identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
803E6543FFDC992EFF4DF8F6FD43FF5D.text	803E6543FFDC992EFF4DF8F6FD43FF5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ardistomina Putzeys 1867	<div><p>Ardistomina Putzeys, 1867</p> <p>The subtribe comprises four genera. It is represented in Asia with one species (Aspidoglossa subangulata), known from Japan.</p> <p>The morphology (shape E) of the external female genitalia represents a very different basic pattern. Members of the American genera Ardistomis Putzeys, 1846 and Semiardistomis Kult, 1950 investigated for validation (Tab. 2) show the same shape. Valdés (2012) already recognized the value of the female genitalia and separated the “ardistomine type ” from the “clivine type ”. In the absence of data from the American genus Kearophus Dajoz, 2004 the data confirm the distinctness of a separate line.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/803E6543FFDC992EFF4DF8F6FD43FF5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Balkenohl, Michael	Balkenohl, Michael (2022): On the female gonocoxites of Asian, Arabian, and African Clivinini with realignment of the Thliboclivina-, Physoclivina-, and Eoclivina-species groups, and notes on the higher systematics of the tribe Clivinini Rafinesque, 1815 (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Zootaxa 5190 (1): 99-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.1.4
803E6543FFDF992EFF4DFEE2FA98F879.text	803E6543FFDF992EFF4DFEE2FA98F879.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clivinina Rafinesque 1815	<div><p>Clivinina Rafinesque, 1815</p> <p>The subtribe includes presently thirty-one genera worldwide. The many species listed for the twenty Oriental and African genera exhibit four very different basic morphologies (A, B, C, D). Moreover, three variations of the falciform shape A are represented (A1, A4, A5) (Tab. 1).</p> <p>The falciform Shape A1 (Fig. 1) is found in approximately 70% of the genera and species. In this group, a morphology is found which seems to represent a close shape to the plesiomorphic dimeric form constituting the ‘nebridian configuration’ (according to Deuve 1993). Depending on the genus, the gonocoxite-1 and gonocoxite-2 are more or less fused with a more or less wide membranous area in between.</p> <p>Significant differences between the subgenera Clivina s. str. and Leucocara Bousquet, 2009 are not observed.</p> <p>The most notable variations are as follows: The subgenus Dacca shows more elongated, slender and sharp coxites similar to members of the C. helferi -species group. In the C. mekongensis species-group, gonocoxite-1 and gonocoxite-2 are not as intensely fused as in all other species and they are still a bit movable (Fig. 12). That shape is considered as the most plesiomorphic form. This find also justifies highlighting this group by assigning it herewith as C. mekongensis -species group.</p> <p>Rugiluclivina seems to be somewhat more specialized (Fig. 21). The coxites are slightly curved, gonocoxite-2 is distinctly ensiform widened, and the gonocoxites-1 are more strongly medially connected to each other (Fig. 22). It somewhat resembles the shape found in Forcipatorina.</p> <p>The following groups have been revised recently, all including figures of the coxites: Ancus (Balkenohl 2016), Clivina castanea -species group (Balkenohl 2021a), Clypeospinus (Balkenohl 2021b), Leucocara with the C. semicarinata -species group (Dostal &amp; Bulirsch 2016), Rugiluclivina (Balkenohl 1996, 1999 a, 2015, 2018a), Dacca (Balkenohl 2020). For Leleuporella, figures of coxites have been provided for two species (Fedorenko 2012, Bulirsch &amp; Magrini 2019).</p> <p>Shape A1 seems to be distributed over very wide geographic ranges, probably worldwide.</p> <p>The variations with one or two short macrotrichia (shapes A4 and A5) are considered to represent derived forms where the large seta is replaced by one or two short macrotrichia. The groups with shape A4 with slender coxites have been revised recently with figures of the coxites provided: Orictites and its subgenus Semictites (Balkenohl 2017a, b), and Paracoryza (Balkenohl 2000, 2005). The groups with shape A5 with monomeric and conspicuously curved and short coxites were revised as well and comprise Syleter (Balkenohl 2021b), Parasyleter (Balkenohl 2022), Trilophus (Balkenohl 1999b), and Trilophidius (Balkenohl 2001).</p> <p>Another basic morphology is represented by the small and unusual monomeric foliform gonocoxite and semirectangular glabrous epipleurite without central articulation (shape B, Fig. 2). On a group level, Thliboclivina and Physoclivina have been revised and keyed out recently (Balkenohl 2001, 2018c, Dostal 2015). Eoclivina is characterised and keyed out by Kult (1959) but without considering characters of the genitalia. The Oriental C. attenuata -species group is supposed to belong to Eoclivina as indicated in Lorenz (2005, 2022). However, this assumption is investigated here the first time. The C. attenuata -species group has not been revised in more than ninety years, with the last available treatment on a species level by Andrewes (1929).</p> <p>It has been found that, apart from the conspicuous differences of characters in the female genitalia, all members of these four species groups share several unusual external characters and combinations of characters not present in the other Clivinini. Based on the striking differences, the sixteen species have been integrated into a new subtribe characterised in this contribution (see below).</p> <p>The third basic pattern shows a monomeric hyaline musaceous gonocoxite and a glabrous rectangular epipleurite without central articulation (shape C, Fig. 47), also representing a different line. The genus Lophocoryza has been revised recently (Balkenohl 2018b). Halocoryza was treated by Whitehead (1966, 1972) and revisited by Erwin (2011). Coryza is an unrevised genus with partly unclear synonymies, undescribed species, and partly unclear distribution.</p> <p>The fourth basic pattern shows monomeric hyaline elongated foliform gonocoxites and semi-square glabrous epipleurites with complete articulation (shape D, Fig. 55). The shape is found in Afrosyleter, a genus treated by Bulirsch &amp; Magrini (2018) with a figure of the gonocoxites of one species. This shape seems to represent also a different line. However, the data published and the examples at hand are poor and need further insight.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/803E6543FFDF992EFF4DFEE2FA98F879	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Balkenohl, Michael	Balkenohl, Michael (2022): On the female gonocoxites of Asian, Arabian, and African Clivinini with realignment of the Thliboclivina-, Physoclivina-, and Eoclivina-species groups, and notes on the higher systematics of the tribe Clivinini Rafinesque, 1815 (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Zootaxa 5190 (1): 99-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.1.4
803E6543FFDE992FFF4DFE72FA03FD98.text	803E6543FFDE992FFF4DFE72FA03FD98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Reicheiina Jeannel 1957	<div><p>Reicheiina Jeannel, 1957</p> <p>The subtribe includes currently twenty-four genera with nearly 200 species (Lorenz 2022). Many members of the subtribe show a shape similar to that of Trilophus, Trilophidius and Parasyleter (shape A5). The subtribe is worth to be investigated separately in detail and has been found to be too huge to be included in this contribution.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/803E6543FFDE992FFF4DFE72FA03FD98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Balkenohl, Michael	Balkenohl, Michael (2022): On the female gonocoxites of Asian, Arabian, and African Clivinini with realignment of the Thliboclivina-, Physoclivina-, and Eoclivina-species groups, and notes on the higher systematics of the tribe Clivinini Rafinesque, 1815 (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Zootaxa 5190 (1): 99-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.1.4
803E6543FFD19922FF4DF966FB90FBBD.text	803E6543FFD19922FF4DF966FB90FBBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thliboclivinina Balkenohl 2022	<div><p>Subtribe Thliboclivinina subtr. nov.</p> <p>Type genus Thliboclivina Kult, 1959</p> <p>Taxa included:</p> <p>Thliboclivina Kult, 1959</p> <p>microphthalma (Burgeon, 1937) diophthalmica (Basilewsky, 1955)</p> <p>amalita Basilewsky, 1964</p> <p>bartolozzii Balkenohl, 2001</p> <p>Eoclivina Kult 1959: 176 stat. nov.</p> <p>dumolinii (Putzeys, 1846)</p> <p>(= pumila (Lutshnik, 1926))</p> <p>machadoi (Basilewsky, 1955)</p> <p>burgeoni (Kult, 1959)</p> <p>Physoclivina Kult 1959: 214 stat. nov.</p> <p>physopleura (Burgeon, 1935)</p> <p>bulirschi (Dostal, 2015)</p> <p>donabaueriana (Dostal, 2015)</p> <p>dostaliana (Balkenohl, 2018)</p> <p>Sulciclivina gen. nov.</p> <p>attenuata (Herbst, 1806)</p> <p>striata (Putzeys, 1846)</p> <p>sulcigera (Putzeys, 1867)</p> <p>bhamoensis (Bates, 1892)</p> <p>sagittaria (Bates, 1892)</p> <p>Subtribe diagnosis. General appearance similar to a small- to medium-sized subcylindrical Clivina. Head with clypeus bisinuate anteriorly in most of the species or more or less straight, in some species fused with clypeal wing; wing small; supraantennal plate conspicuously widened and conspicuously elongated posteriorly, in most of the species as wide as the eye, partially or completely continued over the eye and separating the eye either anteriorly or completely into two parts; frons separated from clypeus by a carina or a sulcus in form of a flat inverted V; frons in some species with second carina in form of an inverted V or with small depression; with two pairs of supraorbital and one pair of clypeal setae; labrum five- or six-setose; eye small, reduced in many species, separated partially or completely into two parts by lateral carina of supraantennal plate; mandible moderately short, flattened, scrobe small, asetose; antennomeres four to ten moniliform or submoniliform. Pronotum with lateral margin running basally in a regular curve up to base, with two lateral setae, base narrow. Proepisternum tumid laterally, visible dorsally. Elytron with striae 1-3 free at base, intervals asetose. Mesotibia dorsally with two distinct parallel rows of short protuberances furnished with robust seta each, laterally with row of strong setae, medially with up to five fine setae. All sterna punctured, but to a different degree among the groups. Last visible sternum with the two apical setigerous punctures separated. Female genitalia very small in comparison to body size, with gonocoxite foliform, monomeric, flattened dorsally and ventrally, less sclerotized to hyaline, with few setae; the coxites are medially not attached but separate; epipleurite semi-rectangular and asetose, the median joint is replaced by a broadly angulated and more or less widened flat rod.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Distinguished from all other Clivinini by the outstanding external female genitalia, the elongated and widened form of the supraantennal plates separating the eyes anteriorly or completely into two parts, the small pronotal base, and the tuberculate mesotibia.</p> <p>Habitat preference. Ecological data are not published. However, among the 640 specimens checked (MRACT, RBINS, CMBB), there were not seldom ecological data noted on the labels. According to these data, Physoclivina, Eoclivina, and African species of Thliboclivina were collected in detritus from vegetation and in humus of swamp forests, whereas the single Oriental Thliboclivina species was found in an open rice field. For the Oriental genus Sulciclivina gen. nov., data indicate the same habitats but also cultivated areas (bamboo forest, swamp forest, garden, plantation, zebu dung, ground vegetation covered by litter). In summary, the subtribe seems to populate humus underground in shaded humid and wet areas.</p> <p>Remarks. Clivina arunachalensis Saha &amp; Biswas, 1985 may possibly belong into the subtribe as well. It is tentatively not included because some key characters are not mentioned in the description nor visible on the ink drawing, giving space for interpretation of the position. In the description, a close relationship to members of the genus Pseudoclivina is emphasized. The type material has not been seen or investigated after the description. Inquiries to the place of deposition of the type material remained unanswered.</p> <p>Identification key to the genera of the subtribe Thliboclivinina subtr. nov.</p> <p>1 Habitus distinctly cylindrical; clypeus excised, more or less straight at middle; pronotum distinctly longer than wide (ratio LP/WP 1.21), long narrowed posteriorly, maximum width at middle, regularly long-convex from middle to base; epipleura distinctly visible in dorsal view; interval eight of elytron convex at apex; colour fuscous; fully winged; body length 2.3-3.5 mm; Africa; Fig. 4.................................................................. Physoclivina Kult stat. nov.</p> <p>- Habitus subcylindrical or long oval; clypeus bilobed; pronotum as long as wide or moderately longer than wide (ratio LP/WP 1.0- 1.15), moderately narrowed posteriorly, maximum width at posterior third, convex or abruptly convex to base; epipleura slightly visible in dorsal view; interval eight of elytron carinate at apex; colour piceous; wings fully developed or reduced...................................................................................................... 2</p> <p>2 Supraantennal plate conspicuously elongated, overtopping by half or completely the eye; eye reduced or separated by the supraantennal plate into two parts; size of gena one third of eye; antenna with segments five to ten distinctly wider than long (L/W around 0.8); shape of elytra parallel; wings reduced; body length 3.9-5.6 mm; Africa, Asia; Fig. 3... Thliboclivina Kult</p> <p>- Supraantennal plate as long as wide, about as long as eye, reaching by 20-25% over the eye; eye of moderately small size, transverse semicircular or oval; size of gena one fifth or one sixth of eye; antenna with segments five to ten as long as wide or slightly longer than wide; shape of elytra long oval........................................................... 3</p> <p>3 Frons of the head with a carina forming an inverted V; elytra with a row of umbilical setigerous punctures in the lateral marginal channel interrupted at middle by a gap of two to three punctures; eye somewhat small, oval; size of genae one fifth of eye; mesotibia with 5 tubercles latero-dorsally, with a row of 7 strong setae laterally; ratio WP/ WB around 4.6; fully winged; body length 3.5-5.2 mm; Africa; Fig. 5..................................................................... Eoclivina Kult stat. nov.</p> <p>- Frons of the head with the inverted V formed by a sulcus; elytra with a row of umbilical setigerous punctures in the lateral marginal channel uninterrupted; eye large; size of genae one sixth of eye; mesotibia with 10 tubercles latero-dorsally, with a row of 12 strong setae laterally; ratio WP/ WB around 3.8; specimens with reduced and fully developed wings; body length 5.4-9.5 mm; Asia; Fig. 6...................................................................................... Sulciclivina gen. nov.</p> <p>Thliboclivina and Physoclivina have been intensively characterised recently on a species and group level (Dostal 2015, Balkenohl 2001, 2018c). Eoclivina has been characterised by Kult (1959).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/803E6543FFD19922FF4DF966FB90FBBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Balkenohl, Michael	Balkenohl, Michael (2022): On the female gonocoxites of Asian, Arabian, and African Clivinini with realignment of the Thliboclivina-, Physoclivina-, and Eoclivina-species groups, and notes on the higher systematics of the tribe Clivinini Rafinesque, 1815 (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Zootaxa 5190 (1): 99-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.1.4
803E6543FFD39924FF4DFBADFEBDFD69.text	803E6543FFD39924FF4DFBADFEBDFD69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sulciclivina Balkenohl 2022	<div><p>Genus Sulciclivina gen. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 2, 6)</p> <p>Type species: Sulciclivina attenuata (Herbst, 1806): 264 (Scarites attenuatus).</p> <p>Type locality: Assam, India.</p> <p>Genus diagnosis. Size 5.4–9.5 mm. Colour piceous. Head with clypeus distinctly widened, bisinuate anteriorly, lateral angles slightly projecting, fused with clypeal wing, supraantennal plate conspicuously widened, elongated posteriorly, separated from clypeus by distinct notch, clypeal suture developed as sulcus in form of a flat inverted V, clypeus and frons separated from supraantennal plate by deep furrow; frons with central depression developed in some species horseshoe-like; with pair of clypeal seta and two pairs of supraorbital setae; eye moderately protruding laterally, supraantennal plate overtopping eye in anterior third; gena flattened, size about one sixth of eye; mandible flattened, wide; labrum six setose, antenna with segments five to ten slightly longer than wide. Pronotum as long as wide, with reflexed lateral margin running from anterior angle up to base, posterior angle rounded off without tooth, marked by the posterior marginal seta, lateral channel of equal width, median line narrow, joining base; proepisternum visible basally in dorsal view; base conspicuously narrow, flange at base indistinct. Elytron long oval to subcylindrical, with striae one to three free at the base, striole short, indistinct, lateral channel with row of umbilical setigerous punctures complete; third interval without setigerous punctures. Hind wing fully developed or reduced. Mesotibia dorso-laterally with row of ten short protuberances and in parallel dorso-medially with row of four protuberances, the apical ones slightly larger, all furnished with robust seta, laterally with row of twelve strong setae, medially with up to ten fine setae. Male genitalia robust, with aedeagus distinctly curved, apical part with or without widened lamella. Female genitalia (Fig. 2) small in comparison to body size, with gonocoxite foliform, monomeric, flattened, usually with a long apical nematiform seta and depending on the species with three to six additional nematiform setae positioned at the median side, epipleurite without setae and without central joint.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See key to the genera of the subtribe. Moreover, the antennomeres five to ten are slightly longer than wide (around L/ W 1.07) (Eoclivina and Physoclivina L/W around 1.0; Thliboclivina L/W around 0.8), the pronotum with the anterior angles are slightly more acute (more rounded off in Eoclivina), the lateral marginal channel of the pronotum which runs in parallel to the margin is not widened between the two lateral setigerous punctures and the base is much narrower compared to the other three genera (see ratio WP/WB provided in the key).</p> <p>Some species of the Neotropic Clivina subgenus Paraclivina Kult, 1947 show slight similarities of the widened and elongated supraantennal plates and also an inverted V is found on the frons of the head (e.g., Clivina bipustulata (Fabricius, 1798), C. fassatii Kult, 1947). However, these species belong to a different group due to their distinctly falcate coxites, the triangle like and plurisetose epipleurite with complete joints, the striae one to five free at the base of the elytron, the presence of setae on interval three of the elytron, and the non-tuberculate mesotibia.</p> <p>Etymology. The name refers to the sulcus on the frons of the head and is composed of the Latin noun “sulcus” (= furrow) and Clivina, the lead genus of the tribe.</p> <p>Distribution. Centre of the Oriental region.</p> <p>Due to the partly incorrect synonymies in Andrewes (1929), the species of this genus are in need of reassessment.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/803E6543FFD39924FF4DFBADFEBDFD69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Balkenohl, Michael	Balkenohl, Michael (2022): On the female gonocoxites of Asian, Arabian, and African Clivinini with realignment of the Thliboclivina-, Physoclivina-, and Eoclivina-species groups, and notes on the higher systematics of the tribe Clivinini Rafinesque, 1815 (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Zootaxa 5190 (1): 99-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.1.4
803E6543FFD59924FF4DFC98FC95FB7B.text	803E6543FFD59924FF4DFC98FC95FB7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ancus Putzeys 1867	<div><p>Genus Ancus Putzeys, 1867</p> <p>The genus Ancus Putzeys is known to occur in the Neotropical region with three species and in the Oriental region with four species. Oriental members have been revised recently including a full genus description (Balkenohl 2016).</p> <p>When checking the external female genitalia of African members for this contribution, the species Clivina svenssoni Basilewsky, 1946 from Africa came to my attention once again. For some time, it had been assumed that the species may belong in the genus Ancus. This assumption has been challenged now by comparing the gonocoxites and epipleurites with those of the Oriental members, and they are indeed extraordinary similar. The most similar species regarding the coxites is A. hiekei Balkenohl, 2016, with only minute differences in the positon of the setae. Consequently, the species is assigned to the genus Ancus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/803E6543FFD59924FF4DFC98FC95FB7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Balkenohl, Michael	Balkenohl, Michael (2022): On the female gonocoxites of Asian, Arabian, and African Clivinini with realignment of the Thliboclivina-, Physoclivina-, and Eoclivina-species groups, and notes on the higher systematics of the tribe Clivinini Rafinesque, 1815 (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Zootaxa 5190 (1): 99-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.1.4
803E6543FFD59924FF4DFB2CFDBFFA7E.text	803E6543FFD59924FF4DFB2CFDBFFA7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ancus svenssoni (Basilewsky 1946) Balkenohl 2022	<div><p>Ancus svenssoni (Basilewsky, 1946) stat. nov.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. The species differs from all other species mainly by the surface of the pronotum. Instead of the two sulci, the African species shows a wide paramedian and paralateral longitudinal cloud of distinct punctures and the Neotropical species displays smaller longitudinal bands of punctures. In addition, the abdomen does not show punctures as in the other members but a distinct isodiametric reticulation.</p> <p>Distribution. Mali and Senegal.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/803E6543FFD59924FF4DFB2CFDBFFA7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Balkenohl, Michael	Balkenohl, Michael (2022): On the female gonocoxites of Asian, Arabian, and African Clivinini with realignment of the Thliboclivina-, Physoclivina-, and Eoclivina-species groups, and notes on the higher systematics of the tribe Clivinini Rafinesque, 1815 (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Zootaxa 5190 (1): 99-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.1.4
