taxonID	type	description	language	source
039487ACFFD1BA79FF11E26050E4FAD4.taxon	description	The Arctiinae Leach, [1815], constitutes a very extensive subfamily of Lepidoptera belonging to the family Erebidae (Leach, [1815]). Globally, the number of the tribe Lithosiini Billberg, 1820 described is approximately 3150, with an estimated total around 6000 species (Wagner et al., 2008), the most of them belonging to the subtribe Lithosiina Billberg, 1820, sensu Birket-Smith (1965). This extensive group is named as the “ lichen moths ”, although lichens are not always their only trophic substrate. The subfamily Arctiinae was previously placed in the family Arctiidae, and subsequently reclassified as a subfamily within the Erebidae (Zahiri et al. 2012). The original subfamily Lithosiinae was downgraded to tribe status as Lithosiini. Certain specialists do not fully agree with all these changes, and an exhaustive review of Lithosiini systematics is required. Dubatolov & Zolotuhin (2011) refer to this in their attempt to separate the Eilema species into monophyletic groups that could be treated as good genera or subgenera, focusing only on Palaeartic species. We must also mention the eastern, Afrotropical or Australian species. Birket-Smith (1965), in a detailed analysis, dealt with some Palaeartic and African genera in a generic revision of the Lithosiini and Holloway (2001) transferred several eastern species to the genus Brunia Moore, 1878. These authors relied only on the structure of male genitalia, although similar characters are often also well developed in the female genitalia (eg, presence of bulla or additional vaginal sclerites), but for some groups special research on female attributes is needed. Later, Witt & Ronkay (2011) disregarded some of these changes affecting Palaeartic specimens. It cannot be forgotten the paper of Krüger (2015). It deals with the 333 species of Lithosiini of the Afrotropical fauna, revising the generic concepts based on the tribal and subtribal classification proposed by Birket-Smith (1965) and describes a total of 60 new genera. However, it must be pointed out that their huge effort has been based solely on the study and comparison of the genitalic structure. The combination of DNA barcode sequence analysis and morphological characteristics, a very common procedure in many of today studies, has not been done, so they do not present any phylogenetic results. It is worth to mention that there are no coincidences between the genera and species of the Afrotropical fauna and the European ones. If we compare the genera proposed by Krüger (2015) with the genera present in Europe and North Africa based on their genital structure, we observe that some of these genera may be related to Eilema sensu lato close to Eilema / Manulea but closer to Manulea than Eilema. The similar structure of the vinculum is also known in several other genera such as those proposed by Krüger, the African Lepidilema Aurivillius, 1910, Dimorphilema Krüger, 2015, Syntemnilema Krüger, 2015 and Lophilema Aurivillius, 1910, but all these genera differ in their valvae structures. If we could include any of these Afrotropical taxa in a phylogenetic analysis with European and North African taxa, we would surely obtain some similar taxonomics overlap. The present work addresses the study of 21 species previously assigned to Eilema, combining the study of genetic markers with morphological characters, and concludes with the need to separate them into the 11 distinct genera discussed below. In all cases, molecular study has provided a very strong BI support at species level (PP = 1), a clear result reinforced by the RESL clusterisation algorithm that grouped almost all of them in a single Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) that were consistent, when available, with already published Barcoding Index Numbers (BINs).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD1BA79FF11E26050E4FAD4.taxon	synonymic_list	Eilema Hübner, [1819] Manulea Wallengren, 1863 Collita Moore, 1878 Katha Moore, 1878 Zobida Birket-Smith, 1965 Wittia de Freina, 1980 Nyea Agenjo, 1983 Setema Freina & Witt, 1984 Muscula Koçak, 1991 Indalia gen. nov. Pseudokatha gen. nov.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD0BA7EFF11E2B4533EFD28.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Bombyx caniola Hübner, [1808], by subsequent designation of Moore (1878), Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1878: 17.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD0BA7EFF11E2B4533EFD28.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Imago. Forewings narrow, with an almost straight costa and termen and pale subcostal stripe. Superficially, resembling many other groups of Eilema sensu lato.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD0BA7EFF11E2B4533EFD28.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Uncus wide, flattened laterally in the terminal part, the apex with a thin tip, usually curved in the shape of a beak or hook; valvae generally oval without costal process and with membranous midapical field; extreme of the valvae with saccular process (or saccular extensions) well developed, sclerotised and fused with the valvae giving the whole a rounded appearance; clasper of a triangular shape; juxta with lateral apical processes; vinculum broad, trapezoidal, elongated, membranous, with sclerotised edges, apex bilobed. Aedeagus stubby, not very slender, and always with a short sclerotised apical spur, with one or two cornuti of unequal size, which may be disproportionate; vesica bag-shaped with irregular lobes. Female genitalia. Anal papillae well developed and slightly sclerotised; anterior and posterior apophyses short and thin; 8 th segment very short, narrow and weakly sclerotised; lamella postvaginalis cup-shaped, more or less sclerotised; ductus bursae short, broad and sclerotised; corpus bursae spherical, membranous, with the presence of a small, inconspicuous circular signum; cervix bursae provided with a thick membranous wart on its back lined internally by countless small spinules giving the appearance of a discontinuous sclerotised plaque. Molecular data. The Eilema genus clade is strongly supported by Bayesian Inference tree (PP = 1), the cluster analysis returned a single group and all sequences matched a published BIN (BOLD: AAF 6264). This genus is closely related to Manulea species, being the Eilema-Manulea group also a well-supported group (PP = 1) (Fig. 119). The extended phylogenetic analysis including all sequences available in BOLD published under Eilema or Manulea genera reinforces the consistency of this group, as no additional species end up positioned within the group or in close relation (Fig. 120). Despite the fact that this species clade does not split in more than one RESL cluster, the intraspecific p-distance of COI- 5 P marker (Table 2) for Eilema caniola was 0.75 % ± 0.24 SE, which almost doubles the average for all species under study (0.42 % ± 1.8 SE).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD0BA7EFF11E2B4533EFD28.taxon	synonymic_list	Eilema caniola caniola (Hübner, [1808]) Eilema caniola torstenii Mentzer, 1980	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD7BA7CFF11E428553FFE49.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: Austria. Material examined. SPAIN: ALICANTE: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Parque Natural Salinas de Sta. Pola, Santa Pola, 8 m, 4. x. 2002, R. Macià &. J. Ylla leg.; ALMERÍA: 10 ♂ and 7 ♀, Tabernas, 454 m, 5. vi. 1997, 18. x. 1998, 23. iv. 2001, 20. iv. 2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, Cala Panizo, Pozo del Esparto, 26 m, 30 SXG 13, 21. iv. 2007, R. Macià leg.; 4 ♂ and 2 ♀, Sierra Cabrera, Turre, 230 m, 11. iv. 2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, Rio Aguas, Turre, 102 m, 30 SWG 91, 21. v. 2012, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂, Collado del Romeral, Huebro, 834 m, 30 SWF 69, 4. v. 2011, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Mojacár playa, 15 m, 23. x. 2000, R. Macià leg.; Palomares, 25 m, 15. x. 1998, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂, Cabo de Gata, Las Negras, 15 m, 19. x. 1998, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; ÁVILA: 5 ♂ and 4 ♀, Sierra de Ávila, Amavida, 1450 m, 24. vi. 2001, 14. ix. 2004, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; BARCELONA: 12 ♂ and 5 ♀, Vespella, Gurb, 582 m, 5. viii. 2003, 29. viii. 2008, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Els Munts, St. Agustí de Lluçanès, 1057 m, 6. ix. 2001, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂ and 3 ♀, La Ricarda, El Prat de Llobregat, 10 m, 23. v. 2003, R. Macià leg.; 10 ♂ and 8 ♀, Coll d´Heures, Collsuspina, 1010 m, 31 TDG 32, 2. vi. 1990, 17. vi. 1993, 21. viii. 2013, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂, Mas El Bruguer, Sau 550 m, 20. v. 2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 21 ♂ and 11 ♀, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 8 m, 9. ix. 1920, A. Aguilar leg. in coll. MCNB.; 20 ♂ and 13 ♀, Vallvidrera, 362 m, 15. ix. 1921, 19. v. 1922, 28. ix. 1922, I. Sagarra leg. in coll. MCNB.; 8 ♂ and 4 ♀, Sant Pere de Vilamajor, 305 m, 1. x. 2014, I. Sagarra leg. in col. MCNB.; 4 ♂, La Roca, Taradell, 620 m, 17. viii. 1993, R. Macià leg.; 7 ♂ and 4 ♀, Vespella, Gurb, 606 m, 31 TDG 34, 21. ix. 1995, 1. vi. 2013, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; BIZKAIA: 5 ♂, Algorta, 50 m, 2. vii. 1977, 15. ix. 1986, J. Gastón leg.: 1 ♂, Mendiondo, Urdúliz, 25. viii. 1982. J. Gastón leg.: 3 ♀, Lendoño Goikoa, 460 m, 5. viii. 2006, J. Gastón leg.; BURGOS: 1 ♂, San Marín de Don, 850 m, 6. ix. 1986, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♀, Santuario de Cantoy, 500 m, 17. viii. 1985, J. Gastón leg.; 3 ♂, La Vid, 954 m, 30. viii. 2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; CÁCERES: 5 ♂ and 4 ♀, Losar de la Vera, 542 m, 4. v. 1996, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; Sierra de Guadalupe, Berzocana, 594 m, 5. v. 1994, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♀, Pozuelo de Zarzón, 466 m, 7. v. 1994, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; CASTELLÓN: 6 ♂ and 2 ♀, Serra del Turmell, Vallibona, 1100 m, 4. vi. 2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, Vilanova d´ Alcolea, 400 m, 13. v. 2008, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 4 ♀, Torre la Sal, Cabanes, 25 m, 29. ix. 2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂ and 6 ♀, Torreblanca, 3 m, 31 TBE 54, 23. v. 2014, R. Macià leg.; GIRONA: 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Font Home Mort, Queralbs, 1220 m, 31 TDG 39, 26. viii. 2000, 22. ix. 2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Calella de Palafrugell, 20 m, 11. x. 1998, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂, Pals, 16 m, 4. ix. 1995, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂, St. Joan de les Abadesses, 773 m, 12. ix. 1994, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂, Urb. Vall Repòs, Sta. Cristina d´Aro, 320 m, 3. vii. 2005, R. Macià leg.; 6 ♂ and 2 ♀, La Sala, Viladrau, 821 m, 30. ix. 1921, S. Novellas leg. in coll. MCNB.; GRANADA: 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Sierra de las Albuñuelas, 1285 m, 3. vi. 2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 4 ♀, Cúllar-Baza, 960 m, 3. x. 2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂ and 3 ♀, Cortijo Camacho, Benamaurel, 853 m, 30 SWG 36, 7. x. 2013, R. Macià leg.; 7 ♂ and 4 ♀, Barranco de Mazarra, Baza, 727 m, 30 SWG 25, 10. x. 2015, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂, Cortijo del Carmen, Fonelas, 810 m, 30 SVG 84, 10. vi. 2016, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂ and 3 ♀, La Bernadilla, Vélez de Benaudalla, 92 m, 30 SVF 57, 16. v. 2018, R. Macià leg.; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, La Bernardilla, 100 m, 11. iv. 1995, 13. vi. 1994, J. Gastón leg.; HUESCA: 15 ♂, 18 ♀, Villanueva de Sigena, 238 m, 8. x. 1996, 22. viii. 1997, 9 .. 1999, 24. viii. 2001, 27. iv. 2002, 9. v. 2004, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 10 ♂ and 8 ♀, Valcuerna, Candasnos, 283 m, 5. x. 1994, 2. v. 1996, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀ Ontiñena, 215 m, 29. ix. 1991, 25. ix. 1992, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 1 ♂ and 2 ♀, Peñalba, 254 m, 10. x. 2004, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; HUELVA: 12 ♂ and 9 ♀, El Abalario, 60 m, 11. x. 1999, 2. x. 2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; JAÉN: 3 ♂, Arroyo Frio, Cazorla, 810 m, 30. iv. 2008, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; LEÓN: 1 ♀, Mirantes de Luna, 1200 m, 8. ix. 2007, J. Gastón leg.; 5 ♂, Las Médulas, 725 m, 21. vii. 2005, R. Macià leg.; LLEIDA: 3 ♂, Llosa del Cadí, Tuixén, 1431 m, 31 TCC 87, 21. viii. 2014, R. Macià leg.; 12 ♂ and 5 ♀, Anglesola, 335 m, 19. ix. 1920, P. Mata leg. in coll. MCNB.; 2 ♂, Tàrrega, 3. ix. 1920, P. Mata leg. in coll. MCNB.; SORIA: Calatañazor, 1080 m, 12. ix. 2005, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; LA RIOJA: 4 ♂ and 6 ♀, Ortigosa de Cameros, 1069 m, 30 TWM 26, 27. vii. 2018, R. Macià leg.; TARRAGONA: 5 ♂, Tivenys, 16 m, 23. iv. 2001, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂, Ports de Tortosa, 1320 m, 18. viii. 1921, S. Novellas leg. in coll. MCNB.; 1 ♂, Montcaro, 1400 m, 8. viii. 1921, S. Novellas leg. in coll. MCNB.; TERUEL: 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Puntal del Ahorcado, Moscardón, 1446 m, 30 TXK 26, 4. ix. 2013, R. Macià leg.; La Losilla, Albarracín, 1015 m, 27. viii. 1995, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; VALENCIA: 3 ♂, Serra d´Enguera, Molló de Picapins, Moixent, 780 m, 30 SXJ 80, 10. v. 2015, 12. x. 2015, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 3 ♀, Barracas, 1150 m, 9. x. 2010, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; ZAMORA: 4 ♂, Monte la Reina, 650 m, 31. viii. 2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Venialbo, Toro, 750 m, 30 TTL 88, 30. v. 2008, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 6 ♂ and 2 ♀, Sierra de la Culebra, Ferreras, 850 m, 23. vi. 2001, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; ZARAGOZA: 14 ♂ and 13 ♀, Montes de la Retuerta, El Ciervo, 380 m, 25. ix. 1998, 18. ix. 1999, 24. ix. 2000, 23. v. 2003, 15. ix. 2004, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 6 ♂ and 2 ♀, Montes de Castejón, 685 m, 28. v. 1998, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. FRANCE: 4 ♂ and 2 ♀ Nohèdes, Pirineus Orientals, 980 m, 11. vi. 2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂ and 2 ♀, Guillestres, Vars, Provenza-Alpes, 1200 m, 28. vii. 1994, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Val d´Ese, Còrcega, 1700 m, 11. vii. 2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Corte, Còrcega, 450 m, 9. vii. 2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, Bilia, Còrcega, 425 m, 13. vii. 2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. MOROCCO: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀ Maison Forestier, Taffert, Taza (Marroc), 2100 m, 2. vi. 2000, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀ 2 Km. Este de Midar, prov. de Driouch (Marroc), 450 m, 30 SVD 46, 26. v. 2017, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. PORTUGAL: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Carvoeiro, Algarve, 10 m, 29 SNB 40, 4. x. 2018, R. Macià leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD7BA7CFF11E428553FFE49.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Nominotypical caniola is characterized by pale wings, often ash grey with a fine silky sheen and a weakly expressed ochreous costal stripe. Vertex and forehead yellow or light orange; hindwings light whitish grey or ochre-grey; underside of the forewings of males without androconia, underside dorsally with a weak greyish diffusion. Identification of Eilema caniola caniola on external morphology is not always easy and this species can often be confused with other species of Eilema sensu lato, but it is easily identifiable from the genitalia.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD7BA7CFF11E428553FFE49.taxon	description	Re-description: Imago (Figs. 1 – 2). Average wingspan males 32.4 mm (n = 10; 26 – 36 mm); average wingspan female 29.7 mm (n = 10; 25 – 32 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 49). Male and female genitalia: taking into account that Eilema is a monotypic genus, the description that has already been given for the genus holds as valid. Immature stages (Fig. 75). The last instar larva has an average length of 21 mm. Cephalic capsule dark brown, with a smooth vertex. Setae very short with verrucae D 1 and D 2 dark, SD 1 dark grey and L 2 and L 3 orange or yellow; dorsal line wide and dark, bordered by a narrow whitish to light grey line. Between D 2 and SD 1, a band with grey and black spots, mixed with orange and yellow. Pupa light brown, smooth, somewhat translucent, stylized and glabrous; clypeus short, tip of abdomen rounded, without cremaster. In pupa of male, the antennae and proboscis reach the tip of the wings, and are shorter in females. The very light silken cocoon is woven in any corner. Molecular data The samples of Eilema caniola caniola collected in the mainland form a compact group within this species’ clade, (within-group TN-dist = 0.22 %, n = 7), while the samples from the Balearic Islands corresponding to subspecies torstenii are slightly separate from such cluster.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD7BA7CFF11E428553FFE49.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Bivoltine or even trivoltine species, continuously on the wing from May to October, even until November in some southern locations. It inhabits all types of environments, although it seems to favour those with xerothermic characteristics, at altitudes from sea level to about 1800 m. The imagos are nocturnal, and both males and females come to artificial light. Larvae feed on lichens, but they may also eat leaves and flowers of various Fabaceae (Genista, Lotus, Trifolium, and Anthyllis) (Ylla et al. 2010). In captivity the larvae can thrive with artificial diet.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD7BA7CFF11E428553FFE49.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 95). Holomediterranean. Present in northern Africa, western, central and southern Europe and Asia Minor, and also in the large Mediterranean islands. It occurs throughout the Iberian Peninsula.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD7BA7CFF11E428553FFE49.taxon	discussion	Observations. We consider that the taxon Eilema caniola gibrati (Oberthür, 1980) does not differ from nominotypical caniola either in internal and external morphology or in genetic traits.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD5BA7DFF11E6C853BFFEF8.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: Capdella, Mallorca, Spain. Material examined. SPAIN: EIVISSA: 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Torrent de Fornàs, Can Cosme, Balears, 120 m, 31 SCD 61, 7. viii. 2012, J. Dantart leg.; FORMENTERA: 11 ♂ and 8 ♀, Es Caló, Formentera, Balears, 15 m, 31 SCC 78, 13. ix. 2017, R. Macià leg.; 8 ♂ and 5 ♀, Es Caló, Formentera, Balears, 15 m, 31 SCC 78, 10. ix. 2018, R. Macià leg.; MALLORCA: 12 ♂ and 6 ♀, Porto Cristo, Manacor, Balears, 50 m, 30 SED 27, 10. vi. 2008, G. Zsolt leg.; 9 ♂ and 6 ♀, Puig de s´Aritjar, Serra d’Alfàbia, Bunyola, Balears, 1025 m, 31 SDD 79, 3. x. 2015, R. Macià leg.; 9 ♂ and 8 ♀ Nus de sa Corbata, Coll de Reis, Escorca, 674 m, 31 SDE 83, 27. v. 2019, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 1 ♂, Parc Natural de s´Albufera, Muro, 5 m, 31 SEE 00, 29. v. 2019, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 9 ♂ and 6 ♀, Sa Bassa, Fornalutx, 560 m, 31 TDE 70, 28. v. 2019, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD5BA7DFF11E6C853BFFEF8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The specimens of this subspecies are smaller than most continental specimens of Eilema caniola caniola; they differ externally from the nominotypical caniola in the shaded ochreous head, and the thorax and costal stripe less distinct, thinner and paler; forewings ochre-grey, upperside uniform pale grey, underside faded pale grey.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD5BA7DFF11E6C853BFFEF8.taxon	description	Re-description. Imago (Figs. 3 – 4). Average wingspan males 27.4 mm (n = 10; 25 – 30 mm); average wingspan females 26.0 mm (n = 10; 25 – 30 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 50). Male genitalia: Structure as in nominotypical Eilema caniola but valvae slightly narrower and uncus slightly thinner and less curved. A significant difference occurs in the aedeagus, as in that of Eilema caniola torstenii only the large central cornutus is present, and the second smaller apical cornutus is absent. Female genitalia: Similar to those of nominotypical caniola, but smaller. Lamella postvaginalis also trapezoidal, but conspicuously less sclerotised; bursa with a single signum and a membranous process like in nominotypical caniola, but much less sclerotised and with very few micro-spines inside. Immature stages (Fig. 76). The last instar larva is about 17 mm long. Cephalic capsule dark brown, with soft vertex. Dorsal line black, bordered on each side by white lines followed, and close to D 2 wart, by a pinkish white band, and a black line attached to it. Behind L 2 an elongated light grey to light orange spot (M). Pupa brown, both sexes with brown spots on the back of the thorax and abdomen, and very small, barely perceptible circular depressions on the metathorax and abdomen. Tip of abdomen rounded, without cremaster. The cocoon is woven under lichens, with very little silk. Molecular data. The samples from Mallorca island form a very tight group (within-group TN-dist = 0.08 %, n = 3) with strong Bayesian support (PP = 1), while the two specimens collected in Formentera island cluster together (PP = 0.71) and stay loosely associated with the other Eilema caniola torstenii, though they still maintain a significant distance from the peninsular samples of Eilema caniola caniola.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD5BA7DFF11E6C853BFFEF8.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Several continuous generations, from May until the beginning of November. Nocturnal, both males and females come to artificial light. The larvae feed on lichens on the rocks and on tree trunks (Ylla et al. 2010); in captivity the larvae accept lettuce and can thrive with artificial diet.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD5BA7DFF11E6C853BFFEF8.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 96). Balearic endemic. Described from Capdella (Mallorca). Present in Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD5BA7DFF11E6C853BFFEF8.taxon	discussion	Observations. Rezbanyai (1981) discussed the taxon torstenii in his detailed diagnosis against nominotypical caniola. He left the question open whether it should be regarded as a separate species or a subspecies of Eilema caniola. The molecular data do not suggest otherwise. Witt & Ronkay (2011) state that Eilema caniola torstenii is distributed in southern and central Europe, part of the British Isles and Belgium. We do not share this opinion which we consider is a confusion, since it is a Balearic endemic. Specimens from Corsica should be studied in more detail: they could either belong to Eilema caniola torstenii or to a new subspecies of Eilema caniola.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD4BA62FF11E6585088FE81.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Lithosia gilveola Ochsenheimer, 1810 (a junior synonym of Phalaena palliatella Scopoli, 1763), by subsequent designation of Moore (1878).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD4BA62FF11E6585088FE81.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Imago. Forewings narrow with nearly straight costal margin and a pale line along it; externally resembles many other groups of Eilema sensu lato. In some species, androconial scales are present on the costal margin of the forewing underside.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD4BA62FF11E6585088FE81.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Uncus cylindrical, moderate in width, with a small hooked end; valvae oval or contracted apically, sacculus process ending with and inwardly curved hook, not fused with the valve ending (cucullus); clasper absent; juxta with poorly developed lateral apical processes; vinculum trapezoidal, membranous with a horizontal base, with sharply sclerotised edges; aedeagus thick, globular and large with an apical sclerotised fascia in the form of a spine turned backwards and two cornuti, spike like, of different size. Female genitalia. In the female genitalia, the main characteristic is the large appendix bursae in comparison to the corpus bursae.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD4BA62FF11E6585088FE81.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Manulea was treated as different from Eilema by Edwards (1996) but was based on Australian species that are significantly different from the type species of both genera. The genus was characterized and compared with Eilema in detail by Dubatolov & Zolotuhin (2011). No autapomorphies can be recognized, but in the male genitalia, the combination of the following features is characteristic for the genus: (1) the vinculum is trapezoidal and membranous, with thin and weakly sclerotised arms. (2) the valvae has a long and wide dorsal part with thin costa lacking processes; (3) the sacculus is relatively narrow and has an elongate saccular process, well separated from the dorsal part of the valve (cucullus), (4) the aedeagus vesica broad and bearing few robust cornuti. A similar structure of the vinculum is also known in several other genera, namely the Eurasian Eilema, Tarika, Collita, and the African Lepidilema, Dimorphilema, Syntemnilema and Lophilema, but all these genera differ from each other by their valvae structures. Molecular data. Within the Eilema / Manulea group, the genus Manulea constitutes a clade with moderate Bayesian support (PP = 0.61), with Manulea complana and Manulea pseudocomplana forming an internal wellsupported clade (PP = 0.93). Genetic TN distances between Manulea species are, in all cases, below 5 % (1.21 – 4.99 %) while showing higher distances with Eilema caniola (5.43 – 5.98 %). RESL Cluster Sequences Analysis (Ratnasingham & Herbert, 2013) returned 5 clusters corresponding to the four existing Manulea species plus an additional cluster including the samples belonging to Manulea iberica. Most of the COI sequences were assigned with high confidence (> 98 % match) to a pre-existing BIN for the corresponding species. Only the clusters coinciding with the samples of Manulea costalis (Zeller, 1847) and Manulea iberica (Mentzer, 1980), with no previously published records, did not match any existing BINs. It is also worth to mention that Maximum Likelihood tests performed independently for each genetic marker (data not shown) returned highly compatible tree topologies between markers and compared with the Bayesian Inference tree. The analysis of published sequences attributed to Manulea bicolor (Grote, 1864), Manulea dorsalis (Walker, 1866), Manulea replana (Lewin, 1805), Manulea ussurica (Daniel, 1954), Manulea japonica (Leech, 1889) and Manulea sp. shows that they are all more closely related to other genera (Setema, Katha or others) than to Manulea, with no specimens falling within the Manulea clade (Fig. 120). This can be interpreted as a clear example of the current lack of consistency of this genus in the sense that the type species is not representative of all the species that have been and continue to be placed in it. There is no doubt that the assemblage of species referred to Manulea needs a major revision.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFD4BA62FF11E6585088FE81.taxon	synonymic_list	Manulea complana (Linnaeus, 1758) Manulea iberica (Mentzer, 1980) Manulea pseudocomplana (Daniel, 1939) Manulea palliatella (Scopoli, 1763) Manulea costalis (Zeller, 1847)	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCBBA60FF11E6805023FB0C.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: Europa. Material examined. SPAIN: ARABA: 2 ♂, Puerto de Herrera, 1000 m, 15. vii. 1981, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♀, Apellániz, 800 m, 21. viii. 1980, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♂, Berganzo, 500 m, 30. vii. 2005, J. Gastón leg.; ÁVILA: 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Sierra de Ávila, Amavida, 1450 m, 9. ix. 2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂, Navarredonda de Gredos, 1523 m, 13. viii. 1995, R. Macià leg.; BARCELONA: 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Santuari de Puiglagulla, Vilalleons, 810 m, 16. viii. 2002, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Els Munts, Sant Agustí de Lluçanès, 958 m, 12. vii. 2000, 5. viii. 2000, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 10 ♂ and 8 ♀, Urb. La Roca, Taradell, 650 m, 2. viii. 1994, 18. vii. 2003, R. Macià leg.; 4 ♂ and 1 ♀, St. Julià de Cabrera, 1008 m, 2. vii. 2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 6 ♂ and 5 ♀, Vespella, Gurb, 650 m, 15. viii. 2001, 29. viii. 2018, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 1 ♀, Castell de Montesquiu, Montesquiu, 637 m, 31 TDG 36, 11. viii. 2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Pla del Hom, Gurb, 680 m, 31 TDG 34, 15. vii. 2013, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; BURGOS: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, San Martín de Don, 950 m, 2. vii. 1983, J. Gastón leg; 1 ♀, Santuario de Cantonad, 500 m, 17. viii. 1985, J. Gastón leg.; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Páramos de Lora, Sargentes de Lora, 992 m, 30 TVN 33, 7. vii. 2015, R. Macià leg.; 9 ♂ and 5 ♀, Páramos de Masa, Quintanilla Sobresierra, 970 m, 2. vii. 2000, R. Macià leg.; 7 ♂ and 2 ♀, Toca de Cuevaburgos, Covarrubias, 993 m, 30 TVM 65, 13. vii. 2012, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; CÁCERES: 3 ♂, Jerte, 604 m, 3. viii. 1994, R. Macià leg.; GIRONA: 8 ♂ and 3 ♀, Font del Home Mort, Queralbs, 1750 m, 9. vii. 1999, 6. viii. 2004, 29. vii. 2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Vilamanya, Queralbs, 1250 m, 31 TDG 38, 5. viii. 2010, 18. vii. 2014, 7. viii. 2015, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, St. Joan de les Abadesses, 773 m, 8. ix. 2002, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Camí de Vilavella, Vidrà, 973 m, 31 TDG 46, 27. ix. 2013, R. Macià leg.; 8 ♂ and 4 ♀, La Sala, Viladrau, 830 m, 19. viii. 2019, 14. viii. 1920, S. Novellas leg. in coll. MCNB.; LEÓN: Caldas de Luna, 1140 m, 17. vii. 2005, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂, Pancorbo, 634 m, 28. vii. 1995, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂ and 3 ♂, Peñalba de Cilleros, 1320 m, 28. vii. 2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; LLEIDA: 9 ♂ and 7 ♀, Banhs de Tredós, Val d´Aran, 1758 m, 31 TCH 32, 3. viii. 2008, 27. vii. 2010, 26. vii. 2015, R. Macià leg.; 4 ♂ and 1 ♀, Bassa d´Arrès, Arrès de Sus, Val d´Aran, 1573 m, 31 TCH 13, 19. viii. 2009, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂ and 1 ♀, Josa del Cadí, Josa i Tuixén, 1758 m, 31 TCH 32, 20. vii. 2009, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂ and 1 ♀, Pleta d´Horno, Val d´Aran, 1520, 31 TCH 12, 7. vii. 2016, R. Macià leg.; 1 ♂, Salardú, Val d´Aran, 1268 m, 10. ix. 1921, S. Novellas leg. in coll. MCNB.; LA RIOJA: 7 ♂ and 5 ♀, Ortigosa de Cameros, 1069 m, 30 TWM 26, 27. vii. 2018, R. Macià leg.; OURENSE: 2 ♂, La Portela de Pedrouzos, 800 m, 6. viii. 2014, JJ. Pérez leg. in coll. MCNB; TARRAGONA: 3 ♂, El Tillar, Vimbodí i Poblet, 891 m, 5. viii. 2013, R. Macià leg. ANDORRA: 3 ♂, Les Escaldes, 1751 m, 19. vii. 1920, S. Novellas leg. in coll. MCNB. FRANCE: 4 ♂ and 2 ♀, Col du Glandon, Savoia, 1507 m, 8. vii. 2004, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂, Mont Ventoux, Provença, 1020 m, 29. vii. 1994, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, Mont Dauphin, Guillestre, Hautes Alpes, 1350 m, 11. vii. 1991, R. Macià leg.; 4 ♂ and 3 ♀, Saint Martin Bellevue, 700 m, 6. vii. 2018, J. Gastón leg. HUNGARY: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Kiskunfélegyháza, 105 m, 3. viii. 2004, A. Szabó leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Bugac, 47 m, 5. ix. 2004, A. Szabó leg. ITALY: 7 ♂ and 3 ♀, Vallicelli de Monzuno, Bologna, 62 m, 13. vii. 1996, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCBBA60FF11E6805023FB0C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Manulea complana can be confused with Nyea lurideola, Manulea pseudocomplana, Eilema caniola caniola and even with Manulea palliatella, but males of Manulea complana are easily distinguished by the presence of a visible stripe of androconial scales on the costal margin of the forewing underside. It is much more difficult to distinguish the females, as they lack these scales and are easily confused with female Eilema caniola caniola or Manulea iberica. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 5 – 6). Average wingspan males 33.1 mm (n = 10; 31 – 36 mm); average wingspan females 33.6 mm (n = 10; 32 – 37 mm).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCBBA60FF11E6805023FB0C.taxon	description	Genitalia (Fig. 51). Male genitalia: Uncus cylindrical, of medium-sized, topped with a small hook; valvae ovoid, with pointed cucullus; sacculus sclerotised, the apical part slightly arched inwards; vinculum trapezoidal and of a great size; juxta trapezoidal, topped in its upper part by two small pointed processes. Aedeagus trapezoidal, thick and short, with two cornuti, a thick central one and a smaller but conspicuous apical one; a strongly sclerotised pointed process located in the apical fascia, topped with a small, highly sclerotised hook; everted vesica projects distally from the aedeagus shaft, basal diverticulum with large cornuti; in Manulea pseudocomplana the two diverticula with cornuti project towards the same side of the aedeagus. Sternum of the 7 th abdominal segment dome shaped, with a flattened upper part. In Manulea pseudocomplana, the domed shape is pointed at the top. Female genitalia: Anal papillae slightly sclerotised with short posterior apophysis; 8 th segment narrow; lamella postvaginalis barely visible or absent. Ostium bursae membranous and broad; ductus bursae of medium length, trapezoidal and slightly sclerotised; corpus bursa displaced to the right, with two small signum; cervix bursa of medium size with membranous wart covered with many tiny spines. Immature stages (Fig. 77). The last instar larva is 18 mm long. Cephalic capsule black, with a smooth vertex. Verrucae D 1, D 2 and SD 1 dark grey, and L 2 and L 3 light grey. A black dorsal central band with a narrow light grey line on each side; area from D 1 to SD 1 black, with an orange spot in front of the D 2 wart and two white spots behind this same wart; lateral sides dark with wavy light grey lines, with an orange spot behind L 2. Pupa shiny brown, smooth, without appreciable clypeus and without sexual differences. The cocoon among the lichens. Molecular data. The Bayesian support for Manulea complana was very high (PP = 1), showing for the two samples of Manulea complana a very strong sequence similarity (TN-dist = 0.16 %). The consistency of this species group was further supported when the analysis was extended to include 49 additional COI sequences downloaded from BOLD database, with a within-group distance of 0.21 % (data not shown). RESL Cluster Analysis returned a single specific cluster, coinciding with the only published BIN assigned to Manulea complana (BOLD: AAB 6846).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCBBA60FF11E6805023FB0C.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Univoltine, flying in a single generation between June and September. It occurs in a great variety of biotopes, from sea level to mountain areas at elevations between 1400 – 1800 m. The moths are mainly nocturnal; both males and females are lured to bait and to artificial light, but can also be seen during the day imbibing from flowers. The larvae feed on different species of lichen (Parmelia spp.) and dry and tender leaves of various plants (Quercus, Fagus, Prunus, Salix, Rubus, among others) (Ylla et al., 2010). In captivity the larvae can thrive with artificial diet.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCBBA60FF11E6805023FB0C.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 97). Asian-Mediterranean. Present in most of Europe, apart from the northernmost areas of the British Isles, Scandinavia and Russia and in the southern parts of the Iberian Peninsula. Unknown from the Balearic Islands.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC9BA61FF11E20C5450FC64.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: Albarracín, (Aragón), Spain. Material examined. SPAIN: CASTELLÓN: 11 ♂ and 9 ♀, Serra del Turmell, Vallibona, 1080 m, 2. viii. 2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; CUENCA: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Las Majadas, Tejadillos, 1350 m, 4. viii. 2001, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♂, Huélamo, 1250 m, 14. vii. 2001, J. Gastón leg.; 12 ♂ and 7 ♀, Sierra de Valdemeca, Collado Bajo, 1500 m, 31. vii. 1999, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; TERUEL: 2 ♂, Tramacastilla, 1265 m, 3. ix. 1994, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♂, Torrecilla del Rebollar, 1200 m, 6. ix. 1997, J. Gastón leg.; 3 ♀, Colomarde, 4. ix. 1994, J. Gastón leg.; 12 ♂ and 10 ♀, Puntal del Ahorcado, Moscardón, 1446 m, 30 TXK 26, 21. vii. 2001, 26. vii. 2016, 4. ix. 2013, R. Macià leg.; 10 ♂ and 6 ♀, Pozo del Correo, Moscardón, 1523 m, 30 TXK 25, 5. ix. 2012, 25. vii. 2016, 10. viii. 2018, R. Macià leg.; 19 ♂ and 17 ♂, Valdevecar, Albarracín, 1100 m, 30 TXK 37, 8. ix. 1987, 10. viii. 1999, 12. ix. 2012, 11. viii. 2018, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, La Losilla, Albarracín, 1150 m, 27. viii. 1996, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC9BA61FF11E20C5450FC64.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The main differential character of this taxon is the absence of androconial scales on the underside of the costal margin of the forewings of the males; a yellower area is visible in the space that should be occupied by these scales. The lack of these scales, means that the courtship behaviour of iberica must be different from that of complana s. str., This information directly reupgrade iberica to species level. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 7 – 8). Average wingspan males 29.0 mm (n = 10; 26 – 31 mm); average wingspan females 31.0 mm (n = 10; 29 – 32 mm).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC9BA61FF11E20C5450FC64.taxon	description	Genitalia (Fig. 52). Male genitalia: There are two main differences from Manulea complana: juxta topped horizontally, without the two small pointed processes, and the two cornuti are larger and with the same proportions. The sternum A 7 is dome-shaped with a flattened upper part, as in complana. In Manulea pseudocomplana, the domed shape is pointed at the top. Female genitalia: The only difference from complana is the membranous wart on the upper part of the bursa, which is larger and with less density of tiny spines inside. Molecular data. The group of three specimens belonging to Manulea iberica received a high BI support (PP = 1, n = 3) within the Manulea clade, showing a substantial between-group distance from Manulea complana (1.21 %). RESL Cluster Analysis returned a specific cluster for Manulea iberica matching no previously published BIN. Immature stages (Fig. 78). The last instar larva is 17 to 20 mm long. Cephalic capsule well developed, black, with a smooth vertex. Verrucae D 1, D 2 and SD 1 black, and L 2 and L 3 dark grey, all with translucent and black setae. In general, the body is very dark in colour. Dorsal line black with a narrow light grey line on each side; area from D 1 to SD 1 black, with an orange spot in front of the D 2 wart and attached to D 1, smaller than that of complana, and two white spots behind D 2. Pupa brown, smooth, less slender than in Manulea complana, with circular depressions on the posterior part of the metathorax; abdomen rounded at tip, without cremaster. The antennal case of the male pupa reaches the end of the wings, those of the female are shorter. Cocoons under lichens, and with the silk glued to the body.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC9BA61FF11E20C5450FC64.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Univoltine, flying in a single generation between the end of June and the beginning of September. Present in a great variety of biotopes, from lowland plains to mountains at elevations between 350 m and 1800 m. Both sexes are nocturnal and are attracted to artificial light. The larvae feed on different species of lichens (Parmelia spp.) (Ylla et al. 2010). In captivity they accept artificial diet.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC9BA61FF11E20C5450FC64.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 98). Iberian endemic, thriving in some southern localities in Spain and Portugal.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC8BA66FF11E4F355ACFC64.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: Sultan-Dagh, Ak-Chehir, (Anatolia) Turkey. Material examined. SPAIN: LLEIDA: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Barradós, Val d´Aran, 1964 m, 31 TCH 23, 5. viii. 1995, R. Macià leg.; 1 ♂, Riu de Son, Esterri, Pallars Sobirà, 1030 m, 31 TCH 42, 10. viii. 2007, J. Dantart & J. Juvany leg. FRANCE: 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Ampus, Var, Provence-Alpes Côte d´Azur, 600 m, 20. viii. 2004, JP. Herzet leg. CZECH REPUBLIC: 7 ♂ and 5 ♀, Lukov, Znojmo, Moravia, 24. viii. 1997, P. Vitek leg.; 4 ♂ and 3 ♀, Havraniky, Znojmo, Moravia, (República Checa), 15. viii. 1995, P. Vitek leg.; 2 ♂, Podmolí, Znojmo, Moravia, 5. viii. 1995 and 6 ♀, 1. viii. 2019, P. Vitek leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC8BA66FF11E4F355ACFC64.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Manulea pseudocomplana can be separated separated from Manulea complana by the absence of androconial scales on the costa of the underside of the forewings, but can be confused with the Manulea iberica which also lacks them. It can also be confused with Eilema caniola caniola and Manulea palliatella, from which it is distinguished by the absence of greyish diffusion in the costal area of the underside of hindwings. For a safe determination, a genital study is required: comparison of the everted vesicae of Manulea complana and Manulea pseudocomplana readily distinguishes them.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC8BA66FF11E4F355ACFC64.taxon	description	Re-description. Imago (Figs. 9 – 10). Average wingspan males 30.5 mm (n = 10; 28 – 32 mm); average wingspan females 31.4 mm (n = 10; 29 – 33 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 53). Male genitalia: Structure similar to that of Manulea complana from which it differs in the following aspects: uncus somewhat longer; valvae ovoid as in Manulea complana, but cucullus somewhat less pointed; apical process of sacculus equally arched as in Manulea complana, but more acute, more sclerotic and with narrower base. Aedeagus similar to that of Manulea complana, differing in the strongly sclerotised apical spur of the apical fascia, tipped with a more powerful hook than in Manulea complana; there are also differences in the everted vesica as both diverticula bearing cornuti project towards the same side of the aedeagus in Manulea pseudocomplana, while in complana the basal diverticulum with the large cornutus projects distally from the aedeagus shaft. The sternum of the 7 th abdominal segment has a pointed vaulted shape, while in Manulea complana and Manulea iberica it is flattened at the top). Female genitalia: Similar to those of Manulea complana but with a slightly wider ductus bursae; corpus bursae with a single signum; larger membranous wart on the top of the bursa with several distinct lobes filled with a multitude of tiny spines. Immature stages (Fig. 79). The last instar larva is 18 to 19 mm long. Cephalic capsule black. Body with very short setae, with grey verrucae; dorsal line black with grey groundcolour on both sides, with black spots around the verrucae D 1, D 2, SD 1, L 2 and L 3, the wart L 1 undeveloped; body grey with black spots, and an orange subtriangular spot behind L 2. Pupa brown, smooth, with circular depressions on the back of the metathorax; tip of abdomen rounded, without cremaster, very similar in both sexes. The cocoon, adhering to the body, among lichens. Molecular data. Manulea pseudocomplana constitutes a monophyletic clade (PP = 1) which is most closely related to the Manulea complana and Manulea iberica group (PP = 0.94). The sequence from the two samples analysed in this study also match very closely the three Manulea pseudocomplana sequences already published in BOLD and RESL Cluster Analysis returned a single cluster matching a published BIN (BOLD: ABW 5869). In accordance with the morphological similarities mentioned above, this species is also especially close to Manulea palliatella, and the three species form the Manulea complana group, with moderate BI support (PP = 0.64) and consistently low genetic distances for both mitochondrial and nuclear markers (Tables 2 and 3).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC8BA66FF11E4F355ACFC64.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Univoltine, in flight from July to August in localities from the sea level to 1700 m, predominantly in xerothermal, rocky biotopes, with sparse or scrub vegetation. The moths are nocturnal and are attracted to artificial light. The larvae feed on lichens; in captivity they accept articial diet.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC8BA66FF11E4F355ACFC64.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 99). Asian-Mediterranean. Known from several countries in central and southern Europe. In the Iberian Peninsula, Manulea pseudocomplana is known for certain only in some localities in the Catalan Pyrenees, where it is sympatric with Manulea complana. Reports from some localities of Castellón and Teruel are probably due to confusión with Manulea iberica. Not cited from Portugal or the Balearic Islands.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC8BA66FF11E4F355ACFC64.taxon	discussion	Observations. In the Iberian Peninsula, there is a historical confusion between Manulea complana, Manulea iberica and Manulea pseudocomplana, and a comprehensive revision of faunal records is needed.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCFBA67FF11E4E45597FCDC.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: Carniolia [Slovenia / Italy]. Material examined. SPAIN: ÁVILA: 1 ♂, Solana de Ávila, 1350 m, 24. viii. 2017, J. Gastón leg.; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Sierra de Ávila, Amavida, 1454 m, 1. ix. 2003, 9. IX. 2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; BARCELONA: 4 ♂, Vespella, Gurb, 650 m, 2. ix. 2001, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Pla del Om, Gurb, 680 m, 31 TDG 34, 15. vii. 2013, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Manso El Vicenç, Manlleu, 460 m, 15. vii. 2019, A. Weiss leg. in coll. MCNB.; BURGOS: 2 ♀, San Martín de Don, 800 m, 9. ix. 2000, J. Gastón leg.; 5 ♂, La Vid, 954 m, 30. viii. 2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; CÁCERES: 2 ♂, Jerte, 604 m, 3. viii. 1994, R. Macià leg.; CASTELLÓN: 8 ♂ and 5 ♀, Serra del Turmell, Vallibona, 1080 m, 2. viii. 2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; CUENCA: 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Sierra de Valdemaca, Collado Bajo, 1500 m, 31. vii. 1999, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Herreria de los Chorros, Tragacete, 1510 m, 30. vii. 2009, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; GIRONA: 3 ♂, Font del Home Mort, Quealbs, 1750 m, 6. viii. 2004, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; HUESCA: 3 ♂, Ontiñena, 137 m, 30. viii. 2008, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; LA RIOJA: 1 ♀, Jubera, 650 m, 5. ix. 1986, J. Gastón leg.; 4 ♂ and 6 ♀, Ortigosa de Cameros, 1069 m, 27. vii. 2018, R. Macià leg.; SEGOVIA: 1 ♂ and 2 ♀, Casla, Sª de Arcones, 1165 m, 7. ix. 2007, J. Gastón leg.; SORIA: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Ciria, 1100 m, 5. viii. 2005, J. Gastón leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Puerto del Temeroso, Calatañazor, 1080 m, 10. ix. 2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; TARRAGONA: 1 ♂, Monte Caro, 1100 m, 17. viii. 1981, J. Gastón leg.; 5 ♂, El Tillar, Vimbodí i Poblet, 891 m, 5. viii. 2013, R. Macià leg.; TERUEL: 1 ♂, Moscardón, 1350 m, 10. viii. 1996, J. Gastón leg.; 8 ♂ and 6 ♀, Valle de Valdevecar, Albarracín, 1100 m, 23. viii. 1997, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, La Losilla, Albarracín, 1150 m, 27. viii. 1995, R. Macià leg; 11 ♂ and 9 ♀, Camino Forestal, Calomarde, 1550 m, 30 TXK 26, 2. viii. 2017, 12. ix. 2018, R. Macià leg.; ZAMORA: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Monte la Reina, 1050 m, 13. ix. 2004, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; ZARAGOZA: 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Torralba de los Frailes, 1050 m, 6. viii. 1999, J. Gastón leg.; 17 ♂ and 15 ♀, El Ciervo, Retuerta de Pina, 350 m, 24. ix. 2000, 21. ix. 2001, 24. ix. 2005, 17. ix. 2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCFBA67FF11E4E45597FCDC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Manulea palliatella is distinguished from Manulea complana, Manulea pseudocomplana, Manulea costalis and Eilema caniola caniola by the narrower and more elongated wings and uniform yellowish grey coloration, without the pale costal stripe. However, some specimens are difficult to identify on external morphology.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCFBA67FF11E4E45597FCDC.taxon	description	Re-description. Imago (Figs. 13 – 14). Average wingspan males 32.6 mm (n = 10; 30 – 36 mm); average wingspan females 32.0 mm (n = 10; 28 – 36 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 54). Male genitalia: Uncus of medium length, thick and sclerotised; the rest of the genital structure does not differ from that of Manulea pseudocomplana, apart from the aedeagus, in which the central cornutus is larger. Female genitalia: The bursa copulatrix does not turn to the right, as in the preceding species, it is ovoid and with a single signum, as in Manulea pseudocomplana. Manulea complana has two signa. The membranous process that leads to the ductus seminalis has a great density of thorns inside. Immature stages (Fig. 80). The last instar larva is 20 – 25 mm long. The cephalic capsule is clear brown with the upper zone dark. It has very short setae, with clear grey verrucae; the body is yellowish white, with an orange spot under D 1 and another behind L 2. Prothoracic shield with 4 verrucae. Pupa thick and rugged, very similar in both sexes. Cocoon between lichens. Molecular data. Manulea palliatella constitutes a well-supported clade (PP = 1, n = 4) with a low within-group distance (0.31 %). RESL Cluster Analysis returned a single cluster matching a published BIN (BOLD: AAZ 9153).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCFBA67FF11E4E45597FCDC.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Univoltine, in flight from June – July to September – October. It prefers calcareous soils with markedly xerothermic conditions, at elevations from the sea level to 1500 m. Adults are mainly nocturnal, and are attracted to artificial light, but are also active by day feeding at Scabiosa flowers. The larvae feed on lichens (Cladonia). In captivity, they accept withered leaves and flowers of some angiosperms such as Genista (Ylla et al. 2010) and also artificial diet.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCFBA67FF11E4E45597FCDC.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 100). Eurasian. Present in most parts of Europe apart from an extensive northern area. In the Iberian Peninsula, there are scattered populations in a wide area over practically the entire northern third. In Portugal, it is is likely to occur in the most northeastern zone. Unknown from the Balearic Islands.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCEBA64FF11E44B50BCFE48.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: Bursa (“ Brussa ”), Turkey.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCEBA64FF11E44B50BCFE48.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CYPRUS: 3 ♂, Kapoura, Adelfoi-Forest, 1200 m, 3. ix. 2003, Hentscholek leg.; 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Agyia, Pafos Forest, 400 m, 28. viii. 2003, Hemtscholek leg. GREECE: 5 ♂, Assites, Creta, 800 m, 27. ix. 1959, H. Reisser leg.; 4 ♀, Omalos, Creta, 1200 m, 5. viii. 2011, Hentscholek leg. TURKEY: 6 ♂ and 10 ♀, Cirali, Antalya, 15 m, 6. viii. 2014, S. Schelhorn leg.; 5 ♂ and 7 ♀, Antalya, Kemer, 700 m, 19. x. 2011, A. Saldaitis leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCEBA64FF11E44B50BCFE48.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Compared to Eilema caniola, it is a large, narrow-winged species, and differs externally by the narrower, dark greyish earth-coloured wings, with a fine short ochre line on the inner margin. Hindwing pale ivory with a fine yellow costal stripe and faint grey diffusion towards anal area. The forewings are narrower and the costal stripe is thinner, distally more tapered than in Manulea complana and androconia are absent on the underside. It is more contrasting in colour than Manulea pseudocomplana and Manulea palliatella, with a better-defined costal stripe.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCEBA64FF11E44B50BCFE48.taxon	description	Re-description. Imago (Figs. 11 – 12). Average wingspan males 30.3 mm (n = 10; 26 – 34 mm); average wingspan females 33.0 mm (n = 10; 29 – 36 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 55). Male genitalia: Structure similar to that of Manulea complana and Manulea pseudocomplana from which it differs mainly in the slightly more pointed valva and the sternite of the 7 th segment, which is very pointed in its upper part and less marked. Female genitalia: Bursa copulatrix displaced to the right, as in the previous species, with two small signum; cervix bursa of a great size, with many membraneous warts internally covered with very dense areas of spinules; ductus seminalis begins with a big membraneus process also covered with spinumes. Immature stages. Not studied. Molecular data. We sequenced a topotypical specimen of M. costalis that happened to cluster together with an unidentified sample from Greece (LEASW 1169 - 20). These two samples were found to contribute to a wellsupported Manulea costalis node (PP = 1) with a considerable within-group distance (0.93 % ± 0.37 SE), which may be partially due to geographic isolation of the Cyprus population. In agreement with the morphological data, the Bayesian Inference analysis (Figures 119, 120) places this species within Manulea, closer to the Manulea complana group (average TN-dist = 4.14 %) than to Eilema caniola (TN-dist = 5.80 %). RESL algorithm produced a distinct cluster with a Nearest Neighbour distance of 3.52 %, matching no registered BIN.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCEBA64FF11E44B50BCFE48.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Univoltine, with a flight period from July to September. Hygrophilous, frequent in mixed and open deciduous forests of valleys and streams, extending to slightly above timberline. Sometimes locally abundant. Adults of both sexes are attracted to artificial light and can be seen during the day feeding at flowers. The larvae feed on lichens (Witt & Ronkay, 2011).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCEBA64FF11E44B50BCFE48.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 101). Ponto-mediterranean. Widespread but localized and infrequent in the southern half of the Balkans (Serbia, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania and Greece). It is also known from some Aegean islands including Thasos and Samotracia, and also from Crete, Rhodos, and Samos. Outside Europe present in Asia Minor and the Middle East.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCDBA64FF11E6C85229F858.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 5807 A 68 B- 935 C- 4226 - AFC 3 - 9 F 547 C 93 FC 1 A	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCDBA64FF11E6C85229F858.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Lithosia uniola Rambur, [1866]. Catalogue Systématique des Lépidoptères d´Andalousie (2): 209, by present designation.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCDBA64FF11E6C85229F858.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Imago. Forewings narrow, with a pale costal stripe. Superficially, like many other groups of Eilema sensu lato. Male genitalia: Uncus of medium size, slender, cylindrical, not flattened, of moderate width, with a pointed tip; valvae oval or apically restricted; cucullus clearly separated from apex of sacculus, clasper absent; superior part of the juxta basically flat, without lateral apical processes (present in Manulea and Eilema); vinculum of medium size, rectangular (trapezoidal in Manulea), membranous with finely sclerotised margins. Aedeagus generally short and stubby, with one to three spike-shaped cornuti usually the same size; no apical spur. Female genitalia: Anal papillae well developed, weakly sclerotised with short anterior and posterior apophyses; A 8 wide, short and slightly sclerotised; lamella postvaginalis absent or obsolescent; ostium bursae bell shaped, membranous and broad; ductus bursae short, wide and slightly sclerotised; corpus bursa spherical, membranous, with one small rounded signum; cervix bursa inconspicuous and almost without warts or spinules inside.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCDBA64FF11E6C85229F858.taxon	description	Molecular data. The clade encompassing the seven species included in the genus Indalia received a strong BI tree support (PP = 0.99) and, as mentioned earlier, shows considerably low between-group distances (TN-dist from 2.93 % to 7.90 %; average = 5.80 %). This clade also includes the genus Setema and the genus Nyea, which appear closely related but with distinct morphological characteristics. Pairwise distances are higher and variable within Indalia than in Manulea (TN-dist from 3.93 % to 4.86 %; average = 4.49 %). The extended phylogenetic analysis - including our sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear markers plus additional COI data from BOLD- maintains the consistency of this group (Fig. 120), as only sequences attributed to the American Setema bicolor appear in close proximity of the other two analysed species of this genus (Setema debilis and Setema cereola).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCDBA64FF11E6C85229F858.taxon	etymology	Derivatio nominis. Relative to Indalo, almerian figure of ancestral origin found in a Neolithic cave painting that has become the symbol of the Province of Almería (Spain).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCDBA64FF11E6C85229F858.taxon	synonymic_list	Indalia marcida (Mann, 1859) comb. nov. Indalia predotae (Schawerda, 1927) comb. nov.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFCDBA64FF11E6C85229F858.taxon	discussion	It comprises two species with a very similar genitalic structure (cucullus separated from sacculus apex, aedeagus with three small cornuti of equal size, vinculum wide, elongated with parallel margins and with no clasper). Indalia predotae is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula where it can be found in xerothermic biotopes at lower elevation than 1200 – 1300 m, whereas Indalia marcida is a central-western mediterranean species, with colonies near the coast and not higher than 500 – 600 m. Although in Italy, Indalia marcida is mainly linked to central and southern coastal areas. In southern Italy it is not found below an elevation of 600 m while in Sicily it is clearly restricted to mountainous areas reaching elevations above 1100 m (Grassi & Zilli, 2005).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC3BA6AFF11E7A152CBF8D8.taxon	synonymic_list	Original combination: Lithosia marcida Mann, 1859. Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift 3: 94.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC3BA6AFF11E7A152CBF8D8.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: Palla-gutta, Palermo, Sicily, Italy. Material examined. SPAIN: CÁDIZ: 9 ♂ and 2 ♀, Benalup, 90 m, 14. ix. 2015; 25. vi. 2016; 17. ix. 2015; 8. ix. 2012; 22. vi. 2012; 20. vi. 2014, J. Gastón leg.; 4 ♂ and 3 ♀, Facinas, 100 m, 30. viii. 1991, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Puerto de Ojén, 200 m, 28. viii. 1991, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♀, Granja escuela bilingüe Monte de la Torre, Los Barrios, 10 m, 30 STF 70, 19. vi. 2020, JM. Gaona leg.; HUELVA: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Parque Nacional de Doñana, Palacio de Doñana, 10 m, 19. v. 2009, R. Laffite leg.; MALLORCA: 8 ♂ and 3 ♀, Porto Cristo, Manacor, 30 m, 30 SDE 27, 7. vi. 2006, 27. vi. 2007, G. Zsolt leg.; ZAMORA: 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, Villalazán, 680 m, 14. viii. 2009, J. A. Jambrina leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC3BA6AFF11E7A152CBF8D8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Indalia marcida can be easily confused with the pale forms of Indalia pygmaeola pallifrons, especially the smaller forms found in southern Europe; the costa of the forewing is straighter and less arched, and the same width throughout its length, the ground colour is more uniformly greyish-brownish. For a secure identification a study of the genitalia is necessary.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC3BA6AFF11E7A152CBF8D8.taxon	description	Re-description. Imago (Figs. 15 – 16). Average wingspan males 24.6 mm (n = 10; 21 – 27 mm); average wingspan females 22.0 mm (n = 6; 20 – 24 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 56) Male genitalia: Uncus cylindrical, long and robust, strongly sclerotised; valvae ovoid, saccular process not touching the pointed cucullus; vinculum slightly sclerotised with a doubly curved apical process at its end reaching the same length as the valve; juxta small and triangular. Aedeagus with three mediumsized cornuti. Female genitalia: Anal papillae and 8 th segment large compared to the rest of the genital structure; membranous ostium bursae; ductus elongate, narrow and slightly sclerotised below; corpus bursae small, located on the vertical axis, with a single signum in the anterior part; cervix bursae present membranous warts, in this case with low-density microspines inside. The membranous process that extends to the ductus seminalis is of little significance. Immature stages (Fig. 81). The last instar larva is 15 to 17 mm long. Cephalic capsule well developed, the upper area with black and grey spots. Both sides of body with dark lines touching the D 2 and SD 1 verrucae; very short setae, with yellow verrucae. Pupa 8.50 mm, slender, light brown, with small areas of roughness, without spots on dorsum, short clypeus; tip of abdomen rounded, without cremaster, very similar in both sexes. The flimsy cocoon is woven among lichens. Molecular data. The samples of Indalia marcida form a single cluster of sequences matching a published BIN (BOLD: AAK 9891) and appear closely related to Indalia predotae (COI TN-dist = 2.93 %; ArgK K 2 - dist = 2.25), forming with this species a consistent clade (PP = 1). Despite the morphological resemblance of this species with Indalia pygmaeola, molecular data do not suggest an especially close genetic proximity (COI TN-dist = 7.69 %; ArgK K 2 - dist = 3.55 %). Except for this close neighbour, Indalia marcida shows similar COI pairwise distances with all other species of the genus Indalia (TN-dist between 6.44 % and 7.97 %; average 7.31 %).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC3BA6AFF11E7A152CBF8D8.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Bivoltine, on the wing in a first generation in late spring-early summer and in a second generation in late summer-early autumn. Although in Sicily (Italy) it has been found at an elevation of 1100 m, in the Iberian Peninsula Indalia marcida occurs at a low elevation, below 500 – 600 m, usually in locations near the coast. Adults are attracted to artificial light. The larvae probably feed on lichens, in captivity they accept artificial diet.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC3BA6AFF11E7A152CBF8D8.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 102). A central-western Mediterranean species. It has been reported with certainty from Morocco and Algeria in northwest Africa, Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, and from central and southern Italy. Recently on the island of Malta. In the Iberian Peninsula, there are scattered colonies along a more or less narrow coastal stripe that extends along the east and south of Spain to Portuguese localities in Algarve and Baixo Alentejo (Corley et al. 2009). In Spain, located in the Provinces of Cáceres, Murcia and Zamora although there are very few confirmed records. Also cited from Mallorca.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC3BA6AFF11E7A152CBF8D8.taxon	discussion	Observations. The North African taxon diluta is usually considered as synonym or the southern subspecies of lutarella, although it is a subspecies of marcida (Witt & Ronkay, 2011).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC2BA68FF11E7A152F3FDB4.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: Albarracín, (Aragón), Spain. Material examined. SPAIN: HUESCA: 19 ♂ and 15 ♀, Tozal de la Mora, Villanueva de Sigena, 8. viii. 1997, 3. viii. 2002, 26. iv. 2003, 31. v. 2004, 10. ix. 2005, 27. v. 2006, 20. vi. 2015, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Barranco de Valcuerna, Candasnos, 295 m, 10. v. 1993, 11. ix. 2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Ontiñena, 220 m, 30. viii. 2008, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂, Ontiñena, 215 m, 13. v. 2015, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♂, Serreta Negra, Candasnos, 270 m, 3. x. 2016, J. Gastón leg.; TERUEL: 15 ♂ and 12 ♀, Camino rural de Moscardón a Royuela, Moscardón, 1446 m, 30 TXK 26, 4. ix. 2013, R. Macià leg.; 16 ♂ and 9 ♀ Valle de Valdevecar, Albarracín, 1125 m, 30 TXK 37, 15. v. 1993, 27. viii. 1995, 1. viii. 1999, 3. ix. 2013, 3. viii. 2017, 11. viii. 2018, R. Macià leg.; 14 ♂ and 11 ♀, Camino Rural, Calomarde, 1550 m, 30 TXK 26, 2. viii. 2017, R. Macià leg.; ZARAGOZA: 6 ♂, Torralba de los Frailes, 1050 m, 27. vii. 1999, J. Gastón leg.; 15 ♂ and 8 ♀, Montes de la Retuerta, El Ciervo, 310 m, 30 TYL 39, 21. ix. 2003, 24. ix. 2005, 17. ix. 2006, 19. ix. 2014, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 18 ♂ and 14 ♀, Val de Boquero el Ciego, La Retuerta, 362 m, 30 TYL 29, 11. vi. 2013, R. Macià leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC2BA68FF11E7A152F3FDB4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The grey-brownish wing tonality and the fringe between light yellow and ochre yellow make this species unmistakable. Indalia predotae is notably sexually dimorphic: the females are smaller, much lighter yellowbrown, and the wings are proportionally smaller in relation to the rest of the body.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC2BA68FF11E7A152F3FDB4.taxon	description	Re-description. Imago (Figs. 17 – 18). Average wingspan males 23.4 mm (n = 10; 20 – 27 mm); average wingspan females 19.1 mm (n = 10; 17 – 21 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 57). Male genitalia: uncus cylindrical, slender, elongated, not flattened, sclerotised, with a pointed tip; valvae ovoid with rounded cucullus, sacculus wide and sclerotised, saccular process weakly sclerotised and slightly curved towards the cucullus. Aedeagus with three small, almost equal cornuti, two thick and coarse and the third smaller and sharper. Female genitalia: anal papillae small, posterior apophysis long, ostium and ductus bursae membranous; corpus bursa ovoid with one signum in its lower part and a weakly sclerotised plaque with diffuse edges in the place where the wart is located in other species. The appendix bursae prior to the ductus seminalis is thin and not very prominent. Immature stages (Fig. 82). The last instar larva is 17 mm long. Cephalic capsule completely black. Verrucae light brown (the L 1 wart is missing or barely noticeable), all with translucent and black setae. Dorsal line broad at first and then narrow, broken, dark brown; broad light brown band in the area of D 1 and D 2 and then until SD 1 dark brown. Lateral sites to L 3 light brown with various brown sinusoid spots. Pupa stylized, brown and smooth, with dark spots on the dorsal area; back of metanotum and segments 1 to 8, very small circular depressions; tip of abdomen rounded, without cremaster. In pupa of male, the antennae and proboscis reach the end of the wings, in the females they are shorter. The cocoon under lichens, bark and roks, with the silk very close to the body. Molecular data. This species forms a clade with strong BI support (PP = 1) and moderate within-group distance (0.47 % ± 0.18 SE). RESL Cluster Analysis returned a single cluster and all sequences coincided with a published BIN (BOLD: ACD 0670). Like its close neighbour Indalia marcida, COI distances with other members of the genus are quite similar, albeit with lower values (TN-dist between 5.13 % and 6.54 %, average 5.42 %) than those found for the latter (6.44 % – 7.97 %; average 7.31 %).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC2BA68FF11E7A152F3FDB4.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Bivoltine, with a first generation in May, June and July, followed by a second one in August, September and October. Xerothermic biotopes are favoured, with abundant steppe vegetation, and clearings in dry and sunny wooded areas among junipers and pine forests. Colonies are found up to 1200 – 1500 m above sea level. Adults are active both by day and at night, and are attracted by artificial light. The larvae feed on lichens, accepting dry lettuce leaves in captivity (Ylla et al. 2010), and also prepared artificial diet.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC2BA68FF11E7A152F3FDB4.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 103). Iberian endemic. Known mostly from different localities in northeastern Spain, but absent from the entire Pyrenean area. The following are some examples of classic biotopes: Monegros and areas bordering the Ebro Valley, Iberian System (Albarracín and neighbouring areas) and La Vid (Burgos). Isolated colonies are known in Araba, Valladolid and Badajoz. Also known from southern and central Portugal (Teodoro Monteiro, 1975; Corley et al., 2000; Pires & Corley, 2007). Recently reported in Catalonia, Erms d´Aitona (Lleida), Guzmán (2015). Not known from the Balearic Islands.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC2BA68FF11E7A152F3FDB4.taxon	synonymic_list	Indalia uniola (Rambur, [1866]) comb. nov. Indalia albicosta (Rogenhofer, 1894) comb. nov. Indalia interposita (Rothschild, 1914) comb. nov.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC2BA68FF11E7A152F3FDB4.taxon	discussion	It comprises three South European species: Indalia albicosta, endemic from the Canary Isles and also known from a few western Andalusian localities; Indalia uniola and Indalia interposita, which are spread along the North of Africa and reach southern Europe at different extent: Indalia uniola colonizes the Iberian Peninsula and south-east France, whereas Indalia interposita is restricted to the arid and desertic biotopes of south-east Spain. Genetically, the three species form a clade with moderately high Bayesian support (BI = 0.77, Fig. 119) which is confirmed and strengthened in the extended analysis (BI = 0.88, Fig. 120), and presents similarly low distances for both mitochondrial (aver. TN-dist = 5.65 %) and nuclear (2.08 %) markers. Despite their genetic similarity, they show some phenotypic features that allow a fast and reliable morphological identification.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC1BA6EFF11E594508EFD84.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: La Palma, Paso de la Lavanda, Canary Isles, Spain.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC1BA6EFF11E594508EFD84.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. SPAIN: EL HIERRO: 1 ♂, Casa Rural El Valle, San Andrés, 998 m, 26. vi. 2018, T. Fariño leg.; LA GOMERA: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, La Hormiguera, 86 m, 14. vii. 2018, T. Fariño leg.; LA PALMA: 6 ♂ and 3 ♀, Los Canarios, 800 m, 8. iv. 1973, C. Zehentner leg., 28. vii. 1986, 21. xii. 2003, W. Bogi leg.; MÁLAGA: 4 ♂, Mijas, 455 m, 30 SUF 55, 19. v. 2014, 24. ix. 2015, JM. Moreno leg.; HUELVA: 1 ♂, El Rompido, La Punta, 3 m, 14. iii. 1992, R. Citores leg.; TENERIFE: 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, Guía de Isora, 12. iv. 1985, A. Legrain leg.; 12 ♂ and 10 ♀, Tejina, 150 m, 6. xii. 2013, 9. ii. 2014, 15. xi. 2014, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Barranco del Infierno, Adeje, 20. i. 2015, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Montaña de la Horca, Puerto de la Cruz, 239 m, 4. xii. 2013, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂, Chirche, 1200 m, 25. ii. 1990, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂, Parque Rural de Anaga, 8. xii. 2010, R. Macià leg.; 1 ♂, Fuente del Joco, Aguamansa, 1952 m, 16. vii. 2018, T. Fariño leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC1BA6EFF11E594508EFD84.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Indalia albicosta is a small-sized species with dark silver grey wings and a bright white costal stripe on the forewings; it is difficult to confuse with any other species.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC1BA6EFF11E594508EFD84.taxon	description	Re-description. Imago (Figs. 19 – 20). Average wingspan males 26.5 mm (n = 10; 21 – 31 mm); average wingspan females 24.3 mm (n = 10; 20 – 27 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 58). Male genitalia: uncus long, cylindrical, slender, not flattened, with a pointed tip; valvae short and wide, apical sacculus very short, sharp and slightly recurved towards the cucullus; juxta rectangular, weakly sclerotised and slightly pointed in its upper part; vinculum short. Aedeagus short, thick with three medium-sized cornuti. Female genitalia: anal papillae and the abdominal segment A 8 large; lamella postvaginalis absent; ostium bursae wide and membranous; ductus bursae broad short and slightly membranous; corpus bursa membranous with a signum in its lower part; upper part of the bursa with a large rounded wart and a sclerotised plaque inside; short and wide membranous process leading to ductus seminalis. Immature stages (Fig. 83). The final instar larva is 15 mm long. Cephalic capsule well developed, 1.50 mm wide, pale grey, with a dark brown spot covering the epicranium, with a smooth vertex. Body with yellowish verrucae (the L 1 wart has not been observed), all with translucent and black setae; dorsal line between D 1 verruca, very sinuous and dark, bordered by a yellowish-white sinuous band. From D 2 to SD 1 a dark brown band with light areas, and from SD 1 to L 3 yellowish white with various dark brown spots. Pupa slender, with light brown spots on the back, clypeus not appreciable. Tip of abdomen rounded, without cremaster. Pupae of both sexes very similar. The cocoon concealed under lichens, bark and roks with little silk. Molecular data. All specimens analysed were captured in the Canary Archipelago and showed identical COI sequences regardless of the island of origin (Tenerife, La Gomera, El Hierro). RESL Cluster Analysis returned a single cluster and all sequences coincided with a published BIN (BOLD: ACD 0672). Indalia albicosta is closely related to Indalia interposita (PP = 1), both grouping into a moderately supported clade with Indalia uniola (PP = 0.77), with equally short TN-distances among them (between 5.52 % and 5.73 %).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC1BA6EFF11E594508EFD84.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Multivoltine, with continuous generations throughout the year. Favours xerothermic biotopes from sea level to 1000 m. Adults are attracted to artificial light and the larvae feed on lichens on trees and in the soil (Ylla et al. 2010). In captivity accepts artificial diet.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC1BA6EFF11E594508EFD84.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 104). This species was thought to be endemic to the Canary Islands, where it is very abundant on all the islands except Fuerteventura. In 1958 it was found in the Iberian Peninsula, Punta Umbría, Huelva (Agenjo, 1963). At first, the finding was considered an accidental arrival, but it has been recorded several times since in Huelva and Málaga (Citores et al. 2013; Moreno-Benítez et al. 2014). In Portugal, a sighting in the Algarve region is a distinct possibility.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC1BA6EFF11E594508EFD84.taxon	discussion	Observations. The lack of citations on Fuerteventura is surprising; it is present on nearby Lanzarote, and is perhaps overlooked. We were unable to find sufficient evidence from morphological and genetic studies to justify subspecific separation of the taxon witti Kobes. The Iberian specimens deserve a more detailed study, but hitherto only sporadic individuals have been observed.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC7BA6FFF11E584518FFE10.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: Algeria.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC7BA6FFF11E584518FFE10.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. SPAIN: ALMERÍA: 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Rambla Granatilla, Sopalmo, 15 m, 20. iv. 2005, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 10 ♂ and 6 ♀, Rambla de la Sierra, Tabernas, 452 m, 30 SWF 59, 3. v. 2011, 16. v. 2013, 15. v. 2015, R. Macià leg. CÁDIZ: 1 ♀, Arcos de la Frontera, 13. ix. 1992, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♀, Puerto de Ojén, 200 m, 28. viii. 1991, J. Gastón leg. GRANADA: 8 ♂ and 3 ♀, Barranco de Mazarra, Baza, 727 m, 30 SWG 25, 14. iv. 2015, R. Macià leg.; 1 ♀, La Bernardilla, 100 m, 15. ix. 2011, J. Gastón leg.; 6 ♂ and 5 ♀, Bco. Tejos de Castro, Padúl, 1115 m, 30. viii. 2011, J. Gastón leg.; MÁLAGA: 2 ♂, Barranco del Pedregal, Mijas, 590 m, 30 SUF 5052, 7. v. 2019, R. Macià leg. MOROCCO: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, 2 Km est de Midar, Driouch (Marroc) 450 m, 30 SVD 46, 26. v. 2017, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC7BA6FFF11E584518FFE10.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Indalia interposita is easily confused with Indalia uniola, which is very similar externally, especially in old or worn specimens. Indalia interposita is usually slightly larger than Indalia uniola with rather longer, narrow and whitish wings, less ochreous shading and no gloss, which is a characteristic feature of Indalia uniola. For a correct determination of the worn specimens, the genitalia must be examined, but males of Indalia interposita can be easily distinguished by the sound-producing tymbal organ, visible to the naked eye, but absent in the other European species of Eilema sensu lato.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC7BA6FFF11E584518FFE10.taxon	description	Re-description. Imago (Figs. 21 – 22). Average wingspan males 25.0 mm (n = 10; 18 – 3 mm); average wingspan females 23.3 mm (n = 10; 16 – 28 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 59). Male genitalia: Uncus slender, of medium size, with a pointed and sclerotised tip; valvae ovoid with pointed cucullus; saccular process short and thick with a pointed end slightly curved towards the valva but not reaching the cucullus; clasper absent; juxta triangular, pointed slightly to the top; vinculum short; sacculus right; aedeagus short, cylindrical and voluminous, with a large cornutus. Female genitalia: Size of the anal papillae and the 8 th segment, compared with the rest of the genital structure, as in previous species; postvaginal lamella absent and ostium bursae wide and membranous; ductus bursae short and wide, weakly sclerotised; corpus bursa ovoid, signum absent. Immature stages (Fig. 84). The last instar larva is 15 mm long. Cephalic capsule 1,50 mm wide, with a smooth, light grey vertex with a brown spot on each epicranium. Body with light grey verrucae, with translucent and black setae and a black dorsal line, edged on each side with a broad orange or dark yellow band, touching the D 1 and D 2 verrucae; a black band between D 2 and SD 1 and sides, light grey, with sundry black spots of varying shape. Pupa stylized, with light brown spots, a short clypeus and an abdomen without cremaster. In pupae of males the tip of the wings is open, highlighting the end of the metathoracic legs, but in those of females the tip of the wings is closed. The cocoon under lichens. Molecular data. The nine specimens successfully sequenced show a high sequence similarity (TN-dist = 0.22 % ± 0.12), constituting a strongly supported species clade (PP = 1) and a single RESL cluster matching a published BIN (BOLD: ABW 9300). As mentioned earlier, this species appears to be closely related to Indalia albicosta and Indalia uniola, with which it shares strong morphological similarities.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC7BA6FFF11E584518FFE10.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Bivoltine or even trivoltine. Adults in flight from March to October in two or three overlapping generations. Restricted to arid steppe or almost desert biotopes, or pine forests with little understory, at elevations between sea level and 850 m. Both sexes are attracted to artificial light. The larvae feed on lichens that grow on the ground or in bushes, also probably on grasses. In captivity, they accept dry leaves of lettuce (Ylla et al. 2010) and artificial diet.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC7BA6FFF11E584518FFE10.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 105). Species typical of arid and semi-desert areas of Morocco and Algeria. In the Iberian Peninsula, it occurs in characteristic biotopes in the extreme southeast. We are not aware of its presence in Portugal.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC6BA6CFF11E5705308F9EC.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: Granada (Andalucía), Spain. Material examined. SPAIN: ÁVILA: 3 ♂, Sierra de Ávila, Amavida, 1400 m, 1. ix. 2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; BARCELONA: 6 ♂ and 3 ♀, Coll d´Heures, Collsuspina, 984 m, 11. ix. 2010, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂ Ermita de Puiglagulla, Vilalleons, 650 m, 19. vii. 2003, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Parc Natural Castell de Montesquiu, Montesquiu, 637 m, 12. x. 2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂ and 2 ♀, Els Munts, Sant Agustí de Lluçanès, 958 m, 31 TDG 25, 15. viii. 2009, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Riera del Surreig, Sant Bartomeu del Grau, 850 m, 1. ix. 2010, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Serrat de Sant Roc, Gurb, 644 m, 31 TDG 34, 10. viii. 2012, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, La Roca, Taradell, 604 m, 5. viii. 1992, R. Macià leg. BURGOS: 1 ♀, Oña, 650 m, 27. viii. 1999, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♂ and 6 ♀, La Vid, 850 m, 24. ix. 1983; 6. ix. 1985, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♂, San Martín de Don, 890 m, 8. ix. 1984, J. Gastón leg.; 4 ♂ and 1 ♀, La Vid, 910 m, 30. viii. 2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. CÁCERES: 2 ♂, Valle del Jerte, El Tormo, 780 m, 31. viii. 1992, A. Blázquez leg.; CÁDIZ: 3 ♂, Pto. de Ojén, 200 m, 28. viii. 1991. J. Gastón leg. CASTELLÓN: 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Serra del Turmell, Vallibona, 1080 m, 2. viii. 2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. GIRONA: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Calella de Palafrugell, 10 m, 10. ix. 2001, R. Macià leg.; 1 ♂, Llorà, 210 m, 23. viii. 1986, JJ. Pérez leg. in coll. MCNB.; 1 ♂, Mieras, 286 m, 6. ix. 1986, JJ. Pérez leg. in coll. MCNB.; 10 ♂, Susqueda, 800 m, 24. viii. 1986, JJ. Pérez leg. in coll. MCNB. GRANADA: 2 ♀, La Sagra, Huéscar, 1350 m, 13. viii. 1999, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♀, Bco. Tejos de Castro, Padúl, 1115 m, 30. viii. 2011, J. Gastón leg.; 3 ♂, Rbla. de Ovel, Fonelas, 860 m, 14. viii. 2009, J. Gastón leg. HUESCA: 1 ♀, Llano de Lizara, 1470 m, 31. viii. 1985, J. Gastón leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Barranco de Valcuerna, Candasnos, 450 m, 21. ix. 2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂, Villanueva de Sigena, 238 m, 10. ix. 2005, 20. vi. 2015, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; HUELVA: 6 ♂ and 1 ♀, San Cristóbal, Almonte, 108 m, 20. ix. 2003, M. Huertas leg. LA RIOJA: 2 ♂, Villanueva de Cameros, 1150 m, 1. ix. 1984, J. Gastón leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Ortigosa de Cameros, La Rioja, 1069 m, 27. vii. 2018, R. Macià leg. SORIA: 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Sabinar de Calatañazor, 1080 m, 12. ix. 2005, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. TERUEL: 10 ♂ and 6 ♀, Pozo del Correo, Moscardón, 1484 m, 30 TXK 25, 5. ix. 2012, R. Macià leg.; 7 ♂ and 5 ♀, Valle de Valdevecar, Albarracín, 1150 m, 28. vii. 2009, 3. ix. 2013, 11. viii. 2018, R. Macià leg.; 4 ♂ and 1 ♀, La Losilla, Albarracín, 1050 m, 27. viii. 1995, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂, Paridera del Carmen, Albarracín, 1277 m, 30 TXK 37, 9. viii. 2016, R. Macià leg. VALENCIA: 2 ♂, Sierra de Javalambre, Alcublas, Sacañet, 1000 m, 16. ix. 1996, R. Macià leg. ZAMORA: 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Monte la Reina, 1050 m, 31. viii. 2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. ZARAGOZA: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, El Cerro, la Retuerta, 3 ♂, 377 m, 24. viii. 2000, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 1 ♀, Torralba de los Frailes, 1050 m, 22. viii. 1997, J. Gastón leg. FRANCE: 3 ♂, Mont Ventoux, Provenza, 1050 m, 29. vii. 1994, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC6BA6CFF11E5705308F9EC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Sexes alike, but females slightly smaller and the abdomen more bulky. Similar to Indalia interposita, from which it is distinguished mainly by the smaller size, brighter wings and the yellow-ochre shading on the head, absent in Indalia interposita. The absence of tymbal organ in males is another difference from that species.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC6BA6CFF11E5705308F9EC.taxon	description	Re-description: Imago. (Figs. 23 – 24). Average wingspan males 26.6 mm (n = 10; 18 – 29 mm); average wingspan females 22.5 mm (n = 10; 17 – 26 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 60). Male genitalia: Uncus cylindrical, elongated, more than in Indalia interposita, slender, thin, sclerotised, with a pointed tip; valvae ovoid with rounded cucullus, longer than in Indalia interposita; saccular process short and robust, slightly curved at the tip, not reaching the tip of the valva; juxta with an inverted U shape, weakly sclerotised; vinvulum short. Aedeagus cylindrical, short and with a large cornutus, smaller than that in Indalia interposita. Female genitalia: Anal papillae relatively small; lamella postvaginalis well-defined with inverted and fairly sclerotised trapezoidal shape; ductus bursae trapezoidal and sclerotised; bursa copulatrix elongated peanut-shaped with a signum in its lower part; small wart present in the upper part of the bursa with few micro-spines inside. Immature stages (Fig. 85). The last instar larva is 16 mm long. The cephalic capsule is well developed with a black upper area. Body with yellowish verrucae, all with yellow and black setae; dorsal line dark, sinuous and broken; area between verrucae D 1 and D 2 light yellowish grey, with several dark spots; from verruca D 2 to SD 1 a dark brown band, and from the latter to L 3, light grey with elongated dark brown spots surrounding L 2 and L 3. Pupa thick, with spots on the back and clypeus insignificant. Tip of abdomen rounded, without cremaster. In males, the antennae reach the tips of the wings, those of the females are shorter. The cocoon is made under lichens or moss, with the silk very close to the body. Molecular data. The five Indalia uniola specimens from different locations included in the analysis show a high sequence similarity (TN-dist = 0.25 % ± 0.12 SE) grouping into a strongly supported clade (PP = 1) and a single RESL cluster coinciding with an existing BIN (BOLD: ABW 9299). Besides the relationship with Indalia albicosta and Indalia interposita, this species is also genetically closest to Indalia lutarella luqueti.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC6BA6CFF11E5705308F9EC.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Univoltine, flying in a single late generation from August to October. Although some authors indicate a first generation in May – June, it does not occur in the Iberian Peninsula. The species is found in a great diversity of biotopes, especially those of Mediterranean influence; occurs from sea level to 1000 – 1200 m. Adults are active at night, and are attracted to both bait and artificial light. Larvae, as in most species of this genus, feed on lichens and algae, and possibly also grasses, sedges and Ericaceae, In captivity they accept dry lettuce leaves (Ylla et al. 2010) and artificial diet.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC6BA6CFF11E5705308F9EC.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 106). Atlanto-Mediterranean. It is present only in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), the southeast of France and in scattered localities almost throughout Spain and Portugal. It is also present in the Balearic Islands.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC6BA6CFF11E5705308F9EC.taxon	synonymic_list	Indalia lutarella lutarella (Linnaeus, 1758) comb. nov. Indalia lutarella luqueti (Leraut, 2006) comb. nov. Indalia pygmaeola pygmaeola (Doubleday, 1847) comb. nov. Indalia pygmaeola pallifrons (Zeller, 1847) comb. nov.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC6BA6CFF11E5705308F9EC.taxon	discussion	It comprises two species and four subspecies, morphologically quite similar so they can be confused. Its populations extend from North Africa, through Europe to Siberia and Central and South Asia. Each species constitutes a welldefined clade with strong Bayesian supp (BI = 1 in both cases). Indalia lutarella prefers high elevations, being active during day time, whereas Indalia pygmaeola is found in much lower elevations and is more active by night. According the results of the molecular study, this group is related with the Setema genus which remains valid due to its distinc morphological characteristics.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC5BA6DFF11E16C50BBFB0C.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: Europe. Material examined. SWEDEN: 2 ♂, Hallstahammar, Vastmanland, 27. vii. 1978, E. Neutsen leg.; 1 ♀, Västeräs, Vastmanland, 2. viii. 2009, J. Ylla leg. DENMARK: 1 ♂, Svaneke, Nordskov, 10. viii. 2019, A. Madsen leg.; 1 ♂, Arnager, 26. vii. 2018, A. Madsen leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC5BA6DFF11E16C50BBFB0C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Sexual dimorphism slight, the females somewhat smaller and brighter. The species is easily distinguished by the ochreous or yellow colour, dark grey to greyish-brown in the costal area of the hindwing. The dark frons, together with the large and dark eyes, make the whole head very dark when viewed from the front. Wing colour is usually more vivid, the ochreous-yellow colour deeper and the dark infusion more intense than in Indalia pygmaeola and Indalia marcida.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC5BA6DFF11E16C50BBFB0C.taxon	description	Re-description. Imago (Figs. 25 – 26). Wingspan of males around 25 – 30 mm, females 20 – 26 mm. Genitalia (Fig. 61). Male genitalia: Uncus thick and short; valvae ovoid, pointed, with rounded cucullus; saccular process short and broad, weakly sclerotised, not reaching the end of the valva; juxta, rectangular, small and weakly sclerotised; vinculum short. Aedeagus cylindrical, thick and with two large and very sharp cornuti. Female genitalia: Anal papillae small, although well sclerotised; ostium bursae membranous; ductus bursam broad, membranous and quite short; corpus bursa rounded with central signum. The membranous process leading to the ductus seminalis is short and extremely wide. Immature stages. Not studied. Molecular data. No samples belonging Indalia lutarella lutarella subspecies have been analysed for DNA. The published data from BOLD includes 27 specimens of Indalia lutarella from 7 countries (Austria, Germany, Finland, Norway, France, Spain and Russia), but only one example is specified as subsp. Indalia lutarella lutarella (NOCJB 076 - 08) from Rhone-Alpes, France and another one as subsp. Indalia lutarella luqueti (NOCJB 077 - 08) from Alpes-Maritimes, France. However, the sequences from these two records differ only in one nucleotide. The 27 records from BOLD form a single BIN cluster (BOLD: ABZ 2872) and a specific analysis of their within-group p-distance (average 0.28 %; max. 2.68 %, var. 0.15 %) is relatively low and does not clearly split the data in groups that could coincide with subspecific forms.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC5BA6DFF11E16C50BBFB0C.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Univoltine, flying between June and August, favouring mountainous, sunny biotopes on calcareous soils, located at low elevations in the Scandinavian region, but extending up to 2400 m, above the tree line in many locations and reaching up to the alpine meadows. Adults active by day and at night, when the males, occasionally females, are attracted to artificial light. Larvae feed on lichens from logs, stones and rocks, as well as dry or decomposing plant material (Ylla et al. 2010).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC5BA6DFF11E16C50BBFB0C.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 107). Transpalaearctic. Throughout Europe, except the British Isles, northern Scandinavia and southern Balkans, extending east to Siberia and central and northern Asia. The actual distribution of nominotypical Indalia lutarella should be correctly defined taking into account the distribution of subsp. Indalia lutarella luqueti.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC5BA6DFF11E16C50BBFB0C.taxon	discussion	Observations. The taxon originally described as Ilema lutarella var diluta Rothschild, 1917 from Algeria, characterized by not having the yellow hue, is conspecific with marcida and not with lutarella. The taxonomic identity of the southern Scandinavian populations remains to be clarified due to the presence of certain differences between the genitalia of the typical populations from Sweden and Denmark. Several individual forms have been described.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC4BA52FF11E20C55B8FD28.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. SPAIN. ASTURIAS: 2 ♂, Sotres, Carreña, 1050 m, 27. vii. 1993, R. Macià leg.; BURGOS: 6 ♂, Páramo de Masa, 1050 m, 24. vii. 2001, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♂, Valle del Sol, Pineda de la Sª, 1350 m, 14. viii. 1993, J. Gastón leg. GIRONA: 5 ♂ and 1 ♀, Font del home Mort, Queralbs, 1500 m, 29. vii. 2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, La Molina, 1695 m, 3. viii. 1997, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂, Ctera. de Espinavell, Setcases, 1500 m, 15. viii. 2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, Vilamanya, Queralbs, 1048 m, 31 TDG 38, 5. viii. 2010, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; LEÓN: 3 ♂, Peñalba de Cilleros, 1320 m, 28. vii. 2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; LLEIDA: 1 ♂, Pto. del Portillón, Val d’Arán, 1300 m, 30. vii. 2010, J. Gastón leg.; 11 ♂ and 1 ♀, Banhs de Tredós, Val d´Aran, 1758 m, 31 TCH 32, 3. viii. 2008, 3. viii. 2009, R. Macià leg.; TERUEL: 3 ♂, Pino gordo, Moscardón, 1450 m, 21. vii. 2001, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Torrecilla del Rebollar, 1200 m, 25. vii. 1998, J. Gastón leg. FRANCE: 2 ♂, Saint Crépin, Alpes-Côte d´Azur, 1025 m, 5. viii. 2007, R. Macià leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC4BA52FF11E20C55B8FD28.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Indalia lutarella luqueti was described from the French Department of Savoie. It is characterized by the reduction of the grey-blackish area of the anterior half of the hindwing, the black shading limited to the costal area and neighbouring veins, on both upperside and underside. Re-description. Imago (Figs. 27 – 28). Average wingspan males 26.9 mm (n = 10; 24 – 30 mm); average wingspan females 21.2 mm (n = 10; 19 – 24 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 62). No significant differences in relation to the nominotypical subspecies. Immature stages (Fig. 86). The last instar larva is 11 – 14 mm long. Cephalic capsule totally black. Body with grey verrucae (wart L 1 has not been observed) and a black, narrow and sinuous dorsal line; there is also an irregular black spot surrounding SD 1 and touching wart D 2, another smaller next to L 2 and another below wart L 3. Pupa light brown, tip of abdomen rounded, without cremaster. Pupa of female has a characteristic depression dorsally on the metathorax, causing the abdomen to bulge; in males, this depression is very smooth. Cocoon woven between lichens. Molecular data. All specimens analysed in the present work have been identified as Indalia lutarella luqueti and cluster together in a strongly supported species clade (PP = 1, n = 9) and an extremely low within-group distance (TN-dist = 0.07 % ± 0.05 SE). RESL Cluster Analysis returned a single cluster and all sequences matched the only BIN defined for Indalia lutarella (BOLD: ABZ 2872).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC4BA52FF11E20C55B8FD28.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. The biology does not differ from that of nominotypical Indalia lutarella. The larvae feed on lichens, in captivity they accept artificial diet.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFC4BA52FF11E20C55B8FD28.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 108). This subspecies is known from northwest of the French Alps (Savoie), the eastern and western Pyrenees and from other northern Spanish localities on the Cantabrian coast and Galicia. Also known in isolated and scattered colonies throughout Spain. The citation from in Portugal is very doubtful.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFBBA52FF11E428527CF84A.taxon	materials_examined	L. T.: East coast of Kent, England. Material examined. BELGIUM: 2 ♂ y 1 ♀, Bredene Le Litoral, Flyes 30. vi. 1987, F. Bolly leg. ENGLAND: 3 ♂, East coast of Kent, Norfolk, 11. vii. 2005, R. Macià col.; 1 ♀, East coast of Kent, 24. vi. 1967, B. Goater leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFBBA52FF11E428527CF84A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The specimens from British Isles, where Indalia pygmaeola was initially described, are readily distinguished from externally similar species such as Indalia marcida or Indalia lutarella. The forewings are a lighter straw-yellow colour and the hindwings are ivory coloured.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFBBA52FF11E428527CF84A.taxon	description	Re-description. Imago (Figs. 29 – 30). Wingspan of males between 26 – 32 mm, that of females 24 – 28 mm. Genitalia (Fig. 63). Male genitalia: Uncus of medium size, thick, sclerotised, with a pointed tip; valvae ovoid, cucullus very pointed; saccular process clearly curved uniformly towards the cucullusx of the valva; sacculus well defined and sclerotised, with a widening in its central part; vinculum short. Aedeagus cylindrical and not very thick, with three cornuti, one of them smaller than the other two; apical fascia slightly sclerotised with a small, inconspicuous spur at the tip. Female genitalia: Anal papillae and 8 th segment large compared to the rest of the genital structure, similar to Indalia marcida; lamella postvaginalis not very conspicuous; ostium bursae slightly sclerotised, cup-shaped; ductus bursae broad, trapezoidal, short and slightly sclerotised; corpus bursa with the shape of a pumpkin or a violin, with a membranous wart covered internally with micro-spines in the upper part and a circular signum in the inner wall of its lower part. Immature stages. Not studied. Molecular data. No samples for this subspecies have been analysed for DNA. A total of 25 records for Indalia pygmaeola from 7 countries, not including UK, (Austria, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, Finland, Croatia and Spain) are published in BOLD All these samples form a single BIN cluster. All these samples form a single BIN cluster (BOLD: AAE 8202), so the available genetic data does not convey additional information on the subspecific differentiation of Indalia pygmaeola pygmaeola.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFBBA52FF11E428527CF84A.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Univoltine, flying in a single generation through July, August and mid-September. Adults are active by day and at dusk, ans are attracted to bait and artificial light. The larvae feed on lichens.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFBBA52FF11E428527CF84A.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 109). East coast and Atlantic coast of England; Netherlands, coastal areas of the North Sea and its islands.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFBBA52FF11E428527CF84A.taxon	discussion	Observations. Nominotypical pygmaeola is locally common on the east coast; subsp. pallifrons is confined to Dungeness, round the corner on the south coast of Kent.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFABA51FF11E7A15191FD4C.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: Festungsglacis (Glogau), Poland. Material examined. SPAIN. ARABA: 1 ♀, Pto. de Azáceta, 800 m, 25. viii. 1984, J. Gastón leg. ÁVILA: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Puerto Castilla, 1185 m, 17. viii. 2001, J. Gastón leg. BARCELONA: 11 ♂ and 9 ♀, Coll d´Heures, Collsuspina, 950 m, 15. vii. 2006, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Parc Natural Castell de Montesquiu, Montesquiu, 637 m, 31 TDG 36, 11. viii. 2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, Balenyà, 587 m, 29. vii. 1945, J. Vilarrubia leg. in coll. MCNB.; BURGOS: 1 ♀, Obarenes, 715 m, 18. vii. 2003, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♂, El Ribero, 750 m, 17. vii. 1982, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Herrera de Ircío, 500 m, 5. viii. 1994, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Páramo de Masa, 1050 m, 24. vii. 2001, J. Gastón leg.; 7 ♂ and 6 ♀, El Cerro, Gredilla la Polera, 980 m, 31 TUN 40, 14. vi. 2017, R. Macià leg.; 9 ♂ and 5 ♀, Quintanilla Sobresierra, 1060 m, 3. vii. 2000, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Toca de Cuevaburgos, Covarrubias, 993 m, 30 TVM 65, 17. vii. 2007, 13. vii. 2012, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 8 ♂ and 2 ♀, Paramos de Lora, Sargentes de Lora, 992 m, 30 TVN 33, 7. vii. 2015, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂, San Pedro del Páramo, 975 m, 1. viii. 1998, R. Macià leg.; CASTELLÓN: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Corral de Gracià, Alto Palancia, Barracas, 1029 m, 30 TXK 93, 16. vi. 2009, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; CUENCA: 3 ♂ and 4 ♀, Sierra de Valdemeca, Collado Bajo, 1500 m, 31. vii. 1999, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Herreria de los Chorros, Tragacete, 1510 m, 30. vii. 2009, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; GIRONA: 1 ♂ and 3 ♀, Font Home Mort, Queralbs, 1750 m, 29. vii. 2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂, Viladrau, 821 m, 8. ix. 2019, 27. vii. 1920, S. Novellas leg. in coll. MCNB.; GRANADA: 1 ♂, Sª Guillimona, Arroyo Montano, Huéscar, 1480 m, 11. viii. 2010, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♂, La Losa, Huéscar, 1300 m, 14. viii. 1998, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♂, Sª de Dúrcal, 1900 m, 2. viii. 1998, J. Gastón leg. HUESCA: 1 ♀, Villanúa, 1100 m, 6. viii. 2018, J. Gastón leg. LA RIOJA: 1 ♂, Villanueva de Cameros, 1150 m, 1. ix. 1984, J. Gastón leg. LEÓN: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Mirantes de Luna, 1600 m, 2. viii. 2008, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Las Médulas, 725 m, 21. vii. 2005, R. Macià leg.; 7 ♂ and 9 ♀, Caldas de Luna, 1140 m, 23. vii. 2006, R. Macià leg.; LLEIDA: 1 ♀, Pto. del Portillón, Val d’Arán, 1300 m, 2. viii. 2018, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♂, Parc Natural Cadí-Moixeró, Gòsol, 1500 m, 13. viii. 1995, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂, Sarroca de Bellera, 1050 m, 12. viii. 2010, F. Vallhonrat leg. in coll. MCNB.; PALENCIA: 1 ♀, Velilla del Río Carrión, 1200 m, 24. vii. 2009. J. Gastón leg. SEGOVIA: 1 ♂, Pto. de Pasapán, Sª Guadarrama, 1700 m, 18. viii. 2001, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♀, Casla, Sª Arcones, 1165 m, 17. vii. 2009, J. Gastón leg. TARRAGONA: 4 ♂, El Tillar, Vimbodí-Poblet, 891 m, 31 TCF 37, 10. viii. 2013, R. Macià.; TERUEL: 6 ♂ and 4 ♀, Camino Forestal, Calomarde, 1550 m, 30 TXK 26, 2. viii. 2017, R. Macià leg.; 8 ♂ and 6 ♀, Valle de Valdevecar, Albarracín, 1125 m, 30 TXK 37, 28. vii. 2009, 11. viii. 2018, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, La Pajarera, El Vallecillo, 1483 m, 30 TXK 25, 18. vii. 2018, R. Macià leg.; 8 ♂ and 4 f #, Pino Gordo, Moscardón, 1413 m, 21. vii. 2001, 29. vii. 2009, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂, Torrecilla del Rebollar, 1200 m, 24. vii. 1999, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♂, Olalla, 1100 m, 28. vii. 2006, J. Gastón leg. ZARAGOZA: 2 ♀, Torralba de los Frailes, 1050 m, 11. vii. 1997, J. Gastón leg. FRANCE: 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Col de Serenne, Isère, 1800 m, 8. vii. 2004, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Col de la Madone, Provence, Alpes Maritimes, 800 m, 24. vii. 2000, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Mont Ventoux, Provence, 1020 m, 29. vii. 1994, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Saint Crépin, Alpes-Côte d´Azur, 1025 m, 8. vii. 2005, R. Macià leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFABA51FF11E7A15191FD4C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Indalia pygmaeola pallifrons is the subspecies present in most of Europe. In Britain, it is present in one locality in Kent (Dungeness). This subspecies is characterized by its larger size and yellow-ochre colour, the males with pale grey brush strokes on the forewings. In Indalia pygmaeola pygmaeola the forewings are a lighter straw-yellow and the hindwings are ivory coloured.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFABA51FF11E7A15191FD4C.taxon	description	Re-description. Imago (Figs. 31 – 32). Average wingspan males 28.6 mm (n = 10; 24 – 31 mm); average wingspan females 23.0 mm (n = 10; 21 – 26 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 64). Male genitalia: Similar to those of nominotypical Indalia pygmaeola, from which it differs in two details: the apical saccular process does not have a uniform curvature, but as it approaches the cucullus, it opens outwards; in the aedeagus, one of the cornuti is larger and stronger than the other two. Female genitalia: Identical to those of the nominotypical subspecies. Immature stages (Fig. 87). The final instar larva is 13 mm long. Cephalic capsule well developed, with black upper area. Body with very short setae, with grey to light brown verrucae; dorsal line black, sometimes broken, on each side two light brown spots in front of D 1 and behind D 2; sides with scattered black spots; anal shield with 4 scattered small verrucae. Pupa thick, with spots on the dorsal area; clypeus indistinct. Pupae of both sexes very similar. The cocoon among the lichens and detritus, with little silk. Molecular data. The four samples analysed for this species cluster together in a well-supported clade (PP = 1) originating close to the base of the Indalia genus. RESL Cluster Analysis returned a single cluster and all sequences matched the single BIN defined for Indalia pygmaeola (BOLD: AAE 8202). This species is related to the Indalia lutarella and Setema cereola pair and, despite the poor BI support for this grouping (PP = 0.55) the COI distances among these three species are quite low (TN-dist between 3.03 % and 5.05 %).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFABA51FF11E7A15191FD4C.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Univoltine, flying in a single generation throughout July and August to mid-September. In open and sunny biotopes, favouring a calcareous substratum, at elevations between 550 and 1800 m. Adults fly by day and at dusk, and are attracted to bait and artificial light. The larvae feed on lichens, in captivity accepting dry leaves and lettuce (Ylla et al. 2010) and also artificial diet.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFABA51FF11E7A15191FD4C.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 110). Mediterranean-Asiatic. The area of distribution extends from North Africa and central / southern Europe to Armenia, Russia, Mongolia, Asia Minor and Iran. There are stable colonies in an extensive area throughout the northern third of the Iberian Peninsula including Portugal, and is also present in mountainous areas of the south and east. In the Balearic Islands there is a record of Indalia pymaeola attributed to the grey form (Petra locality in Mallorca), which could well be a misidentification for Indalia marcida (Pérez De-Gregorio & Vallhonrat, 1995).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF8BA51FF11E5CC5379F96C.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Bombyx cereola Hübner, [1803]. Sammlung europäischer Schmetterlinge 3: 24 f. 99, by original designation.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF8BA51FF11E5CC5379F96C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Imago. Forewings broad, with nearly straight costal margin and a pale subcostal line; scaling often sparse making wings to look semitransparent. Females often have brachypterous wings (Dubatolov, 2015).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF8BA51FF11E5CC5379F96C.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Uncus moderate in width; valvae contracted apically, with distinct ventral process curved upwards, exceeding the limit of the valves and turning towards them until contacting the cucullus; clasper absent; juxta rectangular without apical processes; vinculum triangular of a moderate size; aedeagus cylindrical, short, without an apical sclerotised fascia or apical spur; two cornuti spike-like, equal in size; vesica bag-shaped with several cone-like cornuti. Female genitalia. Anal papillae very robust and sclerotised; lamella postvaginalis heart-shaped slightly sclerotised; ostium bursae wide, V-shaped and strongly sclerotised; ductus bursae wide, trapezoidal, also strongly sclerotised and a well-developed posteriors enlargement of the corpus bursae located opposite the asppendix bursae. Molecular data. The three species belonging to the Setema genus included in the extended analysis, Setema cereola, Setema debilis (Staudinger, 1887) and Setema bicolor (Grote, 1864), cluster together in close proximity to Indalia lutarella (Fig. 119 and 120). It is worth mentioning that mitochondrial and nuclear markers from a single specimen of Setema debilis from Russia have been sequenced for the first time and included in the BOLD Dataset (EILE Eilema – Lepidoptera). The species Setema debilis and Setema bicolor, even though they have been sequenced, are not part of the studied area.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF8BA51FF11E5CC5379F96C.taxon	synonymic_list	Setema cereola (Hübner, [1803])	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF8BA56FF11E1ED53C4F990.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. AUSTRIA: 3 ♂, Altausee, Estiria, 1800 m, 26. vii. 1996, R. Macià coll.; 1 ♂, Karwendelgeb, Garberlalm, Tirolia, 960 m, 16. vii. 1993, Cerny leg.; 1 ♂, Steiermark, Graz, 1900 m, 10. viii. 1998, Loser leg. ESTONIA: 2 ♀, Esthly (Estonian), 1920, Cl. Hörhammer Sammlung. FINLAND: 2 ♂, Kerimäki, Savonia, 9. vii. 1982, K. Helomaa leg. FRANCE: 6 ♂, Pralognan, Alpes (Savoie), 1500 m, 2. vii. 2000, J. P. Herzet leg.; 7 ♂ and 1 ♀, Ailefroide, Hautes-Alpes, 1800 m, 15. vii. 1991, 20. vii. 1994, 18. vii. 2003, 11. vii. 2008, JP. Herzet leg., 18. vii. 1998, ex larva 1 ♀, J. Ronik leg. ITALY: 2 ♂, Passo di Stelvio, Ortler, 2200 m, 26. vii. 1998, J. Skyva leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF8BA56FF11E1ED53C4F990.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Setema cereola is characterized by its thin body and broad forewings with a straight costal margin, yellow colouring without patterns on both fore- and hindwings, dark frons and also by certain features of the male genitalia. The external appearance of Setema cereola is quite similar to that of members of the genus Setina, but lacks the dark dotted markings that are typical of that genus.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF8BA56FF11E1ED53C4F990.taxon	description	Re-description. Imago (Figs. 33 – 34). Average wingspan males 29.5 mm (n = 10; 27 – 32 mm); average wingspan females 22. 3 mm (n = 3; 22 – 23 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 65). Male genitalia: Uncus short and wide, acute pointed and hooked; juxta rectangular without apical processes; valvae long and narrow with straight edge; pointed cucullus; clasper absent; sacculus long and evenly wide; saccular process thick and strongly recurved towards the interior of the valvae, surpassing the limit of the same and turning towards them until contacting the cucullus; vinculum short; sacculus triangular and moderately small; aedeagus cylindrical, short, without sclerotised apical fascia, with two median and strongly sclerotised coneshaped cornuti; vesica with a series of small micro-spines. Female genitalia: Anal papillae very robust and sclerotised; lamella postvaginalis slightly sclerotised and heart-shaped; ostium bursae wide, V-shaped and strongly sclerotised; ductus bursae wide, trapezoidal, also strongly sclerotised; ovoid corpus bursae with a small inconspicuous signum in its central part. Immature stages. Not studied. Molecular data. Because we were not successful in amplifying DNA from individuals of this species, three representative sequences were selected from BOLD (access codes: GWOSA 797 - 10; LEATB 557 - 13; LEATB 558 - 13). It was deemed unnecessary to use a larger number considering that the 19 available sequences published as Setema cereola or Eilema cereola showed little intraspecific variation (dist = 0.27 %) and were all clustered in a single BIN (BOLD: AAJ 7543) that received strong Bayesian support also when the extended dataset including 14 sequences from 4 countries was analysed (BI = 1, Fig. 120). Despite the strong morphological differences, the molecular results point at a close proximity of the Setema genus with Indalia lutarella luqueti, with which forms a well-supported node (PP = 0.98). The genetic analysis of other species of this genus (Setema debilis and Setema bicolor) is consistent with the Setema cereola results, showing similar short distances from Indalia luttarella luqueti.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF8BA56FF11E1ED53C4F990.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Univoltine. The flight period extends from late June to the middle of September, depending on the local weather conditions. Hygrophilous boreo-montane species living in fresh and humid biotopes. Nocturnal, although it can be found in daytime visiting flowers. Males are attracted to artificial light, but females, which have a smaller wingspan and a heavier abdomen, only rarely. The larvae feed on lichens, especially Parmelia species that thrive on rocky soil and on tree trunks.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF8BA56FF11E1ED53C4F990.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 111). Western Palaeartic. Present in alpine countries and in the northern and northeastern parts of the Baltic area, as well in the southern and central parts of Scandinavia and adjacent areas of Russia to the east and the Kazan área. It lives at higher elevations, from the coniferous belt to the subalpine region; also present in lower and mountainous areas.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF8BA56FF11E1ED53C4F990.taxon	discussion	Observations. In the original description of the genus Setema, Freina & Witt (1984) placed this genus as transitional between Eilema and Setina, based mainly on the shape of the wing. However, the male genitalic structure of Setema shows no affinity with Setina species.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFFBA57FF11E18F508BFCB8.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Lithosia lurideola [Zincken], 1817; Allgemeine Literatur Zeitung (217): 68, by monotypy.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFFBA57FF11E18F508BFCB8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Imago. Forewings narrow with nearly straight costal margin and a pale subcostal line; externally resembles many other groups of Eilema sensu lato.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFFBA57FF11E18F508BFCB8.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Uncus of medium size, robust, sclerotised and with the apical end in the form of a small hook; tegumen triangular, relatively short compared to uncus; valvae very wide and rounded, with the costa strongly convex; slightly sclerotised sacculus with a long saccular process in the form of a long hook covered with bristles contacting the valvae; clasper absent; juxta without apical processes; vinculum very small, semicircular; aedeagus wide and extremely short, without apical sclerotised fascia with two large highly sclerotised cornuti; short vesica in the form of a bag. Female genitalia. A nal papillae moderately sclerotised with short processes; 8 th segment wide with anterior processes shorter than posterior ones; lamella postvaginalis cup-shaped, large and strongly sclerotised; ostium bursae small and slightly sclerotised; ductus bursae very small and arched; bursa copulatrix ovoid, almost spherical, membranous, with a signum near the base. At the top of the bursa, there is a rectangular process on the left side with the base covered with small spines; on the opposite side, the bursa has a large globular process or membranous wart that could be confused with a second bursa, from which the ductus seminalis arises. Molecular data. The Nyea genus constitutes a strongly supported clade (BI = 1). Despite the strong morphological differences, this species consistently groups with Indalia marcida and Indalia predotate from the genus Indalia. However, Nyea also presents similar genetic distances to the lutarella Group (Table 2 and Table 3). In any case, this genus shows a considerable COI distance from the Eilema (TN-dist = 8.96 %) and Manulea (average TN-dist = 7.63) genera.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFFBA57FF11E18F508BFCB8.taxon	synonymic_list	Nyea lurideola (Zincken, 1817)	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFEBA54FF11E4995358FBF4.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: Not stated. Material examined. SPAIN: ARABA: 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, Pto. de Herrera, 1000 m, 15. vii. 1981, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Apellániz, 800 m, 21. viii. 1980, J. Gastón leg. BARCELONA: 6 ♂ and 2 ♀, Sant Julià de Cabrera, 1012 m, 2. vii. 2003, 1. vii. 2005, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, Taradell, 650 m, 23. viii. 1990, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Pla del Om, Gurb, 680 m, 31 TDG 34, 15. vii. 2013, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. BURGOS: 1 ♂ and 2 ♀, San Martín de Don, 850 m, 6. viii. 1987, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♀, Pradoluengo, 950 m, 31. viii. 1984, J. Gastón leg. CANTABRIA: 1 ♂, Camaleño, 600 m, 13. viii. 1980, J. Gastón leg. GIRONA: 15 ♂ and 10 ♀, Font Home Mort, Queralbs, 1750 m, 9. vii. 1999, 23. vi. 2003, 6. viii. 2004, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, La Molina, 1780 m, 3. viii. 1997, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂, Setcases, 1230 m, 8. viii. 2019, S. Novellas leg. in coll. MCNB.; LEÓN: 14 ♂ and 9 ♀, Puerto de Piedrafita, Piedrafita la Mediana, 30 TTN 86, 6. vii. 2017, R. Macià leg.; 4 ♂ and 2 ♀, Peñalba de Cilleros, 1300 m, 28. vii. 2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 6 ♂ and 5 ♀, Caldas de Luna, 1480 m, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂ and 3 ♀, Puerto de la Cubilla, Pinos, 1650 m, 23. vii. 2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Torres de Abajo, 915 m, 30 TVN 35, 12. vii. 2012, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 3 ♀, Minas de Ventana, Roguera, 1420 m, 30 TTN 57, 8. vii. 2013, R. Macià leg.; LLEIDA: 8 ♂ and 5 ♀, Banhs de Tredós, Val d´Aran, 1780 m, 31 TCK 32, 8. vi. 2009, 26. vii. 2015, 20. vii. 2017, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Valarties, Val d´Aran, 1250 m, 31 TCH 22, 17. vii. 2012, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂, Bresca, Riu Major, Gerri de la Sal, 638 m, 31 TCG 48, 25. vi. 2009, R. Macià leg.; 11 ♂ and 5 ♀, Salardú, Val d´Aran), 1268 m, 24. viii. 1922, S. Novellas leg. in coll. MCNB.; LA RIOJA: 4 ♂ and 3 ♀, Sierra Cebollera, Villoslada de Cameros, 1080 m, 27. vii. 2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; TARRAGONA: 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, El Tillar, Conca de Barberà, 891 m, 31 TCF 37, 5. viii. 2013, R. Macià leg. BIZKAIA: 1 ♂, Mendiondo, Urdúliz, 70 m, 25. viii. 1982, J. Gastón leg. ZAMORA: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Puerto de Sanabria, 1200 m, 11. vii. 1991, A. Blázquez leg. ANDORRA: 3 ♂, Les Escaldes, 1751 m, 18. vii. 1020, S. Novellas leg. in coll. MCNB. FRANCE: 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Mont Ventoux, Provença, 1200 m, 29. vii. 1994, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Cormet de Roselend, Savoie, 1360 m, 29. vii. 1994, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Col du, Savoie, 1507 m, 8. vii. 2004, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 4 ♀, Saint Martin Bellevue, 700 m, 6. vii. 2018, J. Gastón leg. ITALY: 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Pera di Fassa, Trentino, 1250 m, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, Vallicelli de Monzuno, Bologna, 1250 m, 23. vii. 1996, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. ROMANIA: 4 ♂ and 1 ♀, Torda, Torockó, 1150 m, 10. vii. 2013, A. Szabó leg. TURKEY: 2 ♂, Kackar Dagi Mts., Altiparmak, Artvin, 1850 m, 10. vii. 1999, M. Hfuchy leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFEBA54FF11E4995358FBF4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Nyea lurideola can be confused with Manulea complana, Manulea iberica, Manulea pseudocomplana and Manulea costalis, but is distinguished by the yellowish costal stripe which ends in a point just before the apex, while in Manulea complana, Manulea pseudocomplana and Manulea costalis it extends to the very tip of the wing. In Nyea lurideola, the wings are relatively shorter, but distally more dilated and apically more rounded than in Manulea complana, Manulea iberica, Manulea pseudocomplana and Manulea costalis.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFEBA54FF11E4995358FBF4.taxon	description	Re-description. Imago (Figs. 35 – 36). Average wingspan males 33.7 mm (n = 10; 29 – 37 mm); average wingspan females 31.4 mm (n = 10; 27 – 35 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 66). Male and female genitalia: See the description that has been given for the genus Nyea. Immature stages (Fig. 88). The final instar larva is 20 to 22 mm long. Cephalic capsule totally black. On the body, the verrucae D 1, D 2 and SD 1 are black, the verrucae L 2 and L 3 are grey (the L 1 wart has not been observed); all these verrucae have black and translucent setae; body dark dorsally, with mixed black and blue spots and with one orange broad line between segments 1 to 8. Pupa stylized, glossy brown, smooth, with well-marked circular depressions on the back of the metathorax and abdominal segments 1 to 8; tip of abdomen rounded, without cremaster. Pupa very similar in both sexes. The cocoon woven among lichens. Molecular data. With a low within-species TN-dist of 0.26 % ± 0.12 SE, RESL cluster analysis for Nyea lurideola sequences reveals a cluster that matches the single BIN defined for Nyea lurideola (BOLD: AAB 6833).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFEBA54FF11E4995358FBF4.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Univoltine, with a long flight period from July to September – October. Frequent in humid mountain biotopes, mainly coniferous forests and meadows, at elevations between 500 and 2000 – 2500 m. Adults visit flowers in late afternoon, and both sexes come to artificial light at night. The larvae feed mainly on algae and lichens, although they also feed on plant species belonging to the genera Sarothamnus, Rumex, Rubus and Vaccinium. In captivity they accept leaves of Salix, Rubus and Taraxacum (Ylla et al. 2010) and artificial diet.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFEBA54FF11E4995358FBF4.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 112). Eurasian. Present throughout Europe except the northernmost parts of the Scandinavian countries. In the Iberian Peninsula, it is present in northern localities and more dispersed in the central part, although there are few reports from Portugal.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFDBA54FF11E3545345F933.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Lithosia muscula Staudinger, 1899. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris 12: 156, by original designation.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFDBA54FF11E3545345F933.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Imago. Forewings wide, with convex costal margin; pale subcostal line absent. Generally small size.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFDBA54FF11E3545345F933.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Uncus very long, slender, cylindrical and curved; valvae triangular fully sclerotised, with strongly developed saccular field; cucullus lobe reduced to a hook-like basal appendage; clasper absent; juxta Vshaped enlarged, bifid with two sclerotised arms; vinculum medially membranous with sclerotised lateral arms. Aedeagus short, without cornuti and without sclerotised fascia and apical spur. Female genitalia. Lamella postvaginalis heart-shaped strongly sclerotised; ductus bursae short and membranous. These characteristics are unique within the European species of Eilema sensu lato. Molecular data. A single species of this genus (Muscula muscula) has been analysed. It has not been possible the study of Muscula brevifurca (Wiltshire, 1957).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFDBA54FF11E3545345F933.taxon	synonymic_list	Muscula muscula (Staudinger, 1899)	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFDBA55FF11E0115317FA9C.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: [Turkey, Lebanon] Taurus Mts., Gjaur Dagh; Adalia; Syria (Beirut and Lebanon). Material examined. CYPRUS: 2 ♂ and 3 ♀, M. Fibiger leg.; 1 ♀, Fasouri, 15 km. W. Limassol, 15. x. 1996; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Livadhi, Paphos forest, 400 m, 23. ix. 2002, Hentscholek leg.; 1 ♀, Agyia Fors., Paphos Forest, 400 m, 28. viii. 2003, Hentscholek leg.; 1 ♂, 3 ♀, Nikokleia, 80 m, 12. vi. 2002, Hentscholek leg.; 13 ♂, 3 ♀, 1 Km. S. of Kidasi, Paphos, 23. viii. 2020, A. Szabó leg. GREECE: 2 ♂ Hellas, Préveza, Milikas, 10 m, 27. vi. 2001, J. Skyva leg. TURKEY: 4 ♂ and 3 ♀, Kemer, Antalya Reg., 700 m, 19. x. 2011, A. Saldaitis leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFDBA55FF11E0115317FA9C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species differs externally from the rather similar species Wittia sororcula, in the smaller size, wider, convex and paler forewings, more greyish-ochreous ground colour with paler costal and interior margins and grey-shaded hindwings. In the dark forms of Wittia sororcula, the hindwings darken in a similar way to the forewings, but those of Muscula muscula are always pale ochreous-grey.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFDBA55FF11E0115317FA9C.taxon	description	Re-description. Imago (Figs. 37 – 38). Average wingspan males 23.5 mm (n = 10; 19 – 27 mm); average wingspan females 21.9 mm (n = 10; 17 – 27 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 67). Male genitalia: Uncus elongated, slender, cylindrical and with a rounded tip; valvae triangular, quite short and with a membranous pointed cucullus, with a large, sharp and sclerotised costal process; saccular process short and sharp, not exceeding the cucullus; juxta large, V-shaped with sclerotised arms, the edges covered with a band of dark hair-like setae; vinculum of median size with sclerotised lateral arms. Aedeagus cylindrical, rather short, without cornuti, but with a small, slightly sclerotised plaque. Female genitalia: Lamella postvaginalis heart-shaped, strongly sclerotised; ductus bursae very short and membranous; bursa copulatrix pumpkin-shaped, with an elongated bean-shaped signum, sclerotised and positioned vertically. Immature stages. Not studied. Molecular data. Three specimens from Cyprus have been analysed for the COI marker, one of them providing also a successful sequencing of the ArgK marker. The RESL analysis of COI data returned a single cluster that coincided with an existing BIN (BOLD: ACI 1211), composed of two sequences identified as Eilema sp. from Turkey. Interestingly, the results reveal a certain degree of mitonuclear discordance, with the mitochondrial sequence showing a closer relationship to Indalia species (average TN-dist = 5.72 %) than the nuclear marker (average K-dist = 7.16 %), which suggests a more distant relation. The combined mitonuclear tree places this species as a sidebranch of the Eilema-Manulea group, with strong BI support (PP = 1). In the view of these results, and especially in regard to the strong morphological differences from Indalia sp., we conclude that an integrative analysis of this species supports its placement in a distinct genus (Muscula muscula).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFDBA55FF11E0115317FA9C.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Muscula muscula has two or three overlapping generations, with adults in flight from late spring to early autumn. A xerophilous species that inhabits xerothermic sunny forest from lowlands to mid-high elevations, prefering rocky biotopes, rocky walls, bushy gorges and scattered oak groves. Adults attracted to artificial light. It is assumed that the larvae feed on lichens, but their biology is little known.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFDBA55FF11E0115317FA9C.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 113). Ponto-Mediterranean. In Europe known only from the islands of Rhodos and Samos and the Strymon delta in Greece, and from Cyprus. Outside Europe, it occurs in the northern part of Lebanon, southern Turkey, northern Syria and Iraq.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFCBA5AFF11E2FC537CFD60.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Bombyx griseola Hübner, [1803]; Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge Bomb.: 126 [`Ziefer´ - text]. pl. 23, fig. 97 by original designation.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFCBA5AFF11E2FC537CFD60.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Imago. Forewings broad, with a convex costal margin; pale costal line often absent.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFCBA5AFF11E2FC537CFD60.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Uncus of moderate width; valvae with apically contracted costal and saccular processes; a very wide sclerotised saccular part of the valvae clearly angulated or with a process on the ventral margin; outer margin of valvae often serrated; juxta with a long apical process; vinculum long, trapezoid. Aedeagus with an apical sclerotised fascia and short apical spur and numerous cone-shaped cornuti of unequal size; vesica huge, pouchshaped, with irregular lobes and an additional spinal field. Female genitalia. Anal papillae well developed and sclerotised, with small apophysis; ostium bursae wide and sclerotised; ductus broad, short and strongly sclerotised; corpus bursa spherical, with two ovoid-shaped signa. Membranous wart filled with a multitude of micro-spines in the upper part of the ductus. Thick membranous process of great length (as much as the bursa) in the area of contact of the ductus bursa with the corpus bursa, where the ductus seminalis originates. Molecular data. A single species of this genus (Collita griseola) has been analysed, so we cannot be certain if the results presented for this species would also apply to the whole genus. According to Dubatolov (2011), there are many more species included in Collita, for example, Collita chinensis (Daniel, 1954); Collita coreana (Leech, 1888); Collita digna (Ignatyev & Witt, 2007); Collita gina (Okano, [1955]), Collita okanoi (Inoue, 1961) and Collita vetusta (Walker, 1854).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFCBA5AFF11E2FC537CFD60.taxon	discussion	None of them has been available to the authors and so it has not been possible to include their study in the present work. Future molecular studies including species placed in the genus Collita will provide additional insight into this genus.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFFCBA5AFF11E2FC537CFD60.taxon	synonymic_list	Collita griseola (Hübner, [1803])	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF3BA58FF11E5E05467FBF4.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: [Germany]. Mterial examined. SPAIN: BARCELONA: 10 ♂ and 8 ♀, Vespella, Gurb, 620 m, 31 TDG 34, 25. viii. 2011, 29 viii. 2014, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 10 ♂ and 7 ♀, Riera del Surreig, St. Bartomeu del Grau, 823 m, 2. viii. 1997, 21. iii. 2008, 22. vii. 2009, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Parc Natural Castell de Montesquiu, Montesquiu, 637 m, 31 TDG 36, 11. viii. 2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 3 ♀, Santuari dels Munts, St. Agustí de Lluçanès, 1060 m, 17. vii. 2000, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. BIZKAIA: 8 ♂ and 5 ♀, Lanbreabe, Ceánuri, 250 m, 9. vii. 1999, J. Gastón leg.; 5 ♂ and 4 ♀, Gallartu, Orozko, 300 m, 17. vii. 2010, J. Gastón leg. CANTABRIA: 1 ♀, Rucyio, 2. viii. 2016, J. Gastón leg. GIRONA: 4 ♂ and 5 ♀ Font del Home Mort, Queralps, 1780 m, 6. viii. 2004, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 11 ♂ and 6 ♀, Vilamanya, Queralbs, 1050 m, 31 TDG 38, 5. viii. 2010, 27. viii. 2011, 8. viii. 2012, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Ribes de Fresser, 912 m, 22. vii. 2019, A. Weiss leg. in coll. MCNB.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Susqueda, 800 m, 25. vii. 1985, JJ. Pérez leg. in coll. MCNB.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Sant Privat d´en Bas, 541 m, 3. viii. 1985, JJ. Pérez leg. in coll. MCNB.; LLEIDA: Les, Val d´Aran, 631 m, 30. vii. 1993, R. Macià leg. FRANCE: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Albertville, Savoie, 980 m, 1. vii. 2018, J. Ylla leg.; 1 ♀, Saint Martin Bellevue, 700 m, 6. vii. 2018, J. Gastón leg. CZECH REPUBLIC: 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, Cernǐs, Bohemia, 17. vii. 1999, E. Lehečka leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF3BA58FF11E5E05467FBF4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Typical specimens of Collita griseola are easily distinguished from other Eilema sensu lato species by their broad wings and a more convex costa, bright straw-grey and fine ochreous in colour; short and ochreous costal stripe. Hindwings wide, pale grey with or without a marginal diffusion. The yellowish form flava differs from the ochreous female Katha depressa in the glossy, wider wings, apex of forewings more rounded.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF3BA58FF11E5E05467FBF4.taxon	description	Re-description. Imago (Figs. 39 – 40). Average wingspan males 32.10 mm (n = 10; 26 – 36 mm); average wingspan females 32.80 mm (n = 10; 29 – 34 mm). There are small differences between the sexes. Genitalia (Fig. 68). Male genitalia: Uncus elongated, cylindrical, with slightly bulging apex; valvae with a very pointed cucullus; saccular process very robust, strongly sclerotised, with a straight, pointed tip; juxta strongly sclerotised, with a long upper process; vinculum long, wide and trapezoid. Aedeagus cylindrical and thick; vesica with a mass of small spines, and at the distal end, a series of medium-sized cornuti grouped together and topped by another large cornutus, very robust, short and hook-shaped. Female genitalia: Anal papillae sclerotised with mediumsized processes; lamella postvaginalis broad and strongly sclerotised; ostium bursae wide and membranous; ductus bursae broad, short and strongly sclerotised; corpus bursa spherical, with two small and strongly sclerotised ovoid signa; in the upper part, in contact with the ductus, there is a thick membranous process covered internally with numerous micro-spines, whence the ductus seminalis begins. Immature stages (Fig. 89). The final instar larva is 15 to 20 mm long. Cephalic capsule flat, black, with angular vertex and short epicranial suture. Body with long setae and dark brown verrucae; dorsal line broad, dark grey to black, bordered by a yellowish or light orange band, and between D 2 and SD 1 verrucae a black band. Pupa robust, with two rough excrecences on each side of the anal scar; clypeus indistinct. In the male pupa, the antennae and proboscis reach the apex of the wings; in the females, the antennae are shorter. The cocoon woven among lichens. Molecular data. The Collita griseola samples cluster in a well-supported clade (PP = 1). The RESL clusterisation algorithm places the analysed sequences in a single group that coincides with an existing BIN (BOLD: AAC 1074), which contains 30 sequences attrituted to Eilema griseola and 4 sequences apparently misidentified as Eilema ussuricum. The extended analysis including all published sequences shows closer relation of this species with samples identified as Eilema japonica and Eilema ussuricum, both appearing distantly related to the nominotypical Eilema species. At the same time, the distance of this species from the other species studied is significantly large (average TN-dist = 9.54 %) compared to the distances among species within Indalia (average TN-dist = 5.80 %) or Manulea (average TN-dist = 4.14 %) genera, thus adding evidence to the morphological differences which justify its placement in a separate genus (Collita).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF3BA58FF11E5E05467FBF4.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Univoltine, with a long generation which extends from the end of May to September. Typical of relatively humid and warm biotopes in mixed and deciduous forests at elevations between 300 and 1500 m or more. The imagos are attracted both to bait and to artificial light, and they are sometimes seen visiting flowers in shady areas at nightfall. The larvae develop on Peltigera canina (L.) and other species of lichen typical of the trunks of trees, and may even consume the leaves of these trees. In captivity they accept willow (Salix), dandelion (Taraxacum) and lettuce (Lactuca) leaves (Ylla et al. 2010) and also artificial diet.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF3BA58FF11E5E05467FBF4.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 114). Eurasiatic. Throughout most of Europe, and widespread in the southern half of England. Absent from much of Italy, the Balkans and Scandinavia, and north Britain. In the Iberian Peninsula, it is restricted to a narrow northern strip.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF3BA58FF11E5E05467FBF4.taxon	discussion	Observations. Outside Europe, there are several subspecies of Collita griseola in Asia Minor, central and western Siberia, Mongolia and Transbaikalia, Russia (Amur region), northern China, Korea and Japan.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF1BA59FF11E3545086FEA4.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Bombyx helvola Hübner, [1803]; Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge, Bombyces: 125 [“ Ziefer ” - text] pl. 23, fig. 95, by subsequent designation Hampson, 1900; Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum London 2: 130 – 145, but cited as Noctua depressa Esper, [1787] nominal species, originally not included in Katha (Watson et al., 1980) and considered as a minor synonomy of Noctua deplana Esper, 1787; Die Schmetterlinge in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. 4 (1): 97 – 98, pl. 93, fig. 1 – 2.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF1BA59FF11E3545086FEA4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Imago. Forewings narrow, with almost straight costal margin in males, slightly convex in females; pale costal stripe often imperceptible, light earthy colour. Most species of the Katha group are relatively large.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF1BA59FF11E3545086FEA4.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Uncus short, robust and cylindrical; valvae short and very wide; sacculus of uniform width, widening at the tip in the shape of a hook, strongly sclerotised; clasper absent; vinculum of medium size, slightly rectangular. Aedeagus with a large sclerotised cornutus, several times longer than the diameter of the aedeagus. Female genitalia. Lamella antevaginalis strongly sclerotised; ductus bursae short and sclerotised; bursa copulatrix biglobular, with an elongated signum. Observations. Katha was treated as a junior synonym of Eilema until Dubatolov & Zolotuhin (2011) elevated it as a valid genus, opinion shared by the authors of this work. Its main characteristic feature is the short and robust valvae of the male genitalia. Molecular data. A single species of this genus (Katha depressa) has been analysed, so we cannot be certain if the results presented for this species would also apply to the whole genus. According to Dubatolov (2011), there are many more species included in Katha, for example Katha conformis (Walker, 1854); Katha laevis (Butler, 1877); Katha magnata (Matsumura, 1927); Katha moorei Leech, 1890; Katha nankunshanica Dubatolov, Kishida & Wang, 2012; Katha nigropoda (Bremer & Grey, 1852); Katha prabana (Moore, 1859); Katha suffusa (Leech, 1899). None of them has been available to the authors and so it has not been possible to include their study in the present work. Future molecular studies including species placed in the genus Katha will provide additional insight into this genus.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF1BA59FF11E3545086FEA4.taxon	synonymic_list	Katha depressa (Esper, [1787])	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF0BA5EFF11E6A45400FBF4.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: Europe. Material examined. SPAIN: ARABA: 3 ♂, Pto. de Herrera, 1000 m, 21. vii. 1982, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♂, Berganzo, 500 m, 9. viii. 1997, J. Gastón leg.; 2 ♂, Apellániz, 800 m, 16. vii. 1983, J. Gastón leg.; BARCELONA: 12 ♂ and 9 ♀, Riera del Surreig, Osona, 26. vi. 2002, 13. vi. 2007, 1. ix. 2010, 25. vi. 2011, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂, 3 ♀ Santuari de Puiglagulla, Vilalleons, Osona, 31 TDG, 12. vii. 2001, 7. viii. 2006, R. Macià leg.; 1 ♂ and 2 ♀, El Munts, Sant Agustí de Lluçanès, 1057 m, 5. v. 2000, 11. viii. 2009, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 7 ♀, Molí del Llopart, Sta. Eugenia de Berga, 539 m, 14. vi. 2003, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 4 ♀, St. Julià de Cabrera, 1020 m, 3. vii. 2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Mas El Bruguer, Sau, 610 m, 20. v. 2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. BIZKAIA: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Algorta, 50 m, 24. ix. 1978, J. Gastón leg.; 3 ♂ and 6 ♀, Mendiondo, Urdúliz, 70 m, 20. ix. 1981, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♂, Lanbreabe, 250 m, 18. vii. 2009, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♀, Lendoño Goikoa, 460 m, 12. vi. 2017, J. Gastón leg. BURGOS: 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Santuario de Cantonad, 500 m, 17. viii. 1985, J. Gastón leg.; 4 ♂ and 2 ♀, Loma del Rey, Quintanilla Sobresierra, 1050 m, 30 TVN 41, 28. v. 2008, R. Macià leg.; 6 ♂ and 5 ♀, Castellar de n´Hug, 1650 m, 31 TDG 18, 20. vii. 2004, R. Macià leg.; 2 ♂ and 3 ♀, Urb La Roca, Taradell, 650 m, 18. vii. 2003, R. Macià leg.; CANTABRIA: 3 ♀, 2. ix. 1980, J. Gastón leg.; CASTELLÓN: 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Serra del Turmell, Vallibona, 1080 m, 2. viii. 2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; GIRONA: 5 ♂ and 4 ♀, Font del Home Mort, Queralbs, 1750 m, 9. vii. 1999, 8. viii. 2004, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂ and 5 ♀, Vilamanya, Queralbs, 1150, 27. viii. 2011, 18. vii. 2014, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Ribes Altes, Ribes de Fresser, 1250 m, 8. viii. 1992, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, Mas Llord, Tamariu, 101 m, 31 TEG 14, 28. v. 2011, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀, Urb. Vall Repòs, Romanyà de la Selva, 325 m, 3. vii. 2005, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 4 ♀, Camí de Vila Vella, Vidrà, 973 m, 31 TDG 46, 27. ix. 2013, R. Macià leg. HUESCA: 1 ♂, Piedrafita de Jaca, 1400 m, 31. vii. 1997, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♂, Pto. de Monrepós, 1000 m, 14. viii. 1996, J. Gastón leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Torla, 1032 m, 13. vii. 2000, R. Macià leg.; LLEIDA: 10 ♂ and 8 ♀, Les Val d´Arán, 634 m, 30. vii. 1993, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂ and 5 ♀, Bassa d´Arrés, Arrés de Sus, Val d´Aran, 1544 m, 31 TCH 13, 5. vii .. 2010, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, Valarties, Val d´Aran, 1250 m, 31 TCH 22, 17. vii. 2012, R. Macià leg. FRANCE: 8 ♂ and 5 ♀, Mont Ventoux, Provenza, 1050 m, 29. vii. 1994, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Séez, Savoya, Alpes, 1075 m, 26. vii. 1994, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 3 ♀, Corte, Còrcega, 450 m, 9. vii. 2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 1 ♀, Les Clots, Carmaux-Miryol, Tarn, 285 m, 17. vii. 1990, R. Macià leg.; 6 ♀, Saint Martin Bellevue, 700 m, 1. vii. 2018, J. Gastón leg. ITALY: 5 ♂ and 4 ♀, Tenno sul Garda, Trento, 650 m, 23. vii. 1996, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF0BA5EFF11E6A45400FBF4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Katha depressa is sexually dimorphic; the females are darker, with grey-brownish wings and an egg-yellow costal stripe on the forewings which narrows towards the wing tip; the males are lighter matt yellowochre, and the costal stripe is lacking. The males are distinguished from other species of the same genus by the shaft of the antennae, which is almost twice as thick as usual and by the margin of the hindwings, which is edged with a dark hue. Both sexes are very variable in shape, and females in particular can be confused with Collita griseola, but they differ in the narrower and less rounded forewings and features of the costal stripe; very yellow forms show a vague resemblance to the usually much smaller Wittia sorocula. Very worn females are usually distinguishable from other species by the brownish colour of the hindwings.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF0BA5EFF11E6A45400FBF4.taxon	description	Re-description. Imago (Figs. 41 – 42). Average wingspan males 30.5 mm (n = 10; 28 – 33 mm); average wingspan females 32.8 mm (n = 10; 28 – 37 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 69). Male genitalia: Uncus cylindrical, very short, robust and tipped with a small hook; valva short and very wide, especially at its base, with a straight edge and rounded cucullus; saccular process with similar apical hook, slightly curved; clasper absent; juxta without apical processes; vinculum moderate in size and width. Aedeagus with a large sclerotised cornutus, angled at the tip, several times longer than the diameter of the aedeagus; vesica tubular, complexly curved, with indistinct lateral lobes. Female genitalia: Anal papillae slightly sclerotised with very small posterior processes; lamella antevaginalis composed of two triangular plates with an inverted V-shaped base, strongly sclerotised; ductus bursae short, broad and slightly sclerotised; corpus bursa ovoid and membranous, with an elongated signum of medium size. Immature stages. (Fig. 90). The last instar larva is 16 mm long. Cephalic capsule well developed, dark brown, with an angular vertex. Body with light grey verrucae (D 1, D 2, SD 1, L 2 and L 3, except L 1, imperceptible), all with long translucent and black setae; dorsal line broad, white or yellowish, with dark broken lines between the D 1 and D 2 verrucae, and on each side a dark line attached to the D 2 wart. Pupa light brown with thick, smooth body; clypeus imperceptible; tip of abdomen with 4 spines, the lateral ones longer than the central ones. The antennae are the same length in both sexes. The cocoon woven among lichens. Molecular data. The Katha depressa samples cluster in a well-supported clade (PP = 1) and are assigned to a single group that corresponds with a published BIN (BOLD: AAB 6834) that contains sequences attributed to Eilema depressa or Eilema depressum. The distance from other species under study (average TN-dist = 9.13 %) is also large enough to justify its inclusion in a different genus (Katha), which remains fairly equidistant with the other species under study.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF0BA5EFF11E6A45400FBF4.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Bivoltine, from June to October in two overlapping generations. Frequent in humid biotopes among conifers, deciduous or mixed forests, from sea level up to 2000 m. Nocturnal, both sexes are attracted to artificial light. The larvae feed on lichens (Parmelia, Hagenia) and algae (Pleurococcus) (Ylla et al. 2010), and accept artificial diet in captivity.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF0BA5EFF11E6A45400FBF4.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 115). Eurasiatic. Present almost throughout Europe, except northern Great Britain and Ireland, much of Scandinavia, central and southern Italy and the southern parts of the Iberian Peninsula.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF0BA5EFF11E6A45400FBF4.taxon	discussion	Observations. Due to the variability within this species, numerous individual forms have been given names. Outside of Europe, in Asia Minor, Transcaucasus and southern Siberia several subspecies have been described.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF7BA5EFF11E3545351F89E.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Bombyx aureola Hübner, [1803] 1796; Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge 3: pl. 24, fig. 98, subsequent designation by Moore, 1878; Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1878: 18.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF7BA5EFF11E3545351F89E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Imago. Forewings moderately wide with a curvature of the costal margin, yellow, without pattern.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF7BA5EFF11E3545351F89E.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Uncus very long and narrow; valvae ovoid and weakly sclerotised; saccular process apically sclerotised, long, curved upwards; juxta without apical process; vinculum short, bilobed. Aedeagus with an apical process; vesica short pouch-shaped with indistinct short lobes and several rather similar cornuti. Female genitalia. Very short and narrow ductus bursae, moderately sclerotised and the anterior partially sclerotised appendix, in part helical. The corpus bursae is relatively small, discoidal-globular. Molecular data. A single species of this genus (Wittia sororcula) has been analysed, so we cannot be certain if the results presented for this species would also apply to the whole genus. According Dubatolov (2011), there are many more species included in Wittia, for example Wittia klapperichi (Daniel, 1954) and Wittia yazakii Dubatolov, Kishida & Wang, 2012. None of them have been available to the authors and so it has not been possible to include their study in the present work. Future molecular studies including species placed in the genus Wittia will provide additional insight into this genus.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF7BA5EFF11E3545351F89E.taxon	synonymic_list	Wittia sororcula (Hufnagel, 1766)	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF6BA5CFF11E7A150BEFCB8.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: Berlín, Germany. Material examined. SPAIN: ARABA: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Berganzo, 500 m, 16. v. 1998, J. Gastón leg.: 1 ♂, Zárate, 700 m, 29. v. 1983, J. Gastón leg.; 1 ♂, Markínez, 790 m, 18. v. 2018, J. Gastón leg.; 4 ♂ and 5 ♀, Pto. de Herrera, 1000 m, 13. vi. 1981, J. Gastón leg. BARCELONA: 6 ♂ and 5 ♀, Els Munts, Sant Agustí de Lluçanès, 958 m, 31 TDG 25, 5. v. 2000, 12. v. 2001, 15. viii. 2009, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 15 ♂ and 10 ♀, El Surreig, St. Bartomeu del Grau, 650 m, 3. v. 1997, 30. iv. 2007, 24. iv. 2009, 1. v. 2011, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 6 ♂ and 4 ♀, Ermita de Sant Jaume, St. Bartomeu del Grau, 750 m, 1. vii. 2014, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 8 ♂ and 5 ♀, Molí del Llopart, Sta. Eugènia de Berga, 538 m, 14. vi. 2003, 18. vi. 2005, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 7 ♂ and 4 ♀, St. Julià de Cabrera, 1008 m, 2. vii. 2003, 1. vii. 2005, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Urb. La Roca, Taradell, 650 m, 25. v. 1991, R. Macià leg.; 5 ♂, 4 ♀, Vespella, Gurb, 650 m, 5. v. 2000, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 9 ♂ and 6 ♀, Coll d´Hueres, Collsuspina, 980 m, 31 TDG 36, 15. vi. 2013, R. Macià leg.; 4 ♂ and 2 ♀, Mas El Bruguer, Sau, 650 m, 20. v. 2006, 5. v. 2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 1 ♂, Urb. Urbisol, Calders, 650 m, 15. v. 1994, T. Mira leg.; 14 ♂ and 10 ♀, Vallvidrera, 362 m, 31. vii. 1921, 15. v. 1922, I. Sagarra leg. in coll. MCNB.; 1 ♂, Santa Susanna, Montseny, 630 m, 9. v. 1914, I. Sagarra leg. in coll. MCNB.; 6 ♂ and 5 ♀, Sant Pere de Vilamajor, 305 m, 10. viii. 2014, 4. ix. 2014, I. Sagarra leg. in coll. MCNB. BIZKAIA: 1 ♀, Lendoño Goikoa, 460 m, 14. vi. 1991, J. Gastón leg. ZAMORA: 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Sierra de la Culebra, Ferreras, 890 m, 23. vi. 2001, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. BURGOS: 5 ♂ and 6 ♀, San Martín de Don, 850 m, 16. vi. 1984, J. Gastón leg.; 5 ♂ and 6 ♀, Loma del Rey, Quintanilla Sobresierra, 1050 m, 30 TVN 41, 28. v. 2008, R. Macià leg. CASTELLÓN: 3 ♂ and 2 ♀, Serra del Turmell, Vallibona, 1080 m, 2. viii. 2007, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂, Corral de Gracià, Barracas, 1029 m, 16. vi. 2009, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; GIRONA: 3 ♂, Tamariu, 63 m, 19. viii. 2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 6 ♂ and 4 ♀, Urb. Vall Repós, Romanyà de la Selva, 325 m, 29. iv. 2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂ and 1 ♀, Coll de Jou, Ogassa, 1650 m, 24. v. 1996, R. Macià leg.; 1 ♂ and 2 ♀, Sant Pere Pescador, 15 m, 9. viii. 1996, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂, Fontclara, Palau-Sator, 70 m, 30. iv. 2006, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 3 ♂, Montgrony, Gombren, 1350 m, 29. v. 1993, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. FRANCE: 8 ♂ and 5 ♀, Nohèdes, Prades, Pirineus Orientals, 1080 m, 18. v. 2002, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 7 ♂ and 9 ♀, Mont Ventoux, Provenza, 1020 m, 29. vii. 1994, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. HUNGARY: 5 ♂ and 3 ♀, Örsèg, Kétvölgy, 1020 m, 31. vii. 2005, A. Azabó leg. ITALY: 4 ♂ and 1 ♀, Sovicille, Siena, Toscana, 265 m, 23. vii. 1996, R. Macià & J. Ylla leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF6BA5CFF11E7A150BEFCB8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The bright orange yellow colour and the shape of the forewing, very wide and rounded, make it easily distinguishable from any other Eilema sensu lato.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF6BA5CFF11E7A150BEFCB8.taxon	description	Re-description. Imago (Figs. 43 – 44). Average wingspan males 28.0 mm (n = 10; 25 – 30 mm); average wingspan females 28.7 mm (n = 10; 25 – 31 mm). Small morphological differences between males and females. Genitalia (Fig. 70). Male genitalia: Uncus very long, thin, tubular, and curved, topped with a small hook; narrow and poorly sclerotised tegumen; valvae oval, elongated with rounded cucullus; the distal process of the sacculus very powerful, large, strongly sclerotised and curved towards the cucullus, ending with a small spine; the rest of the sacculus is strongly sclerotised; juxta trapezoidal, weakly sclerotised and topped on its upper part by two very sclerotised finger-like processes covered with small spines; vinculum short, triangular and bilobed; short cylindrical aedeagus with one apical spine and four cornuti comparable in size. Female genitalia: Anal papillae slightly sclerotised with fine, medium-sized posterior processes; 8 th segment narrow with medium-sized, thin anterior processes; bell-shaped ostium with raised edge and strongly sclerotised; lamella antevaginalis large, elliptical with the long axis in a horizontal position, narrow and elongated, provided (generally) with two strongly sclerotised hooks next to the ostium; ductus bursae short, thin arched with a sclerotised base; an elongated pear-shaped corpus bursae with sclerotised plates (signum) inside. In its upper part it has a membranous wart of appreciable proportions from where the ductus seminalis arises. Immature stages (Fig. 91). The last instar larva is 20 to 25 mm long. Cephalic capsule dark, well-developed, rounded, prothoracic and anal shield with undefined verrucae. Body with dark grey verrucae, all with long, translucent setae mixed with black ones; numerous black spots mixed with grey give it a dark appearance; broad black dorsal line touching D 1, then a light grey one between D 1 and D 2, and then a dark one below D 2, with an orange or reddish spot attached to D 1 and D 2 on the lateral border; sides greywith black spots. The pupa with 2 spines curved to the sides at tip of the abdomen. Pupae of both sexes very similar. The cocoon woven among lichens. Molecular data. The Wittia sororcula samples cluster in a well-supported clade (PP = 1). The distance from other species under study (average TN-dist = 8.59) is also large enough to justify its inclusion in a separate genus (Wittia). The published samples available in BOLD form two different BIN clusters (BOLD: AAC 1077, n = 40; BOLD: AAL 5773; n = 6). The samples we analysed coincide with the main cluster BOLD: AAC 1077 which includes samples from 10 different countries including Austria and Italy, being the second one BOLD: AAL 5773 comprised of six samples from Austria and Italy. Because of the inclusion of these two BIN clusters, the internal distance for the Wittia sororcula BOLD dataset is considerably large (dist = 0.85 %) but does not relate to any groups of specimens with morphological, or geographical differences.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF6BA5CFF11E7A150BEFCB8.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Univoltine in the northern European regions and bivoltine in the south, where it is on the wing from April to June, and then from August to October. Frequent and abundant, it is found in very diverse biotopes, but always with a moderate level of humidity, showing a preference for mixed and deciduous forests at elevations between sea level and 1000 – 1200 m. Adults are active by day and both sexes are attracted to bait and artificial light. The larvae feed on lichens on trunks of conifers and Quercus, as well as on beech leaves, conifer needles and certain species of algae (Ylla et al. 2010). In captivity it accepts artificial diet. W. sororcula is the only species of Eilema sensu lato that overwinters as a pupa, unlike the other species in which the larva is the overwintering stage (Ylla et al. 2010).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF6BA5CFF11E7A150BEFCB8.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 116). Mediterranean-Asiatic. Its range extends throughout southern and central Europe to the Near East, northern and central Asia. In the Iberian Peninsula it is found in a northern strip of variable width, which extends from Catalonia to Galicia and northern of Portugal, south to mountainous areas of Castellón and Teruel; present in Mallorca.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF5BA5CFF11E49853CDF875.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 68 AA 6 DDF-B 9 C 1 - 44 B 0 - 85 E 1 - 6 EB 3 CCDFADF 5	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF5BA5CFF11E49853CDF875.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Eilema rungsi Toulgoët, 1960 Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 65: 48.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF5BA5CFF11E49853CDF875.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Imago. Small species. Forewings relatively broad and short, uniformly pale sandy brown to greyish brown; females somewhat paler, with ochre-white hindwings. The species of the genus Pseudokatha gen. nov. differs from those of the genus Katha in that they are larger in size, have a different wing pattern, and are sexually dimorphic. They distinguished from the genus Tarika, also by the sexual dimorphism of the species of this genus (Singh & Joshi, 2013). Pseudokataha rungsi (Toulgöet, 1960) bears a certain resemblance to species of the genus Pelosia (Hübner, [1819]), especially Pelosia obtusa (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852), with which it shares habitat and flight season. In fact, the rungsi specimens captured for the first time in Greece were described as Pelosia hellenica Derra & Hacker, 1983.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF5BA5CFF11E49853CDF875.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Uncus cylindrical, short and robust; valvae ovoid; saccular process slender and slightly curved at the end; clasper absent; sacculus narrow and elongated. Aedeagus very large in comparison with the rest of the genitalia, with a large and sharp end sclerotised cornutus, which is several times longer than the diameter of the aedeagus; vesica tubular, with a large number of small cornuti. Female genitalia. Anal papillae prominent, sclerotised; lamellae postvaginalis and antevaginales absent or inconspicuous; ductus bursae long, narrow and membranous; corpus bursa ovoid, with two small signum and a large appendix or process in the upper part, globular, membranous and somewhat smaller than the corpus bursa, whence the ductus seminalis emerges; a slightly sclerotised area on the reverse of the upper part of the corpus bursa. Derivatio nominis. false Katha. Molecular data. A single species of this genus has been analysed (Pseudokatha rungsi). Molecular results presented below for this species also apply to the genus.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFF5BA5CFF11E49853CDF875.taxon	synonymic_list	Pseudokatha rungsi (Toulgoët, 1960) comb. nov.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFEBBA43FF11E7A1505EFEA4.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: Merdja Bokka, Morocco. Material examined. SPAIN: ALMERÍA: 6 ♂ and 5 ♀, Punta Entinas-El Sabinar, Roquetas de Mar, 10 m, 13. vi. 2018, R. Macià leg.; 7 ♂ and 5 ♀, Camino de Murguis, Las Entinas, Almerimar, El Ejido, 4 m 30 SWF, 5. x. 2013, 12. vi. 2014, R. Macià leg. BARCELONA: 11 ♂ and 7 ♀, La Ricarda, El Prat de Llobregat, 10 m, 23. v. 2003, 22. v. 2004, 30. vi. 2010, R. Macià leg.; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀, Delta del Llobregat, El Prat de Llobregat, 1 m, 31 TDF 27, 21. vi. 2011, 29. ix. 2011, D. Fernández leg.; 6 ♂ and 2 ♀, El Remolar-Filipines, Viladecans, 3 m, 25. vi. 2006, 24. iv. 2007, 21. v. 2008, R. Macià leg.; CASTELLÓN: 11 ♂ and 9 ♀, Platja del Cuartel Vell, Torre la Sal, 3 m, 31 TBE 54, 29. vi. 2008, 27. v. 2009, 5. v. 2011, R. Macià leg. GRANADA: 1 ♂ and 11 ♀, La Bernardilla, 100 m, 2. viii. 2014, J. Gastón leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFEBBA43FF11E7A1505EFEA4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Easily confused with females of Pelosia obtusa Witt, 1984, from which it differs in forewings, which are wide, with a rounded apex in rungsi and slender and elongated, with a pointed apex in Pelosia obtusa.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFEBBA43FF11E7A1505EFEA4.taxon	description	Re-description. Imago (Figs. 45 – 46). Average wingspan males 18.2 mm (n = 10; 16 – 20 mm); average wingspan females 20.1 mm (n = 10; 17 – 23 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 71) Male genitalia: Uncus cylindrical, short, robust, with a small hook at the tip; valvae oval with very convex costa, and pointed cucullus; saccular process slender, slightly curved at tip and not reaching the end of the valvae; clasper absent; juxta without apical processes; vinculum narrow, elongated, as long as the valvae. Aedeagus with a single spine-like cornutus accompanied by many small, needle shaped cornuti. Female genitalia: Anal papillae very large in proportion to the remainder of the genitalia, slightly sclerotised, with very small posterior processes; lamella postvaginalis and antevaginalis absent or not very visible; ductus bursae long, narrow and membranous; corpus bursa ovoid with two small signa and with a large appendix or globular and membranous process in the upper part, of great size, almost as large as that of the corpus bursae, whence the ductus seminalis arises at its end; slightly sclerotised area on the opposite wall of the corpus bursae. Immature stages (Fig. 92). The final instar larva is 15 mm long. Cephalic capsule flattened, dark brown with lighter spots; a light brown prothoracic shield with a dark spot on each side, and a continuous line of verrucae anteriorly. Body with long setae and light brown to dark brown verrucae; dorsal line narrow, dark brown and on each side, between D 1 and D 2 verrucae, a dark band; sides light brown with dark brown spots. Pupa light brown, smooth and stylized, clypeus short; very small circular depressions, barely perceptible, on the back of the metathorax and segments 1 to 8. Tip of abdomen rounded. In the pupa of the male, the antennae and proboscis extend close to the end of the wings, but much shorter in the female pupa. Cocoon under any lichens, bark, roks with the silk attached to the body. Molecular data. The Pseudokatha rungsi samples cluster in a well-supported clade (PP = 1). RESL clustering algorithm returned a single group that coincides with an existing BIN (BOLD: ACD 0671) containing a single specimen collected and identified as Eilema rungsi by one of the authors of the present work (RMV) and previously published in Ortiz et al. (2017). The distance from other species under study (average TN-dist = 8.76 %) is considered sufficient to justify the placement of this taxon in a new genus, Pseudokatha gen. nov. along with its external and internal morphology and those of the larval stages.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFEBBA43FF11E7A1505EFEA4.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. A species that occurs in salty marshland areas following the sea coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Bivoltine or trivoltine, flying continuously from April to October. Both sexes come to artificial light at night. Typical of marsh biotopes in which their likely foodplants flourish: Typha, Phragmites, Carex, Arundo and halophilous plants (Ylla et al. 2010). In captivity, the larvae accept artificial diet.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFEBBA43FF11E7A1505EFEA4.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 117). Circum-mediterranean. Known only from northwestern Morocco, central Greece, southern Italy and the Iberian Peninsula, where it is found in the Llobregat and Ebro deltas, in the humid coastal areas of Castellón (Torreblanca-Cabanes), Valencia (Albufera) and Alicante (Elx), as well as in some coastal localities of Granada. Also present in Portugal (Laguna de Santo André (Baixo Alentejo) and Baixo Montego (Beira Litoral )) (Corley, 2004; Pires & Corley, 2007). It is very likely that it is in all marshland areas of the Mediterranean coast. Also reported from Mallorca and, recently from Corsica (Mothiron, 2019) and Maltese Islands (Catania, 2021).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFEBBA43FF11E7A1505EFEA4.taxon	discussion	Observations. Dubatolov & Zolothuin (2011) include r ungsi in the genus Khata, opinion not shared by the authors of this paper, being the aedeagus one of the reasons: there is one single strong cornutus in Khata, whereas in Pseudokhata the strong cornutus is accompanied by small, needle shaped cornuti. For similar reasons, the inclusion of rungsi in the genus Takira Moore, 1878 it not be valid: Takira, until now, is a monoespecific genus, being Tarika varana Moore, 1865, known from India, China and Thailand, the only one species, which, unlike rungsi, has a short, triangular clasper in the male genitalia and the imagos exhibit sexual dimorfism. All these characters justify the exclusion of rungsi from the genus Khata or Tarika and validates the new genus Pseudokhata.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFEABA43FF11E6A45365FB3B.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Eilema trinitas Strand, 1912 Archiv für Naturgeschichte 78 (A) 7: 181, by original designation.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFEABA43FF11E6A45365FB3B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Imago. Medium-sized species with almost no sexual dimorphism, although females tend to be slightly larger and with a more rounded forewing apex; the two black dots of the forewings preclude confusion with any other of the Eilema sensu lato group. Zobida is distinctly different from Eilema in morphology, larval chaetoetotaxy and DNA. Zobida bipuncta is the only European representative of the genus; it is also present in Morocco among some African congeners. It was erroneously included in Eilema by Toulgoët (1972) and Leraut (2006).	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFEABA43FF11E6A45365FB3B.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Uncus moderate in width; oval valvae apex, distinct ventral process curved upwards; harpe on inner surface of valva at its base of complex shape and consists of two different processes: the hind one is bump like covered with small spines, the fore one is bifurcated hook-like; juxta without apical processes; sacculus wde and short; aedeagus wide, without an apical sclerotised fascia and cornuti. Female genitalia. Antrum large and goblet-shaped, with sclerotised margins and a short membranous ductus bursae, corpus bursa without signum. Molecular data. A single species of this genus (Zobida bipuncta) has been analysed, so we cannot be certain if the results presented for this species would also apply to the whole genus. There are other species of Zobida, for example Zobida avifex Kühne, 2010, Zobida colon (Möschler, 1872) and Zobida trinitas (Strand, 1912). None of them has been available to the authors and so it has not been possible to include their study in the present work.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFEABA43FF11E6A45365FB3B.taxon	synonymic_list	Zobida bipuncta (Hübner, [1824])	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFEABA40FF11E21953A9FBBC.taxon	materials_examined	T. L.: not stated [Europe]. Material examined. SPAIN: HUELVA: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Coto Doñana, Matalascañas, 10 m, 28. ix. 2018 J. Pérez leg.; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Palacio de Doñana, Parque Nacional, Almonte, 12 m, 6. ii. 2008, 30. ix. 2011, R. Laffite leg.; 6 ♂ and 3 ♀, Estación Biológica, Palacio de Doñana, Almonte, 10 m, 29 SQA 2397, 4. x. 2019, R. Macià leg. MOROCCO: 12 ♂ and 10 ♀, Korkeichenwald, Kenitra, 50 m, 5. x. 2013, F. Gründwald leg.; 6 ♂ and 3 ♀, Lac de Sidi, Boughaba, Kenitra, 25 m, 14. x. 2004, L. Lehmann leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀, Aït-ou-Mribete, Agadir, 25 m, 14. ix. 1999, Seibald leg.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFEABA40FF11E21953A9FBBC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Unmistakable species, due to the forewings of a greyish brown to pale sandy colour with two welldefined large black spots, one on the costa and the other in submedian área, hindwings, coloured, pale greyishochre or greyish-white. Pelosia muscerda (Hüfnagel, 1766), is the only externally somewhat similar species of the European fauna. It can be confused with its African counterparts such as Zobida similipuncta (Hampson, 1914) or Zobida colon (Möschler, 1872), which have a very similar pattern.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFEABA40FF11E21953A9FBBC.taxon	description	Re-description. Imago (Figs. 47 – 48). Average wingspan males 27.9 mm (n = 10; 26 – 31 mm); average wingspan females 29.8 mm (n = 10; 27 – 34 mm). Genitalia (Fig. 72). Male genitalia: Uncus triangular, straight, ending with an acute tip; valvae oval, elongated, narrow and with the cucullus rounded, slightly deviated downwards, not reaching the end of the valvae; sacculus very wide and strongly sclerotised with the terminal process in the form of a thick hook; clasper falciform, with a complex hook-like structure; vinculum short, wide, robust and triangular; juxta V-shaped with thick finger-like arms; aedeagus cylindrical without fascia and cornuti except for a series of tiny spicules covering the vesica. Female genitalia: anal papillae strongly sclerotised with prolongations towards the 8 th segment and long posterior processes; 8 th segment with very short anterior processes and with strongly sclerotised pincer-shaped pieces that extend into the ostium and part of the ductus bursae; ostium bursa small, membranous; lamella postvaginalis symmetrical, cupshaped strongly sclerotised; ductus bursae trapezoid, extremely short and membranous; bursa copulatrix elongated and pointed in its lower part, without signum, with a very large globular process or membranous wart, hence the ductus seminalis begin. Immature stages (Fig. 93). The last instar larva is 15 to 16 mm long. Cephalic capsule reddish; prothoracic shield with 4 well-defined verrucae. Body with very short setae and dark grey verrucae; dorsal line black, narrow and sinuous, bordered by two clear lines; sides with light grey ground colour, with widespread black spots surrounding the verrucae, mixed with white spots; a single orange sub-triangular spot (M) behind the L 2 wart. Spiracles black. Anal shield with indistinct black verrucae. Pupa glossy brown, with dark brown spots on the back of the thorax and abdomen, and with barely perceptible circular depressions on the abdomen. Tip of abdomen rounded, smooth, without cremaster. In pupae of females, the antennae are shorter. The cocoon woven among lichens. Molecular data. The Zobida bipuncta samples cluster in a well-supported clade (PP = 1). The RESL clustering algorithm identifies a single distinct group that does not match any previously published BIN, as no public records for this species had been released before. The distance from other species under study is very large (average TN-dist = 9.81 %), justifying the placement in a distinct genus, Zobida.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFEABA40FF11E21953A9FBBC.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Bivoltine, or even trivoltine in favourable environments. Flight period from mid-February to mid-March and again from September to November. Zobida bipuncta occurs in humid and warm biotopes near the coast and marshes; in Morocco it is also found in mountainous areas at middle elevation. Both sexes are attracted to artificial light. The larvae feed on lichens that grow on the ground and tree trunks. In captivity, they accept lichens of family Parmeliaceae as well as artificial diet.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
039487ACFFEABA40FF11E21953A9FBBC.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 118). Northwestern coast and central Atlas of Morocco and in a narrow coastal strip in the extreme southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula.	en	Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel, Bau, Josep (2022): The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa 5191 (1): 1-87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1
