taxonID	type	description	language	source
1F0A87B4FF806F31FEA97340FEAD2C78.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. Butheolus thalassinus Simon, 1882, by subsequent designation (Kraepelin, 1895: 5; Pocock, 1895: 295).	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FF806F31FEA97340FEAD2C78.taxon	discussion	Simon (1882) described B. thalassinus as a new species under Butheolus, but did not explicitly designate it as the type species. In the appendix to the same publication, he described a second new species under the same genus (B. aristidis), leaving ambiguity about which was the type species. Later, Birula (1898: 292) transferred B. aristidis to Orthochirus. According to Fet & Lowe (2000: 88), B. thalassinus was established as the type species of Butheolus by subsequent designation of Simon (1910: 77). However, a subsequent designation according to ICZN Art 69.1.1 had already been made earlier by Kraepelin (1895: 5) and Pocock (1985: 295) when they referenced B. thalassinus as the type species of Butheolus, and it was also cited as the type species by Pocock (1900: 28).	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FF806F31FEA97340FEAD2C78.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Small buthids (Kovařík, 2009; Sissom, 1990), adults 24 – 36 mm in length; carapace strongly trapezoidal, ratio of posterior W / anterior W 1.9 – 2.5, preocular area inclined downwards towards anterior margin, surface densely granular, without distinct carinae; tergites densely granular, tergites I – III lacking carinae or with weak median carina, IV – VI weakly tricarinate with median and paired lateral carinae; tergite VII with broad median carina, two pairs of lateral carinae; posterior margins of sternites III – VI armed with fringe of non-contiguous digitate denticles that are larger in males; metasomal segments nearly uniform in width and depth, robust with granulated carinae, segments II – V densely granular on lateral and ventral intercarinal surfaces; metasoma I – III with 10 carinae, IV with 4 or 6 complete carinae (ventrosubmedian, ventrolateral pairs complete, dorsosubmedian pairs may be complete, dorsolateral pairs weak or incomplete), V with 2 complete carinae (ventrolateral pairs); ventrolateral carinae on metasoma V without enlarged lobate dentition; telson with slightly elongated ovoid vesicle, with or without a blunt subaculear tubercle, aculeus shorter than vesicle; pectines with fulcra; hemispermatophore with flagellum separated from a 3 - lobed sperm hemiduct, basal lobe a small, narrow, hook-like process; chelicerae with characteristic buthid pattern of dentition (Vachon, 1963), two denticles on ventral aspect of fixed finger; pedipalps orthobothriotaxic, type Aβ (Vachon, 1974, 1975), patella with d 3 internal to dorsomedian carina, chela manus with V 2 not strongly displaced internally, V 1 – V 2 axis nearly collinear with long axis of chela, chela fixed finger with db on proximal half of finger between esb and est, it near tip; pedipalps short, chelae small with carinae reduced or obsolete, dentate margins of fingers armed with 6 – 7 (rarely 8) non-imbricated linear subrows of primary denticles; subrows flanked by mid-row internal and proximal external accessory denticles; movable finger with 3 enlarged subdistal denticles; males without recess or scalloping of dentate margins at base of pedipalp fingers, with chela manus narrower than females; tergites lacking macrosetae; tibial spurs present on legs III – IV; basitarsi I – III with regular series of long macrosetae on retrosuperior, retroinferior and inferior margins; ventral surfaces of telotarsi with paired rows of macrosetae; prolateral and retrolateral tarsal spurs present on all legs; moderate sexual dimorphism in setation, macrosetae on carapace, pedipalps, legs, sternites and metasoma longer in females than males.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FF806F31FEA97340FEAD2C78.taxon	discussion	REMARKS. Sexual dimorphism in setation is apparent in Butheolus, but is not as pronounced as it is in Neobuthus Hirst, 1911, in which males usually bear much shorter, stouter macrosetae than females (Kovařík & Lowe, 2012).	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FF856F27FE8B70F1FCFB2C30.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 – 66, 133 – 162, 330, 332, 338, Tabs. 1, 3 – 5)	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FF856F27FE8B70F1FCFB2C30.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype ♂, Oman, Wadi Rabkut (Raykhut), Jabal Samhan, Dhofar, 17 ° 24 ' N 55 ° 16 ' E, 75 rn a. s. l., under rocks on side of wadi, 17 – 18. X. 77, leg. M. D. Gallagher, MDG 4738 (MNHN VA 2261) (examined). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. Oman: 1 ♂, Jabal Samhan, Dhofar, 17 ° 07 ' N 54 ° 42 ' E, 1280 m a. s. l., 7. IX. 1989, leg. M. D. Gallagher MDG 8149, (ONHM 1350); 1 ♂, Khor Rori Beach, UV detection, rock outcrop, archaeological site, 17 ° 02.1 ' N 54 ° 26.22 ' E, 0 m a. s. l., 18. X. 1993, 20: 27 h, leg. G. Lowe, (USNM); 2 ♀, Khor Rori Beach, UV detection, inland rocky hillock near beach, on rocky slopes, 17 ° 02.21 ' N 54 ° 26.19 ' E, 0 m a. s. l., 18. X. 1993, 20: 32 h, leg. G. Lowe, (ONHM); 8 ♂, 12 ♀, 1 juv ♀, main road above Khor Rori Beach, UV detection on ground, densely vegetated wadi, E of Taqah; warm and humid with many insects, 17 ° 03.22 ' N 54 ° 25.33 ' E, 50 m a. s. l., 18. X. 1993, 21: 24 h, leg. G. Lowe (BMNH 1 ♂; FKCP 1 ♂, 1 ♀; GL 1 ♂, 1 ♀; MCZ 1 ♂; NHMB 2 ♂, 10 ♀; ONHM 1 ♂, 1 ♀); 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Khor Rori Beach, UV detection, densely vegetated wadi, on ground, 17 ° 03.18 ' N 54 ° 25.51 ' E, 22 m a. s. l., 24 - XII- 2001, 02: 25 - 04: 45 h, leg. A. Winkler (ZSM); 1 ♂, Salalah, leg. A. Ullrich (GL).	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FF856F27FE8B70F1FCFB2C30.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. A member of the genus Butheolus differentiated as follows: small scorpions, adults 22 – 32 mm; base color a uniform dark chocolate brown, with all metasomal segments and telson dark; pedipalps and legs yellow except for fuscosity at base of chela fingers; carapace and tergites uniformly, finely granular; pedipalp patella with dorsomedian carina incomplete, restricted to distal half of segment, weak or obsolete on proximal half; pedipalp chela with carinae weak or obsolete; ventral surface between ventromedian carinae of metasoma I with dense fine granulation in females; ventral and lateral intercarinal surfaces of metasoma II – V with fine granulation; metasoma and telson with sparse, short macrosetae; telson with moderate to small subaculear tubercle, obtuse angle between posterior vesicle surface and aculeus base; pedipalp and metasoma relatively slender: pedipalp femur L / W ♂ 3.00 – 3.38, ♀ 2.43 – 2.76; pedipalp patella L / W ♂ 3.20 – 3.65, ♀ 2.64 – 2.84; pedipalp chela L / W ♂ 5.16 – 5.65, ♀ 4.24 – 4.79; metasoma I L / W ♂ 0.81 – 0.92, ♀ 0.76 – 0.81; metasoma IV L / D ♂ 1.44 – 1.60, ♀ 1.37 – 1.54, metasoma V L / D ♂ 1.96 – 2.12, ♀ 1.82 – 2.08, telson L / D ♂ 2.46 – 2.83, ♀ 2.33 – 2.56; pectine teeth ♂ 17 – 21, ♀ 14 – 17; basitarsus III retrosuperior setae 4 – 8.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FF856F27FE8B70F1FCFB2C30.taxon	description	REDESCRIPTION. Based on 14 ♂, 16 ♀ (including holotype ♂). Coloration (Figs. 1 – 32, 51 – 54, 59 – 66). Base color a uniform dark brown on dorsal aspect of prosoma. mesosoma and all aspects of metasoma and telson; metasoma darker than mesosoma; carapace slightly lighter in postocular, posterior-median triangular area, tergites with lighter lateral patches in transverse reticulated bands; telson vesicle with pale spots at bases of macrosetae and a pair pale stripes on ventral surface; dorsal aspect of chelicerae dark on fingers and distal margin of manus, yellow-brown reticulated on distal half of manus; legs yellow except for reddish spots on distal external articular condyles; pedipalps yellow except for fuscous patch on distal chela manus at base of pedipalp fingers; ventral aspect of mesosoma yellow except for weak fuscosity on sternite VII. Carapace (Figs. 1, 3, 5, 7). Strongly trapezoidal, W / L 0.79 – 0.92, posterior W / anterior W 1.97 – 2.38; lateral flanks steeply sloped; median ocular tubercle prominent; postocular area forming triangular posteromedial plateau with shallow transverse posterior marginal furrows; interocular triangle sloped downwards towards anterior margin; anterior margin with 9 – 11 macrosetae that are longer in females, carapace otherwise devoid of macrosetae; anterolateral margins with 5 pairs of lateral eyes: 3 major ocelli and 1 major or minor posterior ocellus below a granular ridge, 1 minor ocellus above granular ridge; whitish eyespot present below lateral eye cluster; all carinae of carapace obsolete except for superciliary carinae which may extend slightly anterior to median ocular tubercle; entire surface with dense fine granulation except for smooth patches on postocular plateau, posterior transverse and posterior marginal furrows; superciliary carinae may be smooth or weakly granulated, with more granules on posterior slopes; granulation may be coarser on lateral parts of interocular triangle, anterior margin of carapace, and margins of postocular triangular plateau area; males with more densely granulose interocular triangle. Chelicerae (Figs. 65 – 66). Dorsal surface of manus smooth, with two short, pale microsetae on apical margin, each with adjacent granules; dorsointernal carina strong, granulate, bearing one long, dark macroseta and one short, pale microseta; fingers robust with dentition typical of genus, movable finger dorsal margin with two large subdistal denticles and two small basal denticles, ventral margin with larger subdistal and smaller basal denticles, fixed finger with large subdistal denticle and proximal bicusp, two denticles on ventral surface; dorsal surface of movable finger smooth, with two pale microsetae. Coxosternal area (Figs. 2, 4, 6, 8). Males. Coxa I finely granulated, endite smooth on anterior half, granulated on posterior half; coxa II densely, finely granulated, endite smooth on anterior third, granulated on posterior two thirds; coxa III densely, finely granulated, granules more coarse along anterior margin; coxa IV densely, finely granulated, anterior margin with band of coarser granules, posterior margin rimmed with linear series of granules; distal anterior surfaces of coxae II – IV smooth; coxae I – III with scattered, mostly anterior macrosetae: coxa I 5 – 9, II 8 – 12, III 3 – 5; coxa IV typically with single macroseta on anterior proximal limit; sternum weakly granulated, subtriangular, with deep posteromedian pit, usually 2 short macrosetae; genital opercula with fine granulation anteriorly, posteriorly smooth, with 2 – 5 macrosetae, posterolateral margins concave. Females. Coxae smooth except for weak granulation on medial endites of coxa I, anterior margins of coxa III – IV, and row of moderate granulation on anterior 2 / 3 of posterior margin of coxa IV; setation as in males; sternum smooth, with larger median pit; genital opercula smooth, elongate, with 4 – 8 macrosetae. Pectines (Figs. 2, 4, 6, 8). Basal piece with concave anterior margin and small median groove and pit, finely granulated in males, smooth anteriorly and finely granulated posteriorly in females, bearing 5 – 8 macrosetae; pectines with 3 marginal lamellae, 5 – 7 middle lamellae, extending to proximal 1 / 4 of trochanter IV in males, distal end of coxa IV in females; teeth longer in males than females; marginal and middle lamellae with moderate cover of short macrosetae; fulcra with 2 – 4 setae. Hemispermatophore (Figs. 55 – 58, 330). Flagelliform, trunk elongate, ca. 4.7 times length of capsule region; flagellum short; sperm hemiduct tripartite, posterior lobe large, laminate, median lobe small, acuminate, anterior lobe of intermediate length, tapered; posterior margin of median lobe overhanging posterior lobe, the two lobes fused along a median lobe carina; basal lobe a prominent, narrow, hook-like projection. Mesosoma (Figs. 1 – 8, 332). Tergites: pretergites smooth, with sinuous, finely corrugated posterior margins; tergites densely, finely granulated, with smoother transverse lateral strips on tergites IV – VI; tergites I – II without carinae or with trace of weak median carina, III with weak median carina and weak or obsolete lateral carinae, IV – VI weakly tricarinate with median and paired lateral carinae, VII with 5 carinae, the median carina a weak granulated hump; all carinae finely granular, confined to posterior half of tergites, lateral carinae anteriorly divergent; tergite granulation and carination weaker in females than males; all tergites lacking macrosetae; sternites: males: sternites III – V lacking carinae, medially smooth, laterally shagreened or finely granular; sternite VI with smooth or obsolete inner lateral carinae, weakly granulated outer lateral carinae on posterior half of sternite; sternites IV – VI with wide, posteromedian smooth patch; posterior margins of sternites III – VI with fringe of numerous, small, noncontiguous, closely spaced, digitate denticles; sternite VII densely, finely granular, with granulate median and lateral pairs of carinae confined to posterior 2 / 3 of sternite, only median pairs extending to posterior margin; all sternites with scattered, sparse macrosetae, sternite VII with 4 stereotypic isolated macrosetae near outer anterior ends of carinae; females: sternite III smooth medially, shagreened laterally in areas covered by pectines, sternites IV – VI smooth; carinae absent on sternites III – V, only trace of lateral carinae on VI; posterior marginal denticles of sternites III – VI smaller than in males; sternite VII with two pairs of carinae, weaker than carinae of males, with weaker dense, fine granulation on lateral surfaces; mesosoma much wider in females than males. Metasoma (Figs. 1 – 2, 5 – 6, 59 – 64). Moderate in length with robust segments, metasoma + telson L / carapace L ♂ 5.3 – 5.7, ♀ 4.8 – 5.3; carination: segments I – III with 10 complete carinae, IV with 4 complete carinae (dorsosubmedian and dorsolateral carinae visible only on anterior 1 / 5 of segment), V with 2 carinae (ventrolateral); carinae on segments I – IV uniformly granulate, ventrolateral carinae on V with smaller granules in anterior half, larger granules in posterior half; ventromedian carina on V obsolete, a trace indicated by linear series of granules; lateral anal margin with 2 blunt granules or lobes, ventral anal margin with 10 – 14 granules; intercarinal surfaces: dense, fine granulation on dorsolateral, lateral, ventrolateral and ventral surfaces of all segments; some coarser granules on posterior 1 / 3 of ventral surface of V; in males, dorsal surfaces sparsely, finely granulated on I – IV and anterior half of V, smooth on posterior slope of IV and posterior half of V in trough accommodating telson; in females, dorsal surfaces smooth except for a few isolated small granules (mostly on I – II); setation: scattered microsetae and sparse, short macrosetae present on all segments, setae slightly longer in females; dorsal surfaces lack setation, except for metasoma V which may bear 2 – 4 macrosetae along dorsolateral margins. Telson (Figs. 1 – 2, 5 – 6, 59 – 64). Vesicle smooth dorsally, strongly granulated laterally and ventrally, ovoid, with steep posterior slope due to development of weak subaculear tubercle; granules on lateral and ventral surfaces arranged in longitudinal bands, separated by smooth lateral and ventrosubmedian troughs; scattered microsetae and short macrosetae on lateral and ventral surfaces; vesicle granulation weaker in female, posterior areas almost smooth, with shallow indentations at setal insertion points; aculeus stout, shorter than vesicle. Pedipalps (Figs. 9 – 50). Males (Figs. 9 – 20, 33 – 35, 39 – 42, 45 – 47). Femur: L / W 3.00 – 3.38; dorsointernal carina moderate, with uniform medium-size granules; dorsoexternal carina strong with coarse granules; external carina moderate, nearly smooth with fine granules proximally, larger conical granules distally; ventrointernal carina moderate, with uniform medium-size granules; internal carina weak, with irregular fine and coarse granules; dorsal and internal surfaces with dense, fine granulation, ventral surface with sparse fine granulation or shagreened, external surfaces mostly smooth, with scattered fine granules near carinae; 3 – 6 accessory macrosetae on distal external surface; patella: L / W 3.20 – 3.65; dorsointernal carina moderate, finely granular; dorsomedian carina moderate, finely granular, continuous only in distal half of segment, residual trace at proximal end of segment indicated by broken granule row; dorsoexternal carina moderate, weakly granular or smooth; external carina weak, broad, smooth; internal carina moderate, finely granulated; other carinae obsolete; dorsal, external and ventral surfaces smooth or slightly roughened, without granulation; internal surface with weak, fine granulation; chela: slender, L / W 5.16 – 5.65, all carinae obsolete, surface smooth with sparse macrosetae and microsetae; 5 – 7 primary denticle subrows on movable and fixed fingers (including cases of fusion of proximal rows), subrows except proximal typically flanked by internal and external accessory denticles; 5 – 7 internal or external accessory denticles on movable finger, 4 – 6 on fixed finger. Females (Figs. 21 – 32, 36 – 38, 43 – 44, 48 – 50). Femur: more robust than in males, L / W 2.43 – 2.76; dorsointernal carina weak to moderate, with uniform medium-size granules; dorsoexternal carina moderate with coarse granules; external carina weak, smooth, with a few distal granules; ventrointernal carina weak, with uniform small granules; internal carina weak, broad, smooth; dorsal surface with sparse, fine granulation mostly in medial area, ventral surface smooth except for narrow medial band of weak, fine granules in proximal 1 / 3 of segment, external and internal surfaces smooth; 5 – 8 accessory macrosetae on distal external surface, including linear series of 3 – 5 on ventral side of external carina; patella: more robust than in males, L / W 2.64 – 2.84; dorsomedian carina weak, smooth, present only on distal half of segment; dorsointernal, dorsoexternal, external and internal carinae weak, smooth; other carinae obsolete; all intercarinal surfaces smooth; chela: more robust than in males, L / W 4.24 – 4.79, all carinae obsolete, surface smooth with sparse macrosetae and microsetae; finger dentition as in male. Trichobothriotaxy: orthobothriotaxic, type Aβ (Vachon, 1974) (Figs. 33 – 50) Legs (Figs. 1 – 2, 5 – 6, 51 – 54). Femur and patella I – IV with finely denticulate inferior carinae, other carinae finely granulate; prolateral surfaces of femur I – IV with dense, fine granulation, of patella II – IV with sparse fine granulation, on both segments slightly weaker in females than males; tibia III – IV with spurs; retrolateral tarsal spurs simple, prolateral tarsal spurs basally bifurcate; basitarsi I – III with 4 – 8 long retrosuperior macrosetae arranged in bristle-combs; ventral surface of telotarsi with dual rows of short, fine macrosetae (occasionally reduced to single row on telotarsus I); tarsal ungues stout. Measurements. See Table 1. Variation. Color patterns were stable in the sampled populations. Meristic and morphometric variation are summarized in Tabs. 3 – 5, and Figs. 133 – 162.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FF856F27FE8B70F1FCFB2C30.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Known only from coastal sites around Jabal Samhan or Jabal Qara, in the Dhofar Province of Oman (Fig. 338).	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FF856F27FE8B70F1FCFB2C30.taxon	materials_examined	ECOLOGY. Most examined material was collected from low elevations (<100 m a. s. l.), but one record was at 1,280 m a. s. l. on the plateau atop the Jabal Samhan escarpment. The species occurs in mesic or humid environments along the coast, in densely vegetated rocky wadis with gravel and sandy soil. Scorpions that occurred together with B. gallagheri were: Hottentotta salei (Vachon, 1980) and Leiurus haenggii Lowe et al., 2014.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FF936F29FEDD7009FEF72D72.taxon	description	(Figs. 67 – 162, 333, 338, Tabs. 2 – 5) http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: CCE 68 C 77 - AC 8 B- 4 D 80 - AECD- 5 EF 8297554 F	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FF936F29FEDD7009FEF72D72.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype ♂, Oman, Jabal Qara, Salalah-Thumrait road, UV detection, arid rocky wadi, edge of Nejd Desert, 17 ° 17.26 ' N 54 ° 05.36 ' E, 800 m a. s. l., 17. X. 1993, 20: 53 h, leg. G. Lowe (NHMB). PARATYPES. Oman: 3 ♂, 6 ♀, 1 juv ♂, same locality as holotype (NHMB 3 ♂, 4 ♀; ONHM 1 ♂, 2 ♀); 1 ♂, Jabal Qara, 6. IX. 1989, leg. M. D. Gallagher MDG 8146.2 (ONHM 1351); 6 ♂, 7 ♀, 1 juv ♂, 1 juv ♀, Jabal Qara; north slopes, Nejd, UV detection, rocky wadi & rocky slopes, 17 ° 17.83 ' N 54 ° 05.11 ' E, 800 m a. s. l., 16. X. 1993, 22: 38 h, leg. G. Lowe (BMNH 1 ♂; MNHN 1 ♂; NHMB 3 ♂, 6 ♀; USNM 1 ♂, 1 ♀); 1 ♀, Jabal Qara, north slopes, Nejd Desert, UV detection, vegetated wadi bottom, chirping crickets, 17 ° 17.01 ' N 54 ° 05.81 ' E, 520 m a. s. l., 16. X. 1993, 23: 39 h, leg. G. Lowe (MCZ); 1 ♀, Jabal Qara, Salalah-Thumrait road, UV detection, grassy / rocky plateau with low hills and slopes, just south of police checkpoint, 17 ° 15.98 ' N 54 ° 04.88 ' E, 850 m a. s. l., 17. X. 1993, 20: 04 h, leg. G. Lowe (MNHN); 4 ♂, 2 ♀, 2 juv ♂, 1 juv ♀, Jabal Qara, Salalah-Thumrait road, UV detection, wide rocky wadi, nr edge of wadi and rocky flats, 17 ° 17.58 ' N 54 ° 04.97 ' E, 800 m a. s. l., 17. X. 1993, 21: 45 h, leg. G. Lowe (NHMB); 1 ♀, Jabal Qara, Nejd Desert, road to Ayun, UV detection, edge of wadi, major wadi below Ayun, fine silt and gravel in middle of wadi, rocky slopes and large rock formations on edges, day to dusk (few scorpions), 17 ° 13.4 ' N 53 ° 54.36 ' E, 600 m a. s. l., 20. X. 1993, 18: 36 h, leg. G. Lowe (BMNH); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, 3 juv ♂, 1 juv ♀, Jabal Qamr, wadi between steep winding roads, UV detection, on gravel in wide wadi with boulders / rounded rocks, 16 ° 52.3 ' N 53 ° 43.28 ' E, 40 m a. s. l., 27. IX. 1995, 23: 25 h, leg. G. Lowe, M. D. Gallagher (GL); 7 ♂, 2 ♀, 1 juv ♂, E of Jabal Qamr, along coastal wadi, UV detection on slope and gravel at base of slope, vegetated slopes with rocks, soil suitable for burrowing, 16 ° 53.71 ' N 53 ° 48.75 ' E, 15 m a. s. l., 28. IX. 1995, 00: 30 h, leg. G. Lowe, M. D. Gallagher (ONHM); 1 subadult ♂, Jabal Qamar, 2 km E of Ardit (Loc. F / 10), windswept plateau with small rocky wadis, under rocks on slope, 16 ° 50.7 ' N 53 ° 23.69 ' E, 1060 m a. s. l., 1. I. 1999, 11: 00 – 16: 30 h, leg. A. Winkler, B. Winkler (ZSM); 1 ♀, Wadi Uyun (Loc. F / 12), sand alluvium under big bush under stone, 17 ° 14.39 ' N 53 ° 53.99 ' E, 400 m a. s. l., 2. I. 1999, 16: 30 h, leg. A. Winkler (ZSM); 1 ♀, Wadi Uyun (Loc. F / 12), sand alluvium, under big bush under stone, 17 ° 14.39 ' N 53 ° 53.99 ' E, 400 m a. s. l., 3. I. 1999, 10: 00 – 12: 00 h, leg. A. Winkler (ZSM); 1 juv ♀, Jabal Qamar, 2 km E of Ardit (Loc. F / 15 II), UV detection, windswept plateau with rocky wadis, between small shrubs, 16 ° 50.7 ' N 53 ° 23.69 ' E, 1060 m a. s. l., 31. I. 2000, 16: 00 – 21: 00 h, leg. B. Winkler (ZSM); 1 juv ♂, Jabal Qamar, 3 km E of Ardit (Loc. F / 13), UV detection, windswept plateau with rocky wadis, under small stone, 16 ° 50.71 ' N 53 ° 23.72 ' E, 1076 m a. s. l., 19. XII. 2001, 18: 00 – 20: 30 h, leg. A. Winkler (ZSM); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Jabal Qamar, 3 km E of Ardit (Loc. F / 14), UV detection, windswept plateau with rocky wadis, under small stone, 16 ° 50.87 ' N 53 ° 23.77 ' E, 1067 m a. s. l., 19. XII. 2001, 21: 00 – 22: 15 h, leg. A. Winkler (ZSM).	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FF936F29FEDD7009FEF72D72.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. A member of the genus Butheolus differentiated as follows: small scorpions, adults 25 – 35 mm; bicolored, carapace and mesosoma moderate to dark brown but usually lighter on posterior tergites, metasomal segments IV – V and telson dark brown, metasoma I – II lighter brown to yellow, pedipalps and legs yellow except for fuscosity at base of chela fingers; carapace and tergites with mixture of fine and coarse granulation; pedipalp patella with dorsomedian carina complete; pedipalp chela with carinae weak or obsolete; ventral surface between ventromedian carinae of metasoma I with sparse, fine granulation or smooth in females; ventral and lateral intercarinal surfaces of metasoma II – V with moderately coarse granulation; metasoma and telson with sparse, short macrosetae; telson with subaculear tubercle small or absent, obtuse angle between posterior vesicle surface and aculeus base; pedipalp and metasoma moderately stout; pedipalp femur L / W ♂ 2.72 – 3.23, ♀ 2.29 – 2.47; pedipalp patella L / W ♂ 2.84 – 3.46, ♀ 2.33 – 2.64; pedipalp chela L / W ♂ 4.90 – 5.48, ♀ 4.07 – 4.67; metasoma I L / W ♂ 0.81 – 0.91, ♀ 0.74 – 0.83; metasoma IV L / D ♂ 1.43 – 1.69, ♀ 1.37 – 1.54, metasoma V L / D ♂ 1.92 – 2.28, ♀ 1.86 – 2.10, telson L / D ♂ 2.33 – 2.73, ♀ 2.27 – 2.51; pectine teeth ♂ 17 – 21, ♀ 14 – 17; basitarsus III retrosuperior setae 6 – 10. COMPARISONS. Most similar to B. gallagheri, from which it differs in the following characters: pale color of metasoma I – II, coarser granulation on carapace and tergites, complete dorsomedian carina on pedipalp patella, subaculear tubercle on telson vesicle small or indistinct; on average, higher numbers of setae in basitarsal bristlecombs (Figs. 148 – 149), more robust pedipalp femur and patella (Figs. 151, 157), wider and deeper pedipalp chela manus (Fig. 136) relative to carapace.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FF936F29FEDD7009FEF72D72.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. A patronym in honor of Ian D. Harrison, who collected and contributed much material in support of studies on the scorpion fauna of Oman.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FF936F29FEDD7009FEF72D72.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION. Based on holotype ♂, 32 ♂ and 29 ♀ paratypes. Coloration (Figs. 69 – 100, 119 – 122, 127 – 132). Bicolored or with variable fuscous pattern; carapace and tergites vary from dark brown to light yellowish-brown, tergite VII may be lighter than others; metasomal segments I – II range from yellow to light brown, IV – V dark brown, III more variable, ranging from bright yellow to a dark brown matching IV – V; telson dark reddish brown, not as dark as metasoma IV – V, vesicle with pale spots at bases of macrosetae and a pair of pale stripes on ventral surface; carapace slightly lighter in postocular, posterior-median triangular area, tergites with lighter lateral patches in transverse reticulated bands; dorsal aspect of chelicerae dark on fingers and distal margin of manus, yellow-brown reticulated on distal quarter of manus; legs yellow except for reddish spots on distal external articular condyles; pedipalps yellow except for fuscous patch on distal chela manus at base of pedipalp fingers, and dorsal femur and patella may occasionally have weak fuscous markings that leave pale spots at the bases of trichobothria; coxosternal area and ventral surface of mesosoma yellow, sternite VII may be light brownish-yellow. Carapace (Figs. 69, 71, 73, 75). Strongly trapezoidal, W / L 0.78 – 0.97, posterior W / anterior W 2.00 – 2.46; lateral flanks steeply sloped; median ocular tubercle prominent; postocular area forming triangular posteromedial plateau with shallow transverse posterior marginal furrows; interocular triangle sloped downwards towards anterior margin; anterior margin with 8 – 10 macrosetae that are longer in females, carapace otherwise devoid of macrosetae; anterolateral margins with 5 pairs of lateral eyes: 3 major ocelli and 1 major or minor posterior ocellus below granular ridge, 1 minor ocellus above granular ridge; whitish eyespot present below lateral eye cluster; all carinae of carapace obsolete except for superciliary carinae which may extend slightly anterior to median ocular tubercle; entire surface with dense fine to coarse granulation except for smooth patches on postocular plateau, posterior transverse and posterior marginal furrows; granulation fine on lateral flanks, coarse on interocular triangle, moderately coarse on posterior margin of carapace and borders of postocular triangular plateau; granulation weaker in females than males; superciliary carinae of females smooth, of males smooth above, granulated anteriorly and posteriorly. Chelicerae (Figs. 67 – 68). Dorsal surface of manus smooth, with two short, pale microsetae on apical margin, each with adjacent granules; dorsointernal carina strong, granulate, bearing one long, dark macroseta and one short, pale microseta; fingers robust with dentition typical of genus, movable finger dorsal margin with two large subdistal denticles and two small basal denticles, ventral margin with larger subdistal and smaller basal denticles, fixed finger with large subdistal denticle and proximal bicusp, two denticles on ventral surface; dorsal surface of movable finger smooth, with 2 – 3 pale microsetae. Coxosternal area (Figs. 70, 72, 74, 76). Males. Coxa I coarsely granulated, endite smooth on anterior half, granulated on posterior half; coxa II coarsely, irregularly granulated, endite with granules concentrated along midline, surface smooth on medial and lateral margins; coxa III irregularly, coarsely granulated, granules concentrated along anterior margin; coxa IV with numerous coarse granules in anterior marginal band and posterior marginal row, central smooth strip in narrow anterior half of coxa, finely granulated in broad posterior half; distal anterior surface of coxae II – IV with reduced granulation or smooth; coxae I – III with scattered, mostly anterior macrosetae: coxa I 7 – 11, II 12 – 18, III 4 – 8; coxa IV typically with single macroseta on anterior proximal limit; sternum weakly granulated, subtriangular, with deep posteromedian pit, usually 2 macrosetae; genital opercula with fine granulation near anterior margins, otherwise smooth, with 3 – 7 macrosetae, posterolateral margins concave. Females. Coxa I with weak coarse granulation, smooth on anterior part of endites; coxa II with very weak granulation, almost smooth; coxa III smooth except for anterior marginal granulation; coxa IV smooth except for anterior and posterior marginal fine granulation; sternum smooth, with larger median pit; genital opercula smooth, elongate; setation as in male, but with longer setae. Pectines (Figs. 70, 72, 74, 76). Basal piece with concave anterior margin and small median groove and pit, coarsely granulated in males, smooth anteriorly and finely shagreened posteriorly in females, bearing 2 – 8 macrosetae; pectines with 3 marginal lamellae, 5 – 7 middle lamellae, extending to proximal 1 / 5 – 1 / 3 of trochanter IV in males, distal end of coxa IV in females; teeth longer in males than females; marginal and middle lamellae with moderate cover of short macrosetae; fulcra with 2 – 4 setae. Hemispermatophore (Figs. 123 – 126). Flagelliform, trunk elongate, ca. 6 times length of capsule region; flagellum short with thicker pars recta and thinner pars reflecta; sperm hemiduct tripartite, posterior lobe large, laminate, median lobe small, acuminate, anterior lobe of intermediate length, tapered; posterior margin of median lobe overhanging posterior lobe, the two lobes fused along a median lobe carina; basal lobe a prominent, narrow, hook-like projection. Mesosoma (Figs. 69 – 76, 333). Tergites: pretergites smooth, with sinuous, finely corrugated posterior margins; tergites densely, finely granulated, with smoother transverse lateral strips on tergites IV – VI; tergites I – II without carinae or with trace of weak median carina, III with weak median carina and weak or obsolete lateral carinae, IV – VI weakly tricarinate with median and paired lateral carinae, VII with 5 carinae, the median carina weak; all carinae finely granular, confined to posterior half of tergites, lateral carinae anteriorly divergent; tergite granulation and carination weaker in females than males; all tergites lacking macrosetae; sternites: males: sternites III – V lacking carinae, medially smooth or shagreened, laterally shagreened or finely granular; sternite VI with smooth or obsolete inner lateral carinae, smooth or weakly granulated outer lateral carinae on posterior half of sternite; sternites IV – VI with wide, posteromedian smooth patch; posterior margins of sternites III – VI with fringe of numerous, small, non-contiguous, closely spaced, digitate denticles; sternite VII densely, finely granular, with granulate median and lateral pairs of carinae confined to posterior 3 / 4 – 4 / 5 of sternite, only median pairs extending to posterior margin; all sternites with scattered, sparse macrosetae, sternite VII with 4 stereotypic isolated macrosetae on mid- to anterior external sides of carinae; females: sternite III smooth medially, shagreened laterally in areas covered by pectines, sternites IV – VI smooth; carinae absent on sternites III – V, only smooth traces of outer lateral carinae on VI; posterior marginal denticles of sternites III – VI smaller than in males; sternite VII with two pairs of weakly granular or almost smooth carinae, weaker than carinae of males, with weaker dense, fine granulation or shagreened on median and lateral surfaces; mesosoma much wider in females than males. Metasoma (Figs. 69 – 70, 73 – 74, 127 – 132). Moderate in length with robust segments, metasoma + telson L / carapace L ♂ 4.8 – 5.8, ♀ 4.7 – 5.5; carination: segments I – III with 10 complete carinae, IV with 4 complete carinae (dorsosubmedian and dorsolateral carinae usually visible only on anterior 1 / 2 of segment), V with 2 carinae (ventrolateral) strongly developed, dorsolateral carinae may be weakly developed and only visible in anterior part of segment; carinae on segments I – IV uniformly granulate, ventrolateral carinae on V with smaller granules in anterior half, larger granules in posterior half; ventromedian carina on V obsolete, a trace indicated by linear series of granules; females with coarser granulation of carinae than males, with segment I having weaker granulation on ventrolateral and ventral carinae; lateral anal margin with 2 blunt granules or lobes, ventral anal margin with 13 – 18 granules; intercarinal surfaces: segment I with dense, fine granulation on lateral surfaces, weakly shagreened on ventrolateral and ventral surfaces; II – V with dense, fine granulation on lateral, ventrolateral and ventral surfaces, V with some coarser granules on posterior 1 / 3 of ventral surface; dorsal surfaces sparsely, finely granulated on I – IV and anterior half of V, smooth on posterior slope of IV and posterior half of V in trough accommodating telson; in females, granulation less dense and coarser on all surfaces, segments I – II may have ventrolateral and ventral surfaces sparsely granulated or smooth; dorsal surfaces in female smooth except for few isolated small granules, usually on segments I – II; setation: scattered microsetae and sparse, short macrosetae present on all segments, macrosetae slightly longer in females; dorsal surfaces lack setation, except for metasoma V which may bear 2 – 4 macrosetae along dorsolateral margins. Telson (Figs. 69 – 70, 73 – 74, 127 – 132). Vesicle smooth dorsally, rugose and weakly granulated laterally and ventrally with small granules more apparent on anterior-ventral surface, ovoid with gentle posterior slope; subaculear tubercle very weak or indistinct; smooth lateral and ventrosubmedian longitudinal troughs weak; scattered microsetae and short macrosetae on lateral and ventral surfaces; rugose surfaces arise from development of shallow indentations at setal insertion points; aculeus stout, shorter than vesicle. Pedipalps (Figs. 77 – 118). Males (Figs. 77 – 88, 101 – 103, 107 – 110, 113 – 115). Femur: L / W 2.72 – 3.23; dorsointernal, dorsoexternal and ventrointernal carinae strong, with uniform coarse granulation; external carina strong, weakly granular, with fine granules proximally, larger granules distally; internal carina moderate with medium to coarse granules; dorsal surface with fine and coarse granulation, internal surface densely finely granulated or shagreened, external surfaces weakly granulated or shagreened, nearly smooth in parts, ventral surface with sparse mix of medium and fine granules; 7 – 12 accessory macrosetae on distal external surface; patella: L / W 2.84 – 3.46; dorsointernal carina strong, granular; dorsomedian carina strong, granular, complete; dorsoexternal carina moderate, weakly granular; external carina moderate, smooth; ventroexternal and ventromedian carinae weak or obsolete, indicated by rows of fine granules; ventrointernal carina weak, indicated by coarse granules; internal carina moderate, finely granulated; dorsal, external and internal surfaces with sparse fine granulation or sparsely shagreened; ventral surface with very sparse fine granulation, or smooth; chela: slender, L / W 4.90 – 5.48, carinae obsolete with only weak, smooth traces of digital, exterior secondary and exterior marginal carinae discernible at base of manus; surface smooth with sparse macrosetae and microsetae; 5 – 8 primary denticle subrows on movable finger, 5 – 7 on fixed finger (including cases of fusion of proximal rows), subrows except proximal typically flanked by internal and external accessory denticles; 4 – 8 internal or external accessory denticles on movable finger, 4 – 7 on fixed finger. Females (Figs. 89 – 100, 104 – 106, 111 – 112, 116 – 118). Femur: more robust than in males, L / W 2.29 – 2.47; dorsointernal and dorsoexternal carinae moderate, with uniform medium to coarse granules; external carina weak, smooth, distal half with sparse, coarse granules; ventrointernal carina moderate with uniform coarse granules; internal carina weak with irregular large granules; dorsal surface with moderate cover of mixed fine granules or microgranules, internal and ventral surfaces almost smooth with sparse weak, fine granules or weakly shagreened, external surfaces smooth; 6 – 9 accessory macrosetae on distal external surface, including linear series of 4 – 6 on ventral side of external carina; patella: more robust than in males, L / W 2.33 – 2.64; dorsomedian carina complete; dorsointernal, dorsomedian and dorsoexternal carinae weak, smooth, other carinae obsolete; all intercarinal surfaces smooth; chela: more robust than in males, L / W 4.07 – 4.67, all carinae obsolete, surface smooth with sparse macrosetae and microsetae; finger dentition similar to males, 6 – 8 primary denticle subrows on movable finger, 6 – 7 on fixed finger, 5 – 8 internal or external accessory denticles on movable finger, 5 – 7 on fixed finger. Trichobothriotaxy: orthobothriotaxic, type Aβ (Vachon, 1974) (Figs. 101 – 118). Legs (69 – 70, 73 – 74, 119 – 122). Males: Femur and patella I – IV with strongly serrate-denticulate inferior carinae, other carinae denticulate-granulate; prolateral surfaces of femur I – IV with dense, fine granulation, of patella I – IV weakly shagreened, nearly smooth; females: femur and patella I – IV with weakly serrate-crenulate inferior carinae, other carinae weakly granulate; prolateral surfaces of femur I – IV mostly smooth, sparsely shagreened or granulate on proximal parts, of patella I – IV nearly smooth; in both sexes, tibia III – IV with spurs; retrolateral tarsal spurs simple, prolateral tarsal spurs basally bifurcate; basitarsi I – III with 4 – 10 long retrosuperior macrosetae arranged in bristle-combs; ventral surface of telotarsi with dual rows of short, fine macrosetae (occasionally reduced to single row on telotarsus I); tarsal ungues stout. Measurements. See Table 2. Variation. Color patterns were variable. The carapace and tergites ranged from a lighter dusky brown to darker brown. Metasoma III color ranged from light brown to dark brown in Jabal Qara specimens, and from yellow to light brown in Jabal Qamr specimens. At a single collection site in Jabal Qara, examples of both light and dark brown metasoma III were observed. Meristic and morphometric variation are summarized in Tabs. 3 – 5, and Figs. 133 – 162.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FF936F29FEDD7009FEF72D72.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Recorded from inland sites in Jabal Qara mountains and coastal sites around Jabal Qamr, in the Dhofar Province of Oman (Fig. 338).	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FF936F29FEDD7009FEF72D72.taxon	biology_ecology	ECOLOGY. The species occurs in mesic environments along the coast as a characteristic faunal element of lush woodland or grassland zones of south facing slopes of the Jabal Qara (Sale, 1980). Collections were made in wadi bottoms among small shrubs. However, it can tolerate more xeric conditions, as there are records from semi-arid scrub zones of northern Jabal Qara near the edge of the Nejd Desert, and from the plateau of Jabal Qamr. Recorded elevation range was 15 – 1,076 m a. s. l. The substrate preference was rocky or gravelly wadis, and some were found by day in shallow scrapes under rocks. Scorpions that occurred together with B. harrisoni sp. n. were: Compsobuthus acutecarinatus (Simon, 1882), Hottentotta salei (Vachon, 1980), Leiurus haenggii Lowe et al., 2014, Nebo whitei Vachon, 1980, Microbuthus kristensenorum Lowe, 2010, and Xenobuthus xanthus sp. n.. The two similar species, B. harrisoni and B. gallagheri, have so far not been recorded together at the same site (UV detection sampling at 14 separate sites for B. harrisoni, 3 for B. gallagheri). The lack of overlap may reflect spatial partitioning according to local environmental factors and competitive exclusion in preferred habitats of each species.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FF9D6F15FC0B7002FA432D4D.taxon	description	(Figs. 151 – 156, 163 – 178, 338, Tab. 6)	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FF9D6F15FC0B7002FA432D4D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. Syntypes, Yemen, Aden, MCSN (not examined). MATERIAL EXAMINED. Yemen: 2 ♀, Shaik Ottiman, 9. II. 1895 (BMNH); 1 ♂ Ta'izz, 3800 ft a. s. l., 1 0. I. 1951, leg. H. Hoogstraal, under rock on Euphorbia Aloe Hill (WDS).	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FF9D6F15FC0B7002FA432D4D.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. A member of the genus Butheolus differentiated as follows: base color deep chocolate brown, with all metasomal segments and telson dark; pedipalps and legs yellow or brownish-yellow; carapace and tergites coarsely granulated; pedipalp patella with dorsomedian carina complete; pedipalp chela with strong dorsal secondary and external secondary carinae, moderate to strong dorsal marginal, digital, external, ventroexternal and ventrointernal carinae; ventral surface between ventromedian carinae of metasoma I with dense coarse and fine granulation; ventral and lateral intercarinal surfaces of metasoma II – V with moderately coarse granulation; metasoma and telson with sparse, short macrosetae; telson with large, broad subaculear tubercle, acute angle between posterior vesicle surface and aculeus base; pedipalp and metasoma stout; pedipalp femur L / W ♂ 2.42; pedipalp patella L / W ♂ 2.25; pedipalp chela L / W ♂ 4.08; metasoma I L / W ♂ 0.75; metasoma IV L / D ♂ 1.24, metasoma V L / D ♂ 1.68, telson L / D ♂ 2.01; pectine teeth ♂ 17 – 18, ♀ 14 – 16.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFA06F11FE827384FE0A2F7C.taxon	description	(Figs. 157 – 162, 179 – 193, 338, Tab. 6)	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFA06F11FE827384FE0A2F7C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype ♀, Saudi Arabia: Khashm Dhibi, 28. II. 1980, leg. A. Barkham (NHMB 0618) (examined).	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFA06F11FE827384FE0A2F7C.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. A member of the genus Butheolus differentiated as follows: base color of prosoma and mesosoma light brown with carapace and tergite VII a darker brown, all metasomal segments dark brown; pedipalps and legs brownish yellow, except for pale, straw colored tarsi; carapace and tergites with mixture of fine and coarse granulation; pedipalp patella with dorsomedian carina complete; pedipalp chela with carinae weak or obsolete; surface between ventromedian carinae of metasoma I with sparse, coarse granulation in females; ventral and lateral intercarinal surfaces of metasoma II – V with moderately coarse granulation; metasoma and telson with dense cover of medium to long macrosetae; telson without subaculear tubercle, obtuse angle between posterior vesicle surface and aculeus base; pedipalp and metasoma relatively slender; pedipalp femur L / W ♀ 2.89; pedipalp patella L / W ♀ 3.14; pedipalp chela L / W ♀ 5.06; metasoma I L / W ♀ 0.77; metasoma IV L / D ♀ 1.43, metasoma V L / D ♀ 1.82, telson L / D ♀ 2.39; pectine teeth ♀ 18; basitarsus III retrosuperior setae 11 – 12. Known only from the holotype female. Male unknown.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFA06F11FE827384FE0A2F7C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS. The numerous long setae in the basitarsal bristle-combs and the long, slender tarsal ungues (Figs. 190 – 193) are typical psammophilous adaptations (Navidpour & Lowe, 2009). On the pedipalp fixed finger, trichobothrium dt is located slightly distal to et, contrary to fig. 9 e of Hendrixson (2006: 61) which shows dt midway between est and et.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFA56F10FEAD73F1FC0F2D6C.taxon	description	http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: CC 2 E 0 A 92 - 2 CDF- 4 D 3 B-A 4 A 0 - 66974 E 8 A 567 D	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFA56F10FEAD73F1FC0F2D6C.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Small to medium-sized buthids (Kovařík, 2009; Sissom, 1990), adults 35 – 50 mm in length; carapace strongly trapezoidal, ratio of posterior W / anterior W 2.1 – 2.4, preocular area inclined downwards towards anterior margin, surface granular, without distinct carinae; tergites granular, tergites I – III lacking carinae or with weak median carina, IV – VI weakly tricarinate with median and paired lateral carinae; tergite VII with broad median carina, two pairs of lateral carinae; posterior margins of sternites III – VI armed with fringe of noncontiguous digitate denticles that are larger in males; metasoma segments nearly uniform in width and depth, robust with smooth or granulated carinae, sparsely or moderately granular on lateral and ventral intercarinal surfaces; metasoma I – III with 10 carinae, IV with 6 or 8 carinae, V with 3 or 5 carinae; ventrolateral carinae on metasoma V without enlarged lobate dentition; telson with bulbous vesicle, without subaculear tubercle, aculeus shorter than vesicle; pectines with fulcra; hemispermatophore with flagellum separated from a 3 - lobed sperm hemiduct, basal lobe a broad, low, axially oriented, curved scoop; chelicerae with characteristic buthid pattern of dentition (Vachon, 1963), two denticles on ventral aspect of fixed finger; pedipalps orthobothriotaxic, type Aβ (Vachon 1974, 1975), patella with d 3 internal to dorsomedian carina, manus with V 2 not strongly displaced internally, V 1 – V 2 axis nearly collinear with long axis of chela, chela fixed finger with db on proximal half of finger between esb and est, it near tip; pedipalps short, chelae small with carinae reduced or obsolete, dentate margins of fingers armed with 8 – 10 non-imbricated linear subrows of primary denticles; subrows flanked by mid-row internal and proximal external accessory denticles; movable finger with 3 enlarged subdistal denticles; males without recess or scalloping of dentate margins at base of pedipalp fingers, with chela manus wider than females; tergites lacking macrosetae; tibial spurs present on legs III – IV; basitarsi I – III with regular series of long macrosetae on retrosuperior, retroinferior and inferior margins; ventral surfaces of telotarsi with paired rows of macrosetae, often reduced to single row on legs I – III; prolateral and retrolateral tarsal spurs present on all legs; size of macrosetae on carapace, pedipalps, legs and metasoma not sexually dimorphic.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFA56F10FEAD73F1FC0F2D6C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. Prefix from Greek ξένος (xénos) meaning alien or strange, i. e. a strange buthid that resembles Butheolus in some features but differs from it in others.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFA56F10FEAD73F1FC0F2D6C.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. Buthus anthracinus Pocock, 1895 [= Xenobuthus anthracinus (Pocock, 1895), comb. n.], designated here.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFAB6F03FF5E70F4FC992C27.taxon	description	(Figs. 151 – 162, 194 – 259, 326 – 327, 331, 334, 338, Tab. 7)	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFAB6F03FF5E70F4FC992C27.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. Lectotype ♀, Yemen, Hadramaut (ZMUH) (not examined). The syntypes of Pocock in BMNH were not found, and a lectotype was designated by Kovařík (2004: 3). MATERIAL EXAMINED. Oman: 1 ♀, S of Thumrait, Nejd Desert, UV detection, edge of small vegetated wadi, open plain, fine silty soil, rock outcrops, 17 ° 30.76 ' N 54 ° 02.76 ' E, 580 m a. s. l., 16. X. 1993, 19: 28 h, leg. G. Lowe, (NHMB); 1 ♂, S of Thumrait; Nejd Desert, UV detection, silty plain, edge of small vegetated wadi, fine silty soil, open plain, rock outcrops, 17 ° 30.77 ' N 54 ° 02. 82 ' E, 600 m a. s. l., 19. X. 1993, 23: 02 h, leg. G. Lowe, (NHMB). Saudi Arabia: 1 ♀ (adult or subadult?), Khamis Mushayt, 18 ° 18 ' N 42 ° 44 ' E, ca. 2,000 m a. s. l., leg. Digby Lickfold (AMNH).	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFAB6F03FF5E70F4FC992C27.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. A member of the genus Xenobuthus differentiated as follows: small to medium-sized scorpions, adults 35 – 50 mm; base color a uniform dark, reddish brown, almost black, all metasomal segments dark brown to black; pedipalp femur and patella light to dark brown, chela with yellow fingers, fuscosity on manus at base of fingers; legs darker brown on femur and patella, lighter on tibia, pale straw color on tarsi; carapace and tergites with moderately dense, fine granulation; metasoma IV with lateral median carinae distinct; metasoma V with ventromedian carina posteriorly bifurcate, males with ventral intercarinal surface granular on posterior 1 / 4 of segment; posterior metasomal segments relatively stout in male: metasoma III L / W ♂ 1.09; metasoma IV L / W ♂ 1.38; metasoma V L / W ♂ 1.66, L / D 2.17; pectine teeth 17 – 22.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFAB6F03FF5E70F4FC992C27.taxon	description	REDESCRIPTION. Based on 1 ♂, 1 ♀ from Dhofar, Oman. Coloration (Figs. 194 – 225, 244 – 247, 252 – 259). Base color dark brown, nearly black, on dorsal aspect of prosoma. mesosoma and all aspects of metasoma and telson; tergites with lighter lateral patches in transverse reticulated bands; telson vesicle with lighter spots at bases of macrosetae, lighter lateral stripes, and a pair of lighter sub-median stripes on ventral surface; dorsal aspect of chelicerae dark on proximal fingers and distal margin of manus, yellow-dark brown reticulated on distal half of manus; legs dark brown on trochanter, femur and patella except for lighter spots on distal patella and lighter patella I; leg tibia I pale whitish-yellow, tibia II – IV light brown; leg tarsi pale whitish-yellow; pedipalps light to dark brown on trochanter, femur and patella, chela manus light brown or yellow, with dark distal band at base of fingers, chela fingers yellow; ventral aspect of mesosoma a lighter shade of brown, except for dark brown sternite VII. Carapace (Figs. 194, 196, 198, 200, 326 – 327). Strongly trapezoidal, W / L 1.09 – 1.20, posterior W / anterior W 2.14 – 2.24; lateral flanks steeply sloped; median ocular tubercle prominent; postocular area forming triangular posteromedial plateau with shallow depressions; interocular triangle gently sloped downwards towards anterior margin, less so in female; anterior margin with 10 (♂), or 12 (♀) macrosetae, carapace otherwise devoid of macrosetae; anterolateral margins with 6 pairs of lateral eyes: 3 major ocelli and 1 minor ocellus below granular ridge, and 2 minor ocelli above granular ridge; whitish eyespot present below lateral eye cluster; all carinae of carapace obsolete except for superciliary carinae which may extend slightly anterior to median ocular tubercle; central median and posterior median carinae indicated by granule rows along edges of postocular plateau; surface with sparse to moderate irregular coarse granulation, with locally smooth areas in postocular plateau, posterior transverse and posterior marginal furrows, and most of interocular triangle; superciliary carinae smooth, with a few coarse granules on posterior slopes; granulation of female carapace similar to male, slightly weaker. Chelicerae (Figs. 258 – 259). Dorsal surface of manus smooth, with two short, pale microsetae on apical margin, each with adjacent granules; dorsointernal carina strong, granulate, bearing one long, dark macroseta and one short, pale microseta; fingers robust, movable finger dorsal margin with two large subdistal denticles and two small basal denticles, ventral margin with larger subdistal and smaller basal denticles, fixed finger with large subdistal denticle and proximal bicusp, two denticles on ventral surface; dorsal surface of movable finger smooth, with three pale microsetae. Coxosternal area (Figs. 195, 197, 199, 201). Male. Coxa I finely granulated, endite smooth on anterior margin, sparsely granulated on posterior areas; coxa II with fine granules concentrated along margins, central surfaces sparsely granulated mostly smooth, endite smooth on anterior quarter and medial margin, granulated elsewhere; coxa III with strong peg-like granulation concentrated along anterior and distal margins, posterior margin weakly granular in proximal half, central area of sclerite smooth; coxa IV with dense band of strong peg-like granulation along anterior margin, rimmed with row of similar granules along proximal half of posterior margin, central surface smooth or very weakly shagreened; coxae I – III with scattered, mostly anterior macrosetae: coxa I 5 – 6, II 6 – 9, III 5; coxa IV with single macroseta on anterior proximal limit; sternum weakly granulated, subtriangular, with deep posteromedian pit, bearing 2 short macrosetae; genital opercula with fine granulation on anterior margin, otherwise smooth, with 4 – 5 macrosetae, posterolateral margins weakly concave. Female. Coxa I strongly granulated, similar to male; coxa II granulation weaker than male, granules strong only on distal and anterior margins, endites almost smooth; coxa III smooth except for narrow strip of granules along proximal 3 / 4 of anterior margin; coxa IV with granulation similar to male but slightly weaker, strong granulation on anterior and proximal posterior margins; coxal macrosetae: I 4 – 6, II 8, III 5 – 6, IV 1; sternum similar to male, granulate with larger median pit, 2 setae; genital opercula smooth except for weak granulation along outer anterior margin, 3 – 5 macrosetae. Pectines (Figs. 195, 197, 199, 201). Basal piece with anterior margin concave, with deep median pit or groove; surface in male nearly flat, weakly shagreened, bearing 5 setae, in female strongly biconcave posteriorly, granulated in depressions and along posterior margin, bearing 7 setae; pectines with 3 marginal lamellae, 7 – 8 middle lamellae, extending to distal end of coxa IV in male, falling short of distal end in female; marginal and middle lamellae with moderate cover of short macrosetae; fulcra with 1 – 4 fine macrosetae (mostly 3 – 4); teeth of similar length in both sexes, tooth counts: ♂ 19 / 20, ♀ 19 / 19. Hemispermatophore (Figs. 248 – 251, 331). Flagelliform, trunk elongate, ca. 6.4 times length of capsule region; flagellum with short pars recta bearing anterior marginal lamella, longer pars reflecta gradually tapering to cylindrical hyaline filament; sperm hemiduct tripartite, posterior lobe large, laminate, median lobe small, acuminate, anterior lobe of intermediate length; posterior margin of median lobe overhanging posterior lobe, the two lobes fused along median lobe carina; basal lobe a low, broad, axially oriented, curved scoop, with posterior-facing concavity, proximally angled in posterior direction, distally confluent with median lobe carina. Mesosoma (Figs. 194 – 201, 334). Tergites: pretergites smooth, with weak, fine corrugations on posterior margins; tergites I – VI with lateral areas of coarse granulation in central and posterior parts, broken by smooth transverse patches, anterior lateral and medial areas heavily shagreened, posterior margins of sclerites rimmed by regular rows of granules; tergite I without distinct carinae, II with weak traces of median or median plus paired lateral carinae; tergites III – VI tricarinate with anteriorly divergent, granulate carinae which become stronger on more posterior tergites; granulation and carination pattern of female similar to male but much weaker; tergite VII with 5 carinae, median carina a weak granulated hump, lateral carinae strongly granular, inner lateral carinae anteriorly divergent, intercarinal areas with sparse or moderate density of coarse granules, smoother in male; all tergites lacking macrosetae; sternites: male: sternites III – V lacking carinae, medially smooth, weakly shagreened anterolaterally, III densely shagreened on surface covered by pectines; sternites IV – VI with weak, smooth remnants of outer lateral carinae near posterior margins adjacent to spiracles, VI with weak, smooth remnants of inner lateral carinae; sternites IV – VI with wide, posteromedian smooth patch; posterior margins of sternites III – VI with fringe of small, non-contiguous, digitate denticles; sternite VII smooth except for sparse fine granulation on outer lateral areas, median carinae weakly granulose, nearly smooth, lateral carinae strongly granulose; carinae confined to posterior 2 / 3 of sternite, only median pairs extending to posterior margin; non-marginal macrosetae: III 20 along edges of pectinal contact area, IV 10, V 7, VI 6, VII 6 including 4 stereotypic isolated macrosetae near outer anterior ends of carinae; female: sternite III smooth except for finely shagreened areas on surface covered by pectines; sternites IV – VI smooth except for very weakly shagreened anterior edges adjacent to pre-sternite borders; sternite VII smooth medially and anteriorly, sparsely granulate on mediolateral and lateral intercarinal surfaces; carinae obsolete on sternite III, reduced to smooth posterior wrinkles on medial sides of spiracles on IV – VI; posterior marginal denticles of sternites III – VI much smaller than in male; sternite VII with two pairs of welldeveloped smooth or weakly granular carinae, sparse granulation on mediolateral and lateral surfaces; nonmarginal macrosetae: III 26, IV 12, V 6, VI 7, VII 6; mesosoma wider in female than male. Metasoma (Figs. 194 – 195, 198 – 199, 252 – 257). Length about equal to prosoma and mesosoma, metasoma + telson L / carapace L ♂ 5.33, ♀ 5.27; segments moderately robust; carination: segments I – IV with 10 complete carinae, IV with lateral median carinae weaker than I – II but distinct; segment V with 7 carinae in male, 5 carinae in female (ventrosubmedian carinae indistinct); carinae on segments I – IV uniformly granulate, except for nearly smooth ventromedian and ventrolateral carinae on metasoma I of female; ventrolateral carinae on V with granules gradually increasing in size, from finer anteriorly to coarser posteriorly; segment V with ventromedian carina marked by series of coarse granules, bifurcating in posterior half, ventrosubmedian carinae of male marked by series of coarse granules in anterior half, breaking up in posterior half, of female indistinct with coarse granules occupying broader longitudinal strips; lateral anal margin with 2 blunt granules or lobes, ventral anal margin with 17 (♂) or 20 (♀) granules; intercarinal surfaces: lateral and ventral aspects of segments I – IV mostly smooth with sparse fine granulation or isolated granules, except for denser fine granulation on ventral aspect of female metasoma VI; dorsolateral and lateral surfaces of segments II – VI rugose in female, weakly rugose in male; segment V of male with sparse granulation on lateral and ventral surfaces, of female with sparse granulation on lateral surface, denser granulation on ventral surface, lateral surface rugose in female, weakly so in male; dorsal surfaces of all segments smooth in both sexes; setation: all segments equipped with scattered long, curved, golden macrosetae on all aspects, most located near or on carinae, setae of similar length in both sexes; metasoma V with 5 – 6 macrosetae along dorsolateral margins. Telson (Figs. 194 – 195, 198 – 199, 252 – 257). Vesicle smooth dorsally and laterally, mostly smooth ventrally except for a few granules at anterior end; small indentations at setal insertion points; bulbous, with steep posterior slope, subaculear tubercle absent, but a slight ridge indicates trace of tubercle; several long macrosetae on lateral and ventral surfaces; aculeus slightly shorter than vesicle. Pedipalps (Figs. 202 – 243). Male (Figs. 202 – 213, 226 – 228, 232 – 235, 238 – 240). Femur: L / W 3.02; dorsointernal and dorsoexternal carinae strong, ventrointernal carina moderate, all with regular coarse granulation; external carina strong, nearly smooth with isolated coarse granules associated with setal insertion points; internal carina moderate, with isolated medium to coarse granules; dorsal surface faintly shagreened, nearly smooth, other surfaces smooth; 8 – 10 accessory macrosetae on distal external surface; patella: L / W 2.90; internal, dorsointernal and dorsomedian carinae moderate, weakly granulated, nearly smooth; dorsoexternal carina weak, smooth; external carina moderate, smooth; other carinae obsolete, ventromedian and ventroexternal carinae barely visible as smooth traces of thickened integument; intercarinal surfaces smooth; chela: slender, L / W 4.27, all carinae obsolete, surface smooth with sparse macrosetae and microsetae; 9 – 10 primary denticle subrows on movable fingers, 8 on fixed fingers, total count of non-enlarged primary denticles on movable fingers 45 / 48, on fixed fingers 45 / 46; denticle subrows except proximal flanked by internal and external accessory denticles, 8 – 9 internal or external accessory denticles on movable finger, 7 – 8 on fixed finger. Female (Figs. 214 – 225, 229 – 231, 236 – 237, 241 – 243). Femur: more robust than male, L / W 2.67; carination and surface texture similar to male; 9 – 11 accessory macrosetae on distal external surface; patella: more robust than male, L / W 2.56; dorsointernal and dorsomedian carinae smooth, internal carina with weaker granulation than male, other carinae similar to male; intercarinal surfaces smooth; chela: more slender than male, L / W 4.61, all carinae obsolete, surface smooth with sparse macrosetae and microsetae; 9 – 10 primary denticle subrows on movable fingers, 8 on fixed fingers, total count of non-enlarged primary denticles on movable fingers 52 / 53, on fixed fingers 41 / 58; 9 internal or external accessory denticles on movable fingers, 8 – 9 on fixed finger. Trichobothriotaxy: orthobothriotaxic, type Aβ (Vachon, 1974) (Figs. 226 – 243) Legs (Figs. 194 – 195, 198 – 199, 244 – 247). Inferior carinae finely denticulate on femur I – III, finely crenulate on femur IV; other carinae on femora finely granulate; prolateral surfaces of femora sparsely shagreened; patella II – IV with weakly denticulate inferior carinae, other carinae smooth, prolateral surfaces smooth; tibia III – IV with spurs; retrolateral tarsal spurs simple, prolateral tarsal spurs basally bifurcate; basitarsi I / II / III with 8 / 11 / 12 – 13 long retrosuperior macrosetae arranged in bristle-combs; ventral surface of telotarsi with dual rows of long, fine macrosetae, but dual row condition may be confined to only basal portion on basitarsi I – III, leaving a single file of setae in distal portion (cf. Pocock, 1895: 295); tarsal ungues moderately long. Measurements. See Table 7. Variation. A second, smaller female (35 mm, subadult?) from Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia (AMNH) was examined, and did not differ significantly in key diagnostic characters from the larger adult female (48 mm) from Dhofar described here (see also description of that specimen in Hendrixson, 2006). The specimens examined match very well the excellent original description and plates of Pocock (1895), for material collected from the Hadramaut in Yemen. Pocock noted variation in fuscous markings on proximal leg segments, and on carinae of pedipalp femur and patella. The lectotype female (ZMUH, photograph examined) appears to be an immature or juvenile instar (27 mm). It has more slender pedipalp segments, which is typical of immature Xenobuthus (e. g. in juvenile X. xanthus sp. n., cf. Figs. 266 vs. 270).	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFAB6F03FF5E70F4FC992C27.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. The distribution apparently covers the mountainous plateau region of the southwestern Arabian Peninsula, ranging from Asir highlands of Khamis Mushayt (Saudi Arabia), through the Hadramaut of Yemen, to the Nejd Desert in Dhofar, Oman. A similar range of distribution is seen in other scorpions that inhabit the mountain ranges tracking the west to southwest coast of the Arabian Plate, e. g. Leiurus haenggii Lowe et al., 2014, and Microbuthus kristensenorum Lowe, 2010.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFAB6F03FF5E70F4FC992C27.taxon	biology_ecology	ECOLOGY. The male and female described here were both collected from the edge of a small sandy wadi in the arid Nejd Desert region (580 m a. s. l.), north of the Jabal Qara mountains in Dhofar. Scorpions that occurred together with X. anthracinus were: Compsobuthus acutecarinatus (Simon, 1882), Hottentotta salei (Vachon, 1980) and Leiurus macroctenus Lowe et al., 2014.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFB76F77FC5E7022FAFE2C63.taxon	description	(Figs. 151 – 162, 260 – 325, 328 – 329, 335, 338, Tabs. 3, 7) http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 6 BA 2 FD 27 - C 501 - 4025 - B 258 - 2 B 7 FB 1 F 912 D 0	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFB76F77FC5E7022FAFE2C63.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. Holotype ♂, Jabal Zulul, escarpment above Ash Shuwaymiyah, UV detection, on ground, silt and gravel, rocky bowl surrounded by rocky cliffs and slopes, partly disturbed by earthmoving equipment, 17 ° 57.12 ' N 55 ° 39.28 ' E, 215 m a. s. l., 26. IX. 1995, 00: 45 h, leg. G. Lowe, M. D. Gallagher (NHMB). PARATYPES. 2 juv ♂, same locality as holotype; 1 subadult ♀, Jabal Qara, north slopes, Nejd Desert, UV detection, rocky wadi and rocky slopes, 17 ° 17.83 ' N 54 ° 05.11 ' E, 800 m a. s. l., 16. X. 1993, 22: 38 h, leg. G. Lowe (MNHN); 1 ♀, Wadi Ara, Jabal Samhan, under rocks at base of cliff, 17 ° 16 ' N 54 ° 57 ' E, 1050 m a. s. l., 2 Feb 1994, leg. M. R. Brown (ONHM); 1 ♀, Wadi Shuwaymiyah, under rock on mound of sandy soil, near permanent water seepage site on northern edge of wide vegetated wadi, 17 ° 55.94 ' N 55 ° 31.47 ' E, 50 m a. s. l., 2 5. IX. 1995, 19: 15 h, leg. G. Lowe, M. D. Gallagher (NHMB); 1 subadult ♀, Wadi Shuwaymiyah, small rocky wadi, UV detection on patch of coarse sand on ground, in small side wadi, gravel with rocky walls, 17 ° 55.81 ' N 55 ° 32.98 ' E, 45 m a. s. l., 25. IX. 1995, 21: 30 h, leg. G. Lowe, M. D. Gallagher (BMNH); 1 subadult ♀, 1 juv ♂, east of Jabal Qamr, along coastal wadi, UV detection on slope, vegetated slopes with rocks; soil suitable for burrowing;, 16 ° 53.71 ' N 53 ° 48.75 ' E, 15 m a. s. l., 28. IX. 1995, 00: 30 h, leg. G. Lowe, M. D. Gallagher (NHMB).	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFB76F77FC5E7022FAFE2C63.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. A member of the genus Xenobuthus differentiated as follows: bicolored, with base color bright yellow, metasomal segments I – III yellow, metasoma IV yellow or dark brown, metasoma V and telson dark brown to black; pedipalp and legs yellow; carapace and tergites with moderately sparse, coarse granulation; metasoma IV without lateral median carinae; metasoma V with ventromedian carina composed of single series of granules, not posteriorly bifurcate, males with ventral intercarinal surface smooth on posterior 1 / 4 of segment; posterior metasomal segments relatively narrow in male: metasoma III L / W ♂ 1.21; metasoma IV L / W ♂ 1.52; metasoma V L / W ♂ 1.92, L / D 2.44.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFB76F77FC5E7022FAFE2C63.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. From Greek ξανθός (xanthós) meaning yellow, a reference to the body color.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFB76F77FC5E7022FAFE2C63.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION. Based on holotype adult ♂, 3 juv ♂, 2 adult ♀, 3 juv ♀ from Dhofar, Oman. Coloration (Figs. 260 – 294, 313 – 316, 320 – 325). Bicolored; base color bright yellow with dark brown or black metasoma V and telson; metasoma IV variably pigmented, ranging from bright yellow, to light brown, to dark brown; if dark brown, anterior end may be slightly lighter; median and lateral eyes dark; small brown spots on distal ends of leg femora and patellae marking prolateral articular condyles; chelicerae yellow, without reticulated markings; juveniles may have light fuscous patterns on carapace, tergites and pedipalps (Fig. 270). Carapace (Figs. 262, 264, 266, 2 68, 270, 328 – 329). Strongly trapezoidal, W / L 1.15 – 1.23, posterior W / anterior W 2.21 – 2.41; lateral flanks steeply sloped; median ocular tubercle prominent; postocular area forming triangular posteromedial plateau with shallow depressions; interocular triangle gently sloped downwards towards anterior margin, less so in female; anterior margin with 7 – 9 macrosetae, carapace otherwise devoid of macrosetae; anterolateral margins with 5 pairs of lateral eyes: 3 major ocelli and 1 minor ocellus below granular ridge, and 1 minor ocellus above granular ridge; all carinae of carapace obsolete except for superciliary carinae which may extend slightly anterior to median ocular tubercle; central median and posterior median carinae indicated by granule rows along edges of postocular plateau; surface with sparse to moderate irregular coarse granulation, with extensive smooth areas in postocular plateau, posterior transverse and posterior marginal furrows, and median interocular triangle; superciliary carinae smooth, with a few coarse granules on posterior slopes; granulation of female carapace similar to male, weaker on interocular triangle. Chelicerae (Figs. 260 – 261). Dorsal surface of manus smooth, with two short, pale microsetae on apical margin, each with adjacent granules; dorsointernal carina strong, granulate, bearing one long, dark macroseta and one short, pale microseta; fingers robust, movable finger dorsal margin with two large subdistal denticles and two small basal denticles, ventral margin with larger subdistal and smaller basal denticles, fixed finger with large subdistal denticle and proximal bicusp, two denticles on ventral surface; dorsal surface of movable finger smooth, with 2 – 3 pale microsetae. Coxosternal area (Figs. 263, 265, 267, 269). Holotype male. Coxa I with medium to coarse granulation, endite smooth on distal third, coarsely granulated on posterior 2 / 3; coxa II with medium granules concentrated along margins, central surfaces sparsely granulated, endite smooth on anterior end and medial margin, granulated elsewhere; coxa III with strong peglike granulation concentrated along anterior and distal margins, posterior margin weakly granular in proximal half, central area of sclerite with sparse, fine granulation; coxa IV with dense band of strong peg-like granulation along anterior margin, rimmed with row of similar granules along proximal half of posterior margin, central surface very weakly shagreened; coxae I – III with scattered, mostly anterior macrosetae: coxa I 4 – 5, II 7 – 8, III 4 – 5; coxa IV with single macroseta on anterior proximal limit; sternum with weak fine granulation, subtriangular, with deep posteromedian pit, bearing 2 macrosetae; genital opercula with very weak fine granulation on anterior margin, otherwise smooth, with 2 – 4 macrosetae, posterolateral margins weakly concave. Females. Coxa I with heavy coarse granulation, distal part of endite smooth; coxa II with coarse granules in longitudinal strip on endite, medial half of endite smooth; distal, anterior and posterior margins coarsely granular, central area smooth; coxa III strongly granulated on anterior and distal margins, weakly granulated on proximal posterior margin, central area smooth; coxa IV with dense strip of granules on anterior margin, linear row of granules rimming proximal 2 / 3 of posterior margin, central area and distal margin smooth; coxal macrosetae: I 5 – 6, II 7 – 9, III 4 – 6, IV 1; sternum similar to male, weakly, finely granulate with larger median pit, 2 setae; genital opercula smooth, bearing 4 – 7 macrosetae. Pectines (Figs. 263, 265, 267, 269). Basal piece with anterior margin concave, with deep median pit or groove; surface in male nearly flat, weakly shagreened, bearing 2 setae, in female strongly biconcave posteriorly, sparsely granulated in depressions, more densely along posterior margin, bearing 4 – 5 setae; pectines with 3 marginal lamellae, 6 – 8 middle lamellae, extending to distal end of coxa IV in male, falling short of distal end in female; marginal and middle lamellae with sparse cover of short macrosetae; fulcra with 1 – 4 fine macrosetae (mostly 3); teeth of similar length in both sexes, slightly longer in male; tooth counts: ♂ 18 – 21, ♀ 18 – 20. Hemispermatophore (Figs. 317 – 319). Flagelliform, with elongate trunk; flagellum with short pars recta bearing anterior marginal lamella, longer pars reflecta gradually tapering to cylindrical hyaline filament; sperm hemiduct tripartite, posterior lobe large, laminate, median lobe small, acuminate, anterior lobe of intermediate length; posterior margin of median lobe overhanging posterior lobe, the two lobes fused along median lobe carina; basal lobe a low, moderately broad, axially oriented, curved scoop with posterior-facing concavity, arising from median lobe carina. The hemispermatophores extracted from the holotype male were soft, not well sclerotized, but the essential capsule structure and form of the basal lobe were visible. Mesosoma (Figs. 262 – 270, 335). Tergites: pretergites smooth, with weak, fine corrugations on posterior margins; tergites I – VI with lateral areas of coarse granulation and smooth transverse patches, anterior lateral and medial areas weakly shagreened, posterior margins of sclerites rimmed by regular rows of granules; tergite I without distinct carinae, II with weak trace of median carinae; tergites III – VI tricarinate with anteriorly divergent, granulate carinae; granulation and carination pattern of female similar to male, but granules weaker in females; tergite VII with 5 carinae, median carina a weakly granulated hump, lateral carinae strongly granular, inner lateral carinae anteriorly divergent, intercarinal areas smooth except for a few coarse granules and a pair of anterior clusters of small granules; all tergites lacking macrosetae; sternites: holotype male: sternites III – V lacking carinae, medially smooth, weakly shagreened laterally, III densely shagreened on surface covered by pectines; sternites IV – VI with weak, smooth remnants of outer lateral carinae near posterior margins, adjacent to spiracles; sternites IV – VI with wide, posteromedian smooth patch; posterior margins of sternites III – VI with fringe of small, non-contiguous, digitate denticles; sternite VII smooth except for sparse fine granulation on mediolateral and outer lateral areas, median carinae smooth with trace of granulation, lateral carinae strongly granulose; carinae confined to posterior 2 / 3 of sternite, only median pairs extending to posterior margin; non-marginal macrosetae: III 18 along edges of pectinal contact area, IV 9, V 6, VI 8, VII 6 including 4 stereotypic isolated macrosetae in middle or anterior near outer sides of carinae; females: sternite III smooth except for finely shagreened areas on surface covered by pectines; sternites IV – VI smooth except for very weakly shagreened anterior lateral corners adjacent to presternite borders; sternite VII smooth; carinae obsolete on sternites III – V, reduced to smooth posterior wrinkles on medial sides of spiracles on VI; posterior marginal denticles of sternites III – VI much smaller than in males; sternite VII with two pairs of carinae, medial pair smooth, lateral pair smooth anteriorly, weakly granulate posteriorly; non-marginal macrosetae: III 24 – 27, IV 10 - 13, V 6 – 10, VI 6 – 7, VII 6; mesosoma wider in female than male. Metasoma (Figs. 262 – 263, 266 – 267, 270, 320 – 325). Length about equal to prosoma and mesosoma, metasoma + telson L / carapace L ♂ 5.62, ♀ 4.95 – 5.07; segments moderately robust; carination: segment I with 10 complete carinae, II with 10 carinae, 8 complete, lateral median carinae distinct only on posterior 3 / 4, III with 10 carinae, 8 complete, lateral median carinae distinct only on posterior 1 / 2, IV with 8 carinae, lateral median carinae absent, V with 3 carinae; most carinae granulate or weakly crenulate; in male, ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae on segment I weakly granular; in females, ventrolateral and ventromedian carinae on segment I smooth, on segment II weakly granular, more smooth anteriorly; ventrolateral carinae on segment V with gradual, slight increase in size of granules posteriorly; segment V with ventromedian carinae composed of linear series of granules, not bifurcating, ventrosubmedian carinae indistinct, positions only indicated by granules; lateral anal margin with 2 blunt granules or lobes, ventral anal margin with 13 – 20 granules; intercarinal surfaces: lateral and ventral aspects of segments I – IV mostly smooth with sparse granulation or isolated granules; dorsolateral and lateral surfaces of segments II – VI weakly rugose; segment V with sparse coarse granulation on ventral surface, smooth on lateral surface, male with posterior 1 / 4 of ventral surface smooth on either side of ventromedian carina; dorsal surfaces of all segments smooth in male, smooth or weakly rugose in female; setation: all segments equipped with scattered long, curved, golden macrosetae on all aspects, most located near or on carinae, setae of similar length in both sexes; metasoma V dorsolateral margins with 15 macrosetae in male, 7 – 11 in females. Telson (Figs. 262 – 263, 266 – 267, 270, 320 – 325). Vesicle smooth dorsally and laterally, mostly smooth ventrally except for a few granules at anterior end; small indentations at setal insertion points; bulbous, with steep posterior slope, subaculear tubercle absent, but slight ridge indicates trace of tubercle; several long macrosetae on lateral and ventral surfaces; aculeus slightly shorter than vesicle. Pedipalps (Figs. 271 – 312). Male (Figs. 271 – 282, 295 – 297, 301 – 304, 307 – 309). Femur: L / W 2.87; dorsointernal, dorsoexternal and ventrointernal carinae strong, with regular coarse granulation; external carina a broad ridge, smooth or with isolated weak granules; internal carina moderate, with coarse granules; intercarinal surfaces smooth; 9 – 10 accessory macrosetae on distal external surface; patella: L / W 2.87; dorsointernal, dorsomedian and external carinae moderate, smooth; dorsoexternal carina weak, smooth; internal carina moderate, weakly granulated; other carinae obsolete, ventromedian and ventroexternal carinae barely visible as smooth traces of thickened integument; intercarinal surfaces smooth; chela: slender, L / W 4.26, all carinae obsolete, surface smooth with sparse macrosetae and microsetae; 9 primary denticle subrows on movable fingers, 8 on fixed fingers, total count of non-enlarged primary denticles on movable fingers 43 – 51 (N = 4 fingers), on fixed fingers 40 – 52 (N = 3 fingers, 1 malformed finger excluded); denticle subrows except proximal flanked by internal and external accessory denticles, 6 – 9 internal or external accessory denticles on movable finger, 7 – 8 on fixed finger. Female (Figs. 283 – 294, 298 – 300, 305 – 306, 310 – 312). Femur: slightly more slender than male, L / W 3.00 – 3.05; carination and surface texture similar to male; 9 – 11 accessory macrosetae on distal external surface; patella: slightly more robust than male, L / W 2.71 – 2.84; internal carina smooth, other carinae also smooth, as in male; intercarinal surfaces smooth; chela: more slender than male, L / W 4.48 – 4.71, all carinae obsolete, surface smooth with sparse macrosetae and microsetae; 9 – 10 primary denticle subrows on movable fingers, 8 – 9 on fixed fingers, total count of non-enlarged primary denticles on movable fingers 47 – 55 (N = 8 fingers), on fixed fingers 42 – 52 (N = 8 fingers); 8 – 9 internal or external accessory denticles on movable fingers, 7 – 9 on fixed finger. Trichobothriotaxy: orthobothriotaxic, type Aβ (Vachon, 1974) (Figs. 295 – 312). Legs (Figs. 262 – 263, 266 – 267, 313 – 316). Inferior carinae finely serrate-denticulate on femora, other carinae on femora weakly, finely granulate; prolateral surfaces of femora with sparse fine granulation proximally, smooth distally, carinae in females becoming indistinct in proximal granular areas; patellae with weakly crenulate-denticulate inferior carinae, other carinae smooth, prolateral surfaces smooth; tibia III – IV with spurs; retrolateral tarsal spurs simple, prolateral tarsal spurs basally bifurcate; basitarsi I / II / III with 7 – 8 / 9 – 12 / 11 – 14 long retrosuperior macrosetae arranged in bristle-combs; ventral surface of telotarsi with dual rows of long, fine macrosetae, but dual row condition may often be confined to only basal portion on basitarsi I – III, with single file of setae in distal portion; tarsal ungues moderately long. Measurements. See Table 7. Variation. Coloration, morphometric and meristic variation as described above and in Figs. 157 – 162.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFB76F77FC5E7022FAFE2C63.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Jabal Samhan, Jabal Qara and Jabal Qamr, and adjacent coastal sites in Dhofar Province, Oman.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFB76F77FC5E7022FAFE2C63.taxon	biology_ecology	ECOLOGY. It has a preference for mesic habitats, being found in sandy wadis and rocky slopes with vegetation and moisture. Specimens taken by day were sheltering under rocks. The yellow color of the body would blend well with lighter substrates where it was collected, while the dark brown / black posterior metasoma and telson would stand out in contrast. Similar bicolored patterns seem to have evolved independently in various other buthids (e. g. Buthacus nigroaculeatus, Centruroides bicolor, Leiurus spp., Hottentotta salei, H. saulcyi, etc.), and may be adaptive in leading visually guided vertebrate predators of scorpions away from the more vulnerable mesosoma, and towards the venom-wielding telson which can deliver mammal-specific defensive toxins. Recorded elevation range was 15 – 1,050 m. Scorpions that occurred together with X. xanthus were: Butheolus harrisoni sp. n., Compsobuthus acutecarinatus (Simon, 1882), Hottentotta salei (Vachon, 1980), Leiurus haenggii Lowe et al., 2014, Microbuthus kristensenorum Lowe, 2010, and Nebo whitei Vachon, 1980.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
1F0A87B4FFC36F74FCD270F9FE402D3F.taxon	discussion	The above key omits two species, Butheolus arabicus Lourenço & Qi, 2006, and B. hallani Lourenço & Rossi, 2017 (= B. pallidus Lourenço & Duhem, 2012), because the author was not able to loan and examine the types of these two species. From the published description, and the habitus shown in images on the MNHN website, B. arabicus does not fit the diagnosis of Butheolus given here. Instead, it complies with certain characters of Xenobuthus gen. n.: i. e., 1) large size and general proportion and shape of body and appendages resemble X. anthracinus and X. xanthus; 2) 8 – 9 denticle subrows on pedipalp chela fingers. It is hereby provisionally transferred to that genus: Butheolus arabicus Lourenço & Qi, 2006 = Xenobuthus arabicus (Lourenço & Qi, 2006) comb. n.. The type locality “ East of Khamis Mushayt ” suggests the possibility that X. arabicus is a junior synonym of X. anthracinus, since the latter is also known from Khamis Mushayt (by the AMNH female, examined here and by Hendrixson, 20 06). Lourenço & Qi (2006) distinguished X. arabicus from X. anthracinus as follows: 1) “ much larger overall size ”, i. e. paratype female 40.4 mm vs. 25.3 mm length of a female X. anthracinus (cf. their Tab. 1, cited as a ‘ paratype’): this character is not applicable because: (i) adult female X. anthracinus can be up to 40 – 5 0 mm long (Figs. 1 98 – 199, Tab. 7), and the AMNH female is ca. 35 mm long (Hendrixson, 2006). The female studied by Lourenço & Qi (2006) is the same size as the lectotype female (♀ 25 mm, photograph examined) of X. anthracinus in ZMUH designated by Kovařík (2004), and is thus likely to be immature or juvenile. It is not a paratype, but either a paralectotype, or possibly the lectotype itself. (ii) the holotype male of X. arabicus (total L 35.6 mm, carapace L 4.7 mm) is about the same size as the holotype male of X. anthracinus (total L 36.5 mm, carapace L 4.4 mm, cf. Pocock, 1895: 295). 2) “ strongly marked ” (= strongly developed) carinae on tergite VII and metasoma, and granulation of carapace tergites and coxapophysis: this character may not be applicable because adult X. anthracinus also have strong carination on tergite VII and metasoma, and strong granulation on carapace, tergites and coxal endites I – II (= coxapophyses) (Figs. 194 – 201, 252 – 257). The carination and granulation may not be fully developed in the probably immature or juvenile female used for comparison by Lourenço & Qi (2006). 3) “ metasomal segments I to III with 10 carinae in both sexes ”: this character is not applicable because adult X. anthracinus can also have 10 carinae on metasoma I – III in both sexes (Figs. 252 – 257). Either this character is variable, or the carination is not fully developed in the probably immature or juvenile female used for comparison by Lourenço & Qi (2006). Another potential difference is in coloration, as the base color of X. arabicus was described as “ yellow to reddish-yellow ”, consistent with color photographs of the holotype posted on the MNHN website, which contrasts with the dark reddish-brown to black color of X. anthracinus. However, biological pigments can suffer fading or wash out after long storage in alcohol, and coloration is not a very reliable character in old specimens that were not fixed by specific methods that preserve coloration, e. g. heat shock and aldehyde fixation (Williams, 1968). The problem was well demonstrated by the holotype of Butheolus gallagheri (also in MNHN), that was loaned and examined by the author in 1994, only 14 years after its description by Vachon (1980) as “ brun chocolat ” (= dark brown natural color, exhibited by live animals and by the aldehyde-fixed materials studied here). By 1994, the holotype had already faded to a pale yellow color on the carapace and tergites, and a pale orange brown color on the metasoma, and the base of the pedipalp fingers had lost the diagnostic melanic pigmentation that was noted by Vachon (1980). The holotype of X. arabicus was presumably stored much longer in alcohol (34 years) before it was described. Although X. arabicus and X. anthracinus seem similar and were both collected in the vicinity of Khamis Mushayt, they could nevertheless be distinct species. In Dhofar, Oman, similar but distinct species of Butheolus and Xenobuthus exist in relatively close proximity. Lourenço & Qi (2006) noted that X. arabicus only bears 8 carinae on metasoma IV, which is a diagnostic character separating X. xanthus from X. anthracinus. The question might be addressed by restudying the types of X. arabicus, or by further sampling the Xenobuthus populations in the region of Khamis Mushayt. The taxonomic status of B. hallani, based on a single holotype male from the United Arab Emirates or adjacent Oman, is also uncertain. It is not clear from the published description, and the general habitus shown in images posted on the MNHN website (reproduced in Lourenço & Rossi, 2017), whether it fits the diagnosis of Butheolus given here. In their description, Lourenço & Duhem (2012) noted: 1) “ posterior margin of sternites III to VI without denticulations ”: however, such denticulations are proposed to be diagnostic for both Butheolus and Xenobuthus (Figs. 332 – 335), and were present and in all species examined here. Although the sternite denticulations are weaker and may be overlooked in females, they are conspicuous in males, and the holotype of B. hallani is male. 2) metasoma V with “ lateroventral carinae with a few slightly spinoid granules in the distal region ”: their Fig. 4 depicts an irregularly dentate posterior carina with two enlarged denticles that are considerably larger than the anterior dentition, a pattern that differs from that seen in Butheolus and Xenobuthus, which have numerous regular denticles gradually increasing in size posteriorly. These characters, together with the small body size (18 mm), and presence of only 5 – 6 subrows of denticles on the pedipalp fingers, are more suggestive of Neobuthus, than Butheolus (Kovařík & Lowe, 2012; Lourenço, 2001, 2005; Lourenço & Qi, 2006; Lowe & Kovařík, 2 016). Other key taxonomic characters that could be relevant to its generic affiliation (e. g. position of trichobothrium V 2 on pedipalp manus, number of denticles on ventral aspect of cheliceral fixed finger) have yet to be specified. In any case, the presence of either Butheolus or Neobuthus in the southeastern corner of the Arabian Peninsula would be a significant range extension for either genus.	en	Lowe, Graeme (2018): The genera Butheolus Simon, 1882 and Xenobuthus gen. nov. (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Oman. Euscorpius 261: 1-73, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2018.vol2018.iss261.1
