identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C687EDFFF6FFCAA4C547EF2D0EFF21.text	03C687EDFFF6FFCAA4C547EF2D0EFF21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nototriton (Taylorotriton) Kubicki & Reyes & Arias 2022	<div><p>Taylorotriton subgen. nov.</p> <p>Type species. Parvimolge richardi Taylor, 1949.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Diminutive salamanders with a standard length not known to exceed 27 mm. Possessing tiny hands and feet that are pad-like in appearance, with at the most the distal phalanx on each digit protruding in a bluntly pointed tip beyond the fleshy palmar and plantar tissue. Hand width not known to exceed 30% of head width. Relatively large nostril openings; width of nostril typically exceeding 5% of head width. The members of this subgenus are also diagnosed by evident divergence in their mtDNA sequences.</p> <p>Etymology. Taylorotriton, is formed from Taylor (a surname) and the Greek word Triton (a Greek god of the sea, son of Poseidon and Amphitrite) (Day 2007). Triton is a commonly used word for salamanders, and is a root in several genera and subgenera of bolitoglossine salamanders. We propose this subgeneric name in honor of Edward Harrison Taylor (1889–1978), the legendary alpha-taxonomist who greatly expanded the knowledge and understanding of Costa Rica’s amphibians, including salamanders, during his work in the country especially during middle decades (40s and 50s) of the 20th century.</p> <p>Composition. Only three species are recognized to comprise this subgenus, The two former members of the Nototriton richardi species group (N. richardi and N. tapanti) and a newly proposed species described herein below.</p> <p>Distribution. All three members of the subgenus Taylorotriton are known to be endemic to Costa Rica and restricted to the Caribbean slopes of the Central Volcanic Range and northeastern Talamanca, at elevations from roughly 1300–2250 masl (Fig. 6).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687EDFFF6FFCAA4C547EF2D0EFF21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kubicki, Brian;Reyes, Aura;Arias, Erick	Kubicki, Brian, Reyes, Aura, Arias, Erick (2022): Revised taxonomy and distributions of Costa Rican moss salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Nototriton), with descriptions of new taxa. Zootaxa 5194 (4): 451-496, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.4.1
03C687EDFFF7FFC1A4C547622A82FDE5.text	03C687EDFFF7FFC1A4C547622A82FDE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nototriton vereh Kubicki & Reyes & Arias 2022	<div><p>Nototriton vereh sp. nov.</p> <p>Vereh moss salamander</p> <p>Holotype. UCR 23681 (Figs. 7–9), an adult female from Costa Rica: Provincia de Cartago: Cantón de Turrialba: Distrito de Chirripó: a private property owned by Brian Kubicki and referred to as the Río Vereh Cloud Forest Reserve, 1400 m a.s.l., collected by Brian Kubicki on 15 October 2016.</p> <p>Paratypes. UCR 23682, an adult female from Costa Rica: Provincia de Limón: Cantón de Turrialba: Distrito de Chirripó: moss on bank of road between Jicotea and Río Vereh, ca. 1250 m a.s.l., collected by Brian Kubicki in the company of Aura Reyes on 2 November 2013. UCR 23683, an adult male from Costa Rica: Provincia de Cartago: Cantón de Turrialba: Distrito de Chirripó: edge of road between Bajo Pacuare and Grano de Oro, ca. 1250 m a.s.l., collected by Brian Kubicki, in the company of Aura Reyes, on 13 April 2013; UCR 23684, an adult male: same locality data as UCR 23683, but collected by Brian Kubicki, in the company of Aura Reyes, on 21 March 2013.</p> <p>Generic Placement. Assigned to the genus Nototriton due to having fewer than 14 costal grooves, reduced manus and pes that are longer than wide, and the molecular evidence (16S, COI, and cyt b mtDNA distances) presented herein.</p> <p>Subgeneric Placement. Nototriton vereh is further assigned to the subgenus Taylorotriton due to the combination of its known geographic distribution (endemic to the central Caribbean region of Costa Rica), its tiny hands and feet that are pad-like in appearance, with at the most the distal phalanx on each digit protruding in a bluntly pointed tip beyond the fleshy palmar and plantar tissue, and again the molecular evidence (16S, COI, and cyt b mtDNA distances) presented herein.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The combination of the following characteristics can be used to distinguish Nototriton vereh from the other described species of the genus Nototriton: (1) having tiny hands and feet, with at the most only the distal phalanges on the fingers and toes free of palmar and plantar tissue; (2) large nostril openings, greater than 0.25 mm in height (Fig. X); (3) 16S, COI, and cyt b mtDNA distances.</p> <p>Comparisons. Since Nototriton vereh is only known to occur within Costa Rica and the phenotypic and molecular evidence presented herein strongly supports it forming part of the newly proposed Taylorotriton subgenus, the phenotypic comparisons presented are only with respect to other members of that subgeneric taxon (i.e. N. richardi, and N. tapanti).</p> <p>Contrasting characteristics for Nototriton vereh are presented in parentheses. Nototriton richardi (Taylor, 1949) can be distinguished from N. vereh by having relatively narrower feet, average FoW = 0.97 mm (average FoW = 0.85 mm); shorter hind limbs, average HLL = 3.7 mm and HLL = 15.7–19.5 % of SL (longer hind limbs, average HLL = 4.1 mm and HLL = 18.0–21.0 % of SL). Nototriton tapanti Good &amp; Wake, 1993 has wider hands and feet, average HaW = 0.9 mm, HaW = 24.1–29.7 % of HeW, average FoW 1.1 = mm, FoW = 31.0–35.1 % of HeW (narrower hands and feet, average HaW = 0.7 mm, HaW = 23.3–27.6 % of HeW, average FoW 0.9 = mm, FoW = 26.7–32.1 % of HeW).</p> <p>Description of holotype. Subadult to adult female having a SL of 18.6 mm. Head slightly wider than neck and shoulders (HeW 2.9 mm, NeW 2.5 mm, ShW 2.5 mm), with greatest width of head just posterior to the articulation of the jaws; snout raised anterodorsally, spadate to rounded in dorsal outline, and rounded in profile; snout relatively short (SnL 0.6 mm, 3.2 % of SL), with nearly terminal non-protruding large nostrils (LNH 0.28 mm, RNW 0.22 mm) directed anterolaterally; internarial area convex in dorsal outline. Eyes relatively large (EW = 183 % of SnL), weakly protruding beyond dorsal and ventral outline of head, directed anterolaterally, with a distinct suborbital groove. Top of head flat and smooth, tapering slightly toward anterior terminus, lacking contrasting interorbital or other dermal structures. Canthus rostralis weakly rounded; intercanthal area flat to slightly convex; and loreal region slightly concave. No obvious cirri (nasolabial protuberances), but nasolabial grooves weakly discernible on tip of snout; nasolabial grooves start at ventrolateral margins of nares and extend ventrally, with a slight outward orientation, and terminate prior to reaching upper lip margin. Gular fold well-defined, starting on dorsolateral portion of neck, below postorbital groove, wrapping around posteriolateral section of head at a slightly anterior angle and crossing venter as a smooth anterior-oriented curve. Nuchal grooves very weakly evident, starting above postorbital groove and converging medially at occiput. Postorbital grooves weakly evident, starting at the posterior corner of eyes and traveling horizontally along the inferior margin of parotoid glands, terminating at gular fold on the lateral portion of neck. Horizontal mandibular groove moderately defined, starting at corner of mouth and extending horizontally to vertical portion of mandibular groove. Mandibular groove not a single continuous structure, but rather two independent structures on each side of head. Vertical portion of mandibular grooves starting along the inferior margins of postorbital grooves and traveling vertically to gular region, terminating at or just medially of intersections with inner mandibular grooves. Inner mandibular groove not a single continuous structure, but rather two independent and laterally postioned structures. Inner mandibular grooves moderately evident, starting at anterior termini or margin of mandibular grooves, running medially parallel to mandibular bones, becoming indiscernible near anterior tip of lower jaw. Pair of weak, but discernibly raised parotoid glands present on dorsolateral margin of head between orbits, postorbital grooves, and occiput. Snout protruding beyond anterior margin of lower lip in lateral view. No mental gland visible under skin of anterior intermandibular region.</p> <p>Arms relatively short and slender (FLL = 3.3 mm, 17.7 % of SL), without noticeable hypertrophied forearm compared to upper arm. Hands very small and slender (HaL = 0.9 mm, 22.5 % of VGS; HaW = 0.8 mm, 27.6 % of HeW). Fingers II and III protruding slightly beyond interdigital tissue margin (LF2 0.31 mm, LF3 0.19 mm), fingers I and IV with minimal indentation at interdgitial spaces, barely receding proximally beyond tips of latter mentioned digits. Finger III most free of interdigital tissue, with about entire distal phalanx protruding. Tips of fingers rounded (fingers I, II, IV) to acutely rounded (Finger III). Terminal pads weakly discernible on ventral surface of fingers. Palmar surfaces appearing to be smooth overall, but with an evident dermal crease extending transversally along proximal margin of tip of Finger III. Dorsal surfaces of hands with discernible interdigital grooves that start at interdigital tissue margins and cross metacarpal region. Relative lengths of fingers on right hand I &lt;IV &lt;II &lt;III.</p> <p>Legs relatively short and slender (HLL 3.9 mm, 21.0 % of SL), with lower leg being slightly thicker than upper leg. Feet small and slender (FoL 1.2 mm, 30.0 % of VGS; FoW 0.9 mm, 31.0 % of HeW). Toes II and III protruding slightly beyond interdigital tissue margin (LT2 0.40 mm, LT3 0.22 mm), toes I, IV, and V with minimal indentation at interdgitial spaces, barely receding proximally beyond tips of latter mentioned digits. Toe III most free of interdigital tissue, with about entire distal phalanx protruding. Tips of toes rounded (toes I, II, IV, V) to accutely rounded (Toe III). Terminal pads weakly discernible on ventral distal surface of toes, especially on toes II, III, and IV. Plantar surfaces appearing to be smooth overall, but with some evident dermal creases. Dorsal surfaces of feet with discernible interdigital grooves that start at interdigital tissue margins and cross metatarsal region. Relative lengths of toes on right foot I &lt;V &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III.</p> <p>Body subcylindrical (slightly wider than high) in cross section, and relatively robust (TW = 2.4 mm; TW = 23.5 % of AGL). Between axilla and groin, 11 costal grooves visible, 13 if counting axillary and inguinal grooves; costal grooves most visible on ventral and lateral portions of body. Adpressed limbs separated by 4 costal folds; 12 costal folds total between axilla and groin. Slight middorsal depression extends longitudinally along length of body, starting at base of head (occiput) and becoming indiscernible on anterior portion of tail. Tail long, cylindrical in cross section, lacking an evident constriction at base, and evenly tapering to pointed terminus; in life, some caudal grooves discernible on anterior portion of tail. Skin on surfaces of head, body, limbs, and tail smooth.</p> <p>Coloration in life. The ground color of the dorsal and dorsolateral surfaces of the head and trunk consisted of a mixture of reddish-brown earthy tones. Secondary coloration on the dorsal and dorsolateral surfaces of the head and trunk consisted of larger irregular black markings (especially concentrated along the dorsolateral region of the trunk and dorsal surface of the head), numerous closely spaced darker chevron marks visible along upper dorsum of the trunk, and numerous fine to very fine pale orange to white patches of chromatophores scattered randomly throughout the dorsal surface. The iris was bright orange with a dark brownish-black reticulation.</p> <p>The upper surfaces of the arms and legs were a mixture of chromatophore patches of irregular shapes and sizes, ranging in color from pale orange, pinkish-orange, dark brown, and black. Additionally, there were some fine to very fine patches of white chromatophores scattered randomly throughout the dorsal surface of the limbs.</p> <p>The dorsal and dorsolateral surfaces of the tail were nearly uniform reddish-orange, with some fine to very fine patches of white chromatophores scattered randomly throughout.</p> <p>The ventrolateral surfaces of the body and tail were contrasted from the superior surfaces by consisting of a concentration of fine white or pale markings on a dark gray background.</p> <p>The ventral surfaces of the head, body, limbs, and tail were pale brown to gray with numerous fine to very fine white spots and irregular markings scattered throughout. Just posterior to the cloaca, there was a concentration of contrasting pale orangish spots and irregular markings. The ventral surfaces of the limbs and gular patch were slightly paler in comparison to the ventral surfaces of the body and tail. The palmar and plantar surfaces were pale grayish-white.</p> <p>Coloration in ethanol. After more than 5 years in ethanol (70%), the overall coloration of the holotype has darkened throughout and contains a principal dark brown tone.</p> <p>Measurements (in mm), limb interval, and percentages of the holotype. SL 18.6; ShW 2.5; HeW 2.9; NeW 2.5; EW 1.1; SnL 0.6; JSL 2.5; LGFS 4.1; LNH 0.28; RNW 0.22; IND 0.7; NLP 0.4; ICD 1.4; HLL 3.9; FLL 3.3; TW 2.4; VGS 4.0; FSL 5.4; UHL 2.2; AGL 10.2; VL 1.2; HaW 0.8; HaL 0.9; LF2 0.31; LF3 0.19; WF3 0.22; FoW 0.9; FoL 1.2; LT2 0.4; LT3 0.22; WT3 0.22. Limb interval 4. Measurements in related percentages: VGS/SL 21.5 %; IND/HeW 24.1 %; AGL/SL 54.8 %; HeW/SL 15.6 %; Hew/AGL 28.4 %; SnL/ HeW 20.7 %; LNH/HeW 9.7 %; LNH/SL 1.5 %; RNW/HeW 7.6 %; RNW/SL 1.2 %; HLL/SL 21.0 %; FLL/SL 17.7 %; HaL/VGS 22.5 %; FoL/VGS 30.0 %; Haw/HeW 27.6 %; FoW/HeW 31.0 %; LT2/FoL 33.3 %; LF2/HaL 34.4 %; WT3/FoW 24.4 %; WF3/HaW 27.5%.</p> <p>Noteworthy variation. The male paratypes (UCR 23683 and UCR 23684) had more truncate snouts, and much more defined and protruding cirri or nasalabial protruberances, sexually dimorphic features that are often observed among plethodontids, including bolitoglossines.</p> <p>Measurements (in mm), limb intervals, and percentages of the paratypes. SL 20.8–22.8; ShW 2.4–2.5; HeW 2.6–3.0; NeW 2.3–2.5; EW 1.1–1.2; SnL 0.8–0.9; JSL 2.6–2.8; LGFS 4.4–4.9; LNH 0.25–0.28; RNW 0.22– 0.28; IND 0.6–0.8; NLP 0.3–0.5; ICD 1.3–1.5; HLL 4.1; FLL 3.5–4.1; TW 2.5–2.7; VGS 3.7–4.2; FSL 5.7–6.4; UHL 2.3–2.5; AGL 11.4–13.1; VL 1.5–1.7; HaW 0.7; HaL 1.0; LF2 0.28–0.40; LF3 0.19–0.25; WF3 0.22; FoW 0.8–0.9; FoL 1.2; LT2 0.31–0.40; LT3 0.22–0.28; WT3 0.22–0.23. Limb intervals 5–6. Measurements in related percentages: VGS/SL 17.1–19.2 %; IND/HeW 23.1–28.6 %; AGL/SL 54.8–57.5 %; HeW/SL 12.0–13.5 %; Hew/ AGL 21.0–24.6 %; SnL/HeW 26.7–32.1 %; LNH/HeW 9.3–10.0 %; LNH/SL 1.2–1.4 %; RNW/HeW 7.7–10.0 %; RNW/SL 1.0–1.3 %; HLL/SL 18.0–19.7 %; FLL/SL 16.2–18.8 %; HaL/VGS 23.8–27.0 %; FoL/VGS 28.6–32.4 %; Haw/HeW 23.3–26.9 %; FoW/HeW 26.7–32.1 %; LT2/HeW 7.7–10.0 %; LT3/FoW 20.6–25.6 %; LT2/FoL 25.8–33.3 %; LF2/HaL 28.0–40.0 %; WT3/FoW 24.4–28.8 %; WF3/HaW 31.4%.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, and refers to the region where the holotype was collected, the upper catchment basin of the Vereh River.</p> <p>Habitat and natural history observations. Nototriton vereh has been found to inhabit moss growing on the ground and on the lower sections of tree trunks (within a meter above the ground). One specimen (UCR 23684) was found within a clump of moss that had fallen from a tree above; this moss had been on the ground for a while judging by its appearance, so it is highly unlikely that this individual had been living within the moss high up in the canopy. We feel that it is most likely that UCR 23684 was living within the terrestrial leaf litter and was taking diurnal refuge within the fallen moss clump when BK and AR discovered it. Two individuals (UCR 23682 and UCR 23683) were found by BK and AR during the day within moss growing on the ground in highly disturbed roadside habitats. The holotype (UCR 23681) was discovered by BK within a section of abandonded pasture in his private property referred to as the Rio Vereh Cloud Forest Reserve. The holotype was discovered during the day within a thick patch of moss (approximately 5 cm in thickness) growing on the lower trunk of a small tree, approximately 50 cm above the ground.</p> <p>Distribution. Nototriton vereh is endemic to Costa Rica, and currently only known to inhabit a very small section of cloud forest within the Tropical Premontane Rainforest life zone (Holdridge 1967) along the northern Caribbean foothills of the Cordillera de Talamanca. The known altitudinal range for N. vereh is from ca. 1250–1400 m a.s.l.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687EDFFF7FFC1A4C547622A82FDE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kubicki, Brian;Reyes, Aura;Arias, Erick	Kubicki, Brian, Reyes, Aura, Arias, Erick (2022): Revised taxonomy and distributions of Costa Rican moss salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Nototriton), with descriptions of new taxa. Zootaxa 5194 (4): 451-496, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.4.1
03C687EDFFFCFFC1A4C540AB2D26FA5F.text	03C687EDFFFCFFC1A4C540AB2D26FA5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nototriton (Taylorotriton) richardi (Taylor 1949)	<div><p>Nototriton (Taylorotriton) richardi (Taylor, 1949)</p> <p>Richard’s moss salamander</p> <p>Parvimolge richardi Taylor (1949: 284)</p> <p>Chiropterotriton richardi Wake &amp; Lynch (1976: 60)</p> <p>Nototriton richardi Wake &amp; Elias (1983: 11)</p> <p>Nototrtion (Nototriton) richardi Dubois &amp; Raffaëlli (2012: 141)</p> <p>Holotype. RCT 1436 (Richard C. Taylor field number), by original designation, but currently housed at the Chicago Field Museum of Natural History, FMNH 178295, an adult female from Costa Rica: Provincia de Alajuela: Cantón de Alajuela: Distrito de Sarapiquí: Isla Bonita: American Cinchona Plantation, ca. 6500 feet (ca. 1980 m a.s.l.), collected by Richard Clark Taylor on 1 August 1947.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a patronym, used as a noun in the masculine genitive case, in dedication to Richard Clark Taylor (1926–2002), the son of Edward Harrison Taylor (1889–1978). Richard Taylor joined his father while searching for reptiles and amphibians during an expedition to Costa Rica in 1947, and collected the hototype of this taxon.</p> <p>Distribution. Nototriton richardi is endemic to Costa Rica and is only known to inhabit the Caribbean slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica Central at elvations from roughly 1300–1800 m a.s.l. (Savage 2002). Specimens have been collected from within a swath ranging from the northwestern slopes of the Irazu Volcano to the eastern flanks of Juan Castro Blanco National Park.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687EDFFFCFFC1A4C540AB2D26FA5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kubicki, Brian;Reyes, Aura;Arias, Erick	Kubicki, Brian, Reyes, Aura, Arias, Erick (2022): Revised taxonomy and distributions of Costa Rican moss salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Nototriton), with descriptions of new taxa. Zootaxa 5194 (4): 451-496, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.4.1
03C687EDFFFCFFC0A4C547A52B50FEBD.text	03C687EDFFFCFFC0A4C547A52B50FEBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nototriton (Taylorotriton) tapanti Good & Wake 1993	<div><p>Nototriton (Taylorotriton) tapanti Good &amp; Wake, 1993</p> <p>Tapanti moss salamander</p> <p>Nototriton tapanti Good &amp; Wake (1993: 134).</p> <p>Nototriton (Nototriton) tapanti: Dubois &amp; Raffaëlli (2012: 141).</p> <p>Holotype. MVZ 203746, by original designation, an adult female from Costa Rica: Provincia de Cartago: Cantón de Paraíso: Distrito de Orosi: Río Quirí, near Tapanti National Park, ca. 1300 m a.s.l., collected by A. Collazo and D. A. Good on 25 May 1986.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition and was given in recognition of the site where the holotype of this taxon was collected, a small settlement near what is presently known as Tapantí National Park.</p> <p>Distribution. Nototriton tapanti is endemic to Costa Rica and was only known from a single specimen, the holotype, collected near Río Quirí on the northern section of the Cordillera de Talamanca, but during this study BK discovered and collected additional specimens that resulted in extending the known range approximately four kilometers to the south of the type locality within Tapanti National Park (ca. 1400 m a.s.l.) and 30 kilometers to the NNE along the eastern flank of the Turrialba Volcano (ca. 2250 m a.s.l.), which is part of the Cordillera Volcanica Central. With the additional individuals of this poorly known taxon discovered during this study, Nototriton tapanti is now known to inhabit sites within the northern Cordillera de Talamanca and extreme eastern Cordillera Volcanica Central at elevations from roughly 1300–2250 m a.s.l.</p> <p>Noteworthy observations or remarks. Nototriton tapanti was only known from a single specimen, the holotype, until additional specimens were discovered and collected during this study.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687EDFFFCFFC0A4C547A52B50FEBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kubicki, Brian;Reyes, Aura;Arias, Erick	Kubicki, Brian, Reyes, Aura, Arias, Erick (2022): Revised taxonomy and distributions of Costa Rican moss salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Nototriton), with descriptions of new taxa. Zootaxa 5194 (4): 451-496, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.4.1
03C687EDFFFDFFC3A4C543CA2C54FDE5.text	03C687EDFFFDFFC3A4C543CA2C54FDE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nototriton Dubois & Raffaelli 2012	<div><p>Subgenus Nototriton Dubois &amp; Raffaëlli, 2012</p> <p>Type species. Spelerpes picadoi Stejneger, 1911.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Diminutive to small salamanders with a standard length not known to exceed 38 mm, but with adult sizes typically exceeding 25 mm. Possessing small hands and feet that are longer than wide, with the hand width not known to exceed 2.0 mm and foot width not known to exceed 2.5 mm. Digits of hands and feet, excluding Finger I and Toe I, free of the palmar and plantar tissue for the majority of their lengths, with most digits having the ultimate and parts of the penultimate phalanges free of interdigital tissue. The members of this subgenus are also diagnosed by evident divergence in their mtDNA sequences.</p> <p>Etymology. Nototriton, is formed from the Greek words notos (meaning south) and Triton, the name of a Greek sea-god. The term “triton” is commonly used word for salamanders, and is a root in several genera and subgenera of bolitoglossine salamanders (Wake &amp; Elias 1983).</p> <p>Composition. We recognize nine species to comprise this subgenus; the following six formerly recognized members of the Nototriton picadoi species group (N. abscondens, N. costaricense, N. gamezi, N. guanacaste, N. picadoi, and N. saslaya) and three newly proposed taxa described herein below. With the addition of fresh material collected by BK from near the type locality of Nototriton major that strongly agreed morphologically with the diagnositic characteristics of that taxon (Good and Wake 1993) we were able make a detailed taxonomic review of this species. Nototriton major was previously known from just a single specimen ever collected, the holotype, and no genetic material was available until now for analysis. Following our comparison of the morphological characteristics, genetics, and geographic proximity of known sites, we concluded that N. major can best be recognized as a junior synonym of Nototriton picadoi. Additionally, following our detailed review of the situation regarding Nototriton matama, in similar manner, we propose that this taxon also be recognized as a junior synonym of N. picadoi, due to its very low genetic distance and weakly supported morphological diagnostics that are more of a result of poorly preserved specimens than actual characteristics present on living or well preserved individuals.</p> <p>Distribution. The nine members of the subgenus Nototriton are known to have a disjunct distribution, with N. saslaya only being known from two high-elevation sites in northern Nicaragua, whereas the remaining eight species are known to be restricted to the Caribbean slopes of Costa Rica. The members of this subgenus are known from elevations ranging between roughly 750–2500 masl (Fig. 10).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687EDFFFDFFC3A4C543CA2C54FDE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kubicki, Brian;Reyes, Aura;Arias, Erick	Kubicki, Brian, Reyes, Aura, Arias, Erick (2022): Revised taxonomy and distributions of Costa Rican moss salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Nototriton), with descriptions of new taxa. Zootaxa 5194 (4): 451-496, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.4.1
03C687EDFFFEFFC7A4C540F32DD0FE2C.text	03C687EDFFFEFFC7A4C540F32DD0FE2C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nototriton kenorum Kubicki & Reyes & Arias 2022	<div><p>Nototriton kenorum sp. nov.</p> <p>Kens’ moss salamander</p> <p>Holotype. UCR 23685 (Figs. 11–13), an adult female from Costa Rica: Provincia de Limón: Cantón de Guácimo: Distrito de Guácimo: along edge of small road on the northern slopes of the Turrialba Volcano, approximately 9 kilometers south of Jiménez, ca. 750 m a.s.l., collected by Brian Kubicki on 10 May 2014.</p> <p>Paratopotypes. UCR 23686 and UCR 23687, same collection data as the holotype. UCR 23688, same locality data as the holotype, but collected by Brian Kubicki on 23 July 2016.</p> <p>Generic Placement. Assigned to the genus Nototriton due to having fewer than 14 costal grooves, reduced manus and pes that are longer than wide, and the molecular evidence (16S, COI, and cyt b mtDNA distances) presented herein.</p> <p>Subgeneric Placement. Nototriton kenorum is assigned to the subgenus Nototriton due to its known geographic distribution (endemic to Costa Rica), its small hands and feet with the majority of the lengths of fingers II, III, and IV and toes II, III, IV, and V being free of extended palmar or plantar tissue, and by the molecular evidence (16S, COI, and cyt b mtDNA distances) presented herein.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The combination of the following characteristics can be used to distinguish Nototriton kenorum from the other described species of the subgenus Nototriton: (1) having small hands and feet, with at least the distal phalanges on the fingers II, III, and IV and toes II, III, IV, and V being free of the margin of the palmar and plantar tissue; (2) tiny nostril openings, both RNW and LNH not known to exceed 0.09 mm; (3) a wide head, with HeW known to exceed 4.5 mm; (4) very narrow hands and feet, narrowest among the known members of the subgenus Nototriton within Costa Rica, HaW not known to exceed 34.1 % of HeW and FoW not known to exceed 43.2% of HeW; (5) 16S, COI, and cyt b mtDNA distances.</p> <p>Description of holotype. Adult female having a total length of 73.5 mm and SL of 33.5 mm. Head slightly wider than neck and shoulders (HeW 4.4 mm, NeW 4.1 mm, ShW 4.0 mm), with greatest width of head just posterior to the articulation of the jaws; snout raised anterodorsally, spadate to rounded in dorsal outline, and rounded in profile; snout relatively short (SnL 1.1 mm, 3.3 % of SL), with nearly terminal non-protruding tiny nostrils (LNH 0.09 mm, RNW 0.09 mm) directed anterolaterally; internarial area convex in dorsal outline. Eyes relatively large (EW = 145 % of SnL), protruding beyond dorsal and ventral outline of head, directed anterolaterally, with a distinct suborbital groove. Top of head flat and smooth, tapering slightly toward anterior terminus, lacking contrasting interorbital or other dermal structures. Canthus rostralis weak to rounded along posterior half, indiscernible along anterior half; intercanthal area flat to slightly convex; and loreal region flat to slightly concave. No obvious cirri (nasolabial protuberances) present, but nasolabial grooves very weakly discernible on tip of snout; nasolabial grooves start at lateral margins of nares and extend ventrally at first, but take a drastic backwards curve about halfway to lip; nasolabial grooves terminate just prior to reaching margin of upper lip. Gular fold well-defined, starting on dorsolateral portion of neck, below postorbital groove, wrapping around posterolateral section of head at a slightly anterior angle and crossing venter as a smooth and weak anterior-oriented curve. Nuchal grooves weakly evident, starting above postorbital groove and converging medially at occiput. Postorbital grooves weakly defined, starting at the posterior corner of eyes and traveling horizontally along the inferior margin of parotoid glands, terminating at gular fold on the lateral portion of neck. Horizontal mandibular grooves weakly discernible, but vertical mandibular groove welldefined. Horizontal mandibular groove starting at corner of mouth and extending horizontally to vertical portion of mandibular groove. Mandibular groove existing as a single solid structure, starting along inferior margins of postorbital grooves and traveling vertically to and crossing gular region, just posterior of inner mandibular grooves. Inner mandibular grooves weakly evident, principally discernible for a small section, running medially parallel to posterior portion of mandibular bones, becoming indiscernible near anterior tip of lower jaw. Pair of very weakly, but discernible, raised parotoid glands present on dorsolateral margin of head between orbits, postorbital grooves, and occiput. Snout not evidently protruding beyond anterior margin of lower lip in lateral view. No mental gland visible under skin of anterior intermandibular region.</p> <p>Arms relatively long and slender overall (FLL = 4.8 mm, 14.3 % of SL), without noticeable hypertrophied forearm compared to upper arm. Hands very small and slender (HaL = 1.7 mm, 26.6 % of VGS; HaW = 1.5 mm, 34.1 % of HeW). Fingers II, III, and IV short and thick, protruding freely, with at least ultimate and all to part of penultimate phalanges being free beyond interdigital tissue margin (LF2 0.62 mm, LF3 0.53 mm); no discernible indentation at interdgital space between fingers I and II. Tips of fingers rounded, with terminal pads discernible on ventral surface. Palmar surfaces appearing to be smooth overall. Dorsal surfaces of hands with discernible interdigital grooves, especially between fingers II-III and III-IV, that start at interdigital tissue margins and cross onto metacarpal region. Relative lengths of fingers on right hand I &lt;IV &lt;II &lt;III.</p> <p>Legs relatively long and slender overall (HLL 5.3 mm, 15.8 % of SL), with lower leg being very slightly thicker than upper leg. Feet very small and slender (FoL 2.3 mm, 35.9 % of VGS; FoW 1.9 mm, 43.2 % of HeW). Toes II, III, IV and V protruding freely, with at least ultimate (toes II, IV, and V) and penultimate (Toe III) phalanges being free beyond interdigital tissue margin (LT2 0.78 mm, LT3 0.65 mm), Toe I with very minimal indentation at interdgitial space. Tips of toes rounded, with terminal pads discernible on ventral surfaces. Plantar surfaces appearing to be smooth overall, without any evident dermal creases. Dorsal surfaces of feet with discernible interdigital grooves, especially between toes II-III, III-IV, and IV-V, which start at interdigital tissue margins and cross onto metatarsal region. Relative lengths of toes on right foot I &lt;V &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III.</p> <p>Body subcylindrical (slightly wider than high) in cross section, and relatively robust (TW = 4.4 mm; TW = 22.8 % of AGL). Between axilla and groin, 11 costal grooves visible, 13 if counting axillary and inguinal grooves; costal grooves most visible on ventral and lateral portions of body. Adpressed limbs separated by six costal folds; 12 costal folds total between axilla and groin. Slight middorsal depression extends longitudinally along length of body, starting at base of head (occiput) and becoming indiscernible on anterior portion of tail. Tail long, 40.0 mm in length, cylindrical in cross section, having a weakly discernible constriction at base, and evenly tapering to pointed terminus; in life, approximately 20 caudal grooves discernible on anterior 4/5 ths of tail. Skin on surfaces of head, body, limbs, and tail smooth.</p> <p>Coloration in life. The ground color of the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head and trunk consisted of a nearly uniform fleshy-orange coloration. There were not many secondary markings on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head and trunk, but a small concentration of larger irregular dark brown markings were visible on the snout, nuchal region, and hips. Additionally, there were numerous very fine white chromatophores scattered thourghout the dorsal dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head and body. The iris was bright orangish-red with a dark brownishmaroon reticulation.</p> <p>The upper surfaces of the arms and legs were very similar in coloration and pattern to that of the abovementioned chromatic characteristics of the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head and body, but there appeared to be a slightly brighter orange hue on the dorsal surfaces of the limbs.</p> <p>The dorsal and dorsolateral surfaces of the tail were nearly uniform fleshy-orange, but were similar to that of the limbs in having a slightly more brighter orange hue. Additionally, there were some irregular dark brown patches, one very evident patch was found about one third down (anterior towards posterior orientation) the length of the tail. As on the rest of the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the holotype, numerous very fine white chromatophores were visible scattered randomly throughout the tail.</p> <p>The ventrolateral surfaces of the head, limbs, body, and tail were contrasted from the superior surfaces by consisting of a concentration of fine white or pale fleshy-orange markings on a darker brownish-gray background. The gular patch was slightly more pale in comparison to the other ventral surfaces. The palmar and plantar surfaces were pale gray, lacking discernible chromatophores, however a red reticulated pattern was discernible under the skin, formed by a network of blood-filled capillaries.</p> <p>Coloration in ethanol. After more than five years in ethanol (70%), the overall coloration of the holotype has darkened throughout and contains a principal dark brown tone on the dorsal surfaces of the head and body. Two pale tannish-yellow patches are visible on the posterior dorsolateral surfaces of the head, where the parotoid glands are located. The dorsal surface of the entire tail is also a pale tannish-yellow coloration, with the exception of a darker brownish gray transversal band, located about one third down (anterior towards posterior orientation) the length of the tail. The ventral surfaces of the body and tail are darker brownish-gray. The ventral surface of the head has an evident paler tone compared to that of the rest of the body and tail.</p> <p>Measurements (in mm), limb interval, and percentages of the holotype. SL 33.5; total length 73.5; tail length 40.0; ShW 4.0; HeW 4.4; NeW 4.1; EW 1.6; SnL 1.1; JSL 3.9; LGFS 7.0; LNH 0.09; RNW 0.09; IND 1.1; NLP 0.5; ICD 2.0; HLL 5.3; FLL 4.8; TW 4.4; VGS 6.4; FSL 8.6; UHL 3.6; AGL 19.3; VL 1.9; HaW 1.5; HaL 1.7; LF2 0.62; LF3 0.53; WF3 0.40; FoW 1.9; FoL 2.3; LT2 0.78; LT3 0.65; WT3 0.43. Limb interval six. Measurements in related percentages: VGS/SL 19.1 %; IND/HeW 25.0 %; AGL/SL 57.6 %; HeW/SL 13.1 %; Hew/AGL 22.8 %; SnL/ HeW 25.0 %; LNH/HeW 2.0 %; LNH/SL 0.27 %; RNW/HeW 2.0 %; RNW/SL 0.27 %; HLL/SL 15.8 %; FLL/SL 14.3 %; HaL/VGS 26.6 %; FoL/VGS 35.9 %; Haw/HeW 34.1 %; FoW/HeW 43.2 %; LT2/FoL 33.9 %; LF2/HaL 36.5 %; WT3/FoW 22.6 %; WF3/HaW 26.7 %.</p> <p>Noteworthy variation. The paratopoype UCR 23688 had discernible nasolabial protruberences that extended slightly beyond the upper lip margin, where as the holotype and other two paratopotypes did not have evident nasolabial protruberences.Additionally, UCR 23688 completely lacked any discernible nostril openings, even when viewed under a disecting scope at 30x magnification. Although we did not perform any internal examination to determine the sexes of the type series specimens, we feel that it is very likely that UCR 23688 is a male and the holotype UCR 23685 and the other two paratopotypes (UCR 23686 and UCR 23687) are females.</p> <p>Measurements (in mm), limb intervals, and percentages of the paratopotypes. SL 27.5–31.3; ShW 3.2– 4.1; HeW 3.9–4.8; NeW 3.4–4.2; EW 1.3–1.5; SnL 0.9–1.2; JSL 3.3–4.1; LGFS 6.0–7.0; LNH 0.00–0.09; RNW 0.00–0.09; IND 0.9–1.1; NLP 0.4–0.7; ICD 1.7–2.1; HLL 4.8–6.0; FLL 4.3–5.0; TW 3.3–4.4; VGS 5.1–5.9; FSL 7.5–8.2; UHL 3.1–3.8; AGL 16.5–17.8; VL 1.6–1.9; HaW 1.1–1.5; HaL 1.3–1.8; LF2 0.65–0.78; LF3 0.47–0.68; WF3 0.28–0.43; FoW 1.4–1.9; FoL 1.8–2.3; LT2 0.50–0.87; LT3 0.71–0.87; WT3 0.28–0.43. Limb intervals six. Measurements in related percentages: VGS/SL 18.4–18.8 %; IND/HeW 21.4–25.6 %; AGL/SL 56.9–58.2 %; HeW/ SL 14.2–15.3 %; Hew/AGL 22.5–27.0 %; SnL/HeW 21.4–25.0 %; LNH/HeW 0.0–2.1 %; LNH/SL 0.0–0.31 %; RNW/HeW 0.0–1.9 %; RNW/SL 0.0–0.28 %; HLL/SL 17.5–19.2 %; FLL/SL 15.6–16.0 %; HaL/VGS 25.5–30.5 %; FoL/VGS 35.3–39.0 %; Haw/HeW 28.2–31.3 %; FoW/HeW 35.9–39.6 %; LT2/FoL 21.7–43.5 %; LF2/HaL 43.3–50.0 %; WT3/FoW 17.5–22.6 %; WF3/HaW 23.3–28.6 %.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet “ kenorum ” is a patronym, used as a noun in the plural masculine genitive case. This taxon is named in honor of Kenneth Marc Kubicki (1946–2008), the father of the senior author who was always very supportive of BK’s interests, including a life-long passion with nature (especially fishes and amphibians) and natural history. Additionally, this taxon is named for Kenneth Marc Kubicki-Reyes (2009–), the son of BK and AR; to symbolize our hope and optimism with the continued study, protection, and appreciation of our world’s natural resources, which are soon going to fall into the hands of our children and their future generations.</p> <p>Habitat and natural history observations. Nototriton kenorum has been found exclusively within moss growing on the trunks and branches of trees. More than twenty different individuals of N. kenorum have been observed by the senior author in the wild, and all were found within moss in arboreal situations. Likely N. kenorum can also inhabit moss and other microhabitats that offer similar physical parameters, growing on rocks and terrestrial surfaces, but until now none have been discovered to inhabit such sites.</p> <p>Distribution. Nototriton kenorum is endemic to Costa Rica, and currently only known to inhabit a very small section of unusually low elevation cloud forest habitat within the lower portion of the Tropical Premontane Rainforest life zone (Holdridge 1967) along the northern slopes of the Turrialba Volcano. The known altitudinal range for N. kenorum is from ca. 775–900 masl. This is the only species of Costa Rican moss salamander that is thus far known to exclusively inhabit elevations below 1000 masl.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687EDFFFEFFC7A4C540F32DD0FE2C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kubicki, Brian;Reyes, Aura;Arias, Erick	Kubicki, Brian, Reyes, Aura, Arias, Erick (2022): Revised taxonomy and distributions of Costa Rican moss salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Nototriton), with descriptions of new taxa. Zootaxa 5194 (4): 451-496, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.4.1
03C687EDFFFAFFFBA4C5403A2A49FD5D.text	03C687EDFFFAFFFBA4C5403A2A49FD5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nototriton lateomuscus Kubicki & Reyes & Arias 2022	<div><p>Nototriton lateomuscus sp. nov.</p> <p>San Ramon moss salamander</p> <p>Holotype. UCR 23694 (Figs. 14–16), an adult female from Costa Rica: Provincia de Alajuela: Cantón de San Ramón: Distrito de Angeles: Edge of road, approximately 3 kilometers west of Balsa, ca. 1200 m a.s.l., collected by Brian Kubicki in the company of Aura Reyes on 21 October 2016.</p> <p>Paratopotypes. UCR 23695, same collection data as the holotype. UCR 23696, same locality data as the holotype, but collected by Brian Kubicki in the company of Aura Reyes on 12 October 2013.</p> <p>Generic Placement. Assigned to the genus Nototriton due to having fewer than 14 costal grooves, reduced manus and pes that are longer than wide, and the molecular evidence (16S, COI, and cyt b mtDNA distances) presented herein.</p> <p>Subgeneric Placement. Nototriton lateomuscus is assigned to the subgenus Nototriton due to its known geographic distribution (endemic to Costa Rica), its small hands and feet with the majority of the lengths of fingers II, III, and IV and toes II, III, IV, and V being free of extended palmar or plantar tissue, and by the molecular evidence (16S, COI, and cyt b mtDNA distances) presented herein.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Nototriton lateomuscus is distinguished from the other described species of the subgenus Nototriton by its16S, COI, and cyt b mtDNA distances.</p> <p>Comparisons. Since the molecular evidence presented herein strongly supports N. lateomuscus forming part of clade with N. abscondens and N. gamezi, and due to the fact that all three of these species have adjoining distributions, morphological comparisons are only going to be focused on distinguishing N. abscondens and N. gamezi from N. lateomuscus.</p> <p>Contrasting characteristics for Nototriton lateomuscus are presented in parentheses. Nototriton abscondens (Taylor, 1948) can be distinguished from N. lateomuscus by having relatively smaller nostril openings, average LNH = 0.16 mm and RNW = 0.16 (average LNH = 0.21 mm and RNH = 0.2 mm); wider internarial distance, average IND = 0.9 mm (average IND = 0.7 mm). Nototriton gamezi (García-París &amp; Wake, 2000) has larger nostril openings, average LNH = 0.29 mm and RNH = 0.24 mm (average LNH = 0.21 mm and RNH = 0.2 mm).</p> <p>Description of holotype. Adult female having a total length of 66.2 mm and SL of 29.3 mm. Head slightly wider than neck and shoulders (HeW 4.0 mm, NeW 3.3 mm, ShW 3.4 mm), with greatest width of head just posterior to the articulation of the jaws; snout raised anterodorsally, spadate to rounded in dorsal outline, and rounded in profile; snout relatively short (SnL 1.0 mm, 3.4 % of SL), with nearly terminal non-protruding large nostrils (LNH 0.25 mm, RNW 0.25 mm) directed anterolaterally; internarial area convex in dorsal outline. Eyes relatively large (EW = 130 % of SnL), protruding beyond dorsal outline of head, directed anterolaterally, with a distinct suborbital groove. Top of head flat and smooth, tapering slightly toward anterior terminus, lacking contrasting interorbital or other dermal structures. Canthus rostralis rounded; intercanthal area flat to slightly convex; and loreal region flat to slightly concave. No obvious cirri (nasolabial protuberances) present, but nasolabial grooves weakly discernible on tip of snout; nasolabial grooves start at lateral margins of nares and extend ventrally with a slight outward orientation; nasolabial grooves start at lateral margins of nares and extend ventrally at first, but take a drastic backwards curve about halfway to lip; nasolabial grooves terminate just prior to reaching margin of upper lip. Gular fold welldefined, starting on lateral portion of neck, below postorbital groove, wrapping around posterolateral section of head at a slightly anterior angle and crossing venter as a smooth and anterior-oriented curve. Nuchal grooves very weak to indiscernible. Postorbital grooves discernible, starting at posterior corner of eyes and traveling horizontally along the inferior margin of parotoid glands, terminating at gular fold on the lateral portion of neck. Horizontal mandibular grooves indiscernible, but vertical mandibular groove well-defined.Vertical mandibular grooves starting at inferior margins of postorbital grooves and extending vertically to and crossing onto gular region, but becoming indiscernible just medially of inner mandibular grooves. Inner mandibular grooves evident, nearly forming a single curving structure, but become indiscernible at anterior portion of gular patch. Pair of very weakly but discernibly raised parotoid glands present on dorsolateral margin of head between orbits, postorbital grooves, and occiput. Upper lip protruding slightly beyond edge of lower lip in ventral and lateral views; no mental gland discernible under skin of anterior intermandibular region.</p> <p>Arms relatively long and slender overall (FLL = 4.9 mm, 16.7 % of SL), without noticeable hypertrophied forearm compared to upper arm. Hands small and slender (HaL = 1.6 mm, 29.1 % of VGS; HaW = 1.4 mm, 25 % of HeW). Fingers II, III, and IV protruding freely, with at least ultimate and all to part of penultimate phalanges being free beyond interdigital tissue margin (LF2 0.74 mm, LF3 0.56 mm). Finger I with minimal indentation at interdgitial space. Tips of fingers rounded, with terminal pads discernible on ventral surfaces. Palmar surfaces appearing to be smooth overall, but with weakly discernible depressions radiating out from palmar section to interdigital margins between fingers. Dorsal surfaces of hands with discernible interdigital depressions or grooves, especially between fingers II-III and III-IV, that start at interdigital tissue margins and cross onto metacarpal region. Relative lengths of fingers on right hand I &lt;IV &lt;II &lt;III.</p> <p>Legs relatively long and slender overall (HLL 5.9 mm, 20.1 % of SL), without discernible differences between thickness of lower and upper legs. Feet small and slender (FoL 2.1 mm, 38.2 % of VGS; FoW 1.6 mm, 40.0 % of HeW). Toes II, III, IV and V protruding freely, with at least ultimate (toes II and V) and penultimate (toes III and IV) phalanges being free beyond interdigital tissue margin (LT2 0.9 mm, LT3 0.68 mm). Toe I with very minimal indentation at interdgitial space. Tips of toes rounded, with terminal pads discernible on ventral surfaces. Plantar surfaces appearing to be smooth overall, but with very weakly discernible depressions or groove along interdigital spaces. Dorsal surfaces of feet with discernible interdigital grooves, especially between toes II-III, III-IV, and IV-V, that start at interdigital tissue margins and cross onto metatarsal region. Relative lengths of toes on right foot I &lt;V &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III.</p> <p>Body subcylindrical (slightly wider than high) in cross section, and relatively slender (TW = 3.3 mm; TW = 19.7 % of AGL). Between axilla and groin, 11 costal grooves visible, 13 if counting axillary and inguinal grooves; costal grooves most visible on ventral and lateral portions of body. Adpressed limbs separated by 4.5 costal folds; 12 costal folds total between axilla and groin. Slight middorsal depression extends longitudinally along length of body, starting at base of head (occiput) and becoming indiscernible on anterior portion of tail. Tail long, 36.9 mm in length, cylindrical in cross section, lacking a discernible constriction at base, evenly tapering from cloaca to pointed terminus. Skin on surfaces of head, body, limbs, and tail smooth.</p> <p>Coloration in life. The ground color of the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head and trunk consisted of a brownish-orange coloration. Scattered throughout the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head and trunk there were numerous dark brownish-black markings of irregular size and shape, in addition to numerous very fine white chromatophores. The parotoid glands where a contrasted paler tone compared to the surrounding dorsal surfaces. The iris was bright copper-orange with a black reticulation.</p> <p>The upper surfaces of the arms and legs are very similar in coloration and pattern to that of the above-mentioned chromatic characteristics of the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head and body.</p> <p>The dorsal and dorsolateral surfaces of the anterior third of the tail were a paler shade of reddish-orange, but the posterior two-thirds of the tail was similar to dorsal surfaces of the trunk. There were also some very fine white chromatophores scattered randomly throughout the tail, but at a much lesser concentration compared to the body and head.</p> <p>The ventral and ventrolateral surfaces of the head, limbs, and body were contrasted from the superior surfaces by consisting of a concentration of fine white chromatophores on a darker brownish-gray background. The gular patch was slightly more pale in comparison to the ventral surfaces of the trunk. The palmar and plantar surfaces were pale grayish-brown, lacking evident chromatophores. Directly surrounding the cloaca there was a concentration of bright orange chromatophores. The anterior third of the vental surface of the tail had an overall similar pattern and coloration to that of the ventral surface of the trunk. The ventral surface along the posterior two-thirds of the tail had a dark reddish orange ground color with numerous dark brown markings of irregular size and shape in addition to a relatively large concentration of very fine white chromatophores.</p> <p>Coloration in ethanol. After more than a year and a half in ethanol (70%), the overall coloration of the holotype has changed to principally consisting of a mixture of tan and brown mottling. Two pale tannish-yellow patches are visible on the posterior dorsolateral surfaces of the head, where the parotoid glands are located. The dorsal surface of the anterior third of the tail is also pale tannish-yellow. The ventral surfaces of the body and tail are dark brownishgray. The ventral surface of the head has an evident paler tone compared to that of the rest of the body and tail.</p> <p>Measurements (in mm), limb interval, and percentages of the holotype. SL 29.3; total length 66.2; tail length 36.9; ShW 3.4; HeW 4.0; NeW 3.3; EW 1.3; SnL 1.0; JSL 3.4; LGFS 6.0; LNH 0.25; RNW 0.25; IND 0.8; NLP 0.5; ICD 1.6; HLL 5.9; FLL 4.9; TW 3.3; VGS 5.5; FSL 8.0; UHL 3.3; AGL 16.7; VL 1.9; HaW 1.4; HaL 1.6; LF2 0.74; LF3 0.56; WF3 0.31; FoW 1.6; FoL 2.1; LT2 0.9; LT3 0.68; WT3 0.31. Limb interval 4.5. Measurements in related percentages: VGS/SL 18.8 %; IND/HeW 20.0 %; AGL/SL 57.0 %; HeW/SL 13.7 %; Hew/AGL 24.0 %; SnL/ HeW 25.0 %; LNH/HeW 6.3 %; LNH/SL 0.85 %; RNW/HeW 6.3 %; RNW/SL 0.85 %; HLL/SL 20.1 %; FLL/SL 16.7 %; HaL/VGS 29.1 %; FoL/VGS 38.2 %; Haw/HeW 35.0 %; FoW/HeW 40.0 %; LT2/FoL 42.9 %; LF2/HaL 46.3 %; WT3/FoW 19.4 %; WF3/HaW 22.1 %.</p> <p>Measurements (in mm), limb intervals, and percentages of the paratopotypes. SL 19.2–26.6; ShW 2.5–3.0; HeW 3.0–3.3; NeW 2.5–3.1; EW 1.2–1.3; SnL 0.6–1.0; JSL 2.4–3.3; LGFS 4.5–5.7; LNH 0.12–0.25; RNW 0.14– 0.22; IND 0.7; NLP 0.3–0.4; ICD 1.4–1.7; HLL 4.5–4.9; FLL 3.9–4.6; TW 2.5–3.4; VGS 3.9–4.9; FSL 5.7–7.5; UHL 2.4–3.2; AGL 11.4–15.1; VL 1.6; HaW 0.9–1.1; HaL 1.1–1.2; LF2 0.37–0.57; LF3 0.34–0.4; WF3 0.22–0.23; FoW 1.1–1.5; FoL 1.4–1.6; LT2 0.53–0.65; LT3 0.37–0.56; WT3 0.25. Limb interval 4–6. Measurements in related percentages: VGS/SL 18.4–20.3 %; IND/HeW 21.2–23.3 %; AGL/SL 56.8–59.4 %; HeW/SL 12.4–15.6 %; Hew/ AGL 21.9–26.3 %; SnL/HeW 20.0–30.3 %; LNH/HeW 3.6–8.3 %; LNH/SL 0.45–1.3 %; RNW/HeW 4.2–7.3 %; RNW/SL 0.53–1.1 %; HLL/SL 18.4–23.4 %; FLL/SL 17.3–25.5 %; HaL/VGS 24.5–28.2 %; FoL/VGS 32.7–35.9 %; Haw/HeW 30.0–33.3 %; FoW/HeW 36.7–45.5 %; LT2/FoL 37.9–40.6 %; LF2/HaL 33.6–47.5 %; WT3/FoW 16.7–22.7 %; WF3/HaW 18.2–25.6 %.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is formed from the Latin words lateo, which means to lie hidden, and muscus, which means moss. This taxon is named due to the fact that it often “lies hidden” within moss.</p> <p>Habitat and natural history observations. Nototriton lateomuscus is known only from three specimens that have been found exclusively within moss growing on the trunks and branches of trees.</p> <p>Distribution. Nototriton lateomuscus is endemic to Costa Rica, and currently only known to inhabit a single site on the extreme eastern margin of the Tilaran mountains (ca. 1200 masl), north of the city of San Ramon.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687EDFFFAFFFBA4C5403A2A49FD5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kubicki, Brian;Reyes, Aura;Arias, Erick	Kubicki, Brian, Reyes, Aura, Arias, Erick (2022): Revised taxonomy and distributions of Costa Rican moss salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Nototriton), with descriptions of new taxa. Zootaxa 5194 (4): 451-496, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.4.1
03C687EDFFC6FFFDA4C540AB2A1FF861.text	03C687EDFFC6FFFDA4C540AB2A1FF861.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nototriton maximo Kubicki & Reyes & Arias 2022	<div><p>Nototriton maximo sp. nov.</p> <p>Maximo’s moss salamander</p> <p>Holotype. UCR 23689 (Fig. 17), an adult female from Costa Rica: Provincia de Guanacaste: Cantón de Tiláran: Distrito de Tronadora: edge of road approximately 3 kilometers NNW of the entrance to the Santa Elena Reserve, Monteverde, ca. 1425 m a.s.l., collected by Brian Kubicki in the company of Aura Reyes on 22 February 2013.</p> <p>Paratopotype. UCR 23690, same collection data as the holotype.</p> <p>Paratypes. UCR 23691 Provincia de Guanacaste: Cantón de Tiláran: Distrito de Tronadora: edge of road approximately 200 meters NNE of the entrance of the Santa Elena Reserve, Monteverde, ca. 1600 m a.s.l., collected by Brian Kubicki in the company of Aura Reyes on 26 April 2013. UCR 23692 same locality data as UCR 23691, but collected by Brian Kubicki in the company of Aura Reyes on 5 July 2016. UCR 23693, a subadult from Costa Rica: Provincia de Alajuela: Cantón de Upala: Distrito de Aguas Claras: moss on tree trunk about 3 meters above the ground, northeastern slope of the Rincon de la Vieja Volcano, Rincon de la Vieja National Park, ca. 1450 m a.s.l., collected by Brian Kubicki in the company of Aura Reyes on 17 December 2013.</p> <p>Generic Placement. Assigned to the genus Nototriton due to having fewer than 14 costal grooves, reduced manus and pes that are longer than wide, and the molecular evidence (16S, COI, and cyt b mtDNA distances) presented herein.</p> <p>Subgeneric Placement. Nototriton maximo is assigned to the subgenus Nototriton due to its known geographic distribution (endemic to Costa Rica), its small hands and feet with the majority of the lengths of fingers II, III, and IV and toes II, III, IV, and V being free of extended palmar or plantar tissue, and by the molecular evidence (16S, COI, and cyt b mtDNA distances) presented herein.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The combination of the following characteristics can be used to distinguish Nototriton maximo from the other described species of the subgenus Nototriton: (1) having small hands and feet, with at least the distal phalanges on the fingers II, III, and IV and toes toes II, III, IV, and V being free of the margin of the palmar and plantar tissue; (2) typically shorter front and hind limbs, HLL known to range from 4.1–5.2 mm and FLL known to range from 4.0– 4.8 mm; (3) 16S, COI, and cyt b mtDNA distances.</p> <p>Description of holotype. Adult female having a total length of 71.8 mm and SL of 31.9 mm. Head slightly wider than neck and shoulders (HeW 4.0 mm, NeW 3.7 mm, ShW 3.7 mm), with greatest width of head just posterior to the articulation of the jaws; snout raised anterodorsally, spadate to rounded in dorsal outline, and rounded to truncate in profile; snout relatively short (SnL 1.2 mm, 3.8 % of SL), with nearly terminal non-protruding small nostrils (LNH 0.12 mm, RNW 0.12 mm) directed anterolaterally; internarial area convex in dorsal outline. Eyes relatively large (EW = 133 % of SnL), protruding well beyond dorsal and ventral outline of head, directed anterolaterally, with a distinct suborbital groove. Top of head flat and smooth, tapering toward anterior terminus, lacking contrasting interorbital or other dermal structures. Canthus rostralis distinct; intercanthal area flat to slightly convex; and loreal region flat to slightly concave. No obvious cirri (nasolabial protuberances) present. Nasolabial grooves discernible on tip of snout, starting at lateral margins of nares and extending nearly vertically (with a slight outward angle) to a point just above upper lip margin. Gular fold well-defined, starting on dorsolateral portion of neck, below weakly discernible postorbital groove, wrapping around posteriolateral section of head at a slightly anterior angle and crossing venter as a smooth and weak anterior-oriented curve. Nuchal grooves very weak to indiscernible. Postorbital grooves very weak, nearly indiscernible, starting at the posterior corner of eyes and traveling horizontally along the inferior margin of parotoid glands, terminating at gular fold on the lateral portion of neck. Horizontal mandibular grooves nearly indiscernible, starting at corners of mouth and extending horizontally to vertical mandibular groove. Vertical mandibular grooves discernible, but weak starting along inferior margins of postorbital grooves and extending vertically to gular region, terminating at junction with inner mandibular grooves. Inner mandibular grooves evident, running medially parallel to mandibular bones, becoming indiscernible near anterior tip of lower jaw. Pair of nearly indiscernible and weakly raised parotoid glands present on dorsolateral margin of head among orbits, postorbital grooves, and occiput. Snout not evidently protruding beyond anterior margin of lower lip in lateral view. No mental gland visible under skin of anterior intermandibular region.</p> <p>Arms relatively long and slender overall (FLL = 4.8 mm, 15.0 % of SL), without noticeable hypertrophied forearm compared to upper arm. Hands very small and slender (HaL = 1.7 mm, 32.1 % of VGS; HaW = 1.6 mm, 40.0 % of HeW). Fingers II, III, and IV long and slender, protruding freely, with at least ultimate and penultimate phalanges being free beyond interdigital tissue margin (LF2 0.71 mm, LF3 0.71 mm); a weak, but evident indentation at interdgitial space between fingers I and II. Tips of fingers rounded, with terminal pads discernible on ventral surfaces, especially fingers II and III. Palmar surfaces appearing to be smooth overall. Dorsal surfaces of hands with discernible interdigital grooves that start at interdigital tissue margins and cross onto metacarpal region. Relative lengths of fingers on right hand I &lt;IV &lt;II &lt;III.</p> <p>Legs relatively long and slender overall (HLL 5.2 mm, 16.3 % of SL), with lower leg being very slightly thicker than upper leg. Feet very small and slender (FoL 2.1 mm, 39.6 % of VGS; FoW 2.0 mm, 52.5 % of HeW). Toes II, III, IV and V protruding freely, with at least ultimate (Toe V) and penultimate (toes II, III, and IV) phalanges being free beyond interdigital tissue margin (LT2 0.79 mm, LT3 0.68 mm); very minimal to indiscernible indentation at interdgitial space between toes I and II. Tips of toes rounded, with terminal pads discernible on ventral surfaces. Plantar surfaces appearing to be smooth overall, without any evident dermal creases. Dorsal surfaces of feet with discernible interdigital grooves, especially between toes II-III, III-IV, and IV-V that start at interdigital tissue margins and cross onto metatarsal region. Relative lengths of toes on right foot I &lt;V &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III.</p> <p>Body subcylindrical (slightly wider than high) in cross section, and relatively robust (TW = 4.4 mm; TW = 22.8 % of AGL). Between axilla and groin, 11 costal grooves visible, 13 if counting axillary and inguinal grooves; costal grooves most visible on ventral and lateral portions of body. Adpressed limbs separated by six costal folds; 12 costal folds total between axilla and groin. Slight middorsal depression extends longitudinally along length of body, starting at base of head (occiput) and becoming indiscernible on anterior portion of tail. Tail long, 39.9 mm in length, cylindrical in cross section, having a very slight constriction at base, and evenly tapering to pointed terminus; in life, no caudal grooves were discernible. Skin on surfaces of head, body, limbs, and tail smooth.</p> <p>Coloration in life. The ground color of the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head and trunk reddish-orange. There were several pale fleshy colored dash-like markings on the lateral and dorsolateral surface of the body.Additionally, there were some scattered dark brown to black small irregular markings and tiny white spots on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head and body. The iris was dark reddish-orange with dark brownish-black reticulation.</p> <p>The upper surfaces of the arms and legs were very similar in overall coloration and pattern to that of the abovementioned chromatic characteristics of the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head and body.</p> <p>The dorsal and dorsolateral surfaces of the tail were uniform bright reddish-orange.</p> <p>The ventrolateral surfaces of the head, limbs, body, and tail were contrasted from the superior surfaces by consisting of a concentration of fine white or pale fleshy-orange markings on a brown to brownish-orange background. The area directly surrounding the cloaca had a concentration of bright orange chromatophores.</p> <p>Coloration in ethanol. After more than eight years in ethanol (70%), the overall ground coloration of the holotype has shifted to a pale fleshy tan dorsally. Throughtout the dorsal and dorsolateral surfaces of the head and body there are also numerous fine to medium-sized darker markings and spots; on the dorsolateral section of each side of the trunk, there are a series of darker dash-like markings. The ventral surfaces of the head, body, limbs, and tail are darker brownish-gray with very small pale patches scattered throughout.</p> <p>Measurements (in mm), limb interval, and percentages of the holotype. SL 31.9; total length 71.8; tail length 39.9; ShW 3.7; HeW 4.0; NeW 3.7; EW 1.6; SnL 1.2; JSL 3.7; LGFS 6.4; LNH 0.12; RNW 0.12; IND 1.0; NLP 0.5; ICD 1.8; HLL 5.2; FLL 4.8; TW 4.4; VGS 5.3; FSL 8.0; UHL 3.6; AGL 19.3; VL 1.9; HaW 1.6; HaL 1.7; LF2 0.71; LF3 0.71; WF3 0.34; FoW 2.0; FoL 2.1; LT2 0.79; LT3 0.68; WT3 0.37. Limb interval six. Measurements in related percentages: VGS/SL 16.6 %; IND/HeW 25.0 %; AGL/SL 60.5 %; HeW/SL 12.5 %; Hew/AGL 20.7 %; SnL/ HeW 30.0 %; LNH/HeW 3.0 %; LNH/SL 0.38 %; RNW/HeW 3.0 %; RNW/SL 0.38 %; HLL/SL 16.3 %; FLL/SL 15.0 %; HaL/VGS 32.1 %; FoL/VGS 39.6 %; Haw/HeW 40.0 %; FoW/HeW 52.5 %; LT2/FoL 37.6 %; LF2/HaL 41.8 %; WT3/FoW 18.5 %; WF3/HaW 21.3 %.</p> <p>Noteworthy variation. The paratype (UCR 23693) has discernible differences in the overall structure of the hands and feet, which are especially evident while comparing the digits to those of other members of the type series. The digits on the hands and feet of UCR 23693 are shorter and more tapered distally than on the other type series specimens; this could be related to ontogenesis, given the smaller size (22.0 mm) of UCR 23693, but UCR 23690, with a SL of 22.5 mm, has clearly visible differences in the structure of the digits from UCR 23693. The overall digit structure of UCR 23690 is similar to that of UCR 23689, UCR 23691, and UCR 23692.</p> <p>Measurements (in mm), limb intervals, and percentages of the paratopotypes. SL 22.0–28.5; ShW 2.6– 3.4; HeW 3.1–4.0; NeW 2.9–3.5; EW 1.1–1.3; SnL 0.8–1.1; JSL 2.7–3.4; LGFS 4.8–5.7; LNH 0.15–0.25; RNW 0.09–0.19; IND 0.7–1.0; NLP 0.3–0.6; ICD 1.6–1.8; HLL 4.1–5.2; FLL 4.0–4.5; TW 2.8–3.9; VGS 4.0–5.2; FSL 6.2–7.5; UHL 2.5–3.4; AGL 12.5–16.9; VL 0.9–1.4; HaW 1.0–1.4; HaL 1.0–1.5; LF2 0.47–0.68; LF3 0.43–0.68; WF3 0.22–0.31; FoW 1.3–1.7; FoL 1.4–2.0; LT2 0.53–0.76; LT3 0.4–0.71; WT3 0.25–0.34. Limb interval five–six. Measurements in related percentages: VGS/SL 18.2–19.1 %; IND/HeW 20.0–25.0 %; AGL/SL 56.8–59.3 %; HeW/ SL 13.4–14.2 %; Hew/AGL 23.3–24.8 %; SnL/HeW 25.8–28.6 %; LNH/HeW 4.0–7.8 %; LNH/SL 0.56–1.11 %; RNW/HeW 2.6–5.0 %; RNW/SL 0.34–.0.71 %; HLL/SL 16.8–19.5 %; FLL/SL 15.8–18.2 %; HaL/VGS 25.0–30.2 %; FoL/VGS 34.9–39.6 %; Haw/HeW 31.3–35.5 %; FoW/HeW 40.6–42.9 %; LT2/FoL 37.9–42.7 %; LF2/HaL 41.3–47.0 %; WT3/FoW 19.2–21.5 %; WF3/HaW 20.0–28.0 %.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet “ maximo ” is a patronym, used as a noun apposition. This taxon is named in honor of Maximiliano “Maximo” Flores (1964–2016), who was a good friend and neighbor of BK and AR. Maximo’s friendship and help with the efforts of the Costa Rican Amphibian Research Center and at the Guayacán Rainforest Reserve, another private property owned by BK, will always be very much appreciated. Maximo was always very willing to join BK during both diurnal and nocturnal field outings, and he accompanied BK and AR on numerous trips throughout the cloud forest regions of Costa Rica searching for moss salamanders.</p> <p>Habitat and natural history observations. Nototriton maximo has been found within moss growing on the ground, fallen and standing tree trunks and accessable branches of trees.</p> <p>Distribution. Nototriton maximo is endemic to Costa Rica, and currently only known to inhabit two very small distinct cloud forest regions in northwestern Costa Rica. The first region is along the continental divide just north and northwest of the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve. The second region is along the northern slopes of the Rincón de la Vieja Volcano. The known altitudinal range for N. maximo is from ca. 1425–1600 masl.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687EDFFC6FFFDA4C540AB2A1FF861	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kubicki, Brian;Reyes, Aura;Arias, Erick	Kubicki, Brian, Reyes, Aura, Arias, Erick (2022): Revised taxonomy and distributions of Costa Rican moss salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Nototriton), with descriptions of new taxa. Zootaxa 5194 (4): 451-496, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.4.1
03C687EDFFC1FFFCA4C542A32D9BFCF1.text	03C687EDFFC1FFFCA4C542A32D9BFCF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nototriton (Nototriton) abscondens (Taylor 1948)	<div><p>Nototriton (Nototriton) abscondens (Taylor, 1948)</p> <p>Concealed moss salamander</p> <p>Chiropterotriton abscondens Taylor (1948: 177).</p> <p>Nototriton abscondens: Good &amp; Wake (1993: 139).</p> <p>Nototriton (Nototriton) abscondens: Dubois &amp; Raffaëlli (2012: 141).</p> <p>Holotype. RCT 1414 (Richard C. Taylor field number), by original designation, but currently housed at the Chicago Field Museum, FMNH 178285. An adult female from Costa Rica: Provincia de Alajuela: Cantón de Alajuela: Distrito de Sarapiquí: Isla Bonita: American Cinchona Plantation, ca. 5500 feet (ca. 1675 m a.s.l.), collected by Richard Clark Taylor on 1 August, 1947.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet comes from the Latin prefix ab - (meaning from or away) and condo (meaning hidden).</p> <p>Distribution. Nototriton abscondens is endemic to Costa Rica and is only known to inhabit the Caribbean slopes of the Cordillera Volcánica Central at elvations from roughly 1000–2500 masl (Savage 2002). Specimens have been collected from within a swath ranging from the northern slopes of the Turrialba Volcano to the western flanks of Juan Castro Blanco National Park.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687EDFFC1FFFCA4C542A32D9BFCF1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kubicki, Brian;Reyes, Aura;Arias, Erick	Kubicki, Brian, Reyes, Aura, Arias, Erick (2022): Revised taxonomy and distributions of Costa Rican moss salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Nototriton), with descriptions of new taxa. Zootaxa 5194 (4): 451-496, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.4.1
03C687EDFFC1FFFCA4C541072BC0FA9D.text	03C687EDFFC1FFFCA4C541072BC0FA9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nototriton (Nototriton) costaricense Arias & Kubicki 2018	<div><p>Nototriton (Nototriton) costaricense Arias &amp; Kubicki, 2018</p> <p>Southern moss salamander</p> <p>Holotype. UCR 22900, by original designation, a subadult from Costa Rica: Provincia de Limón: Cantón de Talamanca: Distrito de Telire: Cerro Pat, Parque Internacional La Amistad, ca. 1500 m a.s.l., obtained by Erick Arias on 11 March 2015.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the Spanish word meaning Costa Rican, “costaricense”. The name represents the fact that the holotype and species was discovered in Costa Rica. Given the close proximity of the type locality to the Costa Rica-Panama border, we speculate that one day it may indeed be discovered within Panama as well (Arias &amp; Kubicki 2018).</p> <p>Distribution. Nototriton costaricense is known from a single site within the Lower Montane Rain Forest life zone (Holdridge 1967) along the mid-elevation slopes of the extreme southeastern Cordillera de Talamanca, within Parque Internacional La Amistad, in the vicinity of Cerro Pat, ca. 1500 m (Arias &amp; Kubicki 2018).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687EDFFC1FFFCA4C541072BC0FA9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kubicki, Brian;Reyes, Aura;Arias, Erick	Kubicki, Brian, Reyes, Aura, Arias, Erick (2022): Revised taxonomy and distributions of Costa Rican moss salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Nototriton), with descriptions of new taxa. Zootaxa 5194 (4): 451-496, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.4.1
03C687EDFFC1FFFCA4C547EB2D14F847.text	03C687EDFFC1FFFCA4C547EB2D14F847.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nototriton (Nototriton) gamezi Garcia-Paris & Wake 2000	<div><p>Nototriton (Nototriton) gamezi García-París &amp; Wake, 2000</p> <p>Monteverde moss salamander</p> <p>Nototriton gamezi García-París &amp; Wake (2000: 55).</p> <p>Nototriton (Nototriton) gamezi: Dubois &amp; Raffaëlli (2012: 141).</p> <p>Holotype. MVZ 207122, by original designation, an adult female from Costa Rica: Provincia de Alajuela: Cantón de San Ramón: Distrito de Peñas Blancas: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.791664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.316667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.791664/lat 10.316667)">Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve</a>: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.791664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.316667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.791664/lat 10.316667)">Carril Bosque Eterno</a> at junction with <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.791664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.316667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.791664/lat 10.316667)">Pantanosa Trail</a>, 1600 m a.s.l. (N 10°19’, W 84°47.5’), collected by D. C. Cannatella, D. A. Good, W. Guindon, and D. B. Wake on 14 August 1987.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a patronym, used as a noun in the masculine genitive case, in dedication to Mr. Rodrigo Gámez, the first director of the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (García-París &amp; Wake 2000).</p> <p>Distribution. Nototriton gamezi is currently only known to inhabit the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve between roughly 1500–1600 masl, but following further exploration in the surrounding mountains its range will likely extend beyond the reserve.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687EDFFC1FFFCA4C547EB2D14F847	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kubicki, Brian;Reyes, Aura;Arias, Erick	Kubicki, Brian, Reyes, Aura, Arias, Erick (2022): Revised taxonomy and distributions of Costa Rican moss salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Nototriton), with descriptions of new taxa. Zootaxa 5194 (4): 451-496, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.4.1
03C687EDFFC2FFFFA4C542EB2D1DFDA3.text	03C687EDFFC2FFFFA4C542EB2D1DFDA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nototriton (Nototriton) guanacaste Good & Wake 1993	<div><p>Nototriton (Nototriton) guanacaste Good &amp; Wake, 1993</p> <p>Guanacaste moss salamander</p> <p>Nototriton guanacaste Good &amp; Wake (1993: 138).</p> <p>Nototriton (Nototriton) guanacaste: Dubois &amp; Raffaëlli (2012: 141).</p> <p>Holotype. MVZ 207111, by original designation, an adult male from Costa Rica: Provincia de Guanacaste: Cantón de Liberia: Distrito de Mayorga: Guanacaste National Park: upper slopes of the Cacao Volcano, 1580 m a.s.l., collected by D. C. Cannattela and D. A. Good on 24 August 1987 (Good &amp; Wake 1993).</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition and was chosen in celebration of establishment of Guanacaste National Park, where this species is known to be restricted (Good &amp; Wake 1993).</p> <p>Distribution. Nototriton guanacaste is currently only known to inhabit two small patches of cloud forest within Guanacaste National Park, both located on the upper slopes of the Orosi and Cacao volcanoes between roughly 1400–1650 masl (Savage 2002).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687EDFFC2FFFFA4C542EB2D1DFDA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kubicki, Brian;Reyes, Aura;Arias, Erick	Kubicki, Brian, Reyes, Aura, Arias, Erick (2022): Revised taxonomy and distributions of Costa Rican moss salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Nototriton), with descriptions of new taxa. Zootaxa 5194 (4): 451-496, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.4.1
03C687EDFFC2FFFFA4C540B02CCFF998.text	03C687EDFFC2FFFFA4C540B02CCFF998.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nototriton (Nototriton) picadoi (Stejneger 1911)	<div><p>Nototriton (Nototriton) picadoi (Stejneger, 1911)</p> <p>Picado’s moss salamander</p> <p>Spelerpes picadoi Stejneger (1911: 285).</p> <p>Oedipus picadoi: Dunn (1924: 99).</p> <p>? Pseudoeurycea picadoi: Taylor (1949: 279).</p> <p>Chiropterotriton picadoi: Wake &amp; Lynch (1976: 59).</p> <p>Nototriton picadoi: Wake &amp; Elias (1983: 11).</p> <p>Nototriton major Good &amp; Wake (1993: 137).</p> <p>Nototriton matama Boza-Oviedo et al. (2012: 48).</p> <p>Nototriton (Nototriton) picadoi: Dubois and Raffaëlli (2012: 141).</p> <p>Holotype. USNM 48280, by original designation, gender not provided in the description: Provincia de Cartago: Cantón de El Guarco: Distrito de San Isidro: La Estrella, ca. 2000 m a.s.l. (Picado 1913), Collected by Clodomido Picado (Stejneger 1911).</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a patronym, used as a noun in the masculine genitive case, in dedication to Dr. Clodomiro Picado Twight (1887–1944), who was a very distinguished Costa Rican scientist and the person that collected the holotype of this taxon.</p> <p>Distribution. Nototriton picadoi is endemic to Costa Rica and is only known to inhabit the Caribbean slopes of extreme eastern portion of the Cordillera Volcánica Central, specifically along the eastern flank of the Turrialba Volcano into the northern and eastern sections of the Cordillera de Talamanca. The reported altitudinal range for this taxon is from 1200–2200 masl (Savage 2002), but during this study the lower limit was discovered to extend down to 900 masl (BK personal observation).</p> <p>Noteworthy observations or remarks. Due to the very low genetic distances, adjoining distributional ranges, and weakly supported morphological diagnostics, we herein recognized N. major (Good &amp; Wake, 1993) and N. matama (Boza-Oviedo et al., 2012) as junior synonyms under N. picadoi.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687EDFFC2FFFFA4C540B02CCFF998	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kubicki, Brian;Reyes, Aura;Arias, Erick	Kubicki, Brian, Reyes, Aura, Arias, Erick (2022): Revised taxonomy and distributions of Costa Rican moss salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Nototriton), with descriptions of new taxa. Zootaxa 5194 (4): 451-496, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.4.1
03C687EDFFC2FFFEA4C544EE2FC0FF21.text	03C687EDFFC2FFFEA4C544EE2FC0FF21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nototriton (Nototriton) saslaya Kohler 2002	<div><p>Nototriton (Nototriton) saslaya Köhler, 2002</p> <p>Saslaya moss salamander</p> <p>Nototriton saslaya Köhler, 2002: 205).</p> <p>Nototriton (Nototriton) saslaya: Dubois &amp; Raffaëlli (2012: 141).</p> <p>Holotype. SMF 79408, by original designation, an adult female from Nicaraugua: Región Autónoma Atlático Norte: southern slope of the Cerro Saslaya, 1371 m a.s.l., collected by Gunther Köhler on 12 July 1999 (Köhler 2002).</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition and was chosen in reference to the type locality and mountain where the type series of the species was collected and where it is probably restricted (Köhler 2002).</p> <p>Distribution. Nototriton saslaya is currently only known to inhabit two small patches of cloud forest within Saslaya National Park in north-central Nicaragua, Cerro Saslaya and Cerro El Torro, 1280 to 1370 m.a.s.l. (Köhler 2011).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687EDFFC2FFFEA4C544EE2FC0FF21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kubicki, Brian;Reyes, Aura;Arias, Erick	Kubicki, Brian, Reyes, Aura, Arias, Erick (2022): Revised taxonomy and distributions of Costa Rican moss salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Nototriton), with descriptions of new taxa. Zootaxa 5194 (4): 451-496, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5194.4.1
