identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03AACF58FFAB1F2CFBAB1039FB449741.text	03AACF58FFAB1F2CFBAB1039FB449741.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gint banfasae Kovarik & Lowe 2019	<div><p>GINT BANFASAE</p> <p>In this species, we detected intrapopulation variability in diploid number and/or multivalent associations showing the presence of three cytotypes. The position of a single pair of 18S rDNA sites, as well as the 18S rDNA-bearing chromosome pair involved in the multivalent chain, are consistent in all cytotypes.</p> <p>Cytotype I (2 ƋƋ; S1531, S1534) has 2 n = 18 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 9.85% to 1.81% of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S1A; Table S2). In post-pachytene nuclei, the chromosomes form seven bivalents and one quadrivalent that is composed of the four larger chromosomes (Fig. 2A). A single pair of 18S rDNA sites is located in the subterminal region of the chromosomes 3 and 4 involved in the quadrivalent (Fig. 2B; Supporting Information, Fig. S1A).</p> <p>Cytotype II (1 Ƌ; S1532) exhibits 2 n = 18 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 9.79% to 1.77% of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S1B; Table S2). The post-pachytene cells show six bivalents and one hexavalent (chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 15 and 18) (Fig. 2C; Supporting Information, Fig. S1B). A pair of 18S rDNA sites is located in the subterminal region of the chromosomes 3 and 4 involved in the hexavalent (Fig. 2D).</p> <p>Cytotype III (2 ƋƋ; S1530, S1533) has 2 n = 19 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 9.66% to 1.78% of DSL (Fig. 2E; Supporting Information, Fig. S1C; Table S2). Post-pachytene spermatocytes exhibit five bivalents, one trivalent (chromosomes 7, 17 and 18) and one hexavalent (chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 14 and 19). A pair of 18S rDNA sites is situated in the subterminal region of the chromosomes 3 and 4 involved in the hexavalent (Fig. 2F).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AACF58FFAB1F2CFBAB1039FB449741	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Just, Pavel;Šťáhlavský, František;Kovařík, František;Štundlová, Jana	Just, Pavel, Šťáhlavský, František, Kovařík, František, Štundlová, Jana (2022): Tracking the trends of karyotype differentiation in the phylogenetic context of Gint, a scorpion genus endemic to the Horn of Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 885-901, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac049, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/885/6632614
03AACF58FFAA1F2EFED315A9FA929689.text	03AACF58FFAA1F2EFED315A9FA929689.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gint dabakalo Kovarik & Mazuch 2015	<div><p>GINT DABAKALO</p> <p>In this species, the differences in the diploid number, multivalent associations and the appearance of 18S rDNA-bearing chromosomes are detected at inter- and intrapopulation levels, resulting in three distinguished cytotypes. Specimen S 1305 from the locality Burao is assigned to cytotype I, and specimens S1527 and S1199 from N of Burao, Togdheer represent cytotypes II and III, respectively.</p> <p>Cytotype I (1 Ƌ; S1305) has 2 n = 23 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 7.90% to 2.55% of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S1D; Table S2). The post-pachytene cells show nine bivalents and one pentavalent that is composed of chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 10 and 23 (Fig. 2G; Supporting Information, Fig. S1D). The pair of 18S rDNA sites is located in the subterminal region of the largest bivalent (Fig. 2H).</p> <p>Cytotype II (1 Ƌ; S1527) exhibits 2 n = 24 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 7.65% to 2.95% of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S1E; Table S2). The post-pachytene nuclei show a configuration of eight bivalents, one trivalent (chromosomes 2, 12 and 17) and one pentavalent (chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 7 and 20) (Fig. 2I; Supporting Information, Fig. S1E). The pair of 18S rDNA sites is situated in the subterminal region of chromosomes 2 and 12 of the trivalent (Fig. 2J; Supporting Information, Fig. S1E).</p> <p>Cytotype III (1 Ƌ; S1199) has 2 n = 27 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 8.30% to 1.80% of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S1F; Table S2). In the post-pachytene spermatocytes, we observe eight bivalents, two trivalents and one pentavalent (Fig. 2K). The larger trivalent is composed of chromosomes 2, 9 and 10, the smaller trivalent is composed of chromosomes 4, 22 and 25, and chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 8 and 17 form a pentavalent (Supporting Information, Fig. S1F). The 18S rDNA sites are located in the subterminal region of the chromosomes 2 and 9 of the larger trivalent (Fig. 2L; Supporting Information, Fig. S1F).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AACF58FFAA1F2EFED315A9FA929689	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Just, Pavel;Šťáhlavský, František;Kovařík, František;Štundlová, Jana	Just, Pavel, Šťáhlavský, František, Kovařík, František, Štundlová, Jana (2022): Tracking the trends of karyotype differentiation in the phylogenetic context of Gint, a scorpion genus endemic to the Horn of Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 885-901, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac049, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/885/6632614
03AACF58FFA91F2FFBA315D2FDAE956B.text	03AACF58FFA91F2FFBA315D2FDAE956B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gint gaitako Kovarik, Lowe, Pliskova & Stahlavsky 2013	<div><p>GINT GAITAKO</p> <p>All specimens exhibit 2 n = 30 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 4.64% to 1.80% of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S2A; Table S2). The post-pachytene cells show 13 bivalents and one quadrivalent (chromosomes 1, 18, 25 and 30) (Fig. 2M; Supporting Information, Fig. S2A). The pair of 18S rDNA sites is located in the terminal region of the third largest bivalent (chromosomes 6 and 7) (Fig. 2N; Supporting Information, Fig. S2A).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AACF58FFA91F2FFBA315D2FDAE956B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Just, Pavel;Šťáhlavský, František;Kovařík, František;Štundlová, Jana	Just, Pavel, Šťáhlavský, František, Kovařík, František, Štundlová, Jana (2022): Tracking the trends of karyotype differentiation in the phylogenetic context of Gint, a scorpion genus endemic to the Horn of Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 885-901, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac049, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/885/6632614
03AACF58FFA81F2FFED016B0FD4596BD.text	03AACF58FFA81F2FFED016B0FD4596BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gint maidensis Kovarik, Lowe, Just, Awale, Elmi & Stahlavsky 2018	<div><p>GINT MAIDENSIS</p> <p>The karyotype of G. maidensis comprises 2 n = 34 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 4.22% to 1.87% of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S2B; Table S2). The post-pachytene nuclei exhibit 17 bivalents (Fig. 2O). No multivalent associations are found in this species. One pair of 18S rDNA sites is located in the terminal region of the largest bivalent (Fig. 2P).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AACF58FFA81F2FFED016B0FD4596BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Just, Pavel;Šťáhlavský, František;Kovařík, František;Štundlová, Jana	Just, Pavel, Šťáhlavský, František, Kovařík, František, Štundlová, Jana (2022): Tracking the trends of karyotype differentiation in the phylogenetic context of Gint, a scorpion genus endemic to the Horn of Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 885-901, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac049, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/885/6632614
03AACF58FFA81F20FEC415FDFD1593C0.text	03AACF58FFA81F20FEC415FDFD1593C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gint amoudensis Kovarik, Lowe, Just, Awale, Elmi & Stahlavsky 2018	<div><p>GINT AMOUDENSIS</p> <p>T h e m o s t s t r i k i n g i n t r a s p e c i f i c v a r i a b i l i t y i s discovered in G. amoudensis, which exhibits four cytotypes differing in the diploid number, multivalent associations and in the number and position of 18S rDNA sites. The cytotypes II, III and IV occur sympatrically, while the cytotype I (S1325) is found in a remote locality Borama c. 150 km far from the other cytotypes.</p> <p>Cytotype I (1Ƌ; S1325) exhibits 2 n = 36 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 4.49% to 1.63% of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S2C; Table S2). The post-pachytene nuclei show 16 bivalents and one quadrivalent (chromosomes 1, 2, 9 and 15) (Fig. 3A; Supporting Information, Fig. S2C). Three 18S rDNA sites are detected (Fig. 3B), two of them are located in the subterminal region of the chromosomes 1 and 2 involved in the quadrivalent and one in the terminal position of chromosome 2 in the quadrivalent (Supporting Information, Fig. S2C).</p> <p>Cytotype II (1 Ƌ; S1291) has 2 n = 35 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 5.01% to 1.45% of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S2D; Table S2). The post-pachytene spermatocytes exhibit 14 bivalents, one trivalent (chromosomes 4, 24 and 35) and one quadrivalent (chromosomes 1, 5, 8 and 23) (Fig. 3C; Supporting Information, Fig. S2D). Three 18S rDNA loci are present (Fig. 3D), one pair is located on the chromosomes 1 (subterminal site) and 5 (terminal site) involved in the quadrivalent, and one single heterozygous locus is situated in the interstitial region of the third largest bivalent (chromosome 9; Fig. 3D; Supporting Information, Fig. S2D).</p> <p>Cytotype III (1 Ƌ; S1293) has 2 n = 36 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 4.71% to 1.52% of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S2E; Table S2). The post-pachytene cells show 15 bivalents and one hexavalent (chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 6, 11 and 24) (Fig. 3E; Supporting Information, Fig. S2E). One pair of 18S rDNA sites is located in the subterminal region of the chromosomes 1 and 2 of the hexavalent (Fig. 3F; Supporting Information, Fig. S2E).</p> <p>Cytotype IV (1 Ƌ; S1292) exhibits 2 n = 35 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 4.66% to 1.54% of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S2F; Table S2). The post-pachytene nuclei show a configuration of 13 bivalents, one trivalent (chromosomes 7, 26 and 35) and one hexavalent (chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 6, 10 and 23) (Fig. 3G; Supporting Information, Fig. S2F). One pair of 18S rDNA sites is located in the subterminal region of the chromosomes 1 and 4 involved in the hexavalent (Fig. 3H; Supporting Information, Fig. S2F).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AACF58FFA81F20FEC415FDFD1593C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Just, Pavel;Šťáhlavský, František;Kovařík, František;Štundlová, Jana	Just, Pavel, Šťáhlavský, František, Kovařík, František, Štundlová, Jana (2022): Tracking the trends of karyotype differentiation in the phylogenetic context of Gint, a scorpion genus endemic to the Horn of Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 885-901, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac049, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/885/6632614
03AACF58FFA71F22FEF41709FECF94C9.text	03AACF58FFA71F22FEF41709FECF94C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gint gubanensis Kovarik, Lowe, Just, Awale, Elmi & Stahlavsky 2018	<div><p>GINT GUBANENSIS</p> <p>Karyotype of G. gubanensis comprises 2 n = 45 chromosomes, which decrease in length from 2.97% to 1.02% of DSL (Supporting Information, Fig. S2G; Table S2). Overall, 21 bivalents and a single trivalent, composed of chromosomes 7, 33 and 45, are detected in post-pachytene nuclei (Fig. 3I; Supporting Information, Fig. S2G). One pair of 18S rDNA loci is found on a terminal part of the heteromorphic chromosome pair (chromosomes 26 and 44). A single large 18S rDNA cluster is located on the overhanging part of chromosome 26 (the larger chromosome of the heteromorphic pair) (Fig. 3J; Supporting Information, Fig. S2G).</p> <p>MTDNA DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENY</p> <p>The sequences for both 16S and COI were obtained from 22 Gint individuals. In G. calviceps, only the 16S gene fragment was successfully sequenced. The final alignment with a total length of 963 bp (16S: 358 bp; COI: 605 bp) consisted of 765 conserved sites, 194 variable sites and 172 parsimony-informative sites.</p> <p>Based on COI data, Gint exhibits genetic variation at both inter- and intraspecific levels, with the pairwise genetic distances ranging from 3.28% to 11.52% between species, and from 0.00% to 2.64% within species (Supporting Information, Tables S3, S4). The haplotype network reconstruction showed a presence of 15 COI sequence haplotypes in Gint (Supporting Information, (Fig. S3; Table S3). Within the species studied, G. banfasae shows the highest within-location haplotype diversity (four haplotypes per locality), but with minor pairwise genetic differences (p -distance: ≤0.66%). In this species, all individuals of the same cytotype have distinct haplotypes. The haplotypes of cytotype I individuals (S1531 and S1534) are separated from one another by four mutational steps. Cytotype II (S1532) shares its haplotype with the cytotype III individual (S1530), which is one mutational step distant from the haplotype of the cytotype III specimen (S1533) (Supporting Information, Fig. S3). Gint dabakalo, comprising three haplotypes, shows the highest intraspecific genetic variation with a p -distance of 0.17–2.64%. In this species, the genetic distance between individuals of cytotype I and cytotype II from the same locality is higher than between each of them and a specimen of cytotype III from a distinct locality (Supporting Information, Fig. S3; Table S1). Gint maidensis, a species with a stable karyotype 2 n = 34, is represented by three haplotypes with a p -distance of 0.33–0.50%. Gintgaitako presentstwohaplotypes, where one haplogroup, formed by five specimens, is distant from the other by one mutational step (p -distance: 0.17). In G. amoudensis, individuals of cytotype II, cytotype III and cytotype IV share the same haplotype, whereas the specimen of cytotype I differs from this haplogroup by eight point mutations (p -distance: 1.49%).</p> <p>Both BI and ML mtDNA analyses provide similar tree topologies and nodal supports for clades. Phylogenetic reconstruction depicts Gint as a monophyletic group (Fig. 5). Most of the Gint species form well-supported clades [bootstrap support (bs) ≥ 83, posterior probability (PP) ≥ 0.98]. The monophyly of the G. banfasae specimens remains unresolved due to low support values. Gint maidensis forms an early-branching clade, which is sister to the clade comprising all of the remaining Gint species. This clade is further subdivided into two groups: (1) a clade in which G. gubanensis is a sister-species to G. amoudensis, and (2) a clade consisting of G. gaitako, G. calviceps, G. dabakalo and G. banfasae. In the latter, G. gaitako forms a sister-lineage to the clade comprising G. calviceps, G. dabakalo and G. banfasae. The mutual relationships between the species in this group remain unresolved due to low support values.</p> <p>THE RECONSTRUCTION OF ANCESTRAL CHROMOSOME NUMBER AND POSITION OF 18S RDNA GENE CLUSTERS</p> <p>Maximum parsimony analysis inferred 2 n = 32–34 as the ancestral chromosome number for the genus Gint (Fig. 6A). Two independent increases of 2 n were detected within Gint: (1) the clade containing all cytotypes of G. amoudensis and G. gubanensis, and (2) cytotype III within the G. dabakalo clade. When compared with the ancestral 2 n, a tendency of decreasing of 2 n from 30 to 18 chromosomes can be observed in G. gaitako, G. dabakalo and G. banfasae. Concerning the position of 18S rRNA gene clusters, maximum parsimony inferred their terminal position as the ancestral state for the genus Gint (Fig. 6B). Two independent changes of the ancestral terminal position to a subterminal position were identified in G. amoudensis and in the clade containing G. dabakalo and G. banfasae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AACF58FFA71F22FEF41709FECF94C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Just, Pavel;Šťáhlavský, František;Kovařík, František;Štundlová, Jana	Just, Pavel, Šťáhlavský, František, Kovařík, František, Štundlová, Jana (2022): Tracking the trends of karyotype differentiation in the phylogenetic context of Gint, a scorpion genus endemic to the Horn of Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 885-901, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac049, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/885/6632614
