taxonID	type	description	language	source
530F87FED7458A5C53C2EC73FDFA0FAB.taxon	description	Composition and distribution. Not monophyletic, many genera are tentatively assigned based on the presence of a fastigial horn (Storozhenko 2017, Silva et al. 2017). Six genera, 17 species in Asia (11 genera and 31 species altogether) (Cigliano et al. 2022).	en	Bhaskar, Dhaneesh, Sankararaman, H., Kasalo, Niko (2022): Dravidacris annamalaica gen. et sp. nov. a new pygmy unicorn grasshopper (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from South India. Zootaxa 5196 (3): 420-432, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5196.3.6
530F87FED7458A5C53C2ED62FC7F0AA1.taxon	etymology	Etymology The genus Dravidacris is named in honour of the “ Dravidians ” (linguistic group), a term collectively representing the people who live in the southern states of India. The ending – acris is derived from the Greek word ἀκρίς, meaning “ grasshopper, locust ”, and is of feminine gender.	en	Bhaskar, Dhaneesh, Sankararaman, H., Kasalo, Niko (2022): Dravidacris annamalaica gen. et sp. nov. a new pygmy unicorn grasshopper (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from South India. Zootaxa 5196 (3): 420-432, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5196.3.6
530F87FED7458A5C53C2ED62FC7F0AA1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis and comparative notes.	en	Bhaskar, Dhaneesh, Sankararaman, H., Kasalo, Niko (2022): Dravidacris annamalaica gen. et sp. nov. a new pygmy unicorn grasshopper (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from South India. Zootaxa 5196 (3): 420-432, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5196.3.6
530F87FED7458A5C53C2ED62FC7F0AA1.taxon	type_taxon	Dravidacris annamalaica gen. et sp. nov.	en	Bhaskar, Dhaneesh, Sankararaman, H., Kasalo, Niko (2022): Dravidacris annamalaica gen. et sp. nov. a new pygmy unicorn grasshopper (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from South India. Zootaxa 5196 (3): 420-432, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5196.3.6
530F87FED7458A5C53C2ED62FC7F0AA1.taxon	diagnosis	(Dravidian pygmy hopper) can be distinguished from other Metrodorinae by the following set of characteristics: (i) elongated dorsally flat sword-like fastigium, forward and slightly upward raising flat rostrum, (ii) finely granulose integument, (iii) short medial carina of the vertex, present only in the anterior part of the elongated fastigium, (iv) anterior margin of the pronotum distinctly dentate, (v) fore femora distinctly widened in their middle part, (vi) dorsal distal margins of the fore femora with two distinct tubercles. Dravidacris gen. et sp. nov. stands out from most of the genera of the subfamily Metrodorinae with its unique sword-like head. Within the polyphyletic tribe Cleostratini, it superficially resembles Pseudomitraria from Africa, Rostella Hancock, 1913 from SE Asia, and Indomiriatra from India. The similarity is the result of convergent evolution as there are apparent differences in how the horn develops in those genera. In Pseudomitraria, the horn developed as an extension below the scutellum and above the bifurcation of the frontal costa. In Indomiriatra and Rostella, the horn develops as an extension above the bifurcation of the frontal costa together with raised frontal costa and the medial carina of the fastigium. In Dravidacris gen. et sp. nov., the horn develops as an extension above the bifurcation of the frontal costa together with raised frontal costa. A brief morphological comparison is listed in Table 1. It compares the new species with the horned genera and Bolivaritettix sculptus (Bolívar, 1887), the type species of the genus Bolivaritettix Günther, 1939, hypothesized by Günther (1959) to be related to the African-Indian clade that he believed to include some of the horned genera. The genus Bolivaritettix consists of a large number of species. There has never been a systematic review of it, only reviews for individual countries that regularly describe even more species. As the diagnosis of the genus does not mention many of the characters that we use for comparison and as the identity of the genus is not clear, we compare the horned genera only to the type species (Zha et al. 2015, Storozhenko 2018, Deng et al. 2018). Although there is active research going on in the region, India’s fauna of Tetrigidae is still not taxonomically well-understood (Gupta & Chandra 2017, Bhaskar et al. 2020). We do not provide a detailed examination of all the species present in India because much more research is needed to establish order in the taxa.	en	Bhaskar, Dhaneesh, Sankararaman, H., Kasalo, Niko (2022): Dravidacris annamalaica gen. et sp. nov. a new pygmy unicorn grasshopper (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from South India. Zootaxa 5196 (3): 420-432, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5196.3.6
530F87FED7458A5C53C2EFE9FB6C0F76.taxon	description	Composition and distribution in India. 7 genera, 10 species (Cigliano et al. 2022).	en	Bhaskar, Dhaneesh, Sankararaman, H., Kasalo, Niko (2022): Dravidacris annamalaica gen. et sp. nov. a new pygmy unicorn grasshopper (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from South India. Zootaxa 5196 (3): 420-432, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5196.3.6
530F87FED7428A5B53C2EAF3FE600BEE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype 1 ♀, Original label: Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, South India, 13 / xii / 2020. Col Sankararaman H (NCBS, Accession number NRC-AA- 4180). Type locality. The specimen of Dravidacris gen. nov. was collected from a garden-land, semi-urban forest with a sandy surface in the Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, South India (N 11023 ’ 09.37 ” E 79043 ’ 24.73 ”) (Fig 1). The vegetation mainly constituted tropical dry evergreen forest along the east coast of Tamil Nadu, South India. The habitat is primarily occupied by trees such as Samanea saman (monkey pod tree / rain tree), Peltophorum pterocarpum (copperpod), Cocus nucifera (coconut), Millingtonia hortensis (Indian cork tree), Millettia pinnata (pongam) and Tamarindus indica (Tamarind). It also comprises several perennial shrub weeds like Ricinus communis (castor), Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed), Lantana camara (wild-sage), Tecoma stans (yellow bells) and evergreen vine Epipremnum aureum (golden pothos) spreading on the trunks of the rain tree. The majority of the forest floors consist of grass species, Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) and perennial herb Boerhavia diffusa (spreading hogweed).	en	Bhaskar, Dhaneesh, Sankararaman, H., Kasalo, Niko (2022): Dravidacris annamalaica gen. et sp. nov. a new pygmy unicorn grasshopper (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from South India. Zootaxa 5196 (3): 420-432, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5196.3.6
530F87FED74F8A5653C2EB04FE110AD0.taxon	description	The tribe Cleostratini, as defined by Storozhenko (2016) has already been discussed by Silva et al. (2017), who concluded that the taxon is polyphyletic. In the definition proposed by Silva et al. (2017), the tribe is monotypic, including only the nominal genus. The authors observed that the fastigial “ horn ” is a character by which different genera were grouped and appeared multiple times independently. This can be seen in how the horn of Cleostratus Stål, 1877 is formed, with the bifurcation of the frontal costa placed above the compound eyes (Silva et al. 2017). There is no doubt that the fastigial horn, defined broadly as per Storozhenko (2016), is a character that arose independently multiple times. However, since the herein described species possesses such a horn, we compare it to other horned taxa to briefly consider its taxonomic placement in a very broad sense. The following overview is a reconsideration of Günther’s (1959, 1974) hypotheses and by no means represents a confident reconstruction of the species’ phylogeny. Although we consider the fastigial horn not as a simple character but as a collection of several characters (width of the scutellum, width of the vertex, position of the bifurcation of frontal costa, length of the fastigial protrusion, length of the medial carina of vertex, the zone above which vertex elongation occurred), and include several more general characters, those still represent just a minor fraction of characters that should be examined for a well-supported cladistic reconstruction, which is beyond the scope of this paper and should be done in the future on a larger dataset.	en	Bhaskar, Dhaneesh, Sankararaman, H., Kasalo, Niko (2022): Dravidacris annamalaica gen. et sp. nov. a new pygmy unicorn grasshopper (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from South India. Zootaxa 5196 (3): 420-432, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5196.3.6
