elongated fingers and more distal placement of both db and est. Gray circles are data from other Buthus group species. C. Scatter plot of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db vs. the fraction distal to est. The strong positive correlation (R = 0.8052) indicates a tendency for db and est to move together towards more distal locations as the fixed finger becomes more elongated. Species above the diagonal (solid blue) have db proximal to est, and those below have db distal to est. Solid gray lines in A–C are fits by least squares regression through all points. D. Scatter plot of pedipalp femur L/W (a measure of pedipalp elongation) vs. carapace L (a measure of body size). These two variables were not significantly correlated (R = 0.094). Data were compiled from the literature and specimens in the authors collections for 38 genera and 203 species representing the majority of taxa in the Buthus group, including both males (N = 124) and females (N = 97). Genera (and number of species) included: Afghanobuthus (1), Androctonus (11), Apistobuthus (2), Baloorthochirus (1), Birulatus (2), Buthacus (13), Butheoloides (11), Butheolus (5), Buthiscus (1), Buthus (26), Cicileiurus (1), Cicileus (2), Compsobuthus (33), Congobuthus (1), Darchenia (1), Gint (1), Hemibuthus (1), Hottentotta (31), Leiurus (10), Liobuthus (1), Lissothus (3), Mesobuthus (7), Neobuthus (2), Odontobuthus (6), Orthochirus (12), Pantobuthus (1), Pectinibuthus (1), Plesiobuthus (1), Polisius (1), Razianus (3), Saharobuthus (1), Somalibuthus (1), Vachoniolus (4), Vachonus (1).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505832/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505832	Figure 99: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for nine species of Leiurus distributed over northeast Africa, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by elevation with shaded relief. Additional locality data for: L. abdullahbayrami from Yağmur et al., 2009; for L. brachycentrus Ehrenberg, 1829 stat. n., from Simon, 1882 (Buthus beccarii).	Figure 99: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for nine species of Leiurus distributed over northeast Africa, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by elevation with shaded relief. Additional locality data for: L. abdullahbayrami from Yağmur et al., 2009; for L. brachycentrus Ehrenberg, 1829 stat. n., from Simon, 1882 (Buthus beccarii).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF2018191FFCBC8822DCDCF930.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505626/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505626	Figure 2: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag).	Figure 2: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505773/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505773	Figure 72: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), male. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17g).	Figure 72: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), male. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17g).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505776/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505776	Figure 73: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17g).	Figure 73: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17g).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505778/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505778	Figure 74: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17g).	Figure 74: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17g).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505780/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505780	Figure 75: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), male. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Chela, external aspect. Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17g).	Figure 75: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), male. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Chela, external aspect. Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17g).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505782/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505782	Figure 76: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17g).	Figure 76: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17g).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505784/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505784	Figure 77: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female. Habitus, ventral aspect. Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17g).	Figure 77: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female. Habitus, ventral aspect. Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17g).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505786/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505786	Figure 78: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17g).	Figure 78: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17g).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505790/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505790	Figure 79: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Fixed finger dentition. G. Movable finger dentition. H. Chela, external aspect. Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17g).	Figure 79: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female. Right pedipalp. A. Femur, dorsal aspect. B. Patella, dorsal aspect. C. Patella, external aspect. D. Chela, ventral aspect. E. Chela, dorsal aspect. F. Fixed finger dentition. G. Movable finger dentition. H. Chela, external aspect. Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17g).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505792/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505792	Figure 80: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Metasoma. A. Male, lateral aspect. B. Male, ventral aspect. C. Female, lateral aspect. D. Female, ventral aspect. Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17g).	Figure 80: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Metasoma. A. Male, lateral aspect. B. Male, ventral aspect. C. Female, lateral aspect. D. Female, ventral aspect. Kena, Egypt (NHMB 17g).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505794/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505794	Figure 81: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female. Tarsi. A-D. Left telotarsus and distal basitarsus, ventral aspect. A. Leg I. B. Leg II. C. Leg III. D. Leg IV. E. Right basitarsus III retrolateral aspect. Kharge Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i).	Figure 81: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female. Tarsi. A-D. Left telotarsus and distal basitarsus, ventral aspect. A. Leg I. B. Leg II. C. Leg III. D. Leg IV. E. Right basitarsus III retrolateral aspect. Kharge Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505796/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505796	Figure 82: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), 5 of 8 syntypes (ZMHB No. 140). Females: A, 12C01-3; B, 12C04-6. Males: C, 12C07-9; D, 12C10-3. Juvenile: E, 12C14-6. Egypt; Sudan. Scale bars (10 mm) apply to the habitus photos. Body lengths: A, 90 mm; B, 88 mm; C, 63 mm; D, 69 mm; E, 65 mm. Not shown are three additional fragmented juvenile syntypes.	Figure 82: Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), 5 of 8 syntypes (ZMHB No. 140). Females: A, 12C01-3; B, 12C04-6. Males: C, 12C07-9; D, 12C10-3. Juvenile: E, 12C14-6. Egypt; Sudan. Scale bars (10 mm) apply to the habitus photos. Body lengths: A, 90 mm; B, 88 mm; C, 63 mm; D, 69 mm; E, 65 mm. Not shown are three additional fragmented juvenile syntypes.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505806/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505806	Figure 87: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 87: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505808/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505808	Figure 88: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n.. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 88: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n.. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505810/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505810	Figure 89: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 89: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505812/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505812	Figure 90: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 90: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505814/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505814	Figure 91: Pigmentation patterns of metasoma IV, V of Leiurus species, ventral aspect. A. L. haenggii sp. n., holotype female, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k). B. L. macroctenus sp. n., holotype male, Thumrait, Oman. C. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. D. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Cairo, Egypt (NHMB 17d). E. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male, Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag). F. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype female, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). G. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female, Israel (NHMB 17a). H. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, male, Eski Sarkaya Village, Turkey. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 91: Pigmentation patterns of metasoma IV, V of Leiurus species, ventral aspect. A. L. haenggii sp. n., holotype female, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k). B. L. macroctenus sp. n., holotype male, Thumrait, Oman. C. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. D. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Cairo, Egypt (NHMB 17d). E. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male, Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag). F. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype female, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). G. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female, Israel (NHMB 17a). H. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, male, Eski Sarkaya Village, Turkey. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505816/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505816	Figure 92: Sternite III of Leiurus spp., female. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. B. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). C. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Al Amar, Bahrain (NHMB 17bg). D. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. E. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Turabah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). F. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Adnan, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17am). G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Thumrait, Oman. J. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). K. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	Figure 92: Sternite III of Leiurus spp., female. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. B. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). C. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Al Amar, Bahrain (NHMB 17bg). D. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. E. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Turabah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). F. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Adnan, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17am). G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Thumrait, Oman. J. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). K. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505818/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505818	Figure 93: Medial intercarinal areas of tergite III of female Leiurus spp. A. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. B. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Wadi Khumrah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17bj). C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Yemen. D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Maraba, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). E. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. F. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). J. L. hebraeus Birula, 1908, Kurayyima, Jordan. K. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	Figure 93: Medial intercarinal areas of tergite III of female Leiurus spp. A. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. B. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Wadi Khumrah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17bj). C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Yemen. D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Maraba, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). E. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. F. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). J. L. hebraeus Birula, 1908, Kurayyima, Jordan. K. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505820/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505820	Figure 94: Comparative analysis of granulation on tergite III of female Leiurus. A. UV fluorescence image of tergite III medial intercarinal surface of L. quinquestriatus (Egypt). B. Mask of granulation pattern on medial intercarinal surface from image in Figure 94A. C. Enlarged view of tergite III granulation in rectangular area indicated in Figure 94A. Granules were identified as local maxima of fluorescence intensity with contour shadows cast by directional UV illumination, and were modeled by elliptical regions-of-interest (ROIs). Parameters of granule ROIs were measured in ImageJ 1.44 (Rasband, 1997–2011). Area of granulometric analysis was restricted to surfaces bounded by the lateral and posterior marginal carinae, and a line passing through oblique, anterior transverse rows of enlarged granules (granules along carinae and bounding lines were omitted). D. Scatter plot of mean granule diameter vs. total granule area for 4 species of Leiurus (L. arabicus sp. n., L. haenggii sp. n., L. hebraeus stat. n. and L. quinquestriatus). Each point represents granulometric data derived from tergite III of one scorpion specimen (bilaterally, as shown in Figure 94B). Data were extracted from 18,423 ROIs from 36 scorpions. For each specimen, total granule area (a measure of density of granulation) was computed as sum of areas of all ROIs, and mean ROI diameter (a measure of coarseness of granulation) as the mean value of the maximum diameters of all granule ROIs. For comparative analysis, images from different size scorpions were resampled to equalize the distance between left and right posterior marginal granules of the lateral carinae (arbitrarily set to 4,000 units or pixels; linear dimensions expressed as [pixel], areas as [pixel2]). The total granule area separated the species into 2 groups: i.e. sparsely granulated (L. arabicus, L. haenggii) and densely granulated (L. hebraeus, L. quinquestriatus). In contrast, the distributions of ROI diameter were broadly overlapping. E. To obtain a more sensitive comparison of the coarseness of granulation, normalized cumulative distributions of single ROI areas for 3 species of Leiurus were computed (inset indicates number of scorpions analyzed). Relative horizontal positions of these curves indicated increasing coarseness of granulation, in rank order: L. haenggii <L. quinquestriatus <L. hebraeus (Ngranules = 2103, 5202, 2190 respectively). This ranking was confirmed by a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test which detected significant differences between the distributions of log (granule area) (P <0.001).	Figure 94: Comparative analysis of granulation on tergite III of female Leiurus. A. UV fluorescence image of tergite III medial intercarinal surface of L. quinquestriatus (Egypt). B. Mask of granulation pattern on medial intercarinal surface from image in Figure 94A. C. Enlarged view of tergite III granulation in rectangular area indicated in Figure 94A. Granules were identified as local maxima of fluorescence intensity with contour shadows cast by directional UV illumination, and were modeled by elliptical regions-of-interest (ROIs). Parameters of granule ROIs were measured in ImageJ 1.44 (Rasband, 1997–2011). Area of granulometric analysis was restricted to surfaces bounded by the lateral and posterior marginal carinae, and a line passing through oblique, anterior transverse rows of enlarged granules (granules along carinae and bounding lines were omitted). D. Scatter plot of mean granule diameter vs. total granule area for 4 species of Leiurus (L. arabicus sp. n., L. haenggii sp. n., L. hebraeus stat. n. and L. quinquestriatus). Each point represents granulometric data derived from tergite III of one scorpion specimen (bilaterally, as shown in Figure 94B). Data were extracted from 18,423 ROIs from 36 scorpions. For each specimen, total granule area (a measure of density of granulation) was computed as sum of areas of all ROIs, and mean ROI diameter (a measure of coarseness of granulation) as the mean value of the maximum diameters of all granule ROIs. For comparative analysis, images from different size scorpions were resampled to equalize the distance between left and right posterior marginal granules of the lateral carinae (arbitrarily set to 4,000 units or pixels; linear dimensions expressed as [pixel], areas as [pixel2]). The total granule area separated the species into 2 groups: i.e. sparsely granulated (L. arabicus, L. haenggii) and densely granulated (L. hebraeus, L. quinquestriatus). In contrast, the distributions of ROI diameter were broadly overlapping. E. To obtain a more sensitive comparison of the coarseness of granulation, normalized cumulative distributions of single ROI areas for 3 species of Leiurus were computed (inset indicates number of scorpions analyzed). Relative horizontal positions of these curves indicated increasing coarseness of granulation, in rank order: L. haenggii <L. quinquestriatus <L. hebraeus (Ngranules = 2103, 5202, 2190 respectively). This ranking was confirmed by a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test which detected significant differences between the distributions of log (granule area) (P <0.001).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505822/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505822	Figure 95: Variation in key diagnostic biometrics of adult Leiurus spp. A. Cumulative distributions of position of trichobothrium db relative to est on pedipalp fixed finger for: L. abdullahbayrami (53), L. brachycentrus stat. n. (11), L. hebraeus stat. n. (38), L. macroctenus sp. n. (176), L. quinquestriatus (61), L. haenggii sp. n. (158), L. arabicus sp. n. (87) (number of fingers measured in parentheses). Data for males and females were pooled. The db–est distances were normalized to pedipalp movable finger length (chord length from finger tip to external articular condyle), with positive values indicating db distal to est, negative values indicating db proximal to est. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.06367) and L. arabicus sp. n. (µ = 0.06671) were not significantly different (P = 0.405148, t test), indicating a close relationship between these species. Distribution of L. quinquestriatus (µ = 0.047313) was significantly different from those of L. haenggii and L. arabicus (P = 0.000102 and 0.000030 respectively). B. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L (MPSM, indicated in inset) to metasoma I W, and to carapace L, showing differences in relative pectinal tooth size in females of nine species of Leiurus. C. A subset of the female data in Figure 95B, plotted as cumulative distributions of morphometric ratio of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.102268) and L. arabicus (µ = 0.10432) were not significantly different (P> 0.1, K-S test). D. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W (relative size of pectine teeth), and metasoma II L/W (slenderness of metasoma II) for females of nine species of Leiurus. A, C, D: symbol key as in Figure 95B.	Figure 95: Variation in key diagnostic biometrics of adult Leiurus spp. A. Cumulative distributions of position of trichobothrium db relative to est on pedipalp fixed finger for: L. abdullahbayrami (53), L. brachycentrus stat. n. (11), L. hebraeus stat. n. (38), L. macroctenus sp. n. (176), L. quinquestriatus (61), L. haenggii sp. n. (158), L. arabicus sp. n. (87) (number of fingers measured in parentheses). Data for males and females were pooled. The db–est distances were normalized to pedipalp movable finger length (chord length from finger tip to external articular condyle), with positive values indicating db distal to est, negative values indicating db proximal to est. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.06367) and L. arabicus sp. n. (µ = 0.06671) were not significantly different (P = 0.405148, t test), indicating a close relationship between these species. Distribution of L. quinquestriatus (µ = 0.047313) was significantly different from those of L. haenggii and L. arabicus (P = 0.000102 and 0.000030 respectively). B. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L (MPSM, indicated in inset) to metasoma I W, and to carapace L, showing differences in relative pectinal tooth size in females of nine species of Leiurus. C. A subset of the female data in Figure 95B, plotted as cumulative distributions of morphometric ratio of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.102268) and L. arabicus (µ = 0.10432) were not significantly different (P> 0.1, K-S test). D. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W (relative size of pectine teeth), and metasoma II L/W (slenderness of metasoma II) for females of nine species of Leiurus. A, C, D: symbol key as in Figure 95B.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505824/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505824	Figure 96: Carapace and tergites I–III of representatives of six genera of the Buthus group. A. Compsobuthus acutecarinatus (Simon, 1882), male, Jabal Qara, Oman. B. Cicileus exilis (Pallary, 1928), male, Hoggar, Algeria. C. Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Egypt. D. Sassanidotus gracilis (Birula, 1900), female, Hormozgan Prov., Iran. E. Odontobuthus bidentatus Lourenço & Pézier, 2002, male, Omidiyeh, Iran. F. Apistobuthus susanae Lourenço 1998, male, Albadji, Iran. Scale bars: A, B, D: 1 mm; C, E, F: 2 mm.	Figure 96: Carapace and tergites I–III of representatives of six genera of the Buthus group. A. Compsobuthus acutecarinatus (Simon, 1882), male, Jabal Qara, Oman. B. Cicileus exilis (Pallary, 1928), male, Hoggar, Algeria. C. Leiurus quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Egypt. D. Sassanidotus gracilis (Birula, 1900), female, Hormozgan Prov., Iran. E. Odontobuthus bidentatus Lourenço & Pézier, 2002, male, Omidiyeh, Iran. F. Apistobuthus susanae Lourenço 1998, male, Albadji, Iran. Scale bars: A, B, D: 1 mm; C, E, F: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505828/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505828	Figure 98: Selected morphometrics of Leiurus, Cicileiurus, Cicileus and Compsobuthus compared to other Buthus group scorpions. A–B. Scatter plots of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db (A) and est (B) vs. the ratio of movable finger length to carapace length. Each point represents one sex of one species. Larger ordinate values correspond to more basal positions of the trichobothria, and larger abscissa values to longer pedipalp fingers. There was a significant inverse correlation between relative length of the portion of the fixed finger distal to db and est (R = -0.6534, -0.5488, respectively), and the relative length of the movable finger (the latter being a measure of elongation of both fixed and movable fingers). Highlighted symbols show that Leiurus (light magenta circles), Cicileiurus (red triangle), Cicileus (green squares) and Compsobuthus (yellow circles) are located in the lower right halves of the plots, i.e. all have relatively elongated fingers and more distal placement of both db and est. Gray circles are data from other Buthus group species. C. Scatter plot of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db vs. the fraction distal to est. The strong positive correlation (R = 0.8052) indicates a tendency for db and est to move together towards more distal locations as the fixed finger becomes more elongated. Species above the diagonal (solid blue) have db proximal to est, and those below have db distal to est. Solid gray lines in A–C are fits by least squares regression through all points. D. Scatter plot of pedipalp femur L/W (a measure of pedipalp elongation) vs. carapace L (a measure of body size). These two variables were not significantly correlated (R = 0.094). Data were compiled from the literature and specimens in the authors collections for 38 genera and 203 species representing the majority of taxa in the Buthus group, including both males (N = 124) and females (N = 97). Genera (and number of species) included: Afghanobuthus (1), Androctonus (11), Apistobuthus (2), Baloorthochirus (1), Birulatus (2), Buthacus (13), Butheoloides (11), Butheolus (5), Buthiscus (1), Buthus (26), Cicileiurus (1), Cicileus (2), Compsobuthus (33), Congobuthus (1), Darchenia (1), Gint (1), Hemibuthus (1), Hottentotta (31), Leiurus (10), Liobuthus (1), Lissothus (3), Mesobuthus (7), Neobuthus (2), Odontobuthus (6), Orthochirus (12), Pantobuthus (1), Pectinibuthus (1), Plesiobuthus (1), Polisius (1), Razianus (3), Saharobuthus (1), Somalibuthus (1), Vachoniolus (4), Vachonus (1).	Figure 98: Selected morphometrics of Leiurus, Cicileiurus, Cicileus and Compsobuthus compared to other Buthus group scorpions. A–B. Scatter plots of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db (A) and est (B) vs. the ratio of movable finger length to carapace length. Each point represents one sex of one species. Larger ordinate values correspond to more basal positions of the trichobothria, and larger abscissa values to longer pedipalp fingers. There was a significant inverse correlation between relative length of the portion of the fixed finger distal to db and est (R = -0.6534, -0.5488, respectively), and the relative length of the movable finger (the latter being a measure of elongation of both fixed and movable fingers). Highlighted symbols show that Leiurus (light magenta circles), Cicileiurus (red triangle), Cicileus (green squares) and Compsobuthus (yellow circles) are located in the lower right halves of the plots, i.e. all have relatively elongated fingers and more distal placement of both db and est. Gray circles are data from other Buthus group species. C. Scatter plot of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db vs. the fraction distal to est. The strong positive correlation (R = 0.8052) indicates a tendency for db and est to move together towards more distal locations as the fixed finger becomes more elongated. Species above the diagonal (solid blue) have db proximal to est, and those below have db distal to est. Solid gray lines in A–C are fits by least squares regression through all points. D. Scatter plot of pedipalp femur L/W (a measure of pedipalp elongation) vs. carapace L (a measure of body size). These two variables were not significantly correlated (R = 0.094). Data were compiled from the literature and specimens in the authors collections for 38 genera and 203 species representing the majority of taxa in the Buthus group, including both males (N = 124) and females (N = 97). Genera (and number of species) included: Afghanobuthus (1), Androctonus (11), Apistobuthus (2), Baloorthochirus (1), Birulatus (2), Buthacus (13), Butheoloides (11), Butheolus (5), Buthiscus (1), Buthus (26), Cicileiurus (1), Cicileus (2), Compsobuthus (33), Congobuthus (1), Darchenia (1), Gint (1), Hemibuthus (1), Hottentotta (31), Leiurus (10), Liobuthus (1), Lissothus (3), Mesobuthus (7), Neobuthus (2), Odontobuthus (6), Orthochirus (12), Pantobuthus (1), Pectinibuthus (1), Plesiobuthus (1), Polisius (1), Razianus (3), Saharobuthus (1), Somalibuthus (1), Vachoniolus (4), Vachonus (1).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20031912FF0E8BCADC10F9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505832/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505832	Figure 99: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for nine species of Leiurus distributed over northeast Africa, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by elevation with shaded relief. Additional locality data for: L. abdullahbayrami from Yağmur et al., 2009; for L. brachycentrus Ehrenberg, 1829 stat. n., from Simon, 1882 (Buthus beccarii).	Figure 99: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for nine species of Leiurus distributed over northeast Africa, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by elevation with shaded relief. Additional locality data for: L. abdullahbayrami from Yağmur et al., 2009; for L. brachycentrus Ehrenberg, 1829 stat. n., from Simon, 1882 (Buthus beccarii).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF200E192AFF3A8BAFDF62FAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505798/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505798	Figure 83: Leiurus abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Çaybasi Village, Turkey.	Figure 83: Leiurus abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Çaybasi Village, Turkey.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF200E192AFF3A8BAFDF62FAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505800/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505800	Figure 84: Leiurus abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Eski Sarkaya Village, Turkey.	Figure 84: Leiurus abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Eski Sarkaya Village, Turkey.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF200E192AFF3A8BAFDF62FAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505806/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505806	Figure 87: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 87: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF200E192AFF3A8BAFDF62FAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505808/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505808	Figure 88: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n.. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 88: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Males, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n.. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n.. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n.. G. L. macroctenus sp. n.. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF200E192AFF3A8BAFDF62FAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505810/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505810	Figure 89: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 89: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, lateral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF200E192AFF3A8BAFDF62FAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505812/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505812	Figure 90: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 90: Metasoma V and telson of Leiurus spp. Females, ventral aspect. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009. B. L. arabicus sp. n. C. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n.. D. L. haenggii sp. n. E. L. heberti sp. n. F. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n. G. L. macroctenus sp. n. H. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828). Locality data as in Figs. 9, 20, 31, 43, 55, 67, 79. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF200E192AFF3A8BAFDF62FAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505814/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505814	Figure 91: Pigmentation patterns of metasoma IV, V of Leiurus species, ventral aspect. A. L. haenggii sp. n., holotype female, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k). B. L. macroctenus sp. n., holotype male, Thumrait, Oman. C. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. D. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Cairo, Egypt (NHMB 17d). E. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male, Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag). F. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype female, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). G. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female, Israel (NHMB 17a). H. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, male, Eski Sarkaya Village, Turkey. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figure 91: Pigmentation patterns of metasoma IV, V of Leiurus species, ventral aspect. A. L. haenggii sp. n., holotype female, Ta’if, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17k). B. L. macroctenus sp. n., holotype male, Thumrait, Oman. C. L. heberti sp. n., holotype male, Wadi Andur, Oman. D. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), female, Cairo, Egypt (NHMB 17d). E. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male, Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag). F. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype female, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). G. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., female, Israel (NHMB 17a). H. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, male, Eski Sarkaya Village, Turkey. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF200E192AFF3A8BAFDF62FAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505816/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505816	Figure 92: Sternite III of Leiurus spp., female. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. B. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). C. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Al Amar, Bahrain (NHMB 17bg). D. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. E. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Turabah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). F. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Adnan, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17am). G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Thumrait, Oman. J. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). K. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	Figure 92: Sternite III of Leiurus spp., female. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. B. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). C. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Al Amar, Bahrain (NHMB 17bg). D. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. E. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Turabah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). F. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Adnan, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17am). G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Thumrait, Oman. J. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). K. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF200E192AFF3A8BAFDF62FAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505820/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505820	Figure 94: Comparative analysis of granulation on tergite III of female Leiurus. A. UV fluorescence image of tergite III medial intercarinal surface of L. quinquestriatus (Egypt). B. Mask of granulation pattern on medial intercarinal surface from image in Figure 94A. C. Enlarged view of tergite III granulation in rectangular area indicated in Figure 94A. Granules were identified as local maxima of fluorescence intensity with contour shadows cast by directional UV illumination, and were modeled by elliptical regions-of-interest (ROIs). Parameters of granule ROIs were measured in ImageJ 1.44 (Rasband, 1997–2011). Area of granulometric analysis was restricted to surfaces bounded by the lateral and posterior marginal carinae, and a line passing through oblique, anterior transverse rows of enlarged granules (granules along carinae and bounding lines were omitted). D. Scatter plot of mean granule diameter vs. total granule area for 4 species of Leiurus (L. arabicus sp. n., L. haenggii sp. n., L. hebraeus stat. n. and L. quinquestriatus). Each point represents granulometric data derived from tergite III of one scorpion specimen (bilaterally, as shown in Figure 94B). Data were extracted from 18,423 ROIs from 36 scorpions. For each specimen, total granule area (a measure of density of granulation) was computed as sum of areas of all ROIs, and mean ROI diameter (a measure of coarseness of granulation) as the mean value of the maximum diameters of all granule ROIs. For comparative analysis, images from different size scorpions were resampled to equalize the distance between left and right posterior marginal granules of the lateral carinae (arbitrarily set to 4,000 units or pixels; linear dimensions expressed as [pixel], areas as [pixel2]). The total granule area separated the species into 2 groups: i.e. sparsely granulated (L. arabicus, L. haenggii) and densely granulated (L. hebraeus, L. quinquestriatus). In contrast, the distributions of ROI diameter were broadly overlapping. E. To obtain a more sensitive comparison of the coarseness of granulation, normalized cumulative distributions of single ROI areas for 3 species of Leiurus were computed (inset indicates number of scorpions analyzed). Relative horizontal positions of these curves indicated increasing coarseness of granulation, in rank order: L. haenggii <L. quinquestriatus <L. hebraeus (Ngranules = 2103, 5202, 2190 respectively). This ranking was confirmed by a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test which detected significant differences between the distributions of log (granule area) (P <0.001).	Figure 94: Comparative analysis of granulation on tergite III of female Leiurus. A. UV fluorescence image of tergite III medial intercarinal surface of L. quinquestriatus (Egypt). B. Mask of granulation pattern on medial intercarinal surface from image in Figure 94A. C. Enlarged view of tergite III granulation in rectangular area indicated in Figure 94A. Granules were identified as local maxima of fluorescence intensity with contour shadows cast by directional UV illumination, and were modeled by elliptical regions-of-interest (ROIs). Parameters of granule ROIs were measured in ImageJ 1.44 (Rasband, 1997–2011). Area of granulometric analysis was restricted to surfaces bounded by the lateral and posterior marginal carinae, and a line passing through oblique, anterior transverse rows of enlarged granules (granules along carinae and bounding lines were omitted). D. Scatter plot of mean granule diameter vs. total granule area for 4 species of Leiurus (L. arabicus sp. n., L. haenggii sp. n., L. hebraeus stat. n. and L. quinquestriatus). Each point represents granulometric data derived from tergite III of one scorpion specimen (bilaterally, as shown in Figure 94B). Data were extracted from 18,423 ROIs from 36 scorpions. For each specimen, total granule area (a measure of density of granulation) was computed as sum of areas of all ROIs, and mean ROI diameter (a measure of coarseness of granulation) as the mean value of the maximum diameters of all granule ROIs. For comparative analysis, images from different size scorpions were resampled to equalize the distance between left and right posterior marginal granules of the lateral carinae (arbitrarily set to 4,000 units or pixels; linear dimensions expressed as [pixel], areas as [pixel2]). The total granule area separated the species into 2 groups: i.e. sparsely granulated (L. arabicus, L. haenggii) and densely granulated (L. hebraeus, L. quinquestriatus). In contrast, the distributions of ROI diameter were broadly overlapping. E. To obtain a more sensitive comparison of the coarseness of granulation, normalized cumulative distributions of single ROI areas for 3 species of Leiurus were computed (inset indicates number of scorpions analyzed). Relative horizontal positions of these curves indicated increasing coarseness of granulation, in rank order: L. haenggii <L. quinquestriatus <L. hebraeus (Ngranules = 2103, 5202, 2190 respectively). This ranking was confirmed by a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test which detected significant differences between the distributions of log (granule area) (P <0.001).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF200E192AFF3A8BAFDF62FAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505822/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505822	Figure 95: Variation in key diagnostic biometrics of adult Leiurus spp. A. Cumulative distributions of position of trichobothrium db relative to est on pedipalp fixed finger for: L. abdullahbayrami (53), L. brachycentrus stat. n. (11), L. hebraeus stat. n. (38), L. macroctenus sp. n. (176), L. quinquestriatus (61), L. haenggii sp. n. (158), L. arabicus sp. n. (87) (number of fingers measured in parentheses). Data for males and females were pooled. The db–est distances were normalized to pedipalp movable finger length (chord length from finger tip to external articular condyle), with positive values indicating db distal to est, negative values indicating db proximal to est. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.06367) and L. arabicus sp. n. (µ = 0.06671) were not significantly different (P = 0.405148, t test), indicating a close relationship between these species. Distribution of L. quinquestriatus (µ = 0.047313) was significantly different from those of L. haenggii and L. arabicus (P = 0.000102 and 0.000030 respectively). B. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L (MPSM, indicated in inset) to metasoma I W, and to carapace L, showing differences in relative pectinal tooth size in females of nine species of Leiurus. C. A subset of the female data in Figure 95B, plotted as cumulative distributions of morphometric ratio of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.102268) and L. arabicus (µ = 0.10432) were not significantly different (P> 0.1, K-S test). D. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W (relative size of pectine teeth), and metasoma II L/W (slenderness of metasoma II) for females of nine species of Leiurus. A, C, D: symbol key as in Figure 95B.	Figure 95: Variation in key diagnostic biometrics of adult Leiurus spp. A. Cumulative distributions of position of trichobothrium db relative to est on pedipalp fixed finger for: L. abdullahbayrami (53), L. brachycentrus stat. n. (11), L. hebraeus stat. n. (38), L. macroctenus sp. n. (176), L. quinquestriatus (61), L. haenggii sp. n. (158), L. arabicus sp. n. (87) (number of fingers measured in parentheses). Data for males and females were pooled. The db–est distances were normalized to pedipalp movable finger length (chord length from finger tip to external articular condyle), with positive values indicating db distal to est, negative values indicating db proximal to est. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.06367) and L. arabicus sp. n. (µ = 0.06671) were not significantly different (P = 0.405148, t test), indicating a close relationship between these species. Distribution of L. quinquestriatus (µ = 0.047313) was significantly different from those of L. haenggii and L. arabicus (P = 0.000102 and 0.000030 respectively). B. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L (MPSM, indicated in inset) to metasoma I W, and to carapace L, showing differences in relative pectinal tooth size in females of nine species of Leiurus. C. A subset of the female data in Figure 95B, plotted as cumulative distributions of morphometric ratio of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.102268) and L. arabicus (µ = 0.10432) were not significantly different (P> 0.1, K-S test). D. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W (relative size of pectine teeth), and metasoma II L/W (slenderness of metasoma II) for females of nine species of Leiurus. A, C, D: symbol key as in Figure 95B.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF200E192AFF3A8BAFDF62FAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505828/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505828	Figure 98: Selected morphometrics of Leiurus, Cicileiurus, Cicileus and Compsobuthus compared to other Buthus group scorpions. A–B. Scatter plots of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db (A) and est (B) vs. the ratio of movable finger length to carapace length. Each point represents one sex of one species. Larger ordinate values correspond to more basal positions of the trichobothria, and larger abscissa values to longer pedipalp fingers. There was a significant inverse correlation between relative length of the portion of the fixed finger distal to db and est (R = -0.6534, -0.5488, respectively), and the relative length of the movable finger (the latter being a measure of elongation of both fixed and movable fingers). Highlighted symbols show that Leiurus (light magenta circles), Cicileiurus (red triangle), Cicileus (green squares) and Compsobuthus (yellow circles) are located in the lower right halves of the plots, i.e. all have relatively elongated fingers and more distal placement of both db and est. Gray circles are data from other Buthus group species. C. Scatter plot of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db vs. the fraction distal to est. The strong positive correlation (R = 0.8052) indicates a tendency for db and est to move together towards more distal locations as the fixed finger becomes more elongated. Species above the diagonal (solid blue) have db proximal to est, and those below have db distal to est. Solid gray lines in A–C are fits by least squares regression through all points. D. Scatter plot of pedipalp femur L/W (a measure of pedipalp elongation) vs. carapace L (a measure of body size). These two variables were not significantly correlated (R = 0.094). Data were compiled from the literature and specimens in the authors collections for 38 genera and 203 species representing the majority of taxa in the Buthus group, including both males (N = 124) and females (N = 97). Genera (and number of species) included: Afghanobuthus (1), Androctonus (11), Apistobuthus (2), Baloorthochirus (1), Birulatus (2), Buthacus (13), Butheoloides (11), Butheolus (5), Buthiscus (1), Buthus (26), Cicileiurus (1), Cicileus (2), Compsobuthus (33), Congobuthus (1), Darchenia (1), Gint (1), Hemibuthus (1), Hottentotta (31), Leiurus (10), Liobuthus (1), Lissothus (3), Mesobuthus (7), Neobuthus (2), Odontobuthus (6), Orthochirus (12), Pantobuthus (1), Pectinibuthus (1), Plesiobuthus (1), Polisius (1), Razianus (3), Saharobuthus (1), Somalibuthus (1), Vachoniolus (4), Vachonus (1).	Figure 98: Selected morphometrics of Leiurus, Cicileiurus, Cicileus and Compsobuthus compared to other Buthus group scorpions. A–B. Scatter plots of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db (A) and est (B) vs. the ratio of movable finger length to carapace length. Each point represents one sex of one species. Larger ordinate values correspond to more basal positions of the trichobothria, and larger abscissa values to longer pedipalp fingers. There was a significant inverse correlation between relative length of the portion of the fixed finger distal to db and est (R = -0.6534, -0.5488, respectively), and the relative length of the movable finger (the latter being a measure of elongation of both fixed and movable fingers). Highlighted symbols show that Leiurus (light magenta circles), Cicileiurus (red triangle), Cicileus (green squares) and Compsobuthus (yellow circles) are located in the lower right halves of the plots, i.e. all have relatively elongated fingers and more distal placement of both db and est. Gray circles are data from other Buthus group species. C. Scatter plot of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db vs. the fraction distal to est. The strong positive correlation (R = 0.8052) indicates a tendency for db and est to move together towards more distal locations as the fixed finger becomes more elongated. Species above the diagonal (solid blue) have db proximal to est, and those below have db distal to est. Solid gray lines in A–C are fits by least squares regression through all points. D. Scatter plot of pedipalp femur L/W (a measure of pedipalp elongation) vs. carapace L (a measure of body size). These two variables were not significantly correlated (R = 0.094). Data were compiled from the literature and specimens in the authors collections for 38 genera and 203 species representing the majority of taxa in the Buthus group, including both males (N = 124) and females (N = 97). Genera (and number of species) included: Afghanobuthus (1), Androctonus (11), Apistobuthus (2), Baloorthochirus (1), Birulatus (2), Buthacus (13), Butheoloides (11), Butheolus (5), Buthiscus (1), Buthus (26), Cicileiurus (1), Cicileus (2), Compsobuthus (33), Congobuthus (1), Darchenia (1), Gint (1), Hemibuthus (1), Hottentotta (31), Leiurus (10), Liobuthus (1), Lissothus (3), Mesobuthus (7), Neobuthus (2), Odontobuthus (6), Orthochirus (12), Pantobuthus (1), Pectinibuthus (1), Plesiobuthus (1), Polisius (1), Razianus (3), Saharobuthus (1), Somalibuthus (1), Vachoniolus (4), Vachonus (1).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF200E192AFF3A8BAFDF62FAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505832/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505832	Figure 99: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for nine species of Leiurus distributed over northeast Africa, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by elevation with shaded relief. Additional locality data for: L. abdullahbayrami from Yağmur et al., 2009; for L. brachycentrus Ehrenberg, 1829 stat. n., from Simon, 1882 (Buthus beccarii).	Figure 99: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for nine species of Leiurus distributed over northeast Africa, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by elevation with shaded relief. Additional locality data for: L. abdullahbayrami from Yağmur et al., 2009; for L. brachycentrus Ehrenberg, 1829 stat. n., from Simon, 1882 (Buthus beccarii).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF200E192AFF3A8BAFDF62FAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505626/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505626	Figure 2: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag).	Figure 2: Leiurus brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Ad Darb, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17ag).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20361928FF3F88A6DF30F9D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505802/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505802	Figure 85: Leiurus jordanensis Lourenço, Modrý et Amr, 2002, male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia	Figure 85: Leiurus jordanensis Lourenço, Modrý et Amr, 2002, male. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20361928FF3F88A6DF30F9D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505804/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505804	Figure 86: Leiurus jordanensis Lourenço, Modrý et Amr, 2002, female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	Figure 86: Leiurus jordanensis Lourenço, Modrý et Amr, 2002, female. A. Carapace and tergites. B. Coxosternal area and sternites. Al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20361928FF3F88A6DF30F9D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505816/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505816	Figure 92: Sternite III of Leiurus spp., female. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. B. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). C. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Al Amar, Bahrain (NHMB 17bg). D. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. E. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Turabah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). F. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Adnan, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17am). G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Thumrait, Oman. J. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). K. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	Figure 92: Sternite III of Leiurus spp., female. A. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. B. L. arabicus sp. n., holotype, Kushm Dibi, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17aq). C. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Al Amar, Bahrain (NHMB 17bg). D. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. E. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Turabah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). F. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Adnan, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17am). G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Thumrait, Oman. J. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). K. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20361928FF3F88A6DF30F9D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505818/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505818	Figure 93: Medial intercarinal areas of tergite III of female Leiurus spp. A. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. B. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Wadi Khumrah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17bj). C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Yemen. D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Maraba, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). E. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. F. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). J. L. hebraeus Birula, 1908, Kurayyima, Jordan. K. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	Figure 93: Medial intercarinal areas of tergite III of female Leiurus spp. A. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. B. L. arabicus sp. n., paratype, Wadi Khumrah, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17bj). C. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Yemen. D. L. haenggii sp. n., paratype, Wadi Maraba, Saudi Arabia (NHMB 17al). E. L. heberti sp. n., paratype, Jabal Samhan. Oman. F. L. abdullahbayrami Yağmur, Koç et Kunt, 2009, Caybasi Village, Turkey. G. L. brachycentrus (Ehrenberg, 1829) stat. n., Al Mansuriah, Yemen. H. L. macroctenus sp. n., paratype, Masirah Island, Oman. I. L. hebraeus (Birula, 1908) stat. n., Israel (NHMB 17a). J. L. hebraeus Birula, 1908, Kurayyima, Jordan. K. L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Kharga Oasis, Egypt (NHMB 17i). L. L. jordanensis Lourenço, Modry et Amr, 2002, al-Tawil, Saudi Arabia.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20361928FF3F88A6DF30F9D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505822/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505822	Figure 95: Variation in key diagnostic biometrics of adult Leiurus spp. A. Cumulative distributions of position of trichobothrium db relative to est on pedipalp fixed finger for: L. abdullahbayrami (53), L. brachycentrus stat. n. (11), L. hebraeus stat. n. (38), L. macroctenus sp. n. (176), L. quinquestriatus (61), L. haenggii sp. n. (158), L. arabicus sp. n. (87) (number of fingers measured in parentheses). Data for males and females were pooled. The db–est distances were normalized to pedipalp movable finger length (chord length from finger tip to external articular condyle), with positive values indicating db distal to est, negative values indicating db proximal to est. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.06367) and L. arabicus sp. n. (µ = 0.06671) were not significantly different (P = 0.405148, t test), indicating a close relationship between these species. Distribution of L. quinquestriatus (µ = 0.047313) was significantly different from those of L. haenggii and L. arabicus (P = 0.000102 and 0.000030 respectively). B. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L (MPSM, indicated in inset) to metasoma I W, and to carapace L, showing differences in relative pectinal tooth size in females of nine species of Leiurus. C. A subset of the female data in Figure 95B, plotted as cumulative distributions of morphometric ratio of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.102268) and L. arabicus (µ = 0.10432) were not significantly different (P> 0.1, K-S test). D. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W (relative size of pectine teeth), and metasoma II L/W (slenderness of metasoma II) for females of nine species of Leiurus. A, C, D: symbol key as in Figure 95B.	Figure 95: Variation in key diagnostic biometrics of adult Leiurus spp. A. Cumulative distributions of position of trichobothrium db relative to est on pedipalp fixed finger for: L. abdullahbayrami (53), L. brachycentrus stat. n. (11), L. hebraeus stat. n. (38), L. macroctenus sp. n. (176), L. quinquestriatus (61), L. haenggii sp. n. (158), L. arabicus sp. n. (87) (number of fingers measured in parentheses). Data for males and females were pooled. The db–est distances were normalized to pedipalp movable finger length (chord length from finger tip to external articular condyle), with positive values indicating db distal to est, negative values indicating db proximal to est. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.06367) and L. arabicus sp. n. (µ = 0.06671) were not significantly different (P = 0.405148, t test), indicating a close relationship between these species. Distribution of L. quinquestriatus (µ = 0.047313) was significantly different from those of L. haenggii and L. arabicus (P = 0.000102 and 0.000030 respectively). B. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L (MPSM, indicated in inset) to metasoma I W, and to carapace L, showing differences in relative pectinal tooth size in females of nine species of Leiurus. C. A subset of the female data in Figure 95B, plotted as cumulative distributions of morphometric ratio of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W. Distributions of L. haenggii (µ = 0.102268) and L. arabicus (µ = 0.10432) were not significantly different (P> 0.1, K-S test). D. Scatter plot of morphometric ratios of mid-pectine sensillar margin L to metasoma I W (relative size of pectine teeth), and metasoma II L/W (slenderness of metasoma II) for females of nine species of Leiurus. A, C, D: symbol key as in Figure 95B.	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20361928FF3F88A6DF30F9D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505828/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505828	Figure 98: Selected morphometrics of Leiurus, Cicileiurus, Cicileus and Compsobuthus compared to other Buthus group scorpions. A–B. Scatter plots of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db (A) and est (B) vs. the ratio of movable finger length to carapace length. Each point represents one sex of one species. Larger ordinate values correspond to more basal positions of the trichobothria, and larger abscissa values to longer pedipalp fingers. There was a significant inverse correlation between relative length of the portion of the fixed finger distal to db and est (R = -0.6534, -0.5488, respectively), and the relative length of the movable finger (the latter being a measure of elongation of both fixed and movable fingers). Highlighted symbols show that Leiurus (light magenta circles), Cicileiurus (red triangle), Cicileus (green squares) and Compsobuthus (yellow circles) are located in the lower right halves of the plots, i.e. all have relatively elongated fingers and more distal placement of both db and est. Gray circles are data from other Buthus group species. C. Scatter plot of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db vs. the fraction distal to est. The strong positive correlation (R = 0.8052) indicates a tendency for db and est to move together towards more distal locations as the fixed finger becomes more elongated. Species above the diagonal (solid blue) have db proximal to est, and those below have db distal to est. Solid gray lines in A–C are fits by least squares regression through all points. D. Scatter plot of pedipalp femur L/W (a measure of pedipalp elongation) vs. carapace L (a measure of body size). These two variables were not significantly correlated (R = 0.094). Data were compiled from the literature and specimens in the authors collections for 38 genera and 203 species representing the majority of taxa in the Buthus group, including both males (N = 124) and females (N = 97). Genera (and number of species) included: Afghanobuthus (1), Androctonus (11), Apistobuthus (2), Baloorthochirus (1), Birulatus (2), Buthacus (13), Butheoloides (11), Butheolus (5), Buthiscus (1), Buthus (26), Cicileiurus (1), Cicileus (2), Compsobuthus (33), Congobuthus (1), Darchenia (1), Gint (1), Hemibuthus (1), Hottentotta (31), Leiurus (10), Liobuthus (1), Lissothus (3), Mesobuthus (7), Neobuthus (2), Odontobuthus (6), Orthochirus (12), Pantobuthus (1), Pectinibuthus (1), Plesiobuthus (1), Polisius (1), Razianus (3), Saharobuthus (1), Somalibuthus (1), Vachoniolus (4), Vachonus (1).	Figure 98: Selected morphometrics of Leiurus, Cicileiurus, Cicileus and Compsobuthus compared to other Buthus group scorpions. A–B. Scatter plots of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db (A) and est (B) vs. the ratio of movable finger length to carapace length. Each point represents one sex of one species. Larger ordinate values correspond to more basal positions of the trichobothria, and larger abscissa values to longer pedipalp fingers. There was a significant inverse correlation between relative length of the portion of the fixed finger distal to db and est (R = -0.6534, -0.5488, respectively), and the relative length of the movable finger (the latter being a measure of elongation of both fixed and movable fingers). Highlighted symbols show that Leiurus (light magenta circles), Cicileiurus (red triangle), Cicileus (green squares) and Compsobuthus (yellow circles) are located in the lower right halves of the plots, i.e. all have relatively elongated fingers and more distal placement of both db and est. Gray circles are data from other Buthus group species. C. Scatter plot of the fraction of fixed finger length distal to db vs. the fraction distal to est. The strong positive correlation (R = 0.8052) indicates a tendency for db and est to move together towards more distal locations as the fixed finger becomes more elongated. Species above the diagonal (solid blue) have db proximal to est, and those below have db distal to est. Solid gray lines in A–C are fits by least squares regression through all points. D. Scatter plot of pedipalp femur L/W (a measure of pedipalp elongation) vs. carapace L (a measure of body size). These two variables were not significantly correlated (R = 0.094). Data were compiled from the literature and specimens in the authors collections for 38 genera and 203 species representing the majority of taxa in the Buthus group, including both males (N = 124) and females (N = 97). Genera (and number of species) included: Afghanobuthus (1), Androctonus (11), Apistobuthus (2), Baloorthochirus (1), Birulatus (2), Buthacus (13), Butheoloides (11), Butheolus (5), Buthiscus (1), Buthus (26), Cicileiurus (1), Cicileus (2), Compsobuthus (33), Congobuthus (1), Darchenia (1), Gint (1), Hemibuthus (1), Hottentotta (31), Leiurus (10), Liobuthus (1), Lissothus (3), Mesobuthus (7), Neobuthus (2), Odontobuthus (6), Orthochirus (12), Pantobuthus (1), Pectinibuthus (1), Plesiobuthus (1), Polisius (1), Razianus (3), Saharobuthus (1), Somalibuthus (1), Vachoniolus (4), Vachonus (1).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
038C87BF20361928FF3F88A6DF30F9D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/6505832/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505832	Figure 99: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for nine species of Leiurus distributed over northeast Africa, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by elevation with shaded relief. Additional locality data for: L. abdullahbayrami from Yağmur et al., 2009; for L. brachycentrus Ehrenberg, 1829 stat. n., from Simon, 1882 (Buthus beccarii).	Figure 99: Geographic plot of locality data of material examined for nine species of Leiurus distributed over northeast Africa, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula. Map colored by elevation with shaded relief. Additional locality data for: L. abdullahbayrami from Yağmur et al., 2009; for L. brachycentrus Ehrenberg, 1829 stat. n., from Simon, 1882 (Buthus beccarii).	2014-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;Yağmur, Ersen Aydın;Kovařík, František			
