taxonID	type	description	language	source
03AACF58FFAB1F2CFBAB1039FB449741.taxon	description	Cytotype I (2 ƋƋ; S 1531, S 1534) has 2 n = 18 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 9.85 % to 1.81 % of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S 1 A; Table S 2). In post-pachytene nuclei, the chromosomes form seven bivalents and one quadrivalent that is composed of the four larger chromosomes (Fig. 2 A). A single pair of 18 S rDNA sites is located in the subterminal region of the chromosomes 3 and 4 involved in the quadrivalent (Fig. 2 B; Supporting Information, Fig. S 1 A). Cytotype II (1 Ƌ; S 1532) exhibits 2 n = 18 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 9.79 % to 1.77 % of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S 1 B; Table S 2). The post-pachytene cells show six bivalents and one hexavalent (chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 15 and 18) (Fig. 2 C; Supporting Information, Fig. S 1 B). A pair of 18 S rDNA sites is located in the subterminal region of the chromosomes 3 and 4 involved in the hexavalent (Fig. 2 D). Cytotype III (2 ƋƋ; S 1530, S 1533) has 2 n = 19 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 9.66 % to 1.78 % of DSL (Fig. 2 E; Supporting Information, Fig. S 1 C; Table S 2). Post-pachytene spermatocytes exhibit five bivalents, one trivalent (chromosomes 7, 17 and 18) and one hexavalent (chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 14 and 19). A pair of 18 S rDNA sites is situated in the subterminal region of the chromosomes 3 and 4 involved in the hexavalent (Fig. 2 F).	en	Just, Pavel, Šťáhlavský, František, Kovařík, František, Štundlová, Jana (2022): Tracking the trends of karyotype differentiation in the phylogenetic context of Gint, a scorpion genus endemic to the Horn of Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 885-901, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac049, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/885/6632614
03AACF58FFAA1F2EFED315A9FA929689.taxon	description	Cytotype I (1 Ƌ; S 1305) has 2 n = 23 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 7.90 % to 2.55 % of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S 1 D; Table S 2). The post-pachytene cells show nine bivalents and one pentavalent that is composed of chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 10 and 23 (Fig. 2 G; Supporting Information, Fig. S 1 D). The pair of 18 S rDNA sites is located in the subterminal region of the largest bivalent (Fig. 2 H). Cytotype II (1 Ƌ; S 1527) exhibits 2 n = 24 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 7.65 % to 2.95 % of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S 1 E; Table S 2). The post-pachytene nuclei show a configuration of eight bivalents, one trivalent (chromosomes 2, 12 and 17) and one pentavalent (chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 7 and 20) (Fig. 2 I; Supporting Information, Fig. S 1 E). The pair of 18 S rDNA sites is situated in the subterminal region of chromosomes 2 and 12 of the trivalent (Fig. 2 J; Supporting Information, Fig. S 1 E). Cytotype III (1 Ƌ; S 1199) has 2 n = 27 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 8.30 % to 1.80 % of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S 1 F; Table S 2). In the post-pachytene spermatocytes, we observe eight bivalents, two trivalents and one pentavalent (Fig. 2 K). The larger trivalent is composed of chromosomes 2, 9 and 10, the smaller trivalent is composed of chromosomes 4, 22 and 25, and chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 8 and 17 form a pentavalent (Supporting Information, Fig. S 1 F). The 18 S rDNA sites are located in the subterminal region of the chromosomes 2 and 9 of the larger trivalent (Fig. 2 L; Supporting Information, Fig. S 1 F).	en	Just, Pavel, Šťáhlavský, František, Kovařík, František, Štundlová, Jana (2022): Tracking the trends of karyotype differentiation in the phylogenetic context of Gint, a scorpion genus endemic to the Horn of Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 885-901, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac049, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/885/6632614
03AACF58FFA91F2FFBA315D2FDAE956B.taxon	discussion	All specimens exhibit 2 n = 30 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 4.64 % to 1.80 % of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S 2 A; Table S 2). The post-pachytene cells show 13 bivalents and one quadrivalent (chromosomes 1, 18, 25 and 30) (Fig. 2 M; Supporting Information, Fig. S 2 A). The pair of 18 S rDNA sites is located in the terminal region of the third largest bivalent (chromosomes 6 and 7) (Fig. 2 N; Supporting Information, Fig. S 2 A).	en	Just, Pavel, Šťáhlavský, František, Kovařík, František, Štundlová, Jana (2022): Tracking the trends of karyotype differentiation in the phylogenetic context of Gint, a scorpion genus endemic to the Horn of Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 885-901, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac049, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/885/6632614
03AACF58FFA81F2FFED016B0FD4596BD.taxon	discussion	The karyotype of G. maidensis comprises 2 n = 34 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 4.22 % to 1.87 % of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S 2 B; Table S 2). The post-pachytene nuclei exhibit 17 bivalents (Fig. 2 O). No multivalent associations are found in this species. One pair of 18 S rDNA sites is located in the terminal region of the largest bivalent (Fig. 2 P).	en	Just, Pavel, Šťáhlavský, František, Kovařík, František, Štundlová, Jana (2022): Tracking the trends of karyotype differentiation in the phylogenetic context of Gint, a scorpion genus endemic to the Horn of Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 885-901, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac049, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/885/6632614
03AACF58FFA81F20FEC415FDFD1593C0.taxon	discussion	T h e m o s t s t r i k i n g i n t r a s p e c i f i c v a r i a b i l i t y i s discovered in G. amoudensis, which exhibits four cytotypes differing in the diploid number, multivalent associations and in the number and position of 18 S rDNA sites. The cytotypes II, III and IV occur sympatrically, while the cytotype I (S 1325) is found in a remote locality Borama c. 150 km far from the other cytotypes.	en	Just, Pavel, Šťáhlavský, František, Kovařík, František, Štundlová, Jana (2022): Tracking the trends of karyotype differentiation in the phylogenetic context of Gint, a scorpion genus endemic to the Horn of Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 885-901, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac049, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/885/6632614
03AACF58FFA81F20FEC415FDFD1593C0.taxon	description	Cytotype I (1 Ƌ; S 1325) exhibits 2 n = 36 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 4.49 % to 1.63 % of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S 2 C; Table S 2). The post-pachytene nuclei show 16 bivalents and one quadrivalent (chromosomes 1, 2, 9 and 15) (Fig. 3 A; Supporting Information, Fig. S 2 C). Three 18 S rDNA sites are detected (Fig. 3 B), two of them are located in the subterminal region of the chromosomes 1 and 2 involved in the quadrivalent and one in the terminal position of chromosome 2 in the quadrivalent (Supporting Information, Fig. S 2 C). Cytotype II (1 Ƌ; S 1291) has 2 n = 35 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 5.01 % to 1.45 % of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S 2 D; Table S 2). The post-pachytene spermatocytes exhibit 14 bivalents, one trivalent (chromosomes 4, 24 and 35) and one quadrivalent (chromosomes 1, 5, 8 and 23) (Fig. 3 C; Supporting Information, Fig. S 2 D). Three 18 S rDNA loci are present (Fig. 3 D), one pair is located on the chromosomes 1 (subterminal site) and 5 (terminal site) involved in the quadrivalent, and one single heterozygous locus is situated in the interstitial region of the third largest bivalent (chromosome 9; Fig. 3 D; Supporting Information, Fig. S 2 D). Cytotype III (1 Ƌ; S 1293) has 2 n = 36 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 4.71 % to 1.52 % of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S 2 E; Table S 2). The post-pachytene cells show 15 bivalents and one hexavalent (chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 6, 11 and 24) (Fig. 3 E; Supporting Information, Fig. S 2 E). One pair of 18 S rDNA sites is located in the subterminal region of the chromosomes 1 and 2 of the hexavalent (Fig. 3 F; Supporting Information, Fig. S 2 E). Cytotype IV (1 Ƌ; S 1292) exhibits 2 n = 35 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 4.66 % to 1.54 % of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S 2 F; Table S 2). The post-pachytene nuclei show a configuration of 13 bivalents, one trivalent (chromosomes 7, 26 and 35) and one hexavalent (chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 6, 10 and 23) (Fig. 3 G; Supporting Information, Fig. S 2 F). One pair of 18 S rDNA sites is located in the subterminal region of the chromosomes 1 and 4 involved in the hexavalent (Fig. 3 H; Supporting Information, Fig. S 2 F).	en	Just, Pavel, Šťáhlavský, František, Kovařík, František, Štundlová, Jana (2022): Tracking the trends of karyotype differentiation in the phylogenetic context of Gint, a scorpion genus endemic to the Horn of Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 885-901, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac049, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/885/6632614
03AACF58FFA71F22FEF41709FECF94C9.taxon	discussion	Karyotype of G. gubanensis comprises 2 n = 45 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 2.97 % to 1.02 % of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S 2 G; Table S 2). Overall, 21 bivalents and a single trivalent, composed of chromosomes 7, 33 and 45, are detected in post-pachytene nuclei (Fig. 3 I; Supporting Information, Fig. S 2 G). One pair of 18 S rDNA loci is found on a terminal part of the heteromorphic chromosome pair (chromosomes 26 and 44). A single large 18 S rDNA cluster is located on the overhanging part of chromosome 26 (the larger chromosome of the heteromorphic pair) (Fig. 3 J; Supporting Information, Fig. S 2 G).	en	Just, Pavel, Šťáhlavský, František, Kovařík, František, Štundlová, Jana (2022): Tracking the trends of karyotype differentiation in the phylogenetic context of Gint, a scorpion genus endemic to the Horn of Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 885-901, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac049, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/885/6632614
03AACF58FFA71F22FEF41709FECF94C9.taxon	description	MTDNA DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENY The sequences for both 16 S and COI were obtained from 22 Gint individuals. In G. calviceps, only the 16 S gene fragment was successfully sequenced. The final alignment with a total length of 963 bp (16 S: 358 bp; COI: 605 bp) consisted of 765 conserved sites, 194 variable sites and 172 parsimony-informative sites. Based on COI data, Gint exhibits genetic variation at both inter- and intraspecific levels, with the pairwise genetic distances ranging from 3.28 % to 11.52 % between species, and from 0.00 % to 2.64 % within species (Supporting Information, Tables S 3, S 4). The haplotype network reconstruction showed a presence of 15 COI sequence haplotypes in Gint (Supporting Information, (Fig. S 3; Table S 3). Within the species studied, G. banfasae shows the highest within-location haplotype diversity (four haplotypes per locality), but with minor pairwise genetic differences (p - distance: ≤ 0.66 %). In this species, all individuals of the same cytotype have distinct haplotypes. The haplotypes of cytotype I individuals (S 1531 and S 1534) are separated from one another by four mutational steps. Cytotype II (S 1532) shares its haplotype with the cytotype III individual (S 1530), which is one mutational step distant from the haplotype of the cytotype III specimen (S 1533) (Supporting Information, Fig. S 3). Gint dabakalo, comprising three haplotypes, shows the highest intraspecific genetic variation with a p - distance of 0.17 – 2.64 %. In this species, the genetic distance between individuals of cytotype I and cytotype II from the same locality is higher than between each of them and a specimen of cytotype III from a distinct locality (Supporting Information, Fig. S 3; Table S 1). Gint maidensis, a species with a stable karyotype 2 n = 34, is represented by three haplotypes with a p - distance of 0.33 – 0.50 %. Gintgaitako presentstwohaplotypes, where one haplogroup, formed by five specimens, is distant from the other by one mutational step (p - distance: 0.17). In G. amoudensis, individuals of cytotype II, cytotype III and cytotype IV share the same haplotype, whereas the specimen of cytotype I differs from this haplogroup by eight point mutations (p - distance: 1.49 %). Both BI and ML mtDNA analyses provide similar tree topologies and nodal supports for clades. Phylogenetic reconstruction depicts Gint as a monophyletic group (Fig. 5). Most of the Gint species form well-supported clades [bootstrap support (bs) ≥ 83, posterior probability (PP) ≥ 0.98]. The monophyly of the G. banfasae specimens remains unresolved due to low support values. Gint maidensis forms an early-branching clade, which is sister to the clade comprising all of the remaining Gint species. This clade is further subdivided into two groups: (1) a clade in which G. gubanensis is a sister-species to G. amoudensis, and (2) a clade consisting of G. gaitako, G. calviceps, G. dabakalo and G. banfasae. In the latter, G. gaitako forms a sister-lineage to the clade comprising G. calviceps, G. dabakalo and G. banfasae. The mutual relationships between the species in this group remain unresolved due to low support values. THE RECONSTRUCTION OF ANCESTRAL CHROMOSOME NUMBER AND POSITION OF 18 S RDNA GENE CLUSTERS Maximum parsimony analysis inferred 2 n = 32 – 34 as the ancestral chromosome number for the genus Gint (Fig. 6 A). Two independent increases of 2 n were detected within Gint: (1) the clade containing all cytotypes of G. amoudensis and G. gubanensis, and (2) cytotype III within the G. dabakalo clade. When compared with the ancestral 2 n, a tendency of decreasing of 2 n from 30 to 18 chromosomes can be observed in G. gaitako, G. dabakalo and G. banfasae. Concerning the position of 18 S rRNA gene clusters, maximum parsimony inferred their terminal position as the ancestral state for the genus Gint (Fig. 6 B). Two independent changes of the ancestral terminal position to a subterminal position were identified in G. amoudensis and in the clade containing G. dabakalo and G. banfasae.	en	Just, Pavel, Šťáhlavský, František, Kovařík, František, Štundlová, Jana (2022): Tracking the trends of karyotype differentiation in the phylogenetic context of Gint, a scorpion genus endemic to the Horn of Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 885-901, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac049, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/885/6632614
