taxonID	type	description	language	source
03ED8788FFD06139F012DB7B41E8FF0E.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Ischnocolus holosericeus Koch, in Ausserer (1871) by original designation, syn. of Ischnocolus valentinus (Dufour, 1820). Diagnosis: See Guadanucci & Wendt (2014) for a recent diagnosis of the genus. Species included: Ischnocolus elongatus (Simon, 1873); Ischnocolus ignoratus Guadanucci & Wendt, 2014; Ischnocolus jickelii L. Koch, 1875; Ischnocolus mogadorensis Simon, 1909; Ischnocolus rubropilosus Keyserling, 1891 (note: taxonomic allocation of I. rubropilosus in Ischnocolus is dubious because it lies far outside the zoogeographical range of the genus); Ischnocolus tomentosus Thorell, 1899 (probably belongs to Myostola Simon, 1903, according to Guadanucci & Wendt, 2014, who considered it as incertae sedis); Ischnocolus valentinus (Dufour, 1820) (type species). 860 J. KORBA ET AL.	en	Korba, Jan, Opatova, Vera, Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Enguídanos, Alba, Bellvert, Adrià, Adrián, Silvia, Sánchez-Vialas, Alberto, Arnedo, Miquel A (2022): Systematics and phylogeography of western Mediterranean tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 845-884, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac042, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/845/6619232
03ED8788FFD16139F3C4D8FF439FFB4B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype: Male, Oman, Dhofar, Salalah, Wadi Darbat, near Tawi Atayr, 17 ° 06´12 ʺ N, 54 ° 21´10 ʺ E, x. 2000, S. Huberleg. (SMNS-Aran- 003439). Notexamined. Material examined: 1 ♂ (SMNS-Aran- 002581), Ad Dakhiliyah Governorate, Muhafazat ad Dakhiliyah, Dar Sawda’, flank of Jebel Shams, 23 ° 14´19 ʺ N, 57 ° 11´37 ʺ E, 03. ix. 2016. 1 ♂ (SMNS-Aran- 002587), Al Wusta Governorate, Ras Madrakah, near coast, 18 º 58 ′ 29 ″ N, 57 º 23 ′ 38 ″ E), 05. ix. 2016. Diagnosis, description and distribution: See Montemor et al. (2020).	en	Korba, Jan, Opatova, Vera, Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Enguídanos, Alba, Bellvert, Adrià, Adrián, Silvia, Sánchez-Vialas, Alberto, Arnedo, Miquel A (2022): Systematics and phylogeography of western Mediterranean tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 845-884, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac042, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/845/6619232
03ED8788FFD16139F392DA734167F9AF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype, female Eritrea: Hamasien (BMNH 19 - 9 - 18 - 5698 - 99), Guadanucci & Wendt (2014), not examined. Material examined: Somaliland: 2 ♂♂ 5 ♀♀, Daallo forest park; 10 ° 45 ′ 38 ″ N, 47 ° 18 ′ 13 ″ E; 4. ix. 17 (P. Just, D. Král, P. Frýdlová, D. Frynta, F. Kova ř ík, T. Mazuch & M. Häckel leg.).	en	Korba, Jan, Opatova, Vera, Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Enguídanos, Alba, Bellvert, Adrià, Adrián, Silvia, Sánchez-Vialas, Alberto, Arnedo, Miquel A (2022): Systematics and phylogeography of western Mediterranean tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 845-884, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac042, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/845/6619232
03ED8788FFD16139F392DA734167F9AF.taxon	materials_examined	Diagnosis description and distribution: See Montemor et al. (2020).	en	Korba, Jan, Opatova, Vera, Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Enguídanos, Alba, Bellvert, Adrià, Adrián, Silvia, Sánchez-Vialas, Alberto, Arnedo, Miquel A (2022): Systematics and phylogeography of western Mediterranean tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 845-884, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac042, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/845/6619232
03ED8788FFD16123F007DB5640A4F98F.taxon	description	(FIGS 5 C, 7, 8, 9 B, 10 B, 13 B, 14 A – N, 15 A – G, 16 A – D, 17 A – F)	en	Korba, Jan, Opatova, Vera, Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Enguídanos, Alba, Bellvert, Adrià, Adrián, Silvia, Sánchez-Vialas, Alberto, Arnedo, Miquel A (2022): Systematics and phylogeography of western Mediterranean tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 845-884, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac042, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/845/6619232
03ED8788FFD16123F007DB5640A4F98F.taxon	discussion	Ischnocolus valentinus: Guadanucci & Wendt (2014: 391, as senior synonymy of I. mogadorensis).	en	Korba, Jan, Opatova, Vera, Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Enguídanos, Alba, Bellvert, Adrià, Adrián, Silvia, Sánchez-Vialas, Alberto, Arnedo, Miquel A (2022): Systematics and phylogeography of western Mediterranean tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 845-884, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac042, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/845/6619232
03ED8788FFD16123F007DB5640A4F98F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Female holotype. Morocco: Mogador (Essaouira), Martínez de la Escalera leg., presumably deposited in MNHN in Paris, lost (Guadanucci & Wendt, 2014). Not examined. Material examined: Morocco: 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ (CRBA 004988, CRBA 004989, CRBA 004990), province of Agadir, Ankrime, 30 ° 37 ′ 25 ″ N, 9 ° 34 ′ 50 ″ W, 26. ii. 2020 (J. Korba leg.). 1 ♂, 3 juv. (CRBA 004981, CRBA 004982, CRBA 004983, CRBA 004984), province of Tiznit, Bou Tazlaft, 29 ° 37 ′ 40 ″ N, 9 ° 52 ′ 52 ″ W, 24. ii. 2020 (J. Korba leg.), 1 juv. (CRBAMM 000346), province of Agadir, Imoza, 30 ° 38 ′ 34 ″ N, 9 ° 42 ′ 20 ″ W, 7. iv. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1 ♀ (CRBAMM 000342), province of Essaouira, Tamanat, 31 ° 00 ′ 21 ″ N, 9 ° 35 ′ 49 ″, 7. iv. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1 juv. (CRBAMM 000348), province of Taroudant, Cova Maravilles, 30 ° 10 ′ 40 ″ N, 8 ° 17 ′ 38 ″ W, 8. iv. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1 ♀, 1 juv. (CRBAMM 000370, CRBAMM 000366), province Al Haouz, Asni, 31 ° 11 ′ 22 ″ N, 8 ° 03 ′ 27 ″ W, 9. iv. 2010 (V. Opatova, M. Arnedo leg.). 2 juv. (CRBAMM 000358, CRBAMM 000359), province of Taroudant, Tafingoult, 30 ° 44 ′ 31 ″ N, 8 ° 24 ′ 06 ″ W, 9. iv. 2010 (V. Opatova, M. Arnedo leg.). 1 ♀ (CRBA 005025), province of Taroudant, Tizi n ′ Test 30 ° 49 ′ 40 ″ N, 8 ° 23 ′ 57 ″ W, 24. ii. 2010 (A. Calatayud-Mascarell & A. Sánchez-Vialas leg.). 1 juv. (CRBA 005026), province of Agadir, Assaka, 30 ° 50 ′ 18 ″ N, 9 ° 45 ′ 53 ″ W, 28. xii. 2018 (A. Sánchez-Vialas leg.). 1 ♂, 1 juv, (CRBA 005030, CRBA 005031), province of Guelmim, Playa Blanca, 28 ° 57 ′ 39 ″ N, 10 ° 33 ′ 03 ″ W, 23. iv. 2019 (A. Sánchez-Vialas leg.). 1 juv. (CRBA 005037), province of Taroudant, Alto Atlas, 30 ° 53 ′ 59 ″ N, 8 ° 19 ′ 35 ″ W, 24. ii. 2020 (A. Calatayud-Mascarell & A. SánchezVialas leg.), 1 ♂ (SMNS-Aran- 3824), province of Azilal, Demnate, 31 ° 45 ′ 03 ″ N, 7 ° 05 ′ 33 ″ W. Justification for the revalidation of the species: Integration of evidence provided in this work has revealed that the ‘ south’ lineage of the valentinus morphotype clade represents a different species from the ‘ north’ lineage, which corresponds to the nominal I. valentinus. Simon (1909) described the female of I. mogadorensis from the surroundings of Essaouira (Mogador), but the type material could not be examined because it is presumably lost (Guadanucci & Wendt, 2014). The original description lacks any diagnostic traits other than a ‘ pinkish-brown coloration’ (Simon, 1909: 10). The type locality is Mogador (today Essaouira) but can refer broadly to the surroundings of the city. We lacked samples from the direct vicinity of Essaouira, but our nearest locality, Tamanat, is just 60 km south. Additionally, the SDM of I. valentinus ‘ south’ lineage predicted its distribution well into coastal plains up to Essaouira (see Fig. 13 B). Therefore, we propose restoring the name I. mogadorensis and revalidating the species.	en	Korba, Jan, Opatova, Vera, Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Enguídanos, Alba, Bellvert, Adrià, Adrián, Silvia, Sánchez-Vialas, Alberto, Arnedo, Miquel A (2022): Systematics and phylogeography of western Mediterranean tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 845-884, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac042, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/845/6619232
03ED8788FFD16123F007DB5640A4F98F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Males can be distinguished from their congeners by the presence of two short, strong spines apically on the ventral part of tibia I and a moderate number of remaining spines distributed equally across tibia I (Figs 8, 14 B – D). They further differ from I. valentinus by their smaller size (N = 3) and markedly S-shaped embolus (Figs 7, 14 F – J, L, M). Females differ from all other Ischnocolus species, except I. jickelii, by the spermatheca shape, which is longer than wide, narrowing apically and having three cross-like shaped apical lobes (Figs 5, 15 F).	en	Korba, Jan, Opatova, Vera, Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Enguídanos, Alba, Bellvert, Adrià, Adrián, Silvia, Sánchez-Vialas, Alberto, Arnedo, Miquel A (2022): Systematics and phylogeography of western Mediterranean tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 845-884, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac042, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/845/6619232
03ED8788FFD16123F007DB5640A4F98F.taxon	description	Description: Male (CRBA 004987, Ankrime): total length 12.93. Colour pattern: Colour in ethanol: legs and carapace light yellow-brown. Carapace with silver hairs (Fig. 14 A). Abdomen darker brown with dorsal light, striped pattern. Colour of live specimen (Fig. 16): variable, depending on the life stage. Legs and carapace golden brown, chelicerae golden grey, abdomen dark with lighter striped pattern (Fig 14 B, C). After moulting, specimens can be dark. Carapace: 5.32 long, 4.46 wide; cephalic region almost flat from lateral view; eye tubercle low 0.49 long, 0.85 wide; fovea with shallow depression, slightly recurved (Fig. 14 A). Clypeus 0.15 wide. Eyes (Fig. 14 E): AME 0.15, PME 0.16, ALE 0.27, PLE 0.17; PME-PME 0.46, ALE-AME 0.23, ALE-PLE 0.26, AME-PLE 0.34, AMEAME 0.27, ALE-ALE 0.67. Sternum, labium and maxillae: sternum 2.4 long, 2.02 wide, setose, with three inconspicuous sigilla on each margin opposite to coxa I, II and III. Labium twice as wide as long, 0.37 long, 0.86 wide, with two cuspules. Maxillae with approx. 40 cuspules (Fig. 14 K). Abdomen: 6.30 long, 3.23 wide; long setae scattered across the dorsal part of abdomen with a group of long black setae in the anterior part. PLS basal segment 0.87 long, median segment 0.67 long, apical segment digitiform 0.75 long. Chelicerae: 2.31 long, basal article with nine teeth intercheliceral tumescence present, few long bristles along the margin. Pedipalps: length: 7.76 (femur 2.71, patella 1.80, tibia 2.12, tarsus 1.13). Furrow on ventral tibia short, slightly sigmoid. Spination: femur (p) 1 ap. Copulatory bulb: small bulb with remarkably S-shaped embolus with flattened tip (Figs 7, 14). Legs: scopula on all tarsi divided by a thick band of setae. Scopula on ventral metatarsus I nearly totally occupied, II half occupied, III and IV <half occupied. Leg measurement: length of legs IV> I> II> III; leg I: 15.98 (femur 4.72, patella 2.14, tibia 3.64, metatarsus 3.18, tarsus 2.23), leg II: 15.12 (femur 4.13, patella 2.09, tibia 3.61, metatarsus 3.16, tarsus 2.13), leg III: 14.30 (femur 3.78, patella 1.83, tibia 3.51, metatarsus 3.12, tarsus 2.04), leg IV: 19.15 (femur 4.93, patella 2.04, tibia 4.50, metatarsus 4.90, tarsus 2.76). Spines: I femur (p) 1, tibia (p) 2 - 2, (v) 3 - 1 - 1 - ap 2, tarsus (v) 1 - 1. II femur (r) 1, tibia (r) 1 - 1 - 1, (v) 1 - 1 - 1 - 2, metatarsus (r) 1 - 0 - 0, (p) 1 - 0 - 0, (v) 1 - 1; III femur (r) 1, tibia (r) 1 - 1, (v) 1 - 1 - 1 - 3, metatarsus (r) 1 - 0 - 1, (v) 1 - 1; IV femur (r) 1, (p) 1, patella (p) 2, tibia (r) 1 - 2 - 1 - 1, (p) 1 - 1 - 1, (v) 1 - 1 - 2, metatarsus (r) 1 - 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 - 1, (p) 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1, (v) 1 - 1 - 2; tarsus IV pseudosegmented. Female (CRBA 004989, Ankrime): Total length 15.86. Colour pattern: Colour in ethanol: carapace, chelicerae and legs light orange, abdomen greybrown with light striped pattern (Fig. 15 A, E). Colour of live specimen: body uniformly dark-brown-pinkish. Abdomen with light, striped pattern (Fig. 15 A – C). Carapace: 5.51 long, 4.34 wide; cephalic region almost flat from lateral view (Fig. 15 E); eye tubercle low, 0.50 long, 0.87 wide. Fovea with shallow depression slightly recurved (Fig. 15 A). Clypeus 0.22. Eyes (Fig. 15 C): AME 0.14, PME 0.13, ALE 0.26, PLE 0.19; PME-PME 0.50, ALE-AME 0.23, ALE-PLE 0.29, AME-PLE 0.35, AME-AME 0.28, ALE-ALE 0.68. Sternum, labium and maxillae: sternum 2.69 long, 2.18 wide; labium twice as wide as long, 0.45 long, 0.97 wide, with four cuspules; maxillae with approx. 40 cuspules (Fig. 15 B). Abdomen: 8.35 long, 4.14 wide; PLS basal segment 0.82 long, median segment 0.51 long, apical segment 0.75 long, digitiform (Fig. 15 G). Vulva: spermathecae longer than wide, each with three apical lobes in a cross-like disposition (Fig. 15 F). Chelicerae: 2.93 long; basal article with 10 teeth; few long bristles on the margin (Fig. 15 D). Pedipalps: length: 9.06 (femur 3.05, patella 1.89, tibia 2.20, tarsus 1.92). Spination: without spines. Legs: Scopula on all tarsi divided by a thick band of setae. Scopula on ventral metatarsus I and II entirely occupied, III three-quarter occupied, IV half occupied. Leg measurement: length of legs IV> I> II> II. Leg IV: 17.93 (femur 4.63, patella 2.54, tibia 4.09, metatarsus 4.28, tarsus 2.39); leg III: 12.45 (femur 3.28, patella 1.92, tibia 2.50, metatarsus 2.89, tarsus 1.86), leg II: 12.65 (femur 3.62, patella 2.20, tibia 2.64, metatarsus 2.40, tarsus 1.79); leg I: 14.24 (femur 4.12, patella 2.69, tibia 3.16, metatarsus 2.58, tarsus 1.69). Spines: I femur (p) 0 - 0 - 1, tibia (p) 0 - 1 - 1, (v) 1 - 1 - 2, (p) 1 - 2 - 1, (v) 1 - 2 - 2; II femur (p) 0 - 0 - 1, tibia (p) 1 - 1 - 1, (v) 1 - 1 - 2, metatarsus (v) 1 - 1; III femur (d) 0 - 0 - 1 r., tibia (r) 1 - 1, (p) 2 - 2 - 1, (v) 1 - 1 - 2, metatarsus (r) 2 - 2, (p) 2 - 2 - 2, (v) 1 - 1 - 1, patella (p) 2; IV femur (r) 0 - 0 - 1, (p) 0 - 0 - 1, tibia (r) 1 - 2 - 2 - 1, (p) 1 - 2 - 1 - 2, (v) 1 - 1 - 2, metatarsus (r) 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1, (p) 3 - 2 - 2 - 2, (v) 1 - 1 - 1, patella (p) 2; tarsus IV pseudosegmented.	en	Korba, Jan, Opatova, Vera, Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Enguídanos, Alba, Bellvert, Adrià, Adrián, Silvia, Sánchez-Vialas, Alberto, Arnedo, Miquel A (2022): Systematics and phylogeography of western Mediterranean tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 845-884, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac042, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/845/6619232
03ED8788FFD16123F007DB5640A4F98F.taxon	distribution	Distribution: The species is endemic to southern Morocco and northern Western Sahara. Actual distribution includes western High Atlas (either the southern and northern slopes east to Demnate) and Anti-Atlas Mountain ranges (up to 2000 m a. s. l.), the coastal region south from Essaouira and the coastal part of southern Morocco down to Western Sahara (Fig. 13 B)	en	Korba, Jan, Opatova, Vera, Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Enguídanos, Alba, Bellvert, Adrià, Adrián, Silvia, Sánchez-Vialas, Alberto, Arnedo, Miquel A (2022): Systematics and phylogeography of western Mediterranean tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 845-884, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac042, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/845/6619232
03ED8788FFD16123F007DB5640A4F98F.taxon	biology_ecology	Natural history: The lifestyle is similar to that of I. valentinus and could be described as opportunistic. Some specimens were found to excavate shallow chambers under rocks covered with loose, sheet web, whereas others were found in deeper holes under rocks, or they inhabited the cavities between rocks and stones (Fig. 17 E, F). Habitat preferences range from coastal forests of Barbary thuja, Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast., habitats with dwarf fan palm (Chamaerops humilis L.) (Fig. 17 A), coastal Euphorbia L. communities (Fig. 17 D), High Atlas Juniperus L. communities (Fig. 17 C) to semi-desert habitats. The distribution model for this species overlaps with the extension of the Mediterranean Acacia – Argania Dry Woodland and Succulent Thicket ecoregion (PA 1212), defined by the WWF (2021).	en	Korba, Jan, Opatova, Vera, Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Enguídanos, Alba, Bellvert, Adrià, Adrián, Silvia, Sánchez-Vialas, Alberto, Arnedo, Miquel A (2022): Systematics and phylogeography of western Mediterranean tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 845-884, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac042, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/845/6619232
03ED8788FFCB612FF3B0D825435DFD1C.taxon	description	(FIGS 5 A – B, 7, 8, 9 A, 10 A, 13 A, 18 A – N, 19 A – G, 20 A – F)	en	Korba, Jan, Opatova, Vera, Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Enguídanos, Alba, Bellvert, Adrià, Adrián, Silvia, Sánchez-Vialas, Alberto, Arnedo, Miquel A (2022): Systematics and phylogeography of western Mediterranean tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 845-884, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac042, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/845/6619232
03ED8788FFCB612FF3B0D825435DFD1C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Type locality Moixent, Valencian Community, Spain. Female neotype deposited at BMNH, examined. Material examined: Spain: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (CRBAMM 000941, CRBAMM 000930), province of Cádiz, El Bosque, 36 ° 26 ′ 50 ″ N, 5 ° 22 ′ 19 ″ W, 27. iii. 2010 (M. A. Ferrández leg.). 3 ♀♀ (CRBAMM 000965, CRBAMM 000966, CRBAMM 000967), province of Cádiz, Grazalema, 36 ° 27 ′ 28 ″ N, 5 ° 17 ′ 34 ″ W, 28. iii. 2010 (M. A. Ferrández leg.). 1 ♀ (CRBAMM 000948), province of Sevilla, Castaño, 36 ° 33 ′ 58 ″ N, 5 ° 15 ′ 14 ″ W, 27. iii. 2010 (M. A. Ferrández leg.). 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (CRBAMM 0 0 0 9 8 0, CRBAMM 000986), province of Sevila, Coripe, 36 ° 35 ′ 20 ″ N, 5 ° 17 ′ 34 ″ W, 27. iii. 2010 (M. A. Ferrández leg.). 1 ♀ (CRBAMM 000141), province of Almería, La Rambla del Aljibe, 37 ° 16 ′ 20 ″ N, 2 ° 02 ′ 24 ″ W, 21. XI. 2009 (E. Planas & V. Opatova leg.). 1 juv. (CRBAME 000858), province of Málaga, Torcal de Antequera, 36 ° 57 ′ 43 ″ N, 4 ° 31 ′ 06 ″ W, 12. VI. 2011 (E. Mora, V. Opatova & P. Sousa leg.). Morocco: 2 ♀♀, 5 juv. (CRBAMM 000386, C R B A M M 0 0 0 3 8 7, C R B A M M 0 0 0 3 8 8 C R B A M M 0 0 0 3 8 9, C R B A M M 0 0 0 3 9 0 CRBAMM 000391, CRBAMM 000392), province of Azilal, near Ouzoud falls, 31 ° 57 ′ 35 ″ N, 6 ° 46 ′ 05 ″ W, 10. IV. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, 3 juv. (CRBAMM 000393, CRBAMM 000395, C R B A M M 0 0 0 3 9 6, C R B A M M 0 0 0 3 9 8 CRBAMM 000399, CRBAMM 000400), province of Azilal, Tilouguite, 32 ° 05 ′ 04 ″ N, 6 ° 20 ′ 00 ″ W, 10. IV. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1 juv. (CRBAMM 000450), province of Fés, Djebel Zalach, 34 ° 06 ′ 23 ″ N, 4 ° 58 ′ 10 ″ W, 12. IV. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1 juv. (CRBAMM 000485), province of Oujda, Ain Sfa, 34 ° 49 ′ 28 ″ N, 2 ° 05 ′ 12 ″ W, 14. IV. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 3 juv. (CRBAMM 000564, CRBAMM 000565, CRBAMM 000566), province of Tetuán, Beni Yder Cherki, 35 ° 23 ′ 08 ″ N, 5 ° 31 ′ 20 ″ W, 17. IV. 2010 (V. Opatova, M. Arnedo leg.). 2 juv. (CRBAMM 000493, CRBAMM 000583), province of Berkane, Beni Snassen, 34 ° 48 ′ 12 ″ N, 2 ° 23 ′ 48 ″ W, 1 4. IV. 2 0 1 0 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1 ♀ (CRBAMM 000366), province of Al Haouz, Asni, 31 ° 11 ′ 22 ″ N, 8 ° 03 ′ 27 ″ W, 9. IV. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1 ♂ (SMNS-Aran- 1376), province of Murcia, Mula, 38 ° 03 ′ 41 ″ N, 1 ° 31 ′ 05 ″ W, 2005. 1 ♂ (CRBA) province of Berkane, Taforalt, Grotte des Pigeons, 34 ° 48 ′ 52 ″ N, 2 ° 24 ′ 10 ″ W, 15. iv. 2002 (M. Arnedo & C. Hernando leg.). Diagnosis: Males can be distinguished from their congeners, except I. jickeli, by bearing only one spine apically along with dense concentration of spines on pro-ventral tibia I (Figs 8, 18 B – D). They further differ from all other Ischnocolus species by having straight embolus with narrowing tip (Figs 7, 18 J – M). Females differ from their congeners by having spermathecae as wide as long with several (> four) apical lobes (Figs 5 A, B, 19 F). Description: A detailed redescription is provided by Guadanucci & Wendt (2014) with male and female reproductive organ drawings and male spine pattern on tibia I. Additional photos and drawings of male bulbus are shown by Zonstein (2018), Tamajón Gómez et al. (2020) and Decae (in: Nentwig et al., 2020). Distribution: Following our circumscription of I. valentinus to the ‘ north’ lineage, the distribution of the species is more restricted than previously thought, as it only includes the Iberian Peninsula and northern Morocco (Fig. 13 A). The northernmost current localities are near Benidorm, in Alacant, Spain and the southernmost ones are located on the northern slopes of the High Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Previous studies have suggested the species occurrence extending as far east as Sicily, Tunisia and Libya (Guadanucci & Wendt, 2014). Although the only Sicilian sample included in our phylogeny was recovered within the ‘ north’ lineage (i. e. I. valentinus), detailed morphological and molecular analyses of a more thorough specimen sampling in Algeria, Tunisia and Sicily will be required to confirm the status of the easternmost populations. Natural history: Similar to I. mogadorensis, I. valentinus is an opportunistic species inhabiting natural cavities under and between rocks and tree roots. It usually covers the entrance with a dense, sheet web, sometimes resembling that of a funnelweb spider Macrothele calpeiana Walckenaer, 1805 or some Agelenidae. The burrow entrance can also sometimes resemble that made by I. elongatus, but the web of I. valentinus is less dense and more sheetlike (Fig. 20 E, F). The burrow of I. valentinus never forms a proper tube, but continues as an irregular hole connecting one or several natural underground cavities. Habitat preferences range from Mediterranean open grasslands to dense Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) or Barbary thuja (Tetraclinis articulata) forests.	en	Korba, Jan, Opatova, Vera, Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Enguídanos, Alba, Bellvert, Adrià, Adrián, Silvia, Sánchez-Vialas, Alberto, Arnedo, Miquel A (2022): Systematics and phylogeography of western Mediterranean tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 845-884, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac042, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/845/6619232
03ED8788FFC7612BF386DCB94189F8FF.taxon	description	(FIGS 6 A-L, 7, 8, 9 C, D, 10 C – F, 13 C – F, 21 A – N, 22 A – G, 23 A – F, 24 A – H)	en	Korba, Jan, Opatova, Vera, Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Enguídanos, Alba, Bellvert, Adrià, Adrián, Silvia, Sánchez-Vialas, Alberto, Arnedo, Miquel A (2022): Systematics and phylogeography of western Mediterranean tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 845-884, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac042, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/845/6619232
03ED8788FFC7612BF386DCB94189F8FF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Type locality Ksar el Kebir (Morocco), female holotype presumably in MNHN, not found by Zonstein (2018), not examined. Topotypes were included in this study. Material examined: Morocco: 9 ♀♀ (CRBAMM 000430, CRBAMM 000432, CRBAMM 000424, CRBAMM 000425, CRBAMM 000426, CRBAMM 000427, CRBAMM 000428, CRBAMM 000429, CRBAMM 000431), province of Fés, Imouzer, 33 ° 38 ′ 39 ″ N, 5 ° 04 ′ 09 ″ W, 12. iv. 2010 (V. Opatova, M, Arnedo leg.). 1 ♀, 2 juv. (CRBAMM 000351, CRBAMM 000350), province of Taroudant, Cova Maravilles, 30 ° 10 ′ 40 ″ N, 8 ° 17 ′ 38 ″ W, 8. iv. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 3 ♀♀, 3 juv. (CRBAMM 000372, CRBAMM 000363, CRBAMM 000371, CRBAMM 000364, CRBAMM 000365, CRBAMM 000367), province Al Haouz, Asni, 31 ° 11 ′ 22 ″ N, 8 ° 03 ′ 27 ″ W, 9. iv. 2010 (V. Opatova, M. Arnedo leg.). 1 ♀ (CRBAMM 000534), province of Taounate, Rhafsai, 34 ° 37 ′ 55 ″ N, 4 ° 55 ′ 52 ″ W, 16. iv. 2010 (V. Opatova, M. Arnedo leg.). 1 ♂, 1 juv. (CRBAMM 000397, CRBAMM 000403), province of Azilal, Tilouguite, 32 ° 05 ′ 04 ″ N, 6 ° 20 ′ 00 ″ W, 10. IV. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 3 ♀♀, 4 juv. (CRBAMM 000411, CRBAMM 000406, CRBAMM 000407, CRBAMM 000408, CRBAMM 000410, CRBAMM 000412, CRBAMM 000413), province of Béni- Mellal, Ab el Hamam, 32 ° 31 ′ 19 ″ N, 4 ° 55 ′ 52 ″ W, 11. iv. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 3 ♀♀ (CRBAMM 000468, CRBAMM 000467, CRBAMM 000470), province of Taza, Sidi Abdulah, 32 ° 31 ′ 20 ″ N, 6 ° 02 ′ 02 ″ W, 13. iv. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1 ♀, 1 juv. (CRBAMM 000483, CRBAMM 000484), province of Oujda, Ain Sfa, 34 ° 49 ′ 28 ″ N, 2 ° 05 ′ 12 ″ W, 14. IV. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 4 ♀♀, 4 juv. (CRBAMM 000501, CRBAMM 000502, CRBAMM 000503, CRBAMM 000504, CRBAMM 000506, CRBAMM 000507, CRBAMM 000508, CRBAMM 000509), province of Al Hoceima, Bni Hadifa, 35 ° 00 ′ 19 ″ N, 4 ° 10 ′ 44 ″ W, 15. iv. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1 ♀, 2 juv. (CRBA 004970, CRBA 004971, CRBA 004972), province of Taroudant, Imgoune, 30 ° 16 ′ 29 ″ N, 8 ° 16 ′ 26 ″ W, 22. ii. 2020 (J. Korba leg.). 2 ♀♀, 3 juv. (CRBA 004973, CRBA 004974, CRBA 004975, CRBA 004976, CRBA 004977), province of Tiznit, Tafraout, 29 ° 40 ′ 54 ″ N, 9 ° 01 ′ 54 ″ W, 23. ii. 2020 (J. Korba leg.). 2 juv. (CRBA 004985, CRBA 004986), province of Guelmim, Mesti, 29 ° 11 ′ 52 ″ N, 10 ° 05 ′ 15 ″ W, 25. ii. 2020 (J. Korba leg.). 5 ♀♀, 2 juv. (CRBA 004992, CRBA 004993, CRBA 004994, CRBA 004995, CRBA 004996, CRBA 004997, CRBA 004998), province of Essaouira, Ounagha, 31 ° 31 ′ 32 ″ N, 9 ° 37 ′ 38 ″ W, 28. ii. 2020 (J. Korba leg.). 2 ♀♀ (CRBAMM 000446, CRBAMM 000447), province of Fés, Pantano, 34 ° 03 ′ 33 ″ N, 5 ° 18 ′ 12 ″ W, 12. iv. 2010 (V. Opatova, M. Arnedo leg.). 2 juv. (CRBAMM 000352, CRBAMM 000353), province of Taroudant, Azoura, 30 ° 01 ′ 31 ″ N, 8 ° 35 ′ 24 ″ W, 8. iv. 2010 (V. Opatova, M. Arnedo leg.). 4 juv. (CRBAMM 000373, C R B A M M 0 0 0 3 7 4, C R B A M M 0 0 0 3 7 5 CRBAMM 000376), province of Azilal, near Ouzoud falls, 31 ° 57 ′ 35 ″ N, 6 ° 46 ′ 05 ″ W, 10. IV. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1 ♀ (CRBAMM 000419), province of Khénifra, Oumer Riba, 32 ° 55 ′ 41 ″ N, 5 ° 30 ′ 34 ″ W, 11. iv. 2010 (V. Opatova, M. Arnedo leg.). 2 ♀♀ (CRBAMM 000448, CRBAMM 000449), province of Fés, Djebel Zalach, 34 ° 06 ′ 23 ″ N, 4 ° 58 ′ 10 ″ W, 12. IV. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 3 ♀♀, 1 juv. (CRBAMM 000488, C R B A M M 0 0 0 4 8 9, C R B A M M 0 0 0 4 9 0 CRBAMM 000491), province of Berkane, Beni Snassen, 34 ° 48 ′ 12 ″ N, 2 ° 23 ′ 48 ″ W, 14. IV. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1 ♀ (CRBA 004980), Bou Tazlaft, 29 ° 37 ′ 40 ″ N, 9 ° 52 ′ 52 ″ W, 24. ii. 2020 (J. Korba leg.). 1 ♀ (CRBA 004991), province of Essaouira, Ida Ou Guelloul, 30 ° 54 ′ 00 ″ N, 9 ° 43 ′ 04 ″ W, 27. ii. 2020 (J. Korba leg.). 2 ♀♀ (CRBA 004978, CRBA 004979), province of Tiznit, Tighmi, 29 ° 34 ′ 32 ″ N, 9 ° 23 ′ 51 ″ W, 24. ii. 2020 (J. Korba leg.). 1 juv. (CRBAMM 000357), province of Taroudant, Tafingoul, 30 ° 44 ′ 32 ″ N, 8 ° 24 ′ 06 ″ W, 9. iv. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1 juv. (CRBAMM 000356), province of Tiznit, Tizegzauine, 29 ° 50 ′ 42 ″ N, 8 ° 56 ′ 14 ″ W, 8. iv. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1 ♀ (CRBAMM 000415), province of Beni Mellal, Cheikh, 32 ° 37 ′ 23 ″ N, 5 ° 58 ′ 27 ″ W, 11. iv. 2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 3 ♀♀ (CRBA 005022, CRBA 005023, CRBA 005024), province of Larache, Ksar el Kebir, 35 ° 02 ′ 03 ″ N, 6 ° 01 ′ 50 ″ W, 26. ii. 2010 (A. Calatayud-Mascarell & A. Sánchez-Vialas leg.). 3 ♀♀ (CRBA 005027, CRBA 005028, CRBA 005029), province of Benslimane, Benslimane, 33 ° 39 ′ 06 ″ N, 7 ° 05 ′ 23 ″ W, 26. ii. 2020 (A. Calatayud-Mascarell & A. SánchezVialas leg.). 5 ♀♀ (CRBA 005032, CRBA 005033, CRBA 005034, CRBA 005035, CRBA 005036), province of Sidi Bennour, Oualidia, 32 ° 36 ′ 38 ″ N, 9 ° 00 ′ 34 ″ W, 25. ii. 2020 (A. Calatayud-Mascarell & A. SánchezVialas leg.). 1 ♀ (CRBAMM 000222), province of Al Haouz, Tahanaoute, 31 ° 21 ′ 15 ″ N, 7 ° 57 ′ 06 ″ W, 9. iii. 2007 (M. Arnedo & C. Ribera leg.). 4 ♀♀ (deposited in Department of Zoology, Charles University), province of Larache, 35 ° 12 ′ 08 ″ N, 6 ° 06 ′ 03 ’’ W, 12. ix. 2021 (J. Korba & V. Opatova leg.) Remarks: Originally described as Cyrtauchenius elongatus Simon, 1873, this species has been recently transferred to the genus Ischnocolus by Zonstein (2018) based on Ausserer’s description of Leptopelma africana, which clearly pointed to Theraphosidae (‘ … two toothless claws bearing two tufts of hairs in each tarsi’). The three samples from the type locality analysed in our study (JK 82, JK 83, JK 84, see Fig. 3) were recovered within the elongatus clade, which is clearly defined by its distinct morphology. Similarly, we included individuals from the type locality of H. insidiosa (JK 87, JK 88, see Fig. 3), which were shown to belong to the same clade as the remaining species identified as I. elongatus. In the case of I. hancocki, we could not examine the holotype female nor add samples from Larache (type locality) to the molecular analyses. However, we examined the morphology of specimens from the type locality, which fit the redescription by Guadanucci & Wendt (2014) and turned out to be indistinguishable from the rest of the elongatus morphotype samples. Moreover, the type locality Larache is located within the estimated (SDM) range of occurrence, only 30 km north-west from the topotype locality of I. elongatus. The putative synonymy of I. elongatus and I. hancocki was already suggested by Zonstein (2018). Based on these arguments and the detailed examination of topotypes of each taxon, we herein propose I. elongatus as senior synonym of both I. hancocki and Harpactirella insidiosa. Diagnosis: Ischnocolus elongatus differs from all its congeners by the following combination of characters: robust appearance (Fig. 23), apical segment of PLS triangular (Figs 9 C, D, 10 C – F, 22 D), cephalic region and eye tubercle elevated (Figs 11 B, 22 E), presence of black bristles on cheliceral margin (Fig. 22 D) and tarsus IV without pseudosegmentation. Females further differ from other Ischnocolus species, except I. vanandalae, by possessing 0 – 2 apical lobes on spermathecae (Figs 6 A – L, 22 F). Males differ from other Ischnocolus species by having reduced spination on ventral tibia I (Figs 8, 21 B – D) and having a shorter palpal tibia in comparison to the tarsus and patella (Fig. 21 F – H). The lifestyle of I. elongatus is unique among its congeners [see Montemor et al. (2020) for natural history of Middle Eastern species], as it excavates deep tube-like burrows (see Natural history section). Description: Male, (CRBAMM 000397, Tilougguite): Total length 14.12. Colour pattern: Colour in ethanol: legs and carapace light yellow-brown. Carapace with silver hairs (Fig. 21 A). Abdomen darker brown with dorsal light striped pattern. Carapace: 5.43 long, 4.72 wide (Fig. 21 A); cephalic region raised from lateral view; eye tubercle elevated, 0.68 long, 1.08 wide; fovea slightly procurved (Fig. 21 A). Clypeus 0.23 wide. Eyes (Fig. 21 E): AME 0.18, PME 0.17, ALE 0.23, PLE 0.20; PME-PME 0.67, ALE-AME 0.26, ALE-PLE 0.34, AMEPLE 0.38, AME-AME 0.35, ALE-ALE 0.81. Sternum, labium and maxillae: sternum 2.60 long, 2.47 wide, setose; labium 0.58 long, 1.02 wide, with approx. 20 cuspules; maxillae with approx. 40 cuspules (Fig. 21 I). Abdomen: 6.30 long, 3.23 wide; PLS basal segment 0.84 long, median segment 0.51 long, apical segment 0.52 long, triangular. Chelicerae: 2.27 long; basal article with nine teeth; intercheliceral tumescence present (Fig. 21 N). Rastellum sensu Raven (1994) absent, but a group of strong black bristles in front of the fang base is present (Fig. 21 N). Pedipalps: spination: femur (p) 1 ap., ventral furrow on tibia not sigmoid, broad. Length: 7.76 (femur 3.12, patella 1.82, ≤ tibia 2.09, tarsus 1.59). Copulatory bulb: bulb globular, embolus curved with pointed tip (Figs 7, 21 F – H, J – M). Legs: scopula on all tarsi divided by a thick Figure 21. Ischnocolus elongatus, male, A – N (CRBAMM 000397). A, prosoma, dorsal view. B, tibia I, prolateral view. C, tibia I, ventral view. D, tibia I, retrolateral view. E, eye tubercle, dorsal view. F, palpal bulbus, prolateral view. G, palpal bulbus, ventral view. H, palpal bulbus, retrolateral view. I, sternum, maxillae, labium and chelicerae, ventral view. J, bulbus, prolateral view. K, bulbus, ventral view. L, bulbus, retrolateral view. M, bulbus, dorsal view. N, chelicerae, prolateral view. Scale bar = 1 mm. band of setae. Scopula on ventral metatarsus I nearly totally occupied, II half occupied, III and IV <half occupied. Paired claws on tarsi I – IV, bipectinate, with two rows of five teeth. Leg measurement: length of legs IV> I> II> III. Leg I: 15.98 (femur 4.76, patella 2.62, tibia 3.39, metatarsus 3.01, tarsus 1.94), leg III: 14.30 (femur 3.54, patella 2.06, tibia 2.27, metatarsus 3.22, tarsus 2.04), leg IV: 19.15 (femur 4.98, patella 2.55, tibia 3.78, metatarsus 4.26, tarsus 2.49). Spines: I femur (p) ap 1, (r) ap 1, patella (r) 1, tibia (r) 1 - 1, (v) 2 - 2 - 2, metatarsus (v) 1 - 1; III femur (p) ap 1, patella (p) 1, tibia (r) 1 - 1, (p) 2 - 2, (v) 1 - 1 - 2, metatarsus (r) 0 - 1 - 1, (p) 2 - 2 - 2, (v) 1 - 1 - 1 - 1; IV femur (r) ap 1, (d) ap 1, patella (p) 1, Figure 22. Ischnocolus elongatus, female, A – G (CRBA 005027). Prosoma, dorsal view. B, sternum, maxillae and chelicerae, ventral view. C, eye tubercle, dorsal view. D, chelicerae, prolateral view (arrow indicates dense strong black bristles). E, whole body, lateral view. F, spermathecae. G, posterior lateral spinneret, retrolateral view. Scale bar = 1 mm. tibia (r) 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1, (p) 2 - 1 - 1 - 1, (v) 1 - 1 - 2, metatarsus (r) 1 - 1, (p) 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 - 2, (v) 1 - 1. Tarsus IV without pseudosegmentation. Female (CRBA 005027, Benslimane): Total length 25.07. Colour pattern: Colour in ethanol: carapace, chelicerae and legs dark orange-brown, abdomen grey-brown with light striped pattern. Colour of live specimens: northern populations have beige-golden setae on carapace, legs and chelicerae. Basal part of the chelicerae is black without setae, black stripe on the patella of each leg. Abdomen beige-golden with black spots (Fig. 23 C). Southern populations have orange legs with black setae, carapace golden brown, chelicerae black with golden brown setae. Abdomen light to dark-brown with golden spot pattern (Fig. 23 A, B). Carapace: 7.74 long, 6.39 wide (Fig. 22 A); cephalic region raised from lateral view; eye tubercle strongly elevated (Fig. 22 E), 0.99 long, 1.40 wide; fovea deep, straight to slightly procurved (Fig. 22 A); clypeus 0.29. Eyes (Fig. 22 C): AME 0.20, PME 0.21, ALE 0.26, PLE 0.23; PME-PME 0.89, ALE-AME 0.31, ALE-PLE 0.43, AME-PLE 0.54, AME-AME 0.47, ALE-ALE 1.01. Sternum, labium and maxillae: sternum 3.87 long, 3.44 wide; labium 1.14 long, 1.63 wide, with approx. 20 cuspules; maxillae with approx. 70 cuspules (Fig. 22 B). Abdomen: oval, 12.87 long, 6.77 wide (Fig. 22 E); PLS basal segment 1.30 long, median segment 0.63 long, apical segment 0.84 long, triangular (Fig. 22 G). Vulva: formed by two widely separated triangular receptacles without lobes (Fig. 22 F). Chelicerae: robust, 4.20 mm long; basal article with nine teeth; rastellum sensu Raven (1994) absent, but a group of strong black bristles is present on the margin (Fig. 22 D). Pedipalps: length: 11.61 (femur 4.26, patella 2.66, tibia 2.52, tarsus 2.17). Spination: femur (p) ap 1, tibia, (v) 1 - 1 - 2, (p) 1 - 2 - 1. Legs: scopula on all tarsi divided by a thick band of setae. Scopula on ventral metatarsus Ientirely occupied, II four-fifths occupied, III three-quarters occupied, IV three-quarters occupied. Leg measurement: length of legs IV> I> II> III. leg IV: 21.1 (femur 6.05, patella 3.36, tibia 4.58, metatarsus 4.45, tarsus 2.66), leg III: 14.52 (femur 4.59, patella 2.61, tibia 2.60, metatarsus 2.72, tarsus 2.00), leg II: 17.19 (femur 5.21, patella 3.07, tibia 3.59, metatarsus 3.08, tarsus 2.24), leg I: 19.44 (femur 5.99, patella 3.65, tibia 4.13, metatarsus 3.34, tarsus 2.33). Spines: I femur (p) ap 1, tibia (v) 1 - 1, tarsus (v) 1 - 0; II femur (p) ap 1, tibia (r) 0 - 0 - 1, (v) 1 - 1 - 2, tarsus (v) 1 - 1; III femur (r) ap 1, (p) ap 1, patella (r) 1, (p) 2, tibia (r) 1 - 1, (p) 2 - 2, (v) 1 - 1 - 2, metatarsus (r) 1, (p) 2 - 2 - 2, (v) 1 - 1 - 2; IV femur (r) ap 1, patella (r) ap 1, tibia (r) 1 - 1 - 1, (v) 2 - 1 - 2 - 1 - 2 metatarsus (r) 1 - 2 - 1, (p) 1 - 1, (v) 2 - 2 - 2 - 3. Tarsus IV without pseudosegmentation. Distribution: The species is currently known only from Morocco, where it ranges from Larache in the north to Mesti in the south. Distribution in Algeria is highly probable. Natural history: Ischnocolus elongatus constructs a 20 – 30 cm deep tube burrow with an open entrance and a palisade build from surrounding material resembling that of wolf spider genus Lycosa, but with more dense and compact silk lining (Fig. 24 E – H). Burrows in southern populations (~ 20 observed) consist of a single, slightly inclined underground tube, sometimes connected to the surface by side exits. Burrows in northern populations seemed to be more complex (~ ten burrows observed). A tube vertically extending from the entrance ends after approximately 5 – 10 cm, forming a chamber where the spider deposits prey remnants and old exuviae. The main burrow connects laterally to the vertical tube few cm below the entrance. The opening to the lateral tube is small and often closed by a dense web. After a short distance, the horizontally oriented side tube turns vertical and continues approx. for another 20 cm. The species occurs in a wide variety of habitats and climates, also in sympatry with either I. valentinus or I. mogadorensis. It has been found in humid localities in northern Morocco, in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) or cork-oak (Quercus suber L.) forest with Mediterranean fan palm (Chamaerops humilis) (Fig. 24 C), in the central coast on light sandy soil with Berber thuja (Tetraclinis articulata) (Fig. 24 B) and in semi-arid localities in southern Morocco among argan stands [Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels] (Fig. 24 D) or in Macaronesian vegetation with Euphorbia balsamifera Aiton and E. officinarum L. on hard sandstone bedrock (24 A). In Atlas and Anti-Atlas Mountains, the localities do not exceed 2000 m a. s. l.	en	Korba, Jan, Opatova, Vera, Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Enguídanos, Alba, Bellvert, Adrià, Adrián, Silvia, Sánchez-Vialas, Alberto, Arnedo, Miquel A (2022): Systematics and phylogeography of western Mediterranean tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2): 845-884, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac042, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/845/6619232
