identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
432D5F6BFFB1FFAE6BACFD862FCCFE65.text	432D5F6BFFB1FFAE6BACFD862FCCFE65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudococcidae Heymons 1915	<div><p>Key to separate the families Pseudococcidae and Coccidae</p> <p>1(0) Labium three segmented in adult stage.Anal area without anal plates or anal cleft; anal ring with three pairs of setae, normally on body surface. Ostioles normally present. Cerarii normally present, at least on anal lobe. Circuli numbering 0 or 1, occasionally more. Spiracular atrium not connected to body margin by furrow containing wax pores; without differentiated spiracular setae. Cuticle with swirled-type trilocular pores. Hind legs with translucent pores often present................ Pseudococcidae</p> <p>- Labium one segmented in adult stage. Posterior apex of body usually with conspicuous anal cleft; anal area with paired anal plates; anal ring set at end of eversible anal tube. Spiracular atrium connected to body margin by furrow containing wax pores; differentiated spiracular setae present at outer end of spiracular furrow. Cuticle without swirled-type trilocular pores. Hind legs without translucent pores........................................................................ Coccidae</p> <p>Four species of soft scale insect (Fistulococcus pokfulamensis, Kilifia deltoides, Maacoccus piperis and Paralecanium machili) and two species of mealybug (Antonina thaiensis and Formicococcus simplicior) being recorded from India for the first time in this work. They can be separated by using the following keys.</p> <p>Key to separate the soft scale insects (Coccidae) reported in the present work</p> <p>1(0) Stigmatic setae absent; submarginal chambered ducts present; legs very small......... F. pokfulamensis Hodgson &amp; Martin</p> <p>- Stigmatic setae present; submarginal chambered ducts absent; legs moderately or well developed..................... 2</p> <p>2(1) Coxae of meso- and metathoracic legs much enlarged, each with anterolateral cavity. Each anal plate with anterior margin longer than posterior margin. Each middle and hind leg with tibio-tarsal spur.................... K. deltoides De Lotto</p> <p>- Coxae all of similar size, each without coxal cavity. Each anal plate with anterior and posterior margins subequal. Each leg without tibio-tarsal spur................................................................................ 3</p> <p>3(2) Each anal plate with entire exterior margin smoothly convex. Marginal setae sickle shaped. Each stigmatic cleft containing 9 or 13 stigmatic setae...................................................................... M. piperis (Green)</p> <p>- Each anal plate with external margins straight and only outer angle rounded. Marginal setae fan-shaped. Each stigmatic cleft containing 3 stigmatic setae............................................................. P. machili Takahashi</p> <p>Key to the mealybug species (Pseudococcidae) reported in the present study</p> <p>1(0) Antenna 2 segmented. Legs, circulus, ostioles and cerarii absent. Anal lobes weakly developed. Anal ring situated at the inner end of anal tube. Disc-like pores present on venter posterior to posterior spiracles. Multilocular pores forming band around entire body margin................................................................... A. thaiensis Takahashi</p> <p>- Antenna 8 segmented. Legs and circulus present, ostioles well developed. Cerarii numbering18 pairs.Anal lobes well developed. Anal ring situated on body surface. Disc-like pores absent from venter. Multilocular disc pores present on abdomen only, across medial areas and sparsely near margins................................................... F. simplicior (Green)</p> <p>A detailed redescription of M. piperis and diagnoses of the remaining five species, each based on specimens collected from India, are given below.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/432D5F6BFFB1FFAE6BACFD862FCCFE65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Gupta, Ankita;Shashank, P. R.;Pai, Sachin G.;Mohan, M.;Rachana, R. R.;Dubey, Vinod Kumar;Sandeep, Angalakuditi;Deepthy, K. B.	Joshi, Sunil, Gupta, Ankita, Shashank, P. R., Pai, Sachin G., Mohan, M., Rachana, R. R., Dubey, Vinod Kumar, Sandeep, Angalakuditi, Deepthy, K. B. (2022): Recent adventive soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) and mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) in India. Zootaxa 5194 (2): 213-232, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.2.4
432D5F6BFFB0FFA96BACFF562ECEF819.text	432D5F6BFFB0FFA96BACFF562ECEF819.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Maacoccus piperis (Green)	<div><p>Maacoccus piperis (Green)</p> <p>Lecanium piperis Green 1896: 10; Fernald 1903: 173; Varshney 1985: 26; Tang 1991: 113.</p> <p>Material examined: INDIA, Karnataka, Bengaluru, Hosakote, N 13.0693°, E 77.7982°, on Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae), 27.xi.2013, B. Manjunath coll., 2 ♀♀.</p> <p>Appearance in life (Fig. 1a): Body bright reddish yellow to reddish brown, dorsal ridges and margin darker or even paler in some individuals; a few irregular dark brown radiating lines or chains of spots more or less distinct in different individuals. Dorsal surface covered with a thin transparent waxy or glassy coating. Eyes black, prominent, distinctly defined. Body broadly oval, moderately convex, broadest across median area and roughly pointed on front and back, with sharply defined median longitudinal and two transverse ridges, the median ridge touching the margin in front and terminating at the anal aperture, the anterior transverse ridge meeting the margin between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts, posterior ridge extending to a point about midway between the posterior stigmatic cleft and the anal cleft.</p> <p>Diagnosis of slide-mounted adult female (n=2) (Fig. 2): Body 4.0–5.0 mm long, 3.0– 3.5 mm wide, oval to asymmetrical, broadest at level of mesothoracic legs (Fig. 2a); stigmatic clefts small but deep and distinct; anal cleft shallow, 750 µm long, about 1/7 th of body length.</p> <p>Margin. Marginal setae each 21–25 µm long, curved posteriorly, broadening apically, sickle shaped, and serrated on outer margin (Fig. 2b); with 27–32 setae on each side between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts, 80–90 setae between posterior stigmatic cleft and anal cleft, and 100–110 setae anteriorly between anterior stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic clefts each containing 9 to 13 stigmatic setae (Fig. 2c), each seta with rather parallel sides, bluntly pointed and slightly swollen at proximal end; median seta longest, 32–45 µm long, lateral setae (which all curve away from median seta) each 25-35 µm long. Stigmatic cleft deep, with highly sclerotized inner margin. Anal cleft with sides either closely adpressed but not fused, or slightly divergent (Fig. 2d). Eyespots situated on dorsum, each approximately dorsad to a point just posterior to antennal base; each lens 30–37 µm wide, situated in pale area 70–75 µm wide.</p> <p>Dorsum. Derm highly sclerotized throughout at maturity, with fine reticulation (Fig. 2e) throughout; marginal and submarginal bands formed by pattern of lighter spots on the darker area and dark spots on the lighter area (Fig. 2a); median area relatively lighter, with randomly distributed small irregular dark patches; transverse ridges conspicuous by being completely colourless. Setae each shorter than width of basal socket (Fig. 2f) (could not be measured because of upright position), with bluntly rounded apex, frequent throughout but most abundant on submarginal areas. Pores not detected. Preopercular pores each oval to circular (Fig. 2g), 2.5–5.0 µm long, slightly convex, each situated on pale dermal area 12–15 µm in diameter, arranged in 3 groups on each side, forming 2 divergent lines extending anteriorly from anal plates to the abdominal segment I; first group with 63–75, second with 55–62 and third with 2–6 pores on each side. Tubular ducts absent. Submarginal tubercles absent. Anal plates together rather pyriform, with external margins convex (Fig. 2d); each plate with anterolateral margin considerably longer than posterolateral margin, outer angle rounded and apex with 4 setae: 1 present apically (10–17 µm long), 2 along inner margin and 1 on posterolateral margin, all probably small and fine; length of anal plates 145–160 µm, width of a single plate 54–60 µm. Ano-genital fold (Fig. 2h) with 2 pairs of minute setae present along anterior margin (9–10 µm long) and 2 or 3 pairs of longer fine setae laterally, each 22–25 µm long. Anal ring (Fig. 2i) with 8 setae.</p> <p>Venter. Derm entirely membranous. Multilocular pores absent. Setae: with pairs of long setae on abdominal segments IV–VI measuring 105–110 µm, 70–80 µm and 50–60 µm (those nearest genital opening the longest); shorter setae (Fig. 2j), each 15–20 µm long, rather frequent, particularly medially on last few pregenital segments; with 2 pairs of interantennal setae, measuring 30–35 µm and 65–70 µm long, respectively. Submarginal setae (Fig. 2k) numbering 32–34 between anterior spiracular clefts, each side with 11–13 between anterior and posterior spiracular clefts and 29–34 between posterior spiracular cleft and anal cleft. Spiracles (Fig. 2l) normal with peritreme widths: anterior 28–36 µm, posterior 35–39 µm. Spiracular disc pores (Fig. 2m) each mainly with 5 loculi, present in a narrow band between margin and each spiracle, also a very few present more medially near coxae; with 25–55 disc pores in each anterior band and 30–60 in each posterior band. Legs quite well developed, each with tibia and tarsus separate but no articulatory sclerosis (Fig. 2n); claws each without a denticle; claw digitules both very broad, 40–50 µm long, longer than claw; tarsal digitules normal, longer than claw digitules (70–80 µm). Dimensions of hind legs: trochanter+femur 232–273 µm, tibia 131–170 µm, tarsus 101–142 µm. Antennae each 6-segmented (Fig. 2o), but one specimen with 8 segments on one side and 7 on other; third segment the longest, with 0–2 pseudoarticulations; total antenna length 500–585 µm; segments I–III each with a single fine seta, segment IV with 1 fleshy seta, segment V with 1 fine seta and 1 fleshy seta, and segment VI with 7 fleshy setae and 1 fine seta. Microducts minute (Fig. 2p), usually present around mouthparts but very hard to detect on available specimens, probably sparse. Tubular ducts (Fig. 2q) each with a wide outer ductule and a rather thin, indistinct, inner ductule with a small terminal gland, only present medially and mediolaterally on abdominal segment VI, in a band of 15–25 ducts. Labium about 75 µm wide.</p> <p>Comparison: The early descriptions of this species by Green (1904; 1922) are scanty; the redescription by Tang (1991) is in Chinese and therefore not accessible to all. The above description based on Indian material matches those by Green (1904; 1922) and the keys to the species of the genus available, so we are sure that the Indian material is M. piperis.</p> <p>Ecological notes: Macoccus piperis has been collected only once, at Bengaluru, Karnataka. Perhaps this species does not cause any economic damage at present and hence has been neglected previously, though it is probably present in other pepper-growing areas of India. In the present study, the scale was found in large numbers but more than 90% of the collected specimens had been parasitized, showing the exit holes of emerged adult parasitoids, so we could not collect or rear any parasitoids. This indicates that the population is being kept at a low level by these parasitoids. In the present study no ant species were found attending the scale insects, nor any predators preying on them.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/432D5F6BFFB0FFA96BACFF562ECEF819	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Gupta, Ankita;Shashank, P. R.;Pai, Sachin G.;Mohan, M.;Rachana, R. R.;Dubey, Vinod Kumar;Sandeep, Angalakuditi;Deepthy, K. B.	Joshi, Sunil, Gupta, Ankita, Shashank, P. R., Pai, Sachin G., Mohan, M., Rachana, R. R., Dubey, Vinod Kumar, Sandeep, Angalakuditi, Deepthy, K. B. (2022): Recent adventive soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) and mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) in India. Zootaxa 5194 (2): 213-232, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.2.4
432D5F6BFFB5FFAB6BACFD792F97F9FD.text	432D5F6BFFB5FFAB6BACFD792F97F9FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kilifia deltoides De Lotto 1965	<div><p>Kilifia deltoides De Lotto</p> <p>Kilifia deltoides De Lotto 1965: 208; Ben Dov 1979: 319.</p> <p>Material examined: INDIA, Karnataka, Ponnampet, College of Forestry, N 12.1490°, E 75.9405°, on Psydrax dicoccos Gaertn. (Rubiaceae), 13.x.2020, Angalakuditi Sandeep and Vinodkumar Dubey coll., 10 ♀♀.</p> <p>Appearance in life (Fig. 1b): Adult female pale green, marginal and submarginal areas completely transparent, medial area opaque yellow, flat, anterior pointed, broadly rounded behind, broadest near anal plates; eyes black, prominent; anal plates yellowish brown; anal cleft and stigmatic clefts conspicuous, whitish yellow.</p> <p>Diagnosis of slide-mounted adult female (n=10): Body usually pyriform in outline (Fig.3q), often asymmetrical; stigmatic clefts shallow; anal cleft deep, about 1/4 th body length. Marginal setae strongly spinose, with a broadly branched apex (Fig. 3a) and a broad basal socket. Stigmatic clefts shallow, each containing 3 setae, all blunt; median seta slightly curved, with basal socket similar to a marginal seta, lateral setae very short and straight (Fig. 3b) with a narrow basal socket. Anal cleft with sides adpressed but not fused. Dorsal setae each clavate (Fig. 3c) with a broad basal socket, arranged in a polygonal pattern.</p> <p>Dorsum: Pores oval, rimmed with a slit-like opening (Fig. 3d). Preopercular pores each small and flat, circular to oval, with a granulate surface (Fig. 3e), present in an elongate group anterior to anal plates, each pore associated with a pale areolation. Tubular ducts absent. Submarginal tubercles each convex and simple, present in a submarginal row (Fig. 3f). Anal plates together kite shaped (Fig. 3g) with anterolateral margin around 1.6 times longer than posterolateral margin. Dorsal surface of anal plates with 3 or 4 small apical or subapical setae (Fig. 3h).</p> <p>Venter: Ano-genital fold with 2 pairs of setae along anterior margin (Fig. 3i) and 3 pairs of short setae laterally (Fig. 3j). Multilocular pores mostly each with 5, 6 or 7 loculi (Fig. 3k), present in small groups on either side and around anterior margin of genital opening. Spiracular disc pores each with 5 loculi (Fig. 3l). Legs distinctive; meso-and metathoracic leg coxae enlarged, each with an anterolateral cavity (Fig. 3m); claw digitules both broad and noticeably shorter than tarsal digitules (Fig. 3n). Antennae each with 6 segments (Fig. 3o). Labium surrounded by a group of ventral microducts on area around labium (Fig. 3p).</p> <p>Comparison: Ben-Dov (1979) provided a detailed description and illustration of K. deltoides. His description states that the species possesses 30–36 preopercular pores, whereas the specimens examined in this study possessed 15–26 preopercular pores. Similarly, the illustration by Ben-Dov indicates the presence of 5 dorsal submarginal tubercles on each side (though not mentioned in the description), but the specimens examined by us had 8 or 9 dorsal submarginal tubercles on each side (total 17 or 18). Previous to this study, only K. acuminata (Signoret) had been reported from India (Joshi &amp; Rameshkumar 2017). Kilifia acuminata can be easily separated from K. deltoides by the presence of (characters of K. deltoides given in the parentheses) (i) Legs without any tibio-tarsal spurs (each middle and hind leg with a membranous tibio-tarsal spur), (ii) the pore rim about half as wide as the socket of a dorsal seta (equal to diameter of socket).</p> <p>Ecological notes: Kilifia deltoides has so far been recorded on species belonging to five plant families: Anacardiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Pteridaceae and Theaceae. In this study it was found for the first time on Rubiaceae, on P. dicoccos. This is an evergreen tree classified as “Vulnerable” in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2021), so our record of K. deltoides in India should be considered important as a possible threat to this endangered plant.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/432D5F6BFFB5FFAB6BACFD792F97F9FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Gupta, Ankita;Shashank, P. R.;Pai, Sachin G.;Mohan, M.;Rachana, R. R.;Dubey, Vinod Kumar;Sandeep, Angalakuditi;Deepthy, K. B.	Joshi, Sunil, Gupta, Ankita, Shashank, P. R., Pai, Sachin G., Mohan, M., Rachana, R. R., Dubey, Vinod Kumar, Sandeep, Angalakuditi, Deepthy, K. B. (2022): Recent adventive soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) and mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) in India. Zootaxa 5194 (2): 213-232, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.2.4
432D5F6BFFB5FFAA6BACFF562B84FB61.text	432D5F6BFFB5FFAA6BACFF562B84FB61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Maacoccus Tao, Wong & Chang 1983	<div><p>Key to the Indian species of Maacoccus Tao, Wong &amp; Chang</p> <p>Character states of M. adersi are based on Łagowska and Hodgson (2019). All the remaining species were studied using slide-mounted Indian specimens.</p> <p>1(0) Each stigmatic cleft with more than 3 stigmatic setae. Dorsal tubular ducts present or absent......................... 2</p> <p>- Each stigmatic cleft with 3 stigmatic setae. Dorsal tubular ducts present.......................................... 3</p> <p>2(1) Antenna 6-segmented. Dorsal tubular ducts present in a sparse line near margin.................. M. adersi (Newstead)</p> <p>- Antenna 6- or 8-segmented. Dorsal tubular ducts absent........................................ M. piperis (Green)</p> <p>3(1) Venter of abdominal segment VI with a band of 18‒26 medial and mediolateral tubular ducts. Anal plate with 1 apical seta, 2 inner margin setae and 1 outer margin seta (total 4 pairs). Live adult female with conspicuous colourless median longitudinal and 2 transverse carinae forming shape of gallows......................................... M. bicruciatus (Green)</p> <p>- Venter of abdominal segment VI with a band of 14‒16 medial and mediolateral tubular ducts. Anal plate with 1 apical seta, 2 inner margin setae and 3 setae on dorsal surface of anal plate (total 6 pairs). Live adult female dark ochreous in medial area, lighter towards margin, without any dorsal markings............................................ M. watti (Green)</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/432D5F6BFFB5FFAA6BACFF562B84FB61	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Gupta, Ankita;Shashank, P. R.;Pai, Sachin G.;Mohan, M.;Rachana, R. R.;Dubey, Vinod Kumar;Sandeep, Angalakuditi;Deepthy, K. B.	Joshi, Sunil, Gupta, Ankita, Shashank, P. R., Pai, Sachin G., Mohan, M., Rachana, R. R., Dubey, Vinod Kumar, Sandeep, Angalakuditi, Deepthy, K. B. (2022): Recent adventive soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) and mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) in India. Zootaxa 5194 (2): 213-232, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.2.4
432D5F6BFFBBFFA56BACFF562AD0FD6B.text	432D5F6BFFBBFFA56BACFF562AD0FD6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paralecanium machili Takahashi 1933	<div><p>Paralecanium machili Takahashi</p> <p>Paralecanium machili Takahashi 1933: 37. Hodgson &amp; Williams 2018: 105–107.</p> <p>Podoparalecanium machili Tao, Wong &amp; Chang 1983: 100.</p> <p>Material examined: INDIA, Karnataka, Kemmangundi, N 13.5500°, E 75.7500°, on Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.- Ham.) T. Nees &amp; C.H. Eberm. (Lauraceae), 4.ii.2021, Sunil Joshi coll., 30 ♀♀.</p> <p>Appearance in life (Fig. 1c): Often found adjacent to major leaf veins. Adult female very dark brown or glossy black, lighter on margin and submarginal areas and stigmatic clefts, colour becoming intense in median area anterior to anal plates; anal plates light reddish. Body subcircular or asymmetrical and slightly deltoid, almost flat but slightly convex in the median area; dorsum covered with numerous minute pits and divided into irregular tessellations by narrow smooth bands, of which a single median band runs from anal plates towards head and 6 or 7 curved horizontal bands ramify from medial band to margin. Nymphs transparent yellow.</p> <p>Diagnosis of slide-mounted adult female (n=30): Body almost triangular, broadest posteriorly across abdomen (Fig. 4q), narrower anteriorly, asymmetrical and rounded at both ends. Marginal setae each fan shaped (Fig. 4a), wider than long. Stigmatic clefts deep, each with a sclerotized inner margin and containing 3 stigmatic setae (Fig. 4b). Eyespots oval (Fig. 4c), situated near margin.</p> <p>Dorsum: Derm with small areolations near margin, becoming larger in a broad submarginal band (Fig. 4d), these becoming darker and unclear medially. Clear areas present only on abdomen (Fig. 4e), absent from head and thoracic segments. Setae each 4–5 µm long, curved with a blunt apex (Fig. 4f), sparse, more numerous near margin, perhaps absent medially (not visible due to high degree of sclerotization). Pores of three types: large pores with a sclerotized margin (Fig. 4g), common on submargin; smaller pores, lacking a sclerotized margin, appearing as a smaller clear spot in sclerotized derm (Fig. 4h), arranged in a polygonal pattern; and minute simple pores, each with an inner ductule, also forming a sparse polygonal pattern. Anal plates each with a rounded outer angle (Fig. 4i), 1 or 2 small pores medially and 2–4 small setae near apex.</p> <p>Venter: Anogenital fold with 1 small seta on each side on anterior margin (Fig. 4j), each lateral margin with 1 seta at anterior end, and 2 setae laterally (Fig. 4k). Anal ring with 6–8 setae (Fig. 4p). Multilocular pores present on either side of genital opening (Fig. 4l), also on 1 or 2 abdominal segments. Spiracular disc pores (Fig. 4m) forming a narrow band of 10–12 pores between each spiracle and margin on short side; longer side of body with 18–20 pores present in each band. Legs fairly well developed, each with tibio-tarsal segmentation. Tarsal digitules slightly longer than claw digitules, with capitate apices, equal in size; claw digitules both broad and about same width; claw without a denticle (Fig. 4n). Antennae each with 6 segments (Fig. 4o).</p> <p>Comparison: Hodgson and Williams (2018) provided an excellent taxonomic illustration and detailed description of this species in their revision of the soft scale genus Paralecanium; only one species of Paralecanium, P. maritimum (Green) was known from India before their study. Paralecanium maritimum possesses large dorsal pores, each 5–7 µm wide, whereas such large dorsal pores are absent in P. machili, which has smaller pores each only 4–5 µm wide. Paralecanium machili has marginal ornamentation in the form of strong sclerotized “dashes” at right-angles to margin, which is not present in P. maritimum.</p> <p>Ecological notes: Paralecanium machili was collected in large numbers on Indian bay leaf (Cinnamomum tamala), with at least one scale insect per leaf. The scale may restrict itself to higher altitudes on host plants belonging to Lauraceae, the only family on which it has been recorded so far (García Morales et al. 2016).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/432D5F6BFFBBFFA56BACFF562AD0FD6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Gupta, Ankita;Shashank, P. R.;Pai, Sachin G.;Mohan, M.;Rachana, R. R.;Dubey, Vinod Kumar;Sandeep, Angalakuditi;Deepthy, K. B.	Joshi, Sunil, Gupta, Ankita, Shashank, P. R., Pai, Sachin G., Mohan, M., Rachana, R. R., Dubey, Vinod Kumar, Sandeep, Angalakuditi, Deepthy, K. B. (2022): Recent adventive soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) and mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) in India. Zootaxa 5194 (2): 213-232, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.2.4
432D5F6BFFBAFFA06BACFB722DF7FBAD.text	432D5F6BFFBAFFA06BACFB722DF7FBAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fistulococcus pokfulamensis Hodgson & Martin	<div><p>Fistulococcus pokfulamensis Hodgson &amp; Martin</p> <p>Fistulococcus pokfulamensis Hodgson &amp; Martin 2005: 7.</p> <p>Material examined: INDIA, Karnataka: Kodathi, Seri-biotech Research Laboratories, N 12.8882°, E 77.716 0 °, on Heptapleurum actinophyllum (Endl.) Lowry &amp; G.M. Plunkett (Araliaceae), 17.ii.2021, Sunil Joshi coll., 12 ♀♀; on Syzygium cumini (L.) (Moraceae), 8 ♀♀; Bengaluru, HBR Layout, N 13.0353°, E 77.6285°, on Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), 28.viii.2021, V. Maroli coll., 7 ♀♀; on Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae), 5 ♀♀.</p> <p>Appearance in life (Fig. 1d): Body of adult female usually broadly oval but occasionally asymmetric, quite flat but with a slight longitudinal ridge anterior to anal plates. Dorsum covered in a dusting of white wax, with white wax threads or filaments appearing to arise from near margin; after removal of wax (Fig. 1d), dorsum transparent yellow with brownish alimentary canal clearly visible through dorsal cuticle.</p> <p>Diagnosis of slide-mounted adult female (n=32): Body membranous, narrow at anterior and broadest at abdomen (Fig. 5q), usually broadly oval but occasionally asymmetric; anal cleft about 1/10 th of total body length. Marginal setae each with a blunt apex (Fig. 5a) and highly sclerotized basal socket. Stigmatic clefts each highly sclerotized with constriction at body edge, without any stigmatic setae (Fig. 5b).</p> <p>Dorsum: Dermal areolations restricted to margin and submarginal areas (Fig. 5c). Setae (Fig. 5d) abundant in groups of 3–6 (occasionally groups of 2 or 3) between submarginal chambered ducts, usually arranged in a crescent. Pores of 3 types: small pores associated with microducts, frequent on submarginal areas (Fig. 5e); concave pores larger than pores associated with dorsal microduct (Fig. 5f), present submedially and submarginally; and preopercular pores (Fig. 5g), abundant in 2 bands arising from anal plates and extending to head. Submarginal chambered ducts (Fig. 5h), each consisting of one large tubular duct with about 8–12 satellites (funnel-shaped pores forming a Ushaped area of sclerotization by opening of main duct) plus 3–9 setae, restricted to submargin. Anal plates (Fig. 5i) with 4 strong setae (Fig. 5j); both anterior and posterior inner margin setae, apical setae and outer margin setae.</p> <p>Venter: Anogenital fold with 2 setae, situated at each corner on anterior margin (Fig. 5k) and 4 setae, on lateral margin (Fig. 5l). Multilocular pores very few (Fig. 5m). Antennae each 6 segmented (Fig. 5n), segmentation obscure. Spiracle (Fig. 5o) normal, without sclerotic plate. Legs much reduced, segmentation between tibia and tarsus unclear (Fig. 5p); setal distribution: coxa 3; trochanter 2; femur 1; tibia 2; tarsus 4.</p> <p>Comparison: Only two differences between the specimens described by Hodgson and Martin (2005) and specimens examined in this study were noted. Our specimens are much larger (length 3.6–4.8 mm, width 1.8–2.6 mm) compared to their measurements (length 2.2–3.5 mm, width 1.0–2.0 mm). While they recorded setae on the anogenital fold, Hodgson and Martin (2005) did not comment on lateral margin setae but illustrated a single seta on the lateral margin of the anogenital fold. In contrast, the specimens examined in this study possessed four lateral margin setae on the anogenital fold. We regard the morphological differences between the Indian specimens examined and those described by Hodgson and Martin (2005) as simple morphological variations within the species.</p> <p>Ecological notes: This is the first report of the genus Fistulococcus from India, and is very interesting as the species was known previously only from Hong Kong, infesting a gymnosperm, Gnetum luofuense (family Gnetaceae) (Hodgson &amp; Martin 2005). However, in India it was recorded on four different, economically important flowering plants: Heptapleurum actinophyllum (Araliaceae) (Fig. 6a), Syzigium cumini (Moraceae) (Fig. 6b), Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) (Fig. 6c) and Vaccinium corymbosum (Ericaceae) (Fig. 6d). The record of its infestation on M. indica deserves special attention as mango is grown extensively in India and has a high economic value. The scale insect was found to be attended by the ant Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in large numbers (Fig. 6e).</p> <p>Hodgson and Martin (2005) provided a taxonomic account and illustration of F. pokfulamensis, and remarked that it would be interesting to know if the species is restricted to gymnosperms. Our study clearly indicates that it also infests angiosperm species that have very pronounced leaf veins.</p> <p>Four species of predators were recorded attacking F. pokfulamensis in the field: Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius) (Fig. 6f), Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) (Figs 6g &amp; h), Spalgis epius (Westwood) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) (Fig. 6i), and Dipha aphidivora Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (Figs 6j–m), all feeding on nymphs and adult scales. This prey record for D. aphidivora is noteworthy, as it had previously been recorded only feeding on aphids belonging to the tribe Cerataphidini: Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner, Pseudoregma alexanderi (Takahashi) and P. bambucicola (Takahashi) (Arakaki &amp; Yoshiyasu 1988); this is the first time that D. aphidivora has been recorded attacking a scale insect belonging to the family Coccidae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/432D5F6BFFBAFFA06BACFB722DF7FBAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Gupta, Ankita;Shashank, P. R.;Pai, Sachin G.;Mohan, M.;Rachana, R. R.;Dubey, Vinod Kumar;Sandeep, Angalakuditi;Deepthy, K. B.	Joshi, Sunil, Gupta, Ankita, Shashank, P. R., Pai, Sachin G., Mohan, M., Rachana, R. R., Dubey, Vinod Kumar, Sandeep, Angalakuditi, Deepthy, K. B. (2022): Recent adventive soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) and mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) in India. Zootaxa 5194 (2): 213-232, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.2.4
432D5F6BFFBFFFA26BACFD3A2F14F845.text	432D5F6BFFBFFFA26BACFD3A2F14F845.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antonina thaiensis Takahashi 1942	<div><p>Antonina thaiensis Takahashi 1942</p> <p>Antonina thaiensis Takahashi 1942: 15; 1951: 21; Ali 1970: 101; Ben-Dov 1994: 42; Hendricks &amp; Kosztarab 1999: 123; Williams 2004: 78.</p> <p>Antonina zonata Takahashi 1951: 21.</p> <p>Material examined: INDIA, Karnataka, Bengaluru: Yelahanka, Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra, N 13.0801°, E 77.5785°, on Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl. (Poaceae), 24.viii.2016, B. Manjunath coll., 10 ♀♀; Dollars colony, N 13.0415°, E 77.5684°, on B. vulgaris, 25.iv.2018, Sunil Joshi coll., 9 ♀♀; Hebbal, Bhuvaneshwari Nagar, N 13.0545°, E 77.6036°, on B. vulgaris, 25.iv.2018, Sunil Joshi coll., 4 ♀♀; Ganesh Nagar Layout, Kodigehalli, N 13.0697°, E 77.5788°, on B. vulgaris, 19.v.2021, R. R. Rachana coll., 18 ♀♀.</p> <p>Appearance in life (Fig. 1e): Adult females form dense colonies near the internodes of bamboos, usually inside the leaf sheaths. Adult female dark brown, partially covered in white wax on anterior end, abdominal dorsum without wax coating but body resting on a cushion of white wax, perhaps secreted by ventral dermal pores. Body elongate, almost parallel sided with rounded ends, and with a long white wax tube projecting from posterior end. Immature stages reddish brown.</p> <p>Diagnosis of slide-mounted adult female (n=41): Body elongate- to broadly oval (Fig. 7q); anal lobes weakly developed. Abdominal segments VI–VIII highly sclerotized laterally; mature female becoming heavily sclerotized throughout. Antennae each 2 segmented (Fig. 7a). Legs and leg vestiges, eyes and ostioles absent. Anal ring situated at inner end of anal tube (Fig. 7b), bearing 6 thick pointed setae. Vulva directed posteriorly, with heavily sclerotized lateral apophyses (Fig. 7c) and weakly sclerotized posterior apophyses.</p> <p>Dorsum: With short, pointed setae (Fig. 7d). Marginal setae conical (Fig. 7e).</p> <p>Venter: Multilocular disc pores (Fig. 7f), each with 10–12 loculi, present around margins, scattered on head and prothorax and a few present near median areas of posterior abdominal segments and within orifice of anal tube. Trilocular pores (Fig. 7g) thick-rimmed, fairly numerous on head, thorax, and anterior abdominal segments, forming almost elongate groups across segments and around margins of meso- and metathoracic segments and abdomen. Discoidal pores of 2 sizes, each with a heavily sclerotized rim (Fig. 7h) and smaller than a trilocular pore. Tubular ducts of 2 sizes: a large type (Fig. 7i), with a narrow flange and transverse, almost quadrate inner end, sparsely present near margins of abdominal segments VII and VIII, and together with multilocular disc pores situated internally within orifice of anal tube; and a small type of duct (Fig. 7j), with almost quadrate inner end, fairly numerous on abdominal segment VII, associated with groups of trilocular pores. With short, pointed setae (Fig. 7k) similar to those on dorsum, longer on posterior abdominal segments (Fig. 7l); a pair of thick apical setae present. Disc-like pores (Fig. 7m), each with a thick rim and reticulated surface, numerous in submarginal groups on metathorax and abdominal segments II and III; some pores also present between anterior and posterior spiracles. Multilocular disc pores same as those on dorsum, a few present immediately posterior to vulva (Fig. 7n); others forming medial transverse rows on abdominal segment III and posterior segments, and a band around margins and submargins (Fig. 7o) as far forward as head. Multilocular disc pores present also on thorax, on area surrounding each anterior spiracle and some reaching posterior spiracles; others sparsely distributed on medial areas of thorax. Discoidal pores (Fig. 7p) of same 2 types as those on dorsum, scattered.</p> <p>Comparison: Our diagnosis mostly agrees with the description and illustration by Williams (2004).</p> <p>Ecological notes: Antonina thaiensis was first described from Thailand (Takahashi 1942) and was later recorded in Malaysia in the 1940s (Takahashi 1951), Indonesia (Java) in 1957 (Sartiami et al. 2016) and more recently in Sri Lanka (Sirisena et al. 2012); this suggests that the species is slowly spreading from Southeast Asia to southern Asia, infesting mainly species of bamboos, and hence may spread to different parts of India where ornamental bamboos are commonly grown in parks and gardens. The parasitoid Microterys imphalensis Singh &amp; Hayat (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) (Fig. 7n) was found parasitizing the mealybug in fairly large numbers. No other natural enemies have been recorded from A. thaiensis from other parts of the world. Microterys imphalensis was described by Singh &amp; Hayat (2002) from Manipur on an unknown host. The present record of this parasitoid attacking A. thaiensis is its first host record, as well as a new distribution record for southern India. No ant species was observed attending the mealybug.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/432D5F6BFFBFFFA26BACFD3A2F14F845	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Gupta, Ankita;Shashank, P. R.;Pai, Sachin G.;Mohan, M.;Rachana, R. R.;Dubey, Vinod Kumar;Sandeep, Angalakuditi;Deepthy, K. B.	Joshi, Sunil, Gupta, Ankita, Shashank, P. R., Pai, Sachin G., Mohan, M., Rachana, R. R., Dubey, Vinod Kumar, Sandeep, Angalakuditi, Deepthy, K. B. (2022): Recent adventive soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) and mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) in India. Zootaxa 5194 (2): 213-232, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.2.4
432D5F6BFFBDFFA26BACFE442B85FACD.text	432D5F6BFFBDFFA26BACFE442B85FACD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antonina Signoret 1875	<div><p>Key to the Indian species of Antonina Signoret</p> <p>Character states of A. meghalayaensis and A. natalensis in the key are based on Williams (2004) and Williams (2001), respectively. All the remaining species were studied using slide-mounted specimens.</p> <p>1(0) Anal ring situated on surface of abdomen, not internally at inner end of anal tube.......... A. bambusae Khalid &amp; Shafee</p> <p>- Anal ring situated internally, at inner end of anal tube........................................................ 2</p> <p>2(1) Multilocular disc pores forming a band around body margin.................................. A. thaiensis Takahashi</p> <p>- Multilocular disc pores not forming a band around body...................................................... 3</p> <p>3(2) Disc-like pores confined to posterior end of abdominal venter..................... A. meghalayaensis Khalid &amp; Shafee</p> <p>- Disc-like pores not confined to the posterior end of abdominal venter........................................... 4</p> <p>4(3) Multilocular disc pores encircling the spiracles............................................................. 5</p> <p>- Multilocular disc pores absent from around spiracles......................................................... 6</p> <p>5(4) Antenna 2-segmented. Dorsal and ventral body margins with flagellate setae.................... A. parazonata Williams</p> <p>- Antenna 3-segmented. Dorsal and ventral margins without flagellate setae......................... A. natalensis Brain</p> <p>6(4) Disc-like pores with thick sclerotized rims................................................ A. graminis (Maskell)</p> <p>- Disc-like pores with rims not sclerotized.................................................................. 7</p> <p>7(6) Disc-like pores forming a single small group posterior to posterior spiracle........................... A. zonata Green</p> <p>- Disc-like pores situated on venter of abdominal segments II–VII................................. A. maritima Ayyar</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/432D5F6BFFBDFFA26BACFE442B85FACD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Gupta, Ankita;Shashank, P. R.;Pai, Sachin G.;Mohan, M.;Rachana, R. R.;Dubey, Vinod Kumar;Sandeep, Angalakuditi;Deepthy, K. B.	Joshi, Sunil, Gupta, Ankita, Shashank, P. R., Pai, Sachin G., Mohan, M., Rachana, R. R., Dubey, Vinod Kumar, Sandeep, Angalakuditi, Deepthy, K. B. (2022): Recent adventive soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) and mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) in India. Zootaxa 5194 (2): 213-232, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.2.4
432D5F6BFFBDFFA36BACFBCE2B84FEF2.text	432D5F6BFFBDFFA36BACFBCE2B84FEF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Formicococcus simplicior (Green)	<div><p>Formicococcus simplicior (Green)</p> <p>Tylococcus simplicior Green 1922: 369.</p> <p>Farinococcus simplicior Green 1937: 289; Ben-Dov 1994: 162.</p> <p>Paraputo simplicior Tang 1992: 311.</p> <p>Formicococcus simplicior Williams 2004: 313.</p> <p>Material examined: INDIA, Kerala, Wayanad, Meenangadi, N 11.6596°, E 76.1726°, on Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae), 15. ix.2020, Sachin G. Pai coll., 25 ♀♀.</p> <p>Appearance in life (Fig. 1f): The females are attached to the host tenaciously. Adult female broadly oval, strongly convex above and very flat ventrally, coated dorsally with very fine, dense white powdery wax. Margin with a fringe of fine white wax filaments that tend to merge; the filaments become shorter towards head.Appendages transparent pinkish brown. Eggs and early instars pink.</p> <p>Diagnosis of slide-mounted adult female (n=25): Body oval to almost circular (Fig. 8q). Anal lobes well developed (Fig. 8a), ventral surface of each lobe with stout apical seta (Fig. 8b) and an anal lobe bar. Antennae (Fig. c) each with 8 segments.</p> <p>Dorsum: With numerous stout flagellate setae (Fig. 8m). Ostioles well developed (Fig. 8h), with inner edges of lips sclerotized, each lip bearing 4 or 5 setae and a few trilocular pores. Anal ring situated near apex of abdomen. Cerarii basically numbering 18 pairs. Anal lobe cerarii each usually containing 7 or 8 long slender conical setae in a compact group (Fig. 8i), together with a few auxiliary setae and trilocular pores on a membranous area. Penultimate cerarii (Fig. 8j) and more anterior cerarii similar to anal lobe cerarii but cerarian setae often with flagellate tips. Preocular cerarii (Fig. 8k) sometimes absent or, when present, situated very close to frontal cerarii (Fig. 8l) and sometimes merging with them.</p> <p>Venter: With normal flagellate setae (Fig. 8n), thinner but often slightly longer than dorsal setae. Legs well developed, stout (Fig. 8d), claw stout and curved (Fig. 8e). Translucent pores conspicuous, present on anterior and posterior surfaces of hind coxa (Fig. 8f), but not detected on femur or tibia. Circulus present (Fig. 8g). Multilocular disc pores (Fig. 8o) present in bands across medial areas and in submarginal groups on abdominal segment V and posterior segments, including anal lobes. Oral collar tubular ducts (Fig. 8p) minute, sparsely present across medial areas of abdominal segments VI and VII.</p> <p>Comparison: Williams (2004) provided a description and illustration; he reported the presence of translucent pores on the posterior surface of hind tibia, however, none of the specimens examined in this study possessed translucent pores on either surface of the hind tibia. In this study we regard these morphological differences as simple variations within the species.</p> <p>Ecological notes: Formicococcus simplicior was previously known only from Sri Lanka, infesting an indeterminate plant and attended by Oecophylla smaragdina ants (Green 1922; Williams 2004). In the present study it was recorded on economically important T. cacao, which is grown in all the south Indian states (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu), so it is likely to spread at least in the southern parts of India. The mealybugs were collected from the carton shelters of an ant, Crematogaster rogenhoferi Mayr (Fig. 6o), on branches of a cacao tree.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/432D5F6BFFBDFFA36BACFBCE2B84FEF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Gupta, Ankita;Shashank, P. R.;Pai, Sachin G.;Mohan, M.;Rachana, R. R.;Dubey, Vinod Kumar;Sandeep, Angalakuditi;Deepthy, K. B.	Joshi, Sunil, Gupta, Ankita, Shashank, P. R., Pai, Sachin G., Mohan, M., Rachana, R. R., Dubey, Vinod Kumar, Sandeep, Angalakuditi, Deepthy, K. B. (2022): Recent adventive soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) and mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) in India. Zootaxa 5194 (2): 213-232, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.2.4
432D5F6BFFA3FFBC6BACFF562B85FD2A.text	432D5F6BFFA3FFBC6BACFF562B85FD2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Formicococcus Takahashi 1928	<div><p>Key to adult females of the Indian species of Formicococcus Takahashi amended from the key provided by Joshi et al. (2020a)</p> <p>1(0) Dorsal and ventral surfaces of anal lobes sclerotized, in addition to anal lobe bars................... F. lingnani (Ferris)</p> <p>- Dorsal and ventral surfaces of anal lobes membranous except for anal lobe bars................................... 2</p> <p>2(1) Ventral oral collar tubular ducts present anterior to abdomen, on thorax or on head and thorax........................ 3</p> <p>- Ventral oral collar tubular ducts confined to abdomen, absent from head and thorax................................ 8</p> <p>3(2) Multilocular disc pores present on marginal and submarginal areas of abdominal venter............................. 4</p> <p>- Multilocular disc pores present only in the median area of abdomen, absent from marginal and submarginal areas of abdominal venter.............................................................................................. 6</p> <p>4(3) Ventral tubular ducts of 2 sizes..................................................... F. mangiferacola Williams</p> <p>- Ventral tubular ducts of only 1 size....................................................................... 5</p> <p>5(4) Most cerarian setae quite long, conical with flagellate tips. Marginal and submarginal groups of multilocular disc pores present only as forward as abdominal segment V. Hind femur without translucent pores................... F. simplicior (Green)</p> <p>- Most cerarian setae very elongate and flagellate. Marginal and submarginal groups of multilocular disc pores present as forward as abdominal segment III. Hind femur with translucent pores.............................. F. formicarius (Newstead)</p> <p>6(3) Anal lobe inner margins meeting at base; dorsal setae stout but with flagellate tips................. F. formicarii (Green)</p> <p>- Anal lobe inner margins widely separated at base; dorsal setae of variable shapes but never with flagellate tips........... 7</p> <p>7(6) Dorsal setae blunt, stiff, many slightly knobbed, measuring 17–40 µm............................. F. latens Williams</p> <p>- Dorsal setae stiff, conical, lanceolate and acute, measuring 6–20 µm.......................... F. polysperes Williams</p> <p>8(2) Ventral setae thick, short and curved, including anal lobe bar setae, cisanal and obanal setae........ F. tripurensis Williams</p> <p>- Ventral setae all flagellate.............................................................................. 9</p> <p>9(8) Anal lobe cerarii each with 2 conical and 1 or 2 auxiliary setae................................ F. erythrinae Williams</p> <p>- Anal lobe cerarii with more than 2 conical setae in addition to auxiliary setae.................................... 10</p> <p>10(9) Cerarii basically numbering 18 pairs, sometimes as few as 14 pairs discernible but number can vary between different sides of same specimen. All cerarian setae conical, a few with flagellate tips. Dorsal setae short and stiff, each 10–20 μm long. Multilocular disc pores present as far forward as abdominal segment V. Translucent pores present on hind coxa and tibia............................................................................. F. robustus (Ezzat &amp; McConnell)</p> <p>- Cerarii numbering 11–15 pairs. All cerarian setae conical with flagellate tips. Dorsal setae longer, 17–65 μm long, each thick and stiff with flagellate tip. Multilocular disc pores present as far forward as abdominal segment IV. Translucent pores present only on hind coxa, absent from or very rare on hind tibia.......................... F. tectonae Joshi, Bindu &amp; Gullan</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/432D5F6BFFA3FFBC6BACFF562B85FD2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joshi, Sunil;Gupta, Ankita;Shashank, P. R.;Pai, Sachin G.;Mohan, M.;Rachana, R. R.;Dubey, Vinod Kumar;Sandeep, Angalakuditi;Deepthy, K. B.	Joshi, Sunil, Gupta, Ankita, Shashank, P. R., Pai, Sachin G., Mohan, M., Rachana, R. R., Dubey, Vinod Kumar, Sandeep, Angalakuditi, Deepthy, K. B. (2022): Recent adventive soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) and mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) in India. Zootaxa 5194 (2): 213-232, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.2.4
