identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B487885B262A01FDC43876669AFA02.text	03B487885B262A01FDC43876669AFA02.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Echinoderes blazeji Grzelak & Sørensen 2022	<div><p>Echinoderes blazeji sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 38F17023-13B9-487F-AF98-9F44AE186815</p> <p>Figs 2–4; Tables 2–3</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Echinoderes with a very minute spine in middorsal position on segment 4 and in lateral accessory positions on segment 7. Tubes present in lateroventral positions on segment 5, sublateral positions on segment 8 and laterodorsal positions on segment 10; tubes on segment 10 well-developed in males, whereas much smaller in females. Glandular cell outlet type 2 present in midlateral positions on segment 8. Large, elongate sieve plates located midlaterally on segment 9. Lateral terminal spines twice as long in males as in females.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species is named after Blazej, the son of the first author – for his love of all dragons.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • ♂; Pahaua Canyon, stn TAN1004/27; 41.4983° S, 175.7043° E; 1013 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NIWA-159400. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on HS slide.</p> <p>Paratypes</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; NHMD-917223 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for holotype; NIWA-159401. Mounted as holotype.</p> <p>Additional material</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 1 ♂; same collection data as for holotype; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 3 ♀♀, 1 ♂; Honeycomb Canyon, stn TAN1004/58; 41.4080° S, 175.8977° E; 670 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 1 ♂; Honeycomb Canyon, stn TAN1004/62; 41.4760° S, 175.9477° E; 1171 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>GENERAL. Adults with head, neck and eleven trunk segments (Figs 2–4). Overview of measurements and dimensions in Table 2. Distribution of cuticular structures, i.e., sensory spots, glandular cell outlets, spines and tubes, summarized in Table 3. The head morphology could not be examined in detail in any of the available specimens.</p> <p>NECK. Consists of 16 placids. Midventral placid broadest, 11 µm in width and 12 µm in length, whereas all others narrower, measuring 7 µm in width at bases (Fig. 2). Trichoscalid plates well developed (Fig. 3B).</p> <p>SEGMENT 1. Consists of complete cuticular ring. Subdorsal and laterodorsal sensory spots present, situated on anterior half of segment. Sensory spots on this and following segments droplet-shaped, consisting of central pore surrounded by micropapillae (Fig. 4C, E, G). Glandular cell outlet type 1 not observed. Cuticular hairs arising from rounded perforation sites, distributed evenly around segment except in anterior part. Segment terminates in pectinate fringe with relatively long fringe tips (Fig. 4C).</p> <p>SEGMENT 2. Consists of complete cuticular ring with sensory spots present in middorsal, laterodorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 2A–B, 3B, 4B–C). Glandular cell outlet type 1 present in middorsal position and as a pair in ventromedial positions. Pachycyclus of anterior segment margin of regular thickness, interrupted in middorsal position on this and following segments. Cuticular hairs densely covering entire segment. Perforation sites on this and following eight segments appear as band around segment, easily visible in LM (Fig. 3B–C, E–I). Posterior segment margin straight along dorsal edge, but markedly extended posteriorly in midventral position (Fig. 4C). Primary pectinate fringe with tips similar to those of preceding segment in middorsal to ventrolateral position and smaller and thinner tips in ventromedial and paraventral positions (Figs 2A–B, 4B–C).</p> <p>SEGMENT 3. Present segment, and eight remaining ones, consist of one tergal and two sternal plates (Figs 2A–B, 3A–D). Sensory spots present in subdorsal and sublateral positions (Fig. 3B–C). Glandular cell outlets type 1 located in middorsal and ventromedial positions. Cuticular hairs on this and following seven segments densely covering entire segment, except for narrow area in laterodorsal position (Fig. 2A). Posterior segment margin straight, terminating in pectinate fringe with relatively long and uniform fringe tips along entire segment margin.</p> <p>SEGMENT 4. With minute (~10 µm) middorsal spine (Figs 3B, 4E). Sensory spots located subdorsally (Figs 3B, 4B). Glandular cell outlet type 1 present in subdorsal and ventromedial positions (Fig. 3B–C). Segment otherwise as segment 3.</p> <p>SEGMENT 5. With tubes in lateroventral positions (Figs 2B, 3C, 4F). Sensory spots present in subdorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 2A–B, 4E–F). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in subdorsal and ventromedial positions. Cuticular hair covering as on preceding segment except for hairless paraventral area. Secondary fringe and posterior segment margin as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 6. With sensory spots present in subdorsal, sublateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 2A–B, 3E, 4E–F). Glandular cell outlets type 1 as on preceding segment. Cuticular hair covering and secondary pectinate fringe as on segment 5.</p> <p>SEGMENT 7. With minute spines (&lt;10 µm) in lateral accessory positions (Figs 2B, 3F, 4F); spines hardly visible in both LM and SEM due to dense cuticular hairs covering and their inconspicuous appearance. Sensory spots located in subdorsal, midlateral, and ventromedial positions. Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in subdorsal and ventromedial positions. Segment otherwise as segment 6.</p> <p>SEGMENT 8. With tubes in sublateral positions and glandular cell outlets type 2 located in midlateral positions (Figs 2A–B, 3E–F, 4G–H). Sensory spots present in subdorsal, laterodorsal and ventromedial positions; subdorsal pair located closer to paradorsal line than on preceding segments. Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in subdorsal and ventromedial positions. Pectinate fringe tips slightly shorter than on preceding segments.</p> <p>SEGMENT 9. Without spines or tubes. Sensory spots located in subdorsal, laterodorsal, midlateral and ventrolateral positions (Figs 2A–B, 4G). Pair of sieve plates, composed of large, elongated sieve area located anterior to rounded areas with central pore, located in sublateral positions (Figs 2A, 3F–I). Glandular cell outlets type 1, cuticular hair covering and posterior segment margin as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 10. With laterodorsal tubes, located near posterior segment margin. In males, tubes long (~15 µm) (Figs 2A, 3H, 4I–J). In females, tubes much shorter (~6 µm) and more flexible (Figs 2C, 4K), without basal part characteristic for tubes in males as well as for tubes described on segments 5 and 8. Sensory spots present in subdorsal and ventrolateral positions. Glandular cell outlets type 1 present as middorsal one, and as pair in ventromedial positions. Posterior segment margin of tergal plate straight, while margins of sternal plates concave, reaching posterior margin of terminal segment. Pectinate fringe tips significantly shorter and narrower than on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 11. With lateral terminal spines; in males, lateral terminal spines twice long as in females (Figs 2, 3A, D, 4A, D; Table 2). Females with short and relatively thin lateral terminal accessory spines (Figs 2C–D, 3I, 4K); males with three penile spines, two of them flexible and elongated, one short and stout (Figs 2A–B, 3H, 4I–J).Additionally, one female specimen shows pair of fringed tubes-like structures on ventral side (Fig. 4K); examination of ventral side of segment 11 not possible in other specimens; therefore, we cannot conclude whether it is a sexually dimorphic character or not. Sensory spots present in subdorsal positions. Unpaired glandular cell outlet type 1 present middorsally. Segment devoid of cuticular hairs, but very short cuticular hair-like structures covering tergal extensions and posterior parts of sternal plates. Very short fringes covering margins of tergal and sternal plates. Tergal extensions elongated and triangular (Figs 2A, C, 4J). Sternal extensions slightly extended posteriorly, not extending beyond tergal extensions (Fig. 2B, D).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Canyons: Pahaua, Honeycomb, 670–1171 m b.s.l. See Fig. 1 for a geographic overview of stations and Table 1 for station and specimen information.</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks on Echinoderes blazeji sp. nov.</p> <p>The arrangement of spines and tubes, with a minute middorsal spine on segment 4, minute lateral spines on segment 7 only and lateral tubes on segments 5 and 8, is not present in any other species of Echinoderes. These characters, combined with the large sieve plates and dense cuticular hairs, make E. blazeji sp. nov. even more distinctive and narrow the number of potential congeners down to species belonging to the so-called Echinoderes coulli -group (following the diagnosis of Yamasaki &amp; Fujimoto 2014). Currently, this group accommodates 17 species (Randsø et al. 2019; Yamasaki et al. 2020a; Cepeda et al. 2022; Kennedy et al. 2022) that share a number of morphological characters and habitat preferences.</p> <p>Echinoderes blazeji sp. nov. can easily be distinguished from all other E. coulli -group congeners by its presence of lateral spines only on segment 7. The group is suggested to share morphological features such as absence of middorsal spines or, if present, on segment 4 only; lateral spines absent or very minute and restricted to segments 6 and 7; presence of lateral tubes on segments 5 and 8; and female lateral terminal accessory spines being either poorly-developed or absent (Yamasaki &amp; Fujimoto 2014). Therefore, the possession of only one pair of lateral spines makes E. blazeji unique among all other species of this group. Nevertheless, it should be stressed that these spines are extremely minute and might easily be overlooked due to the dense cuticular hair covering, especially during LM examination. But even if the presence of lateral spines on segment 7 had gone unnoticed among the nine species of the E. coulli group with a middorsal spine on segment 4 (i.e., E. annae Sørensen et al., 2016, E. cyaneafictus Cepeda et al., 2022, E. maxwelli (Omer-Cooper, 1957), E. ohtsukai Yamasaki &amp; Kajihara, 2012, E. parthenope Cepeda et al., 2022, E. regina Yamasaki, 2016, E. rex Lundbye et al., 2011, E. serratulus Yamasaki, 2016 and E. teretis Brown, 1999 in Adrianov &amp; Malakhov 1999), only E. annae shows the absence of lateral spines (Omer-Cooper 1957; Adrianov &amp; Malakhov 1999; Lundbye et al. 2011; Yamasaki &amp; Kajihara 2012; Sørensen et al. 2016a; Yamasaki 2016; Cepeda et al. 2022). However, other conditions in E. annae make this species easily distinguishable from E. blazeji. In contrast to the new species, which has only one pair of relatively big glandular cell outlets type 2 on segment 8, E. annae possesses numbers of minute glands distributed over several segments. Moreover, the latter species is characterized by the presence of midlateral tubes on segment 9, which are absent in E. blazeji, and by very short and stout lateral terminal spines, which cannot be confused with the longer and thinner lateral spines in E. blazeji.</p> <p>Furthermore, the lateral terminal spines themselves seem to represent another characteristic feature for the new species, since they are twice as long in males as in females (♂ LTS =104 µm vs ♀ LTS =50 µm, respectively). Echinoderid sexual dimorphism is usually displayed in the female presence of lateral terminal accessory spines, in the appearance of the laterodorsal tubes on segment 10 (i.e., Sørensen 2006; Pardos et al. 2016a; Grzelak &amp; Sørensen 2018; present study) or presence of papillae/pores on the ventral side in females (Sørensen et al. 2020). Having sexual dimorphism expressed in lateral terminal spine lengths is a rather unusual trait in Echinoderes. Differences in length of lateral terminal spines expressed as sexual dimorphism have been observed for E. aquilonius Higgins &amp; Kristensen, 1988 and E. lusitanicus Neves et al., 2016 (Higgins &amp; Kristensen 1988; Neves et al. 2016), but more interestingly, also in E. coulli Higgins, 1977 – a species closely related with E. blazeji sp. nov. Higgins (1977) described two forms of females in E. coulli: one form with lateral terminal spines similar to those in males, and a second form with short lateral terminal spines being half the length of those of males. The latter shortspined form was, however, more abundant in the population and constituted about half of all examined specimens. In our case, all examined females (4 out of 9 specimens in total) had markedly shorter lateral terminal spines than males, which suggests that we might have the same kind of female dimorphism in E. blazeji. Sexual dimorphism expressed in spine lengths has also been reported for E. levanderi Karling, 1954 and the Arctic population of E. pterus Yamasaki et al., 2018, but in these cases it was related to the length of lateroventral spines (Karling 1954; Sørensen 2018; Yamasaki et al. 2018a).</p> <p>In addition, the pattern of glandular cell outlets type 1 on the dorsal side appears to be uncommon for the new species. The taxonomic significance of the glandular cell outlet type 1 pattern, in contrast to glandular cell outlets type 2, is not yet well explored or understood. In fact, it was only quite recently that Sørensen et al. (2020) drew attention to its potential taxonomic significance. They showed that a majority of species of Echinoderes (for which we have sufficient data) show outlets on segments 4 to 9 in paradorsal or paradorsal and middorsal (depends on the segment) positions (Sørensen et al. 2020). The presence of glandular cell outlets type 1 in subdorsal positions on segments 4 to 9, as observed for E. blazeji sp. nov., has so far only been reported from ten other, putatively closely related species, all belonging to the E. dujardinii species group, and in E. worthingi Southern, 1914, a species also closely related to the E. dujardinii group (Southern 1914; Sørensen et al. 2020). Since E. blazeji cannot be considered as closely related with the E. dujardinii -group, our observation of glandular cell outlets type 1 in the new species thus indicates that this morphological trait may still hide some interesting aspects.</p> <p>Finally, the new species has been found in a habitat that is quite unusual for species of the E. coulli - group. The majority of these species have been recorded in intertidal marine or brackish water, with the exception of four species that inhabit subtidal, but yet shallow, marine waters (Lundbye et al. 2011; Yamasaki 2016; Kennedy et al. 2022). In this context, E. blazeji sp. nov. is unique within the species group, since it is so far the only species inhabiting deep-sea waters.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B487885B262A01FDC43876669AFA02	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grzelak, Katarzyna;Sørensen, Martin V.	Grzelak, Katarzyna, Sørensen, Martin V. (2022): Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 844: 1-108, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949
03B487885B3D2A08FDDF3FAF6638FC81.text	03B487885B3D2A08FDDF3FAF6638FC81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Echinoderes landersi Grzelak & Sørensen 2022	<div><p>Echinoderes landersi sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3F3C572F-E5CE-4645-AA8F-9472E698B2F4</p> <p>Figs 5–7; Tables 4–5</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Echinoderes with spines in middorsal position on segments 4 and 6, and in lateroventral positions on segments 6 to 9. Tubes present in subdorsal, laterodorsal, sublateral and ventrolateral positions on segment 2, lateroventral positions on segment 5, subdorsal, midlateral and lateral accessory positions on segment 8, and midlateral positions on segments 9 and 10.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species is named after Dr Stephen C. Landers in recognition of his contributions to kinorhynch taxonomy and ecology.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.8532&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.5937" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.8532/lat -41.5937)">Hikurangi Slope</a>, stn TAN1004/38; 41.5937° S, 175.8532° E; 1121 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NIWA-159402. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on HS slide.</p> <p>Paratype</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.6828&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.4962" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.6828/lat -41.4962)">Pahaua Canyon</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.6828&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.4962" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.6828/lat -41.4962)">stn TAN1004/31</a>; 41.4962° S, 175.6828° E; 730 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NHMD-916627. Mounted as holotype.</p> <p>Additional material</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.8003&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.5258" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.8003/lat -41.5258)">Hikurangi Slope</a>, stn TAN1004/44; 41.5258° S, 175.8003° E; 728 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.7043&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.4983" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.7043/lat -41.4983)">Pahaua Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/27; 41.4983° S, 175.7043° E; 1013 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>GENERAL. Adults with head, neck and eleven trunk segments (Figs 5–7). Overview of measurements and dimensions in Table 4. Distribution of cuticular structures, i.e., sensory spots, glandular cell outlets, spines and tubes, summarized in Table 5. No details regarding scalid arrangement and morphology could be provided, because introverts of all specimens mounted for SEM fully retracted.</p> <p>NECK. With 16 placids. Midventral placid broadest, 11 µm in width and 16 µm in length, whereas all others narrower, measuring 7 µm in width at their bases (Fig. 5). Trichoscalid plates well developed (Fig. 6B).</p> <p>SEGMENT 1. Consists of complete cuticular ring. Sensory spots located on anterior half of segment, in subdorsal, laterodorsal and ventromedial positions; sensory spots on this and following segment with micropapillae surrounding central pore and long marginal hair (Figs 5A–B, 7C). Glandular cell outlet type 1 present in middorsal and ventrolateral positions. Cuticular hairs relatively long, distributed evenly around segment. Posterior segment margin almost straight, forming pectinate fringe with very short, sawtooth-like fringe tips along dorsal margin and with slightly longer tips along ventral margin.</p> <p>SEGMENT 2. Consists of complete cuticular ring, with tubes located in subdorsal, laterodorsal, sublateral and ventrolateral positions (Figs 5A–B, 6A–B, 7C–D); in one specimen right subdorsal tube missing. Sensory spots present in middorsal, laterodorsal and ventromedial positions. Glandular cell outlets type 1 not observed. This structure better visible in LM than in SEM but none of LM specimens orientated in way that allowed detailed examination of segments, especially its ventral side; therefore, for this and following nine segments presence of glandular cell outlets type 1 in ventral positions can neither be confirmed nor rejected. Pachycyclus of anterior segment margin of regular thickness. Secondary pectinate fringe present near anterior segment margin of this and following segments, but usually covered by preceding segment. Cuticular hairs and pectinate fringe tips as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 3. Present segment, and eight remaining ones, consist of one tergal and two sternal plates (Figs 5A–B, 7D). Segment with subdorsal and midlateral sensory spots. On this and following six segments, cuticular hairs arranged in three or four rows across tergal plate, except for hairless laterodorsal areas; paraventral areas devoid of hairs on this and following seven segments (Fig. 5). Posterior segment margin straight, terminating in pectinate fringe with longer and more slender fringe tips along dorsal margin than on preceding segments, otherwise as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 4. With spine in middorsal position. Spine relatively short (27 µm), only slightly exceeding beyond posterior segment margin (Figs 5A, 6A, D, 7A, E). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal positions. No other traits observed. Cuticular hairs and secondary pectinate fringe as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 5. With tubes in lateroventral positions (Figs 5B, 7D). Sensory spots present in subdorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 5A–B, 6D, 7D–E). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal positions. Tips of pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin slightly longer than on preceding segment. Cuticular hairs as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 6. With spines in middorsal and lateroventral positions (Fig. 5A–B). Middorsal spine, as on segment 4, relatively short (31 µm), only slightly exceeding beyond posterior segment margin (Figs 6A, D, 7A, E). Sensory spots present in paradorsal, subdorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 5A–B, 6D, 7D–E). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal positions (Figs 5A, 6D). Pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin and cuticular hairs as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 7. With spines in lateroventral positions, and sensory spots in subdorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 5A–B, 6C–D, 7E). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal positions. Tips of pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin slightly longer than on preceding segments. Segment otherwise as segment 6.</p> <p>SEGMENT 8. With spines in lateroventral positions, and tubes in subdorsal, midlateral and lateral accessory positions (Figs 5A–B, 6C, 7G–H). Sensory spots present in subdorsal positions only. Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal positions. Pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin and cuticular hairs as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 9. With spines in lateroventral positions and tubes in midlateral positions (Figs 5A–B, 6C, 7G–H). In one specimen additional tube on right side of segment located in subdorsal position (Fig. 7I). Two pairs of sensory spots located in subdorsal positions and one ventrolateral pair (Figs 5A–B, 7H). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal positions. Small, rounded sieve plates located in lateral accessory positions (Fig. 6C). Cuticular hair covering and pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 10. With minute midlateral tubes located near posterior segment margin (Figs 5A, 6C, 7H). Sensory spots present in subdorsal and ventrolateral positions (Figs 5A–B, 7H); in one specimen extra subdorsal sensory spot present on left side of segment (Fig. 7H). Glandular cell outlet type 1 present in middorsal position. Cuticular hairs less dense on dorsal side than on preceding segment. Central part of tergal plate devoid of hairs. Hairs on sternal plates shorter than on preceding segments. Posterior segment margin of tergal plate straight, without fringe tips; margins of sternal plates concave, reaching posterior margin of terminal segment, with very short fringe tips.</p> <p>SEGMENT 11. With lateral terminal spines (Figs 5A–B, 6A). Females with lateral terminal accessory spines (Figs 5A–B, 6A, 7H); male conditions unknown. Sensory spots and glandular cell outlets type 1 present in subdorsal positions; in one specimen sensory spot on right side of segment missing. Segment devoid of cuticular hairs, but with very short cuticular hair-like structures covering paradorsal area and very short fringes covering margins of tergal and sternal plates. Tergal extensions triangular, with elongate and pointed tips (Figs 5A, 7H). Sternal extensions do not extend beyond tergal extensions (Fig. 5B).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Hikurangi slope and Pahaua Canyon, 728–1121 m b.s.l. See Fig. 1 for a geographic overview of stations and Table 1 for station and specimen information.</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks on Echinoderes landersi sp. nov.</p> <p>Echinoderes landersi sp. nov. is easily distinguished from all other congeners by its combination of spines and tubes. The spine pattern on its dorsal side, with middorsal spines on segments 4 and 6, is already an uncommon feature within Echinoderes. This trait itself is shared only with E. astridae Sørensen, 2014, E. bispinosus Higgins, 1982, E. uozumii Yamasaki et al., 2020 and E. dalzottoi sp. nov. described below in the present study (Higgins 1982; Sørensen 2014; Yamasaki et al. 2020b). This character in combination with its tubes on segment 2 makes E. landersi unique among its congeners. The abovementioned species possess either three pairs of tubes as in E. dalzottoi or only one pair as in E. astridae, E. bispinosus and E. uozumii. Therefore, having four pairs of tubes on segment 2, located in subdorsal, laterodorsal, sublateral and ventrolateral positions, is uncommon and found exclusively in E. landersi. The three latter species furthermore differ from E. landersi by being equipped with glandular cell outlets type 2; such outlets are absent in E. landersi. The regular hair covering found in E. landersi also distinguishes it from E. dalzottoi, which is characterized by having a trunk cuticle with perforation sites only but no cuticular hairs.</p> <p>In addition, E. landersi sp. nov. can easily be distinguished from these species by other traits, among which the composition of segment 8 with tubes in subdorsal, midlateral and lateral accessory positions is the most important, as these are not present in any other species of Echinoderes. Numerous species have various combinations of tubes on this particular segment, but no other species has three pairs of tubes. There are several species with two pairs of tubes, in laterodorsal and lateral accessory positions as observed in, e.g., E. abbreviatus Higgins, 1983, E. belenae Pardos et al., 2016 or E. intermedius Sørensen, 2006, or in subdorsal and lateral accessory positions as found in E. capitatus (Zelinka, 1928) and E. isabelae GaOrdóñez et al., 2008 (Zelinka 1928; Higgins 1983; GaOrdóñez et al. 2008; Sørensen 2006; Pardos et al. 2016b); nevertheless, the most common tube pattern is the presence of only one pair of tubes on segment 8, typically in a sublateral or lateral accessory position. Furthermore, E. landersi possesses midlateral tubes on segment 9, which is another relatively rare trait, shared with only four species, i.e., E. andamanensis Higgins &amp; Rao, 1979, E. annae, E. newcaledoniensis Higgins, 1967 and E. serratulus (Higgins 1967; Higgins &amp; Rao 1979; Sørensen et al. 2016a; Yamasaki 2016). Nevertheless, none of these species can in any way be confused with E. landersi due to their significantly different middorsal spine patterns. Hence, besides its uncommon middorsal spine pattern with spines on segments 4 and 6 only, the new species is very easily recognized by the nature of its cuticular structures of segments 2, 8 and 9.</p> <p>One noteworthy observation in E. landersi sp. nov. is the inconsistent tube pattern found in one specimen (Fig. 7F, I). However, in contrast to recent observations of intraspecific variation in species of Echinoderes where pairs of tubes may be present or absent, it was only one tube missing from the pair in E. landersi. Variation in tube patterns, regarding their presence or absence, has been documented, e.g., in E. daenerysae Grzelak &amp; Sørensen, 2017 in Grzelak &amp; Sørensen (2018) for ventrolateral tubes on segment 2, in E. eximus Higgins &amp; Kristensen, 1988 for sublateral tubes on segment 9, in E. levanderi for subdorsal tubes on segment 2, and in E. frodoi sp. nov. (present study) for midlateral tubes on segment 1 (Grzelak &amp; Sørensen 2018; Sørensen 2018). Among specimens of E. landersi, however, one specimen lacks the subdorsal tube on the right side on segment 2 (Fig. 7F), but has a subdorsal tube on the right side of segment 9 (Fig. 7I). Tubes in subdorsal positions on segment 9 were not observed in other specimens. A similar inconsistency was described by Yamasaki &amp; Dal Zotto (2019) for specimens of E. capitatus that lack a ventrolateral tube on one side on segment 2 (Yamasaki &amp; Dal Zotto 2019). Moreover, we observed that one specimen lacks a subdorsal sensory spot on the right side of segment 10, and that this lacking sensory spot seems to be relocated to segment 9 (Fig. 7H). For now, we cannot explain the reason for this observed variation, but it seems most likely that it is due to individual abnormalities, rather than intraspecific variation.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B487885B3D2A08FDDF3FAF6638FC81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grzelak, Katarzyna;Sørensen, Martin V.	Grzelak, Katarzyna, Sørensen, Martin V. (2022): Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 844: 1-108, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949
03B487885B342A0EFDD03922600DF997.text	03B487885B342A0EFDD03922600DF997.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Echinoderes dalzottoi Grzelak & Sørensen 2022	<div><p>Echinoderes dalzottoi sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CFE372C3-2BAF-4A6B-B3C4-A0A14551747F</p> <p>Figs 8–10; Tables 6–7</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Echinoderes with spines in middorsal position on segments 4 and 6, and spines in lateroventral positions on segments 6 to 9. Tubes present in subdorsal, sublateral (might be missing in some specimens) and ventrolateral positions on segment 2, lateroventral positions on segment 5, sublateral positions on segment 8, and laterodorsal positions on segment 9. Sexually dimorphic tubes furthermore present in laterodorsal positions on segment 10 in males; females with fringe-like structure in midlateral positions. Minute scales present on segments 2 to 10, but regular cuticular hairs absent throughout trunk</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species is named after Dr Matteo Dal Zotto in recognition of his contributions to kinorhynch taxonomy and ecology.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • ♀; Pahaua Canyon, stn TAN1004/31; 41.4962° S, 175.6828° E; 730 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NIWA-159403. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on HS slide.</p> <p>Paratypes</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 1 ♂; Pahaua Canyon, stn TAN1004/27; 41.4983° S, 175.7043° E; 1013 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NHMD-917147. Mounted as holotype • 1 ♂; Honeycomb Canyon, stn TAN1004/58; 41.4080° S, 175.8977° E; 670 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NIWA-159404. Mounted as holotype.</p> <p>Additional material</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 1 ♂; same collection data as for holotype; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 1 ♂; Pahaua Canyon, stn TAN1004/27; 41.4983° S, 175.7043° E; 1013 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 1 ♀; Honeycomb Canyon, stn TAN1004/58; 41.4080° S, 175.8977° E; 670 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>GENERAL. Adults with head, neck and eleven trunk segments (Figs 8–10). Overview of measurements and dimensions in Table 6. Distribution of cuticular structures, i.e., sensory spots, glandular cell outlets, spines and tubes, summarized in Table 7. Head morphology could not be examined in detail in any of available specimens.</p> <p>NECK. Consists of 16 placids. Midventral placid broadest, 13 µm in width and 15 µm in length, whereas all others narrower, measuring 7 µm in width at their bases (Fig. 8). The trichoscalid plates are well developed (Fig. 9D).</p> <p>SEGMENT 1. Consists of complete cuticular ring. Sensory spots present in subdorsal, laterodorsal and ventromedial positions. Sensory spots relatively large and without marginal hairs, located on anterior half of segment (Figs 8A–B, 9C–D, 10B–C, E). Glandular cell outlet type 1 present in middorsal position and in ventrolateral positions. Cuticular hairs or perforation sites not present. Posterior segment margin almost straight, forming pectinate fringe with short, sawtooth-like fringe tips (Fig. 10B–C).</p> <p>SEGMENT 2. Consists of complete cuticular ring, with tubes located in subdorsal, sublateral and ventrolateral positions (Figs 8A–B, 9C–D, 10B–C, E); sublateral tubes missing in one paratype and two SEM specimens; no sexual or developmental differences explain presence or absence of tubes. Sensory spots of similar sizes as on preceding segment, present in middorsal, laterodorsal and ventromedial positions; ventromedial ones with long marginal hair. Unpaired glandular cell outlet type 1 present in middorsal position and as pair in ventromedial positions. Pachycyclus of anterior segment margin of regular thickness, interrupted in middorsal position. Secondary pectinate fringe present near anterior segment margin of this and following segments, but usually covered by preceding segment. This and following nine segments completely hairless. Cuticular hairs reduced to minute scales distributed around segment (Fig. 10B–C, E–H), emerging through perforation sites; perforation sites easily visible in LM (Fig. 9C–K). Posterior segment margin almost straight, but with rounded midventral extension (Fig. 10D–E); pectinate fringe tips as on preceding segment, except midventral area with slightly narrower fringe tips.</p> <p>SEGMENT 3. Present segment, and eight remaining ones, consist of one tergal and two sternal plates (Figs 8A–B, 9A, D). Sensory spots present in subdorsal and midlateral positions. Sensory spots on this and following segments smaller than on preceding segments, all with one long marginal hair. Glandular cell outlets type 1 as on preceding segment. Perforation sites appear as band around segment, interrupted in middorsal and laterodorsal areas and in central part of sternal plate on this and following five segments (Figs 8A–B, 9C–D, F–G, 10F–G). Posterior segment margin straight, terminating in pectinate fringe with slightly more slender fringe tips along ventral margin than on preceding segments, otherwise as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 4. With spine in middorsal position; spine relatively long (51 µm), reaching posterior margin of segment 5 (Figs 8A, 10A, F). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. No other traits observed. Segment otherwise as segment 3.</p> <p>SEGMENT 5. With tubes in lateroventral positions (Figs 8B, 9D, 10G). Sensory spots present in subdorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 8A–B, 9C, 10F). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in middorsal and ventromedial positions. Perforation sites, secondary fringe and posterior segment margin as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 6. With spines in middorsal and lateroventral positions (Fig. 8A–B). Middorsal spine, as on segment 4, relatively long (99 µm), reaching well beyond posterior segment margin of segment 8 (Fig. 10A, I). Sensory spots present in paradorsal, subdorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 8A–B, 10F–G). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. Segment otherwise as segment 5.</p> <p>SEGMENT 7. With spines in lateroventral positions, and sensory spots in paradorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 8A–B, 9G, 10F–G). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in middorsal position and as pair in ventromedial positions. Tips of pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin slightly shorter and more slender than on preceding segments. Segment otherwise as segment 6.</p> <p>SEGMENT 8. With spines in lateroventral positions, and tubes in sublateral positions (Figs 8A–B, 9E, 10H). Sensory spots present in paradorsal and subdorsal positions. Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. Band of perforation site patches interrupted in subdorsal area instead of laterodorsally as on preceding segments. Segment otherwise as segment 7.</p> <p>SEGMENT 9. With spines in lateroventral positions. Tubes present in laterodorsal positions, but very close to midlateral line (Figs 8A, 9E, 10H–I). Sensory spots located in paradorsal, subdorsal and ventrolateral positions (Figs 8A–B, 9J, 10I). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present paradorsally and ventromedially. Small, rounded sieve plates located in sublateral positions (Fig. 9K). Perforation sites, secondary fringe and posterior segment margin as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 10. With well-developed laterodorsal tubes, present in males only, located near posterior segment margin and close to midlateral line (Figs 8C, 9H, 10K). Females without tubes, but with fringelike structures present in midlateral positions (Figs 8A, 10J). Sensory spots present in subdorsal and ventrolateral positions (Figs 8A–B, 10J–K); subdorsal pair located rather close to paradorsal area. Glandular cell outlets type 1 present as middorsal one, and in ventromedial positions. Perforation sites restricted to paradorsal area, lateral sides of tergal plate, and lateral halves of sternal plates. Posterior segment margin of tergal plate straight, without fringe tips (Fig. 10J–K); margins of sternal plates concave, reaching posterior margin of terminal segment, with short and narrow fringe tips.</p> <p>SEGMENT 11. With lateral terminal spines (Figs 8A–B, 9A, 10D). Females with lateral terminal accessory spines (Figs 8A–B, 9I, 10A, D); males with three penile spines (Fig. 10K). Dorsal and ventral penile spines slender and tubular, with dorsal ones much longer than ventral; median spines very stout, coneshaped (Figs 8C, 10K). Sensory spots present in subdorsal positions. Glandular cell outlet type 1 present middorsally. Segment devoid of characteristic perforation site patches, but very short cuticular hair-like structures covering paradorsal area. Very short fringes covering margins of tergal and sternal plates. Tergal extensions triangular (Figs 8A, C, 10J). Sternal extensions rounded, not extending beyond tergal extensions (Figs 8B, D, 9K).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Canyons: Pahaua, Honeycomb, 670–1013 m b.s.l. See Fig. 1 for a geographic overview of stations and Table 1 for station and specimen information.</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks on Echinoderes dalzottoi sp. nov.</p> <p>See taxonomic remarks for E. dalzottoi sp. nov. below, together with remarks for E. leduci sp. nov.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B487885B342A0EFDD03922600DF997	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grzelak, Katarzyna;Sørensen, Martin V.	Grzelak, Katarzyna, Sørensen, Martin V. (2022): Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 844: 1-108, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949
03B487885B322A35FDC33C256674FB1F.text	03B487885B322A35FDC33C256674FB1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Echinoderes leduci Grzelak & Sørensen 2022	<div><p>Echinoderes leduci sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B0BC5E3C-0F52-4854-B0BD-D80712B6EC30</p> <p>Figs 11–13; Tables 8–9</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Echinoderes with spines in middorsal position on segments 4, 6 and 8 and spines in lateroventral positions on segments 6 to 9. Tubes present in laterodorsal and ventrolateral positions on segment 2, lateroventral positions on segment 5, sublateral positions on segment 8, and laterodorsal positions on segment 9. Sexually dimorphic tubes furthermore present in laterodorsal positions on segment 10 in males. Minute scales present on segments 2 to 10, but regular cuticular hairs absent throughout trunk.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species is named after Dr Daniel Leduc in recognition of his contribution in collecting Hikurangi Margin kinorhynchs and making them available for description to the authors of the present study.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.6828&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.4962" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.6828/lat -41.4962)">Pahaua Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/31; 41.4962° S, 175.6828° E; 730 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NIWA-159405. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on HS slide.</p> <p>Paratype</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.8977&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.408" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.8977/lat -41.408)">Honeycomb Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/58; 41.4080° S, 175.8977° E; 670 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NIWA-159406. Mounted as holotype.</p> <p>Additional material</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.7043&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.4983" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.7043/lat -41.4983)">Pahaua Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/27; 41.4983° S, 175.7043° E; 1013 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 1 ♂; same collection data as for paratype; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>GENERAL. Adults with head, neck and eleven trunk segments (Figs 11–13). Overview of measurements and dimensions in Table 8. Distribution of cuticular structures, i.e., sensory spots, glandular cell outlets, spines and tubes, summarized in Table 9. Head morphology could not be examined in detail in any of available specimens.</p> <p>NECK. Consists of 16 placids. Midventral placid broadest, 12 µm in width and 14 µm in length, whereas all others narrower, measuring 7 µm in width at their bases (Fig. 11). Trichoscalid plates well developed.</p> <p>SEGMENT 1. Consists of complete cuticular ring. Sensory spots present in subdorsal, laterodorsal and ventromedial positions. Sensory spots relatively large with marginal hairs, located on anterior half of segment (Figs 11A–B, 12B–C, 13B–C). Glandular cell outlet type 1 present in middorsal position and in ventrolateral positions. Cuticular hairs or perforation sites not present. Posterior segment margin almost straight, forming pectinate fringe with short, sawtooth-like fringe tips (Fig. 13B–C).</p> <p>SEGMENT 2. Consists of complete cuticular ring, with tubes located in laterodorsal and ventrolateral positions (Figs 11A–B, 12B–C, 13B–C). Sensory spots of similar sizes as on preceding segment with long marginal hair, present in middorsal, laterodorsal and ventromedial positions. Glandular cell outlet type 1 present in middorsal position and in ventromedial positions. Pachycyclus of anterior segment margin of regular thickness, interrupted in middorsal position. Secondary pectinate fringe present near anterior segment margin of this and following segments, but mostly covered by preceding segment. This and following nine segments completely hairless. Cuticular hairs reduced to minute scales distributed around segment (Fig. 13D–G), emerging through perforation sites; perforation sites easily visible in LM (Fig. 12A–H). Posterior segment margin almost straight (Fig. 13C); pectinate fringe tips as on preceding segment, except midventral area with slightly narrower fringe tips.</p> <p>SEGMENT 3. Present segment, and eight remaining ones, consist of one tergal and two sternal plates (Figs 11A–B, 12C, E). Sensory spots present in subdorsal and midlateral positions. Sensory spots on this and following segments slightly smaller than on preceding segments, but still with one long marginal hair. Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in middorsal and in ventromedial positions. Perforation sites appear as band around segment, interrupted in middorsal and laterodorsal areas and in central part of sternal plate on this and following five segments (Figs 11A–B, 12B–E). Secondary fringe and posterior segment margin as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 4. With spine in middorsal position (Figs 11A, 12B, 13D). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. No other traits observed. Posterior segment margin straight, terminating in pectinate fringe with slightly slenderer fringe tips along ventral margin than on preceding segments, otherwise as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 5. With tubes in lateroventral positions (Figs 11B, 12C, 13F). Sensory spots present in subdorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 11A–B, 12B–C, 13D, F). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in middorsal and ventromedial positions. Perforation sites, secondary fringe and posterior segment margin as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 6. With spines in middorsal and lateroventral positions (Fig. 11A–B). Sensory spots present in paradorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 11A–B, 13D, F). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. Segment otherwise as segment 5.</p> <p>SEGMENT 7. With spines in lateroventral positions, and sensory spots in paradorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 11A–B, 13F). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in ventromedial positions only; no glands observed on dorsal side. Tips of pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin more slender than on preceding segments. Segment otherwise as segment 6.</p> <p>SEGMENT 8. With spines in middorsal and lateroventral positions, and relatively long tubes (21 µm) in sublateral positions (Figs 11A–B, 12D–E, 13E, G). Sensory spots present in paradorsal positions only.</p> <p>Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. Segment otherwise as segment 7.</p> <p>SEGMENT 9. With spines in lateroventral positions. Long tubes (20 µm) present in laterodorsal positions (Figs 11A, 12D, F, 13E, G). Sensory spots located in paradorsal, subdorsal and ventrolateral positions (Figs 11A–B, 12E–F, 13E, G). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present paradorsally and ventromedially. Small sieve plates located in midlateral positions (Fig. 13G). Band of perforation site patches interrupted in subdorsal area instead of laterodorsally as on preceding segments. Secondary fringe and posterior segment margin as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 10. With well-developed laterodorsal tubes, present in males only, located near posterior segment margin (Figs 11A, 12F, 13H). Females without tubes (Figs 11C, 12H). Sensory spots present in subdorsal and ventrolateral positions (Figs 11A–B, 12E–F, 13H); subdorsal pair located rather close to paradorsal area. Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in middorsal and in ventromedial positions. Band of perforation site patches as on preceding segment but with additional patch present in paradorsal area. Posterior segment margin of tergal plate straight, without fringe tips (Fig. 13H); margins of sternal plates concave, reaching the posterior margin of the terminal segment, with short and narrow fringe tips.</p> <p>SEGMENT 11. With lateral terminal spines (Figs 11A–B, 12A, 13A). Females with lateral terminal accessory spines (Figs 11C–D, 12H); males with three penile spines (Figs 12G, 13H). Dorsal and ventral spines slender and tubular, with ventral ones longer than dorsal ones; median spines very stout, coneshaped (Figs 11A, 12G, 13H). Sensory spots present in subdorsal positions. Two unpaired glandular cell outlets type 1 present middorsally. Segment devoid of characteristic perforation sites patches, but with very short cuticular hair-like structures covering paradorsal area. Short fringes covering margins of tergal and sternal plates. Tergal extensions triangular (Figs 11A, C, 13H). Sternal extensions rounded, not extending beyond tergal extensions (Fig. 11B, D).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Canyons: Pahaua, Honeycomb, 670–1013 m b.s.l. See Fig. 1 for a geographic overview of stations and Table 1 for station and specimen information.</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks on Echinoderes dalzottoi sp. nov. and E. leduci sp. nov.</p> <p>Echinoderes dalzottoi sp. nov. and E. leduci sp. nov. can easily be recognized by the nature of their trunk appearance with cuticular hairs that are reduced to minute scales, and characteristic strong perforation sites present on segments 2 to 10. The complete lack of cuticular hairs is an uncommon feature among species of Echinoderes. Within Echinoderidae, the species’ peculiar lack of cuticular hairs is shared only with Meristoderes glaber Sørensen et al., 2013 (Sørensen et al. 2013). Resemblance with M. glaber is only superficial though, and the lack of lateral spines on segment6, together with the presence of glandular cell outlets type 2 instead of tubes on segment 8 in M. glaber easily distinguish it from E. dalzottoi and E. leduci. The new species can also be distinguished from each other without any difficulty. Despite the number of similarities suggesting a close relationship, such as presence of lateroventral spines on segments 6–9, lateroventral tubes on segment 5, sublateral tubes on segment 8 and laterodorsal tubes on segment 9, it is possible to distinguish the two species based on several characters. The main difference is the number of middorsal spines, present on segments 4, 6 and 8 in E. leduci in contrast to spines on segments 4 and 6 only in E. dalzottoi. Furthermore, E. leduci lacks subdorsal tubes on segment 2 (present in E. dalzottoi), but has laterodorsal tubes on this segment instead.</p> <p>Having tubes on segment 2 in only laterodorsal and ventrolateral positions as in E. leduci sp. nov. is quite a rare character, and only shared with two other species of Echinoderes, i.e., E. daenerysae and E. higginsi Huys &amp; Coomans, 1989 (although a laterodorsal pair was not mentioned in the original description of the latter species) (Huys &amp; Coomans 1989; Grzelak &amp; Sørensen 2018). Neither of them can be confused with E. leduci, however. Except for the dense cuticular hair covering observed in both species, E. daenerysae possesses only two middorsal spines on segments 6 and 8, while E. higginsi, although having the same number and arrangement of middorsal spines as E. leduci, is characterized by long, conspicuous spinous tergal extensions of segment 11 and the lack of tubes on segment 9.</p> <p>Echinoderes dalzottoi sp. nov. is also easily distinguished from all other congeners by its combination of spines and tubes. Middorsal spines being restricted to segments 4 and 6 only is rare and shared only with four other species, i.e., E. astridae, E. bispinosus, E. uozumii, and E. landersi sp. nov. (Higgins 1982; Sørensen 2014; Yamasaki et al. 2020). However, E. astridae, E. bispinosus and E. uozumii lack dorsal and lateral tubes on segment 2, and have instead two pairs of glandular cell outlet type 2 – a gland type that is absent in E. dalzottoi. Echinoderes landersi, in turn, is characterized by four pairs of tubes on segment 2 and three pairs of tubes on segment 8 – a so far unique tube combination (see ‘Remarks’ in the description of E. landersi above for more details).</p> <p>The combination of tubes in subdorsal, sublateral and ventrolateral positions on segment 2 is also quite rare. Numerous species present combinations of two or four pairs of tubes on this segment, but only four species have three pairs, among which only E. hispanicus Pardos et al., 1998 and E. peterseni Higgins &amp; Kristensen, 1988 have tube arrangements as in E. dalzottoi sp. nov. (Higgins &amp; Kristensen 1988; Pardos et al. 1998; Grzelak &amp; Sørensen 2018). However, both species also have three middorsal spines and lack laterodorsal tubes on segment 9, which easily distinguish them from E. dalzottoi. Even considering that sublateral tubes might be absent in some specimens of E. dalzottoi (a variation in the occurrence of tubes has recently been reported for a number of echinoderid species; see, e.g., Grzelak &amp; Sørensen (2018) and Yamasaki &amp; Dal Zotto (2019) for further details), none of the species having only subdorsal and ventrolateral tubes on segment 2 can be confused with E. dalzottoi due to their significantly different middorsal spine patterns and trunk cuticle appearance.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B487885B322A35FDC33C256674FB1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grzelak, Katarzyna;Sørensen, Martin V.	Grzelak, Katarzyna, Sørensen, Martin V. (2022): Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 844: 1-108, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949
03B487885B092A3CFDDE3EB06147F9B7.text	03B487885B092A3CFDDE3EB06147F9B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Echinoderes gandalfi Grzelak & Sørensen 2022	<div><p>Echinoderes gandalfi sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 84D3AEAA-391B-4C5C-81FC-380B198251F2</p> <p>Figs 14–16; Tables 10–11</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Echinoderes with spines in middorsal position on segments 6 and 8, and spines in lateroventral positions on segments 6 to 9. Tubes present in ventrolateral positions on segment 2, lateroventral positions on segment 5, lateral accessory positions on segment 8, and laterodorsal positions on segments 9 and 10. A protuberance-like structure emerges between segments 10 and 11 in middorsal position. Lateral terminal spines long, always exceeding trunk length.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species name refers to Gandalf the Grey, one of the main characters in the novel “ The Fellowship of the Ring ”, the first volume of J.R.R. Tolkien’s “ The Lord of the Rings ”. He helped form the Fellowship of the Ring to destroy the One Ring.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.6828&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.4962" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.6828/lat -41.4962)">Pahaua Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/31; 41.4962° S, 175.6828° E; 730 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NIWA-159407. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on HS slide.</p> <p>Paratypes</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; ♀ NHMD-916356, ♀ NIWA-159408. Mounted as holotype • 1 ♀; Pahaua Canyon, stn TAN1004/12; 41.5508° S, 175.7250° E; 1350 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NIWA-159409. Mounted as holotype • 1 ♀, 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.7187&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.51" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.7187/lat -41.51)">Pahaua Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/22; 41.5100° S, 175.7187° E; 1188 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; ♀ NHMD-916362, ♂ NIWA-159410. Mounted as holotype • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.7043&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.4983" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.7043/lat -41.4983)">Pahaua Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/27; 41.4983° S, 175.7043° E; 1013 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; ♂ NIWA-159411. Mounted as holotype • 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂; Honeycomb Canyon, stn TAN1004/58; 41.4080° S, 175.8987° E; 670 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; ♀ NIWA-159412, ♂♂ NHMD-916357–916358. Mounted as holotype • 1 ♀, 3 ♂♂; Campbell Canyon, stn TAN1004/126; 42.1422° S, 174.5492° E; 1495 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; ♀ NHMD-916360, 1 ♂ NIWA-159413, 2 ♂♂ NHMD-916359 and 916361. Mounted as holotype.</p> <p>Additional material</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 5 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.7043&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.4983" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.7043/lat -41.4983)">Pahaua Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/27; 41.4983° S, 175.7043° E; 1013 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.9477&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.476" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.9477/lat -41.476)">Honeycomb Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/62; 41.4760° S, 175.9477° E; 1171 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.5492&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.1422" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.5492/lat -42.1422)">Campbell Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/126; 42.1422° S, 174.5492° E; 1495 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>GENERAL. Adults with head, neck and eleven trunk segments (Figs 14–16). Overview of measurements and dimensions in Table 10. Distribution of cuticular structures, i.e., sensory spots, glandular cell outlets, spines and tubes, summarized in Table 11. No details regarding scalid arrangement and morphology could be provided, because introverts of all specimens mounted for SEM fully or partially retracted.</p> <p>NECK. With 16 placids. Midventral placid broadest, 8 µm in width and 15 µm in length, whereas all others narrower, measuring 6 µm in width at their bases and 13 µm in length, similar in size (Fig. 15B– C). The trichoscalid plates are well-developed (Fig. 15B–C).</p> <p>SEGMENT 1. Consists of complete cuticular ring. Sensory spots located on anterior half of segment, in subdorsal positions. Glandular cell outlet type 1 present in middorsal and ventrolateral positions (Figs 14A–B, 15B–C). Cuticular hairs relatively long, distributed around segment. Posterior segment margin almost straight, forming pectinate fringe with very short, sawtooth-like fringe tips.</p> <p>SEGMENT 2. Consists of complete cuticular ring, with tubes located in ventrolateral positions (Figs 14A– B, 15C, 16C). Sensory spots present in middorsal, laterodorsal and ventromedial positions; sensory spots on this and following eight segments relatively large, with numerous micropapillae surrounding central pore and long marginal hair, giving them droplet-shaped appearance (Fig. 16B). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in middorsal and ventromedial positions (Figs 14A–B, 15B). Pachycyclus of anterior segment margin of regular thickness, without interruption. Secondary pectinate fringe present near anterior segment margin of this and following segments, but usually covered by preceding segment. Fairly long cuticular hairs evenly distributed across tergal plate; paraventral areas on this and following three segments with thinner and much shorter, non-bracteate hairs, emerging through perforation sites visible in SEM only. Posterior segment margin almost straight, but with rounded midventral extension; pectinate fringe tips as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 3. Present segment, and eight remaining ones, consist of one tergal and two sternal plates (Figs 14A–B, 15A–C, 16B–C). Pachycyclus of anterior segment margin of medium thickness, interrupted at tergosternal and midsternal junctions and middorsally, on this and following seven segments. Segment with middorsal and ventromedial glandular cell outlets type 1; no sensory spots or other traits observed. Cuticular hairs interrupted by hairless midlateral area, otherwise as on preceding segment. Posterior segment margin straight, terminating in pectinate fringe with longer and more slender fringe tips than on preceding segments.</p> <p>SEGMENT 4. With glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. Segment otherwise as segment 3.</p> <p>SEGMENT 5. With tubes in lateroventral positions (Figs 14B, 15C, 16A–B). Sensory spots present in midlateral and ventromedial positions; the latter, however, missing in some specimens examined under SEM (Fig. 16B) and for some specimens (including holotype) examined under LM presence/absence of ventromedial sensory spots could not be confirmed. Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. Pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin and cuticular hairs as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 6. With spines in middorsal and lateroventral positions (Figs 14A–B, 15C–D, 16A–B, D–F). Sensory spots present in paradorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Fig. 14A–B). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions (Figs 14A–B, 15C). Tips of pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin slightly longer than on preceding segments. Segment otherwise as segment 5.</p> <p>SEGMENT 7. With spines in lateroventral positions, and sensory spots in paradorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 14A–B, 15C–D, 16B). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in ventromedial positions, not observed on the dorsal side. Cuticular hairs covering as on preceding segment except for hairless paraventral and ventromedial areas, on this and following four segments.</p> <p>SEGMENT 8. With spines in middorsal and lateroventral positions, and tubes in lateral accessory positions (Figs 14A–B, 15C–D, 16D, F). Sensory spots present in paradorsal positions only. Glandular cell outlets type 1 as on preceding segment. Pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin and cuticular hairs as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 9. With spines in lateroventral positions and long (~18 µm) tubes in laterodorsal positions (Figs 14A–B, 15D, 16D–F). Sensory spots located in paradorsal, subdorsal and ventrolateral positions (Figs 14A–B, 15B–C, 16F). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. Small, rounded sieve plates located in lateral accessory positions. Cuticular hairs covering as on preceding segment, but less dense on dorsal side around sensory spots and tubes. Pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin with tips slightly shorter than on preceding segments.</p> <p>SEGMENT 10. With laterodorsal tubes located near posterior segment margin; tubes well developed in both sexes (Figs 15E–F, 16G–H). Sensory spots present in ventrolateral positions. Glandular cell outlets type 1 present as two middorsal ones, and in ventromedial positions. Cuticular hairs significantly scarcer than on preceding segment. Central part of tergal palate devoid of hairs; short cuticular hairs lightly scattered on lateral halves only. Hairs on sternal plates short and present mostly on lateral halves and near posterior segment margin. Posterior segment margin of tergal plate straight, with shorter fringe tips than those on preceding segment; margins of sternal plates with longer fringe tips than those on tergal plate and extend midventrally, almost reaching posterior margin of terminal segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 11. With very long lateral terminal spines, always exceeding trunk length (Fig. 14C; Table 10). Males with three pairs of penile spines; dorsal and ventral ones are long, relatively thin tubes, whereas median ones markedly thicker, conical and stout (Figs 14A–B, 16H). Females with lateral terminal accessory spines (Fig. 14D–E). Sensory spots present in paradorsal positions (Figs 14A, D, 16D); sensory spots smaller than on preceding segments, without long marginal hairs. Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in subdorsal positions. Middorsal protuberance-like structure extends from intersegmentary joint (Figs 14A,D, 15E–F, 16G). Segment devoid of cuticular hairs, but with short cuticular hair-like structures covering paradorsal area and short fringes covering margins of tergal and sternal plates. Tergal extensions short and pointed, with small tooth at inner margin (Fig. 15G). Sternal extensions broadly rounded, not extending beyond tergal extensions.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Canyons: Pahaua, Campbell, Honeycomb, 730–1495 m b.s.l. See Fig. 1 for a geographic overview of stations and Table 1 for station and specimen information.</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks on Echinoderes gandalfi sp. nov.</p> <p>The spine pattern with middorsal spines on segments 6 and 8 is rare among species of Echinoderes, and is shared with only three species, i.e., E. daenerysae, E. hviidarum Sørensen et al., 2018 and E. ultraabyssalis Adrianov &amp; Maiorova, 2019, and an undescribed species, Echinoderes sp. 1, from the Atacama Trench (Grzelak &amp; Sørensen 2018; Sørensen et al. 2018; Adrianov &amp; Maiorova 2019; Grzelak et al. 2021). Furthermore, E. gandalfi sp. nov. possesses laterodorsal tubes on segment 9, which is another relatively rare trait, shared with all the abovementioned species, which suggests that these species might represent a group of closely related species. The only other species with tubes in this position on the dorsal side of segment 9 is E. belenae (see Pardos et al. 2016b) and E. frodoi sp. nov., E. dalzottoi sp. nov. and E. leduci sp. nov., all described in the present study. Nevertheless, none of these species can in any way be confused with E. gandalfi due to their significantly different spine patterns.</p> <p>Echinoderes gandalfi sp. nov. probably shows most resemblance to E. ultraabyssalis, the deepest kinorhynch species described so far (&gt; 9000 m water depth) from the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, and Echinoderes sp. 1, found in the Atacama Trench at a water depth of 7700 m (Adrianov &amp; Maiorova 2019; Grzelak et al. 2021). Echinoderes gandalfi shares several features with these hadal/deep-sea trench species, including the presence of tubes in ventrolateral positions on segment 2, lateroventral positions on segment 5, and in lateral accessory positions on segment 8, the presence of a middorsal protuberance between segments 10 and 11, as well as very long lateral terminal spines, the shape of the tergal extensions and the lack of glandular cell outlets type 2. Nevertheless, despite the overall similarity, E. gandalfi can be distinguished from both congeners by its morphometrics. Echinoderes gandalfi is markedly smaller in trunk length than both species (TL: 186 µm vs 267 µm and 257 µm, respectively) but has proportionally longer lateral terminal spines, which always exceed the trunk length, resulting in a markedly higher LTS/TL ratio in E. gandalfi in comparison with E. ultraabyssalis and Echinoderes sp. 1 (LTS/TL: 132% vs 59% and 91%, respectively) (Adrianov &amp; Maiorova 2019; Grzelak et al. 2021). It appears that also the arrangement and number of sensory spots show some differences. Unique for E. gandalfi is the presence of laterodorsal sensory spots on segment 2 but the lack of these structures in ventrolateral positions on segment 1, and in middorsal position on segment 10 as found in the other two species. In addition, E. ultraabyssalis lacks well-developed laterodorsal tubes on segment 10, which are present in both sexes and easy to visualize even with LM in E. gandalfi.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B487885B092A3CFDDE3EB06147F9B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grzelak, Katarzyna;Sørensen, Martin V.	Grzelak, Katarzyna, Sørensen, Martin V. (2022): Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 844: 1-108, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949
03B487885B002A24FDC33C1A6604FBB1.text	03B487885B002A24FDC33C1A6604FBB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Echinoderes frodoi Grzelak & Sørensen 2022	<div><p>Echinoderes frodoi sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 85C8FA48-24D1-4C55-9B41-179E186C7037</p> <p>Figs 17–19; Tables 12–13</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Echinoderes with spines in middorsal position on segments 4, 6 and 8, and in lateroventral positions on segments 6 to 9. Tubes present in midlateral positions on segment 1 (might be missing in some specimens), subdorsal, laterodorsal, sublateral and ventrolateral positions on segment 2, lateroventral positions on segment 5, lateral accessory positions on segment 8, and laterodorsal positions on segment 9. Sexually dimorphic tubes furthermore present in laterodorsal positions on segment 10: male tubes welldeveloped; female tubes minute.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species name refers to Frodo Baggins, the main character in the novel “ The Fellowship of the Ring ”, the first volume of J.R.R. Tolkien’s “ The Lord of the Rings ”.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.7187&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.51" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.7187/lat -41.51)">Pahaua Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/22; 41.5100° S, 175.7187° E; 1188 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NIWA-159414. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on HS slide.</p> <p>Paratypes</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.6642&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.6837" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.6642/lat -41.6837)">Hikurangi Slope</a>, stn TAN1004/4; 41.6837° S, 175.6642° E; 1046 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; ♀ NIWA-159415, 1 ♂ NHMD-916331, 1 ♂ NIWA- 159416. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on glass slides • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.8532&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.5937" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.8532/lat -41.5937)">Hikurangi Slope</a>, stn TAN1004/38; 41.5937° S, 175.8532° E; 1121 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NHMD- 916335. Mounted as holotype • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.6833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.65/lat -41.6833)">Hikurangi Slope</a>, stn TAN1004/76; 41.6833° S, 175.6500° E; 1282 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NHMD-916336. Mounted as holotype • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.0485" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.7/lat -42.0485)">Hikurangi Slope</a>, stn TAN1004/128; 42.0485° S, 174.7000° E; 1420 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NHMD-916337. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on glass slide • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; NIWA-159417. Mounted as holotype • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.6828&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.4962" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.6828/lat -41.4962)">Hikurangi Slope</a>, stn TAN1004/31; 41.4962° S, 175.6828° E; 730 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NHMD-916332. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on glass slide • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.5492&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.1422" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.5492/lat -42.1422)">Campbell Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/126; 42.1422° S, 174.5492° E; 1495 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NHMD-916333. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on glass slide • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.586&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.1345" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.586/lat -42.1345)">Seamount 766</a>, stn TAN1004/129; 42.1345° S, 174.5860° E; 1456 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NHMD-916334. Mounted as holotype.</p> <p>Additional material</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 1 ♀, 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.8532&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.5937" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.8532/lat -41.5937)">Hikurangi Slope</a>, stn TAN1004/38; 41.5937° S, 175.8532° E; 1121 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.6833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.65/lat -41.6833)">Hikurangi Slope</a>, stn TAN1004/76; 41.6833° S, 175.6500° E; 1282 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.7043&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.4983" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.7043/lat -41.4983)">Pahaua Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/27; 41.4983° S, 175.7043° E; 1013 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.8977&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.408" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.8977/lat -41.408)">Honeycomb Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/58; 41.4080° S, 175.8977° E; 670 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.6347&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.8922" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.6347/lat -41.8922)">Campbell Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/92; 41.8922° S, 174.6347° E; 683 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.5492&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.1422" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.5492/lat -42.1422)">Campbell Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/126; 42.1422° S, 174.5492° E; 1495 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>GENERAL. Adults with head, neck and eleven trunk segments (Figs 17–19). Overview of measurements and dimensions in Table 12. Distribution of cuticular structures, i.e., sensory spots, glandular cell outlets, spines and tubes, summarized in Table 13. No details regarding scalid arrangement and morphology could be provided, because introverts of all specimens mounted for SEM fully or partially retracted.</p> <p>NECK. With 16 placids. Midventral placid broadest, 9 µm in width and 16 µm in length. Remaining placids narrower, 7 µm in width and 15 µm in length, similar in size (Fig. 19B). The trichoscalid plates well developed.</p> <p>SEGMENT 1. Consists of complete cuticular ring (Figs 17A–B, 18A–C, 19B). Tubes present in midlateral positions in holotype and some paratypes; however, this character missing in other specimens and thus shows variation at population level (Figs 17A, 18C, 19A, E); no morphological or developmental differences explain presence or absence of tubes. Sensory spots located anteriorly on segment, but not at anterior margin, in subdorsal and laterodorsal positions. Sensory spots on this and following segments rounded, with numerous micropapillae surrounding central pore and several longer hairs along posterior margin. Glandular cell outlet type 1 present in middorsal position, and in lateroventral positions (Fig. 17A–B). Cuticular hairs lightly scattered on dorsal and lateral sides, and in small cluster ventromedially. Posterior segment margin almost straight, forming pectinate fringe with short and pointed fringe tips.</p> <p>SEGMENT 2. Consists of complete cuticular ring, with tubes located in subdorsal, laterodorsal, sublateral and ventrolateral positions (Figs 17A–B, 18A–C, 19A–B, E). Sensory spots present in laterodorsal and ventromedial positions. Glandular cell outlet type 1 located middorsally. Pachycyclus of anterior segment margin interrupted in middorsal position. Secondary pectinate fringe present near anterior segment margin of this and following segments, but usually covered by preceding segment. Cuticular hairs lightly scattered on ventral side and more densely in dorsal and lateral areas. Pectinate fringe of posterior margin slightly longer in ventromedial areas, otherwise as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 3. Present segment, and eight remaining ones, consist of one tergal and two sternal plates (Figs 17A–B, 18A, C, 19B). Pachycyclus of anterior segment margin of regular thickness, with middorsal interruption in addition to interruptions around tergosternal and midsternal junctions, on this and following segments. Segment with sensory spots in subdorsal and midlateral positons, and glandular cell outlets type 1 located ventromedially. On this and following four segments, cuticular hairs arranged in two or three rows across tergal plate, except for hairless midlateral areas and on lateral halves of sternal plates; paraventral and ventromedial areas devoid of hairs. Pectinate fringe as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 4. With flexible spine in middorsal position and glandular cell outlets type 1 in paradorsal and ventromedial positions (Figs 17A, 18B, 19C). Sensory spots not present. Cuticular hairs and posterior segment margin as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 5. With tubes in lateroventral positions, and sensory spots present in subdorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 17A–B, 18B–C, 19F). Glandular cell outlet type 1 present in middorsal position and in ventromedial positions. Pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin slightly longer; cuticular hairs as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 6. With spines in middorsal and lateroventral positions (Figs 17A, 18B, 19C, F). Sensory spots present in paradorsal and midlateral positions. Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in pairs in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. Pectinate fringe on this and following two segments as on preceding one.</p> <p>SEGMENT 7. With acicular spines in lateroventral positions, and sensory spots in paradorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 17A–B, 18C, 19C). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. Cuticular hairs on dorsal side less dense than on preceding segment, with hairless middorsal and paradorsal patches. Pectinate fringe as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 8. With acicular spines in middorsal and lateroventral positions, and tubes in lateral accessory positions (Figs 17A–B, 18B, E, 19G). Sensory spots present in paradorsal positions only. Glandular cell outlets type 1 and other structures as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 9. With spines in lateroventral positions, and tubes in laterodorsal positions (Figs 17A–B, 18D–E, G, 19G–H). Tubes rather short with truncated tips, not differentiated into thicker proximal and thinner distal part. Sensory spots present in paradorsal, subdorsal and ventrolateral positions. Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. Small, rounded sieve plates located in lateral accessory positions. Cuticular hairs lightly scattered on dorsal side; central part of tergal plate devoid of hairs. Pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin with tips shorter than on preceding segments.</p> <p>SEGMENT 10. With well-developed laterodorsal tubes in males, and minute, very slender tubes in females, located near posterior segment margin (Figs 17A, C, 18H, 19G–H). Sensory spots present in subdorsal and ventrolateral positions. Glandular cell outlets type 1 present as two middorsal ones and in ventromedial positions. Cuticular hairs scarcer than on preceding segment. Central part of tergal plate devoid of hairs; hairs on sternal plates present only on lateral halves. Pectinate fringe with very short tips.</p> <p>SEGMENT 11. With pair of long lateral terminal spines (Figs 17A–B, 19D). Males with three pairs of penile spines; dorsal and ventral spines relatively long, slender and tubular, while median ones much stouter (Figs 17A–B, 18A, H). Females with lateral accessory spines (Figs 17C–D, 18F, 19D). Sensory spots present in paradorsal positions. One middorsal glandular cell outlet type 1 present. Segment devoid of cuticular hairs in both sexes, but with short cuticular hair-like structures covering paradorsal area and short fringes covering margins of tergal and sternal plates. Tergal extensions short and pointed, with two small denticles at inner margin (Figs 17A–D, 18F). Sternal extensions rounded, not extending beyond tergal extensions (Figs 17B, D, 18F).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Hikurangi Margin, from slope, through canyon, and seamount habitats, 670–1495 m b.s.l. See Fig. 1 for a geographic overview of stations and Table 1 for station and specimen information.</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks on Echinoderes frodoi sp. nov.</p> <p>The spine and tube distribution in the middorsal and lateroventral series of E. frodoi sp. nov., with middorsal spines on segments 4, 6 and 8, and tubes/spines in lateroventral positions on segments 5 to 9, is a common pattern observed among the species of Echinoderes and shared by 24 congeners (Yamasaki et al. 2020a). However, when we combine these characters with the presence of four pairs of tubes on segment 2, we shorten the list to only one described species, i.e., E. hakaiensis Herranz et al., 2018 from British Columbia and an undescribed species, Echinoderes sp. 3, from the Atacama Trench (Herranz et al. 2018; Grzelak et al. 2021). However, E. frodoi is easily distinguished from both species by the presence of short laterodorsal tubes on segment 9, and the (occasional) presence of midlateral tubes on segment 1. All three share the presence of tubes on segment 8, the positions of several sensory spots and glandular cell outlets type 1, as well as the shape of the tergal extensions. However, E. frodoi has tubes in lateral accessory positions on segment 8, which distinguishes it from E. hakaiensis and Echinoderes sp. 3, which have their tubes in sublateral positions, making the space between lateroventral spines and the tubes conspicuously larger. Another significant difference between E. frodoi, E. hakaiensis and Echinoderes sp. 3 is evident in morphometric details. Echinoderes frodoi is markedly smaller in trunk length than both species (TL: 185 µm vs 324 µm and 211 µm, respectively), but has proportionally longer lateral terminal spines, resulting in a markedly higher LTS/TL ratio in E. frodoi in comparison with E. hakaiensis and Echinoderes sp. 3 (LTS/TL: 79% vs 40% and 69%, respectively) (Herranz et al. 2018; Grzelak et al. 2021).</p> <p>The occurrence of cuticular structures on segment 1 is very rare in echinoderid species, and the midlateral tubes on segment 1 as in E. frodoi sp. nov. is a trait shared exclusively with E. cantabricus Pardos et al., 1998 (see Pardos et al. 1998). However, E. cantabricus cannot in any way be confused with E. frodoi. The species has only a single middorsal spine on segment 4 and can also be distinguished by the absence of lateroventral spines on segment 9 (Pardos et al. 1998). What might make the picture a bit unclear is the fact that these tubes apparently are not consistently present in all specimens of E. frodoi. We did not find any clear explanation for this intraspecific dimorphism, since the variation in tube pattern was not related to the sexual or developmental stage, neither to intraspecific variation between populations: the presence or absence of tubes were noted for specimens from the same locality. Nevertheless, a variation in spine/ tube pattern in Echinoderidae has recently been documented for several species (e.g., E. arlis Higgins, 1966, E. eximus, E. levanderi and E. rhaegali Grzelak &amp; Sørensen, 2017 in Grzelak &amp; Sørensen 2018) and it seems that such morphological variation might be more frequent among Echinoderes species than previously thought (Grzelak &amp; Sørensen 2018, 2019; Sørensen, 2018).</p> <p>Furthermore, the presence of laterodorsal tubes on segment 9 is also a rather rare feature among echinoderids.This trait has previously been described for only four species, i.e., E. belenae, E. daenerysae, E. hviidarum, E. ultraabyssalis and in the yet undescribed Echinoderes sp. 1 from the Atacama Trench (Pardos et al. 2016b; Grzelak &amp; Sørensen 2018; Sørensen et al. 2018; Adrianov &amp; Maiorova 2019; Grzelak et al. 2021). The latter four cannot in any way be confused with E. frodoi sp. nov. due to the presence of only 2 middorsal spines, on segments 6 and 8. The only other species with middorsal spines on segments 4, 6 and 8 and tubes in laterodorsal position on segment 9 is E. belenae, but this species is generally very rich in tubes, and carries no less than thirteen pairs on its eleven trunk segments. The species furthermore has conspicuously short lateral terminal spines (Pardos et al. 2016b). Laterodorsal tubes on segment 9 were also found during the present study in E. gandalfi sp. nov., E. dalzottoi sp. nov. and E. leduci sp. nov. However, the former two species can easily be distinguished from E. frodoi by the presence of only two middorsal spines. The latter, E. leduci, similarly to E. frodoi, is characterized by having middorsal spines on segments 4, 6 and 8, but can nevertheless be distinguished from E. frodoi by the lack of subdorsal and sublateral tubes on segment 2.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B487885B002A24FDC33C1A6604FBB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grzelak, Katarzyna;Sørensen, Martin V.	Grzelak, Katarzyna, Sørensen, Martin V. (2022): Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 844: 1-108, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949
03B487885B182A2BFDD53E12664DFD1D.text	03B487885B182A2BFDD53E12664DFD1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Echinoderes samwisei Grzelak & Sørensen 2022	<div><p>Echinoderes samwisei sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9D00BABD-1183-40FA-BF7D-0F54E304DCD7</p> <p>Figs 20–22; Tables 14–15</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Echinoderes with spines in middorsal position on segments 4, 6 and 8, and spines in lateroventral positions on segments 6 to 9. Tubes present in lateroventral positions on segment 5, lateral accessory positions on segment 8, and laterodorsal positions on segment 10. A protuberance-like structure emerges between segments 10 and 11 in middorsal position.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species name refers to Samwise Gamgee, one of the main characters in the novel “ The Fellowship of the Ring ”, the first volume of J.R.R. Tolkien’s “ The Lord of the Rings ”. Samwise was a hobbit from the Shire, Frodo Baggins’ best friend and one of the most loyal members of the Fellowship of the Ring.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • ♂; Hikurangi Slope, stn TAN1004/38; 41.5937° S, 175.8532° E; 1121 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NIWA-159418. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on HS slide.</p> <p>Paratypes</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 1 ♀, 3 ♂♂; Hikurangi Slope, stn TAN1004/4; 41.6837° S, 175.6642° E; 1046 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; 1 ♀ NHMD-917299, 1 ♂ NHMD-917300, 2 ♂♂ NIWA-159419 to 159420. 1 ♀ and 2 ♂♂ mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on glass slides, 1 ♂ mounted as holotype • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.725&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.5508" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.725/lat -41.5508)">Pahaua Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/12; 41.5508° S, 175.7250° E; 1350 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NHMD-917301. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on glass slide • 1 ♂; same collection data as for holotype; NIWA-159421. Mounted as holotype • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.1958&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.3657" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.1958/lat -41.3657)">Seamount 310</a>, stn TAN1004/72; 41.3657° S, 176.1958° E; 985 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NHMD-917302. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on glass slide.</p> <p>Additional material</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 1 ♀; Hikurangi Slope, stn TAN1004/44; 41.5258° S, 175.8003° E; 728 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 1 ♀; Honeycomb Canyon, stn TAN1004/62; 41.4760° S, 175.9477° E; 1171 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 1 ♂; Seamount 310, stn TAN1004/72; 41.3657° S, 176.1958° E; 985 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>GENERAL. Adults with head, neck and eleven trunk segments (Figs 20–22). Overview of measurements and dimensions in Table 14. Distribution of cuticular structures, i.e., sensory spots, glandular cell outlets, spines and tubes, summarized in Table 15. No details regarding scalid arrangement and morphology could be provided, because introverts of all specimens mounted for SEM fully or partially retracted.</p> <p>NECK. With 16 placids. Midventral placid broadest, 10 µm in width and 13 µm in length, whereas all others narrower, measuring 5 µm in width at bases and 12 µm in length, similar in size (Figs 21C, 22D). Trichoscalid plates well developed.</p> <p>SEGMENT 1. Consists of complete cuticular ring. Sensory spots located on anterior half of segment, in subdorsal positions.Glandular cell outlet type 1 present in middorsal, subdorsal and ventrolateral positions (Figs 20A–B, 21C). Segment almost completely hairless (Fig. 22B–E). Posterior segment margin almost straight, forming pectinate fringe. Fringe with well-developed, relatively long tips, homogenous along segment margin (Fig. 22C, E).</p> <p>SEGMENT 2. Consists of complete cuticular ring, without tubes. Sensory spots present in middorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 20A–B, 22B, E). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in middorsal position (Figs 20A–B, 21B). Other structures not observed. Pachycyclus of anterior segment margin of regular thickness, without interruption. Secondary pectinate fringe present near anterior segment margin of this and following segments, but covered by preceding segment. Fairly long, single cuticular hairs sparsely scattered around segment. Posterior segment margin almost straight; pectinate fringe tips as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 3. Present segment, and eight remaining ones, consist of one tergal and two sternal plates (Figs 20A–B, 21C, E–F, 22D). Pachycyclus of anterior segment margin of regular thickness, interrupted at tergosternal and midsternal junctions and middorsally, on this and following seven segments. Segment with middorsal glandular cell outlet type 1 and subdorsal sensory spots only; no other traits observed. Cuticular hairs more densely distributed across tergal plate than on preceding segment, except for narrow hairless line in laterodorsal area; sternal plates with very few cuticular hairs; on this and following segments paraventral areas completely devoid of hairs. Posterior segment margin straight, terminating in pectinate fringe with fringe tips as on preceding segments.</p> <p>SEGMENT 4. With spine in middorsal position; spine relatively short (23 µm), only slightly exceeding posterior segment margin (Figs 20A, 22A). Pair of glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal positions. No other traits observed. Segment otherwise as segment 3.</p> <p>SEGMENT 5. With tubes in lateroventral positions (Figs 20B, 21C, E–F, 22C, F). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal positions only. No sensory spots or other structures present. Pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin and cuticular hairs as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 6. With spines in middorsal and lateroventral positions (Figs 20A–B, 21A, 22B). Sensory spots present in paradorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 20A–B, 21F, 22C, F). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions (Figs 20A–B, 21F). Tips of pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin as on preceding segments. Segment otherwise as segment 5.</p> <p>SEGMENT 7. With spines in lateroventral positions, and glandular cell outlets type 1 in paradorsal and ventromedial positions (Figs 20A–B, 21F). Sensory spots not observed. Cuticular hairs covering as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 8. With spines in middorsal and lateroventral positions, and tubes in lateral accessory positions (Figs 20A–B, 21D–F, 22F–H). Middorsal spine long, reaching posterior part of segment 10 (Figs 21A– B, 22A). Sensory spots present in paradorsal positions only. Glandular cell outlets type 1 in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. Pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin as on preceding segment, except slightly shorter and narrower fringe tips along paradorsal and subdorsal areas of segment margin.</p> <p>SEGMENT 9. With spines in lateroventral positions (Figs 20B, 21D). Sensory spots located in subdorsal and ventrolateral positions; subdorsal pair situated close to paradorsal area (Figs 20A–B, 21E, 22G–H). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. Small, rounded sieve plates located in lateral accessory positions. Cuticular hair covering and pectinate fringe as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 10. With laterodorsal tubes located near posterior segment margin; tubes well developed in both sexes, but slightly longer in males (Figs 21G, 22G–H). Sensory spots present in subdorsal and ventrolateral positions (Fig. 22I). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present as two middorsal ones. Cuticular hairs scarcer than on preceding segment. Central part of tergal plate devoid of hairs; short cuticular hairs lightly scattered on lateral halves only. Posterior segment margin of tergal plate straight, with much shorter fringe and narrower tips than those on preceding segment; margins of sternal plates extend midventrally, reaching posterior margin of terminal segment (Fig. 22D).</p> <p>SEGMENT 11. With pair of lateral terminal spines (Fig. 20C). Females with relatively strong, stout lateral terminal accessory spines (Figs 21H, 22I). Males with three pairs of penile spines; dorsal ones of medium length, ventral ones long and relatively thin, whereas median ones markedly thicker, conical and stout (Figs 20A–B, 21G, I 22H). Sensory spots present in paradorsal positions (Figs 20A, C, 22I). Glandular cell outlet type 1 present in middorsal position. Middorsal protuberance-like structure extends from intersegmentary joint (Figs 20A, C, 22I). Segment devoid of cuticular hairs, but with dense covering of relatively long hair-like extensions in paradorsal area, as well as small patches of shorter ones in subdorsal area. Short fringes covering margins of tergal and sternal plates. Tergal extensions short and triangular (Figs 21H, 22I). Sternal extensions do not extend beyond tergal extensions.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Hikurangi Margin, from slope, through canyon, and seamount habitats, 728–1350 m b.s.l. See Fig. 1 for a geographic overview of stations and Table 1 for station and specimen information.</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks on Echinoderes samwisei sp. nov.</p> <p>The spine pattern with middorsal spines on segments 4, 6 and 8 and lateroventral spines on segments 6 to 9 is very common within Echinoderes, and is shared with 33 species (Yamasaki et al. 2020). Nevertheless, among these only E. anniae Sørensen et al., 2018, E. meteorensis Yamasaki et al., 2018, and an undescribed species, Echinoderes sp. 3, from Senghor Seamount reported by Yamasaki et al. (2019) resemble E. samwisei sp. nov. by lacking tubes on segment 2 (Sørensen et al. 2018; Yamasaki et al. 2018 c, 2019). Thus, none of these species can be confused with E. samwisei. Echinoderes anniae and E. meteorensis differ from E. samwisei in having several glandular cell outlets type 2 – structures not observed in E. samwisei. Moreover, both species are characterized by very long lateral terminal spines and a lack of tubes on segments 5 and 8. Echinoderes samwisei differs from Echinoderes sp. 3 in Yamasaki et al. (2019) as well, because the latter lacks tubes on segment 8 and possesses characteristic long and spinose tergal extensions, whereas the new species has lateral accessory tubes on segment 8 and relatively short tergal extensions.</p> <p>Moreover, E. samwisei sp. nov. is generally characterized by a low number of cuticular structures. The new species not only lacks glandular cell outlets type 2, but also its number of sensory spots and glandular cell outlets type 1 is relatively low, as compared with other species. It is indeed possible to miss certain glandular cell outlets type 1, in particular in species with an extraordinary thin cuticle, but the availability of several specimens for SEM examination makes it less likely that any sensory spots have been overlooked. The available SEM specimens were generally in a good condition and relatively clean, which allowed for a thorough examination using SEM. In spite of this, we observed only 13 pairs of sensory spots on the trunk.</p> <p>Therefore, the combination of spine and tube patterns, together with the lack of tubes or glandular cell outlets type 2 on segment 2 and the relatively ‘simple’ overall appearance of the trunk, makes E. samwisei sp. nov. unique among its congeners.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B487885B182A2BFDD53E12664DFD1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grzelak, Katarzyna;Sørensen, Martin V.	Grzelak, Katarzyna, Sørensen, Martin V. (2022): Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 844: 1-108, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949
03B487885B172A51FDDD38B66153F851.text	03B487885B172A51FDDD38B66153F851.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Echinoderes legolasi Grzelak & Sørensen 2022	<div><p>Echinoderes legolasi sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5FE9F89C-A48F-42E8-9E97-491D7A88CFB9</p> <p>Figs 23–25; Tables 16–17</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Echinoderes with spines in middorsal position on segments 4, 6 and 8, and spines in lateroventral positions on segments 6 to 9. Tubes present in lateroventral positions on segment 5 and laterodorsal positions on segment 10. Glandular cell outlets type 2 in sublateral positions on segment 1, subdorsal, laterodorsal, sublateral and ventrolateral positions on segment 2 and midlateral positions on segment 8. A protuberance-like structure emerges between segments 10 and 11 in middorsal position.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species name refers to Legolas – Elf of Mirkwood, one of the characters in J.R.R. Tolkien’s “ The Lord of the Rings ”. Legolas was an excellent archer, and another very valuable member of the Fellowship of the Ring.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=176.1958&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.3657" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 176.1958/lat -41.3657)">Seamount 310</a>, stn TAN1004/72; 41.3657° S, 176.1958° E; 985 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NIWA-159422. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on HS slide.</p> <p>Additional material</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.8003&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.5258" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.8003/lat -41.5258)">Hikurangi Slope</a>, stn TAN1004/44; 41.5258° S, 175.8003° E; 728 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>GENERAL. Adults with head, neck and eleven trunk segments (Figs 23–25). Overview of measurements and dimensions in Table 16. Distribution of cuticular structures, i.e., sensory spots, glandular cell outlets, spines and tubes, summarized in Table 17. No details regarding scalid arrangement and morphology could be provided, because introvert of specimen mounted for SEM was partially retracted.</p> <p>NECK. With 16 placids. Midventral placid broadest, 9 µm in width and 11 µm in length, whereas all others narrower, measuring 6 µm in width at bases and 11 µm in length, similar in size (Figs 24C, 25D). Trichoscalid plates well developed.</p> <p>SEGMENT 1. Consists of complete cuticular ring. Pair of glandular cell outlets type 2 present in sublateral positions (Figs 23B, 24C, 25B). Sensory spots located medially on segment, in subdorsal and laterodorsal positions (Figs 23A, 24B, 25B); sensory spots on this and following segments relatively large, with tuft of micropapillae surrounding central pore. Glandular cell outlet type 1 present in middorsal, and ventrolateral positions (Figs 23A–B, 24B–C). Cuticular hairs relatively long,arranged in single transverse row medially on segment. Posterior segment margin almost straight, forming pectinate fringe. Fringe with well-developed long and flexible tips, homogenous along segment margin (Fig. 25B).</p> <p>SEGMENT 2. Consists of complete cuticular ring. Glandular cell outlets type 2 present in subdorsal, laterodorsal, sublateral and ventrolateral positions (Figs 23A–B, 24B–C, 25B). Sensory spots located in laterodorsal and ventromedial positions (Figs 23A–B, 25B). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in middorsal and ventromedial positions. Pachycyclus of anterior segment margin of regular thickness, without interruption. Secondary pectinate fringe present near anterior segment margin of this and following segments (Fig. 25E, G). Cuticular hairs evenly distributed over dorsal part of segment, ventral areas less hairy; cuticular hairs shorter and thinner on anterior part of segment. Posterior segment margin almost straight; pectinate fringe tips as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 3. Present segment, and eight remaining ones, consist of one tergal and two sternal plates (Figs 23A–B, 24C, E–F, 25D). Pachycyclus of anterior segment margin slightly thinner than on preceding segment, interrupted at tergosternal and midsternal junctions and middorsally, on this and following seven segments. Segment with sensory spots located in subdorsal and midlateral positions (Figs 24B– C, 25B), and glandular cell outlets type 1 in middorsal and ventromedial positions. Cuticular hairs distributed across tergal plate as on preceding segment; ventromedial and paraventral areas on this and following seven segments with thinner and much shorter, non-bracteate hairs. Posterior segment margin straight, terminating in pectinate fringe with fringe tips slightly shorter, as on preceding segments, but still long and flexible.</p> <p>SEGMENT 4. With spine in middorsal position (Figs 23A, 24B). Sensory spots not present. Pair of glandular cell outlet type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. Pachycycli, pectinate fringe and cuticular hairs as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 5. With tubes in lateroventral positions (Figs 23B, 24C, E). Sensory spots located midlaterally. Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in middorsal and ventromedial positions. Segment otherwise as segment 4.</p> <p>SEGMENT 6. With spines in middorsal and lateroventral positions (Figs 23A–B, 24D–E, 25D–F). Sensory spots present in paradorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 23A–B, 25C). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions (Figs 23A–B, 24D–E). Tips of pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin as on preceding segments. Segment otherwise as segment 5.</p> <p>SEGMENT 7. With spines in lateroventral positions (Figs 23B, 24E). Sensory spots present in paradorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 23A–B, 25C, E–F), and glandular cell outlets type 1 in middorsal and ventromedial positions (Figs 23A–B, 24E). Cuticular hair covering as on preceding segment. Pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin with slightly narrower and shorter tips.</p> <p>SEGMENT 8. With spines in middorsal and lateroventral positions (Figs 23A–B, 24G, 25E), and glandular cell outlets type 2 in midlateral positions (Figs 23A, 24E, G, 25C). Sensory spots present in subdorsal positions, but located close to paradorsal line (Fig. 25E). Glandular cell outlets type 1 in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. Pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 9. With spines in lateroventral positions (Figs 23B, 25D). Sensory spots located in subdorsal, midlateral and ventrolateral positions; subdorsal pair situated close to paradorsal area (Figs 23A–B, 24G, 25E, G). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. Small, rounded sieve plates in lateral accessory positions (Fig. 25C). Pectinate fringe as on preceding segment. Cuticular hairs shorter, but cuticular hair covering similar to as on preceding segment, except middorsal and paradorsal areas covered with very short and thin non-bracteate hairs (Fig. 25G) similar to ones present on lateral halves of sternal plates, posteriorly expanding into subdorsal areas.</p> <p>SEGMENT 10. With laterodorsal tubes located near posterior segment margin (Figs 23A, 24G, 25G–H). Sensory spots present in subdorsal and ventrolateral positions (Figs 24G, 25G–H). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present as one middorsal and pair of ventromedial ones. Cuticular hairs scarcer than on preceding segment. Central part of tergal plate covered with short and thin non-bracteate hairs as on preceding segment (Fig. 25G–H). Posterior segment margin of tergal plate straight, with much shorter fringe and narrower tips than those on preceding segment (Fig. 25G–H); margins of sternal plates extend midventrally (Fig. 23B).</p> <p>SEGMENT 11. With pair of lateral terminal spines (Fig. 23C). Males with three pairs of penile spines; dorsal and ventral penile spines thin and flexible tubes, whereas median ones markedly thicker, conical and stout (Figs 23A, 24H, 25G–H). Female condition unknown. Sensory spots present in paradorsal and subdorsal positions; subdorsal pair located near posterior margin of tergal extensions (Figs 23A, 25H). Middorsal protuberance-like structure extends from intersegmentary joint (Figs 23A, 25G). Segment devoid of cuticular hairs, but with dense covering of short hair-like extensions in dorsal areas of tergal plates. Short fringes covering margins of tergal and sternal plates. Tergal extensions short, sternal extensions do not extend beyond tergal extensions (Figs 23A–B, 24H, 25G).</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Hikurangi slope and Seamount 310, 728– 985 m b.s.l. See Fig. 1 for a geographic overview of stations and Table 1 for station and specimen information.</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks on Echinoderes legolasi sp. nov.</p> <p>Echinoderes legolasi sp. nov. is one of 34 species (including E. frodoi sp. nov., E. samwisei sp. nov., E. leduci sp. nov., and E. aragorni sp. nov.) having middorsal spines on segments 4, 6 and 8, but can easily be distinguished from all other congeners by its unique patterns of spines, tubes and glandular cell outlets type 2. The most exclusive feature of E. legolasi is the presence of four pairs of glandular cell outlets type 2 on segment 2. This character is shared only with one other species, i.e., E. anniae described by Sørensen et al. (2018) from the United States west coast. Except for the identical pattern of cuticular structures on segment 2, both species also share the presence of glandular cell outlets type 2 in midlateral/sublateral positions on segments 1 and 8. However, E. anniae can be discriminated from E. legolasi by its tube pattern, lacking the lateroventral tubes on segment 5. Instead, E. anniae has glandular cell outlets type 2 in this position (Sørensen et al. 2018). Furthermore, E. legolasi possesses short tergal extensions, which differ considerably from the relatively long and narrow tergal extensions present in E. anniae, and significantly shorter lateral terminal spines in relation to the trunk length (LTS/ TL= 51% in E. legolasi vs 99% in E. anniae).</p> <p>The new species shows most resemblance to Echinoderes hamiltonorum Sørensen et al., 2018. Echinoderes hamiltonorum is also described from deep waters (&gt; 3000 m deep) off the United States west coast (Sørensen et al. 2018). The two species have almost identical arrangements of cuticular structures, a highly similar trunk appearance, and they share the shape of the tergal extensions, the presence of a protuberance protruding from the intersegmental joint between segments 10 and 11, and an even length and shape of the pectinate fringes. The main difference between the two species is the possession of either tubes or glandular cell outlets type 2 in ventrolateral positions on segment 2. Both species have subdorsal, laterodorsal and sublateral glands on segment 2, but in ventrolateral positions E. hamiltonorum has tubes instead of glandular cell outlets type 2 as in E. legolasi sp. nov. Both structures (glands vs tubes) are easily distinguishable in SEM, but the ventrolateral tubes in E. hamiltonorum are hard to visualize in LM (Sørensen et al. 2018). The attachment point of the tubes might resemble the margins of the outlets, which might potentially be a source of confusion during the identification process. Therefore, the easiest way to distinguish the species would be through SEM examination. However, even without access to SEM information, it should be possible to distinguish E. legolasi and E. hamiltonorum by the location of type 2 glands on segment 8 and some morphometric details. Echinoderes legolasi has glandular cell outlets type 2 in midlateral positions on segment 8, whereas these structures are displaced to sublateral positions in E. hamiltonorum (Sørensen et al. 2018). Furthermore, the new species has a shorter trunk (175 µm vs 233 µm) and has a proportionally longer middorsal spine on segment 8. In E. hamiltonorum, the middorsal spines on segments 6 and 8 are comparable in length (74 µm vs 75 µm, respectively), while the spine on segment 6 is noticeably shorter than the one on segment 8 in E. legolasi (51 µm vs 65 µm, respectively).</p> <p>Hence, in summary, E. legolasi sp. nov. and E. hamiltonorum can be distinguished by the presence of ventrolateral glands type 2 on segment 2 and sublateral glands type 2 on segment 8 in E. legolasi, and in the general combination of spine and glandular cell outlet type 2 patterns.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B487885B172A51FDDD38B66153F851	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grzelak, Katarzyna;Sørensen, Martin V.	Grzelak, Katarzyna, Sørensen, Martin V. (2022): Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 844: 1-108, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949
03B487885B6E2A58FDD33B5D605CF850.text	03B487885B6E2A58FDD33B5D605CF850.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Echinoderes aragorni Grzelak & Sørensen 2022	<div><p>Echinoderes aragorni sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 88723AE9-DE79-4A1B-840E-3E23F83CA477</p> <p>Figs 26–28; Tables 18–19</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Echinoderes with spines in middorsal position on segments 4, 6 and 8, and spines in lateroventral positions on segments 8 and 9. Tubes present in lateroventral positions on segment 5. Glandular cell outlets type 2 present in paradorsal positions on segments 2 and 3, subdorsal and laterodorsal positions on segments 2 to 9, midlateral positions on segments 3 to 5 and 9, sublateral positions on segments 2 and 6 to 8, and in lateral accessory positions on segments 5, 8 and 9. Furthermore, lateroventral glandular cell outlets type 2 present on segments 3, 4, 6, 7, and ventrolateral ones on segment 2. Males with additional pair of glandular cell outlets type 2 in laterodorsal positions on segment 10. A protuberancelike structure emerges between segments 10 and 11 in middorsal position.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species name refers to Aragorn – King of Arnor and Gondor, one of the characters in J.R.R. Tolkien’s “ The Lord of the Rings ”. Aragorn was a confidant of Gandalf, a great warrior and the true leader of the Fellowship of the Ring.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.8532&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.5937" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.8532/lat -41.5937)">Hikurangi Slope</a>, stn TAN1004/38; 41.5937° S, 175.8532° E; 1121 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NIWA-159423. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on HS slide.</p> <p>Paratypes</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.6642&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.6837" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.6642/lat -41.6837)">Hikurangi Slope</a>, stn TAN1004/4; 41.6837° S, 175.6642° E; 1046 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NIWA-159424. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on glass slide • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.8977&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.408" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.8977/lat -41.408)">Honeycomb Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/58; 41.4080° S, 175.8977° E; 1171 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NHMD-920115. Mounted as holotype.</p> <p>Additional material</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.8003&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.5258" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.8003/lat -41.5258)">Hikurangi Slope</a>, stn TAN1004/44; 41.5258° S, 175.8003° E; 728 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.9477&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.476" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.9477/lat -41.476)">Honeycomb Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/62; 41.4760° S, 175.9477° E; 1171 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>GENERAL. Adults with head, neck and eleven trunk segments (Figs 26–28). Overview of measurements and dimensions in Table 18. Distribution of cuticular structures, i.e., sensory spots, glandular cell outlets, spines and tubes, summarized in Table 19. No details regarding scalid arrangement and morphology could be provided.</p> <p>NECK. With 16 placids. Midventral placid broadest, 9 µm in width and 10 µm in length, whereas all others narrower, measuring 6 µm in width at bases and 10 µm in length, similar in size (Figs 27B–C, 28F). Trichoscalid plates well developed.</p> <p>SEGMENT 1. Consists of complete cuticular ring. Sensory spots located medially on segment, in subdorsal and laterodorsal positions (Figs 26A, 27B, 28B). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in middorsal and ventrolateral positions (Figs 26A–B, 27B–C). Furthermore, row of unusual cuticular openings present near anterior segment margin in paradorsal, subdorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions. Openings elongate, or ‘slit-like’, and without any other cuticular characteristic, thus resembling neither sensory spots, flosculi, nor glandular cell outlets of any kind. Due to uncertain nature of these openings, they will simply be referred to as ‘slit-like openings’ (Figs 26A–B, 27B–C, 28B–C). Segment devoid of cuticular hairs, except for a few very long hairs arranged around sensory spots. Posterior segment margin almost straight, forming pectinate fringe. Fringe with well-developed long and flexible tips, homogenous along segment margin (Fig. 28B–C).</p> <p>SEGMENT 2. Consists of complete cuticular ring. Glandular cell outlets type 2 present in paradorsal, subdorsal, laterodorsal, sublateral and ventrolateral positions (Figs 26A–B, 27B–C, 28B, D). Sensory spots in middorsal, laterodorsal and ventromedial positions (Figs 26A–B, 27B, 28B, D). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in middorsal and ventromedial positions. Pachycyclus of anterior segment margin of regular thickness, without interruption. Secondary pectinate fringe present near anterior segment margin of this and following segments. Cuticular hairs evenly distributed across segment. Posterior segment margin almost straight; pectinate fringe tips as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 3. Present segment, and eight remaining ones, consist of one tergal and two sternal plates (Figs 26A–B, 27C, E–F, 28D). Pachycyclus of anterior segment margin of regular thickness, interrupted at tergosternal and midsternal junctions and middorsally, on this and following seven segments. Segment with glandular cell outlets type 2 in paradorsal, subdorsal, laterodorsal, midlateral and lateroventral positions (Figs 26A–B, 27B–C, 28C–E). Sensory spots in subdorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 27B, 28D–E). Glandular cell outlets type 1 not observed. On this and following three segments cuticular hairs evenly distributed across tergal plate, except for hairless areas located close to midlateral line; ventromedial and paraventral areas on this and following five segments with thinner and much shorter, non-bracteate hairs. Posterior segment margin straight, terminating in pectinate fringe with fringe tips as on preceding segments.</p> <p>SEGMENT 4. With spine in middorsal position (Figs 26A, 27B). Glandular cell outlets type 2 present in subdorsal, laterodorsal, midlateral and lateroventral positions (Figs 26A–B, 27B–C, 28D–E). Sensory spots or glandular cell outlets type 1 not present. Pachycycli, pectinate fringe and cuticular hairs as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 5. With tubes in lateroventral positions (Figs 26B, 27C, 28C, H). Glandular cell outlets type 2 located in subdorsal, laterodorsal, midlateral and lateral accessory positions (Figs 26A–B, 27C, E, 28E,G–H). Sensory spots present in subdorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions; in holotype and other female specimens midlateral sensory spots located closer to sublateral line, on outer/lateral side of midlateral glandular cell outlets type 2 (Fig. 28E), while in male specimen this pair of sensory spots on dorsal side of midlateral glands (Fig. 28I). Segment otherwise as segment 4.</p> <p>SEGMENT 6. With spine in middorsal position only (Figs 26A–B, 27A, E, 28A, G). Glandular cell outlets type 2 present in subdorsal, laterodorsal, sublateral and lateroventral positions (Figs 26A–B, 27C, E, 28G–H). Sensory spots located in paradorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 26A–B, 28G– H). Tips of pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin as on preceding segments. Segment otherwise as segment 5.</p> <p>SEGMENT 7. Without spines or tubes (Figs 26B, 27E). Glandular cell outlets type 2 and sensory spots as on segment 6 (Figs 26A–B, 27E–F, 28G–H), but ventromedial pair of sensory spots located closer to ventrolateral line than on preceding segment(Fig. 28H). Cuticular hair covering as on segment 6, except for paraventral areas with much shorter and thinner hairs than on preceding segments.</p> <p>SEGMENT 8. With spines in middorsal and lateroventral positions (Figs 26A–B, 27G, 28E). Glandular cell outlets type 2 present in subdorsal, laterodorsal, sublateral and lateral accessory positions (Figs 26A–B, 27E–F, 28M–N). Sensory spots present in paradorsal positions only (Fig. 28M). Pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin with slightly narrower and shorter tips on the dorsal side. Segment otherwise as segment 7.</p> <p>SEGMENT 9. With spines in lateroventral positions (Figs 26B, 27F, 28N). Glandular cell outlets type 2 present in subdorsal, laterodorsal, midlateral and lateral accessory positions (Figs 26A–B, 27E–F, 28J, N); subdorsal pair situated close to paradorsal area (Fig. 28J). Sensory spots present in paradorsal, laterodorsal, sublateral and ventrolateral positions; laterodorsal pair located more anteriorly on segment than other pairs (Figs 26A–B, 28J). Small, rounded sieve plates located in lateral accessory positions (Fig. 27F). Pectinate fringe with shorter tips than on preceding segment, homogenous along segment margin. Cuticular hair covering of tergal plate similar to that on preceding segment, but with broader area of short and thin non-bracteate hairs, covering paradorsal and subdorsal areas; sternal plates devoid of hairs in paraventral and ventromedial areas.</p> <p>SEGMENT 10. With laterodorsal glandular cell outlets type 2 located near posterior segment margin in males; females without glandular cell outlets type 2 on this segment (Figs 26A,,C, 28K–L). Sensory spots present in subdorsal and ventrolateral positions (Fig. 28L). Glandular cell outlet type 1 present in middorsal position. Cuticular hairs sparser than on preceding segment. Central part of tergal plate almost completely hairless, sternal plate hair covering as on preceding segment.Posterior segment margin of tergal plate straight, with much shorter fringe and narrower tips than those on preceding segment (Fig. 28K– L); margins of sternal plates extend midventrally (Fig. 26B).</p> <p>SEGMENT 11. With pair of lateral terminal spines (Fig. 27D, F). Males with three pairs of penile spines; dorsal and ventral penile spines thin and flexible tubes, whereas median ones markedly thicker, conical and stout (Figs 26C, 28L); females with lateral terminal accessory spines (Figs 26A, 27F, 28K). Sensory spots present in paradorsal and subdorsal positions; subdorsal pair located near posterior margin of tergal extensions (Figs 26A, 28K). Pair of glandular cell outlets type 1 present in middorsal position, covered by middorsal protuberance-like structure extending from intersegmentary joint (Figs 26A,C, 28K–L). Segment devoid of cuticular hairs, but with dense covering of short hair-like extensions on dorsal areas of tergal plates. Short fringes covering margins of tergal and sternal plates; fringe tips slightly longer near insertion of lateral terminal spines. Tergal extensions triangular, sternal extensions do not extend beyond tergal extensions.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Hikurangi slope and Honeycomb Canyon, 670–1171 m b.s.l. See Fig. 1 for a geographic overview of stations and Table 1 for station and specimen information.</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks on Echinoderes aragorni sp. nov.</p> <p>Echinoderes aragorni sp. nov. can very easily be distinguished from all other congeners by the number and arrangement of glandular cell outlets type 2. No less than 34 pairs of glandular cell outlets type 2 (35 in males) are present in E. aragorni, which is not present in any other kinorhynch species. The only other species displaying a somewhat similar trait is E. orestauri Pardos et al., 2016 with 30 fringed tubules distributed on segments 2 to 9 (Pardos et al. 2016a). It seems likely that glandular cell outlets type 2 and fringed tubes are homologous, but they still differ morphologically since only the fringed tubes form actual external appendages. In contrast, the glands in E. aragorni are relatively large openings (although smaller in male specimens than in females: see Fig. 28I vs Fig. 28J), easily distinguishable in both SEM and LM and present on segments 2 to 10.</p> <p>A second rare feature in E. aragorni sp. nov. is the presence of lateroventral tubes/spines on segments 5, 8 and 9 only. This feature is shared with three other species only: E. caribiensis Kirsteuer, 1964, E. lusitanicus and E. skipperae Sørensen &amp; Landers, 2014 (Kirsteuer 1964; Neves et al. 2016; Sørensen &amp; Landers 2014). However, none of these species can be confused with E. aragorni, as they do not possess even a single pair of glandular cell outlets type 2. Moreover, E. caribiensis belongs to the E. coulli species group and is characterized by the absence of middorsal spines, while in contrast E. lusitanicus has five middorsal spines. Only E. skipperae has, similar to the new species, a middorsal spine arrangement with spines present on segments 4, 6 and 8.</p> <p>The presence of slit-like openings on segment 1 is also unique to E. aragorni sp. nov. Other species show an occurrence of cuticular structures on segment 1 like tubes or glandular cell outlets type 2 (e.g., E. frodoi sp. nov., E. legolasi sp. nov., E. anniae, and E. hamiltonorum) (Sørensen et al. 2018; present study), but the structures observed in E. aragorni have not been observed before. Although it may represent another type of glandular cell outlets – or a modified kind of glandular cell outlets type 2 – we are currently uncertain about their nature and function. Therefore, it is difficult to discuss this observation further, but it is obviously a structure that deserves more attention in future works.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B487885B6E2A58FDD33B5D605CF850	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grzelak, Katarzyna;Sørensen, Martin V.	Grzelak, Katarzyna, Sørensen, Martin V. (2022): Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 844: 1-108, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949
03B487885B652A40FDE03B5D6728FC4F.text	03B487885B652A40FDE03B5D6728FC4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Echinoderes galadrielae Grzelak & Sørensen 2022	<div><p>Echinoderes galadrielae sp. nov.</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CD592202-3712-43B6-9F4E-DE5670D87EE7</p> <p>Figs 29–31; Tables 20–21</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Echinoderes with spines in middorsal position on segments 4 to 8, and spines in lateroventral positions on segments 6 to 9. Tubes present in lateral accessory positions on segment 5. Glandular cell outlets type 2 in subdorsal, laterodorsal, sublateral and ventrolateral positions on segment 2, midlateral positions on segment 5 and sublateral positions on segment 8. Males with minute laterodorsal tubes on segment 10; females with nearly reduced tubes. Segment 11 composed of two tergal and two sternal plates.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species name refers to Galadriel – ‘Lady’ of Lothlórien, one of the greatest of the elves in Middle-Earth, and a character in J.R.R. Tolkien’s “ The Lord of the Rings ” and “ Silmarillion ”. Galadriel helped the Fellowship of the Ring significantly in achieving their goals, hosting them after their escape from the mines of Moria and giving each member a valuable gift for their onward journey.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.5492&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.1422" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.5492/lat -42.1422)">Campbell Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/126; 42.1422° S, 174.5492° E; 1495 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NIWA-159425. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on HS slide.</p> <p>Paratypes</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.725&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.5508" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.725/lat -41.5508)">Pahaua Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/12; 41.5508° S, 175.7250° E; 1350 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NHMD-921496 to 921497. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on glass slide • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.585&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.1345" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.585/lat -42.1345)">Seamount 766</a>, stn TAN1004/132; 42.1345° S, 174.5850° E; 1453 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NIWA-159426. Mounted as holotype.</p> <p>Additional material</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.6833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.65/lat -41.6833)">Hikurangi Slope</a>, stn TAN1004/76; 41.6833° S, 175.6500° E; 1282 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 3 ♀♀, 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.7043&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.4983" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.7043/lat -41.4983)">Pahaua Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/27; 41.4983° S, 175.7043° E; 1013 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.9477&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.476" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.9477/lat -41.476)">Honeycomb Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/62; 41.4760° S, 175.9477° E; 1171 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>GENERAL. Adults with head, neck and eleven trunk segments (Figs 29–31). Overview of measurements and dimensions in Table 20. Distribution of cuticular structures, i.e., sensory spots, glandular cell outlets, spines and tubes, summarized in Table 21. No details regarding scalid arrangement and morphology could be provided, because introvert of specimens mounted for SEM was fully or partially retracted.</p> <p>NECK. With 16 placids. Midventral placid broadest, 9 µm in width and 11 µm in length, whereas all others narrower, measuring 6 µm in width at their bases and 11 µm in length, similar in size (Fig. 30C, 31D). Trichoscalid plates are well developed.</p> <p>SEGMENT 1. Consists of complete cuticular ring. Sensory spots located anteriorly on segment, in subdorsal and laterodorsal positions (Figs 29A, 30B, 31B). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in middorsal, and ventrolateral positions. Cuticular hairs lightly scattered on dorsal and lateral sides and absent on ventral side (Fig. 30B–C). Posterior segment margin almost straight along dorsal edge, but slightly extended posteriorly in midventral position (Fig. 31C). Pectinate fringe with well-developed fringe tips, slightly shorter and rounded along dorsal margin, and longer and more pointed along lateral and ventral margins (Fig. 31B–C).</p> <p>SEGMENT 2. Consists of complete cuticular ring. Glandular cell outlets type 2 present in subdorsal, laterodorsal, sublateral and ventrolateral positions (Figs 29A–B, 30B–C, 31B–C); glands on ventral side located closer to anterior margin of segment (Fig. 31C). Sensory spots located in middorsal, laterodorsal (two pairs) and ventromedial positions (Fig. 29A–B); sensory spots on this and following segments very small. Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in middorsal and ventromedial positions. Pachycyclus of anterior segment margin of regular thickness, interrupted in middorsal position. Secondary pectinate fringe present near anterior segment margin of this and following segments. Long cuticular hairs lightly scattered on dorsal and lateral sides; ventral side with few hairs. Paraventral and midventral areas in this and following eight segments hairless. Posterior segment margin straight along dorsal side, while extended posteriorly in midventral position. Fringe tips shorter than on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 3. Present segment, and eight remaining ones, consist of one tergal and two sternal plates (Figs 29A–B, 30A, C, 31A). Segment with sensory spots located in subdorsal and midlateral positions (Figs 30B, 31B), and glandular cell outlets type 1 in middorsal and ventromedial positions. Pachycyclus of anterior segment margin of regular thickness, interrupted at tergosternal and midsternal junctions and middorsally, on this and following seven segments. Cuticular hairs more densely distributed across tergal plate, but otherwise as on preceding segment. Posterior segment margin straight, terminating in pectinate fringe with pointed fringe tips, longer than as on preceding segments.</p> <p>SEGMENT 4. With spine in middorsal position (Figs 29A, 31D). Segment without sensory spots, but with glandular cell outlets type 1 in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. Pachycycli, pectinate fringe and cuticular hairs as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 5. With spine in middorsal position and tubes in lateral accessory positions (Figs 29A–B, 30C, 31E–F). Glandular cell outlets type 2 present in midlateral positions, being similar in size and shape to those on segment 2. Sensory spots located subdorsally, and glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. Segment otherwise as segment 4.</p> <p>SEGMENT 6. With spines in middorsal and lateroventral positions (Figs 29A–B, 30A,C, 31A, D, F). Sensory spots present in paradorsal, midlateral and ventromedial positions (Figs 29A–B, 30C, 31F). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions (Figs 29A–B, 30C). Tips of pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin as on preceding segments. Cuticular hairs and posterior segment margin as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 7. With spines in middorsal and lateroventral positions (Figs 29A–B, 31D–F). Sensory spots present in paradorsal and midlateral positions (Figs 29A–B, 31F), and glandular cell outlets type 1 in paradorsal and ventromedial positions (Figs 29A–B, 30E). Cuticular hair covering as on preceding segment. Segment otherwise as segment 6.</p> <p>SEGMENT 8. With spines in middorsal and lateroventral positions (Figs 29A–B, 30E, 31D, G). Glandular cell outlets type 2 located in sublateral positions; gland very conspicuous, larger than those on segments 2 and 5 (Figs 30D–E, 31G). Sensory spots present in paradorsal positions, and glandular cell outlets type 1 in paradorsal and ventromedial positions (Fig. 30E). Pectinate fringe of posterior segment margin as on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 9. With spines in lateroventral positions (Figs 29B, 31A, G). Sensory spots located in paradorsal, subdorsal, midlateral and ventrolateral positions; subdorsal pair situated more anterior than others (Figs 29A–B, 31G). Glandular cell outlets type 1 present in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. Small, rounded sieve plates located in sublateral positions (Figs 30E, 31G). Pectinate fringe as on preceding segment. Cuticular hair covering and posterior segment margin similar to those on preceding segment.</p> <p>SEGMENT 10. With sensory spots in subdorsal and ventrolateral positions (Fig. 31G–H). Glandular cell outlets type 1 in ventromedial positions and as pair in middorsal position (Fig. 30E). Males with very short laterodorsal tubes, emerging through slit-like, fringed opening; females with similar slit-like, fringed opening, but with tubes being even further reduced, and either not visible at all or only visible as plate-like projection emerging through opening (Fig. 31H–I). Cuticular hairs very scarce on both tergal and sternal plates (Fig. 31A, G–I). Pectinate fringe of posterior margin on dorsal and lateral sides with markedly shorter fringe tips as on preceding segments, but with longer tips on paraventral areas. Margins of sternal plates extend midventrally.</p> <p>SEGMENT 11. With pair of lateral terminal spines (Fig. 29A). Females with lateral terminal accessory spines (Figs 29A, 30A, 31I); males with three pairs of penile spines (Figs 29C, 31H), with dorsal- and ventralmost penile spines being slender and tubular, with abrupt narrowings about ¼ from their distal tips; median ones stout and triangular. Sensory spots present in paradorsal positions, near posterior margins of sternal plate (Fig. 31H). A pair of glandular cell outlets type 1 present in middorsal position. Segment devoid of cuticular hairs, but has small patches with short and tiny hair-like extensions in paradorsal positions. Short fringes covering margins of sternal plates. Segment composed of two tergal and two sternal plates (Fig. 31H–I) Tergal extensions significantly elongated and posteriorly projecting (Figs 30A, 31H–I); sternal extensions short and rounded.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Hikurangi Margin, from slope, through canyon, and seamount habitats, 1013–1495 m b.s.l. See Fig. 1 for a geographic overview of stations and Table 1 for station and specimen information.</p> <p>Taxonomic remarks on Echinoderes galadrielae sp. nov.</p> <p>Echinoderes galadrielae sp. nov. displays a very common spine pattern, with five middorsal ones on segments 4 to 8, and lateroventral spines on segments 6 to 9, which is shared with almost 50 species of Echinoderes. However, what makes E. galadrielae differ from most of its congeners is the presence of tubes on segment 5 in lateral accessory positions rather than in lateroventral positions. Such tube displacement is actually a very uncommon trait, observed for only four other species, i.e., E. bathyalis Yamasaki et al., 2018, E. drogoni Grzelak &amp; Sørensen, 2017 in Grzelak &amp; Sørensen (2018), E. ferrugineus Zelinka, 1928 and E. beringiensis Adrianov &amp; Maiorova, 2022 (Grzelak &amp; Sørensen 2018; Yamasaki et al. 2018c; Yamasaki &amp; Dal Zotto 2019; Adrianov &amp; Maiorova 2022). Echinoderes galadrielae can easily be distinguished from E. bathyalis though, by its number and positions of glandular cell outlets type 2: E. galadrielae has four pairs of those glands on segment 2, and one pair midlaterally on segment 5 and sublaterally on segment 8, whereas E. bathyalis shows only one pair on segment 2, an absence of glands on segment 5 and lateral accessorily on segment 8 (Yamasaki et al. 2018c). Moreover, E. bathyalis possesses markedly different tergal extensions, and all its acicular spines are longer.</p> <p>Echinoderes ferrugineus and E. galadrielae sp. nov. share the same number and arrangement of type 2 glands on segments 2, 5 and 8 (on the latter segment in midlateral rather than sublateral position though), but E. ferrugineus has two additional pairs of glandular cell outlets type 2 on segment 4, in subdorsal and midlateral positions (Yamasaki &amp; Dal Zotto 2019). Moreover, in addition to its very different tergal extensions, E. ferrugineus also differs by being larger (304 µm vs 224 µm), and having markedly shorter lateroventral and lateral terminal spines (for details see Yamasaki &amp; Dal Zotto 2019).</p> <p>Among the abovementioned species, two Arctic ones, E. drogoni and E. beringiensis, show the closest resemblance to E. galadrielae sp. nov. The three species share several features, including tube and spine patterns, number and arrangement of glandular cell outlets type 2 and most sensory spots. They also share another very characteristic and uncommon feature, which is the middorsal division of the tergal plate of segment 11 (Grzelak &amp; Sørensen 2018; Adrianov &amp; Maiorova 2022). Nevertheless, despite overall similarity, E. galadrielae can easily be distinguished from both E. drogoni and E. beringiensis by its elongated tergal extensions.</p> <p>Such long and conspicuous tergal extensions, constituting almost 15% of the total trunk length, is in fact the most prominent trait of E. galadrielae sp. nov. Longer tergal extensions (TE/TL ~ 20%) are known only for two other species, i.e., E. balerioni Grzelak &amp; Sørensen, 2019 and E. cernunnos Sørensen et al., 2012 (see Sørensen et al. 2012; Grzelak &amp; Sørensen 2019). Echinoderes balerioni can easily be discriminated from E. galadrielae by its three middorsal spines on segments 4, 6 and 8 and the lack of glandular cell outlets type 2. In contrast, E. cernunnos – a species described from Korean waters – shows a much closer resemblance to the new species. The spine and glandular cell outlets type 2 distributions are almost identical with those in E. galadrielae, and a re-examination of the paratypes (NHMD-099881 to 099882) and photos of the holotype (INBRIV-0000245082) of E. cernunnos revealed that both species also have their tubes on segment 5 displaced to lateral accessory positions. The most conspicuous difference between the species is the presence of midlateral glandular cell outlets type 2 on segment 7 in E. cernunnos, which are absent in E. galadrielae. Interestingly, E. cernunnos is also one of the few known congeners (together with abovementioned E. drogoni and E. juliae Sørensen et al., 2018) with a middorsal fissure on segment 11 (Sørensen et al. 2012, 2018; Grzelak &amp; Sørensen 2018) and is also characterised by tergal extensions not only similar in length, but also in their horn-like shape (compare Sørensen et al. 2012: fig. 6f–h with Fig. 31H–I in the present study). Nonetheless, despite several similarities and the fact that E. galadrielae and E. cernunnos share several rare character traits, telling them apart should not be a problem. Except for the different distribution of sensory spots, the easiest way is to focus on segment 7, which has glandular cell outlets type 2 in E. cernunnos, and on the lateral terminal spines, which are markedly longer in E. galadrielae (LTS/TL=87% in E. galadrielae vs LTS/TL=23% in E. cernunnos) (Sørensen et al. 2012).</p> <p>Hence, in summary, E. galadrielae sp. nov. appears to share a number of traits with E. drogoni, E. cernunnos, and E. beringiensis, including general spine pattern, lateral displacement of the tubes on segment 5, glandular cell outlet type 2 patterns on segments 2, 5 and 8, and middorsal division of the tergal plate of segment 11. This combination of rather unusual characters suggests that the four species are closely related and represent a clade within Echinoderes. Following previous attempts to identify such species groups within the genus (see, e.g., Yamasaki 2016; Sørensen et al. 2018, 2020), we propose that these four species should be considered as a monophyletic entity and referred to as the E. cernunnos species group.</p> <p>Species with uncertain identities</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B487885B652A40FDE03B5D6728FC4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grzelak, Katarzyna;Sørensen, Martin V.	Grzelak, Katarzyna, Sørensen, Martin V. (2022): Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 844: 1-108, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949
03B487885B732A72FD9F3B006468FE08.text	03B487885B732A72FD9F3B006468FE08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Echinoderes juliae Sorensen 2018	<div><p>Echinoderes juliae Sørensen et al., 2018</p> <p>Figs 38–39; Table 28</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>NEW ZEALAND • 1 ♀, 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.6642&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.6837" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.6642/lat -41.6837)">Hikurangi Slope</a>, stn TAN1004/4; 41.6837° S, 175.6642° E; 1046 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; 1 ♀ NHMD-921717, 1 ♂ NHMD-921715. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on glass slides • 1 ♀, 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.8682&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.6288" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.8682/lat -41.6288)">Hikurangi Slope</a>, stn TAN1004/17; 41.6288° S, 175.8682° E; 1514 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; 1 ♀ NHMD-921723, 1 ♂ NHMD-921724. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on glass slides • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.8532&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.5937" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.8532/lat -41.5937)">Hikurangi Slope</a>, stn TAN1004/38; 41.5937° S, 175.8532° E; 1121 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NHMD-921729. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on HS slide • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.8003&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.5258" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.8003/lat -41.5258)">Hikurangi Slope</a>, stn TAN1004/44; 41.5258°S, 175.8003°E; 728m b.s.l.; Apr.2010; NIWA TAN1004Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.6833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.65/lat -41.6833)">Hikurangi Slope</a>, stn TAN1004/76; 41.6833° S, 175.6500° E; 1282 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.725&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.5508" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.725/lat -41.5508)">Pahaua Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/12; 41.5508° S, 175.7250° E; 1350 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; 2 ♀♀ NHMD-921718-921729, 2 ♂♂ NHMD-921720-921721. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on glass slide • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.7187&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.51" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.7187/lat -41.51)">Pahaua Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/22; 41.5100° S, 175.7187° E; 1188 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NHMD-921728. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on HS slide • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.7043&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.4983" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.7043/lat -41.4983)">Pahaua Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/27; 41.4983° S, 175.7043° E; 1013 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.6828&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.4962" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.6828/lat -41.4962)">Pahaua Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/31; 41.4962° S, 175.6828° E; 730 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NHMD-921725. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on glass slide • 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.8977&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.408" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.8977/lat -41.408)">Honeycomb Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/58; 41.4080° S, 175.8977° E; 670 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NHMD-921726 to 921727. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on glass slides • 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=175.9477&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.476" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 175.9477/lat -41.476)">Honeycomb Canyon</a>, stn TAN1004/62; 41.4760° S, 175.9477° E; 1171 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; personal reference collection of MVS. Mounted for SEM • 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.585&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.1345" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.585/lat -42.1345)">Seamount</a> 766, stn TAN1004/132; 42.1345° S, 174.5850° E; 1453 m b.s.l.; Apr. 2010; NIWA TAN1004 Voyage; soft sediment; NHMD-921730, NHMD-921732. Mounted for LM in Fluoromount G on HS slides.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Hikurangi slope, seamount, Honeycomb Canyon, Pahaua Canyon, 670–1514 m b.s.l. See Fig. 1 for a geographic overview of stations and Table 1 for station and specimen information.</p> <p>Brief description and remarks</p> <p>Echinoderes with middorsal spines on segments 4 to 8 and spines in lateroventral positions on segments 6 to 9. Tubes present in lateroventral position on segment 5 only. Glandular cell outlets type 2 present in subdorsal, laterodorsal, sublateral and ventrolateral positions on segment 2, in sublateral positions on segments 3 and 8, and in midlateral positions on segments 4 and 5 (Figs 38–39). Tergal extensions long, with flexible tips (Figs 38D, 39G).</p> <p>Echinoderes juliae is one of the deep-sea species originally found on the abyssal plain off Oregon and along the continental rise off California, in the Northeast Pacific at depths of 2702 to 3679 m (Sørensen et al. 2018). Recently, its presence was also recorded on the abyssal plain, east of the Atacama Trench in the southeast Pacific at a depth of 2560 m (Grzelak et al. 2021).</p> <p>Despite a significant geographic distance, the Hikurangi Margin individuals examined for the present study follow the morphology and morphometrics of E. juliae from the northeast Pacific type locality closely. Differences were only detected for the glandular cell outlets type 2 on segment 4, which are displaced from sublateral to midlateral positions in the New Zealand specimens (Figs 38B, 39C–D), and the length of the lateral terminal accessory spines, which are twice as long in individuals from the US west coast (see Table 28). Nevertheless, the distribution and arrangement of the other cuticular structures were in line with the original description, and thus we feel confident that the recorded specimens are E. juliae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B487885B732A72FD9F3B006468FE08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Grzelak, Katarzyna;Sørensen, Martin V.	Grzelak, Katarzyna, Sørensen, Martin V. (2022): Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 844: 1-108, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.844.1949
