identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E48401FF81E82392989444D92ADF3A.text	03E48401FF81E82392989444D92ADF3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacidae Handlirsch 1906	<div><p>Key to species of Bittacidae in Guizhou</p> <p>1. Male tergum X completely absent. Epandrial appendages prominently shorter than half length of gonocoxites; acute tooth protrusion on ventral margin subbasally....... T. xiphicus Tan &amp; Hua, 2009</p> <p>− Male tergum X degenerate more or less into two slender lateral plates. Epandrial appendages approximately equal to or longer than half length of gonocoxites; no denticulate protrusion on ventral margin............................................................................................................................................... 2</p> <p>2. One pale streak on meso- and metanotum........................................................................................ 3</p> <p>− No obvious streak on meso- and metanotum.................................................................................... 4</p> <p>3. Wings tinged with light yellowish brown, without markings except pterostigma; Pcv one.......................................................................................................................... B. falcatus Zhou &amp; Zhou, 2007</p> <p>− Wings tinged with yellowish brown or blackish brown, with numerous markings, Pcv two........... 5</p> <p>4. Sc ending beyond FRs and FM, Av one, without nygmata; upper branch of proctiger slender, male cerci slender...................................................................... B. kuankuoshuensis Zhou &amp; Zhou, 2012</p> <p>− Sc ending before FRs and FM, no Av, nygmata at median of wings; upper branch of proctiger expanded distally, male cerci clavate................................................................................ B. multisetus sp. nov.</p> <p>5. Wing with large darkish brown marking from Sc to A1 ending.... B. stigmosus Zhou &amp; Zhou, 2005</p> <p>− Wing with small discrete flecks........................................................................................................ 6</p> <p>6. Wings with four conspicuous markings at OM, ORs, FRs and CuP ending, respectively..................................................................................................................... B. dashahensis Zhou &amp; Zhou, 2005</p> <p>− Wings with more or less markings.................................................................................................... 7</p> <p>7. Epandrial appendages subquadrangular in lateral aspect, straight on ventral and dorsal edges, without protrusions or long setae.................................................................................. B. sinicus Issiki, 1931</p> <p>− Epandrial appendages irregularly shaped in lateral aspect, crooked on ventral or dorsal margins, with protrusions or long setae................................................................................................................... 8</p> <p>8. Epandrial appendage with row of long blackish brown setae on ventral margin.......................................................................................................................................... B. setigerus Chen &amp; Hua, 2013</p> <p>− Epandrial appendage without setae on ventral margin..................................................................... 9</p> <p>9. Epandrial appendages greatly elongated into paired long sinuous lobes............................................................................................................................................................ B. leigongshanicus sp. nov.</p> <p>− Epandrial appendages not elongated.............................................................................................. 10</p> <p>10. Caudal portion of gonocoxites with paired lobes................................................. B. dilobus sp. nov.</p> <p>− Caudal portion of gonocoxites with V-shaped membrane....................................... B. lii Zhou, 2003</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E48401FF81E82392989444D92ADF3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Le-Le, HE;Bao-Zhen, HUA	Le-Le, HE, Bao-Zhen, HUA (2022): A review of Bittacidae (Mecoptera) in Guizhou, China with descriptions of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 839: 103-119, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.839.1935, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.839.1935
03E48401FF86E82090AD9395DF9EDA98.text	03E48401FF86E82090AD9395DF9EDA98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus dilobus Hua 2022	<div><p>Bittacus dilobus sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 141D3F0D-62D0-4250-870D-6BB70C8C6AC5</p> <p>Figs 2–4</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The new species is unique in having the male gonocoxites with two triangular caudal lobes, elongated aedeagal lobes with distal half broadened into an acute distal process and a greatly elongated and coiled penisfilum.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The specific epithet is derived from the Greek ʻdi-ʼ (two, double) and ʻlob-ʼ (a lobe), referring to the male gonocoxites with a pair of triangular lobes.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype CHINA • ♂; Guizhou Province, Leishan County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.130005&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.37" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.130005/lat 26.37)">Leigongshan</a>; 26°22′12″ N, 108°7′48″ E; 1440–1500 m a.s.l.; 15 Jul. 2021; Le-Le He leg.; NWAU.</p> <p>Paratypes CHINA • 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for the holotype; NWAU.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>MEASUREMENTS. AL 7.4–8.1 mm, BL 16.1–19.6 mm, FL 22.4–22.7 mm, FW 5.1–5.5 mm, HL 19.0– 19.4 mm, HW 4.4–4.7 mm.</p> <p>HEAD (Fig. 2B). Vertex yellowish brown; frons grayish brown; ocellar triangle black, median ocellus smaller than lateral ocelli; clypeus and labrum yellowish to blackish brown, lateral sides darker; maxillary palp blackish brown except distal segment yellowish brown. Antennae yellowish brown; flagellum ciliated, with distinct segments basally and obscure beyond 16 th segment.</p> <p>THORAX (Fig. 2C). Pronotum unevenly blackish brown, with setae along anterior margin; mesonotum blackish brown in anterior two-thirds; remaining parts and metanotum yellowish brown, with light brown median streak; two setae along posterior margins of meso- and metanotum respectively. Pleura pale yellowish brown. Legs unevenly yellowish brown; femora and tibiae with black apices (Fig. 2A); length ratio of two apical tibial spurs as 2:3 (Fig. 2D); hind basitarsus as long as tarsomeres II−IV together, each succeeding tarsomere shorter in turn; each side of basal tarsomere IV with one black seta (Fig. 2E).</p> <p>WINGS (Fig. 3). Forewing membrane hyaline with yellowish tinge; pterostigma brown; small blackish brown cloudings at OM, ORs and FRs; Pcv two. Sc ending beyond level of FRs; Scv before FM; CuP ending near FM 3+4; Cuv two; 1A ending near FM; 2A ending before OM; Av absent. Hindwing similar to forewing, but Sc ending before level of FRs and FM.</p> <p>ABDOMEN OF MALE (Fig. 4A–C). Terga II–VIII yellowish brown, each with a black antecosta; tergum VIII slightly emarginate in V-shape on posterior margin. Epandrial appendages yellowish brown, longer than half length of gonocoxites, ventral margin almost straight, but dorsal margin sags and crests with long hairs; with two conspicuous protrusions on inner surface, one ear-like on ventro-distal process, the other small triangular-shape on dorsal process, both bearing black spines apically. Tergum X black, greatly vestigial. Proctiger stout basally, sclerotized dorsally and ventrally; upper branch of proctiger fingerlike, bearing a bunch of short yellow hairs apically; lower branch of proctiger curved caudoventrad and tapering caudally, but enlarged apically. Cerci slender, longer than half length of gonocoxites. Gonocoxites yellowish brown except ventral portion blackish-brown, with a pair of triangular caudal lobes divided by V-shaped emargination. Gonostylus yellowish brown, greatly shortened, with hairs apically. Aedeagal lobes elongated, with distal half broadened into acute distal process; penisfilum greatly elongated and coiled.</p> <p>ABDOMEN OF FEMALE (Fig. 4D–F). Terga II–VI yellowish brown, terga VII–VIII dull blackish brown, each with a black antecosta. Subgenital plate sclerotized, yellowish to blackish brown, divided mesially by conspicuous membrane, bearing 12–15 black setae distally; membranous emargination indistinct. Tergum IX yellowish brown, truncated distally, with a black, obtusely triangular fleck basally in dorsal view. Tergum X extending ventrally and beyond base of cerci. Supraanal plate shorter than subanal plate, longer than cerci.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Guizhou Province, China.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>The new species resembles B. triangularis Issiki, 1929 from Liaoning Province in appearance, but can be separated from the latter by the following traits: the lower branch of the proctiger expanded apically (cf. the lower branch of the proctiger tapering caudally); the gonocoxites unevenly colored, with two caudal lobes (cf. the caudal portion of the gonocoxites long and curved dorsally); and the aedeagal lobe enlarged apically (cf. the aedeagal lobe tapering toward the apex).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E48401FF86E82090AD9395DF9EDA98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Le-Le, HE;Bao-Zhen, HUA	Le-Le, HE, Bao-Zhen, HUA (2022): A review of Bittacidae (Mecoptera) in Guizhou, China with descriptions of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 839: 103-119, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.839.1935, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.839.1935
03E48401FF85E82C907496DDDDF8DF0B.text	03E48401FF85E82C907496DDDDF8DF0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus leigongshanicus Hua 2022	<div><p>Bittacus leigongshanicus sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 13B5A6A6-5632-4C1E-B15C-67FD5EA1D110</p> <p>Figs 5–7</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The new species can be readily recognized from its congeners by the following characters: 1) wings with numerous dark brown markings, Av one; 2) terga II–V dark brown in the basal three-fourths, light brown in the distal fourth; terga VI–VIII black; and 3) male epandrial appendage greatly elongated into a sinuous lobe in the distal half.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The specific epithet refers to the type locality, Leigongshan.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype CHINA • ♂; Guizhou Province, Leishan County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.130005&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.37" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.130005/lat 26.37)">Leigongshan</a>; 26°22′12″ N, 108°7′48″ E; 1440–1500 m a.s.l.; 15 Jul. 2021; Le-Le He leg.; NWAU.</p> <p>Paratypes CHINA • 2 ♀♀, same collection data as for the holotype; NWAU.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>MEASUREMENTS. AL 7.3–7.9 mm, BL 17.5–18.5 mm, FL 22.8–24.1 mm, FW 4.8–5.5 mm, HL 21.4– 22.4 mm, HW 4.5–5.0 mm.</p> <p>HEAD (Fig. 5B). Vertex and frons yellowish brown; ocellar triangle black, dark ocellar stripe extending to compound eyes; lateral ocelli twice as large as median ocellus; compound eyes spherical; clypeus and labrum unevenly brown, lateral sides darker; maxillary palps dull yellowish brown except terminal segments brown, 3 rd segment approximately twice as long as 4 th and 5 th segments combined; labial palps yellowish brown. Antennae ciliated with long hairs (Fig. 5D), with basal 15 flagellomeres distinct, but distal segments obscure.</p> <p>THORAX (Fig. 5C). Pronotum dark brown, without setae along anterior or posterior margins. Meso- and metanotum dark brown laterally, with a pale brown median stripe. Pleura unevenly blackish brown. Legs yellowish brown, femora and tibiae with black apices (Fig. 5A); length ratio of two apical tibial spurs as 2:1 (Fig. 5E). Hind basitarsus as long as tarsomeres II and III together, tarsomere IV with three subbasal setae on lateral side (Fig. 5F).</p> <p>WINGS (Fig. 6). Forewing membrane hyaline with grayish brown tinge, dark brown markings distinct; pterostigma prominent; large marking running from R 1 to or before CuA, through FRs and FM, turned outward and ending at R 4+5; conspicuous small flecks at OM, ORs, and ends of Cu; longitudinal strip along R5, broader apically; outer margin deeply darker from R1a to or slightly before M1; dark brown clouding along cross-veins; small hyaline spot at FM 3+4; Pcv two. Sc ending beyond level of FRs; Scv and Cuv near level of FM; CuP ending near FM 3+4; Cuv two; 1A ending before FM; 2A ending before OM; Av one. Hindwing similar to forewing, but Scv distinctly proximal to level of FM.</p> <p>ABDOMEN OF MALE (Fig. 7A, C). Terga II–V dark brown in basal three-fourths, light brown in distal fourth; terga VI–VIII black; each tergum with black narrow antecosta (Fig. 5A); tergum VIII slightly emarginate on posterior margin. Epandrial appendages dull yellowish brown, approximately twice as long as gonocoxites, pentagon-shaped in basal half and elongated into a sinuous lobe in distal half; a patch of long yellow hairs on outer surface and diffuse black spines along inner surface of elongated lobes. Tergum X saddle-like, with two lateral plates extending around base of cerci. Upper branch of proctiger yellowish to blackish brown, finger-like, protruding dorsally between epandrial appendages, apically bearing a bundle of yellow hairs; lower branch of proctiger yellowish brown and thin, shorter than upper branch. Cerci subacute distally, half as long as gonocoxites. Gonocoxites slightly curved dorsally. Gonostylus shortened, subquadrangular in lateral aspect, slightly constricted subapically, bearing long hairs on outer surface. Aedeagus stout, with two elongated aedeagal lobes and a greatly coiled penisfilum.</p> <p>ABDOMEN OF FEMALE (Fig. 7B, D). Terga II–IX blackish to light brown, each with a narrow, black antecosta. Subgenital plate blackish brown, bearing a bunch of black setae distally, consisting of two strongly sclerotized halves, divided mesially by acute triangular membrane; each half with a pale triangular membranous emargination subdistally along lateral edge. Tergum X narrow, extending ventrad. Supraanal and subanal plates broad, truncated anteriorly. Cerci yellowish brown, tapering toward apex, longer than anal plates.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Guizhou Province, China.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>The new species is similar to B. monastyrskiyi Bicha, 2007 from Guangxi Province in appearance, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features: epandrial appendage elongated into a sinuous lobe (cf. epandrial appendage split medially into two lobes, a short dorsal one and a long ventral one); upper branch of proctiger stout and finger-like with yellow apical hairs (cf. upper branch of proctiger slender, bearing a stout apical spine); aedeagal lobes elongated, broad distally (cf. aedeagal lobes semicircular).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E48401FF85E82C907496DDDDF8DF0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Le-Le, HE;Bao-Zhen, HUA	Le-Le, HE, Bao-Zhen, HUA (2022): A review of Bittacidae (Mecoptera) in Guizhou, China with descriptions of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 839: 103-119, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.839.1935, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.839.1935
03E48401FF89E82990539349D8A9DA48.text	03E48401FF89E82990539349D8A9DA48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus multisetus Hua 2022	<div><p>Bittacus multisetus sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C5F64A5A-1EF3-4CB2-B5A4-5763792CD230</p> <p>Figs 8–10</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the following features: 1) few markings on wings (Fig. 9); 2) the epandrial appendages greatly elongated, subrectangular in lateral aspect (Fig. 10A); 3) the upper branch of the proctiger elongated, expanded distally, bent anteriorly, bearing an apical hair bundle (Fig. 10A); and 4) numerous long setae along the lateral sides of the female subgenital plates (Fig. 10F).</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The specific epithet ʻ multisetus ʼ is derived from the Latin ʻ mult -ʼ (many) and ʻ set -ʼ (bristle), referring to the numerous setae along the lateral margins of the female subgenital plates.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype CHINA • ♂; Guizhou Province, Shuicheng County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=104.810005&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.460001" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 104.810005/lat 26.460001)">Yushe National Forest</a> Park; 26°27′36″ N, 104°48′36″ E; 1900–2200 m a.s.l.; 4–6 Jul. 2012; Jing Chen and Ying Miao leg.; NWAU.</p> <p>Paratypes CHINA • 2 ♀♀; Guizhou Province, Shuicheng County, Yushe National Forest Park; 26°27′36″ N, 104°48′36″ E; 2100–2200 m a.s.l.; 10 Jul. 2021; Le-Le He leg.; NWAU.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>MEASUREMENTS. AL 5.2–6.8 mm, BL 13.1–15.2 mm, FL 17.4–18.3 mm, FW 4.5–5.7 mm, HL 15.4– 16.9 mm, HW 3.3–4.2 mm.</p> <p>HEAD (Fig. 8B). Vertex blackish brown; frons yellowish brown; median ocellus similar to lateral ocelli; black transverse band passing through ocellar triangle to compound eyes; clypeus and labrum blackish brown; maxillary palps unevenly colored, most segments black except distal segment yellowish brown; 3 rd segment slightly longer than 4 th and 5 th segments combined. Antennae yellowish brown, filiform.</p> <p>THORAX (Fig. 8C). Pronotum blackish brown, without setae along anterior or posterior margins; mesonotum dark brown except scutum and median part light brown, two long setae along posterior margin; metanotum brown to light brown. Pleura unevenly yellowish brown. Legs yellowish brown, with femora and tibiae darker apically; two tibial spurs long (Fig. 8D); hind basitarsus as long as tarsomeres II−IV together, one black spine along each side of proximal tarsomere IV (Fig. 8E).</p> <p>WINGS (Fig. 9). Forewing membrane hyaline with light brown tinge, apex faintly subacute; pterostigma brown; three small grayish brown clouding speckles on OM, ORs, and FRs respectively; remaining cross-veins with diffuse light grayish brown cloudings; sparse short spinules along outer margin. Pcv two. Sc ending slightly beyond level of FRs; Scv before FRs; Cuv near level of FM; CuP near FM3+4; Cuv two; 1A ending far before FM; 2A ending before OM; Av absent. Hindwing similar to forewing, but Sc ending before FRs, Pcv one.</p> <p>ABDOMEN OF MALE (Fig. 10A–C). Terga II–IV yellowish to light brown; terga V–VIII blackish brown; tergum VIII slightly emarginate on posterior margin; each with a dark antecosta. Epandrial appendage pale brown, approximately twice as long as gonocoxite, subrectangular with caudal margin rounded, two or three rows of black spines on inner surface along dorsal and apical margins, bearing a cluster of long black subapical setae on ventral margin. Tergum X greatly vestigial. Upper branch of proctiger yellowish brown, expanded distally, bent anteriorly, with apical hair bundle; lower branch of proctiger shorter, tapering toward apex. Cerci yellowish brown, clavate, longer than half length of gonocoxites. Gonocoxites blackish brown, shortened; distal portion protruding into subtriangular lobes separated by a deep V-shaped membranous median area; gonostylus with a process on inner side, and surrounded by sparse black setae. Aedeagus with paired elongated lobes; penisfilum coiled.</p> <p>ABDOMEN OF FEMALE (Fig. 10D–F). Terga II–IV yellowish to light brown; terga V–X blackish brown; a black antecosta on each tergum. Subgenital plate dull yellowish brown, greatly sclerotized; subgenital plate connected basally with lateral margin of tergum VIII, and curved dorsally for distal portion in lateral view; proximal two-thirds of plates prominently separated by V-shaped membrane, with a row of black setae along distal margin; approximately seven long black setae at median and lateral edge of each subgenital plate. Tergum X extending to base of cerci. Supra- and subanal plate acute caudally, bearing dense yellow hairs. Cerci yellowish brown, tapering toward apex, longer than supraanal plate.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Guizhou Province, China.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>The new species is similar to B. puripennis Cai &amp; Hua, 2006 from Shaanxi Province, but can be differentiated from the latter by the following characters: no prominent meso- and metanotum median streak (cf. the median meso- and metanotum streak pale); the distal margins of the epandrial appendages rounded (cf. the distal margins of the epandrial appendages acute); and the upper branch of the proctiger expanded distally, bent anteriorly (cf. the upper branch of the proctiger finger-like, straight).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E48401FF89E82990539349D8A9DA48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Le-Le, HE;Bao-Zhen, HUA	Le-Le, HE, Bao-Zhen, HUA (2022): A review of Bittacidae (Mecoptera) in Guizhou, China with descriptions of three new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 839: 103-119, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.839.1935, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.839.1935
