taxonID	type	description	language	source
B07187DFA81CFF9DFC73FA179AFBFBDD.taxon	description	(Figs. 12, 16 – 40, 193, 421 – 422, 547)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA81CFF9DFC73FA179AFBFBDD.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. Stenochirus sarasinorum Karsch, 1892	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA81CFF9DFC73FA179AFBFBDD.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 30 – 52 mm. Sternum type 1, subpentagonal or subtriangular, roughly as wide as long, exhibiting horizontal compression. Pedipalps with trichobothrial pattern Aα; femur trichobothrium d 2 located dorsally, patella d 3 external to dorsomedian carina; chela with 3 Eb trichobothria on manus. Cheliceral fixed finger with two ventral accessory denticles. Movable finger of pedipalp chela longer than manus. Pectines with fulcra. Dentate margin of pedipalp chela movable finger with distinct granules divided into 10 – 11 linear rows, apical rows of 3 – 4 granules, and 3 terminal granules. Tergites I – VI smooth or finely granular, with one carina. Carapace smooth to finely granular without carinae, anterior edge with epistome present medially. Metasomal segments punctate, without stridulatory areas, without carinae except for dorsolateral carinae which may be developed. Telson vesicle punctate, subaculear tooth absent or weakly developed. Pedipalps, metasoma and telson glabrous. Legs III and IV with well developed, long tibial spurs; ventral aspect of tarsomere II with two rows of spiniform setae.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA81CFF9DFC73FA179AFBFBDD.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. India, Sri Lanka.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA81AFF81FC49FB529A37F8EA.taxon	description	(Figs. 12, 16 – 40, 47, 193, 421 – 422, 547)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA81AFF81FC49FB529A37F8EA.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Peradeniya, ZMHB No. 6806. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, North Central Province, Polonnaruwa District, near Kaudulla National Park, 08 ° 08 ' 40.6 " N 080 ° 51 ' 04 " E, 101 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CF, Fig. 581), 23. IV. 2015, 1 ♂ (Figs. 16 – 17, 20, 22, 24 – 26, 30 – 34, 193, 421, 547), FKCP, 1 ♀ (Figs. 36 – 38) UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.; Central Province, Matale District, Habarana, Wananiwahana Resort, 07 ° 59 ' 25.8 " N 080 ° 43 ' 24.6 " E, 280 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CG, Fig. 584), 23. – 24. IV. 2015, 1 ♀ (Figs. 18 – 19, 21, 23, 27 – 29, 422), FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; Eastern Province, Ampara District, Ampara env., 07 ° 20 ' 01.3 " N 081 ° 41 ' 57.1 " E, 56 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CS, Fig. 597), 4. V. 2015, 1 ♂, UPSL, 1 ♀ (Fig. 35), FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; Central Province, Kandy District, Tree Centre Wildlife Trust Sri Lanka “ Rantambe ”, 07 ° 12 ' 22.1 " N 080 ° 57 ' 20.7 " E, 171 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CT, Fig. 598), 5. V. 2015, 1 ♂, FKCP, 1 ♂, UPSL leg. Kovařík et al.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA81AFF81FC49FB529A37F8EA.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 25 – 52 mm. Dentate margin of pedipalp chela movable finger with distinct granules divided into 10 linear rows, apical rows of 3 granules, and 3 terminal granules. Tergites and carapace smooth to finely granular (more so in males). Median eyes located anteriorly in the ratio ca 1: 2.5. Metasomal segments III – IV with well developed dorsolateral carinae. Dorsal surface of metasomal segments mesially granulated. Metasomal segments I – V granulated. Pectinal teeth number 14 – 17 in both sexes. Telson without subaculear tooth. HEMISPERMATOPHORE (Figs. 30 – 33, 47). Trunk and capsule region very narrow, elongate (Fig. 47). Flagellum cylindriform, short, pars recta with broad base; pars reflecta thickened, about the same length as capsule region. Median lobe narrow with prominent, curved dorsal carina. Basal lobe strongly developed as a prominent, blunt, rounded scoop arising dorsally from base of median lobe carina. External surface of capsule region roughly sculptured with series of transverse corrugations.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA81AFF81FC49FB529A37F8EA.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS. Buthoscorpio sarasinorum is probably endemic to Sri Lanka. Tikader & Bastawade (1983: 158 – 163, figs. 430 – 452) and Thulsi Rao et al. (2005: 7) cited B. sarasinorum from India but according to the characters they cited, their records probably represent a different species. Aswathi et al. (2015: 218) cited B. sarasinorum only from Sri Lanka (Aswathi et al., 2015: 217, fig. 1) but in their table (Aswathi et al., 2015: 218, tab. 2) they listed variable or incorrect diagnostic characters for B. sarasinorum.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA805FF85FE8EFBDC9C79F981.taxon	description	(Figs. 12, 41 – 43, 47 – 119, 194, 423 – 426, 548, Tables 1 – 2)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA805FF85FE8EFBDC9C79F981.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. Charmus laneus Karsch, 1879	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA805FF85FE8EFBDC9C79F981.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Small buthids, adults 12 mm (male) – 23.5 mm (female). Sternum type 1, subpentagonal, roughly as wide as long, exhibiting horizontal compression. Pedipalps trichobothrial pattern Aα; femur trichobothrium d 2 located dorsally, patella d 3 dorsal of dorsomedian carina; chela with 3 Eb trichobothria on manus. Movable finger of pedipalp longer than manus. Pectines with or without fulcra. Dentate margin of pedipalp chela movable finger with distinct granules divided into 8 – 9 linear rows, apical rows of 4 – 6 granules, and 3 terminal granules. Cheliceral fixed finger armed with two denticles on ventral surface (Fig. 67 a). Tergites I – VI granular, with one clearly visible carina. Carapace granular without carinae, anterior edge with epistome present medially. Metasomal segments IV – V punctate without developed carinae. Telson vesicle punctate, without subaculear tooth. Pedipalps, metasoma and telson densely hirsute. Legs III and IV with well developed long tibial spurs, first and second tarsomeres with ventral setae. NOTE. A remarkable feature of the metasoma and telson of Charmus laneus is the extremely dense pubescence (Figs. 71 – 73). All segments bear an abundance of fine setae of various lengths emerging from pits containing sockets or perforations in the thickened cuticle. These setae can be divided into at least two types: (1) straight or uniformly curved, non-fluorescent golden setae; and (2) terminally curved, brightly fluorescent, translucent setae with intense pinpoint fluorescence at the tip (Figs. 6 8 – 70). Comparing these setae to similar kinds of setae found in other scorpions, we suggest that type 1 setae may be mechanoreceptive and tactile, and type 2 setae may be chemoreceptive in function. Putative chemotactic microsetae in other scorpions are typically also fluorescent and exhibit a similar, apically curved shape, but are usually quite short compared to the long fluorescent setae seen here. A similar densely hirsute metasoma is also present in C. saradieli sp. n. and was also described in the other two known members of the genus, C. indicus Hirst, 1 915 and C. singhagadensis Tikader et Bastawade, 1983 (Sreenivasa Reddy, 1966: 247 – 256; Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: 140 – 152). A similar, probably homologous development of dense setation is also observed in the closely related genus Thaicharmus (Kovařík, 1995, 2013; Mirza et. al., 2016). This massive concentration of multimodal sensory input indicates that Charmus is another example of the evolution of the metasoma into a specialized sensory organ. As noted previously, this has apparently occurred independently in several different buthid lineages, e. g. Butheoloides Hirst, 1925; Isometroides Keyserling, 1885; Karasbergia Hewitt, 1914; Microbuthus Kraepelin, 1898; Orthochirus Karsch, 1892; etc. (E. Fet et al., 2003; Lourenço, 2001, 2003; Lowe, 2010; Prendini, 2004).	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA805FF85FE8EFBDC9C79F981.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. India, Sri Lanka.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA802FF8DFE8CF9B69FB4FDB7.taxon	description	(Figs. 12, 41 – 43, 47 – 83, 85 – 86, 96 – 98, 118 – 119, 194, 423 – 424, 548, Tables 1 – 2)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA802FF8DFE8CF9B69FB4FDB7.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Ceylon; ZMHB. TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), leg. Hoffmeister, 1 ♀ holotype (Figs. 43, 80 – 82, 96 – 98), ZMHB No. 3051. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, North Central Province, Puttalam District, Eluwankulam, 08 ° 12 ' 35.1 " N 079 ° 51 ' 32 " E, 52 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CN, Fig. 591), 28. IV. 2015, 1 ♂, FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Puttalam District, Eluwankulam, 08 ° 17 ' 15 " N 079 ° 50 ' 38.7 " E, 38 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CO, Fig. 5 92), 28. IV. 2015, 1 ♂ (Figs. 41, 48 – 55, 60, 62, 74 – 76, 1 18, 194, 42 3, 548) 1 ♀ (Figs. 42, 58 – 59, 61, 63, 77 – 79, 8 3, 85, 119, 424) 1 juv. (Figs. 56 – 57, 86), FKCP, 2 ♂ (Figs. 64 – 73) 1 ♀, UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA802FF8DFE8CF9B69FB4FDB7.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 14 mm (male) – 21.3 mm (female). Mesosoma, carapace, metasoma and telson of adults black; pedipalp femur almost entirely black with several small yellow spots; pedipalp patella yellowish with several black spots; legs yellow with black spots; chelicerae brown, with black reticulation. Carapace granular without carinae, anterior edge with epistome present medially. Tergites I – VI granular, obviously with one carina. Sternites without carinae. Metasomal segments IV – V or III – V punctate without developed carinae. Fifth metasomal segment length / width ratio 1.288 – 1.425 in female. Pectines with or without fulcra. Ratio of pedipalp chela length / fixed finger length in female 1.692 – 1.791. Movable and fixed fingers of pedipalps bearing 8 rows of granules, apical rows of 4 – 6 granules, and 3 terminal granules; each row of granules (except last) with one internal and two external accessory granules. Pectinal teeth number 16 – 18 in both sexes. Telson vesicle punctate, rather bulbous in male. HEMISPERMATOPHORE (Figs. 48 – 53). Trunk very narrow, elongate, capsule region short (Fig. 48). Flagellum cylindriform, relatively short, robust, coiled. Median lobe broad, distally truncate, with straight dorsal carina near internal margin. Basal lobe well developed, a prominent, blunt, bilobate scoop arising dorsally near base of median lobe carina. C HELICERA (Figs. 66 – 67). Manus with dark reticulated patterns on dorsal and ventral surfaces. Dorsal manus with 9 macrosetae near anterior margin. Movable finger with 2 dorsal macrosetae on anterior half. Ventrointernal aspect of manus and fixed finger with dense brush of microsetae, most if not all appearing fluorescent with intense terminal pinpoint fluorescence (i. e. putative chemoreceptive setae). Microsetae also present but sparse on ventral aspect of movable finger. Fingers with typical buthid dentition (Vachon, 1963). Fixed finger with distal and subdistal denticles, and 2 basal denticles fused into bicusp. Dorsal margin of movable finger with 5 denticles: 1 large distal and 1 large medial, 1 smaller subdistal, and 2 small partially fused basal denticles. Ventral margin of movable finger with 3 denticles: 1 large distal and 2 smaller medial denticles. Ventral surface of fixed finger armed medially and basally with 2 small denticles concealed by dense brush of microsetae (Fig. 67 b).	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA802FF8DFE8CF9B69FB4FDB7.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS. Lourenço did not study any specimens of C. laneus in spite of the fact that he cited six characters for distinguishing C. laneus from C. minor (Lourenço, 2002: 23). Several of these ' character differences' lie within the range of intraspecific variation (e. g. fulcra of pectines), and others are not valid. Lourenço stated that the movable finger of C. laneus bears 7 – 8 rows of granules, while that of C. minor bears 9 rows of granules. However, his own figure (Lourenço, 2002: 18, fig. 1) shows that the male " paratype " of C. minor has only 8 rows of granules. Another problem is that according to the type material section (Lourenço, 2002: 19) there exist only two types of C. minor – the male holotype and a juvenile (second instar) female paratype. Neither a male paratype, nor an adult female paratype were listed. Thus, it is surprising that Lourenço claimed that the female of C. minor has a differently flattened sternum than the male (Lourenço, 2002: 23). If this was a reference to the second instar juvenile female paratype, the diagnostic character needs to specified for adult females. Under " Ecological observations " Lourenço (2002: 23) wrote that " The specimens of C. laneus studied by Vachon (1982) were all collected in the central-south region of Sri Lanka which is characterised by high altitudes reaching to more than 1000 m ... ". In fact, the three specimens studied by Vachon (1982: 81) were collected at altitudes of 250 m, 600 m, and 1350 m a. s. l. and according to Vachon’s opinion they all belong to the same species, ' C. laneus '. Neither Vachon (1982) nor Lourenço (2002) studied the holotype of C. laneus, and as we show here, these three Charmus specimens from central Sri Lanka actually belong to a different species. These three specimens are herein designated as types of C. saradieli sp. n., and C. minor Lourenço, 2002 is synonymized with C. laneus Karsch, 1879 as there are no significant differences between them at the species level.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA802FF8DFE8CF9B69FB4FDB7.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Sri Lanka.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA80AFF8EFF06FDFD9A0BF8F1.taxon	description	(Figs. 12, 44, 84, 87 – 95, 99 – 117, 425 – 426, Tables 1 – 2) http: // www. zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: C CA 71154 - E 551 - 49 C 4 - B 328 - E 84 B 86656252	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA80AFF8EFF06FDFD9A0BF8F1.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Sri Lanka, Hasalaka; MHNG. TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, Hasalaka (Loc. No. 9), 250 m a. s. l., 18. I. 1970, 1 ♀ (holotype, Figs. 44, 80 – 82, 90 – 91, 93, 95, 100, 104 – 114, 426), MHNG, leg. Y. Löbl et C. Besuchet; Haputale (Loc. No. 19), 1350 m a. s. l., 23. I. 1970, 1 ♂ (paratype, Figs. 88 – 89, 92, 94, 99, 101 – 103, 115 – 117, 425), MHNG, leg. Y. Löbl, Kandy (Loc. No. 18), 600 m a. s. l., 22. I. 1970, 1 juv. (paratype), MHNG, leg. Y. Löbl et C. Besuchet; Eastern Province, Padiyatalawa (ca 7 ° 25 ' N 81 ° 15 ' E), IV. 1994, 1 ♂ (paratype), FKCP, leg. P. Senft; Central Province, Kandy District, Gannoruwa village, 07 ° 17 ' 10 " 080 ° 35 ' 35 ", 10. IX. 2015, 1 ♂ (paratype, Fig. 87), UPSL, leg. S. Jayarathne.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA80AFF8EFF06FDFD9A0BF8F1.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. Named after the popular Sri Lankan folk hero Deekirikevage Saradiel whose activities between Colombo and Kandy in the 1850 s – 1860 s were comparable to the world famous legend of Robin Hood. His forest sanctuary was on the summit of Mt. Utuwankanda.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA80AFF8EFF06FDFD9A0BF8F1.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 12.18 mm (male) – 23.5 mm (female). Sexual dimorphism manifested mainly in total length. Mesosoma and carapace yellow with black ornamentation, to almost entirely black; pedipalp femur and patella almost entirely black with several small yellow spots; telson yellow to reddish black; legs yellow with black spots; chelicerae yellow, with black reticulation. Carapace granular without carinae, anterior edge with epistome present medially. Tergites I – VI granular, with one clearly visible carina. Sternites without carinae. Metasomal segments IV – V punctate without developed carinae. Fifth metasomal segment length / width ratio 1.8 in female. Pectines with or without fulcra. Movable and fixed finger of pedipalps long, ratio of pedipalp chela length / fixed finger length in female 1.452. Movable and fixed fingers of pedipalps bear 8 rows of granules, apical rows of 4 – 6 granules, and 3 terminal granules; each row of granules (except most proximal) with one internal and two external accessory granules. Pectinal teeth number 12 – 17 in males, 16 in female. Telson vesicle punctate, rather elongate in male.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA80AFF8EFF06FDFD9A0BF8F1.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION. The adult male paratypes are 12.18 – 18.42 mm long, the adult female holotype is 23.5 mm long. For habitus see Figs. 88 – 91. For position and distribution of trichobothria of pedipalps see Figs. 108 – 114. For measurements and ratios see Tables 1 – 2. Sexual dimorphism is manifested mainly in total length. Other sexual differences are noted below. Coloration (Figs. 87 – 91). Mesosoma and the carapace yellow with black ornamentation, to almost entirely black, metasoma yellow to reddish black with black ornamentation, and pedipalp femur and patella mainly black with yellow spots, pedipalp chela yellow with black spots on manus, pedipalp fingers yellow without spots. Telson yellow to reddish black. Legs yellow with black spots. Chelicerae yellow, with black reticulation. Carapace (Figs. 92 – 93). Granular without carinae, anterior edge straight with epistome present medially. Granulation stronger in female. Median furrow present, more distinct in male. Three well developed and two reduced or absent lateral eyes. Mesosoma (Figs. 92 – 95). Tergites with one carina, densely granulate in the female. In the males granules are larger and sparse. Pectinal tooth count 16 in female, 12 – 17 in males. Marginal tips of pectines extending to 3 / 4 quarters of sternite III in female, to end of sternite III in the males. Pectines with 3 marginal lamellae and 7 middle lamellae, fulcra either present (female) or absent (male). Sternites III – VII smooth, without carinae. Stigmata short, ovoid. Metasoma and telson (Figs. 101 – 106, 425 – 426). Metasoma relatively narrow, segment V length / width ratio 1.8 in female. Segments I – III strongly granulated, more so in female, with 8 – 10 granulated carinae. Segments IV – V may have two smooth, poorly developed dorsal carinae; segments IV – V and telson punctate except for dorsal surface. Telson rather elongate, especially in smaller males. Entire metasoma and the telson densely hirsute. Vesicle of telson somewhat elongate with long, strongly curved aculeus. Legs (Figs. 117). Long tibial spur present on the third and fourth legs. Tarsus hirsute, more densely so on ventral surface. Tarsomeres bearing numerous setae on ventral surface, fewer on other surfaces; bristle combs absent. Pedipalps (Figs. 107 – 114, 116). Femur with 4 granulated carinae, surface finely granulated. patella smooth without developed carinae, only internal surface with several larger granules. Chela smooth, lacking carinae. Pedipalps hirsute on all segments. Movable and fixed fingers of pedipalp bear 8 rows of granules, each row (except most proximal) with one internal and two external accessory granules; fingers also with apical rows of 4 – 6 granules and 3 terminal granules.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA80AFF8EFF06FDFD9A0BF8F1.taxon	discussion	AFFINITIES. Charmus saradieli sp. n. and C. laneus Karsch, 1879 are the only two members the genus known from Sri Lanka. Apart from their disjunct distributions (Fig. 12), these two species can be separated from each other by: 1) the color of the patella of pedipalps, which is yellowish with several black spots in C. laneus (Figs. 118 – 119) and black with several little yellow spots in C. saradieli sp. n. (Figs. 111 and 116); 2) the shape of the metasoma, as the metasomal segment V length / width ratio is 1.288 – 1.425 in female of C. laneus (Figs. 80 – 83, Tables 1 – 2) and 1.800 in female of C. saradieli sp. n. (Fig. 84, Tables 1 – 2); and 3) the shape of pedipalp chela, as the chela length / fixed finger length ratio is 1.692 – 1.791 in female of C. laneus (Figs. 42 – 43, Tables 1 – 2) and 1.452 in female of C. saradieli sp. n. (Fig. 44, Tables 1 – 2).	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA837FFB0FE87FF109F82FA06.taxon	description	(Figs. 12, 45 – 46, 195, 427)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA837FFB0FE87FF109F82FA06.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. Scorpio hottentotta Fabricius, 1787.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA837FFB0FE87FF109F82FA06.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Medium to large buthids, adults 30 – 130 mm. Sternum type 1, triangular in shape. Pedipalps orthobothriotaxic, type Aβ, femur trichobothrium d 2 dorsal, patella d 3 dorsal of dorsomedian carina. Chelal trichobothrium db usually located between est and et, but may be level with trichobothrium est, and rarely between est and esb. Trichobothrium eb clearly positioned on fixed finger of pedipalp. Pectines with fulcra. Dentate margin of pedipalp chela movable finger with distinct granules divided into 11 – 16 linear rows and (4) 5 – 7 terminal granules. Chelicerae with typical buthid dentition, fixed finger armed with two denticles on ventral surface. Tergites I – VI granular, with three carinae, tergite VII with 5 carinae. Carapace with distinct carinae, entire dorsal surface nearly planar. First sternite with two granulated lateral stridulatory areas, which may be reduced in some species. Metasoma elongate, segment I with 10 carinae, segments II-IV with 8 – 10 carinae. Ventrolateral carinae of fifth metasomal segment with all granules more or less equal in size, never lobate. Telson bulbous, lumpy and granulated, without subaculear tooth. Legs III and IV with well developed tibial spurs, first and second tarsomeres with paired ventral setae.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA837FFB0FE87FF109F82FA06.taxon	distribution	D ISTRIBUTION. Hottentotta is one of the most widely distributed genera of the family Buthidae, with species present throughout Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and in Asia to Pakistan and India.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA837FFB0FEE4FA309D8CF9D3.taxon	description	(Figs. 12, 45 – 46, 120 – 126, 195, 427)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA837FFB0FEE4FA309D8CF9D3.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. “ India orientalis ”; original type lost. Neotype from India, Maharashtra State, Bombay env., designated by Kovařík, 2007: 76; NMPC. SRI LANKAN MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, Northern Province, Jaffna District, Palali, 09 ° 44 ' 16.83 " N 080 ° 05 ' 2.88 " E, 2012, 1 ♂, FKCP, col. K. B. Ranawana; Northern Province, Jaffna District, 09 ° 49 ' 15.4 " N 080 ° 08 ' 41.6 " E, 19 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CK, Fig. 588), 27. IV. 2015, 1 ♂ (45 – 46, 120 – 124, 126, 195, 427) 1 ♀ im. 1 juv., FKCP, 1 ♀ (Fig. 125) 1 juv., UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA837FFB0FEE4FA309D8CF9D3.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 50 – 90 mm. Trichobothrium db on fixed figer of pedipalp chela situated between trichobothria et and est, but may be level with est. Males with proximal margins of pedipalp fingers flexed, manus of pedipalps wider than female. Pectinal teeth number 30 – 39 in males, 27 – 34 in females. Chelicerae yellow, reticulated. Pedipalps densely hirsute, legs and metasoma sparsely hirsute. Setae on patella of pedipalps short. Color uniformly yellow to reddish, mesosoma dark. Ventral carinae on metasomal segments usually black. Pedipalp femur with 5 carinae, patella with two or 4 carinae on internal surface, no other carinae. Chela lacking carinae. Movable fingers of pedipalps with 13 – 15 rows of granules and 5 or 6 terminal granules. Seventh sternite with 4 well marked black carinae. First to third metasomal segments with 10 carinae; fourth with 10 or rarely 8 carinae; fifth with 5 or 7 carinae. Metasoma sparsely to densely granulated between carinae. Dorsal surface densely and very finely granulated, often bearing two short, inconspicuous marginal carinae. Telson granulated. Dorsal carinae of metasomal segments with posterior terminal granules of size approximately equal to preceding granules. First metasomal segments of adult female wider than long (in male usually as long as wide), second metasomal segment longer than wide in both sexes. Second to fourth metasomal segments width ratio about 1.1. Length to width ratio of fourth metasomal segment about 1.5. Telson bulbous, especially in large females.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA837FFB0FEE4FA309D8CF9D3.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Pondicherry, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal States), Pakistan, Sri Lanka.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA837FFB2FC1CF9599AFCF8CC.taxon	description	(Figs. 13, 127 – 151, 196 – 197, 221 – 224, 237 – 244, 252 – 253, 403 – 406, 549 – 555, 557 – 560)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA837FFB2FC1CF9599AFCF8CC.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. Scorpio maculatus De Geer, 1778.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA837FFB2FC1CF9599AFCF8CC.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Medium sized buthids, adults 30 – 75 mm. Sternum type 1, triangular in shape. Pedipalps orthobothriotaxic, type Aβ. Chelal trichobothrium db located between dt and et. Three to five pairs of lateral eyes. Tibial spurs absent on all legs. Movable and fixed fingers of pedipalps with six rows of granules, several accessory granules and external and internal granules. Cheliceral fixed finger with a single ventral denticle. Third and fourth legs with tibial spurs. Tibia and tarsomeres of legs I – III with setae not arranged into bristle combs on dorsal surfaces. Tarsomeres II of leg IV with two rows of more than 30 dense setae. Mesosoma dorsally with one median carina. Telson with subaculear tooth pointed (except for Isometrus formosus Pocock, 1894). Pedipalp and metasomal segments longer in males than females.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA837FFB2FC1CF9599AFCF8CC.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS. The taxonomic position of Isometrus formosus Pocock, 1894 from Indonesia is unclear. This species is probably not a member of the genus Isometrus, but comprises a separate genus. Two species of Isometrus, I. maculatus (De Geer, 1778) and I. thwaitesi Pocock, 1897 are known from Sri Lanka. Pocock, 1900: 48, in remarks on the Indian species I. thurstoni Pocock, 1893, wrote: " There are also two specimens in the British Museum labelled Ceylon ". However, as no other specimen of I. thurstoni has ever been recorded from Sri Lanka, we believe that I. thurstoni probably does not occur there.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA837FFB2FC1CF9599AFCF8CC.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Oriental region from India to Melanesia (see comments for I. maculatus).	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA833FFBCFEE3F9449C9EFAD5.taxon	description	(Figs. 13, 127 – 137, 196, 221 – 222, 237 – 238, 242, 252, 403 – 404, 555, 557, 559)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA833FFBCFEE3F9449C9EFAD5.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. “ Suriname and Pennsylvania ”; NHRS. S RI LANKAN MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, Northern Province, Mannar District, Madhu Road, 08 ° 48 ' 26.3 " N 080 ° 10 ' 26 " E, 90 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CH, Fig. 584), 24. – 25. IV. 2015, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, FKCP, 1 ♀ 2 juvs., UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.; Northern Province, Mannar District, Marichchukkaddi env, border of Wilpattu National Park, 08 ° 33 ' 32.3 " N 079 ° 56 ' 51 " E, 7 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CI, Fig. 585), 25. – 26. IV. 2015, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (Figs. 129 – 130, 132, 134, 196, 222, 238, 404) 1 juv., FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; Southern Province, Matara District, Kekanadura village, 05 ° 58 ' 28.2 " N 080 ° 36 ' 20.5 " E, 40 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CP, Figs. 593 – 594), 30. IV. 2015, 1 ♂ (Figs. 127 – 128, 131, 133, 221, 237, 242, 252, 403, 555, 557, 5 59), FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; Eastern Province, Ampara District, Lahugala-Kitulana National Park, 06 ° 52 ' 46 " N 081 ° 43 ' 21.8 " E, 40 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CR, Fig. 596), 3. – 4. V. 2015, photos only, leg. Kovařík et al.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA833FFBCFEE3F9449C9EFAD5.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 30 – 75 mm. Females usually reach ca. 45 mm. Manus of pedipalp very thin, in males its width equals that of patella and femur. Pedipalps and legs yellow, with spots. Manus of pedipalps yellow with several spots, fingers dark. Mesosomal segments lightcolored. First (basal) middle lamella of female pecten quadrangular. Posterior margin of sternite V straight (females) to very slightly convex medially (males). Subaculear tooth spinoid. Pectinal teeth number 15 – 20 (1 7 – 20 in the examined Sri Lanka specimens).	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA833FFBCFEE3F9449C9EFAD5.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS ON DISTRIBUTION. I. maculatus has been regarded as cosmopolitan (see Fet & Lowe, 2000: 149) and records of this species are so numerous that a complete listing would be unreasonably long. A list of specimens which the first author examined until 2003 is published in Kovařík (2003: 3). Additonal records are given in Kovařík & Ojanguren (2013: 182 – 184). Records peaked in the earlier era of wooden sailing ships and harbors full of wooden barracks, both ideal niches for these scorpions. For that reason between 1758 and ca. 1940 this species was reported from many countries and large harbors including Hamburg in Europe. With the transition to modern building materials and modes of travel, reports of this species have greatly diminished, and in many places have ceased altogether. Apparently, relatively few of the old invasive populations were able to persist without being resupplied by a constant influx of new individuals via human transport. The distribution of I. maculatus in southeast Asia is not well documented, but it is possibly indigenous to India and / or Sri Lanka because of the presence there of its most closely related species: I. thurstoni and I. thwaitesi. Lourenço & Huber (2002: 266) suggested that Sri Lanka was the original home of this species before cosmotropical dispersal by human activity, because Sri Lanka " is the only region in the world where I. maculatus is found in really wild conditions inland. " This was pure speculation, unsupported by any data. Firstly, their assertion implies that the authors know all species of scorpions present in every " wild condition inland " everywhere else on the globe. Secondly, their logic is flawed because although certain exotic species may fail to penetrate endemic ' wild' ecosystems of host countries, this is by no means the rule. There are many counterexamples where invasive species have become established in endemic ecosystems and displaced native fauna or flora, causing major negative impacts. However, Veronika et. al. (2013: 75) cited this speculation as fact, claimimg that I. maculatus is an " Endemic species in Sri Lanka ". A proper test of this hypothesis may require comparative DNA studies of widespread I. maculatus populations.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA83BFFA0FEFAFA419FB4F91F.taxon	description	(Figs. 13, 138 – 151, 197, 223 – 224, 239 – 241, 243 – 244, 253, 405 – 406, 549, 558 – 560)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA83BFFA0FEFAFA419FB4F91F.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Ceylon, now Sri Lanka; BMNH. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, Ratnapura District, 2 km S Hayes, 30. XI. 1995, 1 ♀, FKCP, leg. S. Bečvář & Košťál; North Central Province, Polonnaruwa District, near Kaudulla National Park, 08 ° 08 ' 40.6 " N 080 ° 51 ' 04 " E, 101 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CF, Fig. 581), 23. IV. 2015, 1 ♂ (Fig. 150, 549) 1 ♀ (Fig. 151), FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; Northern Province, Mannar District, Madhu Road, 08 ° 48 ' 26.3 " N 080 ° 10 ' 26 " E, 90 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CH, Fig. 584), 24. – 25. IV. 2015, 1 ♂ (Figures 138 – 139, 142, 144, 146 – 149, 223, 239, 243, 405, 558 – 560) 1 juv., FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; Northern Province, Mannar District, Marichchukkaddi env, border of Wilpattu National Park, 08 ° 33 ' 32.3 " N 079 ° 56 ' 51 " E, 7 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CI, Fig. 585), 25. – 26. IV. 2015, 1 ♀, FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Anuradhapura District, Mihintale, 08 ° 20 ' 51.8 " N 080 ° 30 ' 27.7 " E, 156 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CL, Fig. 589), 27. – 28. IV. 2015, 1 ♂, FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Puttalam District, Eluwankulam, 08 ° 17 ' 15 " N 079 ° 50 ' 38.7 " E, 38 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CO, Fig. 592), 28. IV. 2015, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (Figures 140 – 141, 143, 145, 197, 224, 240 – 241, 244, 253, 406) 1 juv., FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Sigiriya, 7 ° 58 ' 25.6 " N 80 ° 44 ' 59.7 " E, 1 ♀, UPSL, leg. S. Jayarathne.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA83BFFA0FEFAFA419FB4F91F.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 30 – 50 mm. Manus of pedipalp very thin, width in male equal to that that of patella and femur. Pedipalps and legs yellow, with spots. Fingers and manus of pedipalps of the same color, spotted. Mesosomal segments light-colored. First (basal) middle lamella of both sexes pecten rounded. Posterior margin of sternite V strongly convex medially. Subaculear tooth spinoid. Pectinal teeth number 13 – 16. HEMISPERMATOPHORE (Figs. 146 – 149). Trunk broad, short, only slightly longer than capsule region. Capsule region broad. Flagellum laminiform, short, basally broadened and fused with median lobe. Median lobe rather narrow, distally truncate, with strong, curved dorsal carina. Basal lobe well developed, a broad hook-like process arising dorsally at base of median lobe.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA83BFFA0FEFAFA419FB4F91F.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Sri Lanka.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA827FFA1FEA9F9109C71F9D9.taxon	description	(Figs. 13, 152 – 192, 198, 251, 407 – 408, 550)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA827FFA1FEA9F9109C71F9D9.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. Lychas scutilus C. L. Koch, 1845.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA827FFA1FEA9F9109C71F9D9.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 21.8 – 90 mm. Sternum type 1, subpentagonal or subtriangular. Pedipalps orthobothriotaxic, type Aβ; patella trichobothrium d 3 external to dorsomedian carina; chela with 3 Eb trichobothria on manus. Cheliceral fixed finger with a single ventral denticle. Third and fourth legs with tibial spurs. Pectines with conspicuous or inconspicuous fulcra, rarely without fulcra. Pectinal teeth number 8 – 26. Movable fingers of pedipalps with six rows of granules and external and internal granules and apical row represented by 3 or 4 accessory granules. Total number of terminal granules 6 or 7. Carapace in lateral view with entire dorsal surface horizontal, or nearly so. Telson with distinct subaculear tooth. Fifth metasomal segment with carinae.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA827FFA1FEA9F9109C71F9D9.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Lychas is one of the most widely distributed genera of the family Buthidae, with species present in Africa and Seychelles, and in the Oriental region from India to Melanesia.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA826FFA6FEECF95E9FB4FA5B.taxon	description	(Figs. 13, 152 – 192, 198, 251, 407 – 408, 550)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA826FFA6FEECF95E9FB4FA5B.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Sri Lanka, Northern Province, Mannar District, Occapu Kallu, Wilpattu; MHNG. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, Northern Province, Jaffna District, 09 ° 42 ' 51.6 " N 080 ° 04 ' 44.8 " E, 19 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CJ, Fig. 586), 26. – 27. IV. 2015, 1 ♂ after 5 th ecdysis (Figs. 152 – 153, 158, 160, 162 – 168, 174 – 180, 182, 198, 407) 1 ♀ (Figs. 154 – 155, 159, 161, 169 – 173, 181, 408) 1 im. ♂, FKCP, 1 ♂, UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Puttalam District, Eluwankulam, 08 ° 12 ' 35.1 " N 079 ° 51 ' 32 " E, 52 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CN, Fig. 591), 28. IV. 2015, 1 ♂ after 3 rd ecdysis (Figs. 183 – 186, 189, 550) 1 ♂ after 4 th ecdysis 1 ♀ (Figs. 191 – 192), FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Puttalam District, Eluwankulam, 08 ° 17 ' 15 " N 079 ° 50 ' 38.7 " E, 38 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CO, Fig. 592), 28. IV. 2015, 2 ♂ (Figs. 156 – 157, 251) 1 ♀, FKCP, 1 ♀ 1 juv, UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA826FFA6FEECF95E9FB4FA5B.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 38 – 65 mm. Sternum type 1, subpentagonal, exhibiting horizontal compression. Metasoma approximately the same length in both sexes, or male with slightly longer metasoma. Sixth row of granules on both movable and fixed fingers of pedipalps with out external and internal granules. First through third metasomal segments with 10 carinae, fourth with eight carinae. Lateral inframedian carinae of second and third metasomal segments may be incomplete. Fingers and manus of pedipalps identically colored, light and spotted. Manus of pedipalps smooth without granules in females and usually finely granulated in males. Pectinal teeth number 21 – 25. HEMISPERMATOPHORE (Figs. 183 – 186). Trunk broad, short, only slightly longer than capsule region. Capsule region broad. Flagellum short, laminiform, with broad hyaline fin along internal margin of cylindrical core. Median lobe broad, with thin dorsal carina near internal margin. Basal lobe strongly developed, a broad, blunt hook-like process arising dorsally at base of median lobe carina.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA826FFA6FEECF95E9FB4FA5B.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS. The taxonomic position of this species is not clear. L. srilankensis is very similar to L. tricarinatus (Simon, 1884) and there is a real possibility that further study of L. tricarinatus (type locality India, Pondichéry) could reveal that these two species are synonyms. Lourenço did not compare these two species and only compared L. srilankensis with L. shoplandi (Oates, 1888) and L. feae (Thorell, 1889) (= L. shoplandi) from Myanmar in the original description (Lourenço, 1997: 831 – 836, figs. 1 – 9). The description is superficial with several errors (e. g. compare Fig. 179 with fig. 6 in Lourenço 1997: 833, which depicts a spurious additional trichobothrium between d 4 and d 5; and the shape and densely hirsute setation of tarsomere II of leg IV in Fig. 165 with fig. 8 in Lourenço 1997: 833, which depicts same setation for tarsomeres I and II). Kovařík et Ojanguren (2013: 196) cited a difference in the length of the metasoma in males, but our study of new Sri Lankan specimens shows that there is little or no significant difference. Both species L. srilankensis and L. tricarinatus have the metasoma approximately the same length in both sexes, or the male has a slightly longer metasoma. In the original description, L. ceylonensis was characterized as having the terminal accessory granules on the movable finger of the pedipalp modified into another (seventh) row of granules (see fig. 7 in Lourenço & Huber, 1999: 24). The authors (p. 26) distinguished L. ceylonensis from L. srilankensis as follows: " ... the presence of 7 oblique rows of granules on the movable finger of pedipalp, instead of 6 as in L. srilankensis. The row of granules on the extremity of the finger is normal, and not represented merely by 3 or 4 accessory granules as it is in L. srilankensis ". This is incorrect. The male holotype of L. ceylonensis only has a right movable finger (the left is missing), and this finger only bears six rows of granules and three external accessory granules on its distal extremity (see Fig. 1465 in Kovařík & Ojanguren, 2013: 364), which is the normal condition for the genus Lychas (see genus diagnosis), including L. srilankensis.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA826FFA6FEECF95E9FB4FA5B.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Sri Lanka.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA821FFA9FED7F9DB9F33FAC6.taxon	description	(Figs. 14, 199, 201 – 220, 225 – 236, 245 – 250, 254 – 402, 409 – 420, 551 – 554, 561 – 570, Tables 3 – 5)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA821FFA9FED7F9DB9F33FAC6.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. Isometrus acanthurus Pocock, 1899.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA821FFA9FED7F9DB9F33FAC6.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Medium sized buthids, adults 19 – 75 mm. Sternum type 1, triangular in shape. Pedipalps orthobothriotaxic, type Aβ. Chelal trichobothrium db located between et and est. Three to five pairs of lateral eyes. Tibial spurs absent on all legs. Pedipalp movable finger with six rows of granules, several accessory granules and external and internal accessory granules. Pedipalp fixed finger with seven rows of granules and six external and seven internal accessory granules. Cheliceral fixed finger with a single ventral denticle. Third and fourth legs with tibial spurs. Tibia and tarsomeres of legs I – III with setae not arranged into bristle combs on dorsal surfaces. Tarsomere II of leg IV with two sparse rows of <20 spiniform setae on ventral surface. Mesosoma dorsally with one median carina. Telson with subaculear tooth pointed or more often rounded. Males of most species have longer metasomal segments and often also a wider pedipalp chela manus than females.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA821FFA9FED7F9DB9F33FAC6.taxon	discussion	SUBORDINATE TAXA. Currently, 27 species are formally included under the genus (cf. Kovařík & Ojanguren (2013) for information about species not treated here): Reddyanus acanthurus (Pocock, 1899) comb. n., Reddyanus assamensis (Oates, 1888) comb. n., Reddyanus basilicus (Karsch, 1879) comb. n., Reddyanus besucheti (Vachon, 1982) comb. n., Reddyanus bilyi (Kovařík, 2003) comb. n., Reddyanus brachycentrus (Pocock, 1899) comb. n., Reddyanus ceylonensis Kovařík, Lowe, Ranawana, Hoferek, Jayarathne, Plíšková et Šťáhlavský, sp. n., Reddyanus corbeti (Tikader et Bastawade, 1983) comb. n., Reddyanus deharvengi (Lourenço et Duhem, 2010) comb. n., Reddyanus feti (Kovařík, 2013) comb. n., Reddyanus heimi (Vachon, 1976) comb. n., Reddyanus jayarathnei Kovařík, sp. n., Reddyanus jendeki (Kovařík, 2013) comb. n., Reddyanus khammamensis (Kovařík, 2003) comb. n., Reddyanus krasenskyi (Kovařík, 1998) comb. n., Reddyanus kurkai (Kovařík, 1997) comb. n., Reddyanus loebli (Vachon, 1982) comb. n., Reddyanus melanodactylus (L. Koch, 1867) comb. n., Reddyanus navaiae (Kovařík, 1998) comb. n., Reddyanus neradi (Kovařík, 2013) comb. n., Reddyanus petrzelkai (Kovařík, 2003) comb. n., Reddyanus problematicus (Kovařík, 2003) comb. n., Reddyanus ranawanai Kovařík, sp. n., Reddyanus rigidulus (Pocock, 1897) comb. n., Reddyanus tibetanus (Lourenço et Zhu, 2008) comb. n., Reddyanus vittatus (Pocock, 1900) comb. n. and Reddyanus zideki (Kovařík, 1994) comb. n..	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA821FFA9FED7F9DB9F33FAC6.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS. Vachon (1972: 177) described the subgenus Reddyanus and distinguished it from the nominotypic subgenus Isometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 by the position of chelal fixed finger trichobothria (trichobothrium db located between dt and et in Isometrus, between et and est in Reddyanus). Vachon also cited the different positions of the e 2 trichobothria on the femur (see figs 15, 16 in Vachon, 1972: 176). Subsequently, Vachon (1982) added another character for distinguishing the two subgenera: Isometrus has pedipalp fixed fingers with six rows of granules and six external and internal accessory granules (Figs. 252 – 253 and figs. 64, 65 in Vachon, 1982: 100), and Reddyanus has pedipalp fixed fingers with seven rows of granules and six external and seven internal granules (Figs. 254 – 259 and figs. 66 and 67 in Vachon, 1982: 100). Here we propose two additional characters for distinguishing these taxa: (i) ventral aspect of tarsomere II of leg IV with two dense rows of> 30 longer, more filamentous setae in Isometrus (Figs. 196 – 197), vs. two sparse rows of <20 shorter, thicker, more spiniform setae in Reddyanus (Figs. 199, 205 – 208); (ii) hemispermatophore with a relatively short, broad trunk, a short, broad, uncoiled flagellum, and a smaller, blunt basal lobe in Isometrus (Figs. 146 – 149), vs. a narrow trunk, a long, thin, coiled flagellum and a much enlarged, pointed basal lobe in Reddyanus (Figs. 283 – 286). The form of the hemispermatophore of Isometrus appears more similar to that of Lychas (Figs. 183 – 186), than to Reddyanus. Differences in trichobothriotaxy, pedipalp finger dentition, tarsal setation and hemispermatophore structure provide characters that are useful for higher level classification of buthid scorpions (Kovařík, 2009; Lamoral, 1979; Sissom, 1990; Stahnke, 1972; Stockwell, 198; Vachon, 1952). Taken together, these differences support our taxonomic decision to elevate Reddyanus to a genus distinct from Isometrus.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA821FFA9FED7F9DB9F33FAC6.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Oriental region from India, China (Tibet) to Melanesia.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA82EFFACFF39FA769A36F896.taxon	description	(Figs. 14, 19 9, 209 – 210, 2 25 – 226, 245, 254, 260 – 290, 409 – 410, 551 – 552, 565, Tables 3, 5)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA82EFFACFF39FA769A36F896.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Ceylon, now Sri Lanka; ZMHB No. 113. TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), 1 ♂ (holotype, Fig. 565, Table 3), leg. Nietner, ZMHB No. 113. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, Uva Province, Uva Hills, Badula District, Namunukula, 1970, 1 ♂ A, FKCP; Kandy, 1 ♂ after 4 th ecdysis 2 ♂ after 5 th ecdysis 2 ♀, FKCP; Eastern Province, Ampara District, Lahugala Kitulana National Park, 06 ° 52 ' 46 " N 081 ° 43 ' 21.8 " E, 40 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CR, Fig. 596), 3. – 4. V. 2015, 1 ♂ (Figs. 209, 225, 268 – 269, 409, 552) 1 ♀ (Figs. 210, 226, 410) 1 juv., FKCP, 1 ♂, UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.; Eastern Province, Ampara District, Ampara env., 07 ° 20 ' 01.3 " N 081 ° 41 ' 57.1 " E, 56 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CS, Fig. 597), 4. V. 2015, 1 ♂ (Figs. 199, 245, 254, 260 – 261, 264, 266, 270 – 272, 278 – 286, 290, 551) 2 ♀ (Figs. 262 – 263, 265, 267, 273 – 275, 276 – 277, 287 – 289), FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA82EFFACFF39FA769A36F896.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 27 – 46 mm. Male with longer metasomal segments and telson than female. Segments of pedipalps approximately the same length and width in both sexes. Ratio of pedipalp chela length / width 3.41 – 3.79 in male. Pedipalp movable finger clearly longer than chela manus in both sexes, but in largest male specimens could be shorter than manus. Base coloration reddish. Pedipalps and legs with brown maculation, identical on femur and patella. First metasomal segment bears 10 carinae, second through fourth segments bear eight carinae, fifth segment bears five carinae in female and three to five in male. Terminal tubercle of each dorsal carina on metasomal segments of both sexes scarcely larger than preceding tubercles. Subaculear tooth wide and rounded, dorsally with granules in three or four rows; four or six symmetrical granules and one or two granules on tip. Glabrous zone along posterior margin of fifth sternite absent. Pectinal teeth number 13 – 18 in both sexes. HEMISPERMATOPHORE (Figs. 283 – 286). Trunk moderately narrow, elongate, more than twice as long as capsule region. Flagellum long, slender, laminiform, with broad hyaline fin along internal margin of cylindrical core, distally coiled. Median lobe narrow, distally truncate, with thin dorsal lamina near internal margin. Basal lobe greatly enlarged, a narrow, angular, pointed hook-like process arising dorsally, separated from base of median lobe.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA82EFFACFF39FA769A36F896.taxon	description	VARIABILITY. There is high variability in morphometric characters between small males 27 – 32 mm long after the fourth ecdysis, and males 40 – 46 mm long after the fifth ecdysis.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA82EFFACFF39FA769A36F896.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Sri Lanka.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA829FFD1FF32F9EE9FADFCFE.taxon	description	(Figs. 14, 205, 211 – 212, 227 – 228, 246, 255, 291 – 302, 411 – 412, 562, 564, 566 – 567, Tables 3, 5)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA829FFD1FF32F9EE9FADFCFE.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Sri Lanka, Ambagaswewa; MHNG. TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, Ambagaswewa, Locality 44, 3. II. 1970, leg. C. Besuchet et Y. Löbl, 1 ♂ (holotype, Figs. 211, 411, 566, Table 3), MHNG. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, North Central Province, Polonnaruwa District, ca 35 km from Dambula, 07 ° 57 ' 15.1 " N 080 ° 54 ' 45,4 " E, 132 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CD, Fig. 578), 22. IV. 2015, 2 ♂ (topotypes, Figs. 205, 227, 246, 255, 291 – 292, 295 – 297), FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Polonnaruwa District, near Kaudulla National Park, 08 ° 08 ' 40.6 " N 080 ° 51 ' 04 " E, 101 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CF, Fig. 581), 23. IV. 2015, 1 ♂ (Fig. 562, 564, 56 7), FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; Central Province, Matale District, Habarana, Wananiwahana Resort, 07 ° 59 ' 25.8 " N 080 ° 43 ' 24.6 " E, 280 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CG, Fig. 582), 23. – 24. IV. 2015, 1 ♀ (Figs. 212, 228, 293 – 294, 298 – 300, 302, 412), FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Anuradhapura District, Mihintale, 08 ° 20 ' 51.8 " N 080 ° 30 ' 27.7 " E, 156 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CL, Fig. 589), 27. – 28. IV. 2015, 1 ♀ 1 juv. ♂, FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA829FFD1FF32F9EE9FADFCFE.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 30 – 45 mm. Male with slightly longer metasomal segments and telson than female. Segments of pedipalps approximately the same length in both sexes, pedipalp chela wider in male. Pedipalps and legs with brown maculation, identical on femur and patella. First metasomal segment with 10 carinae, second through fourth segments with eight carinae, fifth segment with five carinae in female and three to five in male. Posterior terminal tubercle of each dorsal carina on metasomal segments of both sexes scarcely larger than preceding tubercles. Subaculear tooth wide and rounded, dorsally with granules in three rows, four symmetrical granules and one or two granules on tip. Glabrous zone along posterior margin of fifth sternite either absent or present. Pectinal teeth number 12 – 18 in both sexes.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA829FFD1FF32F9EE9FADFCFE.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Sri Lanka	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA856FFD3FF1CFCBF9B1CFA38.taxon	description	(Figs. 14, 201 – 204, 213 – 214, 229 – 230, 247, 256, 303 – 333, 413 – 414, 553, 567, Tables 3, 5) http: // www. zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: E E 798511 - D 2 D 8 - 4 D 5 A- 9094 - BE 5551 EC 1 CCB	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA856FFD3FF1CFCBF9B1CFA38.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Sri Lanka, Northern Province, Mannar District, Marichchukkaddi env, border of Wilpattu National Park, 08 ° 33 ' 32.3 " N 079 ° 56 ' 51 " E, 7 m a. s. l., Locality 15 CI; UPSL. TYPE MATERIAL. Sri Lanka, Northern Province, Mannar District, Madhu Road, 08 ° 48 ' 26.3 " N 080 ° 10 ' 26 " E, 90 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CH, Fig. 584), 24. – 25. IV. 2015, 1 ♀ (paratype, Fig. 331), FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; Northern Province, Mannar District, Marichchukkaddi env, border of Wilpattu National Park, 08 ° 33 ' 32.3 " N 079 ° 56 ' 51 " E, 7 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CI, Fig. 585), 25. – 26. IV. 2015, 1 ♂ (holotype, Figs. 201 – 204, 213, 229, 247, 256, 303 – 304, 307, 309, 311 – 315, 320 – 326, 413, 567) 3 ♂ (paratypes, Figs. 327 – 330, 333, 553) 3 ♀ (paratypes, Figs. 214, 230, 305 – 306, 308, 310, 316 – 319, 332, 414), 2 juvs. (paratypes), FKCP, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (paratypes), UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Puttalam District, Eluwankulam, 08 ° 12 ' 35.1 " N 079 ° 51 ' 32 " E, 52 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CN, Fig. 591), 28. IV. 2015, 2 ♀ 1 juv. ♂ (paratypes), FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Puttalam District, Eluwankulam, 08 ° 17 ' 15 " N 079 ° 50 ' 38.7 " E, 38 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CO, Fig. 592), 28. IV. 2015, 4 ♀ 4 juvs, UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA856FFD3FF1CFCBF9B1CFA38.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. Named after country of occurrence. Ceylon is the older name for Sri Lanka.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA856FFD3FF1CFCBF9B1CFA38.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 27 – 39 mm. Male has slightly longer metasomal segments and telson than female. Pedipalp segments approximately the same length in both sexes, pedipalp chela wider in male. Ratio of pedipalp chela length / width 2.97 – 3.17 in male (Fig. 213, Tab. 5). Pedipalp movable finger shorter than manus of chela in male. Pedipalps and legs with brown maculation, identical on femur and patella. First metasomal segment with 10 carinae, second through fourth segments with eight carinae, fifth segment with five carinae in female and three to five in male. Terminal tubercle of each dorsal carina on metasomal segments of both sexes scarcely larger than preceding tubercles. Subaculear tooth wide and rounded, dorsally with granules in three rows, four symmetrical granules and one or two granules on tip. Ratio of metasomal segment II length / width 1.85 – 1.97 in male. Glabrous zone along posterior margin of fifth sternite absent. Pectinal teeth number 11 – 15 in both sexes.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA856FFD3FF1CFCBF9B1CFA38.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION. Total length 27 – 39 mm. The habitus is shown in Figs. 313 – 306. For measurements and morphometric ratios see Tables 3 and 5. For position and distribution of trichobothria of pedipalps see Figs. 320 – 326. The male has slightly longer metasomal segments and telson (Figs. 331 – 318) and wider pedipalp chela than the female (Figs. 319 – 320). Coloration (Figs. 303 – 306). Base color yellowish to reddish, with brown to black spots. Chelicera strongly reticulated, mainly anteriorly, with spotted fingers. Ventral surface of mesosoma and pedipalps yellowish brown with a pair of black spots on seventh sternite. Carapace and pedipalps dorsally and laterally yellowish to reddish, with brown to black spots, identical on femur, patella and manus of pedipalps. Pedipalp fingers reddish black. Legs with same color and pattern as pedipalp femur and patella. Metasomal segments yellowish to reddish with the spots. Older specimens have fourth and fifth metasomal segments reddish brown to black, both darker than the first to third segments. Telson reddish brown with spots but in older specimens could be black. Mesosoma and carapace (Figs. 307 – 310). Carapace without carinae but with large granules. Mesosoma with one granulated median carina. Tergite VII pentacarinate. Seventh sternite with four incomplete carinae, sparsely granulate. The pectinal tooth count 11 – 15 in the females, 14 – 15 in the males. Pectines with three marginal lamellae, six or seven middle lamellae. Lamellae with numerous pale or reddish setae Metasoma and telson (Figs. 213 – 214, 313 – 318, 413 – 414). First metasomal segment with 10 carinae, second to the fourth segments with eight carinae, fifth segment with five carinae well developed in the female, only indicated or absent in the male. Ventral carina present on telson. Intercarinal surfaces of metasoma granulated, including dorsal surface mainly in the female. In both sexes, posterior terminal tubercle of each dorsal carina on metasomal segments is not enlarged but only very slightly larger on second and third segments. Telson elongate, with subaculear tooth wide and rounded, dorsally with granules in three rows, four symmetrical granules and one or two granules on the tip. Pedipalps (Figs. 229 – 230, 319 – 326). Femur and patella only very sparsely hirsute, with complete carinae, granulated. Dorsal carinae indicated on the chela manus in female, absent in male. Sixth row of granules on movable finger with one external granule. Seventh row of granules on fixed finger without additional granules. Legs (Figs. 201 – 204). Femur and patella with complete carinae, granulated. Legs hirsute, without bristle combs. Hemispermatophore (Figs. 327 – 330). Trunk moderately narrow, elongate, more than twice as long as capsule region. Flagellum long, slender, laminiform, with broad hyaline fin along internal margin of cylindrical core, distally coiled. Median lobe narrow, distally truncate, with thin dorsal lamina near internal margin. Basal lobe greatly enlarged, a narrow, angular, pointed hook-like process arising dorsally, separated from base of median lobe. VARIABILITY. Males of Sri Lankan Reddyanus species could be adults after the third to fifth ecdysis. Small males after the third ecdysis may not exhibit some diagnositic characters such as fully developed shape of chela or telson. AFFINITIES. The described features distinguish R. ceylonensis sp. n. from all other species of the genus, and are recounted in the key. The morphologically closest species is R. besucheti, from which R. ceylonensis sp. n. differs mainly by the longer and narrower metasoma in males, and other measurements compared in Tab. 5. R. besucheti and R. ceylonensis sp. n. are the only two Sri Lankan Reddyanus species with the movable finger shorter than the manus of the pedipalp chela in the male, and with sexual dimorphism in the width of the chela.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA854FFDDFC5CFA7D9B74F8D1.taxon	description	(Figs. 14, 206, 215 – 216, 231 – 232, 248, 257, 334 – 357, 415 – 416, 569, Tables 4 – 5) http: // www. zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: F E 1515 A 9 - 8302 - 46 D 4 - 8298 - 11 BFB 4555882	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA854FFDDFC5CFA7D9B74F8D1.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Sri Lanka, Galle district, Kanneliya Rain Forest, 06 ° 15 ' 04 " N 80 ° 20 ' 18 " E; UPSL. TYPE MATERIAL. Sri Lanka, Galle District, Kanneliya Rain Forest, 06 ° 15 ' 04 " N 80 ° 20 ' 18 " E (Fig. 357), 1 ♂ (holotype, Fig. 356) 1 ♀ (paratype, Fig. 355), UPSL, 1 ♂ (paratype, Figs. 206, 215, 231, 248, 257, 334 – 335, 338, 340, 343 – 351, 415, 569) 1 ♀ (paratype, Figs. 216, 232, 336 – 337, 339, 341 – 342, 352 – 354, 416), FKCP, V. – XI. 2015, leg. S. Jayarathne.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA854FFDDFC5CFA7D9B74F8D1.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. Named after V. A. Sanjeewa Jayarathne who collected the types.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA854FFDDFC5CFA7D9B74F8D1.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 37.1 mm (female) – 45.5 mm (male). Male with slightly longer metasomal segments and telson than female. Pedipalp segments approximately the same length and width in both sexes. Pedipalp movable finger longer than manus of chela in both sexes. Pedipalps and legs with brown maculation, identical on femur and patella. First metasomal segment bears 10 carinae, second through fourth segments bear eight carinae, fifth segment bears five carinae in female and three to five in male. Posterior terminal tubercle of each dorsal carina on metasomal segments of both sexes scarcely larger than preceding tubercles. Subaculear tooth wide and rounded, dorsally with granules in four rows; six symmetrical granules in three rows and one or two granules on tip. Ratio of metasomal segment II length / width 1.81 in male. Glabrous zone on posterior part of fifth sternite present medially in male. Pectinal teeth number 12 in female, 14 in male.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA854FFDDFC5CFA7D9B74F8D1.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION. Total length 37.1 mm (female paratype) – 45.5 mm (male holotype). The habitus is shown in Figs. 334 – 337. For measurements and ratios see Tables 4 – 5. For position and distribution of trichobothria of pedipalps see Figs. 344 – 348. The male has slightly longer metasomal segments and telson than the female (Figs. 349 – 354). Coloration (Figs. 334 – 337). Entire mesosoma and carapace dark, almost black with yellow to reddish spots. Chelicera strongly reticulated, with spotted fingers. Pedipalps dorsally and laterally reddish, with brown to black spots, identical on femur and patella. Pedipalp chela fingers reddish black. Legs with same color and pattern as pedipalp femur and patella. Metasomal segments reddish brown with the spots. Telson reddish brown with spots. Mesosoma and carapace (Figs. 338 – 341). Carapace without carinae but with large granules. Mesosoma with one granulated median carina. Tergite VII pentacarinate. Fifth sternite with glabrous zone on posterior medial part in the male. Seventh sternite with four incomplete carinae, sparsely granulate. Pectinal tooth count is 12 in the female, 14 in the male. Pectines with three marginal lamellae and seven middle lamellae. The lamellae bear numerous pale setae. Metasoma and telson (Figs. 215 – 216, 349 – 354, 415 – 416). The first metasomal segment bears 10 carinae and the second to the fourth segments bear eight carinae, the fifth segment bears five carinae well developed in the female and only indicated or absent in the male. Lateral inframedian carinae may be indicated on second metasomal segment. Ventral carina present on telson. Intercarinal surfaces of metasoma granulated including dorsal surface mainly in the female. In both sexes, posterior terminal tubercle of each dorsal carina on metasomal segments not enlarged. Telson elongate, with subaculear tooth wide and rounded, dorsally with granules in four rows; six symmetrical granules in three rows and one or two granules on the tip. Pedipalps (Figs. 231 – 232, 342 – 348). Femur and patella only very sparsely hirsute, with complete carinae, granulated. Dorsal carinae indicated on chela manus in both sexes. Sixth row of granules on movable finger with one external granule. The seventh row of granules on the fixed finger without additional granules. Legs (Fig. 206). Femur and patella bear complete carinae and are granulated. Legs hirsute without bristle combs. AFFINITIES. The described features distinguish R. jayarathnei sp. n. from all other species of the genus. R. jayarathnei sp. n. is well characterized by the glabrous zone on the posterior medial part of the fifth sternite in the male, which is not as extensive in R. ranawanai sp. n. (Fig. 570 versus Fig. 569) and is absent in other Sri Lankan Reddyanus species (Figs. 567 – 568).	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA858FFC5FEC7F99C9FB4FDCD.taxon	description	(Figs. 14, 207, 217 – 218, 233 – 234, 249, 258, 358 – 377, 417 – 418, 554, 561, 563, Table 5)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA858FFC5FEC7F99C9FB4FDCD.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Sri Lanka, Kandy; MNHN RS 1164. TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, Mannar District, beside an irrigation canal, Madhu Road, 50 ft., 23. III. 1970, leg. Davis et Rowe, 1 ♀ juv., holotype of Isometrus (Reddyanus) garyi (figs. 1266, 1304 – 1307 in Kovařík & Ojanguren, 2013: 187 – 188, 347, 350), MHNG. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, Central Province, Matale District, Habarana, Wananiwahana Resort, 07 ° 59 ' 25.8 " N 080 ° 43 ' 24.6 " E, 280 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CG, Figs. 582 – 583), 23. – 24. IV. 2015, 1 ♂ (Figs. 207, 2 17, 233, 249, 258, 358 – 359, 362, 364, 366 – 368, 417, 561, 563) 1 ♀ (Figs. 218, 234, 360 – 361, 363, 365, 369 – 371, 418) 1 juv, FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; Northern Province, Mannar District, Madhu Road, 08 ° 48 ' 26.3 " N 080 ° 10 ' 26 " E, 90 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CH, Fig. 584), 24. – 25. IV. 2015, 2 ♂ (Figs. 372 – 375, 376, 554) 1 ♀ (Fig. 377), FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; Northern Province, Mannar District, Marichchukkaddi env, border of Wilpattu National Park, 08 ° 33 ' 32.3 " N 079 ° 56 ' 51 " E, 7 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CI, Fig. 585), 25. – 26. IV. 2015, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 juv., FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Anuradhapura District, Mihintale, 08 ° 20 ' 51.8 " N 080 ° 30 ' 27.7 " E, 156 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CL, Fig. 589), 27. – 28. IV. 2015, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 juv. ♀, FKCP, 2 ♀, UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.; Central Province, Matale District, Pallegama, 07 ° 32 ' 49.5 " N 080 ° 47 ' 50 " E, 434 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CM, Fig. 590), 28. IV. 2015, 1 ♀, FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Puttalam District, Eluwankulam, 08 ° 12 ' 35.1 " N 079 ° 51 ' 32 " E, 52 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CN, Fig. 591), 28. IV. 2015, 1 juv., FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; Uva Province, Monaragala District, Monaragala, 06 ° 52 ' 30.7 " N 081 ° 21 ' 17 " E, 288 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CQ, Fig. 595), 2. – 3. V. 2015, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, FKCP, 1 ♂ 4 ♀, UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.; Eastern Province, Ampara District, Lahugala Kitulana National Park, 06 ° 52 ' 46 " N 081 ° 43 ' 21.8 " E, 40 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CR, Fig. 596), 3. – 4. V. 2015, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 juv., FKCP, 1 ♂ 4 ♀ 2 juvs, UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.; Eastern Province, Ampara District, Ampara env., 07 ° 20 ' 01.3 " N 081 ° 41 ' 57.1 " E, 56 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CS, Fig. 597), 4. V. 2015, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, FKCP, 2 ♀ 1 juv., UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.; Central Province, Kandy District, Tree Centre, Wildlife Trust Sri Lanka “ Rantambe ”, 07 ° 12 ' 22.1 " N 080 ° 57 ' 20.7 " E, 171 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CT, Fig. 598), 5. V. 2015, 2 ♀, FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA858FFC5FEC7F99C9FB4FDCD.taxon	diagnosis	D IAGNOSIS. Total length 26 – 45 mm. Male with longer metasomal segments and telson. Pedipalp segments approximately the same length and width in both sexes. Pedipalps and legs yellow with several small brown spots. Base color yellow with black spots. Pedipalp femur and patella spotted, patella mostly black, femur mostly yellow. Posterior terminal tubercle of dorsal carina on second metasomal segment of male markedly enlarged; on third metasomal segment of male partly enlarged; terminal tubercle of dorsal carina on other metasomal segments of male scarcely larger than preceding granules. Subaculear tooth more or less pointed, termination not rounded, dorsally with two pairs of granules and one or two terminal granules. Pectinal teeth number 14 – 17 in both sexes.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA858FFC5FEC7F99C9FB4FDCD.taxon	description	HEMISPERMATOPHORE (Figs. 372 – 375). Trunk moderately narrow, at least twice as long as capsule region. Capsule region narrow. Flagellum long, slender, laminiform, with broad hyaline fin along internal margin of cylindrical core, distally coiled. Median lobe broad, distally truncate, with thin dorsal lamina near internal margin terminating in distal cusp. Basal lobe enlarged, a narrow, angular, pointed hook-like process arising dorsally, separated from base of median lobe. Translucent structures with a light violet tint. COMPARISONS. The hemispermatophore of R. loebli comb. n. differs from those of R. basilicus comb. n. and R. ceylonensis sp. n. by having a median lobe terminating distally in a pointed cusp (vs. a rounded margin), and a smaller basal lobe with apex blunt (vs. sharp) in lateral view. R. loebli also differs from all other Sri Lankan Reddyanus species in external characters (c. f. Figs. 217, 561, showing the enlarged terminal tubercle of dorsal carina on the second metasomal segment of the male; and Figs. 417 – 418, showing the pointed subaculear tooth in both sexes) and in behavior (all other Sri Lankan Reddyanus species forage at ground level among leaf litter, whereas R. loebli usually sits under the scales of bark of standing tree trunks, c. f. Fig. 583). Also, first instar juveniles R. loebli are different colored than those of other Sri Lankan Reddyanus species (c. f. Fig. 377 versus Figs. 288 and 332).	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA858FFC5FEC7F99C9FB4FDCD.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS. Isometrus (Reddyanus) garyi Lourenço et Huber, 2002 was based on two juveniles (the holotype is 28 mm long, the second juvenile is smaller), which the authors compared only to I. (R.) besucheti. They ignored R. loebli, the only species of Sri Lankan Reddyanus with a pointed (spinoid) subaculear tooth (Figs. 417 – 418) in juveniles. Although R. loebli is characterized by a markedly enlarged terminal tubercle of the dorsal carina on the second metasomal segment of the male (Fig. 217), this character is missing in females (Fig. 218) and juveniles. Thus, we consider Isometrus (Reddyanus) garyi to be a junior synonym of Reddyanus loebli.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA858FFC5FEC7F99C9FB4FDCD.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Sri Lanka.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA842FFC9FEE2FAA79F4FF929.taxon	description	(Figs. 14, 208, 219 – 220, 235 – 236, 250, 259, 378 – 401, 419 – 420, 570, Tables 4 – 5) http: // www. zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: D 6 B 4 D 355 - F 67 F- 4 D 3 C- 94 A 5 - 6782 DD 9 E 1986	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA842FFC9FEE2FAA79F4FF929.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Sri Lanka, Kandy; FKCP. TYPE MATERIAL. Sri Lanka, Kandy, IV. 2001, 1 ♂ after fifth ecdysis (holotype, Figs. 208, 219, 235, 250, 259, 378 – 379, 382, 384 – 385, 387 – 389, 394 – 400, 402, 419), 1 ♂ 3 ♀ (paratypes, Figs. 220, 236, 380 – 381, 383, 386, 390 – 393, 401, 420, 570), FKCP, leg. V. Fura.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA842FFC9FEE2FAA79F4FF929.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. Named after Prof. Kithsiri B. Ranawana who organized our Sri Lankan expedition.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA842FFC9FEE2FAA79F4FF929.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 35 – 43 mm. Male with very slightly longer metasomal segments than female. Pedipalp segments and telson approximately the same length and width in both sexes. Pedipalp movable finger longer than manus of chela in both sexes. Pedipalps and legs with brown maculation, identical on femur and patella. First metasomal segment with 10 carinae, second through fourth segments with eight carinae, fifth segment with five carinae in female and three to five in male. Posterior terminal tubercle of each dorsal carina on metasomal segments of both sexes scarcely larger than preceding tubercles. Subaculear tooth wide and rounded, dorsally with granules in four rows; six symmetrical granules in three rows and one or two granules on tip. Ratio metasomal segment II length / width 1.78 – 1.80 in male. Glabrous zone stretching over almost whole posterior margin of fifth sternite. Pectinal teeth number 12 – 14 in both sexes.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA842FFC9FEE2FAA79F4FF929.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION. Total length 35 – 43 mm. The habitus is shown in Figs. 378 – 381. For measurements and ratios see Tables 4 – 5. For positions and distribution of trichobothria see Figs. 395 – 400. The male has very slightly longer metasomal segments than the female. Length and width of the telson is approximately the same in both sexes (Figs. 419 – 420). Coloration (Figs. 378 – 381). Base color reddish, with brown to black spots. Chelicera strongly reticulated mainly anteriorly, with spotted fingers. Ventral surface of mesosoma and pedipalps yellowish brown with a pair of black spots mainly on the sixth and seventh sternites. The carapace and pedipalps dorsally and laterally yellowish to reddish, with brown to black spots, identical on pedipalp femur, patella and manus. Pedipalp fingers reddish black. Legs with the same color and pattern as the pedipalp femur and patella. Metasomal segments and telson are yellowish to reddish with spots. Mesosoma and carapace (Figs. 382 – 386). Carapace without carinae but with large granules. Tergites I – VI with one granulated median carina, tergite VII pentacarinate. Fifth sternite with glabrous zone stretching over almost the whole posterior margin. Seventh sternite with four incomplete carinae, sparsely granulate. Pectinal tooth count 12 – 14 in females, 13 – 14 in males. Pectines with three marginal lamellae and six to seven middle lamellae. The lamellae bear numerous pale setae. Metasoma and telson (Figs. 219 – 220, 387 – 392, 419 – 420). The first metasomal segment bears 10 carinae and the second to the fourth segments bear eight carinae, the fifth segment bears five carinae developed in both sexes. Ventral carina present on telson. Intercarinal surfaces of metasoma granulated, including dorsal surface. In both sexes, posterior terminal tubercle of each dorsal carina on metasomal segments not enlarged. Telson elongate, with subaculear tooth wide and rounded, dorsally with granules in four rows; six symmetrical granules in three rows and one or two granules on the tip. Pedipalps (Figs. 235 – 236, 393 – 400). Femur and patella only very sparsely hirsute, with complete carinae, granulated. Chela manus in both sexes granulated, with dorsal carinae indicated. Sixth row of granules on movable finger with one external granule. Seventh row of granules on the fixed finger without additional granules. Legs (Fig. 208). Femur and patella with complete carinae, granulated. Legs hirsute, without bristle combs. AFFINITIES. The described features distinguish R. ranawanai sp. n. from all other species of the genus. All other Sri Lankan Reddyanus species exhibit sexual dimorphism in the length of the telson, which is absent in R. ranawanai sp. n. (c. f. Figs. 419 – 420 versus Figs. 409 – 418).	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA84EFFF1FEB3F90F9D7AFEE2.taxon	description	(Figs. 13, 200, 428 – 457)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA84EFFF1FEB3F90F9D7AFEE2.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. Chaerilus variegatus Simon, 1877.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA84EFFF1FEB3F90F9D7AFEE2.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 15 – 75.4 mm. Orthobothriotaxy type B; pedipalp femoral d 3 – d 4 trichobothria configuration points toward dorsoexternal carina; pedipalp patella with 3 ventral trichobothria and pedipalp femur with 9 trichobothria, 4 of them dorsal. Cheliceral fixed finger with median and basal denticles flush on surface, not conjoined on common trunk; ventral edge of cheliceral movable finger crenulated; dorsal edge of cheliceral movable finger with a single subdistal denticles; ventral surface of cheliceral fixed finger with denticle. Sternum, type 1, exhibits subtle wide horizontal compression; maxillary lobes I spatulate. Hemispermatophore fusiform. Pedipalp patella with " 6 - carinae " configuration. Median denticle row of pedipalp chelal finger arranged in oblique groups; pedipalp chela exhibits " 8 - carinae " configuration. Fifth metasomal segment with single ventral carina. Legs without tibial spurs, but with prolateral and retrolateral pedal spurs. Tarsi of legs bear two rows of ventral setae and median row of spinules. Telson without subaculear tubercle.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA84EFFF1FEB3F90F9D7AFEE2.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Oriental region from India to Melanesia.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA876FFF1FEECFE5D9FB4F8E4.taxon	description	(Figs. 13, 200, 428 – 457)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA876FFF1FEECFE5D9FB4F8E4.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Trincomalee; BMNH. TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, Trincomalee, 1 ♂ (holotype, figs. 732 – 733 in Kovařík & Ojanguren, 2013: 284), BMNH No. 1893.10.20.4. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, North Central Province, Polonnaruwa District, ca 35 km from Dambula, 07 ° 57 ' 15.1 " N 080 ° 54 ' 45,4 " E, 132 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CD, Fig. 578), 22. IV. 2015, 2 ♂ (Figs. 200, 428, 430 – 431, 436, 438, 440 – 442, 446 – 449, 454) 1 ♀ (Figs. 429, 432 – 435, 437, 439, 443 – 445, 450 – 453, 455), FKCP, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 juv., UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Polonnaruwa District, near Kaudulla National Park, 08 ° 08 ' 40.6 " N 080 ° 51 ' 04 " E, 101 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CF, Fig. 581), 23. IV. 2015, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 juv., FKCP, 1 ♂ 1 juv., UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Puttalam District, Eluwankulam, 08 ° 17 ' 15 " N 079 ° 50 ' 38.7 " E, 38 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CO, Fig. 592), 28. IV. 2015, 2 ♂, FKCP, 3 juvs., UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA876FFF1FEECFE5D9FB4F8E4.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 27 – 45 mm. Two pairs of lateral eyes and one pair of median eyes. Movable fingers of pedipalps with 11 – 12 rows of granules. Fingers straight and short. Trichobothrium d 2 of pedipalp patella located on dorsal surface, trichobothrium id on internal surface. Pedipalp chela with 9 carinae. Pectinal teeth number 4 – 6. Entire carapace evenly covered by granules. Ratio of median eye distance from anterior and posterior margins of carapace = 1: 1.55 – 1.60. Mesosoma without carinae. Sternites smooth. First and second metasomal segments with 10 carinae, third and fourth segments with 8 carinae, fifth segment with 7 carinae. All carinae consist of large, denticulate granules.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA876FFF1FEECFE5D9FB4F8E4.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Sri Lanka.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA876FFF1FC07FF329BF2FC60.taxon	description	(Figs. 15, 458 – 546, 571 – 574)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA876FFF1FC07FF329BF2FC60.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. Buthus (Heterometrus) spinifer Ehrenberg, 1828, by subsequent designation (Karsch, 1879: 20).	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA876FFF1FC07FF329BF2FC60.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS: Total length 60 – 176 mm. Orthobothriotaxy type C. Pedipalp femur with three trichobothria, only one of which resides on internal surface. Pedipalp patella with 19 trichobothria, 3 ventral, and 13 external. Chela of pedipalp with 26 trichobothria. Retrolateral pedal spurs absent. Lateroapical margins of tarsi produced into rounded lobes. Metasomal segments I – IV with paired ventral submedian carinae. Stridulatory organ located on opposing surfaces of pedipalp coxa and first leg.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA876FFF1FC07FF329BF2FC60.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Oriental region from India to Indonesia.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA876FFF8FC4AFBD49C23FA45.taxon	description	(Figs. 15, 458 – 481, 572)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA876FFF8FC4AFBD49C23FA45.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Ceylon, now Sri Lanka; BMNH. SRI LANKAN MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, Southern Province, Galle, 1 ♂, FKCP, IV. 1994, leg. P. Senft; North Central Province, Polonnaruwa District, Giritale, 08 ° 01 ' 26.0 " N 080 ° 54 ' 37.2 " E, 233 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CE, Fig. 579), 22. – 23. IV. 2015, 2 ♂ (Figs. 458 – 459, 462, 464, 470 – 472, 475 – 479, 480, 572) 1 ♀ (Figs. 460 – 461, 463, 465, 473), FKCP, 1 ♀ 7 juvs., UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.; Northern Province, Jaffna District, 09 ° 42 ' 51.6 " N 080 ° 04 ' 44.8 " E, 19 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CJ, Figs. 586 – 587), 26. – 27. IV. 2015, 2 ♂ (Figs. 466 – 468, 474), 1 ♀ (Fig. 469), FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA876FFF8FC4AFBD49C23FA45.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 75 – 110 mm long. Color of adults uniformly reddish brown. Pectinal teeth number 13 – 16 in males and 11 – 13 in females. Male with slightly longer pedipalp femur and patella. Chela lobiform, narrower in male than female; chela length / width ratio 1.79 – 2.05 in males, 1.65 – 1.75 in females. Entire manus covered by rounded granules, with five carinae mainly in anterolateral part. Pedipalp patella smooth, without pronounced internal tubercle. Carapace smooth, glossy. Spination formula of tarsomeres II of legs: 4 / 4 - 5: 4 / 5: 4 / 5 - 6: 4 / 5 - 6. Telson elongate, vesicle shorter than aculeus.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA876FFF8FC4AFBD49C23FA45.taxon	description	HEMISPERMATOPHORE (Figs. 476 – 479). Lamelliform. Distal lamina long, slender, basal capsular portion one fifth of total lamina length, wider, dorsal trough nearly flat with slightly elevated transverse strip, bordered internally by strong carina; portion of lamina just distal to hook constricted, curved, deflected internally; distal terminus of lamina dilated, truncated and spatulate. Hook prominent, with narrowed tip and wide triangular base, lacking dorsal trough. Median lobe elongate, extending from base of hook to truncal flexure, with fine longitudinal carina and trough along internal side. Inner lobe and median transverse trough large, prominent. Basal and proximal lobes smaller but well developed, blunt, rounded. All lobes of capsule region smooth, without barbs or spicules. Trunk broader than both capsule and distal lamina, parallel-sided, with moderately sclerotized diagonal axial rib. The hemispermatophore is quite similar to those of several other species of Heterometrus previously illustrated as line drawings: H. longimanus (Herbst, 1800), H. cyaneus (C. L. Koch, 1836) and H. spinifer (Ehrenberg, 1828) (Couzijn, 1981; Stockwell, 1989). The relative proportions of the distal lamina and trunk are comparable and the same capsular structures or lobes are present. Some differences can be seen: (i) in H. cyaneus and H. spinifer, the distal lamina is straight, not internally deflected; (ii) the hook is smaller in H. longimanus and H. cyaneus, and has a shorter tip in H. spinifer; (iii) the distal lamina is not terminally dilated in H. longimanus and H. cyaneus. However, the extent of intraspecific morphological variation in Heterometrus hemispermatophores is unknown, so it is unclear if these differences have diagnostic value. VARIABILITY. The figures 470 – 475 show variability in the shape of the chela in adult males. The greatest difference is between the 77 mm long male (Fig. 475) and the 105 mm long male (Fig. 470) from the same locality 15 CE.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA876FFF8FC4AFBD49C23FA45.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. India and Sri Lanka.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA87FFFFCFEE9F9C99FB4FAFE.taxon	description	(Figs. 15, 482 – 507, 573)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA87FFFFCFEE9F9C99FB4FAFE.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. " India " (incorrect type locality; see Kovařík, 2004: 20); NHRS. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, Kandy, 30. III. 1902, 1 ♂, FKCP; Peradeniya, 3 ♂ 2 ♀ (Figs. 502 – 503) 6 juvs., IV. 1994, FKCP; leg. P. Senft; Central Province, Kandy District, Hantana (Peradeniya), University land, 07 ° 14 ' 54.7 " N 080 ° 36 ' 54 " E, 760 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CA, Fig. 575), 19. – 21. IV. 2015, 1 ♂ (Figs. 482 – 483, 486, 488, 490, 494, 496 – 499, 505 – 507) 1 ♀ (Figs. 484 – 485, 487, 489, 491 – 493, 495, 504, 573), FKCP, 4 ♀ 1 juv., UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.; Central Province, Kandy District, 20 km S Kandy, Meegammana, Wattegama, 07 ° 20 ' 41.9 " N 080 ° 39 ' 30.6 " E, 534 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CC, Fig. 577), 21. IV. 2015, 1 ♀, FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA87FFFFCFEE9F9C99FB4FAFE.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 90 – 130 mm long. Color of adults uniformly reddish black to greenish black. Pectinal teeth number 10 – 15 in both sexes. Sexual dimorphism in proportions of pedipalps not noticeable. Pedipalp chela hirsute, lobiform, without carinae on dorsoexternal surface, but may bear rows of granules. Chela length / width ratio 1.8 – 2.0 in adults. Entire manus covered by rounded granules that may merge and appear as rows. Pedipalp patella without pronounced internal tubercle. Carapace smooth, glossy, occasionally with granules at margins. Second metasomal segment approximately as long as wide. Fifth segment of metasoma approximately as long as pedipalp femur, fourth segment of metasoma shorter than pedipalp femur. Dorsal and dorsolateral carinae of metasomal segments smooth. Vesicle of telson usually longer than aculeus. Spination formula of tarsomeres II of legs: 3 / 4: 2 - 4 / 3 - 4: 4 / 4 - 5: 4 / 5.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA87FFFFCFEE9F9C99FB4FAFE.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS. Heterometrus (Heterometrus) spinifer solitarius Couzijn, 1981 was described from a female (109 mm long) from Sri Lanka, Peradeniya, where H. indus is very common and H. swammerdami is not very common. The original description of H. spinifer solitarius lacks clear diagnostic characters and any connection to H. spinifer (Ehrenberg, 1828). The type locality of H. spinifer (Ehrenberg, 1828) ' India' must be regarded as erroneous. The species is known from Malaysia and Thailand, and probably also from Cambodia and Vietnam (Kovařík, 2009: 35, 44).	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA87FFFFCFEE9F9C99FB4FAFE.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Sri Lanka.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA87BFFE0FEE1FAB89FB4F90F.taxon	description	(Figs. 15, 508 – 534, 571, 574)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA87BFFE0FEE1FAB89FB4F90F.taxon	materials_examined	T YPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Ceylon, now Sri Lanka; BMNH. TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, Ceylon, 1 ♂ (holotype, fig. 16 in Kovařík, 2004: 19), leg. Dr. Ondaatje, BMNH No. 1888.55. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, Southern Province, Matara District, Kekanadura village, 05 ° 58 ' 28.2 " N 080 ° 36 ' 20.5 " E, 40 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CP, Fig. 594), 30. IV. 2015, 1 ♂ (Figs. 509 – 513, 516, 518, 520 – 522, 571) 1 ♀ (Figs. 508, 514 – 515, 517, 519, 523 – 529, 574), FKCP, 1 ♀ im., UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.; Uva Province, Monaragala District, Monaragala, 06 ° 52 ' 30.7 " N 081 ° 21 ' 17 " E, 288 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CQ, Fig. 595), 2. – 3. V. 2015, 2 ♀, FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA87BFFE0FEE1FAB89FB4F90F.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 100 – 130 mm long. Color of adults uniformly reddish black to greenish black. Pectinal teeth number 12 – 15 in both sexes. Male with slightly narrower chela than female; chela length / width ratio 1.79 – 1.94 in males, 1.69 in female. Chela hirsute, lobiform, without carinae on dorsoexternal surface, but may bear rows of granules. Chela length / width ratio 1.8 – 2.0 in adults. Entire manus covered by rounded granules that may merge and appear as rows. Pedipalp patella without pronounced internal tubercle. Carapace smooth, glossy medially, with granules at margins. Second metasomal segment approximately as long as wide. Fifth segment of metasoma about as long pedipalp femur, fourth segment of metasoma shorter than pedipalp femur. Dorsal and dorsolateral carinae of metasomal segments granulated. Vesicle of telson usually longer than aculeus. Spination formula of tarsomeres II of legs: 3 - 4 / 4 - 6: 4 / 4 - 5: 4 / 5 - 6: 4 / 5 - 7.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA87BFFE0FEE1FAB89FB4F90F.taxon	discussion	COMMENTS. Palamnaeus serratus Pocock, 1900 was synonymized with H. indus by Couzijn (1981: 121). The first author (Kovařík, 2004: 17 and Kovařík, 2009: 38) accepted the synonymy, whereas Tikader & Bastawade (1983: 555) considered H. serratus a valid species. Examination of additional specimens collected during the Sri Lankan expedition of 2015 convinced us that H. serratus is in fact a valid species. Pocock (1900: 86) differentiated H. serratus and H. indus as follows: 1) dorsal and dorsolateral carinae of metasomal segments granulated in H. serratus (Fig. 574), smooth in H. indus (Fig. 573). We found other minor differences: 2) sexual dimorphism in proportions of pedipalps not noticeable in H. indus, male with slightly narrower chela than female in H. serratus (chela length to width ratio 1.79 – 1.94 in males, 1.69 in the females); 3) carapace smooth and glossy, only occasionally with granules at margins in H. indus (Figs. 486 – 487); carapace smooth and glossy medially, always with more granules at margins in H. serratus (Figs. 516 – 517); 4) spination formula of tarsomeres II of legs: 3 / 4: 2 - 4 / 3 - 4: 4 / 4 - 5: 4 / 5 in H. indus; 3 - 4 / 4 - 6: 4 / 4 - 5: 4 / 5 - 6: 4 / 5 - 7 in H. serratus. The distribution of H. serratus was previously unknown, as the type locality was imprecise and the holotype male was the only known specimen. We collected additional specimens at localities cited here as 15 CP (Fig. 594) and 15 CQ (Fig. 595). Our data suggest that H. serratus is distributed in the southern part, and H. indus in the central part of Sri Lanka (Fig. 15).	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA87BFFE0FEE1FAB89FB4F90F.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. Sri Lanka.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA867FFE2FECAF9059AA2FAFF.taxon	description	(Figs. 15, 535 – 546)	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA867FFE2FECAF9059AA2FAFF.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. East Indies; MNHN. SRI LANKAN MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, North Western Province, Puttalam, IV. 1994, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 juv., FKCP, leg. P. Senft; Central Province, Kandy District, Hantana (Peradeniya), University land, 07 ° 14 ' 54.7 " N 080 ° 36 ' 54 " E, 760 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CA, Fig. 575), 19. – 21. IV. 2015, 1 ♀, UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.; Central Province, Matale District, Maragamuwa / Kumaragala, 0 7 ° 41 ' 58.5 " N 080 ° 42 ' 26.7 " E, 662 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CB, Fig. 576), 21. IV. 2015, 1 ♀ (Figs. 535 – 543), FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Polonnaruwa District, Giritale, 08 ° 01 ' 26.0 " N 080 ° 54 ' 37.2 " E, 233 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CE, Figs. 579 – 580), 22. – 23. IV. 2015, 1 juv. (Fig. 545), FKCP, 3 juvs., UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.; Northern Province, Jaffna District, 09 ° 42 ' 51.6 " N 080 ° 04 ' 44.8 " E, 19 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CJ, Fig. 587), 26. – 27. IV. 2015, 1 ♀, FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Anuradhapura District, Mihintale, 08 ° 20 ' 51.8 " N 080 ° 30 ' 27.7 " E, 156 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CL, Fig. 589), 27. – 28. IV. 2015, photos only, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Puttalam District, Eluwankulam, 08 ° 1 2 ' 35.1 " N 079 ° 51 ' 32 " E, 52 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CN, Fig. 591), 28. IV. 2 015, photos only, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Puttalam District, Eluwankulam, 08 ° 17 ' 15 " N 079 ° 50 ' 38.7 " E, 38 m a. s. l. (Locality 15 CO, Fig. 592), 28. IV. 2 015, 1 juv., UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA867FFE2FECAF9059AA2FAFF.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Total length 1 28 – 176 mm long. Base color uniformly reddish brown to reddish black. Juveniles may be red with yellow telson. Pectinal teeth number 16 – 20. Sexual dimorphism in proportions of pedipalps not noticeable. Chela strongly lobiform, length / width ratio 1.6 – 1.8 in both sexes. Entire manus covered by large, rounded granulae that do not form true carinae. Pedipalp patella without pronounced internal tubercle. Carapace with disc smooth, margins and posterior portion granulate, anterior portion granulate and tuberculate; occasionally entire surface sparsely granulate. Fifth segment of metasoma longer than pedipalp femur, fourth segment of metasoma approximately as long as pedipalp femur. Telson bulbous, vesicle as long as or longer than aculeus.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA867FFE2FECAF9059AA2FAFF.taxon	discussion	NOTE. For photos of the male see figs. 139 – 142 and 275 in Kovařík, 2009: 93 and 113.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA867FFE2FECAF9059AA2FAFF.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. India and Sri Lanka.	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
B07187DFA865FFE6FCFEFABE9BFEF994.taxon	discussion	We obtained new data on hemispermatophore morphologies of a variety of Old World buthids from Sri Lanka, that have not previously been described. Our findings may be significant in the context of the larger problem of defining monophyletic genera in the family and understanding relationships of major lineages of buthids. A preliminary buthid phylogeny was derived by Fet et. al. (2005) from the cladistic analysis of certain trichobothrial characters. They proposed a major family subdivision based on whether patella trichobothrium d 3 is positioned internal to the dorsomedian carina, which defined the ' Buthus ' group, or external to it, which is the character state for the remaining five ' non- Buthus ' groups. Hemispermatophores of ' Buthus ' group genera have been relatively well described, including for the genera Androctonus, Apistobuthus, Buthacus, Buthiscus, Buthus, Cicileus, Compsobuthus, Femtobuthus, Gint, Hottentotta, Leiurus, Lissothus, Mesobuthus, Microbuthus, Neobuthus, Odontobuthus, Orthochirus, Picobuthus and Vachoniolus (Kovařík & Lowe, 2012; Kovařík, Lowe et. al., 2013; Levy & Amitai, 1980; Lowe, 2009, 2010 a, 2010 b, 2010 c; Lowe et. al., 2014; Navidpour & Lowe, 2009; Vachon, 1952 a, 1952 b, 1958; Vachon & Stockmann, 1968). Their capsule region has a stereotypic 4 - lobed configuration, in which the sperm hemi-duct is composed of 3 lobes (i. e. external lobe, carinated median lobe, and internal lobe), and a single basal lobe arises dorsally near the base of the median lobe carina. The flagellum is well separated from these lobes. So far, this ' 3 + 1 ' configuration has been found in all Buthus group members, suggesting that it is a synapomorphy for the group. Hemispermatophores of non- Buthus group genera, including most of the Sri Lankan buthids (except Hottentotta tamulus), are more heterogeneous. In the majority of genera, the base of the flagellum is broadly fused to a large carinated lobe, and there may be one or more additional distinct lobes on the internal side. A basal lobe is usually present, and its size and shape varies considerably. This configuration has been described in the genera Ananteris, Australobuthus, Butheoloides, Centruroides, Chaneke, Hemilychas, Isometroides, Isometrus, Parabuthus, Rhopalurus, Tityus and Zabius (Botero-Trujillo & Florez-Daza, 2011; Francke & Stockwell, 198 7; Gysin & Le Coroller, 1968; Koch, 1977; Kovařík, Teruel, et al., 2015; Kovařík, Teruel & Lowe, 2016; Lamoral, 1979; Lenarducci et. al., 2005; Locket, 1990; Lourenço et. al., 2006; Maury, 1969, 1970, 1974; Ojanguren-Affilastro, 2005; Prendini et. al., 2009; Probst, 1972; Stockwell, 1989; Teruel & Armas, 2012). Here we document this lobe configuration also in the non- Buthus group genera, Buthoscorpio, Charmus, Lychas and Reddyanus stat. n. Following Stockwell (1989), we have proposed that the carinated lobe of buthids is homologous to and derived from the carinated lobe of the chaerilid hemispermatophore (Kovařík, Teruel & Lowe, 2016). In the ' Buthus ' group, this lobe sits between two other lobes with more external and more internal positions, and hence was termed the ' median lobe' (Vachon, 1952). Taking the carina as a conserved landmark, we hypothesize that the median lobe is homologous to the carinated lobe in non- Buthus group genera that is fused to the base of the flagellum. We further hypothesize that the fused state is plesiomorphic because it approximates the chaerilid condition in which the carinated lobe is joined continuously to the distal lamina. Some exceptions to the fused configuration are seen in the genera Ananteris, Babycurus, Grosphus and Uroplectes (Lamoral, 1979; Lowe, 2000; Kovařík, Lowe et. al., 2015, 2 0 16; Ojanguren-Affilastro, 2005; Vachon, 1950, 1969), in which the flagellum appears well separated from the carinated median lobe. However, in contrast to the Buthus group, a non-carinated external lobe is not interpolated between the flagellum and the median lobe. This arrangement could represent a precursor to the Buthus group configuration. All Sri Lankan representatives of non- Buthus group genera so far examined (Buthoscorpio, Charmus, Isometrus, Lychas and Reddyanus stat. n.) exhibit a basic 1 + 1 lobe configuration (fused median lobe + basal lobe), without additional internal lobes developed. This configuration is shared with a number of other non- Buthus group genera that have been reported, i. e. some species of Ananteris (Botero-Trujillo & Florez-Daza, 2011; Ojanguren-Affilastro, 2005) and Tityus (Kovařík, Teruel, et. al., 2015; Ojanguren-Affilastro, 2005); and Australobuthus, Hemilychas, Isometroides and Isometrus (Gysin & Le Coroller, 1968; Locket, 1990; Probst, 1972). This may be a plesiomorphic state from which additional internal or external lobes have arisen independently in different lineages. Even under a basic 1 + 1 configuration, we observe hemispermatophore differences that are diagnostic at the generic level, e. g. enabling us to differentiate Reddyanus from Isometrus by the size of the basal lobe, and the length and shape of the flagellum. Two novel, unique hemispermatophore morphologies that we found are: (i) a highly elongated capsule in Buthoscorpio, with a long narrow median lobe fused to the base of the flagellum, and a round, blunt basal lobe; and (ii) a short capsule in Charmus, with a truncated median lobe, and a bulging, bilobate basal lobe. These findings reveal an unexplored diversity in buthid hemispermatophores, that could provide new characters for analyzing phylogenetic relationships in this large and ancient family. Cytogenetic Data on Sri Lankan Buthid Scorpions Altogether we analyzed seven buthid species (Figs. 547 – 554, Table 6) using standard cytogenetic methods (e. g. Kovařík et al., 2009; Šťáhlavský et al., 2014). The karyotype characteristics of all analyzed species correspond to the cytogenetic attributes typical for the family Buthidae. Chromosomes do not have visible centromere regions which is a typical feature for holocentric chromosomes. This type of organization is only known in the family Buthidae within scorpions (e. g. Mattos et al., 2013). This family is also characterized by low numbers of chromosomes. Half of the cytogenetically investigated species show diploid numbers from 14 to 24 (Schneider et al., 2016). In view of this fact, Charmus laneus (2 n = 9) (Fig. 548) and Isometrus thwaitesi (2 n = 8) (Fig. 549) represent exceptions with very low number of chromosomes. Only three known species from the genus Tityus C. L. Koch, 1836 have diploid numbers of chromosomes lower than 10 (see Schneider et al., 2016). This phenomenon has been documented in T. bahiensis (Perty, 1834) and was explained as an effect of intensive fusion of holocentric chromosomes (Schneider et al., 2009). This type of chromosomal rearrangement may also explain the differences in chromosome size within Buthoscorpio sarasinorum (Fig. 547), Lychas srilankensis (Fig. 550) (both with one extra larger pair of chromosomes) and Isometrus thwaitesi (Fig. 549) (with one extra shorter pair of chromosomes). Moreover, heterozygous chromosomal rearrangements may also explain odd diploid numbers of chromosomes in karyotypes of Isometrus thwaitesi (Fig. 549), Reddyanus loebli (Fig. 554) and one male of Reddyanus basilicus (Fig. 552). In Reddyanus basilicus we found 2 n = 16 in a male from locality 15 CS. In this case the chromosomes gradually decrease in size (Fig. 551, Table 6). However, the male of R. basilicus from locality 15 CR has 2 n = 15, including one extra large chromosome (Fig. 552, Table 6). The intraspecific variability has also been documented in another 8 species from different genera in the family Buthidae (see Schneider et al., 2016). Due to the intraspecific variability and high similarity of basic cytogenetic characteristics (such as number and size of chromosomes) it seems difficult to apply standard cytogenetic techniques to the taxonomy of buthid scorpions. In the future, application of more refined molecular cytogenetic techniques should lead to a better understanding of the organization of genome, which may be the key to detecting specific differences between closely related species. Key to Scorpions of Sri Lanka	en	Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David, Š, V. A. (2016): Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n. Euscorpius 220: 1-133, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1
