identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
FA57DE61E37325477E860E07994EF8A5.text	FA57DE61E37325477E860E07994EF8A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magelona cornuta Wesenberg-Lund 1949	<div><p>Magelona cf. cornuta Wesenberg-Lund, 1949</p> <p>Figs 2–5</p> <p>Material examined. JAPAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=135.3418&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.704" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 135.3418/lat 33.704)">Off Shirahama</a>, Wakayama (NMW.Z.2022.001.0013, af), R. V. Janthina Stn 4 (33.7040, 135.3418), dredge, 27/05/2015, collected by NJ, sandy sediments, 31 m depth.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Prostomium slightly wider than long, rounded, with distinct frontal horns, anterior margin straight, crenulate. Notopodia of chaetigers 1–8 with large foliaceous postchaetal lamellae, and long superior dorsal lobes. Neuropodia with slender cirriform ventral lamellae. Chaetiger 9 with triangular notopodial lamellae, superior dorsal lobes absent. Neuropodia of chaetigers 8 and 9 with additional triangular postchaetal lobes. Thoracic chaetigers with unilimbate chaetae. Abdominal lateral lamellae spatulate, basally constricted, with small triangular processes. Hooded hooks tridentate, in two groups, vis-à-vis.</p> <p>Dimensions. A moderately sized species: with a very slight constriction between thorax and abdomen (Figs 2A; 3C), thorax slightly dorsoventrally flattened, and marginally thinner (when viewed laterally), but wider than the rounded abdomen (when viewed dorsally). Chaetigers 5–6 marginally wider than rest of thorax (when viewed dorsally, Fig. 3C). Specimen, anterior fragment: prostomium 0.9 mm long, 1.0 mm wide; thorax 6.25 mm long (including prostomium), 0.8 mm wide; total length 21.5 mm for 31 chaetigers (last chaetiger dissected and slidemounted).</p> <p>Description. Prostomium marginally wider than long (L:W ratio 0.9), rounded with distinct frontal horns, anterior margin straight, crenulate, with three triangular crenulations (Figs 2B; 3B). Two prominent dorsal longitudinal muscular ridges, diverging at distal tips and extending into frontal horns. Two outer muscular ridges either side, marginally shorter and abutting inner pair for entire length. Distinct muscular patterned markings either side of ridges as roughly oblong sections (approximately four to five each side). Burrowing organ [previously termed ‘proboscis’, see Mortimer et al. (2012) for discussion on terminology] heart-shaped (Fig. 3A, C–F), with distinct longitudinal ridges inferiorly, upper surface a distinct pad (Fig. 3C) showing lighter longitudinal ridges. Both palps partially retained (regenerating), short, reaching chaetiger 7–8 (Fig. 3A–F, length of non-regenerating palps unknown), non-papillated region reaching chaetiger 3. Papillae, digitiform, two rows either side an indistinct longitudinal line medially, three rows either side proximally (distally unknown). Achaetous region, approximately one and a half times the size of chaetiger 1 (Fig. 2A).</p> <p>Chaetigers 1–7 similar: notopodia with large foliaceous and distally pointed postchaetal lamellae increasing marginally in size along thorax, inferiorly encircling chaetae, forming low triangular prechaetal lamellae (Fig. 2C–I). A long, slender superior dorsal lobe (SDL) present on each chaetiger, marginally shorter in posterior thorax. Neuropodia with slender cirriform lamellae directly under chaetal bundle, decreasing gradually in size along thorax. Low pre- and postchaetal ridges encircling chaetae, cuff-like.</p> <p>Notopodia of chaetiger 8 similar to preceding chaetigers (Fig. 2J). Neuropodial lamellae of same chaetiger short, and in a marginally prechaetal position, additional postchaetal expansion of neuropodia distinct and triangular.</p> <p>Chaetiger 9 notopodial postchaetal lamellae shorter than those of preceding chaetigers, triangular, with rounded distal tips, prechaetal lamellae low triangular, superior dorsal lobes absent. Neuropodia similar to that of chaetiger 8 (Fig. 2K).</p> <p>Very light ventral swellings present between chaetigers 6 and 8, paired and reniform (Fig. 3E). All thoracic chaetae simple, smooth edged, unilimbate, capillary chaetae (Fig. 2M), of a similar size in notopodia and neuropodia throughout (Fig. 2C–K). Chaetae of chaetiger 9 with slightly curved tips.</p> <p>Abdomen with basally constricted lateral lamellae, large and rounded spatulate, distally pointed, in both rami (Figs 2L; 3G). Long triangular dorsal (DML) and ventral (VML) processes evident throughout at inner margins of chaetal rows (Figs 2L; 3G). Abdominal hooded hooks tridentate (superior two fangs parallel, above main fang) (Figs 2N, O; 4C–E), those towards middle of ramus slightly longer, although approximately similar in size. Hooks in two roughly equal groups, vis-à-vis, initially 12 per ramus, reducing to ten by chaetiger 31 (Figs 2L; 3G). Hooks protruding from definite ridge, with a distinct triangular postchaetal expansion (Fig. 2L). Small, curved support chaetae (‘aciculae’, abdominal support chaetae of Müller &amp; Bartolomaeus 2022) present, one per ramus, basal areas overlapping in region between notopodial and neuropodial rami of each parapodium; distal regions small with rudimentary hooded hook. No pouches observed (although pouches only recorded from chaetiger 41 for M. cornuta, see Mortimer &amp; Mackie 2009).</p> <p>Pygidium unknown.</p> <p>Colour. No live specimens observed. Specimen cream-white in alcohol with distinct interparapodial abdominal patches. Methyl Green staining pattern inconspicuous, diffusely stained all over (Fig. 3B, D–G). When much time has passed, light speckling occurs dorsally between chaetigers 4–8, and ventrally between chaetigers 3–8, and the dorsal muscular ridges of the prostomium.</p> <p>Distribution. Magelona cornuta was originally described from Iranian waters, Gulf of Oman, in clay sediments at a depth of 12 m (Wesenberg-Lund 1949) and has since been recorded in the area by Taheri &amp; Foshtomi (2009) and Miri et al. (2014). Further records of the species include: the Red Sea (Amoureux 1983), Gulf of Aden (Hartman 1974, 1976), the Ivory Coast (Intès &amp; Le Loeuff 1975, 1984), Kuwait (Al-Yamani et al. 2012; Al-Rifaie et al. 2012), Nigeria, Zaire, Angola (Kirkegaard 1959, 1996), and Hong Kong (Zhou &amp; Mortimer 2013). Magelona cornuta was additionally recorded in Hong Kong by Mortimer &amp; Mackie (2009) during a redescription of the species, and although minute differences were noted these were attributed to the poor condition of the type material. The need for fresher material from the type locality recognised at the time. The material from the Red Sea recorded by Amoureux (1983) was later described as an additional species Magelona montera Mortimer, Cassà, Martin &amp; Gil, 2012, and that recorded by Kirkegaard (1959) was shown to be incorrectly identified (Mortimer et al. 2011). Personal observations of the second author indicate that there are several new species off Western Africa which share morphological similarities with both M. cornuta and M. crenulifrons. It is therefore likely that previous records of M. cornuta off Western Africa as noted above relate to new species, the current authors do not consider it to occur in that region. Mortimer (2010) stated that Hartman’s specimens from the Gulf of Aden should be revisited given the morphological similarity with M. crenulifrons.</p> <p>Magelona cornuta is a species which has relatively few records (Fig. 5). Whilst this may have been previously attributed to information lacking in the original description, the species was redescribed by Mortimer &amp; Mackie (2009). The morphologically similar species M. crenulifrons has been extensively recorded (Fig. 5) from the NorthWestern Indo-Pacific to Central Indo-Pacific (Mortimer &amp; Mackie 2009; Mortimer et al. 2012; Shakouri et al. 2017; Vijapure et al. 2019; Nateewathana &amp; Hylleberg 1991; Gallardo 1968; Phan 2015; Thompson &amp; Shin 1983; Rosita et al. 1991, 1998; Oliver 1993; Shin 1998, 2003; Yan 2007; Wang 2008; Du et al. 2011, 2013; Zhong et al. 2020; Al-Hakin &amp; Glasby 2004; Glasby et al. 2016; Pamungkas 2020). Given the morphological similarity between these two species previous records should be verified. However, if previous identifications are correct the lack of records of M. cornuta may indicate that the species occurs in a much more restricted region around the Arabian Sea. Further analysis would be needed to verify the latter.</p> <p>The records of M. cornuta from Hong Kong by Mortimer &amp; Mackie (2009), and a specimen approaching M. cornuta off Shirahama, Japan from the current study call into question the known distribution of the species. Whilst Mortimer &amp; Mackie (2009) concluded that the Hong Kong material agreed well with the type material, the overall condition of the latter was poor and the need for fresher material from the type locality highlighted. Certain magelonid species are known to have wide distributions (e.g., Magelona alleni Wilson, 1958, see Mortimer et al. 2021b), however, the Japanese specimen herein observed was collected a significant distance from the type locality. The material of Mortimer &amp; Mackie (2009) from Hong Kong was compared with the Japanese specimen and they agree well. This may suggest that Northern Pacific records may be a distinct species. However, without further material from both the type locality and Japan this cannot be verified at this time. For this reason, we refer the Japanese specimen to M. cf. cornuta, until verifications can be made. We suggest that M. cornuta should be considered a predominantly Western Indo-Pacific (sensu Spalding et al. 2007) species. Central Indo-Pacific and Temperate Northern Pacific records should be treated with caution until further material can be studied.</p> <p>Habitat. The following specimen was collected from off Shirahama, Wakayama in sandy sediments at 31 m (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Remarks. The Japanese material closely resembles the holotype previously observed and redescribed by the second author. The main difference relates to the shape of the prostomium, being somewhat more rounded in the latest material and subtriangular in the type. Mortimer &amp; Mackie (2009) noted that the prostomial shape of the holotype was likely altered by its condition, with the lateral margins somewhat squashed inwards. The only other difference is slightly more pointed tips of the thoracic notopodial lamellae of the Japanese material. As noted above, until further material can be examined, we refer this specimen to M. cf. cornuta.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA57DE61E37325477E860E07994EF8A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Abbie;Mortimer, Kate;Jimi, Naoto	Taylor, Abbie, Mortimer, Kate, Jimi, Naoto (2022): Unearthing the diversity of Japanese Magelona (Annelida: Magelonidae); three species new to science, and a redescription of Magelona japonica. Zootaxa 5196 (4): 451-491, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5196.4.1
FA57DE61E37925447E8608F898D5F840.text	FA57DE61E37925447E8608F898D5F840.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magelona japonica Okuda 1937	<div><p>Magelona japonica Okuda, 1937</p> <p>[Japanese name: Morote-gokai]</p> <p>Figs 6–9</p> <p>Magelona japonica Okuda, 1937b</p> <p>Type locality: Incheon, Korean Archipelago; Onagawa, Miyagi Prefecture</p> <p>Material examined. SOUTH KOREA, Incheon, syntypes (ZIHU 2789, 9 af, 18 f, pf) from soft, muddy sediments, July 1936, collector unknown. JAPAN (NMW.Z.2022.001.0001, af), R. V. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.2294&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.3088" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.2294/lat 34.3088)">Toyoshiomaru Stn</a> 4 (34.3098, 133.2260 to 34.3088, 133.2294), dredge, 05/11/2014, collected by NJ, sandy sediments, 13–14 m depth.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Prostomium wider than long, horns present. Chaetigers 1–9 with slender triangular lamellae, neuropodia distinctly scoop-shaped on chaetigers 1–4. Distinct pigment band on posterior thorax. All thoracic chaetae capillary. Abdominal lateral lamellae roughly equal in size, triangular to foliaceous with pointed tips. Abdominal hooks tridentate, in two groups, vis-à-vis. No pouches observed.</p> <p>Dimensions. A large, stout species; with a slight constriction between thorax and abdomen (Figs 6A; 7A, C), thorax dorsoventrally flattened, much thinner (when viewed laterally, Fig. 8C), but wider than the rounded abdomen (when viewed dorsally). Chaetigers 5–7 marginally wider than anterior and posterior thorax (when viewed dorsally). Japanese specimen, anterior fragment: prostomium 0.6 mm long, 1.1 mm wide; thorax 3.9 mm long (including prostomium), 0.98 mm wide (between chaetigers 6 and 7); total length 6.1 mm for 15 chaetigers (last chaetiger dissected and slide mounted). Twenty-eight fragments of suspected syntype material observed, including nine anterior fragments ranging from 3–34 chaetigers and 1.5–11.5 mm in length (N.B. syntype material has previously dried out, so measurements approximate given condition). Lateral margins of thoracic chaetigers characteristically rounded and bulbous (Figs 6A; 7A–C, E; 8E).</p> <p>Description. Prostomium triangular (Figs 6B; 7D), wider than long (L:W ratio 0.55). Distinct prostomial horns, anterior margin triangular, not entirely smooth but not as marked as crenulations. Lateral prostomial margins slightly rounded, base clearly expanded. Prostomium with two pairs of prominent longitudinal dorsal muscular ridges, inners abutting for a third of the length, diverging at both ends. Outer pair of ridges abutting inner pair for majority of length. Markings either side of the ridges fairly weak, not as distinct as in other species. Burrowing organ partially everted (Figs 7C, F, G; 8C, F) on Japanese specimen and on four syntypes, oval (shape of full eversion unknown). Longitudinally ridged inferiorly, superior surface not observed. Palp stubs (showing signs of regeneration) on Japanese specimen, arising ventrolaterally from base of prostomium, thick (Figs 6A; 7) (now detached, present in vial). Palps reaching approximately chaetigers 1–2. A few short papillae present on distal portion of left-hand palp. Exact number of papillae and rows indeterminable. Palps retained partially on three syntype specimens (Fig. 8C) (one loose palp present in vial), reaching chaetigers 12–16, non-papillated region reaching chaetiger 2. Papillae long; one row either side of indistinct longitudinal line on distal portion, two rows either side medially, and three rows either side proximally.</p> <p>Achaetous region behind prostomium, roughly one and a half times the size of chaetiger 1 (Figs 6A; 7D, E; 8D). Chaetigers 1–8 similar (Figs 6A, C–J; 7A, E, F); parapodia biramous. Notopodia with low triangular, prechaetal lamellae confluent with slender, smooth-edged, triangular postchaetal lamellae. Lamellae decrease in size towards mid thorax, those of chaetiger 5 and 6 much smaller than preceding chaetigers, but lamellae increase again on chaetigers 7 and 8 (although not as large as anterior thorax). No superior dorsal lobes present on thoracic chaetigers. Neuropodial lamellae distinctly scoop-shaped on chaetigers 1–4 (Figs 6C–F; 7F), tips pointed, situated directly under chaetal bundle. Neuropodial lamellae of mid and posterior thorax (Fig. 6G–J) digitiform to slender triangular, becoming distinctly postchaetal by chaetiger 7 (Fig. 6I). Lamellae decrease in size to mid thorax, but increase from chaetiger 6, initially similar in size to notopodia, but becoming longer than notopodia by chaetiger 4.</p> <p>Chaetiger 9 (Figs 6A; 8A, B): shorter and narrower than preceding chaetigers. Noto- and neuropodial lamellae similar, triangular postchaetal, smaller than on preceding chaetigers (Fig. 6K). No superior dorsal lobes. Notopodial lamellae below chaetal bundle, neuropodial lamellae above neurochaetae (Fig. 6K). Chaetae of chaetigers 1–9 simple, unilimbate winged capillaries with smooth blades, limbations slight (Fig. 6M). Neuropodial chaetae longer than notopodial ones, chaetal bundles of posterior thorax distinctly splayed (e.g., Fig. 6I–K). No thoracic ventral swellings observed.</p> <p>Parapodia of abdominal chaetigers (Figs 6L; 8A, B) with approximately equal lateral lamellae in both rami. Lamellae marginally foliaceous to triangular in shape with pointed tips, slight basal constriction but with no obvious postchaetal expansion of lamellae behind chaetal rows. Minute to sporadic triangular dorsal (DML) and ventral (VML) processes present at inner margins of chaetal rows (Fig. 6L). Abdominal chaetae tridentate hooded hooks (Fig. 6N) of similar size, superior two fangs parallel, above, but not majorly distinct from main fang. Hooks in each ramus in two groups, main fangs vis-à-vis, group at inner margin with approximately twice as many hooks (Fig. 6A, L). Roughly ten hooks per ramus in anterior abdomen. No abdominal support chaetae (‘aciculae’) or abdominal pouches observed.</p> <p>Posterior of Japanese specimen unknown. One posterior fragment observed in syntype material, pygidium conical and devoid of anal cirri (as noted by Okuda, likely damaged) (Fig. 8G). Several ovigerous syntype specimens observed. Sand balls and foraminifera additionally observed in the gut of syntypes, and evidence of a tube on two specimens, as noted by Okuda.</p> <p>Colour. No living material observed, although a photograph of the freshly preserved specimen, provided by third author, shows a pale-yellow colouration with a dark reddish-brown pigment band (Fig. 7B) in the posterior thorax (now faded to a large extent, Fig. 7A, C). Band strongest between chaetigers 5–9, but with smaller pigmented regions adjacent to parapodia on chaetigers 3–4. Pigment band extends around the body from dorsal to ventral surface. Syntypes have darkened to a yellow-brown colour, perhaps as a consequence of drying out previously. Staining with Methyl Green (Fig. 7E, F) fairly indistinct, showing no clear pattern. Although, speckled areas from chaetigers 1–4, and abdominal interparapodial patches more distinct in stained specimens (Figs 6A; 8A, B). Thoracic staining retained on Japanese specimen for some time after staining. Transverse lines of white speckles apparent on chaetigers 1–4, and evenly spread across surface of chaetigers 5–9. Dense white speckles between chaetigers 8–10, particularly either side of mid ventral line, and as interparapodial patches in the abdomen present.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat. Type specimens were collected from soft, muddy sediments off Incheon, Korean Archipelago and Onagawa, Miyagi Prefecture. The current Japanese specimen was collected at a depth of 13–14 m off Innoshima Island, Seto Inland Sea, Japan (34.3098, 133.2260 to 34.3088, 133.2294) in sandy sediments (Fig. 1, Table 1). Further records from muds and sands from estuarine, intertidal flats, continental shelf and shallow sublittoral sediments exist from Korea (Okuda 1937a &amp; b; Oh &amp; Kim 1976; Choi &amp; Koh 1986; Park 1991; Choi &amp; Koh 1994; Hong &amp; Yoo 1996; Lim &amp; Hong 1997; Hong et al. 1999; Hong &amp; Yoo 2001; Lim &amp; Choi 2001; Hyun et al. 2002; An et al. 2006; Lim et al. 2006; Paik et al. 2007; Yoo et al. 2007; Cha et al. 2009; Yoon et al. 2009a –c; Seo et al. 2009; Choi et al. 2010; Yoon et al. 2010; Jung et al. 2011; Kim et al. 2011; Yoon et al. 2011; Yu et al. 2011; Yu et al. 2013; Park et al. 2014; Seo et al. 2014; Kim et al. 2016a &amp; b; Lim et al. 2016; Seo et al. 2016; Kwon et al. 2017a &amp; b; Jeong &amp; Shin 2018; Seo et al. 2019; Kim et al. 2019; Khim et al. 2021; Kim et al. 2021; Youn et al. 2021), Japan (Imajima 1968; Kawabe 1975; Imajima &amp; Takeda 1975; Yokoyama &amp; Hayashi 1980; Imajima 1982; Lin 1983; Okanishi et al. 2016; Nishijima et al. 2015), South Viet Nam (Gallardo 1968; Paxton &amp; Chou 2000), China (Wu et al. 1980; Yang &amp; Sun 1988; Paxton &amp; Chou 2000), South China Sea (Glasby et al. 2016), Andaman Islands, Bay of Bengal and Palk Bay, India (Tampi &amp; Rengarajan 1964) (Fig. 9). Berkeley &amp; Berkeley (1950, 1952) suggested the presence of M. japonica in the Canadian Pacific and off Washington, USA, however noted doubts of their identification suggesting M. longicornis as an alternative. Jones (1971) concurred with the authors, later synonymising the records with the latter species. The records of the species from the Indo-Pacific region (Andaman Islands, India, and South Viet Nam) do not mention the distinct pigment band which is present in M. japonica. Given the lack of such a distinctive character in the notes of both records, and their distance from the type locality, further verification is warranted to ascertain whether M. japonica really occurs in these regions. The authors suggest that M. japonica is predominantly a Temperate Northern Pacific (sensu Spalding et al. 2007) species (Fig. 9).</p> <p>Many of the above records suggest the species dominates at shallower depths, however, several occurrences at more than 30 m have been noted (Choi &amp; Koh 1986; Paik et al. 2007). The species has been reported as dominant in sediments with low organic content (Lim &amp; Hong 1997) and a sensitivity to organic enrichment was also additionally noted by Nishijima et al. (2015).</p> <p>Remarks. The original description of M. japonica does not disclose the holding institution of the type material, although does state that the specimens originally came from the Hokkaido Fishery Station. Brasil (2003) stated the holotype was originally deposited at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo (NSMT), however, reported the holotype to be lost. Discussions with NSMT, suggested the type material may have been deposited at the Hokkaido University Museum. Personal communications by the second author with Hiroshi Kajihara revealed putative syntypes held at the latter institution. The specimen label noting “ Magelona japonica ”, “Okuda”, and “Incheon”, fitting well with the type material. Unfortunately, the material has dehydrated at some point, although, the condition is sufficient to corroborate Okuda’s observations and many of the identifying characteristics. Examination revealed several specimens which have been previously dissected (Fig. 8D), possibly prior to drawing, and one specimen bears close resemblance to that originally drawn by Okuda (1937a: fig. 23) and herein imaged (Fig. 8C). A posterior fragment devoid of anal cirri (Fig. 8G) as described by Okuda is additionally present. Whilst slight discrepancies in the sizes of specimens exist between the original description and the redescription herein, this is likely due to desiccation of the syntype material. Okuda’s longest specimen was 42 chaetigers, and although the syntypes are marginally shorter, this may be due to dissection, or fragmentation. The current authors are content that the Hokkaido University Museum material represents the syntype material of the species.</p> <p>There are several differences noted between the original description and the redescription given herein, particularly in relation to the parapodia. The original description notes “the eight anterior chaetigers bear slender dorsal and ventral postchaetal lobes”, however, the figures show distinctly ventral neuropodia for the first and fifth parapodia, which is in agreement with the current findings, in which they only become postchaetal at chaetigers 7 to 9. Okuda (1937a) made no mention of scoop-shaped thoracic neuropodia; however, they can be observed on the syntype material, even in their dried state (Fig. 8C–E). Okuda also noted the lamellae of chaetiger 9 to be subequal, however, they are relatively similar in length in both rami, as he originally drew. The pigment bands of the type specimens have now faded to a large extent, but this is consistent with that seen in other magelonid specimens after more than ten years in preservatives (pers. obs. of second author).</p> <p>Okuda noted scattered brown spots on the lateral sides of the thorax, just behind the parapodia. Although not observed by the current authors, white spots scattered over the thorax can be seen. Six to eight abdominal hooded hooks per rami were described by Okuda, although there are approximately ten for the Japanese specimen. On examination of one of Okuda’s syntypes eight hooks were seen per ramus, not dissimilar from the current specimen.</p> <p>The subspecies Magelona japonica var. koreana Okuda, 1937 was elevated to species level (Magelona koreana) by Jones in 1971. However, it has been largely ignored in the literature outside of a few sporadic records (e.g., Gallardo 1968; Glasby et al. 2016). The two species share many morphological similarities, but M. koreana differs in possessing small ventral lamellae on chaetiger 9, and sub-equal abdominal lamellae. The original description of M. koreana is ambiguous in terms of pigmentation, stating “no marked pigmentation”, this requires further verification. It is entirely possible that some records of M. japonica may actually represent M. koreana. The type material of Magelona koreana is believed lost and no further information can be added at this time.</p> <p>In their phylogenetic hypotheses under Magelonidae, Mortimer et al. (2021a) highlighted a group containing the species Magelona fasciata Mortimer, Kongsrud &amp; Willassen, 2021 and M. cincta. The group (Group F) was characterised by the presence of scoop-shaped thoracic neuropodial lamellae, and a pigmented band in the thorax. Magelona japonica was not included in that analysis, but it is highly likely to belong to this ‘ Magelona cincta ’ group of species. Magelona fasciata, a species described off Western African, differs from M. japonica in possessing bidentate, not tridentate, hooded hooks as in the latter species. The prostomial horns of M. fasciata are rudimentary, and pigmentation runs throughout the entire body, whilst in M. japonica prostomial horns are more distinct and pigmentation is limited to the posterior thorax. Similarly, M. cincta differs from M. japonica in possessing rudimentary prostomial horns.</p> <p>A further eight species are recorded to possess a thoracic pigment band: M. alleni; Magelona equilamellae Harmelin, 1964; Magelona sp. I of Uebelacker &amp; Jones (1984); Magelona variolamellata Bolívar &amp; Lana, 1986; Magelona guineensis Mortimer, Kongsrud &amp; Willassen, 2021; Magelona picta Mortimer, Kongsrud &amp; Willassen, 2021; Magelona nanseni Mortimer, Kongsrud &amp; Willassen, 2021; and Magelona mackiei Mortimer, Kongsrud &amp; Willassen, 2021. They all differ from M. japonica in not possessing scoop-shaped neuropodial thoracic lamellae, and in lacking distinct prostomial horns. Magelona alleni further differs in possessing sub-equal abdominal lamellae (as seen in M. koreana), M. mackiei in possessing bidentate hooded hooks, and lastly Magelona sp. I in possessing polydentate hooded hooks.</p> <p>Two morphologically similar species known from an adjacent ecoregion are Magelona mickminni Nateewathana &amp; Hylleberg, 1991, and Magelona petersenae Nateewathana &amp; Hylleberg, 1991. Magelona mickminni differs from M. japonica in lacking scoop-shaped lamellae. Whilst M. petersenae shares many morphological similarities with M. japonica the thoracic lamellae are slightly less scoop-shaped and the prostomium frontal margin is crenulate.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA57DE61E37925447E8608F898D5F840	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Abbie;Mortimer, Kate;Jimi, Naoto	Taylor, Abbie, Mortimer, Kate, Jimi, Naoto (2022): Unearthing the diversity of Japanese Magelona (Annelida: Magelonidae); three species new to science, and a redescription of Magelona japonica. Zootaxa 5196 (4): 451-491, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5196.4.1
FA57DE61E37F255C7E860C0B9EB5FD50.text	FA57DE61E37F255C7E860C0B9EB5FD50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magelona alba Taylor & Mortimer & Jimi 2022	<div><p>Magelona alba sp. nov.</p> <p>[Japanese name: Shiro-obi-morote-gokai]</p> <p>Figs 4; 10–11</p> <p>Type locality: Hokkaido, Japan</p> <p>ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3F3A6E65-3D71-4AD9-A31F-B68A0F6279E3</p> <p>Material examined. JAPAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=141.0164&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.2266" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 141.0164/lat 43.2266)">Off Toyoihama</a>, Hokkaido (Holotype, NMW.Z.2022.001.0012, af; paratype, NSMTPol P-889, af), (43.2266, 141.0164), by snorkelling, 19/10/2014, collected by NJ, sandy sediments, 4–5 m depth.</p> <p>Diagnosis. A slender species. Prostomium longer than wide, with rudimentary prostomial horns. Chaetigers 1–8 with slender, smooth-edged, triangular lamellae, with superior dorsal lobes. Lamellae of chaetiger 9 triangular, without superior dorsal lobes, but with prechaetal lamellae below neurochaetal bundle. Thoracic chaetigers with capillary chaetae only. Abdominal lateral lamellae spatulate. Hooded hooks tridentate, in two groups, vis-à-vis.</p> <p>Dimensions. A slender species, thorax marginally thinner than abdomen (when viewed dorsally, Figs 10A; 11B, C); when viewed laterally the dorsoventrally flattened thorax is thinner than the more rounded abdomen. Difference between thorax and abdomen not marked (Fig. 10A). Holotype, anterior fragment: prostomium 1.0 mm long, 0.85 mm wide; thorax 7.0 mm long (including prostomium), 0.5 mm wide (throughout entire thorax); abdomen 0.6 mm wide; total length 14.5 mm for 25 chaetigers (last chaetiger dissected and slide mounted). Paratype, anterior fragment: prostomium 0.75 mm long, 0.60 mm wide; thorax 5.75 mm long (including prostomium), 0.35 mm wide (throughout entire thorax); abdomen 0.4 mm wide; total length 20.0 mm for 41 chaetigers.</p> <p>Description. Prostomium longer than wide (L:W ratio 1.2–1.25), with rudimentary horns (not separated from anterior margin, but more distinct than a squared anterior margin), anterior margin smooth, rounded triangular (Figs 10B; 11A). Prostomium with two pairs of prominent longitudinal dorsal muscular ridges, relatively thin. Inner pair abutting for two-thirds but diverging at distal tips, outer pair lightly transversely ridged, shorter, and thinner, abutting inners for entire length. Large, rounded, oblong prostomial markings either side of ridges. Burrowing organ (Fig. 11D, E) partially everted on both specimens, oval, ridged longitudinally, appearing smoother on upper surface. Shape of full eversion unknown.</p> <p>Left hand palp retained on both specimens (Fig. 11B–D), long (palps reaching approximately 7.0– 8.5 mm long, around chaetigers 16 or 17), slender. Papillae numerous and digitiform (Fig. 11B, D); proximally with three to four rows either side of indistinct longitudinal line, medially three rows, and distally with one row either side. Nonpapillated region long, reaching approximately chaetiger 3 on both specimens, when folded backwards (Fig. 11D).</p> <p>Achaetous region behind prostomium approximately twice the size of chaetiger 1 (Figs 10A; 11B). Thoracic chaetigers very long (Figs 10A; 11B, C), longest at chaetigers 5 and 6 (twice as long as wide). Chaetigers 1–8 similar; parapodia biramous with low triangular notopodial prechaetal lamellae confluent with slender triangular lamellae, postchaetal to subchaetal in position (Figs 10C–J; 11F), distinctly subchaetal by chaetiger 7. Postchaetal lamellae increasing slightly in size along thorax to chaetiger 6 or 7. Superior dorsal lobes present on chaetigers 1–8, long, tapering. Neuropodia with single slender triangular ventral lamella, directly below each chaetal bundle, roughly the same size as each other (marginally smaller in posterior thorax), but smaller than notopodia. Ventral lamellae confluent with low pre- and postchaetal ridges, which encircle chaetae cuff-like. Lamellae from chaetiger 6 appearing in a slightly prechaetal position, distinctly prechaetal by chaetiger 8.</p> <p>Notopodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetiger 9 (Fig. 10K) low triangular, smaller than on preceding chaetiger, confluent with, and adjoining low prechaetal lamellae toward distal tips, appearing almost lateral in position. Neuropodia with triangular to digitiform postchaetal lamellae, pointing laterally, and appearing above chaetal bundle. Additional smaller prechaetal lamellae observed on both neuropodial rami of holotype but only on left neuropodial ramus on paratype. Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae of paratype slightly less developed than that of holotype due to its smaller width. Thoracic chaetae simple, smooth-edged, unilimbate capillaries (Fig. 10M), marginally longer in the neuropodia until chaetiger 6 where they become roughly equal in length. Those of chaetiger 9 splayed (Fig. 10K), distal tips slightly pennoned and bent (Fig. 10N). Distinct reniform ventral swellings, level with parapodia from chaetiger 6–8 (Fig. 11C), paired.</p> <p>Abdominal chaetigers with foliaceous lateral lamellae, of about equal size in both rami, basally constricted (Fig. 10L). Triangular processes (DML, VML) at inner margins of chaetal rows, fairly long, digitiform. No obvious postchaetal expansion behind chaetal rows. Abdominal chaetae tridentate hooded hooks, superior two fangs parallel above main fang (Figs 4A, B; 10O). Hooks in two groups, main fangs vis-à-vis (Fig. 10L). Approximately 6–8 hooks per ramus. Hook adjacent to lamellae marginally smaller in comparison to other hooks. No abdominal support chaetae (‘aciculae’) observed. No pouches observed.</p> <p>Pygidium unknown.</p> <p>Colour. No living material observed. Holotype and paratype white in colour after preservation in alcohol. Staining with Methyl Green solid from achaetous region until chaetiger 6, and along the abdomen, whilst chaetigers 6–9 remain relatively unstained, appearing as a solid white band (Figs 10A; 11B, C). Staining pattern stronger on holotype than paratype. Staining comprising of small speckles on dorsal and ventral side, particularly in anterior thorax. Palps carry longitudinal lines of speckled stained, towards the bases of the papillae (Fig. 11D). Dorsal and ventral surface of prostomium speckled (Fig. 11D). After some time, staining is retained as speckles on palps, and from prostomium to chaetiger 6 (particularly chaetigers 4 and 6); additional interparapodial speckling observed in abdomen. Edges of ventral swellings appearing as an unstained V shape particularly between chaetigers 5 and 6.</p> <p>Habitat. Type specimens found at 4–5 m depths at Toyoihama, Hokkaido, Japan (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Distribution. Magelona alba sp. nov. is currently only known from Japanese waters.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin ‘ albus ’ meaning white, referring to the distinct white band present in the posterior thorax of stained individuals of this species.</p> <p>Remarks. Morphologically, M. alba sp. nov. approaches a suite of ten magelonid species: Magelona anuheone Magalhães, Bailey-Brock &amp; Watling, 2018; Magelona capensis Day, 1961; Magelona filiformis Wilson, 1959; Magelona hartmanae Jones, 1978; Magelona hobsonae Jones, 1978; Magelona kamala Nateewathana &amp; Hylleberg, 1991; Magelona noppi Nateewathana &amp; Hylleberg, 1991; M. paulolanai; Magelona pitelkai Hartman, 1944; and Magelona sp. K of Uebelacker &amp; Jones (1984).</p> <p>In terms of prostomial shape, the new species shares morphological similarities with M. hartmanae and M. hobsonae both from the Temperate Northern Pacific, and Magelona sp. K from the Temperate Northern Atlantic. However, M. alba sp. nov. differs from all three species which possess low and broad postchaetal neuropodial lamellae on chaetiger 9, in comparison to the long slender triangular postchaetal neuropodial lamellae of the new species. Magelona alba sp. nov. shares similarities with M. capensis, M. filiformis, M. kamala, M. noppi and M. pitelkai in terms of thoracic lamellar shape, however, these species differ in possessing shorter prostomia with more rudimentary prostomial horns. Magelona pitelkai, also originally described from the Temperate Northern Pacific, further differs from the new species in possessing a triangular postchaetal expansion in the neuropodia of chaetigers 7 and 8, not present in the new species, and broader postchaetal neuropodia of chaetiger 9. Magelona capensis, from Temperate South Africa, differs in possessing more foliaceous thoracic notopodial lamellae, not slender as in the new species. Magelona kamala, from the Western Indo-Pacific, differs in possessing neuropodia of chaetiger 9 which are low and broad. Magelona noppi also from the Western Indo-Pacific shares many similarities to the new species in terms of lamellar shape, however, the neuropodia of chaetiger 8 are similar to chaetiger 9 in possessing both postchaetal and prechaetal lamellae, unlike the new species in which chaetiger 8 resembles those that precede it. Magelona anuheone and M. paulolanai, both from the Eastern Indo-Pacific, differ from the new species in terms of prostomial shape, the former species although possessing a long prostomium has more distinct prostomial horns, and the latter species has rudimentary prostomial horns and a prostomium of similar length to width. Magelona anuheone further differs from the new species in possessing only postchaetal lamellae of chaetiger 9, unlike the new species which has pre- and postchaetal lamellae. In contrast to the new species, Magelona paulolanai, also possesses broad triangular postchaetal neuropodial lamellae on chaetiger 9.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA57DE61E37F255C7E860C0B9EB5FD50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Abbie;Mortimer, Kate;Jimi, Naoto	Taylor, Abbie, Mortimer, Kate, Jimi, Naoto (2022): Unearthing the diversity of Japanese Magelona (Annelida: Magelonidae); three species new to science, and a redescription of Magelona japonica. Zootaxa 5196 (4): 451-491, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5196.4.1
FA57DE61E36325597E860AA69EECF984.text	FA57DE61E36325597E860AA69EECF984.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magelona armatis Taylor & Mortimer & Jimi 2022	<div><p>Magelona armatis sp. nov.</p> <p>[Japanese name: Misaki-morote-gokai]</p> <p>Figs 4; 12–13</p> <p>Type locality: Kanagawa, Japan</p> <p>ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AFFFAFF6-3120-4A2B-B591-33723F47BCB0</p> <p>Material examined. JAPAN, off Misaki, Kanagawa (Holotype, NMW.Z.2022.001.0011, af), off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.1641" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.625/lat 35.1641)">Misaki</a> (35.1641, 139.6250), dredge, 16/10/2014, collected by NJ, sandy sediments, 3–5 m depth.</p> <p>Diagnosis. A large, stout species. Prostomium wider than long, squared anterior margin. Chaetigers 1–8 with foliaceous, smooth-edged lamellae, with superior dorsal lobes. Chaetiger 9 with triangular postchaetal lamellae in both rami, with superior dorsal lobes in the notopodia and small prechaetal lamellae at base of neurochaetal bundle. Thoracic chaetigers with capillary chaetae only. Abdominal lateral lamellae spatulate. Hooded hooks tridentate, in two groups, vis-à-vis.</p> <p>Dimensions. A large, stout species; abdomen of similar width to thorax when viewed dorsally, difference between the two regions not marked (Figs 12A; 13G). When viewed laterally, the slightly dorsoventrally flattened thorax is thinner than the more rounded abdomen (Fig. 13E). Chaetigers 4–6 marginally wider than anterior and posterior thorax (Fig. 13D, F). Holotype, anterior fragment: prostomium 2.2 mm long, 2.3 mm wide (measurements an estimate due to the edges being curled under; flattening of prostomium would cause damage to specimen, particularly the burrowing organ); thorax 8.5 mm long (including prostomium), 1.35 mm wide (between chaetigers 5 and 6); abdominal chaetigers 1.5 mm wide: total length 21.0 mm for 24 chaetigers (last chaetiger dissected and slide mounted).</p> <p>Description. Prostomium slightly wider than long (L:W ratio 0.96), rounded-triangular, lateral edges rounded, wavy, and curled due to large size of prostomium (Figs 12A, B; 13A, B). Base of prostomium extends around palp bases, as seen in species like M. capax. Holotype, anterior fragment with a squared anterior margin forming very rudimentary prostomial horns. Prostomium with two pairs of prominent longitudinal dorsal muscular ridges, carrying transverse ridging. Inner pair diverging at distal margin and marginally at proximal margin. Outer pair abutting the inners for entire length. Distinct highly patterned markings either side of ridges, forming rows of arched lines (Fig. 12B). Burrowing organ partially everted (Figs 12A; 13A–F), with heavy longitudinal ridges inferiorly, appearing as wavy lines, having a wrinkled appearance. Superior surface largely obscured by prostomium but appears smoother than inferior. No palps attached, unknown.</p> <p>Achaetous region, marginally longer than chaetiger 1 (Figs 12A; 13A, B). Chaetigers 1–8 similar (Figs 12A; 13D–F); parapodia biramous with low notopodial prechaetal lamellae confluent with large, foliaceous postchaetal lamellae, which gradually increase in size towards the mid thorax (Fig. 12C–J). Slender, long, cirriform prechaetal superior dorsal lobes present, increasing in size until mid-thorax before decreasing again towards chaetiger 9. Neuropodial lamellae initially large and spatulate but decreasing in size from mid thorax to chaetiger 8. Those of chaetiger 1 more postchaetal in position, whilst remaining lamellae directly beneath chaetal bundle and attached to low pre- and postchaetal lamellae, cuff-like. Postchaetal expansion of neuropodia expands along thorax, becoming distinctly triangular on chaetiger 8 (Fig. 12J).</p> <p>Notopodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetiger 9 triangular, smaller than on preceding chaetigers, with low prechaetal lamellae (Fig. 12K). Very small superior dorsal lobe present on left ramus (not observed on right). Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae broad triangular, with additional small, triangular prechaetal lamellae towards base of chaetal bundle. All thoracic chaetae simple, smooth edged unilimbate capillaries, those of neuropodia longer than notopodia (Fig. 12C–K). Those of chaetiger 9 not specialised but appearing marginally thicker than those on preceding chaetigers. Distinct ventral swellings present on thorax (Fig. 13E, F). The transverse boundaries between chaetigers enlarged and overlap preceding chaetiger, obvious from chaetiger 2 but distinct from chaetiger 3 onwards (Figs 12A; 13A, D). Surface of thorax appearing rugged, armour-like.</p> <p>Abdominal chaetigers with large rounded to oblong lamellae, of about equal size in both rami, basally constricted (Figs 12L; 13H). Triangular processes (DML, VML) present sporadically at inner margins of chaetal rows. Minute rounded postchaetal expansion on chaetigers 11–14, behind chaetal rows.</p> <p>Abdominal chaetae tridentate hooded hooks of similar size, superior two fangs parallel above main fang (Figs 4F, G; 12M). Hooks long, approximately 18 to 20 per ramus, in two roughly equal groups (Fig. 12L), vis-à-vis. Those towards mid ramus longer, chaetae forming an arch, hook at base of each lamella slightly smaller. No abdominal support chaetae (‘aciculae’) or pouches observed.</p> <p>Posterior unknown.</p> <p>Colour. No live material observed, preserved specimen cream in alcohol. Cream interparapodial patches abdominally. Staining with Methyl Green shows speckling between chaetigers 1 and 7, particularly from chaetiger 4 (Fig. 12A). Overlapping borders between chaetigers often not staining.After much time has passed, a band of stain remains around mid-thorax (chaetigers 5–7, Fig. 13C).</p> <p>Habitat. Type specimen found between 3 and 5 m depth off Misaki, Kanagawa, Japan (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Distribution. Magelona armatis sp. nov. is currently only known from Japan.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific name armatis comes from the Latin for armoured, referring to the rugose nature of the epidermis, giving the species a distinct armoured appearance.</p> <p>Remarks. Magelona armatis sp. nov. shares morphological similarities with nine species in terms of prostomial and lamellar shape. It differs from two West African species M. nanseni and M. picta in possessing rudimentary horns, whilst in the latter two species horns are absent. Similarly, the new species differs from Magelona methae Nateewathana &amp; Hylleberg, 1991 from the Western Indo-Pacific; Magelona lenticulata Gallardo, 1968 from the Central Indo-Pacific; and Magelona berkeleyi Jones, 1971 from the Temperate Northern Pacific in possessing rudimentary and not distinct prostomial horns. The new species most closely resembles Magelona wilsoni Glémarec, 1967 from Temperate Northern Atlantic; Magelona cepiceps Mortimer &amp; Mackie, 2006 from the Western Indo Pacific (given the morphological similarity of the thoracic parapodia of this and the new species, figures of the anterior of M. cepiceps are included (Fig. 11G, H), a species which has not previously been imaged); Magelona nonatoi Bolívar &amp; Lana, 1986 from Temperate South America; and Magelona sp. J of Uebelacker &amp; Jones (1984) from the Gulf of Mexico. Magelona cepiceps differs in terms of prostomial shape, being rounded and of a similar length to width (Fig. 11G); as opposed to triangular, and wider than long as in the new species. Magelona nonatoi and M. wilsoni differ in the nature of chaetiger 9, the parapodia of which are almost identical in size and shape in both rami for each species, whereas in the new species the notopodia is larger. The new species shares many morphological similarities with Magelona sp. J. but differs in the nature of the parapodia of chaetiger 9, which are more elongate in the Gulf of Mexico species. The new species is also distinguished from Magelona sp. J in possessing more foliaceous neuropodial lamellae of the anterior thorax.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA57DE61E36325597E860AA69EECF984	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Abbie;Mortimer, Kate;Jimi, Naoto	Taylor, Abbie, Mortimer, Kate, Jimi, Naoto (2022): Unearthing the diversity of Japanese Magelona (Annelida: Magelonidae); three species new to science, and a redescription of Magelona japonica. Zootaxa 5196 (4): 451-491, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5196.4.1
FA57DE61E36625517E860EF89C1BFF2C.text	FA57DE61E36625517E860EF89C1BFF2C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magelona boninensis Taylor & Mortimer & Jimi 2022	<div><p>Magelona boninensis sp. nov.</p> <p>[Japanese name: Bonin-morote-gokai]</p> <p>Figs 14–18</p> <p>Type locality: Bonin Islands, Japan</p> <p>ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3CED40AC-71DB-4DF0-AFA8-FB56B1862FF2</p> <p>Material examined. JAPAN, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=142.1938&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.0933" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 142.1938/lat 27.0933)">Chichijima Island</a>, Bonin Islands – Ougiura Beach (Holotype, NMW.Z.2022.001.0002, af; imaged paratypes, NMW.Z.2022.001.0003, af, pf; paratypes, NMW.Z.2022.001.0004, 8af, 4f, 4 loose palps; NSMT-Pol P-890, 7af (etoh); imaged paratypes, NMW.Z.2022.001.0005, 3af (formalin fixed); paratypes, NMW. Z.2022.001.0006, 2af, 4f, 2 loose palps (formalin fixed; last chaetiger of 67 chaetiger specimen dissected and slide mounted); NSMT-Pol P-891, 2af (formalin fixed); dissected paratype, NMW.Z.2022.001.0007, af; SEM stub mounted paratypes (dried and sputter-coated), NMW.Z.2022.001.0008–9, 2af), (27.0738, 142.2019), sandy sediment, collected by NJ, by snorkelling, 1–2 m depth, 27/03/2015. Omura Beach (Paratypes, NMW.Z.2022.001.0010, af; NSMT-Pol P-892, af), (27.0933, 142.1938), sandy sediment, collected by NJ by snorkelling, 1–2 m depth, 26/03/2015.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Prostomium longer than wide with distinct prostomial horns. Notopodia of chaetigers 1–8 with slender foliaceous postchaetal lamellae with crenulate margins, expanded as cirriform superior dorsal lobes. Neuropodia with slender triangular ventral lamellae; chaetiger 8 with additional triangular postchaetal lamellae. Notopodia of chaetiger 9 with rounded postchaetal lamellae confluent with prechaetal ridges and expanded as lateral cirriform lobes. Neuropodia of chaetiger 9 similar to preceding chaetiger. All thoracic chaetae bilimbate capillary. Abdominal lateral lamellae basally constricted with postchaetal expansions. Hooded hooks tridentate, in two groups. Posteriorly open pouches present.</p> <p>Dimensions. A moderately large species (Figs 14A; 15E; 16D); junction between thorax and abdomen distinct, abdomen thicker and wider than thorax. Thorax appearing dorsoventrally flattened in comparison to more rounded abdomen (Figs 15F; 16B). All specimens posteriorly incomplete, one posterior fragment present in vial (Fig. 16F). Thoracic chaetiger length approximately one and a half times width from chaetiger 3 onwards (Figs 14A; 15B; 16B, C).</p> <p>Holotype dimensions: prostomium 1.25 mm long, 1 mm wide; thorax 7.0 mm long (including prostomium), 0.6 mm wide; abdomen 1.0 mm wide; total length approximately 37.0 mm for 65 chaetigers. Posterior fragment 68 chaetigers long. Other paratypes with 17–103 chaetigers for 7.5–44.4 mm.</p> <p>Description. Prostomium longer than wide (L:W ratio 1.07–1.43); spatulate, anterior margin triangular, appearing smooth, but minute crenulations apparent across entire margin only under high magnification (Figs 14B; 18J). Conspicuous prostomial horns present, separated from distal prostomial margin by a large degree (Figs 14A, B; 15A, B; 16A; 17D; 18J). Lateral margins often appearing undulating due to length of prostomium. Two pairs of prominent longitudinal dorsal muscular ridges present, outer pair ridged transversely and abutting inners for entire length: inner pair diverging distally into each horn. Distinct patterned areas either side of ridges, oblong of varying sizes, additional small circular markings present towards outer edges of the prostomium (Figs 14B; 18J). Burrowing organ almost entirely everted on holotype, heart-shaped, longitudinally ridged inferiorly, upper surface smoother but with some longitudinal ridging (Fig. 16B). Burrowing organ additionally everted on 24 specimens: heart-shaped when fully everted (ten specimens) (Fig. 17B), round to oval when partially everted (14 specimens) (Figs 15D; 16D).</p> <p>Right-hand palp retained on holotype, extending to approximately chaetiger 43, non-papillated region reaching mid chaetiger 3. Papillae long, lengthening towards distal palp tips, slender, digitiform (Figs 15A, B, D, E; 16A, D). Papillae in three rows either side of an indistinct longitudinal line proximally and medially, reducing to one row either side at distal tips (Fig. 17A, C, D). Palps additionally present (at least partially) on 22 paratypes, long and slender; arising ventrolaterally from base of prostomium, reaching chaetigers 24–50.</p> <p>Achaetous region behind prostomium approximately one and a half times the size of chaetiger 1 (Figs 14A; 15A). Chaetigers 1–7 similar; parapodia biramous (Figs 14C–I; 15F; 16B; 18A–G); notopodia with low triangular prechaetal lamellae confluent with large spatulate to slender foliaceous postchaetal lamellae, upper margins lightly crenulated. Notopodial lamellae marginally longer than neuropodial ones. Long slender, cirriform, prechaetal superior dorsal lobes present. Neuropodial pre- and postchaetal lamellae as low ridges, forming distinct cuff-like structures confluent with ventral triangular lamellae beneath chaetal bundle, of similar size along thorax. Slight postchaetal expansion from approximately chaetiger 5.</p> <p>Chaetiger 8 parapodia similar to preceding chaetigers (Figs 14J; 15F; 16B; 18H), however, neuropodia with additional triangular postchaetal lamellae of similar size to the ventral lamellae.</p> <p>Notopodial prechaetal lamellae of chaetiger 9 as low ridges confluent with rounded postchaetal lamellae (smaller than those of preceding chaetigers) and inferiorly expanded as small cirriform processes; superior dorsal lobes absent (Figs 14K; 15F; 16B; 18I). Neuropodia with triangular postchaetal lamellae confluent with low prechaetal ridges and smaller digitiform prechaetal lamellae. Thoracic chaetae smooth, bilimbate capillaries (Fig. 14M), marginally longer in notopodia than neuropodia (Fig. 14C–I). Distinctly splayed in posterior thorax (Fig. 14J, K). Chaetae of mid rami of chaetiger 9 with slightly irregular blades, tips of which are bent at roughly 45 degrees to shaft, not as marked as the irregular blades noted by Brasil (2003) (Figs 14N; 18K). Paired, reniform ventral swellings present from chaetigers 6–9 (Fig. 15F).</p> <p>Abdominal chaetigers shorter in anterior abdomen but lengthening towards posterior (Fig. 16A). Abdominal parapodia with large rounded triangular to spatulate lateral lamellae (edges of lamellae minutely wavy in anterior abdomen) of about equal size in both rami; basally constricted (Figs 14L; 15F; 16E; 17E, F). Abdominal lamellae reduce to slender digitiform on extreme posterior chaetigers (Fig. 16F). Postchaetal expansion of lateral lamellae behind chaetal rows distinct, triangular (Figs 14L; 17E). Expansion reducing in size towards posterior but still evident until ten chaetigers before pygidium. Triangular processes (DML, VML) present at inner margins of chaetal rows, long, present until approximately ten chaetigers before pygidium.</p> <p>Abdominal chaetae tridentate hooded hooks (Figs 14O, P; 17G; 18L, M), approximately ten per ramus in anterior abdomen, in two groups vis-à-vis (Figs 17H; 18L), all of a similar size. Group at outer margin of ramus with approximately twice the number of hooks. Hooks reducing to six or seven per ramus towards posterior. Lamellae of each ramus internally supported by a single curved abdominal support (‘acicula’) chaeta (Figs 14Q; 18N, O), terminating in a tridentate(?) hooded hook. Exact dentition of each chaeta difficult to assess due to size but apical teeth present. Paired posteriorly open pouches (Figs 16A; 17F) present on consecutive segments, starting from around chaetigers 32–50 (observed on 20 specimens, remaining specimens too short to observe pouches). Pouches present for holotype on chaetigers 40–65 on right-hand side of body, and chaetigers 42–65 on left. Pouches appear as simple folds, medially split, present until approximately eight chaetigers from the pygidium (observed from posterior fragment, Fig. 16F).</p> <p>Eggs present in ten specimens, approximately 70 μm in diameter (clearly visible from chaetigers 27–43).</p> <p>Posterior fragment with two long, digitiform pygidial cirri either side of a rounded-triangular pygidium; small, rounded ventrally placed anus (Fig. 16F).</p> <p>Colour. No live specimens observed. Colour of preserved specimens uniformly cream in alcohol with light interparapodial abdominal patches (Figs 15C, E; 16D). Methyl Green staining retained for longer period of time on abdomen (almost as transverse bands, with light speckles as interparapodial patches), faint speckled staining apparent at high magnification on thorax (more apparent in posterior thorax, and on ventral surface) (Fig. 15B, D, F). Speckled pigmentation along length of palp papillae, and around their bases.</p> <p>Habitat. Type specimens found at low tide at Ougiura and Omura beaches, Chichijima Island, Bonin Islands, Japan (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Distribution. Magelona boninensis sp. nov. is currently only known from Japan.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality of the Bonin Islands, Japan</p> <p>Remarks. Nineteen species share morphological similarities with Magelona boninensis sp. nov. in possessing distinct prostomial horns, and in the nature of the thoracic lamellae: Magelona alexandrae Magalhães, BaileyBrock &amp; Watling, 2018; M. anuheone; Magelona cerae Hartman &amp; Reish, 1950; Magelona cinthyae Magalhães, Bailey-Brock &amp; Watling, 2018; M. cornuta; M. crenulifrons; Magelona gemmata Mortimer &amp; Mackie, 2003; Magelona lusitanica Mortimer, Gil &amp; Fiege, 2011; Magelona marianae Hernández-Alcántara &amp; Solís-Weiss, 2000; Magelona montera Mortimer, Cassà, Martin &amp; Gil, 2012; M. pacifica, Magelona pulchella Mohammad, 1970; Magelona sinbadi Mortimer, Cassà, Martin &amp; Gil, 2012; Magelona spinifera Hernández-Alcántara &amp; Solís-Weiss, 2000; Magelona tehuanensis Hernández-Alcántara &amp; Solís-Weiss, 2000; and Magelona spp. D, G, K, and L of Uebelacker &amp; Jones (1984).</p> <p>The following species differ from the new species in possessing bidentate and not tridentate hooded hooks of the abdomen: M. pacifica, M. marianae, M. crenulifrons, Magelona spp. D and G, M. cerae, M. pulchella, and M. spinifera. The latter species and Magelona sp. D also differing in possessing spines of the abdominal parapodia. The following species differ from Magelona boninensis sp. nov. in possessing prostomia which are similar in length to width, and thoracic notopodial lamellae which are smooth: M. cornuta, M. cinthyae, M. lusitanica, Magelona sp. L, and M. tehuanensis. The new species shares most similarities with M. pacifica, M. montera, M. gemmata, Magelona spp. G and K, M. sinbadi, M. anuheone, and M. alexandrae in possessing prostomia which are longer than wide with distinct prostomial horns which have a degree of separation from the anterior prostomial margin. As noted above M. pacifica differs in the nature of the abdominal hooks. Magelona montera, from the Western IndoPacific, differs in the shape of the prostomial horns which are laterally rounded. Magelona gemmata and M. sinbadi, also from the Western Indo-Pacific, differ from the new species in possessing smooth notopodial thoracic lamellae. Magelona anuheone, from the Eastern Indo-Pacific, and Magelona sp. K, from the Temperate Northern Atlantic, both also possess smooth notopodial thoracic lamellae, the latter species also differs in the neuropodia of chaetiger 9 which are not triangular as in the new species. Magelona alexandrae, from the Eastern Indo-Pacific, shares many similarities with the new species, however, possesses a smooth prostomial margin and crenulate abdominal lamellae. Additionally, the margins of the notopodial thoracic lamellae are much more distinctly crenulate than in the new species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA57DE61E36625517E860EF89C1BFF2C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Abbie;Mortimer, Kate;Jimi, Naoto	Taylor, Abbie, Mortimer, Kate, Jimi, Naoto (2022): Unearthing the diversity of Japanese Magelona (Annelida: Magelonidae); three species new to science, and a redescription of Magelona japonica. Zootaxa 5196 (4): 451-491, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5196.4.1
FA57DE61E36E25507E86092498C8FE95.text	FA57DE61E36E25507E86092498C8FE95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magelonidae	<div><p>Key to adult specimens of known Magelonidae species in the North-Western Pacific (type localities/ confirmed locations given in brackets (modified from Mortimer et al. 2022). Full descriptions of characters can be found in Mortimer et al. (2021a).</p> <p>1. Prostomium with distinct prostomial horns................................................................. 2</p> <p>- Prostomium without prostomial horns, or with a squared anterior margin (often referred to as “rudimentary horns”)....... 9</p> <p>2. Anterior margin appearing smooth (minute crenulations only present under high magnification)...................... 3</p> <p>- Anterior margin crenulate (degree of crenulation variable).................................................... 5</p> <p>3. Deep purple pigment band between chaetigers 5 and 8....................... M. japonica (Korean Archipelago, Japan)</p> <p>- No marked pigmentation of the thoracic region............................................................. 4</p> <p>4. Prostomium wider than long, no superior dorsal lobes of the thoracic region. Abdominal parapodia sub-equal, those of the neuropodia being somewhat smaller............................................ M. koreana (Korean Archipelago)</p> <p>- Prostomium longer than wide, superior dorsal lobes from chaetigers 1–8, abdominal parapodia approximately equal.................................................................................. M. boninensis sp. nov. (Japan)</p> <p>5. Prostomium width approximately similar to length.......................................................... 6</p> <p>- Prostomium wider than long............................................................................ 7</p> <p>6. Abdominal hooded hooks bidentate......................... M. crenulifrons (Viet Nam, Hong Kong, Natuna Islands)</p> <p>- Abdominal hooded hooks tridentate................................ M. cf. cornuta (Hong Kong, Japan, see remarks)</p> <p>7. Superior dorsal lobes present in the thorax................................................................. 8</p> <p>- No superior dorsal lobes present in thorax, anterior margin only minutely crenulate............. M. petersenae (Thailand)</p> <p>8. Small superior dorsal lobes present on chaetiger 9, abdominal hooded hooks tridentate.......... M. lenticulata (Viet Nam)</p> <p>- No superior dorsal lobes present on chaetiger 9, abdominal hooded hooks bidentate............... M. methae (Thailand)</p> <p>9. Chaetiger 9 with mucronate chaetae..................................................................... 10</p> <p>- Chaetiger 9 bearing capillary chaetae only, as in chaetigers 1–8................................................ 13</p> <p>10. Abdominal hooded hooks tridentate..................................................................... 11</p> <p>- Abdominal hooded hooks bidentate........................................... M. sachalinensis (Sakhalin Island)</p> <p>11. Anterior thoracic notopodial lamellae with smooth or lightly crenulated upper edges.............................. 12</p> <p>- Anterior thoracic notopodial lamellae with pectinate upper edges............................. M. pectinata (Thailand)</p> <p>12. Abdominal parapodia without triangular processes at the inner margin of chaetal rows (DML, VML). M. parochilis (China)</p> <p>- Notopodial lamellae of chaetiger 8 distinctly bilobed, abdominal parapodia with triangular processes at the inner margin of chaetal rows (DML, VML).............................................................. M. tinae (Thailand)</p> <p>13. Abdominal hooded hooks polydentate............................................ M. agoensis (Ago Bay, Japan)</p> <p>- Abdominal hooded hooks bi- or tridentate................................................................ 14</p> <p>14. Thoracic notopodia with superior dorsal lobes............................................................. 15</p> <p>- Thoracic notopodia without superior dorsal lobes.......................................................... 18</p> <p>15. Prostomium wider than long........................................................................... 16</p> <p>- Prostomium longer than wide.......................................................................... 17</p> <p>16. Thoracic notopodial lamellae slender, no superior dorsal lobe on chaetiger 9..................... M. kamala (Thailand)</p> <p>- Stout species, with distinct armour-like appearance, thoracic lamellae foliaceous, superior dorsal lobe on chaetiger 9 present................................................................................. M. armatis sp. nov. (Japan)</p> <p>17. Prostomium only marginally longer than wide, anterior margin squared (very rudimentary horns)..... M. noppi (Thailand)</p> <p>- Prostomium length greater than width, rudimentary horns with a triangular anterior margin....... M. alba sp. nov. (Japan)</p> <p>18. Anterior thoracic neuropodial lamellae distinctly scoop-shaped........................... M. cf. cincta (Hong Kong)</p> <p>- Anterior thoracic neuropodial lamellae slender triangular.................................................... 19</p> <p>19. Moderate to large species with rudimentary horns, broad palps with several rows of papillae..... M. mickminni (Thailand)</p> <p>- Prostomial margin rounded to straight, minute species with slender palps carrying two rows of papillae.................................................................................................. M. pygmaea (Thailand)</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA57DE61E36E25507E86092498C8FE95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Taylor, Abbie;Mortimer, Kate;Jimi, Naoto	Taylor, Abbie, Mortimer, Kate, Jimi, Naoto (2022): Unearthing the diversity of Japanese Magelona (Annelida: Magelonidae); three species new to science, and a redescription of Magelona japonica. Zootaxa 5196 (4): 451-491, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5196.4.1
