identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
9F5F133EF83CB316FF3F58ADFCC5F1BF.text	9F5F133EF83CB316FF3F58ADFCC5F1BF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel 1912) SE	<div><p>The Bactrocera dorsalis complex</p> <p>This is a large complex of almost 80 morphologically similar species that occur across the Asia-Pacific region. It represents an excellent example of a species complex in which difficulties occur for workers charged with the responsibility of identifying specimens, particularly those resulting from biosecurity surveys.At the forefront, also, is the necessity for researchers to identify and describe these sibling species, using morphology as a key procedure.</p> <p>The degree of divergence in genes that influence external morphological characters is not necessarily representative of the total of all genetic changes that occur during the process of speciation. In fact, the mere existence of sibling species with varying degrees of genetic similarity indicates that there is no consistent relationship between morphological and genetic change at speciation (Lambert &amp; Paterson, 1982). This inherent problem not only raises difficulties for workers identifying species morphologically but also casts doubt on the application of molecular data based on a limited number of genes.</p> <p>The highest density of dorsalis complex species occurs over the Sunda Continental Shelf countries, especially those centred around Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia (especially Sumatra), Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and Borneo. As an example, the number of species per country of the 34 methyl eugenol plus allies subgroup defined below is shown in Table 1. This distribution pattern matches that of the species-rich Indo-Malayan rainforests described by Whitmore (1986) and, with the exception of India, with increasing distance from this centre the numbers decline.</p> <p>Across the genus Bactrocera, the Philippines and Borneo possess a large number of species in common, with the Philippines also possessing its own level of endemism. This situation is also represented in the dorsalis complex, where B. occipitalis and B. papayae are shared, while B. collita is endemic to the Philippines. This situation is most likely a result of the Philippines splitting later from the main centre of speciation. Four species have been recorded in Wallacea, all endemic to that transition zone, i.e. B. floresiae Drew &amp; Hancock, B. infulata Drew &amp; Hancock, B. minuscula Drew &amp; Hancock and B. sulawesiae Drew &amp; Hancock. Further east in Papua New Guinea and related territories, the dorsalis complex is poorly represented. There are no species with dorsalis complex characters in the Pacific Region east of Papua New Guinea. In Australia there are three species, B. cacuminata (Hering), B. endiandrae (Perkins &amp; May) and B. opiliae (Drew &amp; Hardy).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F5F133EF83CB316FF3F58ADFCC5F1BF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Drew, R. A. I.;Hancock, D. L.	Drew, R. A. I., Hancock, D. L. (2022): Biogeography, Speciation and Taxonomy within the genus Bactrocera Macquart with application to the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex of fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae: Dacinae). Zootaxa 5190 (3): 333-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.3.2
9F5F133EF832B31CFF3F5AD1FEDCF594.text	9F5F133EF832B31CFF3F5AD1FEDCF594.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrocera (Bactrocera) carambolae Drew & Hancock 1994	<div><p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) carambolae Drew &amp; Hancock</p> <p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) carambolae Drew &amp; Hancock, 1994: 11; Norrbom et al., 1998: 89; Drew &amp; Romig, 2013: 61. Holotype in BMNH.</p> <p>Common name: Carambola Fruit Fly.</p> <p>Definition: Face fulvous with a pair of medium-sized oval black spots; postpronotal lobes and notopleura yellow; scutum black with pale lateral margins; broad parallel-sided lateral postsutural yellow vittae ending at or behind ia. seta; medial postsutural yellow vitta absent; anepisternal (mesopleural) stripe reaching midway between anterior margin of notopleuron and anterior npl. seta dorsally; scutellum yellow with a narrow dark basal band; legs with femora fulvous and with a large preapical dark spot on outer surface of fore femora in some specimens, tibiae dark fuscous; wing with cells bc and c colourless, microtrichia in outer corner of call c only, a narrow fuscous costal band overlapping R 2+3 and expanding slightly beyond apex of this vein across apex of R 4+5, a narrow fuscous anal streak, supernumerary lobe of medium development; abdominal terga III-V orange-brown with a dark ‘T’ pattern consisting of a narrow transverse band across anterior margin of tergum III that widens to cover lateral margins, a medium width medial longitudinal band over all three terga, a dark rectangular pattern on anterolateral corners of tergum IV, anterolateral corners of tergum V dark fuscous, ceromata on tergum V orange-brown, abdominal sterna dark fuscous to black.</p> <p>Distribution: Andaman Islands, Southern Thailand, Southern Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, East Malaysia, Indonesia. Adventive in French Guyana, Guyana, Surinam and NE Brazil. Recently recorded from Cambodia and Bangladesh (Leblanc et al., 2015; 2019).</p> <p>Hosts: A major pest species with a preference for Averrhoa carambola L. See Allwood et al. (1999) for recorded host plants. The host range in Surinam and Guyana, a region into which B. carambolae was introduced, matches that recorded in South-East Asia (van Sauers-Muller, 2005).</p> <p>Attractant: Methyl eugenol.</p> <p>Comments: Generally, B. carambolae can be separated from the other dorsalis complex pest species in possessing the costal band broader apically and a broad medial longitudinal black band on abdominal terga III-V. Based on the mitochondrial genes COI and ND5, B. carambolae is separate from B. dorsalis, B. occipitalis and B. papayae (Drew &amp; Romig, 2013). It also possesses distinct chemical components in the male pheromones (Drew &amp; Hancock, 1994).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F5F133EF832B31CFF3F5AD1FEDCF594	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Drew, R. A. I.;Hancock, D. L.	Drew, R. A. I., Hancock, D. L. (2022): Biogeography, Speciation and Taxonomy within the genus Bactrocera Macquart with application to the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex of fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae: Dacinae). Zootaxa 5190 (3): 333-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.3.2
9F5F133EF831B31CFF3F5DCEFBEAF1EC.text	9F5F133EF831B31CFF3F5DCEFBEAF1EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrocera (Bactrocera) caryeae Kapoor	<div><p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) caryeae Kapoor</p> <p>Dacus (Strumeta) caryeae Kapoor, 1971: 479. Holotype in NPC.</p> <p>Dacus (Bactrocera) caryeae — Hardy, 1977: 49.</p> <p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) caryeae — Drew &amp; Hancock, 1994: 13; Norrbom et al., 1998: 89.</p> <p>Common Name: Careya Fruit Fly.</p> <p>Definition: Face fulvous with a pair of large elongate-oval black spots; postpronotal lobes yellow with fuscous anterodorsal corners; notopleura yellow; scutum black; lateral postsutural yellow vittae narrow and parallel-sided or narrowing slightly posteriorly to end at or just before ia. seta; medial postsutural yellow vitta absent; anepisternal stripe reaching midway between anterior margin of notopleuron and anterior npl. seta dorsally; scutellum yellow with a broad back basal band; legs with femora fulvous with large dark fuscous to black preapical spots on outer surfaces of fore and inner surfaces of mid and hind femora, fore tibiae fuscous, mid tibiae fulvous, hind tibiae dark fuscous; wing with cells bc and c colourless, microtrichia in outer corner of cell c only, a narrow costal band confluent with R 2+3 and remaining narrow around apex of wing, a narrow fuscous anal streak confined within cell bcu, supernumerary lobe of medium development; abdominal terga III-V pale with dark fuscous to black across anterior third to half of tergum III, two broad lateral longitudinal dark fuscous to black bands and a narrow medial longitudinal black band over all three terga, a pair of orange-brown ceromata on tergum V, abdominal sterna dark fuscous to black.</p> <p>Distribution: Southern India (Karnataka, Kerala, western Tamil Nadu: Ramani et al., 2008).</p> <p>Hosts:A serious economic pest recorded from seven plant families, including mango, guava, citrus and Syzygium spp (Allwood et al., 1999; Ramani et al., 2008; Drew &amp; Romig, 2013). The only recorded wild host plant is Careya arborea (Lecythidaceae) (Ramani et al., 2008).</p> <p>Attractant: Methyl eugenol.</p> <p>Comments: Bactrocera caryeae is similar to B. arecae (Hardy &amp; Adachi) and B. kandiensis Drew &amp; Hancock in possessing narrow lateral postsutural yellow vittae and preapical dark markings on at least one pair of femora. It differs from B. arecae in possessing preapical dark markings on all femora and from B. kandiensis in possessing a broad medial and two broad lateral longitudinal dark bands over abdominal terga III-V.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F5F133EF831B31CFF3F5DCEFBEAF1EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Drew, R. A. I.;Hancock, D. L.	Drew, R. A. I., Hancock, D. L. (2022): Biogeography, Speciation and Taxonomy within the genus Bactrocera Macquart with application to the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex of fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae: Dacinae). Zootaxa 5190 (3): 333-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.3.2
9F5F133EF831B31DFF3F5816FD86F219.text	9F5F133EF831B31DFF3F5816FD86F219.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis (Hendel 1912) SE	<div><p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis (Hendel)</p> <p>Dacus dorsalis Hendel, 1912: 18. Lectotype in NHM.</p> <p>Dacus (Strumeta) dorsalis — Hardy &amp; Adachi, 1956: 7.</p> <p>Strumeta dorsalis — Hering, 1956: 63.</p> <p>Dacus (Bactrocera) dorsalis — Hardy, 1977: 49.</p> <p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis — Drew &amp; Hancock, 1994: 17, Lectotype designation; Norrbom et al., 1998: 90; Drew &amp; Romig, 2013: 76.</p> <p>See Drew &amp; Romig (2013) for comprehensive list of synonyms.</p> <p>Common Name: Oriental Fruit Fly.</p> <p>Definition: Face fulvous with a pair of medium-sized circular black spots; postpronotal lobes and notopleura yellow; scutum black with areas of red-brown to brown around lateral margins and notopleural suture; broad parallelsided lateral postsutural yellow vittae ending behind ia. seta; medial postsutural yellow vitta absent; anepisternal stripe reaching midway between anterior margin of notopleuron and anterior npl. seta dorsally; scutellum yellow; legs with femora entirely fulvous, fore tibiae fuscous, mid tibiae fulvous, hind tibiae dark fuscous; wing with cells bc and c colourless, microtrichia in outer corner of cell c only; a narrow fuscous costal band confluent with R 2+3 and remaining narrow around apex of wing (occasionally with a slight swelling around apex of R 4+5), a narrow fuscous anal streak, supernumerary lobe of medium development; abdominal tera III-V normally fulvous with a black ‘T’ pattern consisting of a narrow transverse band across anterior margin of tergum III and a narrow medial longitudinal band over all three terga, narrow fuscous to dark fuscous anterolateral corners on terga IV and V, ceromata on tergum V orange-brown to pale fuscous, abdominal sterna dark fuscous.</p> <p>Distribution: Widespread across South-East Asia from Myanmar eastwards and introduced into the Hawaiian Islands, the Mariana Islands and Tahiti. It appears to be allopatric or parapatric with B. invadens to the west and B. papayae to the south.</p> <p>Hosts: B. dorsalis is a major economic pest with a wide host range; see Allwood et al. (1999) for host records.</p> <p>Attractant: Methyl eugenol.</p> <p>Comments: Bactrocera dorsalis is similar to the pest species B. carambolae and B. papayae in possessing broad parallel-sided lateral postsutural yellow vittae, the costal band confluent with or slightly overlapping R 2+3, femora mostly or entirely fulvous and abdominal terga III-V with a general black ‘T’ pattern. It differs from B. carambolae in possessing a very narrow apical section of the costal band, a narrow medial longitudinal black band on abdominal terga III-V and triangular-shaped anterolateral dark corners on terga IV and V. It differs from B. papayae in having a short male aedeagus and female ovipositor (see key to species below).</p> <p>Bactrocera dorsalis was the first of the dorsalis complex pest species to be described, with the type locality being Taiwan (Koshun). The main population appears to be concentrated around Southern and Southwestern China, Taiwan, Northern Thailand and Northern Vietnam (see Drew &amp; Romig (2013) for details on distribution). Based on molecular studies, B. dorsalis from Taiwan has been proven significantly different from B. carambolae, B. invadens and B. occipitalis (Drew &amp; Romig, 2013). Genetic-based studies on the dorsalis complex should always include specimens from the type locality.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F5F133EF831B31DFF3F5816FD86F219	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Drew, R. A. I.;Hancock, D. L.	Drew, R. A. I., Hancock, D. L. (2022): Biogeography, Speciation and Taxonomy within the genus Bactrocera Macquart with application to the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex of fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae: Dacinae). Zootaxa 5190 (3): 333-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.3.2
9F5F133EF830B302FF3F5A43FD9EF4D0.text	9F5F133EF830B302FF3F5A43FD9EF4D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrocera (Bactrocera) invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White	<div><p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) invadens Drew, Tsuruta &amp; White</p> <p>Musca ferruginea Fabricius, 1794: 342. Preoccupied by Musca ferruginea Scopoli, 1763.</p> <p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) invadens Drew, Tsuruta &amp; White, 2005: 149; Drew et al., 2007: 4; Drew &amp; Romig, 2013: 99; 2016: 7. Holotype in NMKE.</p> <p>Common Name: Invasive Fruit Fly.</p> <p>Definition: Face fulvous with a pair of medium-sized to large oval black spots; postpronotal lobes and notopleura yellow; scutum with basic colour dark orange-brown to red-brown with a lanceolate fuscous to black pattern that varies in size (occasionally entirely black or entirely pale); narrow to medium-width lateral postsutural yellow vittae ending at or just behind ia. seta; medial postsutural yellow vitta absent; anepisternal stripe reaching midway between anterior margin of notopleuron and anterior npl. seta dorsally; scutellum yellow; legs with femora entirely fulvous, tibiae mostly fuscous; wing with cells bc and c colourless, microtrichia in outer corner of cell c only, a narrow fuscous costal band confluent with R 2+3 and remaining narrow around apex of wing, a narrow pale fuscous anal streak, supernumerary lobe of medium development (see figure 46 in Hancock et al., 2021 for a photograph); abdominal terga III-V dark orange-brown with a dark fuscous to black ‘T’ pattern (the transverse band across anterior margin of tergum III generally broad and can cover the entire tergum), narrow lateral dark fuscous margins on terga IV and V, ceromata on tergum V dark orange-brown, abdominal sterna dark fuscous to black.</p> <p>Distribution: Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh; introduced and widespread in Africa, Mascarenes and Grand Comore Island (see Drew &amp; Romig, 2013; Leblanc et al., 2019; Hancock et al., 2021). Recently detected in Italy (Nugnes et al., 2018).</p> <p>Hosts: Recorded from a wide range of edible/commercial host fruits in Africa (see Drew &amp; Romig, 2013; Hassani et al., 2022, as dorsalis; Rasolofoarivao et al., 2022, as dorsalis).</p> <p>Attractant: Methyl eugenol.</p> <p>Comments: This species, which we now call B. invadens, was originally described in 1794 by Fabricius as Musca ferruginea, named after its red-brown appearance. We have studied the type of M. ferrugenea held in the Zoological Museum, Department of Entomology, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, and we attest that this clearly is morphologically what we are now calling B. invadens. Due to homonomy (and thus unavailability), we could not use the name ‘ ferruginea’ and thus were obliged to describe the species under a new name. The closest Bactrocera species in appearance is the Australian B. cacuminata (Hering), which has a similar scutum pattern of basic red-brown coloration with a dark overlaying lanceolate marking. In B. invadens, over 60% of specimens possess a pale scutum whereas in B. dorsalis fewer than 20% do so. Further, the pale scutum pattern in B. dorsalis is entirely different from that in B. invadens, never possessing the lanceolate pattern of B. invadens. In analyses of the mitochondrial genes COI and ND5, B. invadens is considerably distant from B. dorsalis, B. carambolae, B. ochroma, B. occipitalis and B. papayae (Drew &amp; Romig, 2013). Further, in our new studies on the male aedeagus, B. invadens and B. dorsalis are distinct in the structure of the phallus and preglans appendix. In B. invadens the glans is elongate and tubular and the mean length of the phallus is 3.73 times longer than the preglans appendix, whereas in B. dorsalis the glans is subovate and the preglans appendix is 2.55 times longer. See Drew &amp; Romig (2013, 2016) for a detailed discussion of this species. Maneesh et al. (2022) illustrated the glans and preglans appendix of a specimen from northern India and Leblanc et al. (2013) illustrated scutal variation in specimens from Burkina Faso and (as B. dorsalis) from Bangladesh; they also (Leblanc et al., 2019) noted that the scutal pattern of specimens from Nepal showed variation typical of those from Bangladesh.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F5F133EF830B302FF3F5A43FD9EF4D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Drew, R. A. I.;Hancock, D. L.	Drew, R. A. I., Hancock, D. L. (2022): Biogeography, Speciation and Taxonomy within the genus Bactrocera Macquart with application to the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex of fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae: Dacinae). Zootaxa 5190 (3): 333-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.3.2
9F5F133EF82FB302FF3F5B0AFC00F051.text	9F5F133EF82FB302FF3F5B0AFC00F051.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrocera (Bactrocera) kandiensis Drew & Hancock 1994	<div><p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) kandiensis Drew &amp; Hancock</p> <p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) kandiensis Drew &amp; Hancock, 1994: 31. Holotype in BMNH.</p> <p>Common Name: Sri Lankan Fruit Fly.</p> <p>Definition: Face fulvous with a pair of large oval black spots; postpronotal lobes yellow with red-brown anterodorsal corners; notopleura yellow; scutum black with brown lateral margins and around notopleural suture; narrow parallel-sided lateral postsutural yellow vittae ending at ia. seta; medial postsutural yellow vitta absent; anepisternal stripe slightly wider than notopleuron dorsally; scutellum yellow with a moderately broad basal band; legs with femora fulvous with large areas of dark fuscous, fore and hind tibiae with fuscous coloration; wing with cells bc and c colourless, microtrichia in outer corner of cell c only, a narrow fuscous costal band confluent with R 2+3 and remaining narrow around apex or wing, a narrow fuscous anal streak, supernumerary lobe of medium development; abdominal terga III-V orange-brown with a narrow transverse black band across anterior margin of tergum III, a narrow fuscous to dark fuscous medial longitudinal band over all three terga and very small fuscous to dark fuscous anterolateral corners on terga IV and V, ceromata on tergum V orange-brown, abdominal sterna dark fuscous.</p> <p>Distribution: Sri Lanka.</p> <p>Hosts: Recorded from mango and Garcinia sp. in Sri Lanka (Drew &amp; Hancock, 1994).</p> <p>Attractant: Methyl eugenol.</p> <p>Comments: B. kandiensis is similar to B. caryeae in possessing narrow parallel-sided lateral postsutural vittae, dark colour patterns on the apices of femora and a narrow costal band confluent with R 2+3 and remaining narrow around apex of wing. It differs from B. caryeae in having a very narrow medial longitudinal dark band over abdominal terga III-V and narrow dark anterolateral corners on terga IV and V.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F5F133EF82FB302FF3F5B0AFC00F051	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Drew, R. A. I.;Hancock, D. L.	Drew, R. A. I., Hancock, D. L. (2022): Biogeography, Speciation and Taxonomy within the genus Bactrocera Macquart with application to the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex of fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae: Dacinae). Zootaxa 5190 (3): 333-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.3.2
9F5F133EF82EB303FF3F5FA2FC6EF3F4.text	9F5F133EF82EB303FF3F5FA2FC6EF3F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrocera (Bactrocera) occipitalis (Bezzi 1919)	<div><p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) occipitalis (Bezzi)</p> <p>Chaetodacus ferrugineus var. occipitalis Bezzi, 1919: 423. Lectotype in MCSNM.</p> <p>Dacus (Strumeta) dorsalis var. occipitalis — Hardy &amp; Adachi, 1954: 166.</p> <p>Dacus (Strumeta) occipitalis — Hardy, 1974: 39.</p> <p>Dacus (Bactrocera) occipitalis — Hardy, 1977: 51.</p> <p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) occipitalis — Drew &amp; Hancock, 1994: 45; Drew &amp; Romig, 2013: 137.</p> <p>See Drew &amp; Romig (2013) for comprehensive list of synonyms.</p> <p>Common Name: Philippine Fruit Fly.</p> <p>Definition: Face fulvous with a pair of large oval black spots; postpronotal lobes and notopleura yellow; scutum yellow with dark red-brown around lateral and posterior margins and along notopleural suture; broad parallel-sided or subparallel lateral postsutural yellow vittae ending at or behind ia. seta; medial postsutural yellow vitta absent; anepisternal stripe ending midway between anterior margin of notopleuron and anterior npl. seta dorsally; scutellum yellow; legs with femora entirely fulvous, tibiae with fuscous coloration; wing with cells bc and c colourless, microtrichia in outer corner of cell c only; fuscous costal band distinctly overlapping R 2+3 and widening markedly across apex of wing, a narrow fuscous anal streak; supernumerary lobe of medium development; abdominal terga III-V with a narrow transverse black band across anterior margin of tergum III and expanding to cover lateral margins, dark fuscous to black rectangular markings anterolaterally on tergum IV and on anterolateral corners of tergum V (the lateral dark colour patterns can cover the entire lateral margins of tergum IV), a very broad medial longitudinal black band over terga III-V, ceromata on tergum V orange-brown, abdominal sterna dark fuscous.</p> <p>Distribution: Philippines, Borneo.</p> <p>Hosts: Host records for B. occipitalis are limited due to a lack of fruit-collecting field surveys in the area of geographic distribution. It has been reared from fruits of three plant families (Allwood et al., 1999).</p> <p>Attractant: Methyl eugenol.</p> <p>Comments: Within the dorsalis complex group of pest species, B. occipitalis is similar to B. carambolae in possessing a broader apex on the costal band and a broad medial longitudinal dark band on abdominal terga IIIV. It differs from B. carambolae in having broader parallel-sided or subparallel lateral postsutural yellow vittae, a broader medial longitudinal black band over abdominal terga III-V, more expansive dark coloration laterally on terga III-V and generally a broader costal band overlapping R 2+3 and widening apically over apex of R 4+5 (see Drew &amp; Romig, 2013 for detailed discussion on comparisons with other species).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F5F133EF82EB303FF3F5FA2FC6EF3F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Drew, R. A. I.;Hancock, D. L.	Drew, R. A. I., Hancock, D. L. (2022): Biogeography, Speciation and Taxonomy within the genus Bactrocera Macquart with application to the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex of fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae: Dacinae). Zootaxa 5190 (3): 333-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.3.2
9F5F133EF82EB303FF3F5A2EFBA8F0C4.text	9F5F133EF82EB303FF3F5A2EFBA8F0C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrocera (Bactrocera) ochroma Drew & Romig	<div><p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) ochroma Drew &amp; Romig</p> <p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) ochroma Drew &amp; Romig, 2013: 139. Holotype in BMNH.</p> <p>Common Name: Indonesian Mango Fly.</p> <p>Definition: Face fulvous with a pair of medium-sized circular black spots; postpronotal lobes and notopleura yellow; scutum black; two moderately broad subparallel lateral postsutural yellow vittae ending at or before ia. seta (may narrow sharply posteriorly); medial postsutural yellow vitta absent; anepisternal stripe ending midway between anterior margin of notopleuron and anterior npl. seta dorsally; scutellum yellow with a narrow black basal band; legs with femora entirely fulvous, tibiae with fuscous coloration; wing with cells bc and c colourless, microtrichia in outer corner of cell c only, narrow fuscous to dark fuscous costal band confluent with R 2+3 and remaining narrow around apex of wing, a narrow very pale fuscous anal streak, supernumerary lobe of medium development; abdominal terga III-V orange-brown with a narrow transverse black band across anterior margin of tergum III but not reaching lateral margins, a narrow to medium-width medial longitudinal black band over all three terga, lateral margins of terga IIIV generally devoid of dark patterns, ceromata on tergum V orange-brown, abdominal sterna pale orange-brown.</p> <p>Distribution: Indonesia (Bali, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra).</p> <p>Hosts: Mango.</p> <p>Attractant: Methyl eugenol.</p> <p>Comments: B. ochroma is similar to B. dorsalis in the colour patterns on the thorax, abdomen and wings but differs in possessing tapering lateral postsutural yellow vittae ending before ia. seta, pale orange-brown abdominal sterna and on the mitochondrial genes COI and ND5 (see Drew &amp; Romig, 2013).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F5F133EF82EB303FF3F5A2EFBA8F0C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Drew, R. A. I.;Hancock, D. L.	Drew, R. A. I., Hancock, D. L. (2022): Biogeography, Speciation and Taxonomy within the genus Bactrocera Macquart with application to the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex of fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae: Dacinae). Zootaxa 5190 (3): 333-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.3.2
9F5F133EF82DB300FF3F5FA2FC3AF3C5.text	9F5F133EF82DB300FF3F5FA2FC3AF3C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrocera (Bactrocera) papayae Drew & Hancock	<div><p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) papayae Drew &amp; Hancock</p> <p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) papayae Drew &amp; Hancock, 1994: 48; Norrbom et al., 1998: 93; Drew &amp; Romig, 2013: 142, 2016: 7.</p> <p>Holotype in BMNH.</p> <p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) philippinensis Drew &amp; Hancock, 1994: 52; Norrbom et al., 1998: 94. Holotype in BPBM. Syn. Drew &amp; Romig, 2013: 142.</p> <p>Common Name: Asian Papaya Fruit Fly.</p> <p>Definition: Face fulvous with a pair of large oval black spots; postpronotal lobes and notopleura yellow; scutum black with dark brown laterally and around notopleural suture; broad parallel-sided lateral postsutural yellow vittae ending at or behind ia. seta; medial postsutural yellow vitta absent; anepisternal stripe reaching midway between anterior margin of notopleuron and anterior npl. seta dorsally; scutellum yellow with a narrow black basal band; legs with femora entirely fulvous, fore and hind tibiae dark fuscous, mid tibiae fuscous basally (darker stripe on ventral surface of fore tibiae more distinct on fresh specimens); wing with cells bc and c colourless, microtrichia in outer corner of cell c only, a narrow fuscous costal band confluent with R 2+3 and may widen slightly around apex of wing, a narrow fuscous anal streak, supernumerary lobe of medium development; abdominal terga III-V orangebrown with a narrow transverse black band across anterior margin of tergum III which expands laterally into narrow margins (in some specimens this band is broken in the midline), a narrow to medium width medial longitudinal black band over all three terga, anterolateral corners of terga IV and V dark fuscous to black, ceromata on tergum V orange-brown, abdominal terga dark fuscous to black.</p> <p>Distribution: Peninsular Malaysia, East Malaysia, Central to Southern Thailand (at least as far north as Bangkok), Philippines, Palau, Borneo, Indonesia, Singapore, Moluccas, Indonesian Papua, Papua New Guinea, New Britain, Christmas Island (Australian Territory).</p> <p>Hosts: A wide range of commercial/edible and wild host fruits (see Allwood et al., 1999).</p> <p>Attractant: Methyl eugenol.</p> <p>Comments: Detailed discussion on the specific status of B. papaya e has been presented in Drew &amp; Romig (2013, 2016, 2022). The major host preferences of this species make it a serious biosecurity risk, particularly for specific export industries such as bananas. The closest species morphologically is B. dorsalis and the two can be separated on the basis of aedeagus and ovipositor measurements, particularly those of host-reared specimens. In B. papayae the aedeagus length range is 2.54–3.4 mm and in B. dorsalis 2.46–2.7 mm, and in B. papayae the ratio of the length of the oviscape to length of tergum V is 1: 1 to 1.5: 1, whereas in B. dorsalis it is 0.7: 1 to 0.8: 1. The glans is elongate and tubular in B. papayae and sobovate in B. dorsalis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F5F133EF82DB300FF3F5FA2FC3AF3C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Drew, R. A. I.;Hancock, D. L.	Drew, R. A. I., Hancock, D. L. (2022): Biogeography, Speciation and Taxonomy within the genus Bactrocera Macquart with application to the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex of fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae: Dacinae). Zootaxa 5190 (3): 333-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.3.2
9F5F133EF82DB301FF3F5A7FFAF0F67C.text	9F5F133EF82DB301FF3F5A7FFAF0F67C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrocera (Bactrocera) pyrifoliae Drew & Hancock 1994	<div><p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) pyrifoliae Drew &amp; Hancock</p> <p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) pyrifoliae Drew &amp; Hancock, 1994: 55; Norrbom et al., 1998: 94; Drew &amp; Romig, 2013: 164. Holotype in BMNH.</p> <p>Common Name: Oriental Pear Fly.</p> <p>Definition: Face fulvous with a pair of medium-sized circular black spots; postpronotal lobes and notopleura yellow; scutum black with dark brown lateral margins; narrow lateral postsutural yellow vittae tapering posteriorly to end before ia. seta; medial postsutural yellow vitta absent; anepisternal stripe equal in width to notopleuron dorsally; scutellum yellow with a narrow black basal band; legs fulvous with a small subapical black spot on outer surfaces of fore femora and dark fuscous around apices of mid and hind femora, fore and mid tibiae dark fuscous and hind tibiae black; wings with cells bc and c colourless, microtrichia in outer corner of cell c only, a narrow fuscous costal band confluent with R 2+3 and with a slight swelling around apex of R 4+5, a narrow fuscous anal streak, supernumerary lobe of medium development; abdominal terga III-V orange-brown and with each tergum with a dark fuscous to black ’T’ pattern and dark fuscous to black lateral margins, ceromata on tergum V dark fuscous, abdominal sterna dark fuscous to black.</p> <p>Distribution: Northern Thailand and northern Vietnam.</p> <p>Hosts: Reared from five host families with a preference for peach and pear in the family Rosaceae.</p> <p>Attractant: A possible weak response to cue lure (Drew &amp; Romig, 2013).</p> <p>Comments: Bactrocera pyrifoliae is morphologically unique within the group in possessing terga III, IV and V each with a separate dark fuscous to black ‘T’ pattern. In having lateral postsutural yellow vittae narrowing posteriorly, all femora with apical dark markings and an extensively dark abdomen with fuscous ceromata, it most resembles the Elaeocarpaceae-feeding B. thailandica (which also has a dark basal band on abdominal terga III and IV) and the Melastomataceae-feeding species B. melastomatos and B. osbeckiae and is possibly related to them.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F5F133EF82DB301FF3F5A7FFAF0F67C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Drew, R. A. I.;Hancock, D. L.	Drew, R. A. I., Hancock, D. L. (2022): Biogeography, Speciation and Taxonomy within the genus Bactrocera Macquart with application to the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex of fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae: Dacinae). Zootaxa 5190 (3): 333-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.3.2
9F5F133EF82CB301FF3F5EA6FDA0F3C0.text	9F5F133EF82CB301FF3F5EA6FDA0F3C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrocera (Bactrocera) syzygii White & Tsuruta	<div><p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) syzygii White &amp; Tsuruta</p> <p>Bactrocera (Bactrocera) syzygii White &amp; Tsuruta in Tsuruta &amp; White, 2001: 85; Drew &amp; Romig, 2013: 178. Holotype in HORDI.</p> <p>Common name: Rose Apple Fruit Fly.</p> <p>Definition: Face fulvous with a pair of large elongate oval back spots; postpronotal lobes and notopleura yellow; scutum entirely black; lateral postsutural yellow vittae parallel-sided and ending before ia. seta; medial postsutural yellow vitta absent; anepisternal stripe equal in width to notopleuron dorsally; scutellum yellow with a narrow black basal band; legs with all femora fulvous, all tibiae with dark fuscous coloration; wing with cells bc and c colourless, microtrichia in outer corner of cell c only, a narrow fuscous costal band confluent with R 2+3 and remining narrow around apex of wing, a narrow fuscous anal streak, supernumerary lobe of medium development; abdominal terga III–V red-brown with a medium width medial and two broad lateral longitudinal dark fuscous to black bands joined along anterior margin of tergum III, ceromata on tergum V dark fuscous to black, abdominal sterna black.</p> <p>Distribution: Described from Sri Lanka and subsequently recorded from India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Vietnam and possibly Borneo and Sulawesi (David et al., 2017; Leblanc et al., 2019).</p> <p>Hosts: Reared from one host, Syzygium jambos (family Myrtaceae) (Tsuruta &amp; White, 2001; Leblanc et al., 2019).</p> <p>Attractant: Zingerone (Leblanc et al., 2019).</p> <p>Comments: Bactrocera syzygii is similar to B. dorsalis in possessing parallel-sided lateral postsutural yellow vittae, a narrow fuscous costal band confluent with R 2+3 and remaining narrow around wing apex, and legs with all femora entirely fulvous. It differs from B. dorsalis in having a pair of large elongate-oval black spots on the face, dark fuscous coloration on all tibiae, broad lateral longitudinal dark fuscous to black bands over abdominal terga III–V and dark fuscous to black ceromata on tergum V. There are also differences in the female eversible membrane, the spicules being semicircular without prominent projections in B. syzygii (K.J. David, pers comm.) and with numerous projections in B. dorsalis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F5F133EF82CB301FF3F5EA6FDA0F3C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Drew, R. A. I.;Hancock, D. L.	Drew, R. A. I., Hancock, D. L. (2022): Biogeography, Speciation and Taxonomy within the genus Bactrocera Macquart with application to the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex of fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae: Dacinae). Zootaxa 5190 (3): 333-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.3.2
9F5F133EF82CB306FF3F5A7AFA10F59D.text	9F5F133EF82CB306FF3F5A7AFA10F59D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel 1912) SE	<div><p>Key to pest species in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex</p> <p>1 Scutum base colour red-brown with dark lanceolate patterns similar to Bactrocera cacuminata (Hering), occasionally largely pale or dull black with red-brown lateral margins; lateral postsutural yellow vittae narrow (less than 0.15 mm in centre [broader in some Himalayan specimens]); all femora without dark preapical markings; dark transverse band across tergum III generally wide and covering most of tergum except in centre............................... B. invadens Drew, Tsuruta &amp; White</p> <p>– Scutum base colour black with red-brown lateral margins (rarely red-brown); lateral postsutural yellow vittae broad and parallel to subparallel (greater than 0.15 mm in centre), if less then all femora with dark preapical markings; dark transverse band across tergum III narrow, not covering most of tergum............................................................. 2</p> <p>2 Abdominal sterna pale, approaching yellow in colour.................................... B. ochroma Drew &amp; Romig</p> <p>– Abdominal sterna dark fuscous to black................................................................... 3</p> <p>3 Lateral postsutural yellow vittae narrowing posteriorly; abdominal terga III-V each with a separate dark fuscous to black ‘T’ pattern and broad dark fuscous lateral margins....................................... B. pyrifoliae Drew &amp; Hancock</p> <p>– Lateral postsutural yellow vittae parallel-sided or subparallel; abdominal terga III-V not as above, generally with a dark ‘T’ pattern over all three terga.............................................................................. 4</p> <p>4 Lateral postsutural yellow vittae narrow, less than or equal to 0.15 mm in width; all femora with dark preapical markings.. 5</p> <p>– Lateral postsutural yellow vittae broad, greater than 0.15 mm wide; without preapical dark markings on all femora....... 6</p> <p>5 Abdominal terga III-V with a moderately broad medial band and broad lateral longitudinal dark bands.. B. caryeae (Kapoor)</p> <p>– Abdominal terga III-V with a distinct ‘T’ pattern, with or without narrow lateral margins.... B. kandiensis Drew &amp; Hancock</p> <p>6 Wing with costal band overlapping R2+3 and with some widening at apex......................................... 7</p> <p>– Wing with costal band confluent with R 2+3 and remaining narrow around apex (may have a slight swelling around apex of R</p> <p>4+5)............................................................................................... 9</p> <p>7 Wing with costal band distinctly overlapping R 2+3 and widening significantly at apex; abdominal terga III-V with broad medial and lateral longitudinal dark bands....................................................... B. occipitalis (Bezzi)</p> <p>– Wing with costal band only slightly overlapping R 2+3 where it is pale in colour and widening only slightly at apex; abdominal terga III-V with a moderately broad medial longitudinal dark band and small anterolateral corners on terga IV and V...... 8</p> <p>8 Legs with a preapical dark spot on fore femora; anterolateral dark markings on tergum IV rectangular in shape...................................................................................... B. carambolae Drew &amp; Hancock</p> <p>– Legs with all femora entirely fulvous; anterolateral dark markings on tergum IV triangular in shape................................................... B. papaya e Drew &amp; Hancock (some specimens: var. philippinensis Drew &amp; Hancock)</p> <p>9 Face with a pair of large elongate-oval black spots; abdominal terga III-V orange-brown with a broad medial and two broad lateral longitudinal dark fuscous to black bands........................................ B. syzygii White &amp; Tsuruta</p> <p>– Face with a pair of medium sized oval black spots; abdominal terga III-V orange-brown with a distinct ‘T’ pattern and narrow lateral dark markings................................................................................. 10</p> <p>10 Fore tibia with a black ventral stripe; ratio of length of oviscape to length of tergum V, 1: 1 to 1.5: 1; length of male aedeagus 2.54–3.4 mm (mean 2.95 mm); ratio of length of preglans appendix to length of phallus, 1:3.93; length of aculeus 1.77–2.12 mm.......................................................................... B. papayae Drew &amp; Hancock</p> <p>– Fore tibia without a black ventral stripe; ratio of length of oviscape to length of tergum V, 0.7:1 to 0.8:1; length of male aedeagus 2.46–2.7 mm (mean 2.59 mm); ratio of length of preglans appendix to length of phallus 1: 2.55; length of aculeus 1.4–1.6 mm......................................................................... B. dorsalis (Hendel)</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F5F133EF82CB306FF3F5A7AFA10F59D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Drew, R. A. I.;Hancock, D. L.	Drew, R. A. I., Hancock, D. L. (2022): Biogeography, Speciation and Taxonomy within the genus Bactrocera Macquart with application to the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex of fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae: Dacinae). Zootaxa 5190 (3): 333-360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5190.3.2
