identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B787F6A207FFB98BCAFEABE44CE98C.text	03B787F6A207FFB98BCAFEABE44CE98C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Albizinium eolebbekianum Prakash	<div><p>Albizinium eolebbekianum Prakash</p> <p>(Fig. 3)</p> <p>Albizinium eolebbekianum Prakash, 1975: 197, pl. 3, figs 9, 11, 12.</p> <p>ORIGINAL HOLOTYPE. — Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences Museum no. 150/1014.</p> <p>MATERIAL. — MNHN.F.50172 (field number: 17FN04). Estimated minimal diameter: 30 cm.</p> <p>LOCALITY. — Kalewa Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar</p> <p>AGE. — Upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Wood diffuse-porous. Growth ring boundaries indistinct. Vessels mostly solitary (80%) or grouped by 2, rarely 3, oval, 0-5 per mm² (average: 2) (Fig. 2A, B); tangential diameter 140-260 µm (average: 210 µm). Tyloses absent. Vessel elements 180-460 µm long (average: 290 µm). Perforation plates simple, mostly horizontal to slightly oblique (Fig. 3C). Intervessel pits alternate, polygonal in shape and crowded, 6-10 µm in size (Fig. 3C). Vessel-ray pits not preserved. Axial parenchyma lozenge-aliform, sometimes confluent, and seemingly marginal bands (Fig. 3A, B); also, maybe some diffuse parenchyma; parenchyma cells 100-150 µm (average: 120 µm) long in tangential plan, 20-50 µm (average: 30 µm) wide; crystals present in chambered cells (Fig. 3D). Rays 1- to 3-seriate (mainly 2), non-storied, 5-8 rays per tangential mm (average: 6), 150-340 µm (average: 220 µm) or 5-20 cells high (Fig. 3D), homocellular made of procumbent cells (Fig. 3F). Fibres with poorly preserved walls, septa present in some fibres (Fig. 3D, E), 15-22 µm wide (average: 18 µm).</p> <p>DISCUSSION</p> <p>This specimen is characterized by: 1) diffuse-porous wood; 2) exclusively simple perforation plates; 3) aliform parenchyma; 4) the presence of septate fibres; and 5) homocellular and mostly 2- to 3-seriate rays.</p> <p>These characters suggest affinities with modern Fabaceae and particularly with the traditional Mimosoideae subfamily (now in the recircumscribed Caesalpinioideae subfamily) (LPWG 2017). In InsideWood (2004 -onward), 35% of described specimens of the traditional Mimosoideae have septate fibres. Ogata et al. (2008) also indicate that homocellular rays are mostly found in Mimosoideae. In modern wood of Mimosoideae, the lozengealiform parenchyma combined with the presence of septate fibres and homocellular rays is mainly found in genera Albizia, Inga Mill. and Pithecellobium Mart. (InsideWood 2004 -onward). Pithecellobium, however, has higher and wider rays (Awasthi 1979). Albizia and Inga share a close anatomy.According toEvans et al. (2006), Inga has slightly more frequent radial multiples of vessels, as well as confluent parenchyma. A comparison with specimens and plates available onInsideWood (2004-onward) also reveal higher and thinner rays for Inga (frequently with uniseriate portion, and 2-seriate), with more often uniseriate rays, wheareas most of Albizia species have fusiform and shorter rays. Thus, our specimen shows closer similarities to the genus Albizia, including three specific species: Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth., regarding its parenchyma arrangement, the presence of septate fibres and non-septate fibres. However, it often has wider rays (up to 5-seriate); A. ferruginea (Guill. &amp; Perr.) Benth. for its lozenge-aliform parenchyma and vessel density, resulting in a few confluences, similar ray size; and A. procera (Roxb.) Benth. for its aliform parenchyma rarely confluent and similar ray size (1-3 seriate, fusiform).</p> <p>Fossil wood specimens resembling Albizia species are designated under the genus Albizinium (Prakash 1975) or described as Albizia (Gregory et al. 2009). The features of the present specimen are compatible with the diagnosis of Albizinium. Although the anatomically close genus Acrocarpoxylon Gottwald has aliform parenchyma and septate fibres, it has more often heterocellular rays (Gottwald 1994). Among Albizinium fossil species close to our fossil (Awasthi 1979; Prakash et al. 1994; Mehrotra et al. 1999), A. eolebbekianum has shorter rays (up to 280 µm compared to 340 µm in our fossil) and A. pondicherriensis Awasthi has a higher ray density (10-15 / mm as opposed to 5-8 / mm) and more frequent vessels in groups than our fossil. The diagnoses of A. eolebbekianum and A. pondicherriensis are remarkably similar. Our fossil resembles A. eolebbekianum from the Miocene of India for the proportion of solitary vessels and the parenchyma arrangement, whereas it resembles more A. pondicherriensis for ray and vessel size. Our specimen is in fine attributed to A. eolebbekianum given the propensity of A. pondicherrienses to form vessel groups.</p> <p>Albizia species are tropical or subtropical trees occurring in open secondary vegetation, in primary deciduous to monsoonal forests, and in savannas and shrublands of Asia, Africa, and America, up to 1700 m altitude (Nielsen 1992; Sosef et al. 1998). Albizia lebbeck is a deciduous tree, probably native to tropical mainland Asia or East-Africa, mostly cultivated or naturalized. It grows in monsoonal semi-evergreen forests and monsoonal dry-deciduous forests with mean annual rainfall of 1300-1500 mm and very dry winter, at low elevation (0-750 m, sometimes up to 1700 m). It is also found along rivers and sand beaches. It is resistant to long hot and dry periods as well as cold winters and tolerates a wide range of soils including sandy river beds, coral loam or limestone (Prakash 1975; Nielsen 1992; Jensen 1999; Orwa et al. 2009; Wu et al. 2010); A. ferruginea is only found in Africa, mainly in lowlands, semi-deciduous forests, but also in evergreen forests, rainforests, and savannas (Sosef et al. 1998; Orwa et al. 2009). Albizia procera is found across all Southeast Asia and is tolerant to a wide range of climates; it is mostly found in open secondary forests and in areas with a pronounced dry season, as well as in grasslands, savannas, monsoon forests or swamp forests and rainforests up to 1500 m altitude (Nielsen 1981, 1992) in areas with more than 2500 mm of annual rainfall and mean annual temperature of 21-32°C (Orwa et al. 2009).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6A207FFB98BCAFEABE44CE98C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gentis, Nicolas;Licht, Alexis;Boura, Anaïs;Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa;Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume	Gentis, Nicolas, Licht, Alexis, Boura, Anaïs, Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa, Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume (2022): Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications. Geodiversitas 44 (28): 853-909, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a28
03B787F6A209FFBB8952FB89E6B6EDAF.text	03B787F6A209FFBB8952FB89E6B6EDAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cynometroxylon holdeniae (Gupta)	<div><p>Cynometroxylon holdeniae (Gupta) Prakash &amp; Bande (Fig. 4)</p> <p>Dipterocarpoxylon holdenii [sic] Gupta, 1935: 633, pl. 64.</p> <p>Cynometroxylon indicum Chowdhury &amp; Ghosh, 1946: 435, pl. 10- 11, text-fig. 5-9</p> <p>Cynometroxylon schlagintweitii Müller-Stoll &amp; Mädel, 1967: 130, pl. 33, fig. 57, pl. 34. figs 59-62, ill. 8</p> <p>Cynometroxylon cf. indicum – Prakash 1967: 93.</p> <p>Cynometroxylon sp. cf. indicum – Prakash 1978: 383, pl. 3, figs 12-14.</p> <p>Cynometroxylon holdeniae Prakash &amp; Bande, 1980: 266, pl. 3, figs 11-14 (‘ holdenii ’).</p> <p>Cynometroxylon siwalicus Trivedi &amp; Ahuja, 1978: 638, figs 1-3.</p> <p>NOTE ON NOMENCLATURE. — According to the article no. 60.8 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Turland et al. 2018), the specific epithet “ holdenii ” (or “ holdeni ”), derived from the personal name of Miss Ruth Holden, has to be treated as an error and corrected to “ holdeniae ”, a feminine name.</p> <p>ORIGINAL HOLOTYPE. — Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences Museum no. 29785.</p> <p>MATERIAL. — MNHN.F.50173 (field number: 17FN17), MNHN.F.50174 (field number: 17FN19), MNHN.F.50175 (field number: NAT17-3). Estimated minimal diameter: 8-38 cm. The specimen MNHN.F.50175 shows a differential growth as seen in modern Cynometra polyandra Robx. (MNHN-P-P00395888)</p> <p>.</p> <p>LOCALITY. — Kalewa Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar.</p> <p>AGE. — Upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Wood diffuse-porous. Growth rings indistinct or weakly distinguishable by a change of parenchyma and fibres band thickness and the presence of narrow marginal parenchyma bands. Vessels mostly solitary (60-80%) or in radial groups of 2-4, round to oval, 3-24 per mm² (average: 10 per mm²) (Fig. 4A); tangential diameter 50-200 µm (average: 115 µm). Tyloses absent. Vessel elements 130-510 µm (average: 300 µm) long. Perforation plates simple, oblique to horizontal. Intervessel pits alternate, seemingly polygonal, 2-5 µm wide (average: 3 µm) (Fig. 4F). Parenchyma paratracheal, vasicentric with 1-3 cells thick sheath around vessel and in continuous, wavy and sometimes anastomosed tangential bands, 2-11 cells wide (average: 7 cells), as large as fibres bands or thinner, including most of the vessels, 2-6 bands per tangential mm (Fig. 4A, D); parenchyma cells 40-100 µm (average: 72 µm) long, 9-40 µm (average: 19 µm) wide in tangential section; 4-6 (average: 5) cells per parenchyma strand, sometimes crystals in chambered parenchyma cells. Rays 2- to 3-seriate (mostly 2) (Fig. 4E), 8-13 rays per tangential mm (average: 10 per mm), 150-740 µm (average: 310 µm) or 7-35 cells long, heterocellular made of procumbent cells with 1 (or 2) square or upright cells at both ends (Fig. 4G), occasionally with a faint storied tendency. Fibres libriform, non-septate, 8-22 µm in tangential diameter (average 14 µm), thin- to thick-walled (lumina about 0.42 times the double wall thickness), without any particular arrangement (Fig. 4D). Wound healing zone marked by alternating bands of fibres and parenchyma but less continuous and regular than in the normal wood (Fig. 4C), parenchyma bands 1-5 cells wide; no vessel present; rays are mostly continuous throughout the wounded area. This pattern recalls debarking events (Fig. 4C).</p> <p>DISCUSSION</p> <p>These fossils are characterized by: 1) diffuse-porous wood; 2) exclusively simple perforation plates; 3) banded parenchyma as thick as fibres bands; 4) heterocellular and mainly 2-seriate rays; 5) a slight tendency to storied rays; and 6) non-septate fibres. The presence of a debarking healing zone is not considered for wood identification because it is a life event, independent of the wood traits. Thus, the most discriminant feature is the presence of banded parenchyma. According to the classification of Chowdhury &amp; Ghosh (1946), our specimens belong to the group of angiosperms with parenchyma bands of the same (or almost) size as fibres bands (less than 30 cells wide). Following the identification of these authors leads to the Fabaceae.</p> <p>Within extant Fabaceae, the present fossil specimens display similar features to the ones of genera Cynometra, Crudia Schreb. and Maniltoa Scheff. (synonym of Cynometra) inlcuding heterocellular rays, only one size of vessels, and vessels included in parenchyma bands (Chowdhury &amp; Ghosh 1946; Carlquist 2001). Even though these species are hardly distinguishable from each other based on wood anatomy (Vozenin-Serra &amp; Privé- Gill 1989; Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; Ogata et al. 2008), Crudia is presumed to have larger and thicker parenchyma bands than Cynometra (Vozenin-Serra &amp; Privé-Gill 1989).</p> <p>Cynometra and Maniltoa are extremely close genera, and Radosavljevic (2019) recently put the genus Maniltoa as a synonym of Cynometra. Cynometra ramiflora L. and Cynometra polyandra (synonym: Maniltoa polyandra (Roxb.) Harms) are the most anatomically similar species to our fossils, especially concerning ray arrangement and composition, vessel size, and parenchyma band arrangement.</p> <p>Fossil wood specimens resembling Cynometra are described under the fossil genus Cynometroxylon (Chowdhury &amp; Ghosh 1946). All characters cited above fit with its diagnosis. Superficial resemblance with the genus Millettioxylon Awasthi can be pointed out, but the obvious storied character of rays, parenchyma and vessel elements, in addition to frequently homocellular rays dismiss this analogy (Awasthi 1967). We compare our fossils to some Cynometroxylon already described in the literature. The specimens MNHN.F.50173 and MNHN.F.50174 display a closer resemblance with C. holdeniae, especially with the Burmese specimens described by Prakash &amp; Bande (1980) from the Mio-Pliocene and by Licht et al. (2014) from the middle Eocene. They show a slightly higher density of vessels (7-24 per mm² for our fossils as opposed to 3-4 per mm² for C. holdeniae), which might be related to environmental factors and is not enough to exclude their attribution to this species. The specimen MNHN.F.50175 shows some variations of character such as irregular size of bands, both for parenchyma and fibres, which could be interpreted as growth zones. These irregular bands are seen in extant Cynometra (e.g. Cynometra ananta Hutch. &amp; Dalziel, Cynometra polyandra: InsideWood 2004 -onward). In some places, a storied tendency is observed.</p> <p>Among Cynometroxylon specimens, only C. schlangintweitti and C. tunesense Delteil-Desneux are described with a storied ray tendency, but both have homocellular rays (Müller-Stoll &amp; Mädel 1967; Delteil-Desneux 1980). Only some specimens of C. holdeniae have crystalliferous parenchyma (Chowdhury &amp; Ghosh 1946; Müller-Stoll &amp; Mädel 1967; Awasthi 1992; Boonchai 2008). Thus, except for the irregular bands, all these features have been described in Cynometroxylon, but not all in the same specimen. Considering the variability seen among Cynometroxylon, all our specimens are attributed to Cynometroxylon holdeniae.</p> <p>Cynometra species are pantropical shrubs or trees (Lewis et al. 2005), though Radosavljevic (2019) recently excluded African species from the genus (except species from Madagascar). They are found in forests up to 1300 m altitude, often along rivers, on swampy soils, in dense wet lowland forests, or mixed with mangrove species (Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; Hou et al. 1996), and also in seasonally dry forests (Lewis et al. 2005). Cynometra ramiflora is present in tidal forests of Myanmar, South India, Sri-Lanka, Andaman Islands and Malay Peninsula (Privé-Gill et al. 2004), in the back-mangrove forests and inland up to 400 m altitude (Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; Hou et al. 1996). Cynometra polyandra is a wet evergreen or semi-evergreen forest tree (Knaap-van Meeuwen 1970; Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993), found up to 1300 m altitude (Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; Hou et al. 1996).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6A209FFBB8952FB89E6B6EDAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gentis, Nicolas;Licht, Alexis;Boura, Anaïs;Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa;Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume	Gentis, Nicolas, Licht, Alexis, Boura, Anaïs, Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa, Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume (2022): Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications. Geodiversitas 44 (28): 853-909, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a28
03B787F6A20BFFBD8B1BFF0AE570E872.text	03B787F6A20BFFBD8B1BFF0AE570E872.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cynometroxylon parainaequifolium Prakash	<div><p>Cynometroxylon parainaequifolium Prakash (Fig. 5 A-G)</p> <p>Cynometroxylon parainaequifolium Prakash, 1979: 51, pl. 2, figs 5, 7.</p> <p>ORIGINAL HOLOTYPE. — Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences Museum no. 35263</p> <p>MATERIAL. — MNHN.F.50176 (field number: 17FN10), MNHN.F.50177 (field number: 19NAT07-1), MNHN.F.50178 (fieldnumber: NAT17-7). Estimated minimal diameter: 9-20 cm (&gt; 50 cm for specimen MNHN.F.50178, which has almost parallel rays).</p> <p>LOCALITY. — Kalewa Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar.</p> <p>AGE. — Upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Wood diffuse-porous. Growth rings hardly distinguishable marked by small marginal parenchyma bands, a change in vessel or fibres band size or growth line (Fig. 5A). Vessels solitary (40-75%) or in radial groups of 2-5, round to oval, 3-16 per mm² (average 8 per mm²); tangential diameter 50-170 µm (average: 120 µm) (Fig. 5A, F, G). Tyloses absent. Vessel elements 150-600 µm (average: 330 µm) long. Perforation plates simple, sometime slightly oblique. Intervessel pits alternate, 2-4 µm wide (average: 3 µm) (Fig. 5E). Parenchyma mostly banded but also aliform or vasicentric close to growth rings, bands wavy and sometimes anastomosed, enclosing most of vessels (Fig. 5A, F, G), 3-8 cells wide (average: 5 cells), as large as fibres bands or thinner, 3-5 bands per mm; parenchyma cells 35-160 µm (average: 100 µm) long, 10-36 µm (average: 22 µm) wide in tangential section; 5 to 8 cells per parenchyma strands, crystals sometimes present in chambered parenchyma cells (Fig. 5D). Rays 1- to 3-seriate (mostly 2-seriate) (Fig. 5B, C), 6-13 rays per mm (average: 9 per mm), 140-1080 µm (average: 470 µm) or up to 35 (sometimes 55) cells long, heterocellular made of procumbent cells with 1-3 square or upright marginal cells (Fig. 5C), sometimes end-to-end fusions resulting in very high rays. Fibres non-septate, 5-20 µm in tangential diameter (average 13 µm), thin- to thick-walled (lumina about 0.42 times the double wall thickness).</p> <p>DISCUSSION</p> <p>This specimen has: 1) diffuse-porous wood; 2) banded parenchyma about as thick as fibres bands; 3) 1-3 seriate heterocellular rays; 4) non-septate fibres; and 5) non-storied elements. Similar to our previous Cynometroxylon specimens, these three specimens are comparable to extant Cynometra. They also are remarkable in having thinner parenchyma bands (around 5 cells high), higher rays and frequent ray fusions.</p> <p>They display a close resemblance to Cynometra polyandra because of its variability of parenchyma pattern and ray width, and to Cynometra inaequifolia A. Gray because of its ray width and the occasional presence of long rays (up to 1 mm long) (InsideWood 2004 -onward).</p> <p>These specimens also share all the diagnostic features of the genus Cynometroxylon. Rays are rarely uniseriate and always heterocellular, parenchyma bands are mostly wavy, which make them somehow compatible with the diagnosis of Crudioxylon Pons (1980) as well. When compared with other Cynometroxylon, our specimens resemble closely to C. parainaequifolium, which also has small vessels (&lt;200 µm of diameter),parenchyma bands 2-7 cells wide, and sometimes long rays (up to 60 cells high) with frequent fusions. Our specimens have a slightly higher density of vessels and display sometimes 3-seriate rays (only 1-2-seriate reported in C. parainaequifolium). Two out of three of our fossil specimens display parenchyma bands that are sometimes discontinuous (Fig. 4A, D) which is not in the diagnosis of C.parainaequifolium. MNHN.F.50176 is the specimen where this morphology is the most visible (Fig. 4 A-C). These differences could yet be explained by intra-individual variations, as proposed by Pons (1980) for Crudioxylon. Discontinuous bands and aliform parenchyma are also observed in the Cynometroxylon holdeniae specimen of Boonchai (2008) and the fossil Cynometra grandis Woodcock, Meyer &amp; Prado specimen ofWoodcock et al. (2017). It is also visible in extant Cynometra ananta and Cynometra polyandra of InsideWood (2004 -onward) and Boonchai (2008: 111-112, fig. 4.41, fig. 4.42). An examination of the specimen MNHN-P-P00395888 of C. polyandra reveals that parenchyma arrangement and band width can change throughout the life of the tree.We thus consider that discontinuous bands in Cynometra and Cynometroxylon are a variable character and not a diagnostic feature of our fossils. All these observations lead us to attribute these three specimens to Cynometroxylon parainaequifolium.</p> <p>Cynometra inaequifolia is a small lowland tree (up to 20m tall) of Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand resembling C. ramiflora (Knaap-van Meeuwen 1970; Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; Hou et al. 1996; World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998). Cynometra polyandra is a wet evergreen or semi-evergreen forest tree species (Knaap-van Meeuwen 1970; Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993), found up to at 1300 m altitude (Knaap-van Meeuwen 1970; Hou et al. 1996; World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6A20BFFBD8B1BFF0AE570E872	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gentis, Nicolas;Licht, Alexis;Boura, Anaïs;Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa;Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume	Gentis, Nicolas, Licht, Alexis, Boura, Anaïs, Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa, Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume (2022): Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications. Geodiversitas 44 (28): 853-909, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a28
03B787F6A20DFFBF8970FD68E5E8EB32.text	03B787F6A20DFFBF8970FD68E5E8EB32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Koompassioxylon elegans Kramer	<div><p>Koompassioxylon elegans Kramer</p> <p>(Fig. 6)</p> <p>Koompassioxylon elegans Kramer, 1974: 117, pl. 27, figs 94, 95, 97- 101, 103, pl. 28, fig. 105, ill. 12a-c, 13.</p> <p>ORIGINAL HOLOTYPE. — Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt. no. SM.B 12 509/1-12 509/3</p> <p>MATERIAL. — MNHN.F.50179 (field number: 17FN13), MNHN.F.50180 (field number: 17FN14), MNHN.F.50181 (field number: 19NAT03-2). Estimated minimal diameter:17-51(-81) cm; 130-230 cm for specimen MNHN.50179</p> <p>.</p> <p>LOCALITY. — Kalewa Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar.</p> <p>AGE. — Upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION Wood diffuse-porous. Growth rings present, marked by marginal parenchyma bands (Fig. 6A). Vessels mostly solitary (70-90%) or grouped by 2 or 3 (Fig. 6A), oval, 0-6 per mm² (average: 3); tangential diameter 120-370 µm (average: 230). Tyloses absent. Vessel elements 160-570 µm long (average: 340). Perforation plates simple horizontal to slightly oblique. Vessel pits alternate, 6-11 µm (average: 8) in diameter, likely non-vestured (for specimen MNHN.F.50180, see Fig. 6C). Vessel-ray pits not preserved. Parenchyma widely wingedaliform (Fig. 6A, B), also confluent laterally or in diagonal, forming anastomosed and/or band-like shapes, joining up to 10 vessels depending on the specimen and the position in the wood (Fig. 6A), also in 1-7 cells wide marginal bands enclosing some small vessels (Fig. 5A), maybe rare diffuse parenchyma; parenchyma cells 30-145 µm long (average: 85), 10-50 µm wide (average: 30); 4-8 or more cells per parenchyma strand; crystals in chambered parenchyma cells (Fig. 6D, E), especially in border ones. Rays 2- to 3-seriate (mainly 3, rarely 4) (Fig. 6D, E), tendency to storied arrangement resulting in discreet ripple marks visible in some parts with the naked eye (Fig. 6F), 3-10 rays per mm (average: 7), 160-490 µm (average: 340 µm) or up to 18 cells high, heterocellular with 1-2 rows of upright or square cells at both ends (Fig. 6G); 1-2 crystals in upright ray cells, sometimes subdivided (Fig. 6G). Fibres thin-to-thick walled (lumina about 0.84 times the double wall thickness), non-septate, 8-22 µm (average: 14 µm) wide. DISCUSSION</p> <p>These specimens are characterized by: 1) diffuse-porous wood; 2) large vessels (&gt; 200 µm); 3) exclusively simple perforation plates; 4) crystalliferous winged-aliform and confluent parenchyma; 5) marginal parenchyma bands; 6) 2- to 3-seriate rays with a storied tendency; 7) low vessel density; 8) heterocellular rays; and 9) crystalliferous rays. Aliform parenchyma, marginal parenchyma and 2-3 seriate rays are common features in Fabaceae. Modern analogs with all characteristics cited above have not been found on InsideWood (2004 -onward), but a less restrictive code (5p 13p 22p 40a 48a 49a 50a 65a 80p 82p 83p 89p 96a 97p 99a 105a 108a 109a 116a 136p 137p 142p with 0 mismatches) shows similarities with: Dalbergia assamica Benth.; Distemonanthus benthamianus Baill.; Angylocalyx Taub.; Desmodium oojeinense (Roxb.) Ohashi; and several species of Ormosia Jacks. which either lack storied features, crystals, have all elements storied or diffuse parenchyma (InsideWood 2004 -onward, Ogata et al. 2008). When considering the possible non-vestured pits of one of our specimens, Kalappia celebica Kosterm. and Koompassia Maingay ex Benth. are the closest genera, but the former has well-marked storied rays with no crystals in marginal cells (Ogata et al. 2008). Koompassia is thus the best living relative as it has irregularly storied rays, non-vestured pits, crystals in rays and parenchyma, aliformconfluent, sometimes winged-aliform parenchyma and marginal parenchyma bands.The preservation state of our specimens is yet not good enough to determine whether the pits are vestured or not for all the specimens. In this genus, K. excelsa (Becc.) Taub. has more often banded parenchyma, often crystals in upright ray cells; K. malaccensis Benth. bears the closest resemblance with our specimens, and has aliform-confluent parenchyma, sometimes pointed at the extremities, but less often crystals in upright ray cells than K. excelsa (Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; InsideWood 2004 -onward; Ogata et al. 2008).</p> <p>Kramer (1974) defined the fossil genus Koompassioxylon for fossils resembling Koompassia (K. malaccensis more specifically). The genus Koompassioxylon is thus described with marginal parenchyma, vessel-ray pits similar to intervessel pits, crystalliferous aliform-confluent to winged aliform parenchyma, 2-4 seriate rays with irregularly storied pattern, heterocellular rays with at least one row of upright marginal cells, sometimes subdivided with crystal included. In opposition to the modern relative Koompassia, which has non-vestured intervessel pits, Koompassioxylon has vestured intervessel pits.The genus Ormosioxylon Bande &amp; Prakash was described by Bande &amp; Prakash (1980) for wood specimens resembling Ormosia. Although the two diagnoses significantly overlap, Ormosioxylon is described without any mineral inclusion, which is not compatible with our specimens.</p> <p>Vestured/non-vestured intervessel pits are very delicate to observe in fossils and should be considered whith great caution according toWheeler et al. (2020).With this limitation in mind, our fossils share most of the features of Koompassioxylon. Among the two species of Koompassioxylon, K. keralaensis Srivastava &amp; Awasthi (1996) has less frequent confluent parenchyma, mostly homocellular rays, irregularly storied parenchyma and rays, and no crystals; by contrast, K. elegans is more similar to our fossil specimens as it has marginal parenchyma, as well as pointed aliform-confluent with crystals, weakly heterocellular rays with crystalliferous upright marginal cells, a storied ray tendency, but it has mainly 2-seriate rays (compared to mainly 3-seriate in our specimens). This minor difference aside, and with the exception of possibly non-vestured pits, our specimens are compatible with the diagnosis of K. elegans.</p> <p>Koompassia is a genus of Southeast Asian tropical trees growing in primary rainforests, coastal plain, foothills, ridge slopes and river valleys, and occasionally in peat and freshwater swamps, below 650 m altitude (Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; Lewis et al. 2005). Koompassia are large trees, often dominating the canopy; the large estimated diameter of our specimens is in adequacy with this genus of ‘giant’ trees. Indeed, they can grow up to 85 m tall, with a diameter up to 290 cm (Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993). Koompassia malaccensis lives in lowland forests and in freshwater peat and swamp forests, as well as in dry lands up to 150 m altitude (rarely up to 800 m; Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; Hou et al. 1996).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6A20DFFBF8970FD68E5E8EB32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gentis, Nicolas;Licht, Alexis;Boura, Anaïs;Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa;Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume	Gentis, Nicolas, Licht, Alexis, Boura, Anaïs, Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa, Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume (2022): Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications. Geodiversitas 44 (28): 853-909, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a28
03B787F6A20FFFA1893AFE6BE6A7EECC.text	03B787F6A20FFFA1893AFE6BE6A7EECC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Koompassioxylon Kramer	<div><p>cf. Koompassioxylon</p> <p>(Fig. 7)</p> <p>MATERIEL. — MNHN.F.50182; field number: NAT17-06. Estimated minimal diameter: 11 cm.</p> <p>LOCALITY. — Kalewa Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar.</p> <p>AGE. — Upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Wood diffuse-porous. Growth rings indistinct, but possible marginal bands. Vessels mostly solitary (80 %) or grouped by 2 or 3 (Fig. 7A, C), oval, 4-9 per mm² (average: 7); tangential diameter 140-250 µm (average: 180 µm; mesured on less compressed vessels but still underestimated). The radial diameter (71-350 µm, average: 225 µm) assumes a large tangential diameter.Tylose absent or rarely present (Fig. 7C). Vessel elements 220-460 µm long (average: 300 µm). Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate, bordered, 6-13 µm (average: 10 µm) in diameter, non-vestured (Fig. 7G). Vessel-ray pits rather similar in shape and size to intervessel pits (Fig. 7I), 4-11 µm in diameter (average: 7.3 µm). Parenchyma widely aliform and mostly confluent laterally or in diagonal, forming anastomosed shapes, no proper tangential bands (Fig. 7 A-C); also, maybe in marginal or seemingly marginal thin bands merging with the paratracheal parenchyma; parenchyma cells 50-130 µm long (average: 85 µm), 10-30 µm wide (average: 20 µm); 3-8 (or more?) cells per parenchyma strands (Fig. 7F); abundant crystals in chambered parenchyma cells (Fig. 7H, J), especially in the margin ones. Rays 1- to 3-seriate (mostly 2-seriate, very few uniseriate) (Fig. 7E, F), irregularly storied (Fig. 7D) resulting in ripple marks visible with the naked eye, 8-16 rays per mm (average: 11), 150-870 µm (average: 400 µm) or 6-27 cells high (average: 16-17 cells), occasional interconnections of rays (Fig. 7E) with alternating uniseriate and 2-3-seriate portions probably resulting from end-to-end fusions, thereby some rays are up to 30 cells high, weakly heterocellular to heterocellular to with mostly one to sometimes 2-3 rows of upright or square cells at both ends (Fig. 7H) or at least larger procumbent cells, possibly very rarely with 1-2 crystals in marginal cells; a tendency to have biseriate portions as wide as multiseriate ones, but not to be considered as a distinctive feature. Fibres commonly thin-tothick walled (lumina 0.66 times the double wall thickness) to occasionally very thick-walled, non-septate, 12-24 µm (average: 17 µm) wide.</p> <p>DISCUSSION</p> <p>This wood is characterized by: 1) diffuse-porous; 2) aliform parenchyma; 3) crystals in parenchyma cells; 3) mostly 2-seriate rays; 4) non-septate fibres; 5) vessel-ray pits similar to intervessel pits; and 6) simple perforation plates; these features are typical of modern Fabaceae (Metcalfe &amp; Chalk 1950; Baretta-Huipers 1981; InsideWood 2004 -onward). A search on the InsideWood (2004 -onward) database shows affinities with species from the traditional Caesalpinioideae subfamily because of the number of cells per parenchyma strand that goes up to four cells, compared to hardly exceeding two cells for the traditional Papilionoideae subfamily. Concerning the traditional Mimosoideae, most species have homocellular rays, often septate fibres and rarely storied structures. Nonvestured pits are uncommon in Fabaceae and are restricted to three recircumscribed basal subfamilies: Cercidoideae, Duparquetioideae and Dialioideae (Herendeen 2000; Gasson et al. 2003; LPWG 2017; Zimmerman et al. 2017), all previously in the traditional Caesalpinioideae subfamily. An investigation of wood anatomy of these subfamilies was made with available literature (Gasson et al. 2003; InsideWood 2004 -onward; Ogata et al. 2008; Pérez-Lara et al. 2019). Duparquetia Baill., the only genus of Duparquetioideae, is ruled out as it is a vine with no mineral inclusion and very thin-walled fibres. In Cercidoideae, only Bauhinia (which has a wide range of morphology) can be related to this fossil, but it shows more frequent uniseriate rays, sometimes septate fibres, homocellular rays or regular bands of parenchyma. Moreover, the number of cells per parenchyma strand is restricted to 4 in average in Bauhinia (compared to more than 4 in our fossil). Among Dialioideae, only Kalappia Kosterm., Koompassia and Martiodendron Gleason share features with our fossil: storied or irregularly storied rays, aliform-confluent parenchyma, 1-3 seriate rays, crystals in parenchyma, at least medium size intervessel pits and heterocellular rays. Kalappia and Martiodendron yet differ in having a strongly storied parenchyma, vessel elements and rays, fewer or more wavy confluent parenchyma, as well as smaller rays for Kalappia (up to 350 µm compared to 400 µm in average in our fossil). Koompassia wood is thus closer to our fossil than the other identified modern analogues, but has more frequent crystals in marginal cells; however, no specific NLR really stands out in regards of the state of preservation of the present fossil.</p> <p>The fossil genus Tzotziloxylon Pérez-Lara &amp; Estrada-Ruiz (Pérez-Lara et al. 2019) covers fossils sharing features of the Cercidoideae/Dialioideae which includes non-vestured intervessel pits, aliform to occasionally confluent parenchyma as well as diffuse and sometimes banded, 1-4-seriate rays, crystalliferous parenchyma and non-storied structure. Our fossil is thus incompatible with this genus. Among Cercidoideae, woods resembling Bauhinia are described under the name Bauhinia and Bauhinium Trivedi &amp; Panjwani with regularly storied and mostly uniseriate rays as well as regular parenchyma bands</p> <p>(Ramanujam &amp; Rao 1966; Prakash &amp; Prasad 1984; Trivedi &amp; Panjwani 1986; Awasthi &amp; Prakash 1987; Awasthi &amp; Mehrotra 1990). The diagnosis of these genera is yet incompatible with our specimen. Among Dialioideae, woods resembling Koompassia are described under the name Koompassioxylon (Kramer 1974; Srivastava &amp; Awasthi 1996). Although most of the features of the genus diagnosis are compatible with our fossil, some differences have to be pointed out: the aliform to confluent parenchyma with only a few vessels, marginal ray cells can be subdivided and contain crystals (presence of which is ambiguous in the present fossil as it is hard to determine if crystals belong to ray cells or the underneath axial parenchyma cells). Moreover, intervessel pits are vestured in previously described specimens of Koompassioxylon. This specimen is different from the K. elegans described above (p. 864) because of the absence of numerous crystals in marginal ray cells, mainly confluent parenchyma and mainly 2-seriate rays. Pending more comprehensive studies about fossil Cercidoideae/Dialioideae and other related Fabaceae, we name it cf. Koompassioxylon to emphasize its close affinity to this genus.</p> <p>Koompassia ecology has been previously described (p. 864). Kalappia trees reach up to 40 m tall, 90 cm in diameter, and are restricted to wet lowland forests of Sulawesi, up to 300 m (rarely 500 m) altitude (Hou et al. 1996; Sosef et al. 1998). Martiodendron are South American canopy trees, often riparian, growing in rainforests, periodically inundated forests, but also in tropical savanna woodlands, deciduous or seasonally dry forests, below 600 m altitude (Koeppen &amp; Iltis 1962; Lewis et al. 2005). These genera have relatively hard and durable wood (Scheffer &amp; Morrell 1998).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6A20FFFA1893AFE6BE6A7EECC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gentis, Nicolas;Licht, Alexis;Boura, Anaïs;Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa;Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume	Gentis, Nicolas, Licht, Alexis, Boura, Anaïs, Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa, Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume (2022): Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications. Geodiversitas 44 (28): 853-909, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a28
03B787F6A211FFA28953FACEE34CEDAF.text	03B787F6A211FFA28953FACEE34CEDAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pahudioxylon bankurensis Chowdhury, Ghosh & Kazmi	<div><p>Pahudioxylon bankurensis Chowdhury, Ghosh &amp; Kazmi</p> <p>(Fig. 8)</p> <p>Pahudioxylon bankurensis Chowdhury, Ghosh &amp; Kazmi, 1960: 22, pl. 2, figs 1-6, ill. 1.</p> <p>Albizzioxylon sahnii Ramanujam, 1960: 118, pl. 21, ill. 25.</p> <p>Pahudioxylon sahnii Ghosh &amp; Kazmi, 1961: 96, figs 1, 2.</p> <p>Pahudioxylon deomaliense Prakash, 1965c: 433, figs. 1, 2.</p> <p>Ingoxylon sahnii – Müller-Stoll &amp; Mädel 1967: 112.</p> <p>Pahudioxylon welkitii Lemoigne &amp; Beauchamp, 1972: 336, pl. 12.</p> <p>Pahudioxylon assamicum Prakash &amp; Tripathi, 1975: 63, pl. 2, figs 7, 9, 11, 12.</p> <p>Pahudioxylon indicum Prakash, 1979: 66, pl. 2, figs 1-5.</p> <p>Pahudioxylon bengalensis Ghosh &amp; Roy, 1982: 52, figs 1, 2.</p> <p>ORIGINAL HOLOTYPE. — Geological Survey of India (G.S.I.) no. P2 /126.</p> <p>MATERIAL. — MNHN.F.50183 (field number: 17FN03). Estimated minimal diameter: 14-34 cm.</p> <p>LOCALITY. — Kalewa Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar.</p> <p>AGE. — Upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Wood diffuse-porous.Growth ring boundaries distinct, marked by marginal parenchyma bands (Fig. 8). Vessels solitary (55%) as well as in radial groups of 2-4 (45%) (Fig.8A), round to oval, 1-5 per mm² (average: 3); tangential diameter 120-275 µm (average:185 µm).Tyloses absent.Vessel elements 120-370 µm (average: 225 µm) long. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate, polygonal shaped, 4-7 µm (average: 6 µm) wide (Fig. 8C). Parenchyma paratracheal lozenge-aliform up to 13 cells wide for each wing and 5 cells around vessels, also confluent joining 2-4 vessels or groups of vessels (Fig. 8A, B), marginal bands 4-5 cells wide, sometimes surrounding narrower vessels; parenchyma cells 35-160 µm (average: 90 µm) long, 15-40 µm (average: 26 µm) wide; around 3-5 cells per parenchyma strand (Fig. 8E), crystals in chambered parenchyma cells at the margin of the aliform parenchyma (Fig. 8E), crystals are visible as black dots on the transversal section (Fig. 8A, B); possibly some rare diffuse parenchyma cells. Rays 1- to 3- seriate (mostly 3) (Fig. 8E), a very faint storied tendency in some parts of the section (Fig. 8D), 5-7 rays per mm (average: 6), 140-370 µm (average: 245 µm) or 8-21 cells high, mostly homocellular made of procumbent cells (Fig. 8F), rarely 1 row of marginal square (or larger procumbent) cells with sometimes crystals in them (Fig. 8G). Fibres non-septate, 7-30 µm (average: 19 µm) wide, thin-to-thick walled (lumina 1.6 times the double wall thickness in average).</p> <p>DISCUSSION</p> <p>This specimen is characterized by: 1) diffuse-porous wood, 2) exclusively simple perforation plates; 3) homocellular and 2- to 3-seriate rays; 4) aliform to aliform-confluent parenchyma; 5) marginal parenchyma; and 6) storied ray tendency in places. These combined features are shared with some Fabaceae (Baretta-Kuipers 1981; Gasson et al. 2003; Evans et al. 2006; InsideWood 2004 -onward), and in particular with many traditional Caesalpinioideae because most of the genera have heterocellular rays as well as rays more than 500 µm high and the number of cells per parenchyma strand often goes up to 4 and even more (compared to hardly exceeding 2 for the traditional Papilionoideae subfamily). Traditional Mimosoideae are ruled out as many genera have septate fibres (about 30 %), exclusively homocellular rays with small ray cells, rare storied structures and no crystals in ray cells. A comparison with Caesalpinioideae genera reveals that our specimen looks similar to the genera Afzelia and Intsia (Gasson et al. 2003; InsideWood 2004 -onward), especially for their well-defined aliform parenchyma, sometimes confluent, their marginal parenchyma bands, the distinct crystals present in the margin of the aliform parenchyma (even in transverse section), and the strands commonly from 2 to 5 cells long. Both genera are hardly distinguishable based on xylological characters (Prakash 1966; Müller-Stoll &amp; Mädel 1967; Gasson et al. 2003; Ogata et al. 2008) although they have a different geographical distribution (Léonard 1950). Afzelia is a genus of Africa and South-East Asia (mostly in Africa) (Léonard 1950; POWO 2019). Intsia is a South and South-East Asian genus, with species also present in Australia, Madagascar or Tanzania (POWO 2019). Based on a comparison with some species of Afzelia and Intsia from the InsideWood (2004 -onward) database and the Xylarium of the MNHN (specimen MNHN-P-P00396553), our specimen shows the closest affinity with Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze because of the clear margin of crystalliferous aliform parenchyma cells, a tendency to irregular storied rays, clear marginal bands of parenchyma often in contact with small vessels and the fequency of vessels. Although, this species does not display any marginal square ray cells with crystals, this feature is only sporadically observed in our fossil and should not be used as a distinctive feature.</p> <p>Based on their similar wood anatomy, fossil wood resembling both Afzelia and Intsia are described under the genus Pahudioxylon (Chowdhury et al. 1960). When compared with fossil species of this genus (a synthetic table is provided by Feng et al. 2015), all features of our fossil are compatible with the wide diagnosis of P. bankurensis. Our specimen is thus attributed to P. bankurensis.</p> <p>Intsia trees are tropical and live in wet evergreen forests, with rainfall higher than 2000 mm per year, and is associated with Anisoptera Korth. and Hopea Roxb. (Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993). Intsia are mostly found in coastal habitat, near beaches, mangroves (Loo &amp; Tan 1997) and sometimes in peatlands (Tanjung et al. 2020). Intsia bijuga is found along coasts, river edges, tidal or temporarily inundated places (sometimes salty water), in mangroves and back-mangroves, primary and secondary forests, up to 600 m altitude (Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; Hou et al. 1996; Orwa et al. 2009). Its seeds are sea-dispersed (Lewis et al. 2005).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6A211FFA28953FACEE34CEDAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gentis, Nicolas;Licht, Alexis;Boura, Anaïs;Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa;Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume	Gentis, Nicolas, Licht, Alexis, Boura, Anaïs, Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa, Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume (2022): Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications. Geodiversitas 44 (28): 853-909, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a28
03B787F6A213FFA4897BFF0AE57DEDAF.text	03B787F6A213FFA4897BFF0AE57DEDAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pahudioxylon bankurensis Chowdhury, Ghosh & Kazmi	<div><p>Pahudioxylon cf. bankurensis</p> <p>(Fig. 9)</p> <p>Same synonymy list as Pahudioxylon bankurensis.</p> <p>ORIGINAL HOLOTYPE. — Geological Survey of India (G.S.I.) no. P2 /126.</p> <p>MATERIAL. — MNHN.F.50184 (field number: 17FN06), MNHN.F.50185 (field number: 17FN16), MNHN.F.50186 (field number: 17FN18). Estimated minimal diameter: 10-28 cm, 38-60 cm for specimen 17FN18.</p> <p>AGE. — Upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene.</p> <p>LOCALITY. — Kalewa Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Wood diffuse-porous. Growth rings present, marked by marginal parenchyma bands (Fig. 9A). Vessels mostly solitary (70-90%) or grouped by 2-4 (Fig. 9A), round to oval, 1-7 per mm² (average 3); tangential diameter 100-300 µm (average 200 µm). Tyloses absent. Vessel elements 160- 570 µm (average 310 µm) long. Perforation plates simple (Fig. 9E). Intervessel pits alternate, 4-12 µm (average 8 µm) in diameter, apparently vestured (Fig. 9G). Axial parenchyma lozenge-aliform to weakly confluent when vessels are close to each-other, and in marginal bands 1-7 cells wide, sometimes merging with the aliform parenchyma of smaller vessels (Fig. 9A); diffuse sometimes present, larger than fibres cells, often in the vicinity of the rays but also scattered among fibres (Fig. 9A, B); parenchyma cells 40-145 µm (average 80 µm) long, 10-49 µm (average 25 µm) wide; 2-4 or more cells per parenchyma strands; crystals in chambered parenchyma cells (Fig. 9E) (up to 16 crystals per parenchyma strands), mostly in the margin of aliform parenchyma and diffuse parenchyma. Rays 1- to 3-seriate (Fig. 9D), storied in some places (Fig. 9C), sometimes not storied, varying within the same specimen and among individuals, ripple marks visible with the naked eye to a greater or lesser extent for all specimens, 5-12 rays per mm (average 8), 130-400 µm (average 240 µm) or 6-20 cells high, homocellular made of procumbent cells (Fig. 9F). Fibres thin to thick-walled (lumina 1.2 times the double wall thickness in average, for best preserved fibres), nonseptate, 8-26 µm (average 16 µm) wide, a storied tendency when it is the case for the rays.</p> <p>DISCUSSION</p> <p>Two out of three specimens (MNHN.F.50184 and MNHN.F.50185) are very similar in color and mineralization, and display the same compression, suggesting that they might represent different parts of the same broken piece. The third specimen (MNHN.F.50186) has a different preservation and deformation, bigger and less dense vessels, but shares all the key characters of the first two. They are characterized by: 1) diffuse-porous wood; 2) exclusively simple perforation plates; 3) lozengealiform parenchyma; 4) marginal bands of parenchyma; and 5) 1-3-seriate and storied rays. These specimens are very close to our Pahudioxylon bankurensis but display distinctive features that allow us to put them apart: the lozenge-aliform parenchyma is less extended, vessels (or vessel groups) are more separated from each other which leads to a lesser degree of confluence; clear diffuse parenchyma is present; the degree of storied structures is greater, as ripple marks are visible. No perfect match comes out on InsideWood (2004 -onward) with the storiation of rays taken into consideration as well as diffuse-parenchyma. These characters apart, our fossils share most features of Afzelia and Intsia species as well as of Pahudioxylon bankurensis. The two living genera are yet rarely described with diffuse parenchyma or storied rays. Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens (1993) mention diffuse parenchyma in only a few Afzelia and Adenanthera L. species. The latter having no storied structures nor more than four cells per parenchyma strands (InsideWood 2004 -onward). Diffuse parenchyma is mentioned in Afzelia africana Sm. ex Pers. and A. javanica (Miq.) J. Léonard (Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993, InsideWood 2004 -onward, Feng et al. 2015), but they have no or faint storied rays (as seen in figures of Gérard &amp; Louppe 2011). Storied tendency of the rays is mentioned for Intsia (Ogata et al. 2008, Feng et al. 2015), A. rhomboideae (Blanco) Fern. -Vill. and can be seen in A. xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib. It is noteworthly that A. xylocarpa and A. martabanica (Prain) J.Léonard grow today in Myanmar (Léonard 1950; POWO 2019; Haw 2019). The latter is restricted to this area, but no information on its wood anatomy or ecology is available. We consider that no single species can be assigned as NLR, but the genera Afzelia - Intsia as a whole regarding diffuse parenchyma.</p> <p>Similarities are found between our specimens and Adenantheroxylon pavoninium Prakash &amp; Tripathi (1968, 1969), but A. pavoninium has commonly 2-seriate rays, vasicentric parenchyma (rarely aliform) and no marginal parenchyma. Among species of Pahudioxylon, our specimens are very close to Pahudioxylon bankurensis as well as P. kiliani (Louvet) Prakash (Prakash et al. 1967). Storied rays (or a storied tendency) and diffuse parenchyma are only (and variably) found in P. bankurensis (Feng et al. 2015). The specimen no. 5790 of Vozenin-Serra &amp; Privé-Gill (1989), attributed to the species P. sahnii (synonym of P. bankurensis) displays the same diffuse parenchyma and portions of the wood with storied rays; in addition, Feng et al. (2015) also described some specimens of P. bankurensis for which the parenchyma is not in contact with vessels and could be interpreted as diffuse parenchyma (Feng et al. 2015: 489, fig. 2K). These features seem to be variable among individuals of the same species and among the species of the same genus, and we do not consider them as diagnostic to establish a new species or to exclusively attribute the specimens to Pahudioxylon bankurensis. Consequently, we assign these specimens to Pahudioxylon cf. bankurensis.</p> <p>Afzelia are tropical trees present in Africa and Asia at low elevation up to 400 m altitude (Ali 1973; Hou et al. 1996; Orwa et al. 2009). Afzelia trees grow in mixed deciduous and dry evergreen forests, on well-drained soils and in periodically inundated lowlands (Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993). The habitat of Intsia is given p. 868. Among the available species with sometimes diffuse parenchyma, Afzelia africana is tolerant to a wide range of climate from humid to dry forests, but is essentially found in the savanna woodland/dense dry forests borders and in semi-deciduous forests up to 1400 m altitude; it can also occur in lowland rainforests, dry forests, gallery forests, periodically inundated areas and savannas, but commonly requires annual rainfall above 900 mm (Orwa et al. 2009; Gérard &amp; Louppe 2011; Hills 2020); Afzelia javanica grows in primary and secondary forests, in dry places, mostly in lowlands up to 800 m altitude (Hou et al. 1996). These two species, pending more comprehensive anatomical data on the genus, are considered as the most adequate NLR.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6A213FFA4897BFF0AE57DEDAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gentis, Nicolas;Licht, Alexis;Boura, Anaïs;Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa;Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume	Gentis, Nicolas, Licht, Alexis, Boura, Anaïs, Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa, Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume (2022): Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications. Geodiversitas 44 (28): 853-909, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a28
03B787F6A214FFA58B33F98FE35DEDAF.text	03B787F6A214FFA58B33F98FE35DEDAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis Prakash & Lalitha	<div><p>Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis Prakash &amp; Lalitha (Fig. 10)</p> <p>Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis Prakash &amp; Lalitha, 1978: 132, fig. 1.</p> <p>ORIGINAL HOLOTYPE. — Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences Museum no. 35317.</p> <p>MATERIAL. — MNHN.F.50187 (field number: NAT17-2). Estimated minimal diameter: 25-37 cm.</p> <p>AGE. — Upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene.</p> <p>LOCALITY. — Kalewa Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Wood diffuse-porous. Growth rings absent. Vessels solitary (70%) as well as in groups of 2 to 6, evenly distributed (Fig. 10A), oval, 0-8 per mm² (average: 3); tangential diameter 85-300 µm (average: 180 µm).Tyloses present (Fig. 10B). Vessel elements 130-430 µm (average: 260 µm) long. Perforation plates simple.Intervessel pits alternate, 3-9 µm diameter (mean 6 µm) (Fig. 10C). Vessel-ray pits not preserved. Parenchyma paratracheal in vasicentric sheath, broad to aliform with no distinct limit between parenchyma and fibres (Fig. 10A, B), maybe diffuse and rarely confluent; parenchyma cells 45-160 µm high (average: 90 µm), 10-45 µm wide (average: 25 µm) in tangential section; 4-8 cells per parenchyma strands. Rays 1- to 6-seriate, mostly 5-seriate (Fig. 10D, E), non-storied, 4-7 rays per mm (average: 5), 190-950 µm (average: 480 µm) or up to 50 cells high with end-to-end fusion possible (Fig. 10E), 1-seriate and some 2-seriate rays made of upright cells only or mixed with procumbent cells, other multiseriate rays heterocellular made of procumbent cells with 1-4 upright marginal cells (Fig. 10H). Some sheath cells present (Fig. 10E). Fibres non-septate, 6-30 µm (average: 15 µm) wide, thin-to-thick walled (lumina 1.46 times the double wall thickness) with visible lumen sometimes wide. Radial laticifer tubes present in rays, of the same size as ray cells, visible when filled with black content (Fig. 10F, G). In tangential section, much larger or longer cells are visible, with a non-circular shape in the flank of vessels, sometimes even modifying the shape of the rays or between two ray ends (Fig. 10E).</p> <p>DISCUSSION</p> <p>This specimen is characterized by: 1) diffuse-porous wood; 2) scattered vessels; 3) up to 6-seriate and heterocellular rays, occasionally with sheath cells; 4) diffuse and broad sheath vasicentric to aliform parenchyma; 5) no growth rings; 6) abundant tylose; and 7) radial latificer tubes of the same size as ray cells. These features are characteristic of the Moraceae family (InsideWood 2004 -onward). Tetramelaceae are also anatomically close but can have growth rings, parenchyma strands or fibres storied, no laticifer tubes and no tyloses (InsideWood 2004 -onward). Most of the Moraceae genera can be ruled out based upon some diagnostic characters: the presence of septate fibres, banded parenchyma (58% of the specimens described on InsideWood [2004 -onward]), frequent homocellular rays, no diffuse-porous wood, often unilateral parenchyma or almost never sheath cells. One genus is clearly apart from other Moraceae genera because of the absence of any crystal in any type of cells: Artocarpus J.R.Forst. &amp; G.Forst. This feature is also observed in our specimen. Among Artocarpus, 5 species have at least sometimes laticifers according to InsideWood (2004 -onward), and three with sheath cells in addition: A. chama Buch. - Ham. (although it is unclear and varies among publications Pearson &amp; Brown 1932; Purkayastha et al. 1976; Singh et al. 2017), A. dadah Miq., and A. integer (Thunb.) Merr. (which has no tylosis). According toTer Welle et al. (1986), Artocarpus has common tyloses, non-septate fibres, heterocellular mostly 3-5-seriate rays with 1-2 (5) upright or square marginal cells, sometimes few sheath cells. Parenchyma is mostly aliform, sometimes confluent. Radial latex tube are common, and axial latex tubes can sometimes be present. Singh et al. (2017) described four species of Artocarpus and mention laticifers in A. chama, A. heterophyllus Lam., A. lamellosus Blanco and A. lacucha Roxb. Ex Buch. -Ham. Unfortunately, the figure does not provide clear illustrations (Singh et al. 2017: 76, fig. 1). Latex tubes usually appear in radial section as long lines inside rays (which is the case in our fossil) or among fibres, sometimes irregularly crossing both of them; their walls are irregular and the lumina bigger than that of parenchyma cells (Farías et al. 2009). All of these species are quite similar, and their characters (i.e. non-septate fibres, sheath cells, tyloses, confluent parenchyma and laticifers) seem to vary from authors to others. However, given the descriptions provided in references cited above and figures in InsideWood (2004 -onward), A. chama appears the most anatomically close species to our fossil, as well as A. lacucha and A. lamellosus.</p> <p>Fossil Moraceae are mainly represented by the genus Ficoxylon Kaiser (Gregory et al. 2009) which shows mostly banded parenchyma. The fossil genus Artocarpoxylon, also in Moraceae, groups fossils resembling modern Artocarpus (Prakash &amp; Lalitha 1978). It displays close similarities with our specimen as it shows no growth rings, mostly solitary vessels, tyloses, vasicentric to aliform parenchyma, 1-6 seriate heterocellular rays and some sheath cells. It also sometimes displays horizontal latex tubes, as in our specimen. Fossil remains related to modern Artocarpus are known as far as the Cretaceous from Asia to North America, Europe and even Greenland (Ball 1930; Mehrotra et al. 1984; Williams et al. 2017). Two species of this genus are described: A. kartikcherraensis and A. deccanensis Mehrotra, Prakash &amp; Bande (Mehrotra et al. 1984). They both have laticifers in rays and strongly resemble our fossil. Artocarpus deccanensis has smaller and more numerous vessels (80-180 µm and 9-20/mm²) and narrower sheath of vasicentric parenchyma than our fossil. Artocarpus kartikcherraensis has vessel diameter and density closer to our fossil (105-315 µm and 2-3/mm²). The present fossil is thus attributed to Artocarpus kartikcherraensis.</p> <p>Artocarpus is a genus of Asian (also in Pacific and Australia) tropical trees growing in everwet climate or with a short dry season, in evergreen forests or in areas with mild monsoon climate, usually scattered in lowland dipterocarp forests below 1000 m altitude (Lemmens et al. 1995; Berg et al. 2006). Artocarpus lamellosus lives in evergreen forests, rarely in semideciduous forests or savanna woodlands, commonly found in mixed dipterocarp and sub-montane forests up to 1500 m altitude, on hillsides and ridges (Lemmens et al. 1995; Berg et al. 2006; Tropical Plants Database 2014 -onward). Artocarpus chama lives in evergreen, semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests up to 1500 m attitude, in areas with a monsoon climate and rainfall of at least 2000 mm a year (Gamble 1902; Jarrett 1959). Artocarpus lacucha lives up to 1200-1800m of attitude (Gamble 1902; Jarrett 1960) in evergreen, semievergreen and moist deciduous forests, with a distinct dry season (Jarrett 1960).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6A214FFA58B33F98FE35DEDAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gentis, Nicolas;Licht, Alexis;Boura, Anaïs;Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa;Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume	Gentis, Nicolas, Licht, Alexis, Boura, Anaïs, Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa, Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume (2022): Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications. Geodiversitas 44 (28): 853-909, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a28
03B787F6A217FFA789FDFF05E229E8BC.text	03B787F6A217FFA789FDFF05E229E8BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dipterocarpaceae BLUME	<div><p>SIMPLIFIED IDENTIFICATION KEY FOR FOSSIL DIPTEROCARPACEAE BLUME</p> <p>This identification key is based on Schweitzer (1958); with additional informations of Anisopteroxylon Ghosh &amp; Kazmi and Hopenium Awasthi from Poole (1993) and Awasthi (1980) respectively.</p> <p>1. Secretory canals diffuse or in short tangential lines up to 8. Rarely long lines.............................................. 2</p> <p>— Secretory canals almost always in long tangential lines. Rarely isolated........................................................ 4</p> <p>2. Narrow vessels (mean diameter &lt;150 µm)............................................................................................................................................................................................ Vaterioxylon Trivedi &amp; Misra / Vaticoxylon Schweitzer</p> <p>— Wide vessels (mean diameter&gt; 150 µm)..................................................................................................... 3</p> <p>3. Diffuse and small canals, sheath cells abundant............................................ Anisopteroxylon Ghosh &amp; Kazmi</p> <p>— Canals in short lines, solitary vessels....................................................................... Dipterocarpoxylon Holden</p> <p>4. Exclusively solitary vessels, fibre-tracheids......................................................... Dryobalanoxylon Den Berger</p> <p>— None of these combined............................................................................................................................. 5</p> <p>5. Upright or square cells interspaced with procumbent cells................................................ Hopenium Awasthi</p> <p>— Only procumbent cells in median portion (or sheath cells)........................................ Shoreoxylon Den Berger</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6A217FFA789FDFF05E229E8BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gentis, Nicolas;Licht, Alexis;Boura, Anaïs;Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa;Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume	Gentis, Nicolas, Licht, Alexis, Boura, Anaïs, Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa, Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume (2022): Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications. Geodiversitas 44 (28): 853-909, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a28
03B787F6A219FFAA8974FEEBE4A7EDAF.text	03B787F6A219FFAA8974FEEBE4A7EDAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dipterocarpoxylon jammuense Guleria, Gupta & Srivastava	<div><p>Dipterocarpoxylon cf. jammuense Guleria, Gupta &amp; Srivastava (Fig. 12)</p> <p>Dipterocarpoxylon jammuense Guleria, Gupta &amp; Srivastava, 2002: 230, pl. 1, figs 1-5.</p> <p>MATERIAL. — MNHN.F.50189 (field number: 17FN01). Estimated minimal diameter: non-assessable due to compression, but seemingly very parallel rays.</p> <p>LOCALITY. — Kalewa Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar.</p> <p>AGE. — Upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Wood diffuse-porous.Growth rings indistinct.Vessels exclusively solitary (Fig. 12A), rounded to oval, 4-9 per mm² (average: 7); tangential diameter 115-230 µm (average: 170 µm). Tyloses sometimes present (Fig. 12E). Vessel elements 90-300 µm (average: 170 µm) long. Perforation plates simple, horizontal. Intervessel pits not visible. Vasicentric tracheids present and abundant (Fig. 12G). Parenchyma mostly vasicentric and surrounding secretory canals in aliform-shaped short bands (Fig. 12A, B, D, E); parenchyma cells estimated 75 µm long in average, 21-31 µm wide (average:26 µm) in tangential section. Rays 1- to 6-(7)-seriate, numerous uniseriate rays (25-50%) made of procumbent, upright and square cells, multiseriate rays being mainly 4-6-seriate (Fig. 12C), leading to a tendency of 2 distinct sizes, 5-9 rays per mm (average: 6), 440-1230 µm (average: 780 µm) or up to 50 cells high or more, heterocellular made of procumbent cells with 1-19 upright or square cells at one or both ends (Fig. 12F); rays can appear with both upright and procumbent cells throughout the ray in radial section due to frequent uniseriate rays or sheath cells (Fig. 12C). Fibres non-septate, 13-32 µm in diameter (average: 20 µm), very thick-walled with sometimes almost no lumina (Fig.12E). Secretory canals isolated or in short or seemingly short lines, often crushed, but the parenchyma band is still visible (Fig.12A, B, D, E); also recognizable in tangential and radial section as tubes surrounded by dislocated parenchyma cells, 40-80 µm of tangential diameter, 60-100 µm in radial diameter (Fig. 12D).</p> <p>DISCUSSION</p> <p>Despite its poor state of preservation, this wood specimen displays several diagnostic features. It is characterized by: 1) solitary secretory canals or in short lines; 2) vasicentric tracheids; 3) vasicentric parenchyma; 4) mostly 1-6-seriate rays; 5) heterocellular rays with a row of up to 19 uniseriate cells; and 6) sheath cells. The first two features are diagnostic of most Dipterocarpaceae (Metcalfe &amp; Chalk 1950, Schweitzer 1958). Solitary secretory canals in short lines, as well as almost exclusively solitary vessels indicate an affinity with the genus Dipterocarpus (Schweitzer 1958). However, the compression and the preservation state of the wood make it complicated to precisely describe the pattern of the canals. Solitary or paired vessels and canals are also found in the genus Anisoptera and Upuna Symington, in addition to sheath cells (Schweitzer 1958; Gottwald &amp; Parameswaran 1966; InsideWood 2004 -onward; Ogata et al. 2008). The genus Anisoptera has frequently larger rays (up to 8-seriate or more) and more or less continuous sheath cells in rays with shorter row of marginal ray cells. Upuna has less pronounced sheath cell, more tylose and canals less distinguishable in size from vessels than Dipterocarpus (Richter &amp; Dallwitz 2000 -onward). In addition, Upuna can have diffuse and diffuse-in-aggregate parenchyma (Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993) and is usually described with short lines of canals up to two canals maximum. However, the pictures on InsideWood (2004 -onward) show lines up to 4 canals and Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens (1993) mention also short and long tangential lines. Dipterocarpus (and Anisoptera) have silica bodies in ray cells in opposition to Upuna. Unfortunately, the preservation state of our fossil does not allow us to distinguish any mineral inclusion. Genus Dipterocarpus is the best modern analogue to our specimen because of the frequent short bands of parenchyma in transverse section, the great frequency of uniseriate rays, the length of the marginal part of the rays (InsideWood 2004 -onward; wood specimens of extant species MNHN-P-P00400540, P00415879, P00402617 and CTFT 19039), and numerous sheath cells (Gottwald &amp; Parameswaran 1966). Among Dipterocarpus, our specimen resembles modern species D. retusus Blume, D. alatus Roxb. ex G.Don, D. dyeri Pierre ex Laness., D. cornutus Dyer, D. grandiflorus (Blanco) Blanco and D. kunstleri King because of their rays with long uniseriate row of marginal cells and sheath cells as well as few paratracheal parenchyma other than scanty / vasicentric.</p> <p>Fossil wood related to Dipterocarpus are grouped under the genus Dipterocarpoxylon (Ghosh &amp; Kazmi 1958; Prasad &amp; Gautam 2016).To our knowledge, no fossil wood resembling Upuna has been described. It is yet difficult to attribute our specimen to an individual Dipterocarpoxylon species due to its poor preservation. Among the closets described Dipterocarpoxylon (Appendix 1), D. jammuense shows the closest anatomy, with parenchyma restricted to vasicentric and very rarely diffuse, 1-6-seriate rays, uniseriate ones 2-11 cells high, marginal row of ray cells up to 12 cells, common sheath cells and small canals (up to 80 µm in diameter); D. jammuense differs in having mostly 3-5-seriate rays (compared to mostly 1- and then 5-seriate) and longer vessel elements (up to 600 µm, compared to up to 300 µm); other species display a similar ray composition, such as D. gracile Schweitzer, D. siwalicus Prakash (1975), D. malavii Ghosh &amp; Ghosh (1959), D. sarapeense Vozenin-Serra &amp; Privé-Gill (2001), but they often differ by either higher rays, shorter lines of canals, bigger canals, mostly diffuse or diffuse-in-aggregate parenchyma or less sheath cells. Our specimen is thus attributed to Dipterocarpoxylon cf. jammuense.</p> <p>Dipterocarpus is common in evergreen, sometimes present in semi-evergreen forests or dry deciduous dipterocarp forests, mostly in lowlands and occasionally up to 1400 m altitude. (Ashton 1982; Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; Ghazoul 2016). All extant Dipterocarpus species mentioned above grow in evergreen or semi-evergreen lowland tropical forests, in mixed dipterocarp forests and sometimes seasonal forests (Ashton 1982; IUCN 2021). Dipterocarpus retusus is also found in montane forests (Ashton 1982; Ly et al. 2017). Upuna is a genus endemic to Borneo that grows in lowland mixed dipterocarp forests and on coastal hills up to 350 m altitude (Ashton 1982; Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6A219FFAA8974FEEBE4A7EDAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gentis, Nicolas;Licht, Alexis;Boura, Anaïs;Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa;Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume	Gentis, Nicolas, Licht, Alexis, Boura, Anaïs, Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa, Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume (2022): Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications. Geodiversitas 44 (28): 853-909, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a28
03B787F6A21BFFAC8946FECBE3E1EDAF.text	03B787F6A21BFFAC8946FECBE3E1EDAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dryobalanoxylon javanense (Krausel)	<div><p>Dryobalanoxylon cf. javanense (Kräusel) Den Berger (Fig. 13)</p> <p>Dipterocarpoxylon javanense Kräusel, 1922: 9-15, figs 1-5, ill. 1-2.</p> <p>Dryobalanoxylon javanense – Den Berger 1927: 497, 498.</p> <p>ORIGINAL HOLOTYPE. — Mineralogical-Geological Institute of the University of Groningen, no. unknown.</p> <p>MATERIAL. — MNHN.F.50190 (field number: 17FN20). Estimated minimal diameter: 30 cm.</p> <p>LOCALITY. — Kalewa Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar.</p> <p>AGE. — Upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Wood diffuse-porous.Growth rings indistinct or absent.Vessels almost exclusively solitary (90-95%), oval due to compression (Fig.13A), 3-8 per mm² (average: 5); tangential diameter 130- 260 µm (average: 180 µm). Tyloses present (Fig. 13C). Vessel elements 230-610 µm long (average: 450 µm). Perforation plates simple.Intervessel pits alternate.Vessel-ray pits apparently simple, up to 5 per cell; 8-20 µm long, 3-9 µm large (Fig. 13F). Fibre-tracheids and vasicentric tracheids present (Fig. 13D). Axial parenchyma scanty paratracheal to mostly vasicentric and diffuse, occasionally slightly aliform, also forming more or less continuous bands of 3-10 cells thick that may contain secretory canals (Fig. 13B). Bands of parenchyma are closely spaced but their relative arrangement is difficult to determine due to compression and bad preservation. Parenchyma cells 80-100 µm long (average: 90), 15-30 µm wide (average: 20) wide, more than 8 cells per parenchyma strand; crystals absent. Parenchyma abundant visible in tangential section. Rays with a two-size tendency; 1- to 6-(7-)seriate, mainly 4- to 6-seriate with 5-seriate being the most frequent, uniseriate regularly present made of (up to 15) procumbent and square or upright cells (Fig. 13D), 3-7 rays per mm (average: 5), 330-1530 µm (average:830 µm) or up to 50 cells high or more, heterocellular made of procumbent cells with 1-4 square or upright cells at one or both ends (once seen with 9 cells) (Fig. 13H), sheath cells present and easily distinguishable (Fig. 13D). Fibres thinto-thick walled (lumina 0.7 times the double wall thickness in average) to very-thick walled, non-septate, 10-22 µm wide (average: 16 µm). Numerous canal lines, embedded in parenchyma bands (Fig. 13B). They can be from 1 to 5 canals long (Fig.13E), possibly longer as vessel walls are not always preserved and can be confused with canals. At least one long tangential line of canals crossing the section from edge to edge (Fig. 13A, B); vessels often interrupting the line. We thus considered only unmistakable canals.Tangential diameter 40-120 µm (average: 80). Silica bodies (?) present in ray cells (Fig. 13G).</p> <p>DISCUSSION</p> <p>This specimen is characterized by: 1) diffuse-porous wood; 2) exclusively simple perforation plates; 3) large and mostly solitary vessels; 4) axial canals in long and short lines; 5) vasicentric tracheids and fibre-tracheids; 6) heterocellular rays, often higher than 1 mm; and 7) vasicentric and diffuse parenchyma. These combined features indicate an affinity with extant Dipterocarpaceae, which are often characterized by secretory canals and vasicentric tracheids. Mostly solitary vessels, fibre-tracheids and long tangential lines of secretory canals are diagnostic of the genus Dryobalanops (Schweitzer 1958). However, due to the poor preservation of this fossil, many cell walls (especially for vessels) are not preserved; it is thus difficult to distinguish small vessels from canals and precisely assess vessel and canal diameter. Parenchyma is also not always identifiable everywhere. Although we identified a clear long line of canals, apparently embedded in a tangential band of parenchyma, many other short lines of canals are found throughout the section (Fig. 13B). Because of the compression, we cannot always determine if a band of parenchyma is tangentially connecting these canals. Some species of Dipterocarpus have canals grouped in long lines (as mentioned in InsideWood 2004 -onward for D. indicus Bedd., D. baudii Korth. and D. turbinatus C.F.Gaertn.; also seen in the specimen MNHN-P-P00402617 of D. turbinatus). A compressed and decayed fossil wood could easily display closely spaced short tangential lines that appear as a single long line. But the presence of fibre-tracheids, tyloses and silica bodies (?) in ray cells suggest a closer affinity with Dryobalanops (Metcalfe &amp; Chalk 1950; Schweitzer 1958; Gottwald &amp; Parameswaran 1966; Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; Ogata et al. 2008). Our specimen resembles closely to Dryobalanops keithii Sym. and D. lanceolata Burck for ray width mostly 4-5 seriate, parenchyma vasicentric to aliform, few diffuse and interruption of long tangential lines of canals; and to D. oblongifolia Dyer for its ray width (up to 6- or 7-seriate), shape of rays, quite abundant diffuse parenchyma, and canal distribution (also interrupted by vessels). The latter being the most resembling all things considered.</p> <p>This fossil is attributed to the genus Dryobalanoxylon because of the presence of a long tangential line of canals, solitary vessels and visible fibre-tracheids. A comparison with the most resembling Dryobalanoxylon species shows that most of them have rays up to 4-5-seriate. Among species with wider rays (Appendix 1; Den Berger 1923; Boureau 1952; Schweitzer 1958; Awasthi 1971; Srivastava &amp; Kagemori 2001; Mandang &amp; Kagemori 2004), D. bogorense Srivastava &amp; Kagemori has rays up to 6-seriate, but more abundant parenchyma with aliform being present, as well as no sheath cells; D. khmerinum Boureau has up to 7-seriate rays but shorter rays, bigger canals and smaller vessels; D. javanense of Schweitzer (1958) has rays up to 6-seriate rays, as well as long lines and few short lines of 2-4 canals; D. cf. bangkoense of Schweitzer (1958) has rays up to 7-seriate. The last two are very similar to each other and share most features of our fossil, with some minor differences: D. javanense has slightly thinner and shorter rays, mostly scanty paratracheal parenchyma (compared to mostly vasicentric) and very pronounced sheath cells. Dryobalanoxylon cf. bankgoense has a lesser proportion of solitary vessels, a greater amount of apotracheal parenchyma (diffuse-in-aggregate is mentioned) and has no sheath cells described. We do not consider that these differences are enough to describe a new species; neither too few to attribute this fossil to any species. We thus attribute this fossil to Dryobalanoxylon cf. javanense as it is the only specimen described with both long and short lines of secretory canals.</p> <p>Most Dryobalanoxylon specimens are recorded in Indonesia (Appendix 1; Schweitzer 1958; Srivastava &amp; Kagemori 2001) but they are also found in Vietnam, Cambodia, India (Appendix 1; Srivastava &amp; Kagemori 2001) and Myanmar (Gottwald 1994). Our fossil is the second record of Dryobalanoxylon in Myanmar.</p> <p>Dryobalanops is today exclusively present in southeast Asia and absent in India and Myanmar (Maury-Lechon &amp; Curtet 1998; Ghazoul 2016). It is a genus of tropical canopy trees growing on hillsides or along streams, at up to 800 m altitude; they are also present in lowland dipterocarp forests, mixed peat-swamp forests, sometimes also in heath forests (Ashton 1982; Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993). Dryobalanops oblongifolia lives in lowland mixed dipterocarp forests, also in periodically inundated, freshwater swamps, near streams, in poorly drained forests or on hillsides below 600 m (Ashton 1982; Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; Barstow 2018a). Dryobalanops keithii always occurs near water on lowlands and foothills up to 250 m altitude (Ashton 1982; Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; Randi et al. 2019). Dryobalanops lanceolata lives in mixed dipterocarp forests and can occur in logged (open) forests, on clay soils and rolling hills up to 700 m altitude (Ashton 1982; Bodos et al. 2019).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6A21BFFAC8946FECBE3E1EDAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gentis, Nicolas;Licht, Alexis;Boura, Anaïs;Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa;Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume	Gentis, Nicolas, Licht, Alexis, Boura, Anaïs, Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa, Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume (2022): Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications. Geodiversitas 44 (28): 853-909, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a28
03B787F6A21FFF9188A1FCC8E5C9EC6E.text	03B787F6A21FFF9188A1FCC8E5C9EC6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Shoreoxylon deomaliense Prakash & Awasthi	<div><p>Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense Prakash &amp; Awasthi (Fig. 15)</p> <p>Shoreoxylon deomaliense Prakash &amp; Awasthi, 1971: 219, pl. 1, figs 3-4.</p> <p>HOLOTYPE. — Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences Museum, India, specimen no. 34050.</p> <p>MATERIAL. — MNHN.F.50192 (field number: NAT17-4). Estimated minimal diameter: 25-37 cm.</p> <p>LOCALITY. — Kalewa Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar.</p> <p>AGE. — Upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Wood diffuse-porous, showing lateral compression. Growth limits marked by tangential canal lines. Vessels about 77-90% solitary (Fig. 15A) and in radial groups of 2-4, oval due to lateral compression, 4-13 per mm² (average: 8; likely overestimated due to compression); tangential diameter 120-200 µm (average: 150 µm; likely underestimated due to compression). Tyloses present (Fig. 15F). Vessel elements 140-460 µm (average: 330 µm) long. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate. Vessel-ray pits not preserved. Vasicentric tracheids present (Fig. 15F). Parenchyma mostly vasicentric and aliform with short wings, sometimes confluent (Fig. 15B) or rarely forming thin bands from several rays to rays; diffuse parenchyma with cells larger than fibres ones (Fig. 15K), sometimes gathered in small groups; thin bands of parenchyma are tangentially crossing the section at regular intervals (5-7 mm). They can contain secretory canals but these ones are not always visible (Fig. 15H). When no canal is present, the bands are only 1-4 cells wide. Parenchyma cells 50-90 µm long (average: 70 µm), 15-35 µm wide (average: 25 µm) in tangential section; sometimes crystals in chambered cells (up to 8 crystals per strand seen) (Fig. 15E). Parenchyma cells can be more or less enlarged in the form of idioblasts. Rays 1- to 5-(6-)seriate (mainly 4) (Fig. 15C), uniseriate about 15% of the rays, non-storied, 5-10 rays per mm (average: 8), 270-1600 µm (average: 650 µm) or up to 30-40 (even 70) cells high, heterocellular made of procumbent cells with 1-4 or more upright cells at the ends (Fig. 15G), end-to-end fusion possible resulting in very high rays (Fig. 15D). Fibres non-septate, 5-19 µm (average: 12 µm) wide, thin-to-thick walled (lumina 1 time the double wall thickness in average) (Fig. 15J). Secretory canals in long tangential lines surrounded by parenchyma (Fig. 15A, H, I), but also in seemingly short lines probably due to compression in concentric parenchyma bands, or very rarely scattered by 2 in the section, 30-100 µm in tangential diameter (average 60 µm).</p> <p>DISCUSSION</p> <p>This specimen is characterized by: 1) diffuse-porous wood; 2) mostly solitary vessels as well as in radial groups; 3) crystalliferous and mostly aliform parenchyma, as well as diffuse; 4) 1-6-seriate heterocellular rays; 5) long tangential lines of secretory canals; and 6) vasicentric tracheids. As for our previous specimens (start p. 878), these features are diagnostic of the Dipterocarpaceae family. According to the identification key of Schweitzer (1958), long tangential lines of canals are found in the genera Shorea, Dryobalanops, Hopea, and Parashorea Kurz but the latter three can be dismissed: the genus Dryobalanops has exclusively solitary vessels and visible fibretracheids, Hopea has smaller and more frequent vessels (less than 200 µm in average diameter for 10-20 or more vessels per mm²), while Parashorea has less vessels and larger rays (up to 7-seriate) (Metcalfe &amp; Chalk 1950; Gottwald &amp; Parameswaran 1966; Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; Richter &amp; Dallwitz 2000 -onward; Ogata et al. 2008). The genus Shorea is divided into several sections that are more or less phylogenetically supported and roughly characterized by few features: section ‘Pentacme’ by big vessels, section ‘Richetioides’ (or ‘Richetia’) by the presence of radial canals, section ‘Anthoshorea’ by the presence of silica bodies in ray cells as well as short rays, thin-walled fibres and rare crystals in parenchyma, sections ‘Rubroshorea’ by solitary crystals or in short chain of non-chambered (or chambered) parenchyma cells and idioblasts, section ‘Shorea’ by short rays, few marginal ray cells and crystals in long chains of chambered parenchyma cells and idioblasts. The present wood would thus be close to the section ‘ Shorea ”.</p> <p>Among Shorea extant species, Shorea laevis Ridl. shares many features of our fossil including the aliform parenchyma (but without crystals), the vessel size and density, the similar rays (mostly 3-5-seriate) with few marginal cells and few uniseriate rays. The same arrangement of crystalliferous parenchyma and ray size is found in S. parvifolia Dyer, S. pauciflora King, S. atrinervosa Symington., and with a lesser extent in S. maxwelliana King and S. almon Foxw.</p> <p>Shoreoxylon groups the fossil specimens close to all Shorea and Parashorea. The genus Hopenium was instituted (Awasthi 1980) for woods resembling Hopea, with upright ray cells in the middle of the rays. Species descriptions in Shoreoxylon are often overlapping and rarely consider inter- and intraspecific variations. In addition, they sometimes lack diagnostic characters or qualitative illustrations. Consequently, it is difficult to identify a unique species that could be attributed to our specimen. Some species display features that are close to our fossil (Appendix 1): Shoreoxylon burmense Prakash (Prakash 1965a, 1973; Licht et al. 2014) share the same type of rays, the parenchyma is also quite similar, but the secretory canals are grouped in very close lines, from 2 to 4, which is not the case in our fossil, and it has no crystal in parenchyma. Shoreoxylon indicum Awasthi (1974) has the same vessel and ray distribution, crystals in parenchyma cells, but its apotracheal and confluent parenchyma are more developed whith only 5 crystals per parenchyma strands (up to 8 in our fossil). Shoreoxylon posthumi Schweitzer (1958) has crystals in parenchyma as well as enlarged parenchyma cells, but it has much developed apotracheal parenchyma and its canal lines are irregularly distributed or superimposed. Shoreoxylon tipamense Prakash &amp; Awasthi (1970) has similar vessel, parenchyma and ray arrangement, but it also has bigger vessels, larger canals, thinner fibres cell walls and sheath cells. Shoreoxylon deomaliense is the closest fossil species to our specimen (Prakash &amp; Awasthi 1971; Licht et al. 2014), though the present fossil has a lesser frequency of vessels, more aliform parenchyma and slightly thinner rays (up to 6-seriate, compared to 7-seriate for S. deomaliense) with shorter rows of marginal ray cells. Considering its preservation, we attribute our fossil to Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense.</p> <p>Shorea is a genus of tropical Asian trees growing in humid lowland areas, on podzols and peat swamps, mostly below 1000 m altitude (Ashton 1982; Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993). Shorea laevis mostly grows on well-drained to dry soils, on ridges or hillsides up to 1000 m. It is also found in lowland mixed dipterocarp forests and on alluvial sites (Ashton 1982; Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; Pooma et al. 2017). All the other species cited above are found in mixed dipterocarp forests in lowlands or on rolling hills, on well-drained soils at up to 1000 m altitude (Ashton 1982, 2004).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6A21FFF9188A1FCC8E5C9EC6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gentis, Nicolas;Licht, Alexis;Boura, Anaïs;Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa;Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume	Gentis, Nicolas, Licht, Alexis, Boura, Anaïs, Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa, Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume (2022): Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications. Geodiversitas 44 (28): 853-909, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a28
03B787F6A221FF93897DF9AEE44CECEE.text	03B787F6A221FF93897DF9AEE44CECEE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Shoreoxylon sumatraense Du	<div><p>Shoreoxylon cf. sumatraense Du</p> <p>(Fig. 16)</p> <p>Shoreoxylon sumatraense Du, 1988b: 342, pl. 1, figs 1-4, pl. 2, figs 1-4, pl. 5, fig. 4.</p> <p>HOLOTYPE. — National Museum of Geology and Mineralogy, Leiden, specimen no. RGM B (RGM 383446).</p> <p>MATERIAL. — MNHN.F.50193 (field number: 17FN12). Estimated minimal diameter: 10-14 cm.</p> <p>LOCALITY. — Kalewa Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar.</p> <p>AGE. — Upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene. DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Wood diffuse-porous. Growth rings marked by tangential canal lines. Vessels 45-70% solitary, otherwise in radial multiple of 2-4 and clusters of different size with sometimes many small vessels surrounding bigger ones (Fig. 16A), round to oval, 8-20 per mm² (average: 15); tangential diameter 80-240 µm (average: 160 µm); walls of the vessel cells are thick compared to other cells (about 6-11 µm).Tyloses present, common and visible (Fig. 16 A-C). Vessel elements 150-570 µm (average: 350 µm) long. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate, 3-6 µm of diameter (average: 4 µm). Vessel-ray pits apparently irregular in size and shape, simple, 4-10 µm (Fig. 16F). Vasicentric tracheids present (Fig. 16H). In cross section, parenchyma indistinguishable from fibres due to poorly preserved cell walls and no obvious difference of size. At least vasicentric and around canals appearing as little flattened cells; parenchyma easily recognizable in tangential section and abundant in places, 4-8 cells per strand (Fig. 16E), it seems as abundant as fibres; parenchyma cells 40-120 µm long (average: 90 µm) 10-30 µm wide (average: 20 µm) in tangential section; no crystal. Rays usually 1- to 4-seriate (mainly 3-, very rarely 5-seriate) (Fig. 16C, D), uniseriate for about 20% of the rays, non-storied, 4-8 rays per mm (average: 6), 340- 1040 µm (average 620 µm) or 10-45 cells high; multiseriate rays are heterocellular, made of procumbent cells mostly with 1-4 but sometimes more (9) square or upright cells at the ends (Fig. 16E, I); no mineral inclusion seen. Fibres non-septate, 8-20 µm (average: 13 µm) wide, apparently thin-walled (lumina 1.9 times the double wall thickness in average where the walls are best preserved; or individual cell wall 3-4.4 µm thick), fibres cell walls are poorly preserved; clearly aligned in radial rows. Secretory canals in long tangential bands surrounded by parenchyma, frequent and closely spaced (every 0.4-3 mm) (Fig. 16B, G), 40-75 µm of diameter (average: 60 µm). Black spots and long lines crossing tangentially the section (well visible in low magnification) are interpreted as potential lines of canals, even though their origin remains to be confirmed (Fig. 16G).</p> <p>DISCUSSION</p> <p>This specimen is characterized by: 1) diffuse-porous wood; 2) exclusively simple perforation plates; 3) closely and frequently spaced long tangential lines of secretory canals; 4) vasicentric tracheids; 5) presence of sheath cells; 6) vessels mostly in groups and sometime forming clusters; and 7) 1-4-seriate rays, mostly less than 1mm high. The poor preservation of the specimen makes our observations on ray and parenchyma arrangement uncertain. Nonetheless, its features indicate an affinity with modern and fossil Dipterocarpaceae. As discussed p. 882, long tangential bands of canals, grouped vessels and no fibre-tracheids are features compatible with extant Shorea. Among this genus, the sections ‘Shorea’ and ‘Rubroshorea’ are the more compatible with our fossil: ‘Shorea’ for the frequency of vessels (4-10[16] per mm²), the frequency of solitary vessels (55-85%), common tylose, mostly 3-4-seriate rays; ‘Rubroshorea’ for the thickness of fibres, the composition of the rays (with 1-4 row of marginal cells and sometimes more), the propencity to have lines of canals spaced by less than 1 mm and small canals (40-80 µm). An examination of different species of Shorea shows that this fossil is similar to Shorea negrosensis Foxw. (‘Rubroshorea’ section). This species has closely spaced canals that are sometimes small (surrounded by only four parenchyma cells), thin-to-thick fibres walls, parenchyma cells mostly of the same diameter as fibres and flattened around canals, frequent groups of vessels, as well as similar vessel groups and clusters, and aliform to aliform-confluent parenchyma. The modern specimen in our possession (no. CTFT25647) has mostly 3-4-seriate rays with 1-4 marginal rows of cells, sometimes more for thinner rays.</p> <p>As for the previous Shorea -like fossil, we compared this one with the genus Shoreoxylon. Our specimen is among the few to have a high frequency of vessels, closely spaced canal lines and thin rays with not so rare uniseriate ones. Four species of Shoreoxylon share many similarities with our fossil (Appendix 1; Awasthi 1974; Sukiman 1977; Trivedi &amp; Ahuja 1979; Bande &amp; Prakash 1980; Du 1988b): S. arcotense Awasthi has a high density of vessels and small canals, but exclusively solitary and smaller vessels; S. pachitanensis Sukiman has similar bands of canals, but higher rays and wider canals; S. ornatum (Trivedi &amp; Ahuja) Bande &amp; Prakash also has similar bands of canals, but less frequent and more solitary vessels, rays up to 5-seriate and higher (up to 1870 µm) and sheath cells are present; S. sumatraense from the Quaternary of Sumatra shares most of the main features of our specimen. It has frequent vessels (9-14 per mm²), multiples up to 5 vessels, sometimes clusters, thick walls (15 µm, 6-11 µm in our fossil), parenchyma abundant, rays 1-4-seriate with similar composition and height, radially aligned and thin-walled fibres (3 µm, compared to 3-4.4 µm in our fossil), small canals (40-90 µm compared to 40-75 µm in our fossil).However, it displays wider vessels (200-360 µm), a storied tendency in the parenchyma that cannot be observed in our specimen, and no visible vasicentric tracheids (but they seem present in the figures provided) and sometimes crystals in ray cells. The higher density and smaller vessels in our specimen could be explained by compression or environmental constraints. These differences are minor and can be related to intraspecific variations and the poor preservation of our specimen; we thus attribute our specimen to Shoreoxylon cf. sumatraense. Du (1988b) indicates that S. sumatraense shares most features with extant Shorea negrosensis, which is in adequacy with our own observations.</p> <p>Shorea negrosensis grows today in the Philippines in evergreen, semi-evergreen and seasonal dipterocarp forests at low elevation (Ashton 1982; Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; EDC 2020).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6A221FF93897DF9AEE44CECEE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gentis, Nicolas;Licht, Alexis;Boura, Anaïs;Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa;Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume	Gentis, Nicolas, Licht, Alexis, Boura, Anaïs, Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa, Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume (2022): Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications. Geodiversitas 44 (28): 853-909, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a28
03B787F6A223FF958908F92FE572E973.text	03B787F6A223FF958908F92FE572E973.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Shoreoxylon undefined-1	<div><p>Shoreoxylon sp. 1</p> <p>(Fig. 17)</p> <p>MATERIAL. — MNHN.F.50194 (field number: 19NAT03-1). Estimated minimal diameter: 13-17 cm.</p> <p>LOCALITY. — Kalewa Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar.</p> <p>AGE. — Upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene. DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Wood diffuse-porous. Growth rings indistinct. Vessels solitary (55-60%) or in groups of 2-4, sometimes in clusters made of a mix of small vessels and vasicentric tracheids (Fig. 17A, D), round to oval due to radial compression, 4-16 per mm² (average: 9); tangential diameter 70-270 µm (average: 180 µm). Tyloses present and common, especially in tangential section (Fig. 17C). Vessel elements 150-400 µm (average: 300 µm) long. Perforation plates simple (Fig. 17E). Intervessel pits alternate, 4-7 µm. Vasicentric tracheids present, interspaced with parenchyma (Fig. 17F). Parenchyma frequent, mostly aliform or aliform-confluent, crossing rays and joining vessels together but without any particular arrangement (Fig. 17A), diffuse-in-aggregate or drawing a network between rays in the form of small bands or groups; 4 cells sheath around canals (Fig. 17D); parenchyma cells 40-110 µm long (average: 80 µm), 13-26 µm wide (average: 20 µm) in tangential section, 4-5 cells (possibly more) per parenchyma strand, possibly subdivided (Fig. 17F). Rays 1- to 5-seriate (dominantly 4-seriate) (Fig. 17B, C), uniseriate few (&lt;10%) and short (mainly less than 10 cells high), 4-8 rays per mm (average: 6), 130-800 µm (average: 460 µm) or 6-50 cells high. Heterocellular made of procumbent cells with 1-2 upright cells at the ends (Fig. 17E), rarely more (up to 7). Sometimes rays appear weakly heterocellular as the marginal rows are composed of enlarged procumbent cells (Fig. 17E); rays homogeneous in shape (fusiform) and size (Fig. 17C), all ray cells filled with dark content. Fibres non-septate, 12-20 µm in diameter (average: 17 µm), (lumina 1 times the double wall thickness on average). Secretory canals few and small (Fig. 17A, D), in irregularly spaced short (to long) tangential bands up to 4-6 canals, embedded in parenchyma bands (Fig. 17G), canals possibly crushed, 30-50 µm in tangential diameter (average: 40 µm).</p> <p>DISCUSSION</p> <p>This specimen is characterized by: 1) diffuse-porous wood; 2) high density of vessels, often in groups and sometimes in clusters; 3) short fusiform rays; 4) short lines of very small secretory canals; 5) abundant parenchyma, mostly aliformconfluent and diffuse-in-aggregate; and 6) vasicentric tracheids. Like for previous specimens (from p. 873), secretory canals and vasicentric tracheids are diagnostic of the Dipterocarpaceae family. Few canals are distinguishable, and it is hard to determine if they are arranged in short or long lines. Our specimen is only compatible with genera Hopea, Parashorea and Shorea as they have vessels smaller than 150 µm of average diameter, not exclusively solitary vessels, no fibre-tracheids, and canals in short or long lines. A closer affinity to Shorea genus is indicated because of its homogeneous rays, common tyloses, vessel density sometimes more than 10/mm². Following the discussion of the page 882, the sections ‘Pentacme’ and ‘Shorea’ are the closest to this fossil although ‘Shorea’ is the best option with short rays sometimes weakly heterocellular, with frequent tyloses, a variable frequency of groups of vessels, sometimes short lines of canals and frequent apotracheal parenchyma. This specimen recalls: Shorea robusta C.F.Gaertn. for its abundant parenchyma, 4-5-seriate and short fusiform rays, and vessels often in groups and clusters; Shorea obtusa Wall. (ex Blume) for abundant parenchyma, rays with only one upright marginal ray cell, vessels often in group and in radially aligned clusters; Shorea siamensis Miq. for the mostly aliform parenchyma, yet without a defined arrangement, abundant diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregate parenchyma, short (yet shorter than 50 cells high) and fusiform rays. All of them have few and short uniseriate rays (often less than 10 cells high). In a lesser extend, we can find some similarities with Shorea parvifolia for aliform parenchyma forming very thin lateral lines, rays up to 5-seriate, quite short and fusiform with few marginal cells.</p> <p>The specimen shares all diagnostic features of fossil genus Shoreoxylon. Three fossil species with 1-5-seriate rays display similar features to the ones of our fossil (Appendix 1; Schweitzer 1958; Prakash 1965a; Ramanujam &amp; Rao 1967; Sukiman 1977; Prakash &amp; Bande 1980; Gurusamy &amp; Kumarasamy 2007): S. indicum for parenchyma, rays and crystals but with bigger canals, less frequent but more commonly solitary vessels; S. posthumi has short and fusiform rays but broader (mainly 5-seriate), enlarged parenchyma cells are frequent (idioblasts) and clearly visible in figures and secretory canals are wider; S. burmense has similar rays although slightly broader but its vessels are more solitary and canal lines are often grouped by 2-5. In a lesser extent: S. irrawaddiensis Pakash &amp; Bande is described with larger vessels (up to 6-(7)-seriate) although mostly 3-5-seriate and solitary vessels, however the rays in the figures seem to be mainly 4-5-seriate. Even though it is probable that our fossil might belong to one of these spe- cies, their descriptions are overlapping, often incomplete or lack clear figures; they do not allow us to attribute a clear identification to our specimen with confidence, nor to create a new species. As a consequence, we attribute this fossil to Shoreoxylon sp. with a noted resemblance with S. indicum, S. posthumi or S. burmense.</p> <p>Shorea parvifolia is common in dipterocarp forests up to 1100 m altitude (Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; Tropical Plants Database 2014 -onward; Barstow 2018b); Shorea obtusa lives in dry lowland deciduous dipterocarp forests, in savannas and in monsoonal forests with a marked dry season and waterlogged periods, up to 1000 m altitude (Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; Ghazoul 2016); Shorea robusta is a common semi-deciduous tree in South Asia in areas with a dry season lasting 4 to 8 months (a monsoon climate). Thus, it is mainly found in dry deciduous forests and savannas, but also in evergreen moist forests on well-drained soil and riverbanks. It is usually found below 800 m altitude (Wu et al. 2007; Timilsina et al. 2007; Orwa et al. 2009).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6A223FF958908F92FE572E973	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gentis, Nicolas;Licht, Alexis;Boura, Anaïs;Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa;Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume	Gentis, Nicolas, Licht, Alexis, Boura, Anaïs, Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa, Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume (2022): Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications. Geodiversitas 44 (28): 853-909, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a28
03B787F6A225FF978908FCA8E44CEBD2.text	03B787F6A225FF978908FCA8E44CEBD2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Shoreoxylon undefined-2	<div><p>Shoreoxylon sp. 2</p> <p>(Fig. 18)</p> <p>MATERIAL. — MNHN.F.50195 (field number: 19NAT07-2). Estimated minimal diameter: 73-105 cm.</p> <p>LOCALITY. — Kalewa Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar.</p> <p>AGE. — Upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Wood diffuse-porous. Growth rings indistinct or delimited by marginal parenchyma (Fig. 18A). Vessels 80% solitary or in groups of 2-3, occasionally small clusters (Fig. 18A); they display an oblique tendency, round to oval, 3-9 per mm² (average: 6); tangential diameter 100-270 µm (average: 190 µm). Tylose present (Fig. 18I). Vessel elements 180-400 µm (average: 280 µm) long. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate, vestured, 5-8 µm (Fig. 18J). Vessel-ray pits simple or minutely bordered, ovoid in shape, 8-12 µm in diameter (only 5 were observed) (Fig. 18K). Vasicentric tracheids present (Fig. 18I). Parenchyma vasicentric (sheath of 2-7 cells) and frequently aliform, also diffuse, and sometimes diffusein-aggregate in short lines mostly starting from the edge of paratracheal parenchyma (Fig.18A, B); seemingly marginal lines that could contain secretory canals (Fig. 18A, G); sometimes crystals in chambered cells (up to 12 per strands) (Fig. 18H), mostly observed in the diffuse parenchyma; parenchyma cells 50-130 µm long (average: 100 µm), 12-19 µm wide (average: 16 µm) in tangential section; 4-5 parenchyma cells per strand. Xylem rays 1- to 5- seriate (mainly 4) (Fig. 18C, E), uniseriate short (&lt;10 cells) and about 19% of the rays; 7-9 rays per mm (average: 8), 100-850 µm (average: 430 µm) or 6-40 cells high, heterocellular made of procumbent cells with mostly 1 upright cell at the ends, sometimes more (Fig. 18F). Fibres non-septate, thick to very thick-walled (lumina from 0.5 to almost 0 times the double wall thickness in average). Secretory canals in long tangential bands (more than 30 canals) surrounded by parenchyma (Fig. 18D, G), 40-85 µm in tangential diameter (average 60 µm).</p> <p>DISCUSSION</p> <p>This wood is characterized by:1) diffuse-porous wood; 2) mostly solitary vessels with an oblique tendency; 3) heterocellular 1-5-seriate rays that are short (&lt;1000 µm); 4) small canals (&lt;100 µm) in long tangential lines; 5) vasicentric tracheids; and 6) aliform and diffuse parenchyma. As for previous specimens (from p. 873), secretory canals and vasicentric tracheids are diagnostic of the Dipterocarpaceae family. Following the discussion p. 882, these features recall the genus Shorea, together with the presence of groups of vessels and clusters, the absence of vascular tracheids, and crystals in ray cells. More specifically with the sections ‘Rubroshorea’ and ‘Shorea’ for having frequent tyloses, crystals in parenchyma, rays with few marginal cells and small canals. Regarding rays, the section ‘Shorea’ has shorter ones (under 1000 µm) and less marginal cells, even though this observation is not a general fact. Our specimen recalls extant species S. laevis for its aliform parenchyma, similar ray width and length (mostly 3-5-seriate and up to 45 cells high), and small canals and S. balangeran Dyer for its wide vessels (sometimes&gt;200 µm) often solitary or in very small groups, its long and distinctive lines of canals, its rays of varying length and its aliform parenchyma sometimes forming a discrete network without particular arrangement between vessels.</p> <p>The specimen shares all diagnostic features of fossil genus Shoreoxylon and shares most features of Shoreoxylon sp. 1 (p. 886) and Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense (p. 882); it is yet clearly distinguishable from our two previous specimens. It has more solitary and less numerous vessels than Shorexylon sp. 1 as well as less confluent parenchyma and clear long lines of canals; it has more grouped vessels and shorter, less seriated rays than Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense. Among Shoreoxylon species that are close to our fossil (Appendix 1; Den Berger 1923; Schweitzer 1958; Prakash 1965a; Prakash &amp; Awasthi 1970; Awasthi 1974; Sukiman 1977; Trivedi &amp; Ahuja 1979; Prakash &amp; Bande 1980), two species share similar features: S. burmense has slightly larger rays and multiple bands of canals, mostly vasicentric parenchyma, but it has very thick walls; S.tipamense shares similar vessel and crystalliferous parenchyma arrangement in addition to 1-5-seriate rays up to 66 cells high, but has longer rows of marginal ray cells (1 to 12), some sheath cells, larger intervessel pits (8-10 µm compared to 5-8 µm) and thinner walls. Considering the poor preservation of the specimen, it is attributed to Shoreoxylon sp. 2, with noted resemblance with S. tipamense or S. burmense.</p> <p>Shorea laevis mostly grows on tropical ridges or hillsides up to 1000 m altitude; it is also found in lowland mixed dipterocarp forests and on alluvial sites (Ashton 1982; Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; Pooma et al. 2017). Shorea balangeran is common in peat-swamp forests up to 100 m altitude (Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; Robiansyah 2020).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6A225FF978908FCA8E44CEBD2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gentis, Nicolas;Licht, Alexis;Boura, Anaïs;Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa;Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume	Gentis, Nicolas, Licht, Alexis, Boura, Anaïs, Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa, Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume (2022): Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications. Geodiversitas 44 (28): 853-909, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a28
03B787F6A229FF9B89EDFA0EE48BEFAD.text	03B787F6A229FF9B89EDFA0EE48BEFAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plantae	<div><p>indet. sp. 1</p> <p>(Fig. 20 A-F)</p> <p>MATERIAL. — MNHN.F.50199 (field number: 17FN08). Estimated minimal diameter: 33 cm.</p> <p>LOCALITY. — Kalewa Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar.</p> <p>AGE. — Upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Wood diffuse-porous. Growth rings distinct, marked by marginal parenchyma (Fig. 20A). Vessels mostly solitary (80%) or in groups of 2, rarely 3 (Fig. 20A), oval in shape, 1-7 per mm² (average: 3); tangential diameter 120-200 µm (average 160 µm). Tyloses absent. Vessel elements 190-430 µm (average: 310 µm) long. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate, 3-6 µm in diameter (average: 5 µm). Vessel-ray pits maybe of the same nature as intervessel pits. Parenchyma scanty paratracheal or vasicentric (Fig. 20A), in (2-6 cells wide?) marginal bands, also around canals; parenchyma cells 60-130 µm long (mean 90 µm), 20-50 µm wide (average: 35 µm) in tangential section (Fig. 20D), 2-5 cells per parenchyma strand; the epithelial parenchyma around the canals possibly contains crystals in chambered cells. Rays 1- to 4-seriate (mostly 3-seriate) (Fig. 20B, C), uniseriate rays about 10-20% of the rays, 2-12 cells high, 4-7 rays per mm (average:6), multiseriate rays 310-1260 µm (average: 720 µm) high or 11-44 cells (average: 24 cells), heterocellular made of procumbent cells with 1-8 (or more) upright cells at the ends (Fig. 20B, C), sheath cells sometimes present, some rays appear with mixed procumbent and upright cells in radial section (Fig. 20F), ray cells possibly containing prismatic crystals. Fibres non-septate, 11-26 µm in diameter (average: 20 µm). Canals diffuse or in short tangential lines, tangentially as big as vessels, radially longer up to 500 µm (average: 350 µm) (Fig. 20A, E).</p> <p>DISCUSSION</p> <p>The most diagnostic character of the fossil is the presence of wide pores (tangentially the same size as vessels but radially longer) that are often 2-6 tangentially grouped. In tangential section, these pores do not show any perforation plate and are surrounded by parenchyma, as expected for secretory canals. The presence of solitary secretory canals or in short tangential lines in diffuse-porous wood are only found in Dipterocarpaceae and Fabaceae (in the Detarioideae subfamily, more specifically in the Prioria, Detarieae and some of the Daniellia clades) (InsideWood 2004 -onward; De la Estrella et al. 2018; Choo et al. 2020). The specimen displays the same ray arrangement as modern Dipterocarpaceae; it also has marginal or seemingly marginal parenchyma bands without tyloses, as found within the Fabaceae family.We note a close affinity with extant Dipterocarpus, as the presence of short tangential lines is very characteristic of this genus (Schweitzer 1958), but the attribution to Dipterocarpaceae is uncertain because we can not observe vasicentric tracheids or simple vessel-ray pits. In addition, vessels are not exclusively solitary as expected for Dipterocarpus. For the second family, short tangential lines of canals are mostly found in the genera: Prioria Griseb., Daniellia Benn., Copaifera L., Detarium Juss., Eperua Aubl. and Sindora Miq. (Gasson 1994). Canals at least as big as vessels are only reported in Prioria (synonyms: Kingiodendron Harms, Gossweilerodendron Harms, Oxystigma Harms, Pterogopodium Harms and Eriander H.J.P.Winkl.) and especially in Prioria copaifera Griseb., which is described with parenchyma scanty to aliform and in 3-4(6) cells wide bands; 2-4 cells per parenchyma strands, rays mostly 1-3-seriate up to 37 cells high with many uniseriate rays and upright marginal cells. Parenchyma can also contain crystals especially in the epithelial cells of canals (Banks &amp; Gasson 2000; Gasson et al. 2003). The former genus Kingiodendron share similar characteristics (Banks &amp; Gasson 2000; Gasson et al. 2003). However, Prioria is not reported with sheath cells and have vessel-ray pits similar to intervessel pits, as well as mostly diffuse canals.</p> <p>Fossils described with diffuse and short lines of secretory canals belonging to Dipterocarpaceae or Fabaceae, with the particularity of bigger canals than vessels are relatively few. They are reported bigger or of the same size as vessels in Dipterocarpoxylon surangei Prakash (1981), D. premacrocarpum Prakash (1975) and D. arcotense Awasthi (1980), but their vessels are almost exclusively solitary, and their rays are broader (up to 5- or 7-seriate). Bancroft described fossil specimens from Africa twice (Bancroft 1933, 1935) under the name D. africanum Bancroft. They share many features of our fossil, including 1-4-seriate rays (mostly 3-seriate) with many upright cells in rays with up to 6-cells in marginal rows (mostly for biseriate rays) and up to 30 cells high. Bancroft (1935) mentioned structures that looked like vasicentric tracheids which suggests an affinity to Dipterocarpaceae, though the author still mentions a possible affinity with Detarioideae, as vesselray pits are still not visible. Many fossil species related to Detarioideae have no canals. Among those with canals, Hopeoxylon Awasthi (1977) has often banded parenchyma and canals in short to often long lines, smaller than vessels. Several specimens of Kingiodendron (Awasthi &amp; Prakash 1987; Awasthi 1992; Guleria et al. 2002; Pérez-Lara et al. 2021) have the same size and arrangement of canals than the present fossil, but rays are much shorter and less heterocellular or canals are smaller than vessels. Ramos et al. (2017) described two fossil genera: Paraoxystigma Ramos et al. which has only diffuse canals and only one row of marginal ray cells; and Gossweilerodendroxylon Ramos et al. which has no uniseriate rays, only weakly heterocellular rays and canals much smaller than vessels. Two fossil wood specimens of Prioria are described by Rodríguez-Reyes et al. (2017): P. hodgesii Rodríguez-Reyes et al. which has smaller canals than vessels and P. canalensis Rodríguez-Reyes, Gasson, Falcon-Lang &amp; Collinson, which shares most of the features of our fossil except that it displays long lines of canals, parenchyma is sometimes aliform and strands of parenchyma are composed of 3-8 cells (down to 2 cells for our fossil). As it is not possible to determine precisely the nature of vessel-ray pits nor if there are any vasicentric tracheids or common crystals in our specimen, the attribution to a given family is difficult. As a consequence, we consider this specimen as undetermined.</p> <p>Modern Dipterocarpus are mainly tropical trees growing in evergreen, sometimes present in semi-evergreen forests or dry deciduous dipterocarp forests, mostly in lowlands and occasionally up to 1400 m. (Ashton 1982; Soerianegara &amp; Lemmens 1993; Ghazoul 2016). Prioria s.l. is a genus of large trees adapted to seasonally-flooded riparian environments (Rodríguez-Reyes et al. 2017). Prioria s.s. is an American tropical tree growing in lowlands often in coastal forests, sometimes swamps and along estuaries (Rodríguez-Reyes et al. 2017), whereas Kingiodendron is found in Asia in evergreen rainforests at low elevation, and flood-plains up to 800 m altitude (Hou et al. 1996; Pascal et al. 2004).</p> <p>indet. sp. 2</p> <p>(Fig. 20 G-J)</p> <p>MATERIAL. — MNHN. F.50200 (field number: NAT17-5). Estimated minimal diameter: 11 cm.</p> <p>LOCALITY. — Kalewa Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar.</p> <p>AGE. — Upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Wood diffuse-porous. Growth rings indistinct. Vessels solitary (55%), often grouped by 2 but also up to 4 (Fig. 20G), round to oval, 4-12 per mm² (average: 7); tangential diameter 90-200 µm (average: 150 µm).Tyloses absent. Vessel elements 210-420 µm (average:330 µm) long. Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pits alternate, 3-6 µm in diameter (average: 5 µm). Parenchyma vasicentric possibly aliform; parenchyma cells 60-100 µm long (average: 80 µm), 12-30 µm wide (average: 20 µm) in tangential section. Rays 1- to 5-seriate (mostly 3-seriate) (Fig. 20H, I), 5-8 rays per mm (average: 6), 270- 1130 µm (average: 650 µm) or 6-36 cells high, heterocellular made of procumbent cells with 1-2 upright cells at the ends (Fig. 20J); some sheath cells present (Fig. 20I). Fibres nonseptate, 8-20 µm in diameter (mean 15 µm). Secretory canals possibly present as some ducts without perforation plates seem to be filled with an orange content (Fig. 20G), also coloring the surrounding cells, recalling a resin.</p> <p>DISCUSSION</p> <p>This fossil recalls Dipterocarpaceae because of: 1) ray heigth, strongly heterocellular; and 2) ducts filled with orange content and without any trace of perforation plates, which could be secretory canals, in tangential sections. Unfortunately, these potential canals are not observable in transverse section, nor any vasicentric tracheids.This specimen resembles Shoreoxylon sp. 1 or Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense for ray size and arrangement, as well as vessel size. The state of preservation of this specimen is not good enough for a conclusive determination; it is impossible to clearly distinguish parenchyma, fibres and pore outlines, suggesting that the specimen has been degraded (see part 5.1).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6A229FF9B89EDFA0EE48BEFAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gentis, Nicolas;Licht, Alexis;Boura, Anaïs;Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa;Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume	Gentis, Nicolas, Licht, Alexis, Boura, Anaïs, Aung, Dario De Franceschi Zaw Win Day Wa, Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume (2022): Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications. Geodiversitas 44 (28): 853-909, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a28
