identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B73C51674AFFE5FF78FED6FDB4FBDB.text	03B73C51674AFFE5FF78FED6FDB4FBDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum borovezum Doll 1978	<div><p>Taraxacum borovezum Doll (1978: 635, Plate LXXIII), described as a member of T. sect. Alpestria</p> <p>Type indication:—“Typus: Holotypus im h Doll / Locus typicus: Borovez, am Sessellift, ca. 1600 m. 11. 7. 76. Doll“; also Plate LXXIII: „ Taraxacum borovezum Doll sp. nov. – Holotypus ”.</p> <p>Type:— Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Borovez, Sessellift., 11 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum borovezum] (JE, no. det. 19056, holotype; isotype: JE, no. det. 19055).</p> <p>Specimens of the OM:—There are three specimens belonging to the OM. Herbarium sheet I (JE, no. det. 19055) is in an envelope labelled as Holotype; there are two poorly developed plantlets, not photographed for Plate LXXIII. They may be conspecific with the holotype – Sheet II (JE, no. det. 19056). The latter herbarium sheet contains two plants with relatively well developed leaves, remnants of florets and ripe achenes, both plants are on Plate LXXIII, and represent an evident holotype. The sheet III (JE, no. det. 19057) does not bear any collection date, nor an exact locality. Plants on it probably are conspecific with the holotype. – There is a problem associated with the collection date of the holotype specimen. The protologue gives July 11, 1976, as the collection date, and this date corresponds to what was written on the label by R. Doll originally. However, R. Doll corrected the date later, and gave July 7 as the collection date of the holotype, and the same date is on the isotype label. A check of other taxa for collection dates along the „Sessellift“ [cableway] does not help because both July 11 and July 7 were collection days. We suppose that R. Doll corrected the date later, after the publication date; the correction does not affect the validity of the name nor the typification, in our opinion.</p> <p>Conclusion:—In all likelihood, the OM of T. borovezum is homogeneous and represents a taxon that is clearly conspecific with the holotype of T. erzincanense Doll (1975: 199), the correct name for this taxon. This identification is quite certain, despite the low quality of the type gathering of T. borovezum. The name itself is rather mangled grammatically; it was probably meant to be derived from the local village name Borovets [Боровец]. Taraxacum erzincanense is a relatively widespread, phytogeographically important species of an unclear sectional position.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51674AFFE5FF78FED6FDB4FBDB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51674AFFE5FF78FBCAFB8AFA0C.text	03B73C51674AFFE5FF78FBCAFB8AFA0C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum floribundum Doll 1978	<div><p>Taraxacum floribundum Doll (1978: 636, Plate LXXIV), described as a member of T. sect. Alpestria</p> <p>Type indication:—“Typus: Holotypus im h Doll / Locus typus [sic!]: Borovez, Wegrand. 7. 7. 76. Doll“; also Plate LXXIV: „ Taraxacum floribundum Doll sp. nov. – Holotypus ”.</p> <p>Type:— Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Borovez, Wegrand, 7 Jul 1976, R. Doll [as Taraxacum floribundum sp. nov. Holotypus!] (JE, no. det. 19253, holotype; isotype: JE, no. det. 19254).</p> <p>Specimens of the OM:—The OM of the name T. floribundum consists of a single gathering divided and mounted on two herbarium sheets. On Plate LXXIV, plants from both sheets were put together and photographed as a single plant but there were two rosettes overlapping. On both sheets, there are late sciomorphic plants, not satisfactorily prepared, and later damaged by instects. Achenes are very small, with a short cone, pollen is present and irregular in the remnants of florets.</p> <p>Conclusion:—The quality of plant material does not allow any clear interpretation; we tentatively suggest they might belong to T. sect. Taraxacum (= T. sect. Ruderalia). The name itself is considered as a nomen damnabile.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51674AFFE5FF78FBCAFB8AFA0C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51674AFFE5FF78F9BAFBFFF803.text	03B73C51674AFFE5FF78F9BAFBFFF803.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum hamosius Doll 1978	<div><p>Taraxacum hamosius Doll (1978: 636) [“hamosium”], described as a member of T. sect. Alpestria</p> <p>Note:—The original form, Taraxacum hamosium, was corrected in Kirschner et al. (2008: 766).</p> <p>Type indication:—“Typus: Holotypus im h Doll / Locus typicus: Borovez, am Sessellift, ca. 1600 m. 11. 7. 76. Doll“; also Plate LXXIV: „ Taraxacum hamosium Doll sp. nov. – Holotypus ”.</p> <p>Type:— Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Borovez, Sessellift., 11 Jul 1976, R. Doll [as Taraxacum hamosum sp. nov. Holotypus] (JE, no. det. 19257, holotype; isotype: JE, no. det. 19258).</p> <p>Specimens of the OM:— There are three herbarium sheets as the OM in JE. The first one, an obvious holotype (photographed on Plate LXXIV), contains two slender plants, not very well preserved but relatively acceptably developed, flowers, outer phyllaries and achenes are available. Sheet II contains three fragmentary leaf rosettes; in all likelihood they are conspecific with the holotype. Sheet III, with rather fragmentary specimens (two leaves and loose early fruiting head, and an achene), is also conspecific with the holotype.</p> <p>Conclusion:—The original material is homogeneous, of medium quality. The species under this name was recognized by us as relatively frequent in the Bulgarian mountains, including the Rila Mts., Stara Planina, Vitosha and Rhodopes.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51674AFFE5FF78F9BAFBFFF803	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51674BFFE4FF78FF3FFDB6FE30.text	03B73C51674BFFE4FF78FF3FFDB6FE30.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum malowitzum Doll 1978	<div><p>Taraxacum malowitzum Doll (1978: 638, Plate LXXV), described as a member of T. sect. Alpestria</p> <p>Type indication:—“Typus: Holotypus im h Doll / Locus typicus: Malowitza-Hütte, 2400 m. 16. 7. 76. Doll“; also Plate LXXV: „ Taraxacum malowitzum Doll sp. nov. – Holotypus ”.</p> <p>Type:— Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Malowitza-Hütte, ca. 2400 m. 16 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum malowitzum sp. nov. Holotypus!] (JE, no. det. 19408, holotype).</p> <p>Specimens of the OM:—The OM of T. malowitzum consists of a single herbarium specimen, the one photographed on Plate LXXV. There are two leaf rosettes, perhaps originally forming a single one, with ripe achenes available. The specimen represents the holotype.</p> <p>Conclusion:—The distinctive characters of achenes on the type specimen of T. malowitzum make it possible to equate this name with the earlier T. amborum Haglund (1934: 25).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51674BFFE4FF78FF3FFDB6FE30	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51674BFFE4FF78FDA7FAB1FB41.text	03B73C51674BFFE4FF78FDA7FAB1FB41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum paludosiforme Doll 1978	<div><p>Taraxacum paludosiforme Doll (1978: 633, Plate LXXII), described as a member of T. sect. Alpina</p> <p>Type indication:—“Typus: Holotypus im h Doll / Locus typicus: Borovez, Flachmoor, ca. 2000 m. 12. 7. 76. Doll“; also Plate LXXII: „ Taraxacum paludosiforme Doll sp. nov. – Holotypus ”.</p> <p>Type:— Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Sitnjakow-Hütte – Mussala, Flachmoor, 12 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum paludosiforme sp. nov. Holotypus!] (JE, no. det. 19063, upper specimen, lectotype, designated here).</p> <p>Specimens of the OM:—The OM consists of a single rich gathering, mounted on four herbarium sheets. Although the whole gathering may be homogeneous taxonomically, there are several plants that cannot be interpreted (incomplete, not well preserved). The sheet I bears two plants photographed on Plate LXXII, the upper of them is designated as the lectotype; it is polliniferous, with a perfectly regular pollen. The lower plant on Sheet I is an isolectotype (JE, no. det. 36143). Sheet II, with one flowering and two fruiting plants (pollen abundant, regular in size). Sheet III, again with one flowering and two fruiting plants (pollen abundant, regular in size). Sheet IV, with three fruiting plants.</p> <p>Conclusion:—The majority of plants of the type gathering of T. paludosiforme belong to a single species, a widespread diploid sexual, referred to T. sect. Crocea in the present paper. It is a variable taxon (see also the text in the special part of this paper below). We sampled it at very numerous localities, both in the subalpine and alpine belts in the Rila and the Pirin Mts., and it locally represents a Taraxacum dominant there. This taxon appears under several names in Doll (1978): T. paludosiforme (erroneously reported as a non-polliniferous tetraploid by Doll), T. pseudovernelense (again erroneously reported as a non-polliniferous tetraploid but having abundant, perfectly regular pollen), here relegated to the synonymy of T. paludosiforme; an accepted name, T. carinthiacum (reported to be a triploid but having a perfectly regular pollen), and T. helveticum (correctly annotated as having regular pollen but reported to be both diploid and tetraploid; the gathering consists of a mixture of two diploids, T. bulgaricum and T. paludosiforme).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51674BFFE4FF78FDA7FAB1FB41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51674BFFE4FF78FB77FD02F9E8.text	03B73C51674BFFE4FF78FB77FD02F9E8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum plovdivense Doll 1978	<div><p>Taraxacum plovdivense Doll (1978: 629, Plate LXXI), described as a member of T. sect. Erythrocarpa</p> <p>Type indication:—“Typus: Holotypus im h Doll / Locus typicus: Plovdiv, Wegrand. 9. 7. 76. Doll“; also Plate LXXI: „ Taraxacum plovdivense Doll sp. nov. – Holotypus ”.</p> <p>Type:— Plovdiv, Wegrand., 9 Jul 1976, R. Doll [as Taraxacum plovdivense sp. nov.] (JE, no. det. 9164, holotype).</p> <p>Specimens of the OM:— A single specimen of the OM corresponds to the Plate LXXI (Doll 1978) and consists of a plant with flowers (pollen irregular in size), and a part of the same rosette and a few fragments and achenes in an envelope. It is not possible to interpret this name on the basis of an extremely late, not well preserved specimen.</p> <p>Conclusion:—The name T. plovdivense is left without interpretation, as a nomen damnabile. It does not belong to T. sect. Erythrocarpa, otherwise its sectional position remains unclear.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51674BFFE4FF78FB77FD02F9E8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51674BFFE7FF78F99FFD0BFF3E.text	03B73C51674BFFE7FF78F99FFD0BFF3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum poliochloroides Doll 1978	<div><p>Taraxacum poliochloroides Doll (1978: 630, Plate LXXI), described as a member of T. sect. Erythrocarpa</p> <p>Type indication:—“Typus: Holotypus im h Doll / Locus typicus: Borovez, Wegrand. 7. 7. 76. Doll“; also Plate LXXI: „ Taraxacum poliochloroides Doll sp. nov. – Holotypus ”.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Borovez, Wegrand. 7 Jul [19]76., R. Doll [as Taraxacum poliochloroides sp. nov. Holotypus!] (JE, no. det. 19061, holotype; isotype: JE, no. det. 19062).</p> <p>Epitype, designated here:— Bulgaria, montes Rodopi, Dobrostanski masiv: in pascuis in valle ca. 2 km situ occid. a pago Dobrostan, alt. ca. 1350 m, 10 May 1989, B. Slavík, cultivated from achenes (S 2228) as JŠ 4732 (PRA 8413, no. det. 28509, epitype; see also Taraxaca exsiccata, no. 987).</p> <p>Specimens of the OM:—There are two specimens of the OM of the name T. poliochloroides in JE. Plants on the first one (JE, no. det. 19061) were annotated as holotype by R. Doll and correspond to the photograph of the type on Plate LXXI. Plants are not well preserved but there are ripe achenes, slender and with a long cone, of brown colour. The other specimen (JE, no. det. 19062), is of extremely inferior quality, difficult to interpret.</p> <p>Conclusion:—According to the achenes and other features, T. poliochloroides belongs to a group of relatively robust species of T. sect. Erythrosperma, quite similar to T. acutiusculum Sonck but distinct in achene characters. In order to stabilize the usage of the name T. poliochloroides, we designate an epitype. The species is accepted in the new Flora of Bulgaria (Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, in prep.) and described in accordance with the type material.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51674BFFE7FF78F99FFD0BFF3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516748FFE7FF78FEA9FD28FCFE.text	03B73C516748FFE7FF78FEA9FD28FCFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum pseudovernelense Doll 1978	<div><p>Taraxacum pseudovernelense Doll (1978: 633, Plate LXII), as T. ‘pseudo-vernelense’, described as a member of T. sect. Alpina</p> <p>Type indication:—“Typus: Holotypus im h Doll / Locus typicus: Malowitza-Hütte, Bachrand. 16. 7. 76. Doll“; also Plate LXXII: „ Taraxacum pseudo-vernelense Doll sp. nov. – Holotypus ”.</p> <p>Type:— Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Malowitza-Hütte., 16 Jul 1976, R. Doll [as Taraxacum pseudo-vernelense Holotypus!] (JE, no. det. 36145, lectotype, designated here; isotype: JE, no. det. 19260).</p> <p>Specimens of the OM:—There is a single rich gathering, later divided and mounted on four herbarium sheets. Sheet I includes also the plants photographed on Plate LXXII; there are three plants, two of them polliniferous, with regular pollen. Sheet II contains two plants in flower, one of them was examined and has regular pollen. Sheet III: three plants with flowers and fruits, two plants were found to be polliniferous, with pollen grains of regular size. Sheet IV: two rosettes with flowers and fruits; both plants proved to be polliniferous, with regular pollen.</p> <p>Conclusion:—The whole material turned brown during preparation and many plants are damaged. That is why we selected the best plants as the lectotype. In all likelihood, the gathering belongs to the widespread sexual of T. sect. Crocea; its accepted name is T. paludosiforme, with T. pseudovernelense as a synonym. It should be added that T. pseudovernelense was erroneously reported to be non-polliniferous and tetraploid in the protologue.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516748FFE7FF78FEA9FD28FCFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516748FFE7FF78FCE9FE72FAD3.text	03B73C516748FFE7FF78FCE9FE72FAD3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum rivale Doll 1978	<div><p>Taraxacum rivale Doll (1978: 639, Plate LXXV), described as a member of T. sect. Alpestria</p> <p>Type indication:—“Typus: Holotypus im h Doll / Locus typicus: Borovez, Bachrand, 1300 m. 8. 7. 76. Doll“, also Plate LXXV: „ Taraxacum rivale Doll sp. nov. – Holotypus ”.</p> <p>Type:— Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Borovez, Bachrand, 8 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as T. rivale sp. nov. Holotypus!] (JE, no. det. 19048, holotype; isotype: JE, no. det. 19049).</p> <p>Specimens of the OM:—There are three herbarium specimens belonging to the OM of T. rivale. The first one, corresponding to the photograph on Plate LXXV, consists of fragments of three plants without flowers, with well developed achenes in a separate envelope; this specimen, in accordance with the label text and type indications, is recognized as the holotype. Sheet II is of little use; it contains a plant fragment, a few loose leaves (probably not conspecific with the main fragment), a few florets in an envelope, together with achenes obviously belonging to several taxa. The loose leaves probably belong to plants on Sheet III. The latter does not bear any name, and it is not clear why it remains in JE as a part of the OM of T. rivale. Five plants on the sheet belong to T. hamosius.</p> <p>Conclusion:—The holotype probably belongs to a species of T. sect. Rhodocarpa (= T. sect. Alpestria) but we were unable to equate it with any of the taxa recognized by us. A part of the material preserved under the name T. rivale belongs to T. hamosius but does not constitute an element of the OM.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516748FFE7FF78FCE9FE72FAD3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516748FFE7FF78FAC6FD88F902.text	03B73C516748FFE7FF78FAC6FD88F902.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum sitnjakovense Doll 1978	<div><p>Taraxacum sitnjakovense Doll (1978: 634, Plate LXXIII), described as a member of T. sect. Alpina</p> <p>Type indication:—“Typus: Holotypus im h Doll / Locus typicus: Borovez, am Sessellift, ca. 1700 m. 11. 7. 76. Doll“; also Plate LXXIII: „ Taraxacum sitnjakovense Doll sp. nov. – Holotypus ”.</p> <p>Type:— Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Borovez, Sessellift., 11 Jul [19]76. R. Doll [as Taraxacum sintjakovense sp. nov. Holotypus!] (JE, no. det. 19266, holotype).</p> <p>Specimens of the OM:—There is a single herbarium specimen under this name; plants on the sheet agree with those photographed on Plate LXXIII. The specimen is a clear holotype.</p> <p>Conclusion:—Neither the protologue nor the type specimen itself give any hint to the interpretation. The type specimen is of the worst possible quality among thousands of type Taraxacum specimens we have seen during our career (the holotype consists of two independent parts, a late, sciomorphic rosette and a damaged, late, mouldy capitulum). We have no choice other than adding this name among nomina damnabilia.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516748FFE7FF78FAC6FD88F902	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516748FFE6FF78F821FB0BFF3E.text	03B73C516748FFE6FF78F821FB0BFF3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum aequilobiforme van Soest 1959	<div><p>Taraxacum aequilobiforme van Soest (1959: 125)</p> <p>Type:— L 2321!, holotype (herb. van Soest 31114)</p> <p>Doll (1978: 642):—Listed from Bulgaria without locality specification.</p> <p>Herbarium voucher specimen:—There is a single herbarium sheet under the name T. aequilobiforme in the Doll’s Bulgarian collection, with seven leaf rosettes (outer phyllaries, florets and achenes relatively acceptably developed and preserved).</p> <p>Interpretation:—The plants belong to the group of Taraxacum pirinicum, described below, but are not identical with the latter species. Taraxacum aequilobiforme can be struck out from the checklist of the Bulgarian flora with certainty.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516748FFE6FF78F821FB0BFF3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516749FFE6FF78FEA9FCD6FE1E.text	03B73C516749FFE6FF78FEA9FCD6FE1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum carinthiacum van Soest 1959	<div><p>Taraxacum carinthiacum van Soest (1959: 83)</p> <p>Type:— L, no. det. 19671, holotype (herb. van Soest 38034) !</p> <p>Doll (1978: 640):—“Von uns einmal an der Malowitza-Hütte gefunden.“</p> <p>Herbarium voucher specimens:—Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Maljowitza-Hütte. 16 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum carinthiacum] (JE, no. det. 19052).</p> <p>Interpretation:— A gathering on two herbarium sheets; two of the plants have a regular pollen. The collection does not belong to T. carinthiacum nor to T. sect. Alpina. Plants represent T. paludosiforme.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516749FFE6FF78FEA9FCD6FE1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516749FFE6FF78FD89FD1FFC86.text	03B73C516749FFE6FF78FD89FD1FFC86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum crocellum van Soest 1959	<div><p>Taraxacum crocellum van Soest (1959: 120)</p> <p>Type:— L 2421!, holotype (herb. van Soest 33800)</p> <p>Doll (1978: 642):—Listed from Bulgaria without locality specification.</p> <p>Herbarium voucher specimen:—Under the name T. crocellum, there is a single herbarium specimen from Bulgaria. It is labelled: Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Musalla-Hütte, ca. 2600 m, Wegrand zum Gipfel. 12 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum crocellum] (JE, no. det. 19261). There are seven small plants, probably taxonomically homogeneous and relatively satisfactorily developed. Although annotated as being without pollen by R. Doll, they are polliniferous (pollen irregular), stigmas are greenish.</p> <p>Interpretation:—The plants belong to a species unknown to us. However, we can safely exclude T. crocellum that is characterized (e.g.) by light yellowish stigmas and very narrow petioles.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516749FFE6FF78FD89FD1FFC86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516749FFE6FF78FC31FD25FB0A.text	03B73C516749FFE6FF78FC31FD25FB0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum fontanosquameum van Soest 1959	<div><p>Taraxacum fontanosquameum van Soest (1959: 110)</p> <p>Type:— L, no. det. 19642, holotype (herb. van Soest 19359) !</p> <p>Doll (1978: 642–643):—“Von uns mehrfach bei der Musalla-Hütte in ca. 2500 m Höhe in grasigen Weiden gesammelt“.</p> <p>Herbarium voucher specimens:—In the Bulgarian collection in JE, there is a single rich gathering under the name of T. fontanosquameum, divided in two herbarium sheets, labelled: Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Musalla-Hütte, Weg. 12 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum fontanosquameum] (JE, no. det. 19263). Sheet I contains three plants in flower (pollen present, irregular). Sheet II bears two plants in flower and with unripe achenes (again, pollen present, irregular). The material became brown but seems to be homogeneous taxonomically.</p> <p>Interpretation:— Taraxacum fontanosquameum differs substantially in the leaf shape from the Bulgarian plants, and we cannot accept the Bulgarian material as a representative of this taxon.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516749FFE6FF78FC31FD25FB0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516749FFE6FF78FABDFEA6F99E.text	03B73C516749FFE6FF78FABDFEA6F99E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum fontanum Handel-Mazzetti 1907	<div><p>Taraxacum fontanum Handel-Mazzetti (1907: 100)</p> <p>Type:— WU, no. det. 8943, lectotype (see Kirschner &amp; Štěpánek 1997: 92)</p> <p>Doll (1978: 643):—Listed from Bulgaria without locality specification.</p> <p>Herbarium voucher specimens:—Under the name of T. fontanum, there are three herbarium sheets of a single gathering in the Doll’s Bulgarian collection. They are labelled as Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Borovez, Sessellift, ca. 1600 m. 11 Jul [19]76. R. Doll [as Taraxacum fontanum] (JE, no. det. 19517). Sheet I: Four plants with fruits (two of them with remnants of florets, pollen irregular). Sheet II: Four imperfectly preserved plants in fruit (florets in a separate envelope: pollen irregular). Sheet III: Two robust plants with achenes. The material may be homogeneous.</p> <p>Interpretation:— A taxon probably belonging to T. sect. Crocea, different from T. fontanum s. str. (mainly in the outer phyllary and achene characters).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516749FFE6FF78FABDFEA6F99E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516749FFE6FF78F909FABFF87F.text	03B73C516749FFE6FF78F909FABFF87F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum helveticum van Soest 1959	<div><p>Taraxacum helveticum van Soest (1959: 85)</p> <p>Type:— L, no. det. 19673, holotype (herb. van Soest 1937) !</p> <p>Doll (1978: 640):—“am Musalla von 2500–2800 m “.</p> <p>Herbarium voucher specimens:—Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Zum Musala-Gipfel, Wegrand, ca. 2500-2800 m. 12 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum helveticum] (JE, no. det. 19406 &amp; 19407).</p> <p>Interpretation:— A single herbarium sheet with twelve little plants, none belonging to T. helveticum. Three plants (upper row from the left) represent T. paludosiforme (JE, no. det. 19406), the remaining nine plants belong to T. bulgaricum (JE, no. det. 19407).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516749FFE6FF78F909FABFF87F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516749FFE1FF78F869FAABFEA2.text	03B73C516749FFE1FF78F869FAABFEA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum mattmarkense van Soest 1959	<div><p>Taraxacum mattmarkense van Soest (1959: 86)</p> <p>Type:— L, no. det. 12789, holotype (herb. van Soest 31090) !</p> <p>Doll (1978: 640):—Listed from Bulgaria without locality specification.</p> <p>Herbarium voucher specimen:— A single herbarium sheet with eight plants (four are polliniferous, pollen grains irregular in size). – Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Musalla-Hütte. 12 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum mattmarkense] (JE, no. det. 19262).</p> <p>Interpretation:As pointed out by Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner (1999), T. mattmarkense is a remarkable member of T. sect. Alpina, confined to the western part of the Alps. It is very dissimilar from the above Bulgarian material, and there is no other indication of its occurrence in Bulgaria. The plants under this name in the Doll’s collection mostly belong to what is described as T. serenum below.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516749FFE1FF78F869FAABFEA2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51674EFFE1FF78FED5FB1BFCDA.text	03B73C51674EFFE1FF78FED5FB1BFCDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum metriocallosum van Soest 1969	<div><p>Taraxacum metriocallosum van Soest (1969: 121)</p> <p>Type:— L 2568!, holotype (herb. van Soest 42175)</p> <p>Doll (1978: 642):—“Wir fanden diese Sippe mehrfach. U. E. eine im Rila-Gebirge nicht seltene Klein-Art.“</p> <p>Herbarium voucher specimens:—There are two rich gatherings under the name of T. metriocallosum, each divided and preserved on several herbarium sheets. The first gathering is labelled “Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Musalla-Hütte, ca. 2000-2400 m, 12 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum metriocallosum]” (JE, no. det. 19255) and divided into four sheets. Sheet I: a single plant, with a few achenes in a separate envelope. Sheet II: Four plants in fruit. Sheet III: Six plants, three with regular pollen. Sheet IV: Six plants, in flower and with achenes (two with irregular pollen, one with regular pollen). – The second gathering (on two sheets) bears a label with the following text: Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Malowitza-Hütte, Bachrand – Wegrand, 16 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum metriocallosum] (JE, no. det. 19256). The material is characterized by a regular pollen and belongs to T. paludosiforme.</p> <p>Interpretation:—The gatherings are a mixture of (at least) two taxa, T. paludosiforme (present on several herbarium sheets) and a species of the group of T. pirinicum (on one of the sheets). Taraxacum metriocallosum is characterized by conspicuously and densely dentate leaf lobes and different posture of outer phyllaries, and substantially differs from the Bulgarian plants.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51674EFFE1FF78FED5FB1BFCDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51674EFFE1FF78FCCDFD81FB66.text	03B73C51674EFFE1FF78FCCDFD81FB66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum ochrospermum van Soest 1969	<div><p>Taraxacum ochrospermum van Soest (1969: 122)</p> <p>Type:— L 2590!, holotype (herb. van Soest 44341)</p> <p>Doll (1978: 642):—Listed from Bulgaria without locality specification.</p> <p>Herbarium voucher specimen:— There is a single herbarium specimen from Bulgaria, labelled: Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Jastrebec, 2350 m, 13 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum ochrospermum] (JE, no. det. 19065). The herbarium sheet contains four leaf rosettes (one sterile, one with flowers and achenes, the rest fruiting).</p> <p>Interpretation:—Plants reported from Bulgaria as T. ochrospermum are not conspecific with this Alpine species. They belong to the group of T. chrysocephalum (see below).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51674EFFE1FF78FCCDFD81FB66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51674EFFE1FF78FB11FA87FA22.text	03B73C51674EFFE1FF78FB11FA87FA22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum ooststroomii van Soest 1966	<div><p>Taraxacum ooststroomii van Soest (1966: 461)</p> <p>Type:— L 2593!, holotype (van Hattum &amp; van Ooststroom 16193)</p> <p>Doll (1978: 642):—“Wir fanden sie zerstreut um Borovez auf Weiden.“</p> <p>Herbarium voucher specimen:—There is a single herbarium specimen from Bulgaria, labelled: Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Borovez, Sessellift, 10 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum ooststroomii] (JE, no. det. 19064). The herbarium sheet contains five plants, all with achenes, two of them with florets (pollen present, pollen grains iregular in size). The plants are not very well preserved.</p> <p>Interpretation:—The plants do not represent T. ooststroomii, a species probably confined to the Alps. The Bulgarian specimen belongs to T. sect. Obliqua, the group of T. chrysocephalum, but, due to the imperfect condition, cannot be evaluated in detail.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51674EFFE1FF78FB11FA87FA22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51674EFFE1FF78FA55FC35F892.text	03B73C51674EFFE1FF78FA55FC35F892.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum panalpinum van Soest 1959	<div><p>Taraxacum panalpinum van Soest (1959: 88)</p> <p>Type:— L 2601, no. det. 19680, holotype (herb. van Soest 33827)!, see Kirschner &amp; Štěpánek (2014: 175).</p> <p>Doll (1978: 640):—“Diese Art fanden wir mehrfach im Rila-Gebirge.“</p> <p>Herbarium voucher specimens:—There are three specimens under the name T. panalpinum, each with a different taxon; the third one is a mixed gathering. Sheet I: Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Musalla-Hütte, 12 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum panalpinum] (JE, no. det. 19058). Sheet II: Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Musalla-Hütte, Weg., 12 Jul 1976, R. Doll [as Taraxacum panalpinum] (JE, no. det. 19059). Sheet III: Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Malowitza-Hütte, Bachrand. 16 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum panalpinum] (JE, no. det. 19060).</p> <p>Interpretation:—The specimens under the name T. panalpinum belong to several taxa of T. sect. Crocea (one described as T. vile below, Sheet I, another represented by T.paludosiforme, Sheet II), to T. sect. Obliqua (T. chrysocephalum group, Sheet II) and to the T. pirinicum group (Sheet III). None of the above plants belongs to T. panalpinum.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51674EFFE1FF78FA55FC35F892	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51674EFFE0FF78F805FC50FE32.text	03B73C51674EFFE0FF78F805FC50FE32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum pseudofontanum van Soest 1959	<div><p>Taraxacum pseudofontanum van Soest (1959: 94)</p> <p>Type:— L 2628, no. det. 19696, holotype (herb. van Soest 33797)!, see also Kirschner &amp; Štěpánek (2014: 175).</p> <p>Doll (1978: 641):—“Diese Art fanden wir mehrfach am Fusse des Musalla sowie bei der Malowitza-Hütte in Weiden, Wiesen und an Bächen“.</p> <p>Herbarium voucher specimens:—There are three herbarium sheets determined as T. pseudofontanum by R. Doll. Sheet I: Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Musalla-Hütte. 12 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum pseudofontanum] (JE, no. det. 19264); three plants in flower, two of them belonging to T. vile. Sheet II: Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Malowitza-Hütte. 16 Jul [19]76, R. Doll (JE, no. det. 19265), originally determined as T. pseudofontanum vel T. parsennense; three leaf rosettes, mostly with achenes. They belong to T. sect. Crocea. Sheet III: Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Musalla-Hütte. 12. 7. [19]76., R. Doll [as Taraxacum pseudofontanum] (JE, no. det. 19516). Sheet III contains a single plant with an empty scape and an envelope with achenes; the material is not in a condition to be evaluated.</p> <p>Interpretation:—All the plants we were able to interpret belong to T. sect. Crocea; one of them can be assigned to T. vile, a species described below. None of the specimens is close to T. pseudofontanum of the Alps.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51674EFFE0FF78F805FC50FE32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51674FFFE0FF78FDA5FA13FD12.text	03B73C51674FFFE0FF78FDA5FA13FD12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum reophilum van Soest 1959	<div><p>Taraxacum reophilum van Soest (1959: 132)</p> <p>Type:— L 2644!, holotype (herb. van Soest 31069)</p> <p>Doll (1978: 642):—Listed from Bulgaria without locality specification.</p> <p>Herbarium voucher specimens:—There is a single gathering, divided in two herbarium sheets, labelled: Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Musalla-Hütte, Weg. 12 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum reophilum] (JE, no. det. 19051). The two sheets contain six partial leaf rosettes, with florets (pollen irregular) and achenes. The gathering is taxonomically homogeneous, in all likelihood.</p> <p>Interpretation:—The Bulgarian plants substantially differ from the true T. reophilum. They belong to a taxon described as T. vile below.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51674FFFE0FF78FDA5FA13FD12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51674FFFE0FF78FC85FAA9FBDE.text	03B73C51674FFFE0FF78FC85FAA9FBDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum rhaeticum van Soest 1959	<div><p>Taraxacum rhaeticum van Soest (1959: 134)</p> <p>Type:— L, no. det. 19665, holotype (herb. van Soest 19285) !</p> <p>Doll (1978: 642):—“Diese Klein-Art fanden wir bei der Malowitza-Hütte.“</p> <p>Herbarium voucher specimen:—There is a single herbarium specimen from Bulgaria, labelled: Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Malowitza-Hütte. 16 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum rhaeticum] (JE, no. det. 19045). There are two leaf rosettes (originally probably parts of a single plant), with relatively well preserved characters (pollen irregular, stigmas dark discoloured).</p> <p>Interpretation:—The material differs considerably from the Alpine T. rhaeticum, a species without pollen and with yellow stigmas. The Bulgarian plants are very close to what is described as T. pandum of T. sect. Rhodocarpa (= T. sect. Alpestria) below.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51674FFFE0FF78FC85FAA9FBDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51674FFFE0FF78FBC9FEB8FA9A.text	03B73C51674FFFE0FF78FBC9FEB8FA9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum saasense van Soest 1959	<div><p>Taraxacum saasense van Soest (1959: 95)</p> <p>Type:— L, no. det. 19709, holotype (herb. van Soest 31073) !</p> <p>Doll (1978: 641):—Listed from Bulgaria without locality specification.</p> <p>Herbarium voucher specimen:— There is a single herbarium sheet under that name, with nine plants, all with regular pollen. – Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Malowitza-Hütte, 2400 m + Malowitza-Gipfel, ca. 2700 m. 16 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum saasense] (JE, no. det. 19044).</p> <p>Interpretation:—The plants reported to belong to T. saasense represent T. bulgaricum. Taraxacum saasense therefore is not known to occur in Bulgaria.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51674FFFE0FF78FBC9FEB8FA9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51674FFFE0FF78FA0DFB70F8EE.text	03B73C51674FFFE0FF78FA0DFB70F8EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum silvicola van Soest 1959	<div><p>Taraxacum silvicola van Soest (1959: 116)</p> <p>Type:— L 2681!, holotype (herb. van Soest 19164)</p> <p>Doll (1978: 643):—Listed from Bulgaria without locality specification.</p> <p>Herbarium voucher specimens:—There are two gathering under the name of T. silvicola, one labelled Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Jastrebez, 13 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum silvicolum] (JE, no. det. 19046); the other gathering bears the following label: Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Musalla-Hütte, 12 Jul [19]76, R. Doll [as Taraxacum silvicolum] (JE, no. det. 19047). The former contains four plants, probably homogeneous taxonomically. The latter was divided to two herbarium sheets, with eight, doubtfully homogeneous plants in total.</p> <p>Interpretation:—Those plants of both gatherings that appear to be relatively well preserved belong to T. vile, a species described below. Taraxacum silvicola differs from T. vile in a number of characters, most conspicuously in having purple petioles.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51674FFFE0FF78FA0DFB70F8EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51674FFFE0FF78F899FC7DF7E2.text	03B73C51674FFFE0FF78F899FC7DF7E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum silvrettense van Soest 1969	<div><p>Taraxacum silvrettense van Soest (1969: 117)</p> <p>Type:— L 2682!, holotype (herb. van Soest 33826)</p> <p>Doll (1978: 641):—“Diese Art wuchs mit T. pseudofontanum zusammen.”</p> <p>Herbarium voucher specimen:—There is a single herbarium sheet under the name T. silvrettense in the Doll’s Bulgarian collection, with two plants, one in flower (pollen regular), the other in fruit, with a high proportion of sterile achenes.</p> <p>Interpretation:—The plants reported to belong to T. silvrettense belong to T. paludosiforme.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51674FFFE0FF78F899FC7DF7E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51674DFFE2FF78FDD5FA24FAB1.text	03B73C51674DFFE2FF78FDD5FA24FAB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum (Stepanek & Kirschner 2012)	<div><p>A key to the identification of the oreophytic Taraxacum sections in Bulgaria</p> <p>It might be helpful to add a note on the use of the identification key: several sections are comprised of a mixture of sexually reproducing and hybridogenous apomictic species. As a consequence, some species are intermediate between sections, and even more species deviate from the core combination of characters of a section in one or several features. The user therefore should consult all the sections that may be considered for the plant material to be identified. Taraxacum sect. Taraxacum is included because of occasional coexistence of plants of T. officinale s. lat. and dandelions of mountain groups in Bulgaria.</p> <p>1 Pappus variously light pinkish brown to pale greyish-brownish................................................................. 43. T. erzincanense Doll</p> <p>– Pappus white, yellowish white or dirty white.................................................................................................................................. 2</p> <p>2 Outer phyllaries irregularly patent-reflexed to reflexed....................................................................................... T. sect. Taraxacum</p> <p>– Outer phyllaries appressed, loosely appressed, erect, erect-patent or patent, or arcuate-recurved.................................................. 3</p> <p>3 Outer phyllaries usually ± patent, arcuate or arcuate-patent (often with appressed basal part) or erect-patent; leaves variously erectpatent, usually large, broad, with shape similar to that of T. officinale s. lat............................................... D. T. sect. Rhodocarpa</p> <p>– Outer phyllaries appressed or loosely appressed, sometimes erect-patent; most leaves prostrate, appressed to ground, or leaves erect-patent; leaf shape not similar to that of T. officinale s. lat., leaves relatively small, ± short................................................... 4</p> <p>4 Leaves erect to erect-patent, never appressed to the ground; leaves with lateral segments usually remote......... B. T. sect. Crocea</p> <p>– Leaves prostrate, often appressed to the ground, or some leaves in the rosette erect-patent; leaves with lateral segments approximated................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5</p> <p>5 Achene body abruptly to subabruptly narrowing in the cone; leaves usually prostrate and erect-patent within the leaf rosette; petiole winged to ± broadly winged but clearly narrower than leaf blade................................................................. A. T. sect. Obliqua</p> <p>– Achene body ± gradually narrowing in the cone; leaves prostrate and usually tightly appressed to the ground at anthesis; petiole extremely broadly winged, often as broad as the leaf blade or even broader, or petiole broadly winged.................................................................................................................................................................................................... C. T. sect. Bulgarica, sect. nov.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51674DFFE2FF78FDD5FA24FAB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51674DFFFCFF78FA08FA24F943.text	03B73C51674DFFFCFF78FA08FA24F943.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum (sect. Obliqua) (Dahlstedt 1909) Dahlstedt 1921	<div><p>A. Taraxacum sect. Obliqua (Dahlstedt 1909: 172) Dahlstedt (1921: 37)</p> <p>≡ Taraxacum [unranked] Obliqua Dahlstedt (1909: 172)</p> <p>≡ Taraxacum subsect. Obliqua (Dahlst.) Schischkin (1964: 493)</p> <p>Type:— Taraxacum obliquum (Fries 1814: 14) V. Strøm &amp; Lange (1840: 403)</p> <p>≡ Leontodon taraxacum subsp. obliquum Fries (1814: 14)</p> <p>Type:—[protologue indication: In littore marino ad Halmstad] [Sweden, Halmstad] Hallandia ad Snöstorp copiose [scripsit E. Fries], sine dato (LD 1019268!, lectotype, designated by C. F. Lundevall &amp; H. Øllgaard in Kirschner &amp; Štěpánek 1997: 94).</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>The name T. sect. Obliqua was introduced to include two species, T. obliquum and T. platyglossum Raunkiaer (1906: 139), two distinctive coastal agamospermous taxa, and this conception has been almost unanimously accepted in the modern literature (Wendt &amp; Øllgaard 2015). We recognized a remarkable Pyrenean sexual, T. pyrenaicum Reuter (1861: 4), as the core taxon of a group of species that are extremely similar to T. obliquum, and the whole T. pyrenaicum group was therefore included in T. sect. Obliqua (Kirschner et al. 2015; Sahlin 1984a). Taraxacum pyrenaicum is a conspicuous subalpine species in the eastern Pyrenees and there are several agamospermous species in the southeastern Alps and the Alpes Maritimes, obviously closely allied to it [e.g., T. lambinonii van Soest (1961: 289), T. marmottae Sonck (1990: 272), T. artificis Sonck (1998: 175)]. Recently, J. Štěpánek (unpubl.) revealed and collected plants almost identical with T. pyrenaicum in the Central Apennines; their local allies remain unexplored at present. Last, a detailed study of Taraxacum in the mountains of Bulgaria revealed another sexual taxon, also referable to T. sect. Obliqua; there are a few closely related agamospermous species treated as members of this section in the present study. The broadly understood T. sect. Obliqua therefore is a predominantly Oreo-Mediterranean group occurring in the Pyrenees, southwestern Alps, the Alpes Maritimers, central Apennines and mountains of Bulgaria, with two coastal dealpine agamospermous species extending to the western and northwestern Europe. The Bulgarian species occupy habitats similar to those of T. pyrenaicum subsp. pyrenaicum: wet alpine grasslands, open patches in subalpine and alpine meadows.</p> <p>A combination of diagnostic features includes a peculiar growth (a many-headed root system with very numerous leaves forming cushions, less distinctive in hybridogenous agamospermous derivatives of the sexual species), usually almost glabrous leaves with greenish petiole and numerous lateral segments, usually glabrous scapes, outer phyllaries appressed to regularly erect-patent, ovate-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, usually evenly (light to dark) green, borders absent or narrow, whitish green, apex often abruptly bent inwards, „humped“, stigmas most often yellow to very light discoloured, and achenes light stramineous-brown, ± sparsely spinulose, with body ± sparsely spinulose above, ± abruptly narrowing in a short, conical to subconical cone.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Plants small, rarely medium-sized, roots often many-headed (plants cushion-forming), often also single-headed, plant base with or without tunic, leaf rosettes of well developed plants with many, often prostrate leaves. Leaves usually narrowly oblong to oblong-oblanceolate in outline, relatively light green, not spotted, glabrous or glabrescent, pinnatisect or pinnatipartite, with (4) 6–7 pairs of patent, subrecurved or ± hamate, usually narrowly triangular to narrowly triangular-hamate lateral segments, margins entire or denticulate, apex obtusely acute to acute; interlobes usually short, often dentate; mid-vein pale green or proximally suffused pinkish (not longitudinally purplish striate); petiole usually unwinged or narrowly winged, green, sometimes purplish. Scapes ± equalling or slightly overtopping leaves, glabrous, or arachnoid and later glabrescent. Capitulum small to medium wide, yellow to deep golden yellow, ligules canaliculate to flat, striped pale purple or pale brown-purple. Involucre green to olivaceous-green, ± rounded or subobconical at base. Outer phyllaries relatively numerous (usually 12–19), appressed, loosely appressed or erectpatent, not imbricate or subimbricate, short, often shorter than 1/2 of inner phyllaries, light green, mid-green or deep green, sometimes suffused reddish distally or on margins, paler border almost absent or inconspicuous, narrow, whitish, but in some agamospermous species relatively broad, margin often minutely ciliate, apex seemingly corniculate or callose, in reality the apex is abruptly curved towards inner phyllaries, as if humped, with the „hump“ often carinate swollen, rarely flat. Stigmas usually yellow, golden yellow or very light discoloured (also discoloured outside Bulgaria). Achenes light stramineous-brown, in some species slightly reddish, medium-sized, usually to 4 mm long (of ± variable length in sexual species), body with sparse to subdense minute spinules above, most often subabruptly or ± abruptly, less often subgradually narrowing into a short, usually 0.3–0.7 mm, sometimes to ca. 1 mm long, conical to subconical cone; beak thin, 3–7 mm long, rarely longer; pappus ± white.</p> <p>Taraxacum sect. Obliqua includes about 15 species and subspecies distributed in the mountains of southern Europe (the Pyrenees, SW. Alps and their promontories in France, Apennines, and Bulgarian mountains). Two species occupy coastal habitats in western and northwestern Europe. In each of the main diversity centres, there are sexual populations.</p> <p>The Bulgarian members of this section do not deviate substantially from the above diagnostic pattern, perhaps with the exception of more common winged petioles. A comparison of the Bulgarian species is given in Table 3.</p> <p>Selected, verified members of T. sect. Obliqua</p> <p>Taraxacum artificis Sonck (1998: 175)</p> <p>Taraxacum benevolens, sp. nov.</p> <p>Taraxacum blandum, sp. nov.</p> <p>Taraxacum caespitosum van Soest (1976: 173)</p> <p>Taraxacum dissectiforme van Soest (1977: 141)</p> <p>Taraxacum chrysocephalum, sp. nov.</p> <p>Taraxacum lambinonii van Soest (1961: 289)</p> <p>Taraxacum marmottae Sonck (1990: 272)</p> <p>Taraxacum obliquum (Fries 1814: 14) Dahlstedt (1905: 152)</p> <p>Taraxacum platyglossum Raunkiaer (1906: 139)</p> <p>Taraxacum pyrenaicum Reuter (1861: 4)</p> <p>subsp. pyrenaicum (syn.: T. andorriense Sahlin 1984a: 113)</p> <p>subsp. balcanicum, sub sp. nov.</p> <p>Taraxacum sordidepapposum van Soest in Kirschner &amp; Štěpánek (2014: 177)</p> <p>An identification key to the Bulgarian members of T. sect. Obliqua</p> <p>1 Pollen grains regular, of ± uniform size.............................................................. 1. T. pyrenaicum subsp. balcanicum, subsp. nov.</p> <p>– Pollen grains irregular, of conspicuously variable size, or pollen absent......................................................................................... 2</p> <p>2 Pollen absent; cone 0.4–0.7 mm long; most leaves prostrate, appressed to the ground................................ 4. T. blandum, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Pollen present; cone usually 0.7–1.0 mm long; most leaves erect-patent or patent; some leaves prostrate.................................... 3</p> <p>3 Beak 4.5–6 mm long; outer phyllaries with an abrupt transition between the middle part and a narrow membranous border ca. 0.1 mm wide; scapes ± glabrous; involucre not pruinose................................................................................ 3. T. benevolens, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Beak 6.5–8.5 mm long; outer phyllaries with a ± gradual transition between the middle part and a whitish border 0.2–0.6 mm wide; scapes sparsely arachnoid; involucre pruinose................................................................................. 2. T. chrysocephalum, sp. nov.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51674DFFFCFF78FA08FA24F943	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516753FFFCFF66F94BFE91F7C4.text	03B73C516753FFFCFF66F94BFE91F7C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum pyrenaicum Reuter 1861	<div><p>. Taraxacum pyrenaicum Reuter (1861: 4), with diagnosis.</p> <p>Type indication:— In Pyrenaeis orientalibus, vallée d’Eynes, circa hospitium Nouri copiosissime.</p> <p>Type:—[FRANCE, Pyrénées-Orientales, Eynes] Vallée d’Eynes, 4 Aug 1858, [G. F.] Reuter (G, no. det. 18300, holotype, see Sahlin 1984).</p> <p>Note:—The name was also ascribed to Timbal-Lagrave (1868, see Sahlin 1984). The correct citation, in accordance with Flora Ibérica (Galán de Mera 2017) is given above. Timbal-Lagrave (1868) only repeated Reuter’s diagnosis unchanged.</p> <p>Note:—Descriptions of T. pyrenaicum subsp. pyrenaicum were published by Sahlin (1984: 11; 1984a: 113, as T. andorriense) and Galán de Mera (2017: 1012, as T. andorriense, and 1023). The reference herbarium material was issued by us as Taraxaca Exs., no. 966–978.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516753FFFCFF66F94BFE91F7C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516750FFFEFF78FF3FFBB2F8B9.text	03B73C516750FFFEFF78FF3FFBB2F8B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum pyrenaicum subsp. balcanicum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>a. Taraxacum pyrenaicum subsp. balcanicum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, subsp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Pirin, opp. Bansko, vallis glacialis Popovoezeren cirkus: locis scaturiginosis supra (situ boreo-occid.) lacum parvum lacuus Banski ezera in decl. ± orientali sub saltu Samodivska porta (2500 m) inter montes Samodivski vrch (2730 m) et Malak Poležan (2822 m), ca. 5 km situ merid.-orient. a casa alpina Demjanica (1895 m), ca. 2250 m, 41° 42–43’ N, 23° 30–31’ E., 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6292, collected in 1999 (PRA, no. det. 36122, holotype; isotypes: PRA, no. det. 35837, and duplicates).</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae sexuales, mediocres, basi glaberrimae, a speciebus ceteris montanis bulgaricis foliis erecto-patentibus, modice pallide viridibus, subglabris, petiolis alatis pallidis, lobis lateralibus numerosis, saepissime falcato-recurvis, involucris angustis, subobconicis, phyllariis exterioribus adpressis vel laxe adpressis, ovatis vel lanceolatis, inaequalibus, subviridibus usque saturate olivaceo-viridibus, marginibus angustissimis indistincte pallidioribus, ciliatis, acheniis pallide stramineo-brunneis cinerascentibus, corpore superne breviter spinuloso-squamulosa, pyramide basi conica, ceterum subcylindrica, bene dignoscendae.</p> <p>Plants small to medium-sized, of ± compact growth, 10–15 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, glabrous among petiole bases. Leaf rosettes rich, leaves erect-patent to prostrate, light green, not spotted, almost glabrous, usually 5–11 × 1.7–2.5 cm; petiole light green, ± broadly winged to winged, 1–2 cm long; blade ± narrowly oblanceolate in outline, pinnatisect, in inner leaves distally to pinnatipartite; terminal segment broadly triangular to ± helmet-shaped, 1–2 cm long, obtusely acute, sometimes mucronate, distal margin convex or straight, entire or with an incision, basal lobules ± hamate-recurved, ± acute, proximal margin usually concave, entire; lateral segments in 4–7 pairs, often falcate-recurved, sometimes bird-wing-like, i.e. abruptly narrowed from a broad base into a longer, narrow distal part, sometimes deltoid-triangular, usually 7–12 × 4–10 mm, acute to obtusely acute, distal margin convex or sigmoid, usually entire, sometimes with a single distinct tooth, proximal margin ± straight, ± entire; interlobes short, usually 2–5 × 4–7 mm, surface without darker coloration, margin often raised, entire or with 1–2 long teeth, margin sometimes inconspicuously suffused brown-purple; mid-vein pale greenish. Scapes glabrous, pale green, later getting purplish, usually overtopping leaves. Capitulum yellow, small, ca. 2.5 cm wide. Involucre ± subobconical and 5–8 mm wide at base, green or slightly pruinose. Outer phyllaries 15–19, short, reaching only 1/3–1/2 of the inner ones, ovate to lanceolate, ± unequal, usually 4–6 × 2–3.5 mm, appressed to loosely so, light green to medium dark olivaceousgreen, sometomes slightly darker marginally and distally (distally often purplish), with a gradual transition in an indistinct, dirty membranous border 0.1–0.2 mm wide, margin shortly, densely ciliate, apex ± flat; inner phyllaries 11–12 mm long, not variable in their width. Outer ligules flat, striped dark grey-olivaceous outside, apical teeth black, inner ligules canaliculate, with apical teeth black-green. Stigmas very pale discoloured, pale yellowish with a slightly greyish-greenish hue, with hyaline, rarely apically blackish minute hairs outside. Pollen present, very regular in size. Achenes light greyish stramineous-brown, 3.7–3.9 × 1.1–1.2 mm, body, in upper 1/3–1/5, with indistinct lateral ridges, with ± dense, short spinules, sometimes ± coalescing in comb-like squamules to 0.1–0.2 mm long, body ± abruptly narrowing into a short, basally conical, otherwise subcylindrical cone 0.7–0.8 mm long; beak 6–7 mm, pappus 5–5.5 mm. – Sexual. – Fig. 1, 2D, 3.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Known from a single macrolocality but probably more frequent in the Pirin, southern Bulgaria. It grows in wet alpine grasslands, on acid, siliceous substrate, at the elevation around 2200–2300 m. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as vulnerable (VU).</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:—This remarkable, sexually reproducing taxon is conspicuous in having light green leaves with numerous lateral segments, and pale, winged petioles; the short outer phyllaries (sectional character) are ± loosely appressed, usually light olivaceous-green.Achenes are short, ± densely minutely spinulose above, ± abruptly narrowed in a short subcylindrical cone. The type subspecies, T. p. subsp. pyrenaicum, also a sexual taxon, has more compact leaf rosettes, leaves with more numerous and narrower lateral segments, outer phyllaries with apex bent towards involucre and often ± corniculate, achenes with sparse spinulosity and a shorter cone.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— A less certain identification: Pirin, slopes of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.42472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.766388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.42472/lat 41.766388)">Mt. Vichren</a>, scree, ca. 1850 m, 41° 45’ 59” N, 23° 25’ 29” E, 18 Jul 2002, J. Suda, cultivated as JK 4918 (PRA, no. det. 35905).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516750FFFEFF78FF3FFBB2F8B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516757FFF5FF66FF3FFF57FD32.text	03B73C516757FFF5FF66FF3FFF57FD32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum chrysocephalum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>. Taraxacum chrysocephalum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Pirin, opp. Bansko, vallis glacialis Popovoezeren cirkus: locis graminosis secundum viam turisticam lutee signatam in decl. boreal. sub saltu Samodivska porta (2500 m) inter montes Samodivski vrch (2730 m) et Malak Poležan (2822 m), ca. 4.5 km situ merid.-orient. a casa alpina Demjanica (1895 m), ca. 2350 m, 41° 42–43’ N, ca. 23° 30’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9281, collected in 2012 (PRA, no. det. 35770, holotype; isotypes: PRA, no. det. 35769).</p> <p>Etymology:—Golden-headed (a compound word from Greek χρυσοϛ, gold, and κεφαλη, head).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1316–1322.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Species insignis capitulis aureis et involucro dilute viridi pruinoso, a speciebus bulgaricis nobis notis bene distincta, petiolis pallide viridibus alatis, phyllariis exterioribus brevibus, basi laxe adpressis, parte distali erecto-patentibus vel subpatentibus, dilute viridibus, pallide viridibus vel modice saturate olivaceo-viridibus in margine angusta subhyalina sensim transeuntibus, ovatolanceolatis vel lanceolatis, stigmatibus pallide luteo-viridibus, acheniis pallide brunnescentibus corpore in pyramidem basi conicam, ceterum subcylindricam, 0.6–1.0 mm longam sensim abeuntibus.</p> <p>Plants medium-sized to relatively robust, usually 12–18 cm tall. Plant base ± without tunic, with brownish hairs among petiole bases. Petiole ± broadly winged, pale green, 2–3 cm long. Leaf rosettes medium rich, subcompact to compact; leaves variously erect-patent, ± glabrous (innermost leaves sparsely arachnoid on mid-vein above), light vivid green, not spotted, oblanceolate, narrowly oblanceolate or narrowly oblong in outline, usually 6–13 × 1.7–3 cm, pinnatisect to pinnatipartite, sometimes pinnatilobed; terminal segment helmet-shaped or broadly so, or broadly triangular, usually 1–2 (–3) × 1.5–3 cm, obtuse or obtusely acute, often mucronate, distal margin subsigmoid to convex, entire or with 1–2 medium-sized teeth or with a shallow incision, basal lobules patent to subrecurved, acute, proximal margin subconcave to straight, entire; lateral segments in (2) 4–5 pairs, relatively short and broad, usually 4–11 mm long, 5–12 mm wide at base, subrecurved to recurved, rarely patent, deltoid-triangular to narrowly so, often bird-wing-like, often with an elongated narrow distal part, distal margin convex or subsigmoid, sometimes ± straight, usually with one bigger and 1– 4 medium-sized narrow acute teeth, often entire, proximal margin concave to ± straight, entire or with a single subbasal tooth; interlobes short and broad, usually (2–) 3–5 (–10) × 5–14 mm, not blotched nor darker bordered, margin usually raised, entire or with remote long acute teeth; mid-vein pale greenish or suffused brownish pink. Scapes pale green, later suffused bronze, sparsely arachnoid, overtopping leaves. Capitulum deep golden yellow, 2.5–3.5 cm wide, ± flat. Involucre light green, ± pruinose, 7–8 (–9) mm wide and broadly obconical to rounded at base. Outer phyllaries 16–19, loosely appressed at base, distally erect-patent to patent, usually ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, relatively short, reaching 2/5–1/2 of inner ones, usually 4.5–7 × (1.5–) 2.5–3 mm, light green to pale green or medium deep olivaceousgreen, slightly pruinose, with a gradual transition in a narrow, translucent-membranous or whitish-membranous border (0.1–) 0.2–0.6 mm wide, margin shortly minutely ciliate, apex flat; inner phyllaries 11–13 mm long, not variable in their width. Outer ligules ± flat, striped light to deep grey-olivaceous, sometimes only pinkish outside, apical teeth purplish, inner ligules canaliculate, with apical teeth darker yellow. Stigmas very pale discoloured, pale greenish yellowish, with hyaline pubescence outside (some hairs sometimes with a darker apex). Pollen present, irregular in size. Achenes light brownish, body 4.0–5.0 × ca. 1.0 mm, with medium dense erect-patent spinules and low, comb-like squamules, with a gradual transition into a basally conical, otherwise subcylindrical cone (0.6–) 0.8–1.0 mm long; beak (4–) 6.5–8.5 mm, pappus 5.5–6.5 mm long, white or whitish. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 2C, 4, 5.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Unlike the majority of mountain dandelions in Bulgaria, T. chrysocephalum is relatively widely distributed in the mountains of the western part of Bulgaria, documented from the Vitosha, Rila, Pirin and the Rodopi Mts., between 1700 and 2400 m a.s.l. It grows in wet alpine grasslands, on gravelly alluvial sites and among stones on brook banks and lake shores, and along mountain paths. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as LC.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. The Pirin, township of Bansko, valley of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Banderica</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Banderiški</a> ezera, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Ribno</a> ezero [lake], below <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Mt. Dončovi Karauli</a> (2633 m), 2200–2250 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4552 (PRA, no. det. 25428); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Ibidem</a>, 2300 m, JŠ 4882 (PRA, no. det. 25417). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Bansko</a>, valley of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Banderica</a>, valley of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Vichrenska</a> voda [brook], above the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Vichren Chalet</a>, ca. 2300 m, 13 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4856 (PRA, no. det. 25413); Ibidem, JŠ 4537/ A (PRA, no. det. 27650); Ibidem, ca. 2100 m, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4541/ A (PRA, no. det. 27655); Ibidem, ca. 2400 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4296 (PRA, no. det. 25421); Ibidem, 12 Aug 1990, JŠ 4302 (PRA, no. det. 25424); Ibidem, JŠ 4883 (PRA, no. det. 25416). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Bansko</a>, valley of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Banderica</a>, open pine woodland above the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Banderica Chalet</a>, ca. 1900 m, 15 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4524 (PRA, no. det. 35778). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Banderica</a>, slopes of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Mt. Vichren</a>, 9 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4671 (PRA, no. det. 35819). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">The Demjanica Chalet</a>, stream banks, 2200 m, 8 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4326 (PRA, no. det. 35828). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">The Demjanica Chalet</a>, along the path below the chalet, ca. 2200 m, 8 Aug 1997, B. Trávníček, cultivated as JK 4340 (PRA, no. det. 35826). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">The Pirin</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Kazana</a>, 2300–2400 m, 27 Sep 1987, B. Kuzmanov, cultivated as JŠ 3253/2 (PRA, no. det. 27657); Ibidem, cultivated as JŠ 4474 (PRA, no. det. 27656). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Bansko</a>, valley of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Demjanica</a>, gravelly sites along the river, ca. 1800-1850 m, 41° 45’ N, 23° 28–29’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6295/ A (PRA, no. det. 27654); Ibidem, JŠ 9302 (PRA, no. det. 27653); Ibidem, JŠ 9304 (PRA, no. det. 27652). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Bansko</a>, glacial cirque of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Popovoezeren</a> cirkus, wet sites above smaller lake of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Banski</a> ezera, slopes below the pass of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Samodivska</a> porta, ca. 2250 m, 41° 42–43’ N, 23° 30–31’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9285 (PRA, no. det. 35767); Ibidem, JŠ 6292 (PRA, no. det. 35765); Ibidem, ca. 2350 m, 41° 42–43’ N, ca. 23° 30’ E JŠ 6291 (PRA, no. det. 25420); Ibidem, JŠ 6477 (PRA, no. det. 25419); Ibidem, JŠ 6291 (PRA, no. det. 25415). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Demjanica Chalet</a>, shores of the first lake, 2200 m, B. Trávníček, cultivated as JK 4327 (PRA, no. det. 35945). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">The Rila</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Samokov</a>, village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Borovec</a>, a path between the chalets <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Jastrebec</a> and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Musala</a>, 2200–2350 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek &amp; B. Kuzmanov, cultivated as JŠ 4817 (PRA, no. det. 25427). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Samokov</a>, in the valley of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Maljovica River</a>, between the resort of “Kompleks Maljovica” and the alpine chalet of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Maljovica</a>, 1750–2000 m, 8 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 27649); Ibidem, cultivated as JŠ 4522 (PRA, no. det. 25425). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Samokov</a>, near the alpine chalet of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Maljovica</a>, 1900–2000 m, 8 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4279 (PRA, no. det. 25423); Ibidem, JŠ 4806 (PRA, no. det. 25418). – Sofia, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Vitosha</a>, wet sites near the alpine shelter of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Kumata</a>, ca. 1725 m, 23° 17’ E, ca. 42° 35’ N, 27 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6935 (PRA, no. det. 25426). – The Rodopi, Čepelare, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Černatica Mts.</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Chvojna village</a>, around <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Mt. Goljam Persenk</a> (2091 m), stony slope below the summit of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Mt. Persenk</a>, ca. 2000 m, 24 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as TaB 17 (B 17) (PRA, no. det. 27648). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Čepelare</a>, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Černatica Mts.</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Chvojna village</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.583332)">Mt. Goljam Persenk</a> (2091 m), along the tourist path ca. 3 km W. of Skalni Mostove, ca. 1900–1950 m, 24 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as Ro 4 (PRA, no. det. 25422).</p> <p>Less certain determinations:— Pirin, Mt. Vichren, near the shore of the upper lake of the Vlachinski ezera, at the eastern foot of the Gredaro Ridge, ca. 1.5 km W. of Mt. Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9330 (PRA, no. det. 35784). – Bansko, valley of Banderica, valley of Vichrenska voda [brook], above the Vichren Chalet, ca. 2300 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4884 (PRA, no. det. 35779). – The Rila, Samokov, village of Borovec, near the alpine chalet of Musala, ca. 2390 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek &amp; B. Kuzmanov, cultivated as JŠ 4511 (PRA, no. det. 35781). – Sofia, the Vitosha, Mt. Goljam Rezen, northern slopes, ca. 2150 m, 27 ul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, cultivated as TaB 43 (B 43) (PRA, no. det. 35783).</p> <p>Note on the T. chrysocephalum group:—There are a few gatherings that are difficult to assign to any species of this group, i. e., T. chrysocephalum, T. blandum or T. benevolens. They were studied in the Rila collection of R. Doll (see the introductory part of this paper) and were published (Doll 1978) under the names of Alpine species: T. panalpinum, T. ochrospermum and T. ooststroomii, all sensu Doll. Several specimens from our cultivations from Pirin were difficult to identify, either (both from the Demjanica valley, PRA, no. det. 36021, 36004). Similarly unclear remain the following gatherings: Samokov, village of Borovec, a path between the chalets Jastrebec and Musala, 2200–2350 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek &amp; B. Kuzmanov, cultivated as JŠ 4817 (PRA, no. det. 35780). – Borovec, wet sites in the valley of the Bistrica rivulet, ca. 2100 m, J. Štěpánek &amp; B. Kuzmanov, cultivated as JŠ 4284 (PRA, no. det. 35782).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516757FFF5FF66FF3FFF57FD32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51675AFFF4FF66FCA3FF57F97B.text	03B73C51675AFFF4FF66FCA3FF57F97B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum benevolens Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>. Taraxacum benevolens Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, urbs Sofia, montes Vitoša, mons Černi vrch (2290 m), herbosis circum refugium <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.566666)">Samara</a>, ad pedem ± borealem montis <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.566666)">Samara</a> (2108 m), ca. 2000 m, ca. 42° 34’ N, ca. 23° 17’ E, 27 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6897, collected in 2000 (PRA, no. det. 35763, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 27323, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Kind, benevolent, good-natured (from Latin, bene, well, and volens, wishing).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1329–1333.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Species ex affinitate Taraxaci chrysocephali, a quo acheniis fulvis paulo suberubescentibus, pyramide anguste cylindrica, phyllariis involucralibus exterioribus numerosis, irregulariter erecto-patentibus usque patentibus, stigmatibus pallide luteis et foliis luteo-viridibus bene dignoscenda.</p> <p>Plants small to medium-sized, usually 8–15 cm tall, with rich, compact leaf rosettes. Plant base without tunic, with sparse brownish hairs among petiole bases. Petioles ± glabrous, pale green, broadly to narrowly winged, 1–2.5 cm long. Leaves variously prostrate-patent, some suberect-patent, very light green to yellowish green, not spotted, glabrous, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate or narrowly oblong, usually 5–12 × 1.5–3.5 cm, pinnatisect to pinnatipartite, with numerous approximated segments and short interlobes; terminal segment helmet-shaped to broadly so, sometimes subhastate-triangular, usually 1–2 × 1.3–3 cm, obtuse or rounded to obtusely acute, sometimes mucronate, distal margin convex to subsigmoid, entire or with a shallow incision, basal lobules short, broad, acute, patent to subrecurved, proximal margin ± straight, entire; lateral segments in (3) 4–6 pairs, usually short and broad, usually 5–14 mm long, 5–16 mm wide at base, ± triangular-deltoid, patent to hamate-recurved, acute, distal margin convex to sigmoid, entire, proximal margin subconcave to ± straight, entire or with a single sub-basal tooth; interlobes approximated, short and broad, usually 1–4 × 4–10 mm, margin raised, undulate, surface not blotched, margin green or very narrowly suffused darker, entire or with a single raised short and broad tooth; mid-vein pale green, rarely faintly brownish. Scapes pale green, very sparsely arachnoid to glabrous, overtopping leaves. Capitulum golden yellow, ± flat, 3–4 cm wide. Involucre not pruinose, usually 7–8 mm wide and ± rounded at base. Outer phyllaries 17–22, variously irregularly erect-patent to patent, relatively short, reaching 1/3–1/2 of the inner ones, usually lanceolate to narrowly so, 5–6 (–7) × 2–2.5 mm, abaxially whitish green to olivaceous-green, ± evenly coloured, ± darker at the apex, along margins and on midrib, with a ± abrupt transition into a dirty membranous border ca. 0.1 mm wide, margin shortly minutely ciliate or glabrous, apex flat, distal part sometimes suffused brownish-purplish; inner phyllaries 12–13 mm long, of unequal width (some coalesced). Outer ligules flat, broad, striped pale greyish olivaceous or pale purplish olivaceous outside, apical teeth grey or reddish, inner ligules canaliculate, their teeth dark yellow. Stigmas light coloured, yellow, with hyaline pubescence outside. Pollen abundantly present, irregular in size. Achenes very light beige (sometimes with a greyish or yellowish tinge), 4.1–5.1 × 0.9–1.0 mm, body with suberect low squamules and comb-like structures, and with thin spinules not longer than 0.15 mm, body ± gradually narrowing into a ± cylindrical cone 0.8–1.1 × 0.3 mm (often with distal part not coloured); beak 4.5–6 mm, pappus whitish, 4.5–5.5 mm. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 2A, 6, 7.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Taraxacum benevolens is known to occur in the western Bulgarian mountains (Vitosha, Pirin), between 2000 and 2550 m. It grows in subalpine and alpine floristically diverse grasslands and meadows, quite frequently at semi-disturbed sites, along paths and in the vicinity of alpine chalets. We estimate its IUCN conservation status as VU.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. Pirin, Bansko, valley of Banderica, eastern slopes in the valley of Vichrenska voda, above the alpine chalet of Vichren, 2200–2400 m, 41° 45–46’ N, 23° 24–25’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9341 (PRA, no. det. 27643); Ibidem, JŠ 9338 (PRA, no. det. 27319). – Bansko, valley of Banderica, below the pass of Vichrenski preslap between Mt. Chvojnati vrch and Mt. Vichren, ca. 2450–2550 m, 41° 45–46’ N, 23° 24–25’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Trávníček, cultivated as JŠ 6304 (PRA, no. det. 27326); Ibidem, JŠ 9319 (PRA, no. det. 27321); Ibidem, JŠ 9323 (PRA, no. det. 27320); Ibidem, JŠ 9321 (PRA, no. det. 27315). – The Vitosha Mts., Dragalevci, NW. slopes below the summit of Mt. Goljam Rezen, ca. 2200–2250 m, ca. 42° 34’ N, ca. 23° 18’ E, 27 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6981 (PRA, no. det. 27324); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.566666)">Ibidem</a>,. JŠ 6975 (PRA, no. det. 27322); Ibidem, JŠ 6987 (PRA, no. det. 27318). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.566666)">Vitosha</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.566666)">Mt. Černi</a> vrch (2290 m), around <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.566666)">Samara</a> shelter, at the N. foot of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.566666)">Mt. Samara</a>, ca. 2000 m, ca. 42° 34’ N, ca. 23° 17’ E, 27 Jul 1998, J. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.566666)">Štěpánek</a>, cultivated as JŠ 6897 (PRA, no. det. 27323). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.566666)">Vitosha</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.566666)">Mt. Goljam Rezen</a> (2277 m), northern slope, ca. 2150 m, 27 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, cultivated as TaB 44 (B 44) (PRA, no. det. 27317); Ibidem, cultivated as TaB 45 (B 45) (PRA, no. det. 27316).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51675AFFF4FF66FCA3FF57F97B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51675BFFF0FF78F968FC05FD64.text	03B73C51675BFFF0FF78F968FC05FD64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum blandum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>4. Taraxacum blandum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Pirin, opp. Bansko, vallis flum. Banderica: locis graminosis herbosisque subalpinis secundum viam turisticam rubre signatam in declivitate ± orientali in vallis rivi Vichrenska voda supra casam alpinam Vichren (1950 m), inter montes Chvojnati vrch (2635 m) et Vichren (2914 m), ca. 2200-2400 m, 41° 45–46’ N, 23° 24–25’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Trávníček, cultivated as JŠ 9344, collected in 2012 (PRA, no. det. 35752, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 27288, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Enticing, attractive, charming (from Latin: blandus).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1323–1328.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Species foliis laete viridibus, nitentibus, segmentis lateralibus foliorum approximatis, capitulis luteo-aureis, phyllariis involucralibus exterioribus basi laxe adpressis, apice arcuato-patentibus, ovato-lanceolatis usque lanceolatis pallide olivaceis vel modice saturate olivaceo-viridibus in marginibus albo-membranaceis angustis abrupte transeuntibus, stigmatibus saturate luteis, antheris polline carentibus necnon acheniis pallide brunneis fuscescentibus corpore in pyramidem subconical vel subcylindricam 0.4–0.7 mm longam subabrupte abeuntibus pernotabilis.</p> <p>Plants small to medium-sized, 8–12 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, almost glabrous. Petioles broadly winged, narrowly so in inner leaves, 2–3 cm long, green to pale green. Leaf rosettes medium rich, leaves ± prostrate, light vivid green, not spotted, shiny, ± glabrous, usually narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly oblong, 6–12 × 1.5–3.5 cm, pinnatisect, sometimes pinnatipartite; terminal segment triangular to broadly triangular or helmet-shaped or broadly so, obtusely acute to ± obtuse, sometimes acute or mucronate, distal margin convex to subsigmoid, entire or with a single incision, basal lobules short, usually recurved, proximal margin straight to concave, entire; lateral segments in (3) 4–5 (6) pairs, deltoid-triangular to narrowly so, usually 7–17 mm long, 6–10 mm wide at base, usually recurved to arcuate-recurved, acute, distal margin convex to sigmoid, entire or with a single distinct tooth and/or with a few minute remote teeth, proximal margin concave to ± straight, entire or with a single sub-basal tooth; interlobes very short (lateral segments approximated), 1–5 × 3–6 mm, green, entire or with a single tooth, margin raised; mid-vein pale greenish or light purplish. Scapes pale green, later sometimes suffused light purplish, glabrous or with sparsely scattered hairs, subequalling leaves. Capitulum golden yellow, ± flat, 3–4 cm wide. Involucre slightly pruinose, 6–8 mm wide and ± rounded at base. Outer phyllaries 14–18, basally loosely appressed, distally arcuate-patent, reaching 1/3–1/2 of the inner, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, usually 5–7 × 2–3 mm, adaxially light greyish green, abaxially ± evenly light olivaceous to medium deep olivaceous-green, with an abrupt transition into a whitish-membranous border 0.1–0.3 mm wide, apex flat, margin minutely ciliate; inner phyllaries ca. 13 mm long, of equal width. Outer ligules flat, striped purplish grey-olivaceous outside, apical teeth grey to purplish, inner ligules canaliculate, their teeth deep yellow. Stigmas light coloured, ± deep yellow, with usually hyaline pubescence outside. Pollen absent. Achenes light brownish beige (very light brown with a greyish and ± orange hue), (3.8–) 4.0–4.5 × 0.8–1.1 mm, body ± densely squamulose (with some spinules) in upper 1/5–1/6, subabruptly narrowing into a subconical to subcylindrical cone (0.4–) 0.5–0.7 × ca. 0.4 mm (often with a few minute spinules at the base); beak 6–7 (–8) mm, pappus white to dirty white, 5–6 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 2B, 8, 9.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Probably endemic to the Pirin, Bulgaria. It grows in subalpine and alpine grasslands, usually between 2200 and 2500 m. The IUCN conservation status is estimated as vulnerable (VU).</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:—The relatively narrow leaves with numerous approximated lateral segments, small, arcuatepatent outer phyllaries, yellow stigmas and empty anthers represent a diagnostic character combination. In Tab. 3, it is compared with similar species.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. The Pirin Mts., Bansko, Banderica valley, a valley between Mt. Graniten (2669 m) and Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), above Chvojnato ezero [lake], 2250–2350 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4298 (PRA, no. det. 27294); Ibidem, JŠ 4872 (PRA, no. det. 27291). – Bansko, glacial cirque of Vasilaški cirkus, along a path near the lake of Todorino ezero, ca. 2500 m, 14 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4535 (PRA, no. det. 27293). – Bansko, valley of Banderica, valley of Vichrenska voda, above the alpine chalet of Vichren, 2400 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4867 (PRA, no. det. 27292). – Bansko, valley of Banderica, eastern slopes in the valley of Vichrenska voda, above the alpine chalet of Vichren, 2200–2400 m, 41° 45–46’ N, 23° 24–25’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Trávníček, cultivated as JŠ 6309 (PRA, no. det. 27290); Ibidem, JŠ 9344 (PRA, no. det. 27288); Ibidem, JŠ 9343 (PRA, no. det. 27287); Ibidem, JŠ 9339 (PRA, no. det. 27285); Ibidem, JŠ 9345 (PRA, no. det. 27284). – Mt. Vichren, near the shore of the upper lake of the Vlachinski ezera, at the eastern foot of the Gredaro Ridge, ca. 1.5 km W. of Mt. Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9336 (PRA, no. det. 27289); Ibidem, JŠ 9332 (PRA, no. det. 27286); Ibidem, JŠ 6308 (PRA, no. det. 25414). – Bulgaria, montes Pirin, valley of Banderica, below Mt. Vichren., 9 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4684 (PRA, no. det. 35808); Ibidem, JK 4665 (PRA, no. det. 35909).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51675BFFF0FF78F968FC05FD64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51675FFFF3FF78FD0FFA24FD4F.text	03B73C51675FFFF3FF78FD0FFA24FD4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum (sect. Crocea) Christiansen 1942	<div><p>B. Taraxacum sect. Crocea Christiansen (1942: 255)</p> <p>≡ Taraxacum subsect. Crocea (M. P. Christ.) Richards (1972: 38)</p> <p>Type:— Taraxacum croceum Dahlstedt (1901: 12)</p> <p>Type:— Sweden [Hälsingland], Vänsjö, Vänsjöhammaren, 12. Jul 1898 M. Östman (S 05-7995!, lectotype, designated by Lundevall &amp; Øllgaard 1999: 74)</p> <p>= Taraxacum sect. Fontana van Soest (1959: 103)</p> <p>≡ Taraxacum subsect. Fontana (van Soest) Doll (1982: 538)</p> <p>Type:— Taraxacum fontanum Handel-Mazzetti (1907: 100)</p> <p>Type:— Austria, an feuchten Stellen zwischen Steinen in der Rinne ober dem Kaserl im Sendersthal bei Innsbruck gegen das Pleisenjoch, ca. 1800 m, 23 Jul 1903, H. Handel-Mazzetti (WU, no. det. 8943, lectotype, designated by Kirschner &amp; Štěpánek 1997: 92).</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>The Arctic-Alpidic group characterized by a large disjunction between the northernmost Europe and the Alps, was first recorded from the Balkans by Handel-Mazzetti (1907, as T. fontanum), then by Hayek (1931, as T. officinale var. fontanum, and finally by Doll (1978). A detailed comparison of the northern species of T. sect. Crocea revealed their sectional identity with the Alpine species referred to as T. sect. Fontana. The first formal synonymization of these two sectional names is published in the present paper, in accordance with the opinion of other experts in Taraxacum (C. I. Sahlin, pers. comm. 1984; I. Uhlemann, a paper in prep.).</p> <p>There are more than 120 northern species and up to 20 distributed in south-central and southern Europe; it should be added that T. sect. Crocea is known to occur in Greenland, Alaska and Canada. With a single, notable exception, all the species are agamospermous. In Bulgaria, there are four agamosperms, and the single sexual diploid species, T. paludosiforme Doll.</p> <p>The most conspicuous features of T. sect. Crocea are leaves with a low number of short and broad lateral segments, broadly winged petioles of outer leaves, outer phyllaries usually appressed to loosely appressed, sometimes their distal part arcuate recurved to arcuate-patent, deep yellow to golden yellow (almost orange-yellow) capitula, and achenes with a subabrupt transition between achene body and ± conical to subcylindrical cone.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Plants (10–) 15–25 (–30) cm tall but usually ± slender, not robust; plant base without tunic, usually glabrous to sparsely arachnoid.Petioles broadly winged (mostly,and most conspicuously,in outer leaves), usually pale green, seldom suffused purplish, mainly on mid-vein. Leaves usually remotely and shallowly pinnatilobed, sometimes almost undivided, or pinnatisect, glabrous, subglabrous or sparsely arachnoid. Scapes most often glabrous to sparsely arachnoid (mainly just below capitulum), usually overtopping leaves. Capitulum usually deep yellow or deep golden yellow, outer ligules ± flat. Involucre most often olivaceous-green to dark so, often pruinose; outer phyllaries appressed to loosely appressed, less often erect, sometimes with arcuate-patent distal part, most often ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, not imbricate or slightly so, surface ± evenly dark olivaceous green to grey-green, rarely darker or lighter, usually with a very narrow, inconspicuous paler, membranous or whitish border, sometimes unbordered, apex flat, margins subglabrous. Achenes light greyish stramineous-brown, stramineous-brown or light beige, usually 4–5 mm long, body subdensely to densely spinulose above, subabruptly narrowing into a short, subconical, conical, less often subcylindrical cone; beak thin, usually 6–10 mm long; pappus white, usually 5.5–7.5 mm long.</p> <p>An identification key to the Bulgarian members of Taraxacum sect. Crocea</p> <p>1 Pollen grains regular, of ± uniform size..................................................................................................... 5. T. paludosiforme Doll</p> <p>– Pollen grains irregular, of conspicuously variable size.................................................................................................................... 2</p> <p>2 Achenes light rusty-brown; outer phyllaries very pale green, almost translucent, with a distinct, broad paler border, usually narrowly lanceolate, most of them arcuate to arcuate-patent at and after full anthesis; involucre narrow, 7–8 mm wide near the base............................................................................................................................................................................ 10. T. amoenulum, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Achenes light brownish, light greyish stramineous-brown, light beige or deep stramineous-brown; outer phyllaries deep olivaceousgreen to dark blackish green, or light to pale green, very narrowly bordered, usually lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, most of them loosely appressed, sometimes apically arcuate at and after anthesis; involucre medium broad, 8–10 mm wide near the base...... 3</p> <p>3 Achene cone conical to subconical, 0.3–0.5 mm long; outer phyllaries dark green to black-green; stigmas dark discoloured............................................................................................................................................................................. 9. T. fornicatum, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Achene cone cylindrical, subcylindrical or subconical, 0.5–0.9 mm long; outer phyllaries light green to deep olivaceous-green; stigmas light discoloured.................................................................................................................................................................. 4</p> <p>4 Outer ligules mostly not striped or some faintly striped outside; achenes 4.7–5.1 mm long........... 8. T. pseudosplendens, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Outer ligules distinctly striped outside; achenes 3.5–4.8 mm long.................................................................................................. 5</p> <p>5 Petioles usually pale greenish; achene body thick, 1.1–1.4 mm wide........................................................ 7. T. splendens, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Petioles usually suffused purple; achene body slender, 0.9–1.0 mm wide............................................................. 6. T. vile, sp. nov.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51675FFFF3FF78FD0FFA24FD4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51675CFFCEFF78FD76FE46FBDA.text	03B73C51675CFFCEFF78FD76FE46FBDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum paludosiforme Doll 1978	<div><p>5. Taraxacum paludosiforme Doll (1978: 633, Plate LXXII)</p> <p>Type:— Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Sitnjakow-Hütte – Mussala, Flachmoor, 12 Jul [19]76, R. Doll (JE, no. det. 19063, upper specimen, lectotype, designated in the introductory part to this study).</p> <p>= Taraxacum pseudovernelense Doll (1978: 633)</p> <p>Type:— Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Malowitza-Hütte, 16 Jul 1976, R. Doll (JE, no. det. 36145, lectotype, designated in the introductory part to this study; isotype: JE, no. det. 19260).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1067–1078, 1346–1352.</p> <p>Note:—In the Bulgarian material collected by R. Doll (published 1978), T. paludosiforme is present under several, misinterpreted names (usually only a part of the material under each name): T. carinthiacum, T. helveticum, T. panalpinum, T. silvrettense and T. metriocallosum.</p> <p>Plants small to medium-sized, ± slender, usually (5–) 10–12 (–15) cm (later to 18 cm) tall. Plant base without tunic, usually subglabrous or with brownish hairs. Leaves variously erect-patent, light green, mid-green or ± greyish deep green, ± shiny, glabrous, sometimes with short sparse arachnoid hairs on mid-vein adaxially, of variable shape and size, from narrowly obovate to narrowly oblong in outline, usually 3–10 (–12) cm long, (0.7–) 1.2–2.0 (–2.3) cm wide, pinnatisect, sometimes pinnatipartite or pinnatilobed, not rarely undivided; terminal segment ± triangular, sometimes flat triangular to elongated triangular, usually 1–2 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide, distal margin ± straight, sigmoid or ± concave, entire or with a symmetrical constriction or an asymmetrical incision, proximal margin ± concave, entire, basal lobules patent to subrecurved, acute to acuminate; lateral segments (2) 3–4 (5) pairs, usually narrowly triangular, most often 0.8–1.1 cm long, 0.4–0.8 cm wide at base, recurved to subrecurved, sometimes patent, distal margin ± sigmoid to ± convex, usually entire, in proximal segment or in segments of late inner leaves with a few small thin teeth, proximal margin ± straight or subconcave, entire; interlobes variable, often ± short and broad (to 4 mm wide) in outer leaves, narrower and longer in middle and inner leaves, most often 2 (–3) mm wide, mostly entire, in inner leaves with a few little teeth, wholly green or faintly bordered brown-purple; mid-vein pale green, sometimes suffused purplish; petiole usually ± narrowly to broadly winged in outer leaves, narrow or narrowly winged in the middle and inner leaves, light green or light purplish. Scapes pale green, often suffused purplish, sparsely arachnoid or glabrous, overtopping leaves. Capitulum yellow to deep yellow or golden yellow, ca. 2.5–3.5 cm wide, subconvex, florets „untidy“. Involucre ± pruinose or not so, dark grey-olivaceous, usually (4–) 6–7 mm wide and subobconical to narrowly rounded at base. Outer phyllaries (8) 9–12 (15), appressed, sometimes loosely appressed, subimbricate, ± lanceolate, sometimes ovatelanceolate, usually (4–) 5–6 (–7.5) mm long, 1.5–2.3 (–3.0) mm wide, surface slightly pruinose, usually evenly dark grey to dark olivaceous-grey, seldom lighter olivaceous-green or light green, border not conspicuous, usually whitishmembranous, 0.1–0.2 mm wide, ± sharply delimited, sometimes to 0.3–0.4 mm wide and then with a gradual transition into the darker part and very inconspicuous, margins very shortly ciliate, apex flat, darker, sometimes suffused reddish; inner phyllaries of equal width, dark greyish olivaceous-green, 8–11 mm long, later ± elongating. Outer ligules ± flat, striped dark grey to blackish grey outside, apical teeth blackish or reddish black, inner ligule teeth light grey to light greyish pink. Stigmas light discoloured, almost yellow or greenish yellow to yellow-green, with ± hyaline pubescence outside. Pollen present, regular in size. Achenes light greyish stramineous-brown to almost stramineous, variable, (2.9–) 3.2–4.4 (–5.0) mm long, 0.8–1.1 mm wide, body subsparsely to subdensely covered with erect-patent short spinules in upper 1/5–1/2, otherwise usually smooth, subabruptly, sometimes subgradually narrowing into subconical to subcylindrical cone (0.2–) 0.4–0.7 (–1.0) mm long, beak (3.5–) 4–6 (–8.0) mm long, thin; pappus white, 4.5–6 mm long. – Sexual. Diploid (2n=16, det. by J.Štěpánek, 1983, PRA, no. det. 26394). – Fig. 10, 11, 12.</p> <p>Variation and relationships:—The outcrossing sexuality predisposed this species to be quite variable, the more so that it occupies a wide range of mountain habitats on various substrates, its populations are large and widely distributed. It is therefore more variable than agamospermous taxa, particularly in plant size, leaf size, shape and colour, number, colour and shape of outer phyllaries, capitulum colour and size, stigma colour, size and sculpturing of achenes. Taraxacum paludosiforme is a very distinctive, although variable species characterized by deeply pinnatisect leaves with relatively narrow, patent to recurved, usually totally entire lateral segments, interlobes entire, outer phyllaries not numerous, with an indistinct, very narrow (rarely broader but very indistinct) border. A comparison with other sexual taxa in the Balkans shows that T. pindicola has a much broader outer phyllary shape and reddish achenes, and T. bulgaricum is distinct in having conspicuously broad petioles, leaves tightly appressed to the ground, and a different achene shape. The rather enigmatic sexual T. nudum van Soest, according to the complete original material, differs from T. paludosiforme in the coloration of outer phyllaries (with a distinct, broad pale border) and the achene shape. The other Bulgarian members of T. sect. Crocea can be distinguished by their broader interlobes, usually more conspicuously bordered outer phyllaries and different achenes.</p> <p>Habitat and distribution:—Humid subalpine and alpine habitats, often as a dominant dandelion, such as shores of lakes, peaty sites in valleys, seepage sites on stony slopes, along brooks, but also subalpine grasslands along paths. Common in the Rila Mts. and the Pirin in Bulgaria, usually from 2100 to 2700 m, also revealed to occur in Albania. The Albanian locality suggests that T. paludosiforme is overlooked in North Macedonia. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as LC.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. The Rila. Rila-Gebirge, Gipfel K amen Čal [partly illegible], 19 Jul 1919, s. coll. (WU, no. det. 21766). – Rila, Govedarci, valley of Maljovica, bottom of the valley, ca. 1.5 km above “Kompleks Maljovica”, ca. 1800 m, ca. 42° 12’ N, ca. 23° 25’ E, 10 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Trávníček, cultivated as JŠ 6543 (PRA, no. det. 26416); Ibidem, JŠ 6544 (PRA, no. det. 26415); Ibidem, JŠ 6545 (PRA, no. det. 26414); Ibidem, JŠ 6546 (PRA, no. det. 26413); Ibidem, JŠ 6548 (PRA, no. det. 26412). – Samokov, along a brook between Maljovica Lodge and Elenski ezera, ca 2100 m, 30 Jun 1985, J. Štěpánková (PRA, no. det. 26411). – Rilski Monastir, S. slope between Mt. Dodov vrch (2661 m) and Mt. Eleni vrch (2654 m), ca. 2500 m, Jun 1990, J. Štěpánková, cultivated as JŠ 4305 (PRA, no. det. 26410); Ibidem, JŠ 4988 (PRA, no. det. 26404); Ibidem, 2000–2500 m, JŠ 4224 (PRA, no. det. 26403); Ibidem, JŠ 4989 (PRA, no. det. 26402); JŠ 4223 (PRA, no. det. 26401). – Samokov, Rila, above the Maljovica Chalet, 2000–2100 m, 8 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4805 (PRA, no. det. 26409); Ibidem, JŠ 4518 (PRA, no. det. 26406); Ibidem (PRA, no. det. 27429). – Rila, a path from the Maljovica Chalet to Strašnoto ezero, ca. 2100 m, 29 Jul 1987, P. Pyšek &amp; J. Solnická (PRA, no. det. 26408). – Blagoevgrad, Parizanska Poljana, near Sucho ezero, 19 Jul 1990, J. Kučera (herb. J. Kučera, no. det. 26407). – Samokov, Rila, valley of Maljovica River between “Kompleks Maljovica” and the Maljovica Chalet, 1750-2000 m, 8 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4517 (PRA, no. det. 26405). – Rila, near Strašnoto ezero, 17 Aug 1982, H. Barešová, JŠ 1002 (PRA, no. det. 26400). – Govedarci, valley of Maljovica River, near a bridge ca. 2 km southwards above “Kompleks Maljovica”, ca. 1850 m, 42° 12’ N, ca. 23° 25’ E, 10 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Trávníček, cultivated as JŠ 6510 (PRA, no. det. 26399); Ibidem, JŠ 6511 (PRA, no. det. 26398); Ibidem, JŠ 6513 (PRA, no. det. 26397); Ibidem, JŠ 6512 (PRA, no. det. 26396). – Rila, S. of Mt. Siskovec, E. of the road from Trestenik to Grančar, 1800-1850 m, 22 Jul 1980, P. Frost-Olsen (PRA, no. det. 26395). – Rila, S. of the village of Jakoruda, above the Grančar Chalet, 8 Aug 1983, H. Barešová, cultivated as JŠ 795 (PRA, no. det. 26394); Ibidem, JŠ 2766 (PRA, no. det. 26393). – Rila, along a path between Vapa and Kovač, ca. 2600 m, 31 Jul 1987, P. Pyšek &amp; J. Solnická (PRA, no. det. 26438). – Rila, between “Kompleks Maljovica” and the Maljovica Chalet, 1750-2000 m, 8 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 27440). – Govedarci, valley of Maljovica River, 1–1.5 km S. of the Maljovica Chalet, 2200–2250 m, 42° 11–12’ N, ca. 23° 25’ E, 10 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6312 (PRA, no. det. 27436); Ibidem, JŠ 9355 (PRA, no. det. 27467). – Govedarci, below the lakes of Maljoviški Ezera, ca. 500 m NNW. of the summit of Mt. Orlovec, 2300–2400 m, 42° 11–12’ N, ca. 23° 25’ E, 10 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9356 (PRA, no. det. 27466). – Rila, Maljovica, 9 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4692 (PRA, no. det. 30151); Ibidem, JK 4693 (PRA, no. det. 30162); Ibidem, JK 4694 (PRA, no. det. 30160); Ibidem, JK 4696 (PRA, no. det. 30158); Ibidem, JK 4697 (PRA, no. det. 30156); Ibidem, JK 4699 (PRA, no. det. 35903). – Maljovica, flat bottom part of the glacial cirque above Maljovica Chalet, 10 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4335 (PRA, no. det. 30154). – Maljovica, streem banks between Maljovica Chalet and glacial cirque, 10 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4333 (PRA, no. det. 30150). – Borovec, “Zavroščica” valley, SE of Mt. Musala, 25 Jul 1993, K. Sutorý (BRNM, no. det. 32387). – Rila, above Banje, ca. 2200 m, s. dato, J. Hruby (BRNU, no. det. 30385). – Rila, the Maljovica Chalet, 16 Jul 1976, R. Doll, as Taraxacum carinthiacum (JE, no. det. 19052). – Rila, the Musala Chalet, 16 Jul 1976, R. Doll, as Taraxacum carinthiacum (JE, no. det. 19052). – Rila, the Musala Chalet, 12 Jul 1976, R. Doll, as Taraxacum silvrettense (JE, no. det. 19053). – Rila, towards the summit of Mt. Musala, 2500–2800 m, 12 Jul 1976, R. Doll, as Taraxacum helveticum (JE, no. det. 19406). – Rila, the Maljovica Chalet, 16 Jul 1976, R. Doll, as Taraxacum metriocallosum (JE, no. det. 19256). – Rila, the Musala Chalet, ca. 2000–2400 m, 12 Jul 1976, R. Doll, as Taraxacum metriocallosum (JE, no. det. 19255). – Rila, the Maljovica Chalet, 16 Jul 1976, R. Doll, as Taraxacum panalpinum (JE, no. det. 19060). – Rila, near the chalet of Ivan Vasov, ca. 2200 m, 26 Jul 1989, B. Kuzmanov 89122, cultivated as JK T232, (PRA, no. det. 35946). – Rila, Maljovica, streem banks between Maljovica Chalet and glacial cirque, 10 Aug 1997, [B. Trávníček], cultivated as JK 4333 (PRA, no. det. 35943). – The Pirin, “In pascuis alpinis mtis Jel-tepe Perin dag”, 2400 m, Jun [19]09, Dimonie (WU, no. det. 21834). – Mt. Vichren, near the shore of the upper lake of the Vlachinski ezera, at the eastern foot of the Gredaro Ridge, ca. 1.5 km W. of Mt. Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), 2250–2300 m, ca. 41° 45’ N, ca. 23° 23’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6558 (PRA, no. det. 26387); Ibidem, JŠ 6555 (PRA, no. det. 26386); Ibidem, JŠ 6556 (PRA, no. det. 2638). – Vichren, N. shore of the upper lake of Vlachinski ezera, S. foot of Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), 2300–2350 m, ca. 41° 45’ N, 23° 23–24’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6563 (PRA, no. det. 26392); Ibidem, JŠ 6562 (PRA, no. det. 26391); Ibidem, JŠ 6561 (PRA, no. det. 26390); Ibidem, JŠ 6560 (PRA, no. det. 26389); Ibidem, JŠ 6559 (PRA, no. det. 26388). – Bansko, valley of Banderica, Banderiški ezera, below Mt. Dončovi Karauli (2633 m), 2200–2250 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4550 (PRA, no. det. 26384); Ibidem, JŠ 4549 (PRA, no. det. 26380); Ibidem, JŠ 4551 (PRA, no. det. 26377); Ibidem (PRA, no. det. 27428). – Pirin, along Banderica Rivulet, above the Vichren Chalet, ca. 2200 m, 3 Jul 1987, J. Chrtek (PRA, no. det. 26383). – Bansko, Banderica valley, a valley between Mt. Graniten (2669 m) and Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), above Chvojnato ezero [lake], 2250–2350 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4545 (PRA, no. det. 26382); Ibidem, JŠ 4546 (PRA, no. det. 26381); Ibidem, JŠ 4543 (PRA, no. det. 26376). – Bansko, valley of Banderica, Banderiški ezera, near lake Dalgoto ezero, 2300–2350 m, 14 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4291 (PRA, no. det. 26379); Ibidem, JŠ 4290 (PRA, no. det. 26378); Ibidem, JŠ 4845 (PRA, no. det. 27451); Ibidem, JŠ 4846 (PRA, no. det. 27450). – Pirin, 1.5–2 km E of the Begovitsa hut in the Begovitsa valley, 2000 m, 13 Jul 1980, P. Frost-Olsen (PRA, no. det. 26375). – Vichren, near the shore of the middle lake of Vlachinski ezera, SW. foot of Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), 2250–2300 m, ca. 41° 45’ N, 23° 23’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6526 (PRA, no. det. 26374); Ibidem, JŠ 6525 (PRA, no. det. 26373); Ibidem, JŠ 6523 (PRA, no. det. 26372); Ibidem, JŠ 6521 (PRA, no. det. 26371); Ibidem, JŠ 6520 (PRA, no. det. 26370); Ibidem, JŠ 6519 (PRA, no. det. 26369); Ibidem, JŠ 6518 (PRA, no. det. 26368); Ibidem, JŠ 6517 (PRA, no. det. 26367). – Bansko, glacial cirque of Kralevdvorski cirkus, between Popovo ezero and Samodivski ezera, ca. 5.5 km SE. of the Demjanica Chalet, 2250–2350 m, ca. 41° 42’ N, 23° 30–31’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6490 (PRA, no. det. 26366). – Pirin, Demjanica [chalet], 9 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4640 (PRA, no. det. 35960). – Bansko, glacial cirque of Kralevdvorski cirkus, N. and W. shores of Popovo ezero [lake], 2200–2250 m, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6489 (PRA, no. det. 26365); Ibidem, JŠ 6488 (PRA, no. det. 26364); Ibidem, JŠ 6487 (PRA, no. det. 26363); Ibidem, JŠ 6486 (PRA, no. det. 26362); Ibidem, JŠ 6485 (PRA, no. det. 24655); Ibidem, JŠ 6484 (PRA, no. det. 24654). – Bansko, glacial cirque of Popovoezeren cirkus, a ridge between Banski ezera and Popovo ezero, 2200–2250 m, ca. 41° 42’ N, 23° 30–31’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6483 (PRA, no. det. 24653); Ibidem, JŠ 6482 (PRA, no. det. 24653); Ibidem, JŠ 6481 (PRA, no. det. 26363). – Bansko, valley of Valjavica, between Tijacite and the valley of Valjaviški cirkus, ca. 2200–2250 m,. 41° 42–43’ N, ca. 23° 28’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6475 (PRA, no. det. 26362); Ibidem, JŠ 6474 (PRA, no. det. 26361). – Bansko, valley of Demjanica, valley of brook of Valjavica, 500–700 m above Demjanica Chalet, ca. 2000 m, 41° 43–44’ N, ca. 23° 28’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6472 (PRA, no. det. 26360). – Pirin, “in saxosis Perin-dag mt. Jel-tepe”, 2500 m, Aug [19]09, Dimonie 296 (PRC, no. det. 25093). – Bansko, valley of Banderica, Banderiški ezera, a small lake near lake Dalgoto ezero, 2300–2350 m, 14 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4838 (PRA, no. det. 27456); Ibidem, JŠ 4839 (PRA, no. det. 27455); Ibidem, JŠ 4840 (PRA, no. det. 27454); Ibidem, JŠ 4841 (PRA, no. det. 27453); Ibidem, JŠ 4842 (PRA, no. det. 27452). – Bansko, glacial cirque of Vasilaški Cirkus, below lakes of Todorini ezera ca. 2400 m, 14 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4833 (PRA, no. det. 27461); Ibidem, JŠ 4834 (PRA, no. det. 27460); Ibidem, JŠ 4835 (PRA, no. det. 27459); Ibidem, JŠ 4836 (PRA, no. det. 27458); Ibidem, JŠ 4837 (PRA, no. det. 27457). – Bansko, Vasilaški ezera [lakes], near Gorno ezero at NE. foot of Mt. Vasilaški Čukar (2615 m), 2200-2250 m, 14 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4843 (PRA, no. det. 27449); Ibidem, JŠ 4844 (PRA, no. det. 27448). – Bansko, Banderica valley, lake of Chvojnato ezero, at E. foot of Mt. Graniten, ca. 2250 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 27439); Ibidem, cultivated as JŠ 4875 (PRA, no. det. 27447). – Bansko, valley of Banderica, Banderiški ezera, Ribno ezero [lake], below Mt. Dončovi Karauli (2633 m), 2200–2250 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4880 (PRA, no. det. 27446); Ibidem, JŠ 4878 (PRA, no. det. 27444); Ibidem, JŠ 4879 (PRA, no. det. 27445); Ibidem, JŠ 4877 (PRA, no. det. 27443); Ibidem, JŠ 4876 (PRA, no. det. 27442). – Pirin, Banderica Valley, 2270 m, 2 Aug 2000, Z. Szeląg (PRA, no. det. 27441). – Bansko, glacial cirque of Vasilaški Cirkus, upper lake of Todorino ezero, ca. 2500 m, 14 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 27438). – Bansko, glacial cirque of Popovoezeren cirkus, N. and W. shores of Popovo ezero, 2200–2250 m, ca. 41° 42’ N, ca. 23° 30–31’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6290 (PRA, no. det. 27437). – Bansko, glacial cirque of Popovoezeren cirkus, above the smaller lake of Banski ezera, E. slope below the pass of Samodivska porta (2500 m), ca. 2250 m, 41° 42–43’ N, 23° 30–31’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6292 (PRA, no. det. 27435). – Mt. Vichren, near the shore of the lower lake of the Vlachinski ezera, at the eastern foot of the Gredaro Ridge, ca. 1.5 km W. of Mt. Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), ca. 2250–2300 m, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6305 (PRA, no. det. 27434). – Bansko, Vasilaški ezera [lakes], near Gorno ezero at NE. foot of Mt. Vasilaški Čukar (2615 m), 2200–2250 m, 14 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 27433). – Bansko, glacial cirque of Vasilaški Cirkus, below lakes of Todorini ezera, ca. 2400 m, 14 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 27432). – Bansko, Premkata Pass between Mt. Vichren and Mt. Kutelo I, limestone, 2700-2750 m, 13 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 27431). – Bansko, Banderica valley, Banderiški ezera, a little lake near Dalgoto ezero, 2300–2350 m, 14 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 27430). – Bansko, Banderica valley, above the Vichren Chalet, 2000-2200 m, 14 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 27427). – Bansko, Demjanica Valley, above the Demjanica Chalet, ca. 1850-1900 m, ca. 41° 45’ N, ca. 23° 28’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9287 (PRA, no. det. 27478); Ibidem, JŠ 9291 (PRA, no. det. 27477). – Bansko, Mt. Samodivski vrch (2730 m), near Samodivski ezera, 2350–2400 m, ca. 41° 42’ N, 23° 30–31’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9274 (PRA, no. det. 27476); Ibidem, JŠ 9275 (PRA, no. det. 27475); Ibidem, JŠ 9276 (PRA, no. det. 27474). – Bansko, glacial cirque of Popovoezeren cirkus, wet sites above smaller lake of Banski ezera, slopes below the pass of Samodivska porta, ca. 2250 m, 41° 42–43’ N, 23° 30–31’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9283 (PRA, no. det. 27473); Ibidem, JŠ 9284 (PRA, no. det. 27472); Ibidem, JŠ 9286 (PRA, no. det. 27471); Ibidem, JŠ 9282 (PRA, no. det. 27470) – Bansko, glacial cirque of Popovoezeren cirkus, a ridge between Banski ezera and Popovo ezero, 2200–2250 m, ca. 41° 42’ N, 23° 30–31’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9272 (PRA, no. det. 27468); Ibidem, JŠ 9273 (PRA, no. det. 27468). – Demjanica Chalet, 8 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4630 (PRA, no. det. 35942); Ibidem, numerous cultivations under no. JK 4631 – JK 4632 (PRA, no. det. 35944, 35941), JK 4634 – JK 4643 (PRA, no. det. 35939, 35937, 35935, 35933, 35931, 35940, 35938, 35936, 35934, respectively), JK 4645 – JK 4660 (PRA, no. det. 35932, 35930, 35929, 35927, 35925, 35923, 35921, 35919, 35917, 35928, 35926, 35924, 35922, 35920, 35918, 35916, respectively). – Bansko, glacial cirque of Popovoezeren cirkus, N. and W. shores of Popovo ezero [lake], 2200–2250 m, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9278 (PRA, no. det. 27465); Ibidem, JŠ 9278 (PRA, no. det. 27464). – Bansko, glacial cirque of Popovoezeren cirkus, a ridge between Banski ezera and Popovo ezero, 2200–2250 m, 41° 42’ N, 23° 30–31’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9270 (PRA, no. det. 27463); Ibidem, JŠ 9271 (PRA, no. det. 27462). – Pirin, between Vichren Chalet and Muratovo ezero, ca. 2000 m, 1987, M. Lhotská, cultivated as JŠ 3216 (PRA, no. det. 25350). – Pirin, valley of Banderica, ca. 2200 m, 5 Jul 1968, J. Dvořák (BRA, no. det. 27769). – Bansko, Banderica valley, ca. 2300 m, Jul 1936, I. Klášterský &amp; M. Deyl (PR, no. det. 28629). – Pirin, near the Vichren Chalet, ca. 2800 m, 6 Aug 1975, B. Deylová (PR, no. det. 28625). – Pirin, near the Vichren Chalet, Ribno ezero, ca. 2200 m, 6 Aug 1975, B. Deylová (PR, no. det. 28623). – Pirin, Banderica, Muratovo ezero, 9 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4685 (PRA, no. det. 30149); Ibidem, JK 4686 (PRA, no. det. 30147); Ibidem, JK 4691 (PRA, no. det. 30145); Ibidem, JK 4687 – JK 4690 (PRA, no. det. 35952, 35948, 35956, 35954). – Pirin, Vichren area, shores and slopes above Muratovo ezero, 9 Aug 1997, B. Trávníček, cultivated as JK 4341 (PRA, no. det. 30143); Ibidem, JK 4337 (PRA, no. det. 30139). – Pirin, Demjanica Chalet, grasslands, bottom part of glacial cirque above the lake, 2400 m, 41°42.654 N, 23°29.327 E, 8 Aug 1997, B. Trávníček, cultivated as JK 4339 (PRA, no. det. 30141). – Pirin, Demjanica Chalet, banks of the first lake, 2200 m, 8 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4332 (PRA, no. det. 30137); Ibidem, JK 4326 (PRA, no. det. 30135). – Pirin, Vichren, Demjanica Chalet, 2200-2400 m, 9 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4324 (PRA, no. det. 35950). – Pirin, Vichren Chalet, Okoto Lake, 11 Aug 1989, B. Kuzmanov 89139, cultivated as T239 (PRA, no. det. 30146); Ibidem, JK T240 (PRA, no. det. 35904). – Pirin, Banderica, 5 Jul 1968, J. Šmarda (BRNM, no. det. 30379). – Pirin, Demjanica valley, ca. 2100 m, 22 Jun 1965, J. Šmarda (BRNM, no. det. 30377). – Pirin, below Mt. Vichren, 25 Jun 2001, Zh. Cherneva, as T. bithynicum, (SOM 156556, no. det. 35825). – Pirin, Demjanica, 8 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4662 (PRA, no. det. 35915); Ibidem, JK 4663 (PRA, no. det. 35913); Ibidem, JK 4664 (PRA, no. det. 35911). – Pirin, slopes of Mt. Vichren above Demjanica Chalet, 9 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4666, JK 4673, JK 4677, JK 4678, JK 4679, JK 4680 (PRA, no. det. 35907, 35914, 35912, 35910, 35908, 35906, respectively). – Pirin, Ribno ezero [lake], 2200 m, 11 Aug 1989, B. Kuzmanov 89142, cultivated as T243 (PRA, no. det. 30144); Ibidem, JK T241 (PRA, no. det. 35901). – Bansko, valley of Demjanica, above the Demjanica Chalet, ca. 1850–1900 m, ca. 41° 45’ N, 23° 28’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6293 (PRA, no. det. 36002).</p> <p>ALBANIA. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.1821&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.69015" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.1821/lat 41.69015)">District of Mat</a> (Rreth i Matit), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.1821&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.69015" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.1821/lat 41.69015)">Parku Kombëtar Zall Gjoçaj</a>, at the eastern foot of Mali i Dejës, in flush, on serpentine, 41.69015° N, 20.1821° E, 1840 m, 25 Jun 2012, Z. Barina, D. Pifkó, G. Lunk 21621 (herb. Z. Barina [BP], no. det. 30594).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51675CFFCEFF78FD76FE46FBDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516761FFCBFF78FBCBFD77F99E.text	03B73C516761FFCBFF78FBCBFD77F99E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum vile Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>6. Taraxacum vile Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Rila, in saltu inter montes Kobylina braništa (=Kobylino branišče), 2000–2200 m, 17 Aug 1982, H. Barešová, cultivated as JŠ 1005/1, collected in 1987 (PRA, no. det. 35760, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 27677, and duplicates).</p> <p>Note:—In the Bulgarian material collected by R. Doll (published 1978), T. vile is found under several, misinterpreted names (usually only a part of the material under each name): T. panalpinum, T. pseudofontanum, T. reophilum, T. fontanosquameum and T. silvicola.</p> <p>Etymology:—From Latin, vilis – cheap, ordinary, mundane.</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1310–1311.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae a speciebus ceteris bulgaricis sectionis Croceorum petiolis purpureis, foliis modice saturate viridibus vel subcanescenti-viridibus, vena mediana roseo-purpurea, acheniis pallide stramineo-cinerascentibus vel pallide stramineofulvescentibus, pyramide cylindrica bene dignoscendae.</p> <p>Plants medium-sized, ± slender, 8–20 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, ± glabrous among petiole bases. Petiole medium broad winged (outer leaves) to narrowly winged (inner leaves), purple, 2–4 cm long. Leaves variously erectpatent, mid-green to slightly greyish green, with sparse hairs along mid-vein, otherwise glabrous, oblanceolate to narrowly elliptical in outline, usually 7–13 × 1–2.5 cm, pinnatisect with ± remote broad segments; terminal segment variably large, usually 0.8–1.5 × 0.7–1.8 cm, triangular to broadly so, or ± helmet-shaped, sometimes with hastate base, subacute, distal margin convex, subsigmoid or ± straight, sometimes with a shallow incision, rarely terminal segment elongated, stepwise narrowed, basal lobules subrecurved to recurved, sometimes ± patent, acute, proximal margin ± concave to ± straight, entire; lateral segments in 3 (–5) pairs, abruptly getting smaller towards leaf base, deltoid triangular to bird-wing-like, usually 4–11 × 5–9 mm, ± recurved to subpatent, acute, distal margin convex to sigmoid or ± straight, entire, proximal margin subconcave to ± straight, entire; interlobes ± long and narrow, usually 5–10 × 2–3.5 mm, not bordered, with a large single tooth and sometimes with several little teeth; mid-vein purple. Scapes, pale greenish, later suffused purplish, sparsely arachnoid, later glabrescent, overtopping leaves. Capitulum medium-sized, 3–3.5 cm wide, ± flat, deep yellow. Involucre ± not pruinose, ca. 8–10 mm wide and rounded at base. Outer phyllaries usually 10–15, loosely appressed, subimbricate, relatively long, reaching 3/5–1/2 of the inner, ± lanceolate, sometimes ovate-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, usually 6–8 × 2.5–4 mm, whitish green to deep olivaceous-green, distally darker and often suffused purplish, with a dark middle line (visible in paler phyllaries), with an abrupt transition into a narrow membranous to scarious border 0.1–0.2 mm wide, margin minutely ciliate distally, apex flat; inner phyllaries 12–13 mm long, of ± equal width. Outer ligules flat, striped grey-olivaceous outside, apical teeth ± black, inner ligules canaliculate, with black apical teeth. Stigmas long, light to dark discoloured, yellow-green, with greyish pubescence outside. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes light greyish stramineous to light beige, 3.5–4.6 × 0.9–1.0 mm, body with numerous erect-patent short spinules and squamules in upper 1/3–1/4, relatively abruptly narrowing into a cylindrical or subcylindrical cone 0.7–0.9 mm long; beak (5–) 6–9 (–10.5) mm; pappus whitish to slightly brownish dirty white, 5.5–6.5 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Triploid, 2n=24 (counted by J. Štěpánek, PRA, no. det. 27678). – Fig. 13, 14, 15A.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes, variation and relationships:—A species not very conspicuous among Bulgarian members of T. sect. Crocea; it is relatively distinct in having purple petioles and the mid-vein, less broadly winged petiole, and achenes with a peculiar, pale beige to light stramineous colour and a relatively long, cylindrical cone. Minute among-population differences suggest multiclonality. At first sight, T. vile resembles more robust morphotypes of T. vindobonense of T. sect. Palustria. Within T. sect. Crocea, it resembles most closely T. fontanosquameum van Soest (1959: 110).</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Unlike the majority of Bulgarian mountain dandelions, it is known to occur in several mountain ranges, the Vitosha, the Rila and the Rodopi. It probably represents a species endemic to Bulgaria. It grows in wet subalpine and alpine grasslands, along paths and in the vicinity of alpine chalets. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as LC.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. Sofia, the Vitoša, summit of Mt. Černi vrch, 2290 m, 14 Jul 1991, J. Štěpánková, cultivated as JŠ 5013 (PRA, no. det. 27684). – Vitoša, subalpine grasslands on Mt. Samaro (2108 m), ca. 2000 m, 27 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, cultivated as TaB 52 (B 52) (PRA, no. det. 27683). – Vitoša, village of Dragalevci, around the alpine shelter Alpicum on the summit of Černi vrch, 2280-2290 m, ca. 42° 34’ N, ca. 23° 18’ E, 27 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6887 (PRA, no. det. 27682); Ibidem, JŠ 6889 (PRA, no. det. 27681); Ibidem, JŠ 6888 (PRA, no. det. 27680). – The Rila, in the pass below Mt. Kobylina braništa (Kobylino branišče), 2000–2200 m, 17 Aug 1982, H. Barešová, cultivated as JŠ 1005/1 (PRA, no. det. 27678); Ibidem, JŠ 1005/2 (PRA, no. det. 27677, 27676). – Rila, Musala Chalet, 12 Jul 1976, R. Doll as T. reophilum (JE, no. det. 19051). – Rila, Jastrebec, 13 Jul 1976, R. Doll as T. silvicolum (JE, no. det. 19046). – Rila, Musala Chalet, 12 Jul 1976, R. Doll as T. fontanosquameum (JE, no. det. 19263). – Rila, Musala Chalet, 12 Jul 1976, R. Doll as T. pseudofontanum (JE, no. det. 19264). – Rila, village of Borovec, valley of Bistrica, ca. 1–2 km below the Musala Chalet, ca. 2100 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4819 (PRA, no. det. 36013). – The Rodopi Mts., Čepelare, the Černatica Mts., Chvojna village, around Mt. Goljam Persenk (2091 m), in the pass between Mt. Goljam Persenk and Persenk, ca. 2 km W. of Skalni Mostove, ca. 1900–1950 m, ca. 41° 49’ N, ca. 24° 33’ E, 24 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6969 (PRA, no. det. 27679). – Less certain identification: Rila, Musala Chalet, 12 Jul 1976, R. Doll as T. panalpinum (JE, no. det. 19058). – Rila, Musala Chalet, 12 Jul 1976, R. Doll as T. silvicolum (JE, no. det. 19047). – Rila, Samokov, Borovec, Musalenski ezera, around the Musala Chalet, ca. 2400 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek &amp; B. Kuzmanov, cultivated as JŠ 4287 (PRA, no. det. 36017).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516761FFCBFF78FBCBFD77F99E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516764FFCAFF78F906FEB1F9BF.text	03B73C516764FFCAFF78F906FEB1F9BF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum splendens Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>7. Taraxacum splendens Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, urbs Sofia, mons Vitoša: locis uliginosis prope locum “Aleko”, ca. 1800–1900 m, Jul 1985, D. Fišerová, cultivated as JŠ 2769, collected in 1988 (PRA, no. det. 35772, holotype; isotypes: PRA, no. det. 26175, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Superb, splendid, magnificent (from Latin: splendeo, splendere, to shine).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1264, 1265, 1269.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae insignes petiolis pallidis glabrescentibus alatis, foliis plerumque erectis pallide laete viridibus, scapis glaberrimis, phyllariis involucralibus exterioribus laxe adpressis apice erectis vel erecto-subrecurvis, marginibus angustissimis inconspicuis, acheniis pallide stramineo-brunneis corpore superne breviter spinuloso-squamulosis, in pyramidem basi conicam, superne subcylindricam 0.5–0.8 mm longam abrupte transeunte.</p> <p>Plants medium-sized to tall, usually 12–22 cm, not robust, rather slender. Plant base without tunic, with brownish hairs among petiole bases. Petioles broadly winged to very broadly winged, pale green, ± glabrous, ca. 2–3.5 cm long. Leaves erect to erect-patent, light vivid green, not spotted, shining, glabrous, usually narrowly oblanceolate or narrowly oblong in outline, usually 5–12 × 1.5–3 cm, pinnatipartite to shallowly pinnatisect; terminal segment narrowly triangular to triangular or oblong helmet-shaped, then often subpentagonal, usually 1.5–3 × 1.5–2.5 cm, obtusely acute to acute, distal margin subsigmoid, often with shallow obtuse incisions, basal lobules recurved to ± patent, usually obtusely acute, proximal margin concave to ± straight, entire; lateral segments in 2–3 (4) pairs, often alternate, relatively short, triangular to deltoid-triangular, usually 6–17 mm long, 8–13 mm wide at base, most often recurved, usually acute (distal part often elongated in inner leaves), distal margin subsigmoid to ± subconvex or subconcave, entire or with a single tooth, proximal margin concave to straight, entire; interlobes broad, most often 4–8 × 4–8 mm, green, sometimes faintly darker bordered, entire, margin often raised; mid-vein pale green to pinkish. Scapes pale green, sometimes distally suffused purplish, glabrous, overtopping leaves. Capitulum deep yellow, 3–3.5 cm wide, ± flat. Involucre slightly pruinose, 9–10 mm wide and broadly obconical at base. Outer phyllaries relatively narrow, not numerous, 11–14, loosely appressed, apex erect to subrecurved, ± lanceolate, usually 5–7 × 2–3 mm, reaching 1/3–2/5 of the inner, very light green to medium olivaceous-green, ± evenly coloured, apically ± darker, border not distinct, scarious, 0.05–0.15 mm wide, margin irregularly minutely ciliate, apex flat; inner phyllaries 12–13 mm long, width not variable. Outer ligules ± flat, striped purplish grey-olivaceous, later olivaceous-purple, ligule teeth grey to purplish, inner ligules canaliculate, their teeth dark yellow. Stigmas long, very light discoloured (yellow to greenish yellow, with hyaline and apically darker hairs outside). Pollen abundantly present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes stramineous-brown, 3.6–4.8 × 1.1–1.4 mm, body with distinct lateral ridges, less distinct dorsiventral ones, ± densely shortly spinulose and squamulose in upper 1/3–1/4, relatively abruptly narrowing into a basally conical, otherwise subcylindrical cone 0.5–0.8 mm long (distal part of the cone often not coloured, pale or whitish); beak 6.5–7.5 mm long; pappus 5.5–6.5 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 15B, 16, 17.</p> <p>Relationships and diagnostic notes:— Taraxacum splendens and T. pseudosplendens represent core sectional species, most similar to the northern membres of T. sect. Crocea. In many respects, they approach the Swedish T. assimulans Haglund (1983: 245); the latter most conspicuously differs in purplish mid-vein, darker stigmas and larger achenes. Taraxacum splendens differs from T. pseudosplendens in having a thicker cone with a more abrupt transition into the achene body, more numerous and generally broader outer phyllaries.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—The material of T. splendens comes from the Vitosha Mts., and the species probably is confined to that mountain range. It grows in wet to marshy, often mossy, grasslands, along paths, in the alpine mountain belt. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as VU.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA, the Vitosha Mts., along a path between Černi vrach (2290 m) and Goljam Rezen (2277 m), ca. 2100 m, 27 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, cultivated as TaB 42 (B 42) (PRA, no. det. 26181). – Vitosha, Mt. Černi vrach (2290 m), D. Fišerová, cultivated as JŠ 2209 (PRA, no. det. 26178). – Vitosha, between Mt. Samaro (2108 m) and Mt. Selimica (2041 m), ca. 1900 m, 27 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, cultivated as TaB 53 (B 53) (PRA, no. det. 26177). – Vitosha, between Goljam Rezen (2277 m) and Malak Rezen (2191 m), ca. 2100 m, 27 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, cultivated as TaB 46 (B 46) (PRA, no. det. 26176). – Vitosha, marshy places near Aleko, ca. 1800–1900 m, Jul 1985, D. Fišerová, cultivated as JŠ 2769 (PRA, no. det. 26175); Ibidem, JŠ 1561/2 (PRA, no. det. 26174). – Vitosha, a peat-bog on southern slopes below Černi vrach, 1900 m, 2 Jul 2012, D. Dimitrov (SOM, no. det. 35871). – Vitosha, between Kumeta and Buerica, 4 Jul 1984, A. Chrtková (PRA, no. det. 36000). – Vitoša: Mt. Černi vrach (2290 m), below the observatory, ca. 2200 m, 27 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, cultivated as TaB 39 (B 39) (PRA, no. det. 36164).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516764FFCAFF78F906FEB1F9BF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516765FFC6FF78F927FC3EFE1A.text	03B73C516765FFC6FF78F927FC3EFE1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum pseudosplendens Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>8. Taraxacum pseudosplendens Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Pirin</a>, opp. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Bansko</a>, mons <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Vichren</a>: ad ripam lacus majoris (inferioris) borealis in valle lacuum <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Vlachinski</a> ezera ad pedem orientalem dorsi Gredaro, ca. 1.5 km situ occidenali a monte Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), ca. 2250–2300 m, ca. 41° 45’ N, ca. 23° 23’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9325, collected in 2012 (PRA, no. det. 35777, holotype; isotypes: PRA, no. det. 35776, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Similar to splendens (see T. splendens).</p> <p>Exsicates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1263.</p> <p>Diagnosis:— Taraxaci splendentis affinis sed ligulis marginalibus decoloratis, phyllariis exterioribus obscurioribus, acheniis angustioribus corpore in pyramidem subcylindricam subabrupte transeunte notabile.</p> <p>Plants medium-sized, usually 12–18 (–21) cm tall. Plant base without tunic, subglabrous. Petiole broadly winged to winged, light green, ± glabrous, to ca. 3 cm long. Leaves erect-patent, vivid green, ± glabrous, narrowly oblong to narrowly oblanceolate in outline, usually 9–15 × 2–3 cm, ± pinnatipartite; terminal segment usually elongatedtriangular to ± helmet-shaped-triangular, distal margin ± convex, entire or with a single tooth, basal lobules ± patent to subrecurved, narrowly triangular to linear-triangular, acute, proximal margin ± straight, entire; lateral segments (2) 3 (4), patent, subrecurved to ± forward-pointing, narrowly triangular to triangular, distal margin most often subconcave, entire, proximal margin ± straight, entire; interlobes long, broad, usually 1–2 × 0.6–1 cm, green; mid-vein greenish, sometimes suffused pinkish. Capitulum yellow, usually 2.5–3.5 cm wide. Involucre ± pruinose, deeper olivaceous-green, ca. 10 mm wide and rounded at base. Outer phyllaries 12–18, loosely appressed, often with erect apex, subimbricate, lanceolate, usually 5–7.5 × 2–3 mm, relatively short, greyish olivaceous-green, border not distinct, ca. 0.1 mm wide, whitish, margin subglabrous, apex flat; inner phyllaries 12–14 mm long. Outer ligules flat, only some of them faintly striped greyish, later purplish, outer ligule teeth ± long, grey. Stigmas long, light discoloured, ± greenish yellow. Pollen present, pollen grains conspicuously irregular in size. Achenes light stramineous-brown with a greyish hue, more slender than in T. splendens, 4.7–5.1 × 0.8–1.0 mm, body densely squamulose and spinulose in upper 1/6, some spinules elongated, subarcuate, longitudinal ridges not prominent, body ± gradually narrowing into a subcylindrical cone (0.6–) 0.7–1.0 mm long; beak (5.5–) 6–7 mm long; pappus 6–6.5 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 15C, 18.</p> <p>Relationships:—The most conspicuous features of T. pseudosplendens, when compared with T. splendens, are the faintly striped or unstriped outer ligules, darker involucral phyllaries and much narrower achenes. Both species represent core taxa of T. sect. Crocea.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—According to the material available, T. pseudosplendens is endemic to the Pirin. It grows on shores of an alpine lake. The IUCN conservation status is estimated as EN.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. Pirin, Bansko, Mt. Vichren, Vlachinski ezera, shores of the lower, bigger lake, at the foot of the Gredaro Ridge, ca. 1.5 km W. of Mt. Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), ca. 2250–2300 m, ca. 41° 45’ N, ca. 23° 23’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9331 (PRA, no. det. 35774). – Less certain identification: Pirin Planina, 1.5–2 km E. of the Begovitsa hut in the Begovitsa valley, wet meadows with bogs along streams and scrub of Pinus mugo, 2000 m, 13 Jul 1980, P. Frost-Olsen (PRA, no. det. 35771).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516765FFC6FF78F927FC3EFE1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516769FFC1FF78FD8BFE0FFDC7.text	03B73C516769FFC1FF78FD8BFE0FFDC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum fornicatum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>9. Taraxacum fornicatum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Rila, opp. Govedarci, vallis flum. Maljovica, in pratis et caespitibus circum deversorium in loco ‘ Kompleks Maljovica’, ca. 1700 m, ca. 42° 12–13’ N, 23° 25’ E, 10 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek et al., cultivated as JŠ 6493, collected in 1999 (PRA, no. det. 36054, holotype; isotypes: PRA, no. det. 36089, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Vaulted, arched, arcuate (from Latin: fornix, arch).</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae notabiles phyllariis involucralibus exterioribus basi adpressis, superne laxe adpressis, saepissime ovato-lanceolatis ad 4 mm latis, obscure viridibus, in sicco atroviridibus, in marginem sordide scariosam, 0.2–0.4 mm latam abrupte transeuntibus, acheniis superne breviter spinulosis (squamulis carentibus), corpore in pyramidem conicam, 0.3–0.5 mm longam subabrupte abeuntibus.</p> <p>Plants relatively small, of ± compact growth, 6–11 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, with ± dense brownish hairs among petiole bases. Petiole winged to broadly winged, pale green, often distally adaxially suffused purplish, 1.5–2.5 cm long. Leaves erect-patent to subpatent, slightly greyish green, later ± suffused purplish when exposed to direct sunlight, sparsely arachnoid, narrowly oblanceolate to ± spatulate in outline, usually 5–12 × 1–2.5 cm, pinnatifid to pinnatisect, outer leaves often undivided, narrowly spatulate, only remotely denticulate; terminal segment ± dominant, ± elongated, helmet-shaped to triangular, usually (1–) 1.5–2.5 × 1.3–2.5 cm, obtusely acute to obtuse, distal margin subconvex to subsigmoid, with 1–2 distinct teeth on each side, basal lobules acute, recurved, sometimes ± patent, proximal margin subconcave to ± straight, entire; lateral segments in 2–3 pairs, deltoid-triangular to narrowly so, ± recurved to patent, acute, distal margin ± convex to subsigmoid, entire, proximal margin ± concave, entire; interlobes long and broad, usually 5–12 × (2–) 4–9 mm, green, ± not bordered, entire, rarely with a few minute teeth, margin often raised; mid-vein adaxially purplish in proximal half or throughout. Scapes pale green, medium densely arachnoid, ± equalling leaves. Capitulum relatively large, 3–3.5 cm wide, flat, dark yellow. Involucre ± not pruinose, 8–9 (–10) mm wide and rounded at base. Outer phyllaries 13–19, tightly appressed at base, distally loosely appressed, some sometimes arcuate, subimbricate, reaching 1/2 of the inner, usually lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, most frequently 6–8 × (2.0–) 2.5–4 mm, usually evenly dark green (black-green when dry), sometimes with broad pale greenish borders at base (in young capitula), most often with an abrupt transition in a dirty scarious border 0.2–0.4 mm wide, margin distally minutely ciliate, apex flat; inner phyllaries ca. 12 mm long, of ± unequal width. Outer ligules flat, relatively broad, striped grey to dark grey outside, apical teeth black, inner ligules canaliculate, their teeth dirty yellow to greyish. Stigmas ± long, medium dark discoloured, greyish yellow-green, hairs of the outer pubescence with a dark distal half. Pollen abundant, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes light brownish to deep stramineous-brown, slender, 3.5–4.1 × 0.8–1.0 mm, body subdensely shortly spinulose (squamules absent) in upper 1/5–1/6, ± subabruptly narrowing into a short subconical to conical cone (0.3–) 0.4–0.5 mm long; beak 6–9 mm long; pappus whitish to dirty white, 5.5–6 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 15D, 19, 20.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:— Taraxacum fornicatum is characterized by relatively large, dark outer phyllaries with ± distinct but very narrow border. Achenes with a very short, conical cone with a subabrupt transition in the subdensely spinulose (not squamulose) achene body are also diagnostic.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—In Bulgaria, Taraxacum fornicatum is an unusually widely distributed mountain species; it was found to occur in the Rila, Pirin and the Rodopi, and, in all likelihood, it also grows in the Vitosha. Its habitats include shores of alpine lakes, and marshy subalpine to alpine grasslands. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as LC.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. The Rodopi, the Čepelare Mts., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat 42.566666)">Chvojna village</a>, around <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat 42.566666)">Mt. Goljam Persenk</a> (2091 m), wet mossy places along a brook, ca. 1 km W. of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat 42.566666)">Skalni Mostove</a>, ca. 1800 m, ca. 41° 49’ N, 24° 33–34’ E, 24 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek et al., cultivated as JŠ 6792 (PRA, no. det. 25422). – Pirin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Bansko</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Mt. Vichren</a>, shores of the lower, bigger lake of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Vlachinski</a> ezera, E. foot of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Gredaro Ridge</a>, 2250–2300 m, 41° 45’ N, 23° 23’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6553 (PRA, no. det. 36068). – Rila, Govedarci, valley of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.416666/lat 42.566666)">Maljovica River</a>, in the Kompleks Maljovica, ca. 42° 12–13’ N, 23° 25’ E, 10 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek et al., cultivated as JŠ 6507 (PRA, no. det. 36091). – Less certain identification: Sofia, the Vitosha, village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat 42.566666)">Dragalevci</a>, NW. slopes below the summit of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat 42.566666)">Mt. Goljam Rezen</a> (2277 m), ca. 2200–2250 m, ca. 42° 34’ N, ca. 23° 18’ E, 27 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6978 (PRA, no. det. 36072). – Sofia, the Vitosha, village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat 42.566666)">Dragalevci</a>, NE. slope of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat 42.566666)">Mt. Goljam Rezen</a> (2277 m), above Meča poljana, ca. 2050–2150 m, ca. 42° 34’ N, ca. 23° 18’ E, 27 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6808 (PRA, no. det. 36066).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516769FFC1FF78FD8BFE0FFDC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51676CFFC3FF66FF3FFEB1F8D6.text	03B73C51676CFFC3FF66FF3FFEB1F8D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum amoenulum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>0. Taraxacum amoenulum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, Pirin Planina, N of the bottom of Sarchalijtsa valley (N of the bottom of Sandanska Bistritsa valley), ca. 5 km N of Jane Sandanski, in the valley formed by the streem from Goljamo Slano Pole, wet meadows with Alchemilla spp., Geum spp., Ranunculus spp., Carex spp., Juncus spp., etc., ca. 1700 m, 6 Jul 1980, P. Frost-Olsen (PRA, no. det. 36098, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 36100).</p> <p>Etymology:—Charming, graceful (derived from Latin amoenus).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1270.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae inter sectiones Croceorum et Alpestriorum intermediae, insignes phyllariis exterioribus pallidis, pallide viridescentibus, marginibus albidis latis fere translucentibus, et acheniis pallide ferrugineo-brunnescentibus, corpore superne spinulis brevibus latis, saepe coalescentibus obsito.</p> <p>Plants medium-sized to small, relatively slender, 15–20 cm tall, leaves not numerous. Plant base without tunic, without indumentum among petiole bases or with sparse hairs. Petiole usually medium broadly to narrowly winged, light purplish to pale, darker coloured on mid-vein, 2.5–4.5 cm long. Leaves variously erect-patent, light green, not spotted, sparsely arachnoid (on mid-vein) or glabrous, narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate in outline, usually 7–12 × 1.5– 2.5 cm, pinnatisect; terminal segment helmet-shaped to broadly so, or triangular or broadly so, not dominant, usually 1–1.5 (–2.5) × 1.0– 1.5 cm, obtusely acute to ± obtuse, distal margin convex to subsigmoid, entire or with a single tooth, in bigger segments with 1–2 obtuse teeth and a single acute one, basal lobules subrecurved to patent, acute, proximal margin ± straight, entire; lateral segments in 3–4 (–5) pairs, relatively small, subrecurved to ± patent, sometimes pointing forwards (then the opposite segment recurved), deltoid-triangular or abruptly narrowed in a lingulate distal part, usually 6–10 mm long, 6–9 mm wide at base, distal margin subconvex to sigmoid, rarely concave, entire or with 1 (–3) little acute teeth, proximal margin ± straight, usually entire; interlobes usually 5–10 × 2.5–6 mm, green, usually not bordered, rarely indistinctly so, sometimes ± raised, entire or with 1–3 filiform teeth of variable length; mid-vein pale greenish, basally sometimes purplish. Scapes pale green, sparsely arachnoid, more densely below capitulum, later glabrous, overtopping leaves. Capitulum yellow, ca. 3 cm wide, ± flat. Involucre not pruinose, 7–8 mm wide and narrowly rounded to subobconical at base. Outer phyllaries 16–20, light coloured, with contrasting colours, loosely appressed, apex often arcuate, later arcuate-patent, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, the outermost ones to linearlanceolate, usually 5–7 × (1–) 2–2.5 mm, pale coloured (almost translucent) before anthesis, with a pale green middle zone and a broad whitish border, later, at and after full anthesis, with a narrow, ca. 1 mm wide, deep olivaceous-green middle part and a pale greenish zone bordered by a membranous border 0.2–0.4 mm wide, margin minutely ciliate, with 1–2 filiform teeth near the base, apex flat; inner phyllaries ca. 11 mm long, of equal width. Outer ligules flat, striped dark grey outside, apical teeth grey, inner ligules canaliculate, their apical teeth light greyish pink. Stigmas not long, pale, dirty yellow or honey-yellow, with ± hyaline pubescence outside. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes pale rusty-brown, 3.8–4.4 × 0.9–1.1 mm, body with ± distinct longitudinal ridges, with numerous short and broad spinules, sometimes coalescing in comb-like squamules in upper 2/5–1/3, with a ± abrupt transition into a relatively thick, subconical to subcylindrical cone 0.8–0.9 mm long; beak 7.5–9.5 mm long; pappus 5–5.5 mm long, white. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 21.</p> <p>Relationships:— Taraxacum amoenulum deviates from the most common pattern of T. sect. Crocea in the rustybrown achenes, very pale, almost translucent and distinctly bordered outer phyllaries, less broadly winged petioles and frequently dentate interlobes. It seems to be intermediate between T. sect. Crocea and T. sect. Rhodocarpa (= T. sect. Alpestria), closer to the former.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Known from the Pirin, from the type gathering only. It grows in wet, mossy meadows in the montane belt. The IUCN conservation status is estimated as DD.</p> <p>Note:—There is a similar form differring from T. amoenulum by a more robust growth, lower number of lateral segments, and longer achenes; we leave it for further study: The Rila, Samokov, village of Borovec, a path between the chalets Jastrebec and Musala, 2200–2350 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek &amp; B. Kuzmanov, cultivated as JŠ 4504 (PRA, no. det. 35785).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51676CFFC3FF66FF3FFEB1F8D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516772FFDFFF78FF3CFA24FD5C.text	03B73C516772FFDFFF78FF3CFA24FD5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum (sect. Bulgarica) Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>C. Taraxacum sect. Bulgarica Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sect. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Taraxacum bulgaricum van Soest (1976: 179)</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae parvulae, rosulis foliorum compactis, plerumque pusillis, terrae arcte adpressis, petiolis eximie latissime alatis, lobis foliorum lateralibus approximatis, phyllariis involucralibus exterioribus adpressis vel laxe adpressis, ovatis usque lanceolatis, aequaliter obscure olivaceo-viridibus vel atro-viridibus, saepissime peranguste sed distincte marginatis, plerumque ciliolatis, apice ecorniculatis vel callosis, acheniis coloribus diversis, saepe obscure atro-griseis, saturate griseo-brunneis, brunneis, vel e converso, pallidissimis, pallide griseo-cinnamomeis, eburneis etc., corpore superne minute spinuloso, in pyramidem subconicam vel ± cylindricam sensim vel subabrupte transeunte, rostro crassiusculo vel tenui.</p> <p>Plants small or almost dwarf, most often glabrous, or very sparsely arachnoid and later glabrescent, with leaf rosettes compact, tightly appressed to the ground (immediately reflexed when cut off). Leaves with petioles extremely broadly winged, interlobes very short and lateral segments approximated, relatively broad at base, surface often with little spots. Capitulum ± small, deep yellow to golden yellow, outer ligules usually flat, inner ones canaliculate, apical teeth yellow, reddish or grey to blackish. Outer phyllaries appressed, sometimes loosely appressed, usually (broadly) ovate to ovate-lanceolate, relatively short, surface usually evenly dark olivaceous-green, most often with an abrupt transition into a narrow, relatively distinct paler border, margin usually minutely ciliate, apex flat. Pollen always present.Achenes of medium size, without prominent longitudinal ridges, usually with numerous short spinules above, most often with a subgradual, less frequently subabrupt transition into a conical, subconical or subcylindrical cone; beak relatively short, most often 4–6.5 mm long, pappus white or yellowish white.</p> <p>Geography and ecology:—The most common natural habitats include low-coverage alpine and subalpine grasslands, often under the influence of grazing or trampling, preferably along brooks and alpine lake shores. Members of this section do not avoid synanthropic alpine sites, such as vicinity of alpine huts and chalets, along tourist tracks, either. They grow on both acidic and alcalic substrates.</p> <p>Taraxacum sect. Bulgarica exhibits a notably high species diversity in the subalpine and alpine belts of the mountain ranges of Rila and Pirin, a few species are found in the Rhodopes, the Stara Planina and the Vitosha. The occurrence of this section is recorded in other high mountain ranges in the neighbourhood of Bulgaria (Greece, see Richards, 1991, North Macedonia, as there is a border record on the Belasica Mts.). To the best of our knowledge, we can exclude its distribution in the Carpathians. As an unanswered question remains the occurrence in the Alps but, so far, we do not have any evidence in favour of that idea.</p> <p>Relationships:—Among the dandelions of high mountains of Europe, there is a group frequently reported to occur in Bulgaria: Taraxacum sect. Alpina, often referred to as T. alpinum s. lat. (Handel-Mazzetti 1907, van Soest 1976, Doll 1978). There are important, critical accounts of T. sect. Alpina in the Alps (van Soest 1959, Uhlemann 2011), and it is evident that it is a heterogeneous group, mainly because of the uncertain position of its type. Haglund (1950), when describing his new section Alpina, obviously intended to include a broad Alpine group of high mountain dandelions in it. However, the only name included in the protologue of the new T. sect. Alpina was T. oreophilum G. E. Hagl., a species very marginal to anything included in T. sect. Alpina in the later literature. However, we can focus our comparison on the members of T. sect. Alpina that are generally considered as core taxa of that section in the literature (e.g., T. panalpinum, T. helveticum, T. petiolulatum, T. venustum [incl. T. carinthiacum], T. vernelense, T. vetteri). In the character pattern of T. sect. Bulgarica, the following features appear to be diagnostic, when compared with the core members of T. sect. Alpina:</p> <p>Leaf rosette compact, with leaves tightly appressed to the ground, petiole enormously broadly winged, lateral leaf segments approximated (interlobes very short), outer phyllaries usually ovate, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, with a narrow whitish border, their margin usually ciliate, achene colour usually deviating from the light greyish stramineousbrown or light greyish olivaceous-brown pattern of other sections, they are often deep grey to dark grey or deep greybrown (seven species), or they have much paler colour, light beige, ivory white, light brownish with an orange hue, light beige with a cinnamon hue (six species with the pale achene colours), or pure brown.</p> <p>Note:—There are two species of T. sect. Alpina, T. mattmarkense van Soest and T. senile van Soest (1966: 458), having broadly winged petioles. They differ from T. sect. Bulgarica in their robust growth with erect-patent leaves, in comparatively longer outer phyllaries and thicker achenes.</p> <p>Another section to be compared with T. sect. Bulgarica is T. sect. Pachera van Soest, obviously a part of the broadly understood T. sect. Arctica. The latter has patent to erect-patent leaves, not tightly appressed to the ground, medium broadly winged petioles, much narrower than leaf blade, and black-green, narrowly lanceolate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate outer phyllaries, without visible border. It has orange-coloured ligules or their distal parts, and its achenes are light greyish olivaceous-brown or light greyish stramineous-brown, very sparsely tuberculate or sparsely minutely spinulose above, with a very gradual transition into a ± conical to subconical cone; its beak is slightly thickened, not longer than the achene.</p> <p>Taraxacum sect. Arctica Dahlstedt (1921: 37) is one of the groups close to our T. sect. Bulgarica. There are several substantial diagnostic features of T. sect. Arctica compared with T. sect. Bulgarica, primarily the narrow petioles, and outer phyllaries few, of broader shapes (most often broadly ovate to ovate), often with apex corniculate.</p> <p>Diversity:—In T. sect. Bulgarica, we recognize 18 species, one already described (T. bulgaricum) and 17 newly discerned. Most of the members of T. sect. Bulgarica are morphologically allied to the only sexual representative of this section, T. bulgaricum (T. ferum, T. auricula, T. humifusum, T. vitellicolor, T. oreades, T. terrestre, T. atomatum, T. tephroleucum, T. pseudobulgaricum, T. saevum, T. musalae and T. melanospilum), altogether 13 species that form the core of T. sect. Bulgarica. It might be mentioned that artficial hybrids between T. bulgaricum and a sexual member of T. sect. Taraxacum, T. linearisquameum, have a general appearance similar to that of the members of T. sect. Bulgarica (J. Štěpánek, unpublished), which might help in formulating hypotheses about their origin. Taraxacum circense (and partly also T. tephroleucum and T. terrestre) may be intermediate between T. sect. Bulgarica and T. sect. Crocea but much closer to the former. A rather enigmatic group of T. pirinicum, T. leopardinum and T. abnorme is referable to T. sect. Bulgarica only marginally.Another name to be considered is T. bithynicum Candolle (1838: 149; see Gürdal et al. 2018), and a very questionable position, as regards the relationships with T. sect. Bulgarica, is occupied by T. nudum van Soest (1976: 187).</p> <p>An identification key to the Bulgarian members of Taraxacum sect. Bulgarica</p> <p>1 Pollen grains regular, of ± uniform size............................................................................................... 11. T. bulgaricum van Soest</p> <p>– Pollen grains irregular, of conspicuously variable size.................................................................................................................... 2</p> <p>2 Outer phyllaries unbordered, at least some erect-patent and patent, 18–23, leaves not spotted; beak usually 7–9.5 mm long........................................................................................................................................................................... 14. T. humifusum, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Outer phyllaries variously, usually narrowly and distinctly bordered, all appressed to loosely appressed, 9–17, if 18–20, or if some outer phyllaries arcuate, then leaves distinctly spotted, or beak shorter than 6 mm........................................................................ 3</p> <p>3 Stigmas yellow................................................................................................................................................................................. 4</p> <p>– Stigmas light discoloured to dark discoloured................................................................................................................................. 5</p> <p>4 Achenes light pure brown or medium deep grey-brown; leaves appressed to the ground, shallowly pinnatilobed or undivided; cone 1.0– 1.1 mm long........................................................................................................................................... 13. T. auricula, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Achenes light stramineous to light stramineous-brown; leaves erect-patent to prostrate, deeply irregularly pinnatisect; cone to 0.9 mm long....................................................................................................................................................... 27. T. abnorme, sp. nov</p> <p>5 Achenes ivory white or slightly, pale greyish white; leaves adaxially with sparse brownish hairs along mid-vein......................................................................................................................................................................................... 19. T. tephroleucum, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Achenes either much darker, deep grey, brown-grey or brown, or light beige, light stramineous-brown or light greyish brown; leaves adaxially glabrous or with sparse hyaline or whitish arachnoid hairs................................................................................... 6</p> <p>6 Achenes of generally dark colours, deep grey or deep brown-grey or medium dark brown-grey, or medium dark pure brown or dark castaneous-brown, achenes medium thick, usually 0.9–1.2 mm wide; leaves spotted.................................................................... 7</p> <p>– Achenes of generally light colours, variously light beige, light stramineous, light beige-brown, if light pure grey or light greybrown, then achenes slender, 0.7–0.9 mm thick; leaves spotted or unspotted............................................................................... 11</p> <p>7 Outer phyllaries with a narrow border 0.1–0.2 mm wide; outer phyllaries 10–15; achene body gradually, subgradually or subabruptly narrowing into the cone.................................................................................................................................................................... 8</p> <p>– Outer phyllaries with a medium broad border 0.2–0.5 mm wide; outer phyllaries 15–20; achene body abruptly or subabruptly narrowing into the cone.................................................................................................................................................................. 10</p> <p>8 Achenes medium dark grey-brown; leaves appressed to the ground; outer phyllaries 4–6 mm long.............................................. 9</p> <p>– Achenes medium dark pure brown or dark castaneous-brown; leaves usually erect-patent; outer phyllaries 5–6 mm long................................................................................................................................................................................. 28. T. pirinicum, sp. nov.</p> <p>9 Outer phyllaries loosely appressed; stigmas light discoloured; beak slightly thickened, 4.5–5.5 mm long..............................................................................................................................................................................................20. T. pseudobulgaricum, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Outer phyllaries tightly appressed; stigmas dark discoloured; beak thin, 5.5–7.5 mm long................ 22. T. chionogeiton, sp. nov.</p> <p>10 Outer phyllaries usually 3.5–4 mm wide, ovate to ovate lanceolate; beak usually 7–8.5 mm long, slightly thickened; leaves deep mid-green, sparsely spotted................................................................................................................ 24. T. melanospilum, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Outer phyllaries usually 2–3 mm wide, lanceolate to broadly lanceolate; beak usually 4–6 mm long, not thickened; leaves light green or yellowish green, conspicuously, densely spotted........................................................................... 23. T. musalae, sp. nov.</p> <p>11 Leaves variously erect-patent to patent, not prostrate, nor appressed to the ground;.................................................................... 12</p> <p>– Leaves appressed to the ground or prostrate.................................................................................................................................. 13</p> <p>12 Achenes slender, 0.9–1.0 mm thick; leaves inconspicuously and sparsely spotted; outer phyllaries with a narrow membranous border 0.1–0.2 mm wide............................................................................................................................... 25. T. circense, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Achenes thick, 1.2–1.4 mm wide; leaves conspicuously and densely spotted; outer phyllaries broadly bordered, with contrasting colours of the dark middle part and pale greenish to whitish, ca. 0.5 mm wide zone bordered irregular membranous, 0–0.3 mm.................................................................................................................................................................. 26. T. leopardinum, sp. nov.</p> <p>13 Outer phyllaries with contrasting colours of a dark middle strip with a gradual transition in pale greenish zone to ca. 0.5 mm wide and then to a membranous border 0.1–0.2 mm wide; outer phyllaries short, 3.5–4.5 mm long, appressed.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15. T. vitellicolor, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Outer phyllaries ± evenly dark coloured, with an abrupt or ± gradual transition into a narrow pale or membranous border 0.05–0.2 mm wide; when the border to ca. 0.3 mm wide and outer phyllaries 4–5 mm long, at least some phyllaries arcuate.................. 14</p> <p>14 Achenes light beige, light greyish beige, light beige-brown, light greyish ochraceous, generally very light coloured................. 15</p> <p>– Achenes light brown to slightly greyish light brown, or pure light grey or light brownish grey, with grey dominating the achene colour.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 17</p> <p>15 Outer phyllaries mostly loosely appressed, some arcuate; outer phyllaries short, 4–5 mm long, narrow, 1.5–2.5 mm wide; achenes 3.6–4.1 mm long; leaves light green, not spotted.......................................................................................... 21. T. saevum, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Outer phyllaries appressed or loosely appressed, never arcuate; outer phyllaries longer, 4.5–7 mm long, broader, (2.2–) 2.5–3.5 mm wide; achenes (3.9–) 4.2–5.6 mm long; leaves dark green to deep green, sparsely, conspicuously or inconspicuously spotted......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16</p> <p>16 Petiole pale at base, ± purple distally; leaves sparsely but conspicuously spotted; beak 5.5–6.5 mm long........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18. T. atomatum, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Petiole entirely light greenish; leaves sparsely indistinctly spotted; beak 6.5–7.5 mm long........................... 12. T. ferum, sp. nov</p> <p>17 Achenes 1.2–1.4 mm thick, light brown to slightly greyish light brown; lateral segments generally patent 16. T. oreades, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Achenes 0.7–0.9 mm thick, light pure grey to slightly brownish light grey; lateral segments generally hamate-recurved...................................................................................................................................................................................... 17. T. terrestre, sp. nov.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516772FFDFFF78FF3CFA24FD5C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516770FFD8FF53FCAFFB81FA66.text	03B73C516770FFD8FF53FCAFFB81FA66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum bulgaricum van Soest 1976	<div><p>. Taraxacum bulgaricum van Soest (1976: 179)</p> <p>Type indication:—” Typus: Bulgaria, Blagoevgrad: Rila-Gebirge, am Sattel zwischen dem Tal der Černa Mesta und dem Iskâr-Tal, 2350 m; 4. 8. 1968, Merxmüller &amp; Zollitsch (Herb. Z 12251)”; p. 180, fig. 6, “ holotype ” in the caption.</p> <p>Type:— BULGARIA. Bezirk Blagoevgrad, Rila-Gebirge, am Sattel zwischen dem Tal der Černa Mesta und dem Iskâr-Tal, 2350 m, alpiner Rasen, 4 Aug 1968, H. Merxmüller &amp; B. Zollitsch 24173, herb. B. Zollitsch 12251 (M 243595, holotype!).</p> <p>Note:—In the Bulgarian material collected by R. Doll (published 1978), T. bulgaricum exists under another two, misinterpreted names (usually only a part of the material under each name): T. helveticum and T. saasense.</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Degen, Pl. Rumel. Orient., no. 96.</p> <p>Plants small to almost dwarf, not slender, usually 4–8 (–10) cm tall, with a peculiar general habit characterized by dense, compact leaf rosette tightly appressed to the ground (immediately reflexed when cut off) and usually dominant, very broadly winged petioles. Plant base without tunic, subglabrous or sparsely whitish arachnoid. Leaves light yellowish green to bright green, unspotted or with scattered minute brown-purple spots, with sparse, very short arachnoid hairs proximally and along mid-vein, later ± glabrescent, oblong-ovate to ± oblong in outline, usually 3–6 (–8) cm long, 0.8–1.4 (–2.2) cm wide, pinnatilobed to pinnatisect, sometimes undivided and only dentate; terminal segment short, flat rhombic or trilobed, apical lobule usually abbreviated, forming a broadly triangular to narrowly acuminate mucro, basal lobules patent, usually narrowly deltoid-triangular with ± straight margins, sometimes pointing forwards or subrecurved, then distal margin convex, distal margin usually concave, entire, seldom with a tooth or an incision, proximal margin ± straight, entire; lateral segments (1) 3 (4), approximated, ± patent, deltoid-triangular or narrowly so, sometimes ± patent-hamate or slightly pointing forwards, usually 4–6 (–9) mm long, (3–) 5–7 mm wide at base, subacute to acute, distal margin straight or convex, often entire, sometimes with 1–3 short thin teeth or with an incision, proximal margin usually straight, or ± concave, rarely convex, usually entire, sometimes with 1–3 short teeth; interlobes short, ca. 1–2 (–4) mm long, 2–4 (–5) mm wide, not blotched, usually with one or several teeth, not bordered, rarely narrowly bordered brown-purple; mid-vein green or seldom purplish, petiole conspicuously broadly winged, usually (0.5–) 0.8–1.5 cm wide. Scapes thin, ± pale green, usually subglabrous, sometimes sparsely arachnoid, 3–5 cm tall at anthesis, later to 8–10 cm, shorter than, or ± equalling the leaf length. Capitulum small, to 2–2.5 cm wide, flat to subconvex, yellow to deep yellow. Involucre dark, almost blackish green, not pruinose, ca. 6 (–7) mm wide and subobconic-rounded at base. Outer phyllaries ± not imbricate to subimbricate, (7) 9–11 (14), tightly to loosely appressed, usually elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, most of them 4.3–5 mm long, 2–2.8 mm wide, the inner of them up to 6–7 mm long, 2–2.5 mm wide, dark olivaceous-green when fresh, usually evenly black-grey when dry, sometimes with a black middle line, border often ± absent, sometimes whitish-membranous, 0.1–0.3 mm wide, seldom suffused purplish along margins and at apex, rarely surface paler olivaceous-green, with a broader pale green border to 0.5 mm wide developed near phyllary base, margin sometimes glabrous but often ciliate throughout, apex flat or subcorniculate or subcarinate; inner phyllaries 10–13, of slightly unequal width, 10–12 mm long, greyish olivaceous-green, with 1–2 thin blackish lines, apex flat to callose. Outer ligules ± flat, striped light pinkish grey, apical teeth purple-grey, inner ligules canaliculate, their teeth light pinkish grey to yellow. Stigmas discoloured, greyish yellow-green, with darker pubescence outside, sometimes paler, light grey-yellow. Achenes (usually some sterile in a fruiting capitulum) ± deep grey to dark grey, sometimes lighter grey (light greyish stramineous when unripe), usually 3.3–4.5 (–4.9) mm long, 0.8–1.2 (–1.4) mm wide, body subturbinate, sparsely to very sparsely covered with erect minute squamules and spinules in upper 1/5–1/4, squamules sometimes arranged in 1–2 irregular rows, body ± gradually narrowing into a short conical to subconical cone (0.2–) 0.4–0.7 (– 0.9) mm long, cone usually coloured paler than the body; beak (1.5–) 5–5.5 mm long, slightly thickened, ca. 0.2–0.25 mm thick in the middle; pappus whitish, or yellowish white, (3.5–) 4–5 mm long. – Sexual. – Diploid (2n = 16, J. Kirschner, count from Pirin, under no. K-33/86). – Fig. 22, 23, 24.</p> <p>Variation:—As a sexual taxon, T. bulgaricum is quite variable in its leaf shape (but outer and middle leaves always have a conspicuously broad petiole), presence/absence of spots on leaf surface, and in the length of achenes and beaks. A few plants sympatric with T. bulgaricum are suspected to represent recent hybrids with other taxa but further research is needed.</p> <p>Habitat and distribution:—Subalpine and alpine stony or rocky grasslands, snowbeds, pastures, often on alkaline bedrock (limestone, serpentine), usually from 2200 to 2500 m. Taraxacum bulgaricum is relatively common in the alpine regions of Rila and Pirin, Bulgaria, and there is a reliable report on its occurrence in Greece (Richards 1991: 551–552). Another distribution record is based on a herbarium specimen from the border between Bulgaria and North Macedonia, in the Belasica Mts. (Demir kapija). The IUCN conservation status is estimated as NT.</p> <p>Relationships:— Taraxacum bulgaricum is an enormously distinctive taxon, characterized by a conspicuous leaf rosette (light, yellowish green colour of compactly arranged leaves very tightly appressed to the ground), dark involucre, and usually deep grey to dark grey, ± turbinate, relatively sparsely spinulose and squamulose achenes with a slightly thickened beak. As most of the sexually reproducing species in Taraxacum, it is a core taxon surrounded by a group of similar and probably related agamospermous taxa; these are the only species morphologically comparable with T. bulgaricum. Outside this circle of relatives, we were unable to find any similar taxon or group (see the discussion on the sectional relationships above).</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. The Rila, near the Musala Chalet, 2500 m, 5 Aug 1930, J. Paczoski (POZNB, no. det. 19780). – Summit area of Mt. Musala, 2500 m, Degen, Pl. Rumel. Orient., no. 96, 25 Aug 1892, J. Wagner (PRC, no. det. 21147; G, no. det. 22506; JE, no. det. 28524; WU, no. det. 21835, paratype); Ibidem, J. Wagner (G, no. det. 22503; WU, no. det. 9002). – Above the Skakavica Shelter, 2400 m, 31 Jul 1923, F. A. Novák 322 (PRC, no. det. 21201). – N. slopes of Mt. Musala, 2750 m, 19 Aug 1936, J. Dostál 3952 (PRC, no. det. 25091). – Borovec, Musalenski Ezera, between the Musala Chalet and Mt. Aleko, ca. 2450 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 27378). – Govedarci, valley of Maljovica River, valley between Mt. Kamilata and Mt. Orlovec, 1–1.5 km S. of the Maljovica Chalet, 2200–2250 m, 42° 11–12’ N, ca. 23° 25’ E, 10 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6312b (PRA, no. det. 27377); Borovec, Musalenski Ezera, near the Ledenoto Ezero Chalet, shore of Ledeneto Ezero, ca. 2715 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 27373). – Rila, along a path between Vapa and Kovač, ca. 2600 m, 31 Jul 1987, P. Pyšek &amp; J. Solnická (PRA, no. det. 27369). – Borovec, NE. slopes of Mt. Musala, ca. 2800 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 27365). – Mt. Musala, Aug 1936, A. Kozłowska (KRAM 37560!); 12 &amp; 14 Aug 1936, J. Walas (KRAM 337373!). – A cirque NE. below Deno and Mt. Musala, ca. 2650 m, 14 Aug 1936, B. Pawłowski (KRAM 337372!). – Alpine belt of Mt. Musala, 25 Jul 1930, Ronniger (W, no. det. 8957). – Borovec, “Zavroščica” valley, SE. of Mt. Musala (2925 m), 25 Jul 1993, K. Sutorý (BRNM, no. det. 32385). – Rila, Skakavica, 1800–2000 m, 30 Jul 1923, J. Suza (BRNU, no. det. 30383). – Rila, Maljovica Chalet and the summit of Mt. Maljovica, 2400–2700 m, 16 Jul 1976, R. Doll as Taraxacum saasense (JE, no. det. 19044). – Towards the summit of Mt. Musala, ca. 2500–2800 m, 12 Jul 1976, [R. Doll] as Taraxacum helveticum (JE, no. det. 19407). – Rila, S. slope of Mt. Dodov vrch, ca. 1.8 km NNW. of Rilski Monastir, ca. 2550 m s.m., 28 Jun 1990, J. Štěpánková (PRA, no. det. 36023). – Mt. Musala, Ledeno ezero, 2850 m, 19 Aug 2011, D. Dimitrov, (SOM, no. det. 35898). – Mt. Musala, Mrkvička (SOM, no. det. 35892). – Rila, 4 Jul 1957, I. Bondev (SOM, no. det. 35827). – Rila, E. slope of Mt. Manču, 2550 m, 5 Jul 1957, I. Bondev (SOM, no. det. 35821). – The Pirin, Jel-tepe [Mt. Vichren], 2400 m, Jul [19]09, Dimonie (WU, no. det. 9003); Ibidem, 2500 m, Aug [19]09, Dimonie 296 (PRC, no. det. 25092). – Pirin, alpine lake of Tevnoto ezero, 2500–2600 m, Aug 1982, H. Barešová, cultivated as JŠ 1003 (PRA, no. det. 27379, 2n = 16, counted by J. Kirschner under no. K-33/86); Ibidem, JŠ 1003 (PRA, no. det. 35521); Ibidem, JŠ 2720 (PRA, no. det. 27368 &amp; 27367). – Bansko, Banderica valley, a valley between Mt. Graniten (2669 m) and Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), above Chvojnato ezero [lake], 2250–2350 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 27376); Ibidem, cultivated as JŠ 4874 (PRA, no. det. 27364). – Mt. Vichren, near the shore of the upper lake of the Vlachinski ezera, at the eastern foot of the Gredaro Ridge, ca. 1.5 km W. of Mt. Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), 2250–2300 m, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6305 (PRA, no. det. 27375). – Bansko, glacial cirque of Vasilaški Cirkus, along shores of Todorino ezero, ca. 2500 m, 14 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 27374). – Vichren, near the shore of the middle lake of Vlachinski ezera, SW. foot of Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), 2350–2400 m, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6300 (PRA, no. det. 27371). – Bansko, Banderica valley, upper part of the valley of Vichrenska voda brook, below the Vichrenski Preslap ridge, ca. 2450 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 27366). – Pirin, below the summit of Mt. Todorka, ca. 2600 m, 1987, B. Kuzmanov 8731, cultivated as JŠ 3256 (PRA, no. det. 25346). – Pirin, Sinaniškoto ezero, ca. 2100 m, 16 Sep 1970, Vihodcevski (KRAM 229237!). – Pirin, Demjanica Chalet, 2200 m, 8 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4323 (PRA, no. det. 30157). – Mt. Vichren area, slopes above Muratovo ezero, 8 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4322 (PRA, no. det. 30155). – Banderica, slopes of Mt. Vichren, 9 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4682 (PRA, no. det. 30153). – Belasica, alpine meadows near Demir Kapu [Demir Kapia Pass], Aug 1907, V. Stříbrný (ZT, no. det. 24438). – Less certain identification: —Rila, Seven Lakes, a mountain meadow below the chalet, sterile, 21 Jun 1964, W. Hempel (B, no. det. 21737).</p> <p>Not located:—“In pascuis elatiorib. m. Č eder..... Bulg. bor. occid. 883.” [partly illegible], 1883, [collector illegible] (WRSL, no. det. 28537).</p> <p>Doubtful locality:—“ Bulgaria. In pratis humidis alpinis m. Vitoš.“, Jul 1887, J. Velenovský (PRC 401093, no. det. 25090) [up to now, T. bulgaricum has not been recorded from the Vitosha Mts.].</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516770FFD8FF53FCAFFB81FA66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516777FFD5FF54FA0FFC6EF87C.text	03B73C516777FFD5FF54FA0FFC6EF87C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum ferum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>. Taraxacum ferum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Pirin [by mistake, Rila is given on the original label], in monte Vichren, ca. 2300 m, 13 Aug 1982, H. Barešová, cultivated as JŠ 1001, collected in 1987 (PRA, no. det. 35759, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 27686, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Wild, savage, fierce (from Latin ferus).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1258–1262.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae ex affinitate Taraxaci bulgarici, differunt foliis saturate obscure viridibus superne inconspicue minute maculatis, phyllariis exterioribus numerosioribus, acheniis pallide brunneo-cinerascentibus vel pallide fulvo-brunnescentibus et pyramide plerumque cylindrica crassiuscula.</p> <p>Plants small to medium-sized, 6–13 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, with sparse whitish hairs among petiole bases. Petiole pale green, ± glabrous, broadly to narrowly winged, 1.5–3 cm long. Leaves numerous in compact rosettes, ± tightly appressed to the ground, dark green, minutely, not very distinctly spotted adaxially, glabrous (inner leaves very sparsely arachnoid), oblanceolate to spatulate in outline, usually 5–9 × 1.5–3 cm, pinnatisect, with numerous narrow segments; terminal segment conspicuously short, very flat rhombic to flat helmet-shaped, rarely flat pentagonal, usually 0.5–1.0 (–1.5) × 1.5–2 cm, very obtusely acute, sometimes acute, often with a short triangular mucro, distal margin sigmoid to concave, entire, basal lobules patent, proximal margin ± straight to subconvex, entire, slightly raised at base; lateral segments in (3) 4–5 pairs, usually bird-wing-shaped, usually 6–15 mm long, 4–7 mm wide at base, in the middle usually narrowed into a lingulate distal part 2–3 mm wide, distal part patent, recurved or bent forwards, apex acute to acuminate, distal margin sigmoid or ± straight to subconvex, entire or with a deep incision dividing it into unequal narrow lobules, sometimes with 1–2 narrow teeth at base, proximal margin convex to subconcave, entire or with a single basal tooth; interlobes usually short, usually 2–8 × 2–5 mm, usually green, sometimes slightly striate brown-purple near the mid-vein, entire or sometimes with a single long and narrow tooth, often with raised margins; mid-vein green or suffused brownish-purplish. Scapes pale green, distally getting purplish after anthesis, very sparsely arachnoid, shorter than, or equalling leaf length. Capitulum deep yellow, ca. 3 cm wide, ± flat to concave. Involucre pruinose, broadly obconical and 8–9 mm wide at base. Outer phyllaries 13–18, tightly appressed at the base, more distally loosely appressed, apex erect, ± imbricate, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate (the innermost to narrowly lanceolate), usually 5–7 × (1.5–) 3–3.5 mm, reaching 1/3–1/2 of inner phyllaries, adaxially light greenish grey, often suffused bluish purple, abaxially olivaceous-green to dark so (almost black when dry), ± evenly coloured (but often with a darker thin middle line), with an abrupt transition in a whitish-membranous to purplish border 0.05–0.25 mm wide, margin irregularly minutely ciliate, apex often callose; inner phyllaries 13–14 mm long, of ± equal width. Outer ligules flat, striped purplish grey-green outside, apical teeth black to black-purple, inner ligules ± canaliculate, their apical teeth purplish to dark yellow. Stigmas long, medium dark discoloured, greyish green, with greyish pubescence outside. Pollen abundant, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes light greyish brown to light beige-brown, long and ± slender, 4.6–5.6 × 0.8–1.0 mm, body with ± sparse erect-patent squamules, spinules and comb-like squamules in upper 1/6–1/5, otherwise ± smooth, subabruptly to subgradually narrowing into a thick subcylindrical to cylindrical cone (0.4–) 0.5–0.8 (–1.0) × ca. 0.4 mm, beak thin, 6.5–7.5 mm long, pappus whitish, 5.5–6.5 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Hexaploid, 2n = 48 (counted in 1986 by J. Štěpánek under no. 202/86, on PRA, no. det. 27685). – Fig. 25, 26, 27A.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:—The most conspicuous feature of T. ferum is the light beige-brown achene colour. It is ± similar to T. bulgaricum but differs from it in the darker leaf colour, more numerous outer phyllaries, and the achene size and colour. From T. saevum, it differs primarily in darker stigmas and substantially smaller achenes.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Mosaic-like, sparse alpine grasslands, sometimes descending to subalpine belt at ± synanthropic sites, usually between 2200 and 2600 m. It is restricted to the alpine Pirin, Bulgaria. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as NT.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. Bansko, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Banderica valley</a>, between <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Vichrenski</a> preslap [pass] and the southern foot of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Mt. Vichren</a> (2914 m), ca. 2550–2600 m, 41° 45–46’ N, ca. 23° 24’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Trávníček, cultivated as JŠ 9313 (PRA, no. det. 27690); Ibidem, JŠ 6299/ A (PRA, no. det. 27689, 27753); Ibidem, JŠ 9314 (PRA, no. det. 27752); Ibidem, JŠ 9315 (PRA, no. det. 27751). – Bansko, Banderica valley, W. slope below the ridge of the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Vlachinski</a> preval [pass], ca. 2500 m, ca. 41° 45’ N, ca. 23° 24’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6514 (PRA, no. det. 27688); Ibidem, JŠ 6516 (PRA, no. det. 27687). – Pirin, Mt. Vichren, ca. 2300 m, 13 Aug 1982, H. Barešová, cultivated as JŠ 1001 (PRA, no. det. 35759, 27686, 27685). – Pirin, open woodlands along a path below the Demjanica Chalet, 2200 m, 8 Aug 1997, B. Trávníček, cultivated as JK 4340 (PRA, no. det. 35949).</p> <p>Note:—A population of very similar plants was found at lower elevations of the Demjanica Valley, Pirin, at about 1800–1850 m (cultivation JŠ 9301, PRA, no. det. 36141). These plants differ from T. ferum in having usually a large terminal leaf segment, purple petiole and mid-vein, broader, often ovate outer phyllaries, and thicker, light brown to mid-brown achenes with prominent longitudinal ribs, and achene body with a ± abrupt transition into a thin cylindrical to subcylindrical cone 1.1–1.5 mm long. These plants require a further study.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516777FFD5FF54FA0FFC6EF87C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51677AFFD4FF54F868FD02FB09.text	03B73C51677AFFD4FF54F868FD02FB09.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum auricula Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>. Taraxacum auricula Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Pirin, Banderica, in decl. montis Vichren, 9 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4672 (PRA, no. det. 36101, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 36084, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Auricle, earlobe (diminutive of Latin auris, ear, hearing).</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae foliis terrae adpressis, phyllariis exterioribus brevibus, arcte adpressis, stigmatibus luteis vel saturate luteis, acheniis brunneis vel subsaturate brunneo-cinerascentibus, corpore superne subdense breviter spinuloso-squamulosis, in pyramidem anguste cylindricam, 1.0– 1.1 mm longam abrupte transeunte.</p> <p>Plants small, compact, 4–7 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, with brownish hairs among petiole bases. Petiole, not clearly discernible from the blade, broadly winged, pale greenish, ca. 1–1.5 cm long. Leaf rosettes with many leaves, compact, tightly appressed to the ground, leaves light (± greyish) green, glabrous, not spotted, oblong-spatulate to oblong in outline, usually 3–7 × 0.8–2 cm, pinnatilobed to pinnatifid, sometimes undivided, remotely dentate with broad, obtuse teeth; terminal segment usually not clearly developed, if so, then ± broadly helmet-shaped or oblongpentagonal, obtusely acute to obtuse; lateral segments, mostly lobes or teeth, in 1–2 (3) pairs, patent to subrecurved, sometimes hamate-recurved, acute to obtusely acute, to 2–4 mm long, 5–10 mm wide at base; interlobes indistinctly developed, very broad, equally green, not bordered; mid-vein ± pinkish. Scapes 2.5–5.5 cm long, glabrous, pale green, ± equalling the leaf length. Capitulum deep yellow, 2–2.5 cm wide. Involucre, ± not pruinose, rounded and ca. 0.9 mm wide at base. Outer phyllaries 14–16, appressed, relatively short, reaching 1/3–1/5 of the inner, subimbricate, ovate to lanceolate, 4–5.5 × 2.5–3 mm, acuminate, ± evenly dark olivaceous-green, with an abrupt transition in a narrow paler border ca. 0.05–0.1 mm wide, margin ± sparsely irregularly ciliate, apex flat; inner phyllaries 15–18, paler olivaceousgreen than the outer ones, 10–12 mm long, of ± equal width. Outer ligules relatively narrow, flat, striped dark greygreen outside, apical teeth grey-black, inner ligules canaliculate to cucullate-subtubular, apical teeth black. Stigmas long, yellow to deep yellow, with hyaline pubescence outside. Pollen abundant, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes medium deep greyish brown to ± light pure brown, usually 4.4–5.0 × 1.0– 1.2 mm, body relatively densely, shortly spinulose and squamulose in upper 1/4–1/5, abruptly narrowing into a thin cylindrical cone 1.0–1.1 × 0.3 mm, with a single minute spinule near the base; beak 5–6 mm, pappus ± white, 6–7 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 27B, 28.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:—The medium brown or greyish brown achene colour, yellow stigmas and usually pinnatilobed or undivided leaves represent the diganostic combination of characters of T. auricula. It might be compared with smaller individuals of T. bulgaricum but the achene colour and a thin, cylindrical cone 1.0– 1.1 mm long clearly distinguish T. auricula.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—This distinctive species is known from a rather limited material (the type gathering) from a single macrolocality in the Vichren Massif, Pirin. It grows in alpine grasslands with a lower vegetation coverage, above 2300 m. It might be overlooked, but probably represents an endemic species confined to Pirin, Bulgaria. The IUCN conservation status is estimated as VU.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51677AFFD4FF54F868FD02FB09	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51677BFFD7FF66FABAFD08FA0A.text	03B73C51677BFFD7FF66FABAFD08FA0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum humifusum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>4. Taraxacum humifusum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Pirin, opp. Bansko, vallis flum. Banderica, locis graminosis herbosisque subalpinis secundum viam turisticam rubre signatam in declivitate ± orientali in vallis rivi Vichrenska voda supra casam alpinam Vichren (1950 m), inter montes Chvojnati vrch (2635 m) et Vichren (2914 m), ca. 2200–2400 m, 41° 45–46’ N, 23° 24–25’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Trávníček, cultivated as JŠ 6550, collected in 1999 (PRA, no. det. 35728, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 26126, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Low, prostrate, appressed to the ground (a compound word, derived from Latin humus, ground, and fusus, spread out).</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Rosula foliorum terrae adpressa, pallide viridis, glaberrima, foliis subrigidis, immaculatis, involucrum olivaceo-viridescens, phyllariis exterioribus numerosis, variabiliter laxe adpressis, erectis, erecto-patentibus vel subpatentibus, obscure olivaceo-viridibus, immarginatis, acheniis olivaceo-brunneis, brunneo-griseis vel obscure griseis, superne dense squamulosis spinulis interspersis, corpore in pyramidem subcylindricam vel subconicam, crassiusculam, 0.4–0.7 mm longam subabrupte transeunte.</p> <p>Plants small, 4–7 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, glabrous, leaf rosette light green, compact. Petiole very broadly winged (narrowly so in the innermost leaves), pale, to pale green, usually 1.5–2 cm long. Leaves prostrate, appressed to the ground, stiff, light green, not spotted, ± glabrous, oblanceolate to elliptical in outline, usually 3–7 × 1.5–3 cm, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect; terminal segment relatively small, most often 0.7–1.5 × (1.0–) 1.3–2.2 cm, flat rhombic in outline, usually trilobed, terminal lobule acute, lingulate, distal margin usually concave, sometimes sigmoid, usually entire, basal lobules patent, narrowly triangular, oblong to lingulate, acute, proximal margin subconvex, entire, often raised; lateral segments in 3–4 pairs, usually patent, narrowly triangular to deltoid-triangular, often with an elongated, patent to forward-pointing distal part, distal margin convex or concave, entire or with one to several minute acute teeth or with a distinct incision, often undulate; proximal margin convex to ± straight, often raised, entire or with a single narrow teeth near the base; interlobes usually 2–8 × 3–5 mm, green, not bordered, entire, sometimes with a single large tooth or lobule, always raised; mid-vein pale greenish. Scapes pale greenish, very sparsely arachnoid, shorter than leaf length. Capitulum deep yellow, 2.5–3.5 cm wide, ± flat. Involucre olivaceous-green, very slightly pruinose, 7–8 mm wide and ± rounded at base. Outer phyllaries 18–23, variously loosely appressed, erect or erect-patent to patent, often the innermost ones appressed, the outermost ones patent, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, usually 4.5–6.5 × 1.5–2 mm, reaching 1/3–1/2 of the inner, ± evenly dark olivaceous-green (darkening when dry), border not developed, margin and apex often suffused black-purple, not ciliate, apex flat; inner phyllaries 11–12 mm long, of equal width. Outer ligules ± flat, striped purplish dark grey outside, apical teeth dark greyish to dirty yellow, inner ligules ± canaliculate, their apical teeth deep yellow. Stigmas medium discoloured, greyish to yellowish light green, most of the stigmatic hairs hyaline, some with grey or grey-black apex. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes olivaceous grey-brown, brownish grey to grey, 3.6–4.2 × 0.9–1.0 mm, body with ± dense squamules and interspersed spinules, particularly dense on the top of achene body, forming a low collar masking the cone base, body subabruptly narrowing into a subcylindrical to subconical cone 0.4–0.5 (–0.7) mm long, ca. 0.4 mm thick at base, 0.3 mm distally; beak (4.5–) 7–9.5 mm long, pappus whitish, 4.5–5.5 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 27C, 29, 30.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—The relatively rich material of T. humifusum is confined to the Vichren Massif, and it is considered to be endemic to the Pirin. It grows in short-grass wet subalpine and alpine grasslands. The IUCN consernation status is estimated as NT.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes and relationships:—Within T. sect. Bulgarica, T. humifusum is distinct in the combination of light green, unspotted leaves with patent, narrowly triangular, acute lateral segments, outer phyllaries narrow, unbordered, and the peculiar brown-grey achenes. It is most similar to T. bulgaricum (with very different achenes, however) and to T. abnorme (with longer achenes, bordered outer phyllaries and narrower petioles).</p> <p>The leaf shape and unbordered outer phyllaries make T. humifusum similar to an Alpine species of T. sect. Alpina, T. venustum Dahlstedt (1907: 5); syn: T. carinthiacum van Soest (1959: 83), see Uhlemann (2011). The most striking is the similarity in the leaf shape. However, while T. humifusum does not exhibit much plasticity, T. venustum has a variety of leaf shapes, from a “humifusum-like” leaf to a more complicated pattern with numerous segments and lobules (the T. carinthiacum morphotype). The following Table 4 shows the most important differences between these two species:</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. Pirin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Bansko</a>, glacial cirque of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Goljam Kazan</a> on N. slopes of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Mt. Vichren</a>, 2400–2600 m, 15 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4863 (PRA, no. det. 26128). – Bansko, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Mt. Vichren</a>, ca. 2100 m, 13 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4854 (PRA, no. det. 26127). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Bansko</a>, valley of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Banderica</a>, below the pass of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Vichrenski</a> preslap between <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Mt. Chvojnati</a> vrch and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Mt. Vichren</a>, ca. 2500 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4532 (PRA, no. det. 26125). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Bansko</a>, lower part glacial cirque of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Goljam Kazan</a> on N. slopes of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Mt. Vichren</a>, ca. 2400 m, 15 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4525 (PRA, no. det. 26124). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Bansko</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Banderica valley</a>, between <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Vichrenski</a> preslap [pass] and the southern foot of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Mt. Vichren</a> (2914 m), ca. 2550–2600 m, 41° 45–46’ N, ca. 23° 24’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Trávníček, cultivated as JŠ 6299 (PRA, no. det. 26123); Ibidem, JŠ 9310 (PRA, no. det. 26131); Ibidem, JŠ 9311 (PRA, no. det. 26129). – Bansko, in the valley of Vichrenska voda [brook], above the Vichren Chalet, ca. 2300 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4537 (PRA, no. det. 26130). – Vichren area, slopes above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Muratovo</a> ezero, streem banks and path verges, 41° 45’ N, 23° 24’ E, B. Trávníček, cultivated as JK 4338 (PRA, no. det. 35820). – Banderica, slopes of Mt. Vichren, 9 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4667 (PRA, no. det. 35818).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51677BFFD7FF66FABAFD08FA0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51677EFFD3FF66FC6CFEC0FDC6.text	03B73C51677EFFD3FF66FC6CFEC0FDC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum vitellicolor Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>5. Taraxacum vitellicolor Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Pirin</a>, opp. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Bansko</a>, mons <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Vichren</a>, ad ripam lacus parvi (superioris) borealis in valle lacuum <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Vlachinski</a> ezera ad pedem orientalem dorsi Gredaro, ca. 1.5 km situ occidenali a monte Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), ca. 2250–2300 m, ca. 41° 45’ N, 23° 23’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6535, collected in 1999 (PRA, no. det. 36050, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 36052, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Yolk yellow (derived from Latin vitellus, egg yolk, and color, colour).</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae insignes foliis saepe indivisis vel lobo terminali magno, acheniis pallide fulvidis vel pallide cinnamomeo-brunneis, phyllariis exterioribus arcte adpressis, brevibus, variegatis, stria mediana obscure viridi, in zonam marginalem pallide virescentem et limbum angustissimum scariosum gradatim transiens.</p> <p>Plants small, ± compact, 4–7 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, almost without hairs among petiole bases. Petiole broadly winged, pale to pale greenish, 1–2 cm long. Leaf rosettes medium rich, leaves appressed to the ground, deep green, slightly greyish, not spotted, glabrous, spatulate to broadly so to oblanceolate in outline, usually 3–5.5 × 1.5–2 cm, most often undivided, some leaves shallowly pinnatilobed to pinnatipartite, undivided leaves remotely shallowly sinuate-dentate, with 2–5 tooth pairs and apex rounded to obtusely acute, the pinnatilobed leaves with terminal segment dominant, helmet-shaped to oblong-pentagonal, usually 1.5–3 × 1.8–2.5 cm, obtusely acute, distal margin convex, entire or remotely shallowly sinuate-dentate, with teeth short and broad, ± obtuse, basal lobules patent to ± recurved, proximal margin concave to ± straight, entire; lateral segments in 1–2 pairs, recurved to patent, small, broad, broadly triangular, usually 3–5 mm long, 3–6 mm wide at base, distally convex to subsigmoid, entire, proximally usually concave; interlobes often not developed, if so, then broad, usually entire, green; mid-vein pale or suffused pinkish. Scapes pale greenish, glabrous, usually equalling leaf length. Capitulum 2.5–3 cm wide, flat to subconcave, deep yolk-coloured. Involucre not pruinose, 8–10 mm wide and broadly rounded at base. Outer phyllaries 14–17, tightly appressed, subimbricate, short, reaching 1/3 of the inner, ovate to lanceolate, usually 3.5–4.5 × 2–3 mm, ± acuminate with a narrow lingulate tip, with contrasting colours, ± light green, with a narrow, ± dark green middle strip and a gradual transition in a greyish light green part, and another gradual transition in a scarious border 0.1–0.2 mm wide, margin irregularly ciliate, apex flat, darker green and suffused purplish; inner phyllaries ca. 11 mm long, of ± equal width. Outer ligules flat, relatively broad, striped dark brownish grey-purple outside, apical teeth grey-black, inner ligules from flat to canaliculate to subcucullate towards the centre of capitulum, apical teeth black or grey-green. Stigmas discoloured, yellow-green, with black pubescence outside. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes light beige to very pale cinnamon-brown, without distinct longitudinal ridges, 3.7–4.4 × 0.9–1.1 mm, body with subdense, variously long (short) erect to erect-patent broad spinules and squamules in upper 1/3–1/5, with a subabrupt to ± abrupt transition into a subcylindrical cone 0.7–0.8 mm long; beak 4.5–5 (–6) mm long, pappus dirty white, ca. 5 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 31, 32A.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:— T. vitellicolor is characterized by a dominant terminal segment representing 1/2–2/5 of leaf length, or leaves undivided, and by the peculiar achene colour (from light beige to very pale cinnamon-brown). In its general habit it might be considered as similar to T. mattmarkense van Soest but the latter has subprostrate to erectpatent leaves, outer phyllaries usually 4.5–6 mm long, blackish green with a distinct whitish border 0.3–0.7 mm wide, outer ligules not striped or faintly striped purplish, and greyish olivaceous-brown achenes with the body usually 1.2–1.3 mm thick.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Up to now, known from a single macrolocality in the Vichren Massif in the Pirin, at about 2300 m. It grows in a sparse wet grassland along a shore of an alpine lake. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as VU.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51677EFFD3FF66FC6CFEC0FDC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51677CFFD2FF66FDEFFBCEFF3A.text	03B73C51677CFFD2FF66FDEFFBCEFF3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum oreades Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>6. Taraxacum oreades Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Rila, opp. Samokov, pagus Borovec, Musalenski Ezera, ad casam alpinam “Ledenoto Ezero” in ripa lacus VII. (= Ledenoto ezero) sub monte Musala (2925 m), ca. 2715 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4488, collected in 1991 (PRA, no. det. 36086, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 36088, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Dwelling in the mountains (from Greek ορειαϛ, of the mountains).</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae ex affinitate T. bulgarici et T. circensi, differunt acheniis pallide brunneis vel pallide brunneo-cinerascentibus, crassis, ad 1.4 mm latis, corpore in pyramidem conicam, 0.5–0.8 mm longam, subabrupte transeunte, foliis glaberrimis, lobius lateralibus numerosis approximatis, stigmatibus obscuris, et phyllariis exterioribus adpressis, brevibus, obscure viridibus, in sicco atro-viridibus, marginibus angustis albo-membranaceis.</p> <p>Plants small, compact, 6–11 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, with sparse brownish hairs among petiole bases. Petiole pale green, very broadly winged, 1–3 cm long. Leaf rosettes ± rich, ± appressed to the ground, leaves light green, not spotted, glabrous to subglabrous, mostly tightly appressed to the ground, some ± patent to erect-patent, narrowly oblong to narrowly elliptical in outline, usually 4–9 × 1.5–2 cm, usually pinnatifid to pinnatisect, sometimes pinnatilobed, with a small terminal segment and numerous, approximated lateral ones; terminal segment not very distinct, broadly triangular, usually 4–10 × 8–15 mm, subacute to obtusely acute, often with a short lingulate to triangular mucro, distal margin concave to ± straight, entire or with a tooth on one or both sides, basal lobules patent to pointing ± forwards, acute, proximal margin short, entire; lateral segments in 4–6 (7) pairs, approximated to almost overlapping, deltoidtriangular to narrowly so, usually 4–9 mm long, 5–12 mm wide at base, acute to obtusely acute, patent, or distal part curved upwards or downwards, distal margin convex to subconcave, entire or with one or several teeth of unequal length, proximal margin most often convex or ± straight, entire, seldom with a single tooth near the base; interlobes short and broad, usually 0–7 × 3–9 mm, green, not bordered, entire or with a few unequal teeth, the longest ones lobulelike; mid-vein usually pale, seldom faintly purplish. Scapes pale greenish at anthesis (later they may be suffused light purplish), initially sparsely long-arachnoid, later glabrescent, glabrous after anthesis, ± equalling the leaf length or slightly longer. Capitulum yellow, ca. 2.5 cm wide. Involucre not pruinose, usually 7–8 mm wide and rounded at base. Outer phyllaries 13–16, appressed, subimbricate, relatively short, reaching ca. 2/5 of the inner, ovate to lanceolate, usually (4.5–) 5–6 (–7) × 2.5–3 mm, ± evenly dark green (blackish when dry), with an abrupt transition in a whitishmembranous border 0.05–0.2 mm wide, margin minutely, irregularly ciliate, apex flat; inner phyllaries 10–11 mm long, of ± equal width. Outer ligules flat, striped purplish dark grey outside, apical teeth black to black-purple, inner ligules ± canaliculate, their apical teeth smoky grey. Stigmas dark discoloured, light grey-green to dirty yellow-green, with black pubescence outside. Pollen abundant, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes thick, light brown to slightly greyish light brown, 4.2–4.9 × 1.2–1.4 mm, with subdense suberect short spinules and comb-like squamules in upper 1/6–1/8, subabruptly narrowing into a short, broad, conical cone 0.5–0.8 mm long, ca. 0.6 mm wide at base, ca. 0.4 mm distally; beak 4–6 mm long, pappus white, 5.5–6 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 32B, 33.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:— Taraxacum oreades is distinct in having numerous, conspicuously approximated lateral leaf segments, and the peculiar, light brown achene colour. It might be compared with T. circense that is different in much more slender, light beige achenes, and with T. bulgaricum (thin, deep grey to dark grey achenes, a very different leaf shape).</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Known from several sites in the Mt. Musala area, the Rila, between 2500 and 2700 m. It grows on wet stony places along shores of alpine lakes. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as VU.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. Rila, Samokov, Borovec, lakes of Muselanski ezera, E. foot of Mt. Aleko (2713 m), 2500–2600 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4281 (PRA, no. det. 36090); probably also JŠ 4811 (PRA, no. det. 36087). – Borovec, Musalenski ezera, near the chalet of Ledeneto Ezero, shore of lake VII, Ledeneto ezero below Mt. Musala, ca. 2715 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 36085).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51677CFFD2FF66FDEFFBCEFF3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516702FFAFFF66FA05FE87FC37.text	03B73C516702FFAFFF66FA05FE87FC37.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum terrestre Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>7. Taraxacum terrestre Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Rila, opp. Samokov, pagus Borovec, Musalenski ezera, locis graminosis petrosisque in vicinitate lacus alpini ca. 500-800 m situ merid.-occid. a casa alpina Musala (2389 m), ca. 2450 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4813, collected in 1993 (PRA, no. det. 36044, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 36046, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Terrestrial, earthbound (derived from Latin terra, earth, land).</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae acheniis pure cinereis vel pallide cinereo-brunnescentibus, tenuibus, 0.7–0.9 mm latis, superne sparse breviter spinuloso-squamulosis, corpore in pyramidem subconicam crassiusculam 0.6–0.8 mm longam sensim transeunte, foliis glaberrimis, vivide virescentibus, lobus lateralibus numerosis angustis et interlobiis saepissime denticulatis bene dignoscendae.</p> <p>Plants small, ± compact, 7–9 cm tall, later after anthesis up to 20 cm tall. Plant base ± without tunic, with dense brownish hairs among petiole bases. Petiole pale green, broadly winged, 1 (–1.5) cm long. Leaves numerous, appressed to the ground or some ± patent, ± vivid green, glabrous, narrowly elliptical to narrowly oblanceolate in outline, usually 4–6 × 1–1.8 cm, pinnatisect; terminal segment relatively small, broadly triangular to triangular-helmet-shaped, usually 4–6 (–12) × 5–10 (–14) mm, acute, sometimes narrowed in a lingulate to triangular mucro, distal margin sigmoid or concave, or subconvex, entire or sometimes with an incision in the middle, basal lobules hamate-recurved to ± patent, acuminate, proximal margin concave to ± straight, entire; lateral segments in 4–5 (–7) pairs, usually bird-wing-like, generally hamate-recurved, usually 5–9 mm long, 4–6 mm wide at base, with a broader base and an elongated, narrow distal part, distal margin convex to sigmoid, usually with a medium-sized, ± broad tooth near the base, sometimes with another few minute teeth or entire, proximal margin concave to ± straight, ± entire; interlobes short, relatively narrow, usually 1.5–3 × 2 mm, with an undulate and raised margin, usually with 1–2 teeth, not bordered or with a faintly purplish border; mid-vein pale to purplish pink. Scapes pale greenish, initially sparsely arachnoid, later glabrescent, ± glabrous at anthesis, ± longer than leaf length. Capitulum ca. 3 cm wide, flat, yellow. Involucre not pruinose, ca. 8 mm wide and ± obconical at base. Outer phyllaries 12–15, appressed, ± not imbricate, reaching 2/5–1/2 of the inner, narrowly lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, usually 5–7 × 2.5–3 mm, dark olivaceous-green, darker distally and along margins, with a gradual transition in a dirty membranous border 0.05–0.2 mm wide, margin minutely ciliate, sometimes only in distal 1/3, apex flat; inner phyllaries 12–13 mm long, of ± equal width. Outer ligules flat, striped ± light grey-purple outside, apical teeth black-purple, inner ligules canaliculate, their apical teeth dirty yellow. Stigmas long, discoloured, light yellow-green to light greyish green, pubescence hairs with black apical part. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes pure light grey to light brownish grey, longitudinal ridges not developed, usually 4.2–5.3 × 0.7–0.9 mm, body with sparse short spinules and squamules in upper 1/6, with a gradual transition into a subconical cone 0.6–0.8 × 0.3–0.4 mm; beak 4–6.5 mm, pappus 5.5–6 mm, white. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 32C, 34.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:— Taraxacum terrestre is distinct in having numerous, relatively narrow lateral leaf segments, dentate interlobes with raised margins, and long, slender achenes with a sparse spinulosity. In its leaf shape, it approaches T. circense which has light brownish beige achenes with a shorter conical cone, longer interlobes, and outer phyllaries loosely appressed. Taraxacum terrestre, and probably also T. circense, may be rather marginal to T. sect. Bulgarica, showing a certain affinity to T. sect. Crocea.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Known from the Mt. Musala area, the Rila, around 2500 m. It grows on wet stony grasslands along shores of alpine lakes. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as VU.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. The Rila, Borovec, lakes of Musalenski ezera, near an alpine lake ca. 500–800 m SW. of the Musala Chalet (2389 m), ca. 2450 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4825 (PRA, no. det. 36048).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516702FFAFFF66FA05FE87FC37	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516700FFA9FF66FC5FFCC0FCFB.text	03B73C516700FFA9FF66FC5FFCC0FCFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum atomatum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>8. Taraxacum atomatum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria meridionalis, montes <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Rodopi</a>, opp. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Čepelare</a>, pars montium <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Černatica</a>, pagus <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Chvojna</a>, circum montem <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Goljam Persenk</a> (2091 m), graminosis secundum viam turisticam lutee signatam in saltu inter montes <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Goljam Persenk</a> (2091 m) et Persenk (2074 m), ca. 2 km supra (situ occidentali a) locum Skalni Mostove, ca. 1900–1950 m, ca. 41° 49’ N, 24° 33’ E, 24 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek et al., cultivated as JŠ 6964, collected in 2000 (PRA, no. det. 36092, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 36094, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Minutely spotted (from Latin atomus, particle), sprinkled with small particles.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae insignes, foliis saturate viridibus, minute sparse maculatis, lobis lateralibus margine distali saepe denticulato, phyllariis involucralibus exterioribus basi arcte, superne laxe adpressis, obscure olivaceo-viridibus vel atroviridibus marginibus angustissimis, acheniis pallide brunneo-cinerascentibus, pallide griseo-fulvescentibus vel pallide ochraceo-griseis, corpore superne spinulis subdensis erectis vel squamulis tricuspidatis obsito, in pyramidem subcrassam, basi subconicam, ceterum subcylindricam subsensim transeunte.</p> <p>Plants small, ± compact, 4–8 cm tall at anthesis. Plant base without tunic, with subdense light brownish-greyish hairs among petiole bases. Petiole broadly winged, 1–2 cm long, pale greenish at base, more distally light to deep purple. Leaves ± appressed to ground, deep green, sparsely minutely spotted brown-purple, glabrous to very sparsely arachnoid, oblanceolate to narrowly elliptical in outline, 3.5–8 × 1–3 cm, pinnatisect; terminal segment usually relatively large, broadly triangular to almost helmet-shaped, usually 0.8–1.6 × 1–2 cm, acute, sometimes shortly mucronate, distal margin, usually ± straight, sometimes subsigmoid, entire or with 1–3 little acute teeth, basal lobules patent to subrecurved, acute, relatively broad, proximal margin subconcave to ± straight, entire, rarely with a single tooth; lateral segments in 3–4 pairs, often ± patent, often subhamate-subrecurved, deltoid-triangular, narrowly triangular or birdwing-like, acute to acuminate, usually 5–15 mm long, 4–10 mm wide at base, distal margin convex to subsigmoid, entire or with 2–3 little teeth in outer leaves, more conspicuously and densely dentate or with 1–2 deeper incisions in inner leaves, proximal margin subconvex to subsigmoid, entire or with a single little basal tooth; interlobes short and ± narrow, usually 2–7 × 1.5–4 mm, almost entire in outer leaves, irregularly dentate with unequal narrow acuminate teeth in inner leaves, surface green or slighly suffused purplish, border not coloured, raised (including bases of segments); mid-vein pale greenish, sometimes faintly brownish. Scapes pale green, medium dense arachnoid, shorter than, or ± equalling the leaf length. Capitulum yellow, relatively large, 3–3.5 cm wide, flat to subconvex. Involucre not pruinose, 7–9 mm wide and rounded at base. Outer phyllaries 15–18, ± not imbricate, tightly appressed proximally, distally loosely appressed, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, usually 4.5–7 × 2.2–3 mm, reaching 1/3–2/5 of the inner, ± evenly dark greyish green to dark olivaceous-green, getting black when dry, with a ± abrupt transition in a dirty white border 0.05–0.1 mm wide, margin glabrous or distally minutely ciliate, apex darker, lingulate-elongated, obtuse, flat or ± carinate; inner phyllaries 10–11 mm long, of ± equal width. Outer ligules flat, striped purplish dark grey outside, apical teeth black or black-purple, inner ligules ± canaliculate, their apical teeth dark yellow or greyish. Stigmas light discoloured, greyish yellow-green, hairs of pubescence distally dark. Pollen abundant, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes light greyish brown or light greyish beige to greyish-ochraceous, 3.9–5.0 × 0.9–1.1 mm, body with subdense erect to suberect spinules and often tricuspidate squamules in upper 1/4–1/5, ± subgradually narrowing into a basally subconical, otherwise ± subcylindrical cone 0.7–1.0 × 0.35–0.4 mm (measured including the uppermost, not coloured part of the cone; beak 5.5–6.5 mm long, pappus dirty white to slightly brownish white, 5–6 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 32D, 35.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:— Taraxacum atomatum seems to be a rather marginal member of T. sect. Bulgarica; in its leaf shape, achene colour and cone shape and length, it approaches T. sect. Rhodocarpa (= T. sect. Alpestria). It is, however, distinct in its minutely spotted leaves, the petiole coloration, and frequently dentate distal margin of leaf segments.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Taraxacum atomatum is restricted to the Rodopi Mts., S. Bulgaria, according to the material available. It grows in wet grasslands, at 1800–2000 m a.s.l. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as VU.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. The Rodopi, Čepelare, the Černatica Mts., Chvojna village, around Mt. Goljam Persenk (2091 m), 1.5–2 km W. of Skalni Mostove, 1800–1900 m, ca. 41° 49’ N, 24° 33–34’ E, 24 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek et al., cultivated as JŠ 6926 (PRA, no. det. 36096).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516700FFA9FF66FC5FFCC0FCFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516706FFAAFF66FCEBFDF3F8D5.text	03B73C516706FFAAFF66FCEBFDF3F8D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum tephroleucum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>9. Taraxacum tephroleucum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Rila, opp. Samokov, pagus Borovec, Musalenski Ezera, ad casam alpinam ‘ Ledenoto Ezero’ in ripa lacus VII. (= Ledenoto Ezero) sub monte Musala (2925 m), ca. 2715 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4496, collected in 1991 (PRA, no. det. 36034, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 36036, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Greyish white, whitish light grey (colour of achenes, derived from τεφροϛ, ash grey, and λευκοϛ, white, pale).</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Species sectionis Bulgaricorum marginalis, notabilis acheniis pallide albo-cinerascentibus, perpallide fulvo-albidis vel eburneis, corpore superne subsparse breviter spinuloso-squamuloso, in pyramidem late conicam sensim abeunte, foliis sparse minute maculatis, subter pilis sparsissimis multicellularibus versicoloribus septis transversalibus ferrugineis vel brunneo-coloratis praeditis, phyllariis involucralibus exterioribus imbricatis, adpressis vel laxe adpressis, atro-viridibus, marginibus pallidioribus angustissimis.</p> <p>Plants small to ± medium-sized, ± slender, 7–10 cm tall. Plant base with an imperfectly developed tunic, with sparse brownish hairs among petiole bases. Petiole winged to very broadly winged, pale, 1.5–2.5 cm long. Leaves patent to prostrate, most of them appressed to the ground, light greyish-green, with very sparse minute brown-purple spots above, abaxially glabrous, adaxially with very sparse, slightly brownish, ± straight multicellular hairs along the midvein (slightly brownish cell walls and darker brownish coloration of walls connecting cell pairs make an impression of transversally striate hairs), narrowly oblong, linear-oblanceolate or narrowly elliptical in outline, usually 5–9 (–11) × 1.2–2 cm, pinnatisect to pinnatipartite; terminal segment relatively small, usually broadly triangular or flat rhombic, sometimes trilobed, acute, distmal margin concave or sigmoid, less often ± straight, entire (in inner leaves, with an elongated segment, there is a constriction with 1–2 teeth in the middle), basal lobules usually patent to hamatesubrecurved, sometimes asymmetrically curved upwards, proximal margin concave to ± straight, entire; lateral segments in (3) 4–5 pairs, narrowly triangular or triangular, usually 4–11 mm long, 5–9 mm wide at base, or often bird-wing-like (from a broad basal part ± abruptly narrowed in a narrow distal part), subrecurved to hamate-subrecurved, acute to acuminate, distal margin sigmoid, ± straight or subconvex, entire or with one or a few narrow teeth, proximal margin subconcave to ± straight, entire; interlobes ± long, usually 2–7 × 2.5–4 mm, green, faintly bordered grey-purple, margin sometimes ± raised, entire or with 1–2 narrow little teeth; mid-vein pale. Scapes glabrous to subglabrous, pale greenish, overtopping leaves. Capitulum yellow, ± flat, 3–3.5 cm wide. Involucre slightly pruinose, 7–8 mm wide and ± rounded at base. Outer phyllaries 13–15, ± imbricate, appressed to loosely appressed, variably long, the outermost ones ovate to broadly ovate, 4.5–5.5 mm long, the inner of them to ca. 7–8.5 mm long, 2.5–3.5 mm wide, evenly black-green (black when dry), with an abrupt transition in a narrow, white to dirty white border 0.05–0.1 mm wide, margin ± densely ciliate, apex flat; inner phyllaries 12–14 mm long, of ± equal width. Outer ligules narrow, flat, striped dark olivaceous-grey outside, apical teeth grey-black, inner ligules canaliculate, their apical teeth greyish or dirty dark yellow. Stigmas long, dark discoloured, grey-green with dark pubescence outside. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes very pale, slightly greyish white to very light beige or ivory white, 4.3–5.1 × 1.1–1.2 mm, body oblong-turbinate, with subsparse short thin spinules, little squamules or comb-like squamules in upper 1/5, ± gradually narrowing into a broad conical cone 0.7–1.0 mm long; beak 5.5–6 mm, pappus whitish, ca. 6.5 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 36, 37A.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:— Taraxacum tephroleucum deviates from the common pattern of T. sect. Bulgarica in relatively narrow leaves (similar to those of T. heleonastes G. E. Hagl. of T. sect. Palustria), perhaps approaching those of T. sect. Crocea. It is a distinctive species characterized by almost white achenes with a short, conical cone, the peculiar leaf indumentum (with scattered hairs having brown connecting cell walls), and a dark involucre with outer phyllaries very narrowly bordered.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Probably confined to the Rila, Bulgaria, at ca. 2700–2900 m. It grows in stony alpine grasslands. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as VU.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. Samokov, the Rila Mts., Borovec, summit of Mt. Musala, ca. 2920 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4502 (PRA, no. det. 36038). – Rila, Borovec, Muslaenski Ezera (lakes), near the chalet of Ledeneto Ezero, along the shore of Lake VII (Ledenoto Ezero), ca. 2715 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4498 (PRA, no. det. 36055).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516706FFAAFF66FCEBFDF3F8D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516705FFA5FF66F8FEFEEAFA21.text	03B73C516705FFA5FF66F8FEFEEAFA21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum pseudobulgaricum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>0. Taraxacum pseudobulgaricum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Pirin</a>, opp. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Bansko</a>, mons <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Vichren</a>: ad ripam lacus majoris (inferioris) borealis in valle lacuum <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Vlachinski</a> ezera ad pedem orientalem dorsi Gredaro, ca. 1.5 km situ occidenali a monte Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), ca. 2250–2300 m, ca. 41° 45’ N, 23° 23’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6554, collected in 1999 (PRA, no. det. 36097, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 36099, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Close to Taraxacum bulgaricum.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae ex affinitate T. bulgarici sed differunt foliis superne persparsis maculis brunneo-purpureis punctatis, interlobiis distinctis angustis, lobis lateralibus deltoidi-triangularibus patentibus et praecipue acheniis brunneo-cinerascentibus, corpore superne spinulis erecto-patentibus latis necnon squamulis cristatis obsito, in pyramidem brevem conicam vel subcylindricam sensim transeunte.</p> <p>Plants small, compact, 4–6 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, with rusty brownish hairs among petiole bases. Petiole very broadly winged, pale greenish to green, 1–1.5 cm long. Leaves tightly appressed to the ground, light green to light slightly greyish green, with very sparse minute brown-purple spots on adaxial surface, glabrous or sometimes with sparse hairs along mid-vein, elliptical to narrowly so in outline, usually 4–5.5 × 1.5–2 cm, pinnatisect; terminal segment small, usually flat rhombic to ± broadly triangular, usually 4–7 × 7–10 mm, acute to obtusely acute sometimes oblong-helmet-shaped, constricted in the middle, to 14 mm long in inner leaves), distal margin concave, entire, basal lobules arcuate-upcurved, ± patent, ± acute, proximal margin convex, entire; lateral segments in 3–4 pairs, ± remote, deltoid-triangular, usually 4–8 mm long, 3–6 mm wide at base, acute to obtusely acute, distal margin convex to subsigmoid, entire, proximal margin subconvex or subconcave, entire; interlobes relatively long and narrow, usually (2–) 3–5 × 2–3 mm, with a conspicuously raised margin, often with a single tooth, often sinuate, green, slightly bordered purplish; mid-vein pale, rarely pinkish. Scapes pale green, later suffused purplish below capitulum, sparsely arachnoid, later glabrescent, ± subequalling the leaf length. Capitulum yellow, 2.5–3 cm wide, subconvex to flat. Involucre not pruinose, ca. 8–9 mm wide and broadly rounded at base. Outer phyllaries 12–15, loosely appressed (tightly so at base, distally loosely appressed to suberect), subimbricate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, usually 4–5 × 2.5–3.5 mm, ± evenly olivaceous grey-green, ± darker in the apical part, along margins and on the mid-vein, subabruptly narrowing in a whitish border 0.1–0.2 (–0.3) mm wide, margin glabrous or sparsely irregularly minutely ciliate, flat below apex; inner phyllaries 10–12 mm long, of ± equal width. Outer ligules flat, relatively broad, striped light, distally darker greyish outside, apical teeth greyish dirty yellow to grey-black, inner ligules canaliculate, their apical teeth dark yellow. Stigmas long, light discoloured, dirty greenish honey-yellow, hairs of outer pubescence with distal part dark. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes medium dark grey-brown, turbinate, without prominent lateral ridges, 4.0–4.6 × 0.9–1.2 mm, body with subdense erect-patent broad spinules or comb-like quamules in upper 1/5–1/6, otherwise smooth, with a gradual transition into a short, thick, conical to subcylindrical cone 0.4–0.7 (–0.8) mm long (measured including the distal, pale coloured part); beak slightly thickened, 4.5–5.5 mm long, pappus 5–5.5 mm long, whitish to dirty white. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 37B, 38.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:—The peculiar leaf shape of T. pseudobulgaricum approaches that of T. bulgaricum but is different in longer, narrower and generally more distinct interlobes. These two species are similar also in the achene shape and colour, although the latter is usually lighter. There is a surprising resemblance between the leaf shape of T. pseudobulgaricum and the group of T. minimum (Brig.) Guss. of T. sect. Scariosa Hand.-Mazz.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Known from a single macrolocality in the Vichren Massif, the Pirin, Bulgaria, at about 2200–2300 m. It grows on wet, stony grasslands along a shore of and alpine lake. The IUCN conservation status is estimated as VU.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516705FFA5FF66F8FEFEEAFA21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51670AFFA6FF54FA55FB80FEC2.text	03B73C51670AFFA6FF54FA55FB80FEC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum saevum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>. Taraxacum saevum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Pirin, opp. Bansko, vallis flum. Banderica, locis graminosis herbosisque subalpinis secundum viam turisticam rubre signatam in declivitate ± orientali in vallis rivi Vichrenska voda supra casam alpinam Vichren (1950 m), inter montes Chvojnati vrch (2635 m) et Vichren (2914 m), ca. 2200–2400 m, 41° 45–46’ N, 23° 24–25’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9340, collected in 2012 (PRA, no. det. 35742, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 27278, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Furious, frenzied, harsh (from Latin saevus).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1278–1282.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae foliis prostratis glabratis, lobis lateralibus numerosis anguste triangularibus saepissime hamato-recurvis, involucris pruinosis phyllariis exterioribus basi laxe adpressis parte distali arcuata, obscure olivaceo-viridibus, in sicco atro-viridibus, in marginem distinctam scariosam abrupte abeuntibus, et praecipue acheniis pallide vel perpallide fulvo-brunnescentibus notabiles.</p> <p>Plants relatively small, compact, usually 5–9 cm tall. Plant base sometimes with an imperfectly developed tunic, almost glabrous among petiole bases. Petiole broadly winged in outer leaves, narrowly winged or unwinged in the inner ones, pale green, 1.5–3 cm long. Leaves numerous in a rosette, light green, ± glabrous, prostrate, oblanceolate to narrowly so, or narrowly elliptical or spatulate in outline, usually 4–10 × 1.5–2.5 cm, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect; terminal segment usually small, broadly triangular to flat helmet-shaped, usually 5–15 × 8–22 mm, acute to obtusely acute, sometimes with a short lingulate mucro, distal margin convex to ± straight, entire, basal lobules patent to subrecurved, acute, proximal margin concave to subsigmoid or ± straight, entire; lateral segments in (4) 5–6 pairs, narrowly deltoidtriangular to triangular, often hamate-recurved, usually 5–12 mm long, 3–8 mm wide at base, acute to acuminate, distal margin convex to subsigmoid, entire or with a few unequal teeth, proximal margin concave to ± straight, entire but often with a single bigger tooth near the base; interlobes short, 1–6 × 3–11 mm, light green, not bordered, margin raised, sparsely coarsely dentate; mid-vein pale greenish, slightly pinkish in older leaves. Scapes pale greenish, very sparsely arachnoid to ± glabrous, subequalling the leaf length. Capitulum deep yellow, getting bluish-purplish during drying or withering, ca. 2.5–3.5 cm wide, ± flat. Involucre ± pruinose, broadly obconical and ca. 8 mm wide mm wide at base. Outer phyllaries 16–20, loosely appressed at base, distally arcuate, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, usually 4–5 × 1.5–2.5 mm, reaching ca. 1/3–1/5 of the inner, ± evenly dark olivaceous-green (black-green when dry), with an abrupt transition in a distinct whitish-membranous border 0.1–0.3 mm wide, margin minutely ciliate (hairs shorter than 0.1 mm), apex flat, sometimes suffused purplish; inner phyllaries 9–10 mm long, of ± equal width. Outer ligules flat, long, striped purplish grey-olivaceous outside, apical teeth black-purple, inner ligules ± canaliculate, their teeth dirty yellow or reddish or grey. Stigmas long, light discoloured, light yellow-green, with most hairs hyaline, a part dark distally. Pollen abundant, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes light or very light beige-brown (light brownish with an orange hue or also with a greyish hue), 3.6–4.1 × 0.9–1.1 mm, body with subdense erect spinules and low squamules in the upper 1/6–1/8, ± abruptly narrowing into a conical to subconical cone 0.5–0.7 mm long; beak (3.5–) 4.5–6 mm long, pappus 5–5.5 mm long, white. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 37C, 39, 40, 41.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Probably endemic to the highest Bulgarian mountain ranges, the Rila and the Pirin, at 2200–2600 m. It grows in wet, floristically rich alpine grasslands, along shores of alpine lakes, also on ± disturbed, subsynathropic sites along tourist tracks and around alpine chalets. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as NT.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:— Taraxacum saevum is characterized by numerous lateral leaf segments, often with dentate margins and by dentate interlobes, short, dark, conspicuously narrowly bordered outer phyllaries, and by achenes very light beige, with a short zone of spinulosity, and a short, ± conical cone. It is similar to T. musalae but the latter has conspicuously spotted leaves, achenes thicker and much darker, usually dark grey to deep brown-grey, and outer phyllaries with a contrasting, much broader border, 0.2–0.5 mm wide.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. Samokov, the Rila, Borovec, between alpine chalets of Jastrebec and Musala, 2200–2350 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek &amp; B. Kuzmanov 8 (PRA, no. det. 27273); Ibidem, cultivated as JŠ 4506 (PRA, no. det. 27272). – Borovec, Musalenski Ezera [lakes], around lake IV, between the Musala Chalet and Mt. Aleko, ca. 2450 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek 11 (PRA, no. det. 27641); Ibidem, cultivated as JŠ 4509 (PRA, no. det. 27639). – Borovec, near the Jastrebec Chalet, ca. 2250 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek &amp; B. Kuzmanov, cultivated as JŠ 4821 (PRA, no. det. 27640). – Rila Mts., Maljovica, 9 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4657 (PRA, no. det. 35957). – The Pirin Mts., Bansko, Banderica Valley, bottom of glacial cirque, E. slope below the Vichrenski preslap [pass], above the Vichren Chalet, ca. 2450–2550 m, 41° 45–46’ N, 23° 24–25’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Trávníček, cultivated as JŠ 9320 (PRA, no. det. 27275); Ibidem, JŠ 9318 (PRA, no. det. 27638); Ibidem, JŠ 6304 (PRA, no. det. 27636). – Bansko, Mt. Vichren, near the shore of the upper lake of the Vlachinski ezera, at the eastern foot of the Gredaro Ridge, ca. 1.5 km W. of Mt. Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9326 (PRA, no. det. 27280); Ibidem, JŠ 9324 (PRA, no. det. 27279); Ibidem, JŠ 9327 (PRA, no. det. 27277); Ibidem, JŠ 9328 (PRA, no. det. 27276). – Bansko, Banderica Valley, a valley between Mt. Graniten (2669 m) and Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), above Chvojnato ezero [lake], 2250–2350 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 27274). – Bansko, valley of Banderica, valley of Vichrenska voda [brook], above the Vichren Chalet, ca. 2400 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4297 (PRA, no. det. 27271); Ibidem, JŠ 4868 (PRA, no. det. 27634). – Bansko, Banderica, a valley between Mt. Graniten (2669 m) and Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), above Chvojnato ezero [lake], 2250–2350 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4299 (PRA, no. det. 27270); Ibidem, JŠ 4873 (PRA, no. det. 27635). – Bansko, Banderica valley, upper part of the valley of Vichrenska voda brook, below the Vichrenski Preslap ridge, ca. 2450 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 27267); Ibidem, cultivated as JŠ 4540 (PRA, no. det. 27269). – Bansko, glacial cirque of Vasilaški Cirkus, upper lake of Todorino ezero, ca. 2500 m, 14 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 27268). – Bansko, valley of Banderica, Banderiški ezera, near lake Dalgoto ezero, 2300–2350 m, 14 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek (PRA, no. det. 27642). – Vichren, near the shore of the middle lake of Vlachinski ezera, SW. foot of Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), 2350–2450 m, ca. 41° 45’ N, 23° 23–24’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9317 (PRA, no. det. 27637). – Bulgaria, Pirin, Demjanica Chalet, stream banks, 2200 m., 8 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4326 (PRA, no. det. 35816). – Vichren area, slopes above Muratovo ezero, stream banks and path verges below Muratovo ezero, 41° 45’ N, 23° 23–24’ E, [8 Aug 1997], B. Trávníček, cultivated as JK 4338 (PRA, no. det. 35814). – Banderica [valley], slopes of Mt. Vichren, 9 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4674 (PRA, no. det. 35812); Ibidem, JK 4676 (PRA, no. det. 35958); Ibidem, JK 4665 (PRA, no. det. 35955); Ibidem, JK 4675 (PRA, no. det. 35953). – Pirin, Demjanica [chalet], 9 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4644 (PRA, no. det. 35810). – Vichren, near the N. and E. shores of the upper lake of Vlachinski ezera, SW. foot of Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), 2300–2350 m, ca. 41° 45’ N, 23° 23-24’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6561 (PRA, no. det. 36015).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51670AFFA6FF54FA55FB80FEC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51670FFFA0FF54FF3FFDB2F922.text	03B73C51670FFFA0FF54FF3FFDB2F922.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum chionogeiton Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>. Taraxacum chionogeiton Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, Montes Rila, Maljovica [Chalet], 9 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4698 (PRA, no. det. 36149, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 35957, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Adjacent to snow-beds (from Greek χιων, snow, and γείτων, neighbour).</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae T. saevo affines sed differunt acheniis obscure, saturate griseo-brunneis crassioribus, pyramide conica brevi, 0.5– 0.6 mm longa, foliis terrae arcte adpressis, pallide viridibus sparsissime minute maculatis et phyllariis involucralibus exterioribus arcte adpressis.</p> <p>Plants small, of a compact growth, to ca. 6 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, with subdense brownish hairs among petiole bases. Petiole broadly to very broadly winged, ca. 1–1.5 (–2) cm long, pale greenish or only distally adaxially pinkish in the mid-vein. Leaf rosettes tightly appressed to the ground. Leaves relatively narrow, almost glabrous (often with rarely scattered little hairs), light green, adaxially with very sparse to very sporadic little brown-purple spots, narrowly elliptical to narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate in outline, usually 3.5–5.5 × 1.0– 1.8 cm (enlarging after anthesis to reach the size up to 11 × 3 cm), pinnatipartite to pinnatisect; terminal segment ± broadly helmetshaped to broadly triangular, obtusely acute to ± rounded, less often ± acute, usually 0.7–1.5 × 0.6–1.5 cm, distal margin convex to sigmoid, entire or with a single broad tooth or a little lobule on one or both sides, or irregularly divided in 1–3 lobules, basal lobules short, obtusely acute, ± patent to subrecurved, proximal margin subconcave to ± straight, entire; lateral segments in 3–4 pairs, patent to subrecurved, relatively short and broad, deltoid-triangular, often narrowing from a broad base in a narrow, lingulate distal part, usually 5–8 × 4–6 mm, ± acute, distal margin convex to subsigmoid, sometimes subconcave, entire, rarely with 1–2 short broad teeth, proximal margin ± straight to subconcave, entire; interlobes ± short, usually 2–3 × 2–4 mm, entire or with a single distinct tooth, not blotched nor bordered; mid-vein pale greenish or pinkish. Scapes ± equalling the leaf length, very sparsely arachnoid, later glabrescent, even just below capitulum, usually pale greenish. Capitulum small, 2–2.5 cm wide, yellow. Involucre dark olivaceous-green, not pruinose, ± rounded at base. Outer phyllaries 11–15, subimbricate, ± tightly appressed, ovate to broadly ovate, the uppermost ones to lanceolate, relatively short, reaching 2/5–1/2 of the inner ones, usually 4–6 × 2.5–3.5 mm, ± evenly dark olivaceous-green, with an abrupt transition in a paler, greyish-translucent border 0.1–0.2 mm wide, margin irregularly minutely ciliate, apex flat to slightly subcarinate; inner phyllaries ca. 10 mm long, of ± invariable width. Outer ligules flat, striped dark grey-olivaceous outside, later surface suffused purple, apical teeth black-purple, inner ligules ± canaliculate, their apical teeth dark yellow to greyish. Stigmas long, ± dark discoloured, light grey-green with black pubescence outside. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes relatively dark, grey-brown, ± broadly turbinate, 3.6–4.5 × 1.1–1.3 mm, in upper 1/3–1/4, the achene body ± densely covered with very numerous, short (to 0.2 mm long) spinules often curved upwards, sometimes coalescing to form short bi- or tricuspidate squamules, body subabruptly narrowing into a broad, conical cone 0.5–0.6 mm long; beak thin, 5.5–7.5 mm long, pappus ± white, ca. 5 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 42, 50D.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:—The dark, grey-brown, and thick achenes, a short conical cone, short, subimbricate, usually ovate, inconspicuously bordered outer phyllaries, together with leaves appressed to the ground, light green and very sparsely spotted, represent the diagnostic characters. It is most closely related to T. saevum but has dark achenes, dark discoloured stigmas, lower number of outer phyllaries and leaves with a much lower number of lateral segments. It might be compared with T. pseudobulgaricum sharing the achene shape and colour but the latter has loosely appressed outer phyllaries, stigmas light discoloured, leaves with the terminal segment usually flat rhombic, most often with a constriction in the middle, and beak slightly thickened, 4.5–5.5 mm long.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Taraxacum chionogeiton probably is endemic to the Rila, Bulgaria; it is known from a single macrolocality. It grows in open patches in subalpine and alpine grasslands, around 1900 m. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as NT.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51670FFFA0FF54FF3FFDB2F922	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51670FFFBCFF54F953FD29FE52.text	03B73C51670FFFBCFF54F953FD29FE52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum musalae Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>. Taraxacum musalae Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Rila, opp. Samokov, pagus Borovec, secus viam inter casas alpinas Jastrabec et Musala, 2200–2350 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek &amp; B. Kuzmanov, cultivated as JŠ 4507, collected in 1991 (PRA, no. det. 35740, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 25479, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Derived from the name of the highest summit in the Rila, Mt. Musala.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae a speciebus ceteris sectionis Bulgaricorum foliis prostratis vel patentibus, conspicue subdense maculatis, acheniis saturate obscure griseis vel obscure griseo-brunneis, corpore superne spinulis latis et squamulis brevissimis suberectis vel erectopatentibus obsito, in pyramidem conicam, 0.5–0.8 mm longam subabrupte abeunte, et phyllariis exterioribus late marginatis bene dignoscendae.</p> <p>Plants light green, small, 6–12 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, with sparse hairs among petiole bases. Petiole pale to pale greenish, very broadly winged in outer leaves, winged to narrowly winged in inner leaves, usually 1.5–3.5 cm long. Leaf rosette ± compact, leaves prostrate to patent, light green to yellowish green, conspicuously and ± densely spotted adaxially, ± glabrous, narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly oblong or narrowly elliptical in outline, usually 5–10 × (1–) 2–2.5 cm, pinnatisect to pinnatipartite, with approximated segments; terminal segment small, flat triangular to ± flat rhombic, sometimes trilobed or mucronate, usually 5–11 × 8–15 mm, acute to obtusely acute, distal margin convex to sigmoid, usually entire, basal lobules patent, acute, proximal margin subconcave to straight, entire; lateral segments in 4–5 pairs, patent to recurved, deltoid-triangular, hamate-triangular or bird-wing-like with a narrow distal part, ± densely spotted, usually 5–10 mm long, 4–7 mm wide at base, acute to acuminate, distal margin convex to subsigmoid, usually with 2 (3) teeth, proximal margin ± straight to subconcave, usually entire; interlobes short and ± broad, usually 1–5 × 3–5 mm, light green and adaxially spotted, not bordered, margin usually raised, entire or with 1–2 small teeth or a single bigger tooth; mid-vein pale green, often slightly suffused brownish. Scapes pale greenish, very sparsely arachnoid or glabrescent, equalling or ± overtopping the leaf length. Capitulum yellow, 2.5–3 cm wide, ± flat. Involucre not pruinose, usually 7–9 mm wide and rounded to broadly obconical at base. Outer phyllaries 15–19, loosely appressed, ± imbricate, lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, short, reaching 1/3–1/2 of inner phyllaries, usually 4–6.5 × (1.5–) 2–3 mm, surface ± evenly dark olivaceous-green (± black when dry), with a subgradual to ± abrupt transition in a distinct whitish to whitish-membranous border 0.2–0.5 mm wide, margin glabrous or sparsely minutely ciliate, apex flat; inner phyllaries 11–12 mm long, of ± equal width. Outer ligules flat, striped grey-green, sometimes purplish grey-green outside, apical teeth black-purple, inner ligules canaliculate, their apical teeth dark yellow to reddish. Stigmas long, light to medium discoloured, greyish light green, hairs with apical part dark. Pollen abundant, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes deep brown-grey to deep grey, rarely lighter brown, 3.5–4.5 × 1.1–1.2 mm, body with subdense, very short, suberect to erect-patent squamules and broad spinules in upper 1/3–1/6, subabruptly narrowing into a conical cone 0.5–0.8 mm long, ca. 0.4 mm thick at base, 0.25–0.3 mm distally, often clearly paler than achene body; beak (2–) 4–6 mm long, pappus pure white, 5–5.5 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 37D, 43, 44.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:—At first sight, T. musalae is distinct in its spotted leaves, distinct, relatively broad border to outer phyllaries, and the dark achene colour. In its general habit, it approaches T. saevum (differences are summarized under the latter species).</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Known from several localities in the Mt. Musala Massif, Rila, and is considered as endemic to that area, at the elevations between 2100–2400 m. It grows in subsparse short alpine grasslands, often on slightly disturbed sites, such as along tourist paths and in the vicinity of alpine chalets. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as VU.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. The Rila, Borovec, semiruderal places near the alpine chalet of Musala, ca. 2390 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek &amp; B. Kuzmanov (PRA, no. det. 25483); Ibidem, cultivated as JŠ 4511 (PRA, no. det. 25480). – Borovec, along a track between alpine chalets of Jastrebec and Musala, 220–2350 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek &amp; B. Kuzmanov (PRA, no. det. 25482); Ibidem, cultivated as JŠ 4507 (PRA, no. det. 25479). – Borovec, wet places in the valley of Bistrica, ca. 1–2 km below the Musala Chalet, ca. 2100 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4814 (PRA, no. det. 25481). – Borovec, below the summit of Mt. Musala, ca. 2150 m, 11 Jul 1988, J. Štěpánková, cultivated as JŠ 4462 (PRA, no. det. 25478); Ibidem, JŠ 3455 (PRA, no. det. 25477); Ibidem, JŠ 4460 (PRA, no. det. 25476); Ibidem, JŠ 3453 (PRA, no. det. 25475).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51670FFFBCFF54F953FD29FE52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516713FFBEFF66FE43FB1CFC6F.text	03B73C516713FFBEFF66FE43FB1CFC6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum melanospilum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>4. Taraxacum melanospilum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, Stará planina, pars mont. Zlatiško-Tetevenska planina, opp. Teteven, pag. Ribarica, mons Vežen (2198 m), locus scaturiginosus et ad rivulum in depressione, ca. 2150 m, 20 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as. TaB 2d (B 2 d), collected in 2000 (PRA, no. det. 30622, holotype; isotypes: PRA).</p> <p>Etymology:—With black spots (derived from Greek μελαϛ, black, and σπίλος, spot).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1063–1066.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae petiolis alatis roseis vel purpureis, foliis saturate gramineo-viridibus, saepe paulo grisescentibus, sparse maculatis, maculis 0.5–2.5 mm latis, phyllariis involucralibus exterioribus basi adpressis, ceterum erectis, ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, in sicco atro-viridibus, in marginem pallidam, 0.2–0.5 mm latam sensim (ad basin) vel abrupte (in parte distali) transeuntibus, acheniis obscure brunneo-cinereis, corpore superne dense spinuloso-squamulosis, pyramide brevi, conica vel subconica, notabiles.</p> <p>Plants medium-sized, relatively robust, usually 7–11 cm tall. Plant base without tunic (or with a few dark brown remnants of old petioles), with sparse brownish hairs among petiole bases. Petiole broadly winged, light pink to ± deep purple. Leaves numerous, variously subpatent to ± prostrate, deep mid-green to ± greyish green, adaxially sparsely spotted brown-purple (spots 0.5–2.5 mm wide), subglabrous, usually with sparse hairs confined to mid-vein, narrowly elliptical to elliptical in outline, usually 6–12 × 2–4 cm, pinnatisect; terminal segment usually broadly triangular, flat rhombic or broadly flat helmet-shaped, usually 1–1.5 × 1.5–2 cm, often with a triangular to lingulate mucro, distal margin ± dictinctly sigmoid, less often ± straight, entire or seldom with a few teeth on basal lobules, basal lobules most often arcuate-recurved, sometimes straight, patent to subrecurved, ± acuminate, proximal margin usually concave, entire; lateral segments in 4–6 pairs, usually narrowly triangular, ± patent to hamate-subrecurved, usually 1–2 cm long, 5–8 mm wide at base, distal margin convex to sigmoid, entire or very often irregularly filiform-dentate, sometimes with a deep, lobule-like incision, proximal margin subconcave to ± straight, often raised, entire or sparsely denticulate; interlobes narrow, usually 2–6 × 2–6 mm, margin entire or with one or several long teeth, raised, narrowly bordered brown-purple; mid-vein usually pale, less often slightly brownish. Scapes pale greenish at anthesis, later suffused purple below capitulum, ± sparsely arachnoid, usually ± equalling leaves. Capitulum 3–4 cm wide, ± flat, yellow. Involucre not pruinose, usually 8–9 mm wide and subtruncate to broadly rounded-subobconical at base. Outer phyllaries 15–19, appressed proximally, distally erect, ± imbricate, ovate to elliptical to ovate-lanceolate, usually 6–7.5 × (3–) 3.5–4 mm, most of the abaxial surface ± evenly dark olivaceous (black-green when dry), in the basal half of a phyllary with a gradual transition, in the distal half with ± abrupt transition in a pale, dirty whitish border 0.2–0.5 mm wide, margin almost glabrous, apex flat, usually much paler, lingulate, obtuse, 1–1.5 × 1 mm; inner phyllaries 12–13 mm long, of ± equal width. Outer ligules flat, striped dark greyish outside, apical teeth smoky yellow, inner ligules canaliculate, its apical teeth ± black. Stigmas dark discoloured, greenish yellow, with a dense long black pubescence outside. Pollen abundant, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes deep brown-grey, (3.9–) 4.0-4.5 (–4.7) × (0.9–) 1.1– 1.3 mm (the widest dimension just below the cone base), body with ± dense, erect to suberect, ± short broad spinules, often coalescing in squamules in upper 1/4–1/5, ± abruptly narrowing into a conical to subconical cone (0.4–) 0.5–0.8 mm long, 0.40–0.45 mm thick at base, ca. 0.3 mm distally; beak slightly thickened, (6–) 7–8.5 mm long, pappus light brownish-whitish to pale brownish, 6–7 (–7.5) mm long. Relatively often, a certain proportion of empty, infertile achenes is found in a fruiting capitulum. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 45, 46A.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:—While the core species of T. sect. Bulgarica are morphologically and geographically centred in the vicinity of T. bulgaricum, T. melanospilum seems to be rather marginal in both respects. We can mention the spotted leaves with a comparatively small terminal segment and ± narrow lateral ones, ± imbricate, conspicuously bordered outer phyllaries, and, in particular, the deep brown-grey achenes with a slightly thickened beak as diagnostic. Taraxacum melanospilum exhibits certain relationships with the members of T. sect. Rhodocarpa (= T. sect. Alpestria), the group of T. alpestre (Tausch) Reichenb., and with T. elegantissimum and T. pseudoalpestre, species of the Romanian Southern Carpathians. It differs from the latter taxa in having much smaller and less conspicuous leaf terminal segment, spotted leaves, loosely appressed (not arcuate-patent) and conspicuously bordered outer phyllaries, and deep brown-grey (not light straw-brown or pale, even whitish brownish stramineous) achenes. Within T. sect. Bulgarica, it approaches T. musalae in the achene colour and some features of leaves. Taraxacum musalae, however, has outer phyllaries short, 4–6.5 mm long (not 6–7.5 mm, as in T. melanospilum), beak short, usually 4–6 mm long (not 6–8.5 mm) and pappus pure white (not pale brownish-whitish, which is a diagnostic feature of T. melanospilum).</p> <p>There is a striking similarity between artificial, sexual hybrids obtained from the crosses of two sexual species, T. linearisquameum van Soest and T. bulgaricum, and more robust plants of T. melanospilum, which might suggest the origin of the latter, a derived agamospermous entity.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Quite frequent in the western and central Stara Planina [Mts.] above the timberline; we consider it as endemic to that area. It grows in wet grasslands, and usually along brooks in subalpine and alpine meadows and pastures, between (1450–) 1600 and 2200 m. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as LC.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">The Stara Planina Mts.</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Zlatiško-Tetevenska</a> planina, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Teteven</a>, village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Ribarica</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Mt. Vežen</a> (2198 m), ca. 2150 m, 20 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as TaB 2a (PRA, no. det. 26307); Ibidem, TaB 2b (B 2 b) (PRA, no. det. 26309); Ibidem, TaB 2c (PRA, no. det. 26308); Ibidem, TaB 2d (B 2 d) (PRA, no. det. 26310). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Zlatiško-Tetevenska</a> planina, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Teteven</a>, village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Ribarica</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Mt. Vežen</a> (2198 m), a ridge between <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Mt. Kamenica</a> and the pass of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Ribariški Prohod</a>, ca. 1800–1950 m, ca. 42° 45’ N, ca. 24° 26–27’ E, 20 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 7582 (PRA, no. det. 26303); Ibidem, JŠ 7583 (PRA, no. det. 26302). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Zlatiško-Tetevenska planina</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Teteven</a>, village of Ribarica, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Mt. Vežen</a> (2198 m), the Kamenica Ridge, E. of the pass of Kamennata porta, ca. 1950–2050 m, ca. 42° 45’ N, ca. 24° 26’ E, 20 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6974 (PRA, no. det. 26295); Ibidem, JŠ 7579 (PRA, no. det. 26306); Ibidem, JŠ 7580 (PRA, no. det. 26306, 26305); Ibidem, JŠ 7581 (PRA, no. det. 26304); Ibidem, JŠ 6780 (PRA, no. det. 27484). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Zlatiško-Tetevenska planina</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Teteven</a>, village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Ribarica</a>, below the summit of Mt. Vežen (2198 m), ca. 2100–2150 m, ca. 42° 45’ N, ca. 24° 24’ E, 20 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6989 (PRA, no. det. 26294); Ibidem, JŠ 6990 (PRA, no. det. 26293); Ibidem, JŠ 6784 (PRA, no. det. 27481). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Trojan</a>, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Trojanska Planina</a>, southern slopes of the pass of Trojanski Prohod, 1450–1550 m, 42° 46–47’ N, 24° 35–36’ E, 21 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 7000. (PRA, no. det. 26296). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Trojan</a>, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Trojanska Planina</a>, between the pass of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Karčov</a> preslap and Mt. Ušite (1637 m), ca. 1600 m, 42° 47–48’ N, 24° 29–30’ E, 21 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 7018 (PRA, no. det. 26297). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Trojan</a>, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Trojanska Planina</a>, the alpine chalet of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Kozja Stena</a>, 1500–1600 m, ca. 42° 47’ N, ca. 24° 32’ E, 21 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 7010 (PRA, no. det. 26298); Ibidem, JŠ 7546 (PRA, no. det. 26299); Ibidem, JŠ 7547 (PRA, no. det. 26300); Ibidem, JŠ 7550 (PRA, no. det. 26301).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516713FFBEFF66FE43FB1CFC6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516711FFB9FF66FC17FB5BF8D7.text	03B73C516711FFB9FF66FC17FB5BF8D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum circense Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>5. Taraxacum circense Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Pirin, opp. Bansko, in parte inferiore circi glacialis Goljam Kazan ad decl. boreal. montis Vichren (2914 m), solo calcareo, ca. 2400 m, 15 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4525, collected in 1991 (PRA, no. det. 35738, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 26148, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Referring to cirque, in this case, a glacial cirque (circensis, derived from circus, a Roman stadium, see Gaffiot 1934).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1275–1277.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Species spectabilis, conspicue seclusa, differt phyllariis exterioribus paucioribus, laxe adpressis, marginibus pallidis angustis, conspicue ciliatis, foliis gramineo-viridibus paulo cinerascentibus, inconspicue sparsissime minute maculatis, acheniis longis tenuibusque pallide fulvescenti-brunnescentibus, corpore in pyramidem subconicam vel conicam, 0.3–0.6 mm longam sensim transeunte.</p> <p>Plants small to medium-sized, 8–15 cm tall, subcompact. Plant base without tunic, sparsely brownish to dirty whitish hairy among petiole bases. Petiole pale, ± broadly to very narrowly winged, 2–3 cm long. Leaves variously erect-patent to subpatent, greyish green, inconspicuously spotted purplish (spots more distinct on outer leaves, mainly on marginal parts of several proximal leaf segments), almost glabrous, oblanceolate, narrowly oblanceolate, narrowly elliptical to spatulate, usually 5–10 × 1.5–2.5 cm, pinnatisect to pinnatipartite; terminal segment usually dominant, helmet-shaped, triangular or broadly so, usually 1–2.5 × 1.2–2.5 cm, acute, distal margin convex to subsigmoid, entire or with an asymmetrical shallow obtuse incision, basal lobules arcuate-recurved, acuminate, proximal margin usually concave, entire, with a raised margin near the base; lateral segments in 3–4 pairs, often hamate-recurved, deltoid-triangular to triangular, usually 5–9 mm long, 5–8 mm wide at base, distal margin convex to subsigmoid, entire or with a single thin tooth, proximal margin concave to ± straight, ± entire; interlobes ± short, usually 3–8 × 3–5 mm (distal interlobes of inner leaves to 10 mm wide), occasionally sparsely spotted, margin indistinctly bordered brown-purple, usually entire, sometimes with a single filiform tooth, or sparsely minutely denticulate, margin often raised; mid-vein pale or slightly suffused brown-purple. Scapes pale greenish, getting purplish after anthesis, very sparsely arachnoid, equalling or overtopping leaves. Capitulum yellow, 2.5–4 cm wide, ± flat. Involucre slightly pruinose, ca. 7–8 mm wide and very narrowly rounded at base. Outer phyllaries 11–14, loosely appressed, subimbricate, relatively short, reaching 1/3–1/5 of the inner ones, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, usually (4–) 5–6 × 2–3 mm, surface evenly, medium dark olivaceousgreen, distally and along margins often suffused brown-purple, with an abrupt transition in a narrow membranous border 0.1–0.2 mm wide, margin conspicuously ciliate (hairs to 0.3 mm), apex flat; inner phyllaries ca. 13 mm long, of ± equal width. Outer ligules flat, narrow, striped purplish grey-green outside, apical teeth black to purple-black, inner ligules canaliculate, their apical teeth dark yellow to dirty yellow. Stigmas long, light discoloured, greyish light yellowgreen, about a half of the stigmatic pubescence have distal part black. Pollen abundant, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes light beige-brown (very light brown with an orange and grey hue), long and slender, 4.6–5.4 × 0.9–1.0 mm, body with medium dense to subsparse short squamules and spinules, gradually narrowing into a subconical to conical cone (0.3–) 0.4–0.6 mm long, ca. 0.5–0.6 mm thick at base, ca. 0.4 mm distally, with a few little basal spinules; beak 4–6 (–7) mm long, pappus whitish, 6–7 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 46B, 47.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:— Taraxacum circense, a species very marginal within T. sect. Bulgarica, is characterized by indistinctly and marginally spotted leaves, outer phyllaries not numerous, short, very narrowly bordered, and achenes very light beige-brown. In the general habit and the size (and mostly also the shape) of achenes, it approaches the group of T. pirinicum. Of this group, T. leopardinum has conspicuously, richly spotted leaves, longer cone (0.8–1.1 mm) and outer phyllaries with a gradual transition in a pale border ca. 0.5 mm wide. Taraxacum abnorme differs from T. circense in having a distinct, whitish-membranous, 0.2–0.5 mm wide border to outer phyllaries, and T. pirinicum is distinguished by its medium deep pure brown or slightly castaneous-brown achenes. It should be added that T. circense seems to be relativly variable, which may point to its possible multiclonality.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—The most frequent occurrence of T. circense was recorded from the Rila and Pirin, and it also proved to occur in the Stara Planina, between (1800–) 2200–2600 m. It grows on slopes with stabilized scree with boulders, sparse alpine grasslands, and at slightly disturbes sites in the vicinity of natural ones. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as NT.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. Pirin, Bansko, lower part of glacial cirque of Goljam Kazan on NE. slopes of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Mt. Vichren</a>, ca. 2400 m, 15 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4525 (PRA, no. det. 26149, 36059, 36056); Ibidem, JŠ 4525 (PRA, no. det. 26148); Ibidem, 2400–2600 m, JŠ 4861 (PRA, no. det. 26173). – Bansko, valley of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Banderica</a>, eastern slopes in the valley of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Vichrenska</a> voda, above the alpine chalet of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Vichren</a>, 2200–2400 m, 41° 45–46’ N, 23° 24–25’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Trávníček, cultivated as JŠ 6309 (PRA, no. det. 26147). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Bansko</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Malak Kazan</a>, at the NE. foot of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Mt. Vichren</a>, limestone, ca. 2100 m, 13 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4539 (PRA, no. det. 26146). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Bansko</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Mt. Vichren</a>, near the shore of the upper lake of the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Vlachinski</a> ezera, at the eastern foot of the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Gredaro Ridge</a>, ca. 1.5 km W. of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat 41.75)">Mt. Chvojnati</a> vrch (2635 m), ca. 2250-2300 m, ca. 41° 45’ N, 23° 23’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6552 (PRA, no. det. 36081). – Bansko, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Banderica valley</a>, between Vichrenski preslap [pass] and the southern foot of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Mt. Vichren</a> (2914 m), ca. 2550–2600 m, 41° 45–46’ N, ca. 23° 24’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Trávníček, cultivated as JŠ 6299 (PRA, no. det. 36060); Ibidem, JŠ 9316 (PRA, no. det. 36058); Ibidem, JŠ 9312 (PRA, no. det. 36003). – Bansko, glacial cirque of Vasilaški Cirkus, upper lake of Todorino ezero, ca. 2500 m, 14 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4535 (PRA, no. det. 36057). – Bansko, Premkata Pass between Mt. Vichren and Mt. Kutelo I, limestone, 2700-2750 m, 13 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4536 (PRA, no. det. 36064). – Pirin Banderica Valley, 2270 m, 2 Aug 2000, Z. Szeląg (PRA, no. det. 36062). – Bansko, glacial cirque of Goljam Kazan on NE. slopes of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Mt. Vichren</a>, ca. 2400–2600 m, 15 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4526 (PRA, no. det. 36005). – Rila, Samokov, Borovec, Musalenski ezera, E. slopes ca. 100 m above the Musala Chalet, ca. 2400 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4827 (PRA, no. det. 36079); Ibidem, JŠ 4820 (PRA, no. det. 36082). – Samokov, Borovec, Musalenski ezera, lake shore ca. 500 m SW. of the Musala Chalet, ca. 2450 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4282 (PRA, no. det. 36077); Ibidem, JŠ 4503 (PRA, no. det. 36073); Ibidem, JŠ 4812 (PRA, no. det. 36067). – Samokov, Borovec, Musalenski ezera, along a brook below the Musala Chalet, 2200–2300 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4822 (PRA, no. det. 36075). – Rila, near the alpine chalet of Rybnie ezera, ca. 2000 m, 13 Aug 1986, B. Kuzmanov, cultivated as JŠ 3255 (PRA, no. det. 36071). – Samokov, Borovec, near the Musala Chalet, ca. 2390 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek &amp; B. Kuzmanov (PRA, no. det. 36078). – Stara Planina, Zlatiško-Tetevenska planina, Teteven, village of Ribarica, Mt. Vežen (2198 m), a ridge between Mt. Kamenica and the pass of Ribariški Prohod, ca. 1800–1950 m, ca. 42° 45’ N, ca. 24° 26–27’ E, 20 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6781 (PRA, no. det. 36080).</p> <p>Note:—There is a material that could have been assigned to T. circense only with a certain probability. It comes from the Rila (Ledenoto ezero, PRA, no. det. 36069; Maljovica Chalet, PRA, no. det. 36061; Komplex Maljovica, PRA, no. det. 36065; Maljovica Chalet, PRA, no. det. 36063), and the Pirin (Chvojnato ezero, PRA, no. det. 36042). We refer to this material collectively as the T. circense group, and leave it for further examination.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516711FFB9FF66FC17FB5BF8D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516714FFBAFF66FE43FC0EF912.text	03B73C516714FFBAFF66FE43FC0EF912.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum leopardinum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>6. Taraxacum leopardinum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Pirin, opp. Bansko, in circo glaciale Goljam Kazan ad decl. boreal. montis Vichren (2914 m), solo calcareo, 2400–2600 m, 15 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4864, collected in 1993 (PRA, no. det. 35732, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 25473, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Derived from the leopard’s colour pattern (originally from Greek, derived from Latin: leopardus).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1266–1268.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae insignes, foliis pallide viridibus glabris vel subglabris, pagina superiora folii maculis numerosis minutis saturate purpureis picta, phyllariis involucralibus exterioribus paucis (9–14), laxe adpressis, brevibus, variegatis, stria mediana lata atroviridi, in marginem albidam vel scariosam gradatim transeunte, acheniis pallide stramineo-brunnescentibus vel pallide fulvescentibus longissimis et crassiusculis, corpore achenii superne dense spinuloso-squamuloso, in pyramidem subconicam sensim abeunte.</p> <p>Plants small to medium-sized, ± slender, usually 8–14 (–20) cm tall. Plant base without tunic, with sparse brownish hairs among petiole bases. Petiole broadly winged in outer leaves, narrowly so in inner leaves, pale greenish or slightly suffused purple, (1–) 1.5–3 cm long. Leaves not numerous, variously erect-patent to patent, light green, with numerous, conspicuous little deep purple spots adaxially, ± glabrous, narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly elliptical, usually 5–9 (–20) × 1–3 cm, usually ± remotely pinnatisect; terminal segment not dominant, triangular to hastate-helmetshaped or ± trilobed, usually 1–2.5 × 1–2.5 cm, acute to obtusely acute, distal margin subconvex to sigmoid, usually entire, or sparsely lobulate-dentate, apical part often elongated, basal lobules usually patent, sometimes recurved or ± forward-pointing, proximal margin ± straight, entire; lateral segments in (2) 3–4 (5) pairs, deltoid-triangular to narrowly triangular, sometimes bird-wing-like, usually 5–15 mm long, 5–7 mm wide at base, patent to subrecurved, longer segment often subabruptly narrowed into a narrowly linear-triangular, acuminate distal part, distal margin ± straight to subsigmoid, often with several unequal filiform teeth at base, otherwise usually entire, proximal margin subconcave to subsigmoid, ± entire; interlobes ± long and narrow, 3–11 × 2.5–4 mm, with sparse acute teeth or ± entire, adaxially spotted, abaxially often blotched purple, margin usually raised, narrowly bordered brown-purple; mid-vein pale or suffused purplish. Scapes glabrous (or with a few hairs in the youngest scapes), pale greenish, later, after anthesis suffused purple, equalling or overtopping leaves. Capitulum yellow, 2–3 cm wide, flat to subconcave. Involucre ca. 7 mm wide and rounded at base. Outer phyllaries 9–14, loosely appressed, short, reaching 1/3–1/2 of the inner phyllaries, lanceolate to ovate, usually 5–6 × 1.5–2.5 mm, with contrasting colours, ± dark olivaceousgreen middle strip 1–1.5 mm wide, with a gradual transition in a pale greenish to whitish part to 0.5 mm wide and an irregularly developed translucent membranous border 0–0.3 mm wide, margin ± densely shortly ciliate, distal part of phyllary usually suffused purplish, apex flat; inner phyllaries 11–12 mm long, of ± equal width. Outer ligules long, ± flat, striped purplish brown-grey outside (the rest of ligule suffused pinkish), apical teeth black-purple, inner ligules canaliculate, their apical teeth usually reddish. Stigmas long, light discoloured, honey-yellow to greenish or greyish yellow, with pubescence hairs hyaline or with distal part dark. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes light stramineous brownish (to light beige), 5.4–5.8 × 1.2–1.4 mm, body with prominent lateral and dorsiventral ridges, densely shortly squamulose and spinulose in upper 1/5, with a gradual transition into a subconical cone 0.8–1.1 mm long; beak 6–7 mm long, pappus whitish, 6.5–7 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 48, 49, 50A.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:— Taraxacum leopardinum, very noticeable in having conspicuously spotted leaves, is also distinct in its broadly bordered outer phyllaries and long, light coloured achenes. It differs from T. circense and T. abnorme in the coloration of outer phyllaries, and from T. pirinicum in the achene colour.</p> <p>Note:—There is a population similar to T. leopardinum found in the Rila Mts., below the Musala Chalet, at about 2100 m (PRA, no. det. 36169). It is distinct in having less densely spotted leaves, darker stigmas (± black when dry), and smaller and darker achenes. It requires further examination and a new material.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—The relatively rich material of T. leopardinum is confined to the Pirin, and we consider this species as endemic to this mountain range (but see Note 1 below). It grows in stony sparse alpine grasslands, often on limestone, usually at (1900–) 2100–2600 m. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as VU.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. The Pirin, slopes of Mt. Vichren, above the Banderica valley, 2420 m, limestone, Seslerion comosae, 3 Aug 2000, Z. Szeląg (PRA, no. det. 25474). – Bansko, glacial cirque of Goljam Kazan on N. slopes of Mt. Vichren, limestone, ca. 2400–2600 m, 15 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4526 (PRA, no. det. 25472); Ibidem, JŠ 4864 (PRA, no. det. 25473); Ibidem, JŠ 4295 (PRA, no. det. 25471); Ibidem, JŠ 4526/ C (PRA, no. det. 36167). – Bansko, lower part glacial cirque of Goljam Kazan on N. slopes of Mt. Vichren, limestone, ca. 2400 m, 15 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4525 (PRA, no. det. 25470 &amp; 26132). – Bansko, between the glacial cirque of Goljam Kazan and the Malak Kazan on N. slopes of Mt. Vichren, limestone, 2300–2400 m, 15 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4523 (PRA, no. det. 25469). – Pirin, Sinaniškoto ezero, ca. 2100 m, 16 Sep 1970, N. Vihodcevsky (KRAM, no. det. 34640). – Bansko, Malak Kazan, at the NE. foot of Mt. Vichren, limestone, ca. 2100 m, 13 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4530 (PRA, no. det. 27691); Ibidem, JŠ 4855 (PRA, no. det. 36165); Ibidem, JŠ 4293 (PRA, no. det. 36163). – Bansko, valley of Banderica, above the Banderica Chalet, ca. 1900 m, 15 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4524 (PRA, no. det. 36146).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516714FFBAFF66FE43FC0EF912	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51671BFFB1FF66FA33FE4EFDC6.text	03B73C51671BFFB1FF66FA33FE4EFDC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum abnorme Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>7. Taraxacum abnorme Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Rila, opp. Samokov, pagus Borovec, Musalenski Ezera, ad casam alpinam “Ledenoto Ezero” in ripa lacus VII. (= Ledenoto ezero) sub monte Musala (2925 m), ca. 2715 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4493, collected in 1991 (PRA, no. det. 35758, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 26145, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Aberrant, strange, extraordinary (from Latin, abnormis, deviating from the rule).</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Species notabilis foliis pinnatisectis facie T. scanici, pallide viridibus glaberrimis, lobis lateralibus angustis, anguste triangularibus vel lineari-triangularibus, phyllariis involucralibus exterioribus paucis, numero 9–14, laxe adpressis, in sicco atroviridibus, limbo conspicuo 0.2–0.5 mm lato scarioso, stigmatibus fere luteis vel subluteis, acheniis longis et tenuibus, pallide stramineis vel pallide stramineo-brunnescentibus, corpore superne susparse squamuloso, in pyramidem subcylindricam crassiusculam 0.3–0.9 mm longam subabrupte transeunte.</p> <p>Plants small to medium-sized, ± slender, usually 9–18 cm tall. Plant base with a slightly developed tunic, almost glabrous among petiole bases. Petiole winged to broadly winged in outer leaves, narrowly winged or unwinged in the inner leaves, light greenish, usually 1.5–3 cm long. Leaves erect-patent to ± prostrate, light green, not spotted, glabrous, usually oblanceolate to narrowly so in outline, 5–10 × 1–2.5 cm, irregularly pinnatisect with segments and lobules (a shape similar to that of T. scanicum); terminal segment triangular, broadly triangular or helmet-shaped, usually 0.7–1.5 × 0.8–1.5 cm, sometimes elongated and subdivided, obtusely acute, distal margin subconvex to subsigmoid, entire, often with an asymmetrical shallow incision, basal lobules subrecurved, obtusely acute to acute, proximal margin concave to straight, entire; lateral segments (3) 4 (5) pairs, usually narrowly triangular to linear-triangular, usually 4–8 mm long, 5–10 mm wide at base, often subdivided in two lobe-like parts (a deep incision), recurved, distal margin ± straight to subconcave, entire or with 1–3 minute teeth, proximal margin subconcave or subsigmoid, entire; interlobes long, usually 3–8 mm long, to 6 mm wide, bordered brown-purple, entire or with 1–3 medium-sized teeth, or with a single thin lobule, margin ± raised; mid-vein pale (or purplish in old leaves). Scapes glabrous, pale greenish, suffused purplish after anthesis, usually overtopping leaves. Capitulum ca. 2.5–3 cm wide, yellow. Involucre slightly pruinose, rounded and 6–8 mm wide at base. Outer phyllaries 9–14, loosely appressed, relatively short, reaching 1/4–1/3 of inner phyllaries, ovate to ovate-lanceolate (the uppermost ones to lanceolate), usually 4.5–5.5 (–6.5) × 2–4.2 mm, surface ± evenly dark olivaceous-green (grey-black when dry), with a ± abrupt transition in a membranous to whitish-membranous border 0.2–0.5 mm wide, margin glabrous or irregularly minutely ciliate, apex elongated, suffused purplish, flat; inner phyllaries ca. 12 mm long, elongating after anthesis to reach ca. 15 mm, of ± equal width. Outer ligules flat, striped light greyish olivaceous outside, apical teeth grey, inner ligules canaliculate, their apical teeth dark yellow. Stigmas long, almost pure yellow, sometimes slightly greyish yellow or pale greenish yellow, usually with hyaline pubescence outside. Pollen present, conspicuously irregular in size. Achenes light stramineous to light stramineous-brown, long, subturbinate, 4.6–5.4 × 1.0– 1.1 mm, body with subsparse squamules and less frequent spinules in upper 1/6, subabruptly narrowing into a short, subcylindrical cone (0.3–) 0.4–0.9 × ca. 0.4 mm; beak 7–7.5 mm long, pappus ± white, 5.5–6 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 50B, 51, 52.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:— Taraxacum abnorme is strikingly similar to T. scanicum Dahlst. in its general habit. it is similar and probably related to species of the T. pirinicum group; from T. pirinicum, it conspicuously differs in the achene colour, in a broader border to outer phyllaries, and the leaf shape and colour, from T. leopardinum, it is distinct in leaves light green, not spotted, with narrower lateral segments, and achenes with the cone subcylindrical, and a shorter pappus.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Known from the Mt. Musala Massif in the Rila. It grows in ± disturbed alpine grasslands, at ca. 2700 m. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as VU.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. The Rila Mts., Samokov, village of Borovec, Musalenski ezera [lakes], in the vicinity of the alpine chalet of Ledenoto Ezero, along the shore of lake VII (Ledenoto ezero), below Mt. Musala, ca. 2715 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4493 (PRA, no. det. 26145); Ibidem (PRA, no. det. 26144, 26140, 26138, 26136); Ibidem, JŠ 4498 (PRA, no. det. 26141); Ibidem, JŠ 4487 (PRA, no. det. 26139); Ibidem, JŠ 4486/2 (PRA, no. det. 26137); Ibidem, JŠ 4497 (PRA, no. det. 26135); Ibidem, JŠ 4497 (PRA, no. det. 26143); Ibidem, JŠ 4493/1 (PRA, no. det. 26142). – Less certain identification:—Pirin, Bansko, Demjanica river valley, near a spring at Demjaniška polana, ca. 1800–1850 m, 41° 45–46’ N, 23° 28–29’ E., 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6294 (PRA, no. det. 36147). – Bulgaria, Pirin, Bansko, scree along Banderica River, near the Banderica Chalet, ca. 1800 m, 11 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4555 (PRA, no. det. 36158). – Rila, Samokov, Maljovica river valley, between “Komplex Maljovica” and the Maljovica Chalet, 1750–2000 m, 8 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4517 (PRA, no. det. 36156).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51671BFFB1FF66FA33FE4EFDC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51671EFFB2FF66FDEFFC5BFC83.text	03B73C51671EFFB2FF66FDEFFC5BFC83.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum pirinicum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>8. Taraxacum pirinicum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Pirin, opp. Bansko, locis glareosis in loco Malak Kazan ad pedem bor.-orient. montis Vichren (2914 m), solo calcareo, ca. 2100 m, 13 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4539, collected in 1991 (PRA, no. det. 35756, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 25516, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Relating to the Pirin Mts.</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1273–1274.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Species Taraxaco leopardino propinqua sed differt foliis immaculatis, acheniis subobscure brunneis vel brunneo-castaneis et phyllariis exterioribus angustissime (0.05–0.1 mm) albomarginatis.</p> <p>Plants ± medium-sized, relatively slender, usually 10–15 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, with sparse brownish hairs among petiole bases. Petiole pale greenish to pale, medium broadly winged in outer leaves, narrow in the inner leaves, 2.5–3.5 cm long. Leaves variously erect-patent, ± vivid mid-green, not spotted, glabrous to subglabrous, narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly oblong, usually 6–9 × 1.5–2.5 cm, pinnatisect; terminal segment variously triangular to trilobed, 1–2 × 1.2–1.8 cm, apex acute, often lingulate-mucronate, distal margin convex to sigmoid, entire or basally with several little teeth, basal lobules acute to acuminate, subrecurved, less often patent to upcurved, proximal margin ± straight to subsigmoid, entire, basally with ± raised margin; lateral segments in 3–4 (5) pairs, deltoid-triangular or narrowly so, or of a narrow bird-wing shape, usually 7–12 mm long, 4–8 mm wide at base, distally narrowed, lingulateelongated, distal margin sigmoid to concave, entire or with several teeth or lobules at base, proximal margin ± straight to subconcave or subconvex, entire; interlobes usually 4–15 × 2–4.5 mm, green, not bordered, margin sometimes ± raised, entire or with a few minute teeth, or with a lobule near the proximal segment‘s base; mid-vein pale, sometimes slightly suffused brownish(-purplish). Scapes very sparsely arachnoid to subglabrous, pale greenish, overtopping leaves. Capitulum ca. 3.5 cm wide, golden yellow, ± flat. Involucre slightly pruinose, 7–8 mm wide and ± narrowly rounded at base. Outer phyllaries 10–15, loosely appressed (distal part suberect and apex incurved), reaching 2/5–1/2 of the inner phyllaries, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, the uppermost ones to lanceolate, usually 5–6 × 2.5–3.5 mm, surface ± evenly dark olivaceous-green (black-green when dry), with an abrupt transition in a narrow white border 0.05–0.1 mm wide, margin sparsely minutely ciliate, apex flat; inner phyllaries ca. 13 mm long, of unequal width. Outer ligules flat, striped grey-olivaceous outside, often wholly suffused purplish, apical teeth black to black-purple, inner ligules canaliculate, their apical teeth dark yellow. Stigmas light discoloured, greenish yellow, pubescence hairs with a black tip. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes medium dark pure brown, less often to castaneous-brown, 4.4–6.0 × 0.9–1.2 mm, relatively densely (in approximated rows) shortly spinulose and squamulose in upper 1/6–1/8, subgradually narrowing into a short, subcylindrical to subconical cone 0.5–0.9 mm long, ca. 0.4 mm thick below the middle part; beak (4.5–) 6–7 mm long, pappus ± white or whitish, 5–6.5 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 50C, 53, 54.</p> <p>Note: Because of the achene colour variation observed among populations, we consider it as possible that T. pirinicum consists of several clones.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes: Taraxacum pirinicum is similar to T. leopardinum but can be easily distinguished from it by the pure brown achenes, leaves without spots, and a narrower border to the outer phyllaries.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat: Taraxacum pirinicum is confined to the Pirin Mts. It grows in wet stony grasslands, stabilised scree, rocky slopes in the alpine belt, in upper parts of valleys, glacial cirques, and in carstic depressions. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as NT.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. Bansko, valley of Banderica, valley of Vichrenska voda [brook], above the Vichren Chalet, ca. 2300 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4537 (PRA, no. det. 25521). – Bansko, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Banderica valley</a>, upper part of the valley of Vichrenska voda brook, below the Vichrenski Preslap ridge, ca. 2450 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4303 (PRA, no. det. 25519). – Bansko, valley of Banderica, in the pass of Vichrenski preslap, between <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Mt. Chvojnati</a> vrch (2635 m) and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Mt. Vichren</a> (2914 m), above the Vichren Chalet, 2550–2600 m, ca. 41° 45–46’ N, 23° 24’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Trávníček, cultivated as JŠ 6531 (PRA, no. det. 25518). – Bansko, valley of Banderica, between the pass of Vichrenski preslap and the S. foot of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Mt. Vichren</a>, above the Vichren Chalet, 2550–2600 m, ca. 41° 45–46’ N, 23° 24’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Trávníček, cultivated as JŠ 6299/D (PRA, no. det. 26133); Ibidem, JŠ 9308 (PRA, no. det. 27693); Ibidem, JŠ 9309 (PRA, no. det. 27692). – Bansko, carstic depression near Malak Kazan, limestone, ca. 2100 m, 13 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4530 (PRA, no. det. 25517). – Bansko, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Banderica valley</a>, W. slope below the ridge of the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Vlachinski</a> preval [pass], ca. 2500 m, ca. 41° 45’ N, ca. 23° 24’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6515 (PRA, no. det. 25515). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Pirin</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Bansko</a>, glacial cirque of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Goljam Kazan</a> on N. slopes of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Mt. Vichren</a>, 2400–2600 m, 15 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4862 (PRA, no. det. 25514); Ibidem, JŠ 4526 (PRA, no. det. 25512); Ibidem, JŠ 4294 (PRA, no. det. 25509); Ibidem, JŠ 4526 (PRA, no. det. 25507). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Bansko</a>, valley of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Banderica</a>, upper part of the valley of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Vichrenska</a> voda, below the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Vichrenski Preslap</a> ridge, ca. 2450 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4885 (PRA, no. det. 25513). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Bansko</a>, lower part glacial cirque of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Goljam Kazan</a> on N. slopes of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Mt. Vichren</a>, ca. 2400 m, 15 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4525 (PRA, no. det. 25511). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Bansko</a>, E. slope below <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Vichrenski</a> preslap [ridge], between Mt. Vichren and Mt. Chvojnati vrech, ca. 2500 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4532 (PRA, no. det. 25510 &amp; 26134). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Bansko</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Premkata Pass</a> between Mt. Vichren and Mt. Kutelo I, limestone, 2700-2750 m, 13 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek cultivated as JŠ 4536 (PRA, no. det. 25508). – Banderica, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Mt. Vichren</a>, 9 Aug 1997, cultivated as JK 4683 (PRA, no. det. 35806). – Pirin, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Bajovi</a> dupki, ca. 2050 m, 9 Aug 1939, B. Achtaroff (SOM, no. det. 35829). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Less</a> certain identification: Bansko, gravelly sites along <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.4/lat 41.75)">Banderica Brook</a>, near the Banderica Chalet, ca. 1800 m, 11 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4555 (PRA, no. det. 25520).</p> <p>Note:—In the material collected by R. Doll in the vicinity of alpine chalets of Maljovica and Musala, the Rila, in 1976, there is a form similar to T. pirinicum. The material appeared in Doll (1978) under several names: T. panalpinum, T. aequilobiforme and T. metriocallosum but does not belong to either of these taxa. The material is of a rather inferior quality (although better than most of his other gatherings), and we are able to point out a few features possibly distinguishing it from T. pirinicum: Leaves ± prostrate, glabrous, pinnatisect with narrow, patent lateral segments, interlobes often with a narrow lobule and/or several filiform teeth, petiole broadly winged, outer phyllaries loosely appressed, lanceolate, 5–6 × (1–) 2–2.5 mm, probably some erect-patent, with an indistinct border 0.1–0.2 mm wide, achenes lighter pure brown, 4.1–5.0 × 1.0– 1.1 mm, body with short squamules and spinules above, with a subabrupt transition into a subcylindrical to subconical cone 0.6–1.0 mm long, beak 7–8 mm long, pappus 5.5–6.5 mm long, ± white (agamosperm). This material requires further study, and new specimens of a standard quality.</p> <p>BULGARIA. Rila, the Musala Chalet, ca. 2000–2400 m, 12 Jul 1976, R. Doll, as Taraxacum metriocallosum (JE, no. det. 19255). – Ibidem, as Taraxacum aequilobiforme (JE, no. det. 19054). – Rila, the Maljovica Chalet, along a brook, 16 Jul 1976, R. Doll as Taraxacum panalpinum (JE, no. det. 19060).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51671EFFB2FF66FDEFFC5BFC83	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51671DFF8CFF78FC33FA24FE32.text	03B73C51671DFF8CFF78FC33FA24FE32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum (sect. Rhodocarpa) van Soest 1954	<div><p>D. Taraxacum sect. Rhodocarpa van Soest (1954: 15)</p> <p>Type:— Taraxacum rhodocarpum Dahlst.</p> <p>= Taraxacum sect. Alpestria (van Soest 1966a: 35) van Soest (1966b: 459)</p> <p>≡ Taraxacum subgroup Alpestria van Soest (1966a: 35)</p> <p>Type:— Taraxacum reophilum van Soest (1959: 132, as “reopliclum”)</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Taraxacum sect. Rhodocarpa is a name recently found to be an older synonym of T. sect. Alpestria that was introduced to accommodate Alpine dandelions, morphologically intermediate between T. sect. Alpina G. E. Haglund or T. sect. Fontana van Soest and T. sect. Taraxacum (Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner 2021). When the early publications of van Soest (1966, 1966a, 1969) are considered, it is evident that his T. sect. Alpestria is a heterogeneous group encompassing morphologically mutually remote taxa (Uhlemann 2015), such as T. rhaeticum van Soest (1959: 134), or a group with ochraceous or reddish achenes (T. ochrospermum van Soest 1969: 122, T. rufocarpoides van Soest 1969: 122) or T. perfissum van Soest (1959: 129). A quite separate position is occupied by T. reophilum, the type of T. sect. Alpestria. Another group within the original T. sect. Alpestria includes T. alpestre (Tausch 1821: 564) Candolle (1838: 148), T. nigricans (Kitaibel in Schultes 1814: 405) Reichenbach (1831: 270) and allied taxa (Štěpánek et al. 2011), with the only known sexual member of this section, T. carpaticum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner (2011: 550), a species confined to the southernmost Carpathians. Taraxacum rhodocarpum is another distinctive, rather marginal taxon of this section.</p> <p>Relationships among various groups of dandelions in the higher elevations of the Alps are difficult to outline because of the absence of Taraxacum sexuality there (sexual members of T. sect. Taraxacum occur at lower elevations in several regions of the Alps in Austria and Switzerland). On the other hand, there are several alpine sections of Taraxacum in the mountains of northern Greece, Bulgaria and Romania, with sexuality involved: T. paludosiforme of T. sect. Crocea (Rila, Pirin), T. pyrenaicum subsp. balcanicum of T. sect. Obliqua (Pirin), T. bulgaricum of T. sect. Bulgarica (Rila, Pirin, Belasica) and T. carpaticum (the Bucegi Mts., the Piatra Craiului Mts., Romania); we should also mention the widespread sexual T. linearisquameum van Soest (1966: 471) of T. sect. Taraxacum in the lowlands of Bulgaria and Romania.</p> <p>The Bulgarian Taraxacum species included in T. sect. Rhodocarpa (= T. sect. Alpestria) in the present paper mostly exhibit certain relationships with the above sexual taxa: T. fragile and T. musteum are close to the group of T. alpestre and T. nigricans (and therefore to T. carpaticum); T. rhodopaeum, T. pictum and T. incantatum are similar to the experimental hybrids between T. linearisquameum and T. paludosiforme (J. Štěpánek, unpublished), and may have originated in a similar way. No clear links were found between the group of T. serenum, T. tetricum and T. radmilae and other taxa, perhaps with the exception of T. salutator. The remaining species, T. recognitum, T. pseudorecognitum and T. pandum, having relatively stiff leaves with narrow lateral segments, may be related to T. erzincanense, a species of unknown sectional position. Last, we should mention T. hamosius as an isolated taxon with distinctive features of achenes and leaves, similar to the group of T. rhaeticum van Soest (1959: 134) and T. hercynicum Kirschner &amp; Štěpánek (1997a: 51). There is a morphological evidence of oligo- or multiclonality in several Bulgarian species of T. sect. Rhodocarpa (T. rhodopaeum, T. pictum and T. incantatum), and it is possible that (not only) the latter are relatively young hybridogenous apomicts.</p> <p>It follows from the above considerations that we accept the traditional, broad circumscription of T. sect. Rhodocarpa (= T. sect. Alpestria) under the absence of a more detailed study of the Alpine dandelions and their relationships. The following description includes characters of the T. alpestre group, the Bulgarian species of T. sect. Rhodocarpa, and the core members of this section in the Alps.</p> <p>Note:—The possible occurrence of T. sect. Rhodocarpa in upper montane and montane belts of the Bulgarian mountains may be underestimated because of a lower density of collection sites, as compared with the higher alpine localities.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Plants medium-sized to ± robust; plant base without tunic. Leaves erect, erect-patent to patent-prostrate, most often subglabrous to glabrous, usually deeply dissected, often having a shape of those of T. officinale s. lat., petiole often winged, mid-vein without the longitudinally striate pattern. Capitulum yellow, deep yellow or golden yellow, often large; stigmas discoloured, pollen usually present. Involucre medium broad, rounded to obconical at base, pruinose or not so. Outer phyllaries most often 12–19, loosely appressed, erect-patent, arcuate-patent to arcuate recurved, not tightly appressed, nor reflexed, usually from narrowly lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, relatively short, most frequently (5–) 6–9 × 2–3.5 mm, surface usually ± evenly olivaceous-green, dark olivaceous-green, deep grey-green, often blackishgreen when dry, most often with an abrupt transition in an inconspicuous, membranous or whitish-membranous border 0.1–0.3 mm wide, sometimes border absent or broader, margin glabrous or sparsely minutely ciliate, apex flat.Achenes light stramineous-brown, light yellowish brown, light greyish stramineous-brown, sometimes light brown to medium brown, 3.5–5 × ca. 0.9–1.1 mm, achene body usually ± densely spinulose above, most often abruptly or subabruptly, seldom to gradually narrowing in a short subcylindrical to subconical, sometimes conical, cone usually 0.5–0.9 mm long, rarely longer; beak thin, persistent, (4.5–) 6–8 (–9) mm long, pappus ± white.</p> <p>An identification key to the Bulgarian members of T. sect. Rhodocarpa</p> <p>1 Petioles unwinged or very narrowly winged.................................................................................................................................... 2</p> <p>– Petioles broadly winged or winged in all leaves, or broadly winged in the earlier, outer leaves and narrowly so or unwinged in the late, inner leaves............................................................................................................................................................................... 4</p> <p>2 Outer phyllaries abaxially with a dark middle part bordered pale greenish, with a gradual transition in a narrow border; distal part of achene body covered with large, coarse, ± appressed squamules; stigmas dark discoloured, almost black when dry.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 40. T. pictum, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Outer phyllaries abaxially ± evenly coloured, with an abrupt transition into a narrow border; distal part of achene body with ± dense, short suberect to erect-patent spinules and squamules; stigmas medium discoloured.......................................................... 3</p> <p>3 Achene cone conical to subconical; leaves with conspicuously remote, patent lateral segments, interlobes 5–12 mm long.................................................................................................................................................................................... 38. T. pandum, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Achene cone cylindrical to subcylindrical; lateral segments usually subrecurved, not remote, interlobes usually 2–6 mm long........................................................................................................................................................................... 34. T. radmilae, sp. nov.</p> <p>4 Petiole light greenish or pale green.................................................................................................................................................. 5</p> <p>– Petiole suffused light to deep pink-purple, brown-purple or purple................................................................................................. 9</p> <p>5 Achenes medium brown with a dark cinnamon hue............................................................................... 36. T. recognitum, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Achenes light stramineous-brown, or light to pale yellowish brown............................................................................................... 6</p> <p>6 Cone (0.3–) 0.5–0.8 mm long........................................................................................................................................................... 7</p> <p>– Cone usually 0.8–1.3 mm long......................................................................................................................................................... 8</p> <p>7 Outer phyllary surface colour with a gradual transition in a border 0.2–0.5 mm wide; leaves mostly with ± patent lateral segments...................................................................................................................................................... 32. T. serenum, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Outer phyllary surface evenly blackish green, almost unbordered, the almost invisible border to 0.1 mm wide; leaves mostly with hamate-recurved lateral segments................................................................................................................... 42. T. pseudoalpestre</p> <p>8 Outer phyllaries narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, 1.5–2 mm wide......................................................... 29. T. musteum, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Outer phyllaries ovate to lanceolate, 2–3 mm wide........................................................................................ 30. T. fragile, sp. nov.</p> <p>9 Leaves subdensely arachnoid along mid-vein and subsparsely arachnoid on both surfaces, hairs coarse; distal leaf segments usually with sparse brown-purple spots; interlobes inconspicuously blotched; leaf segments approximated....... 31. T. hamosius, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Leaves glabrous, subglabrous or sparsely arachnoid along mid-vein and glabrous to subglabrous on both surfaces, hairs soft; leaf segments not spotted; interlobes not blotched; leaf segments not approximated........................................................................... 10</p> <p>10 Outer phyllaries regularly loosely appressed, with a gradual transition in a narrow membranous border; cone 0.5–0.7 mm long..................................................................................................................................................................... 41. T. incantatum, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Outer phyllaries usually erect-patent, arcuate, arcuate-patent or arcuate-recurved, some of them may be loosely appressed, with an abrupt transition in a narrow, whitish, whitish-membranous or membranous border; cone usually 0.7–1.2 mm long................. 11</p> <p>11 Beak 8–11 mm long; leaves with lateral segments clearly recurved..................................................... 39. T. rhodopaeum, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Beak 6–8 mm long; leaves with lateral segments predominantly patent....................................................................................... 12</p> <p>12 Leaves light yellowish green; outer phyllaries 10–13................................................................. 37. T. pseudorecognitum, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Leaves mid-green to slightly greyish mid-green; outer phyllaries 14–20...................................................................................... 13</p> <p>13 Achene body ± abruptly narrowing in the cone; longitudinal ridges on the achene body not distinct........ 33. T. tetricum, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Achene body gradually narrowing in the cone; both lateral and dorsiventral longitudinal ridges on the achene body prominent.......................................................................................................................................................................... 35. T. salutator, sp. nov.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51671DFF8CFF78FC33FA24FE32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516723FF89FF66FD86FAB8FC04.text	03B73C516723FF89FF66FD86FAB8FC04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum musteum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>9. Taraxacum musteum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, urbs Sofia, montes Vitoša, pagus Dragalevci, graminosis herbosisque secundum viam turisticam in loco <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat 42.566666)">Meča</a> poljana situ meridio-orientali a deversorio <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat 42.566666)">Aleko</a>, in declivitate boreo-orientali montis <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat 42.566666)">Malak Rezen</a> (2191 m), ca. 1850–1950 m, ca. 42° 34’ N, ca. 23° 18’ E, 27 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6905, collected in 2000 (PRA, no. det. 35757, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 25435, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Fresh, young, vivid (from Latin, musteus).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1298–1307.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Species bulgarica divulgata, petiolis pallide viridibus, foliis pallide viridibus vel lutescenti-viridibus, ± glabris, nitentibus, scapis glabris, phyllariis involucralibus exterioribus laxe adpressis vel erectis, angustis, 1.5–2 mm latis, angustissime inconspicue marginatis, acheniis pallide stramineo-brunnescentibus vel pallide stramineo-fulvescentibus, corpore superne dense breviter spinuloso-squamuloso, in pyramidem cylindricam vel subcylindricam, 0.8–1.3 mm longam subsensim transeunte, bene dignoscendae.</p> <p>Plants medium-sized, less often small, usually 6–15 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, with very sparse hairs among petiole bases. Petiole light greenish, ± unwinged or narrowly winged in young, inner leaves, broadly winged, 1.5–3 × 1–2 cm, in outer leaves. Leaf rosette ± compact, leaves variously erect-patent, patent or prostrate, light vivid green to yellowish green, almost totally glabrous (occasional hairs along mid-vein), shining, not spotted, three-dimensional with raised to plicate interlobe margins, narrowly elliptical to oblanceolate, usually 4.5–10 × 1.5–3.5 cm, pinnatisect; older, outer leaves yellowish green; terminal segment broadly triangular to flat rhombic, 1–2 × 1.5–3.5 cm, often ± trilobed, distal margin concave, entire or undulate, proximal margin ± straight, entire, basal lobules patent, ± acute; lateral segments in 2–3 (4) pairs, hamate-recurved, usually 0.7–1.5 cm long, 0.7–1.4 cm wide at base, distal margin convex to ± straight and undulate, ± entire, proximal margin distinctly concave, ± entire; interlobes relatively broad, 2– 9 × 3–8 mm, green, not bordered, entire, margin raised, often plicate, rarely with 1–2 teeth; inner leaves differ in darker colour, terminal segment triangular, (2–) 2.5–3.5 × (2–) 3.5–4.5 cm, often with a sagittate base, lateral segments in 3–5 pairs, narrowly triangular, ± conspicuously recurved, distal margin subsigmoid to ± convex, undulate, entire or with a few little teeth, proximal margin ± straight to subconcave; mid-vein pale greenish. Scapes pale greenish, ± glabrous, shorter than leaves. Capitulum deep yellow, ca. 3.5 cm wide, ± flat to subconcave. Involucre light green, pruinose, subobconical to ± rounded and 7–8 mm wide at base. Outer phyllaries 13–19, ± loosely appressed to erect, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, relatively small, 4–6 × 1.5–2 mm, reaching 2/5–1/2 of the inner ones, light to medium dark olivaceous-green, with a darker base, middle line and apex, with ± abrupt transition in a whitish-membranous or greyish border 0.05–0.1 mm wide, margin sometimes minutely ciliate in distal 1/4, apex often reddish, subcallose; inner phyllaries 12–13 mm long, light green, of unequal width (not coalescing). Outer ligules relatively long, flat, striped purplish grey-olivaceous outside, apical teeth black-purple, inner ligules canaliculate, their apical teeth dark yellow to dirty yellow. Stigmas discoloured, yellow-green with a medium dark pubescence outside. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes light stramineous-brown, often with a light greyish or light beige hue, 4.0–5.3 × 0.9–1.0 mm, body with distinct lateral ridges, ± densely covered with short spinules and squamules, spinules on ridges more robust, body subgradually narrowing into a cylindrical to subcylindrical cone 0.8–1.3 × ca. 0.3–0.35 mm, with a few minute spinules proximally; beak (4.5–) 5.5–6.5 mm, pappus white or whitish, 5.5–6.5 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 55, 56, 60A.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:— Taraxacum musteum, a member of the T. alpestre group, is also similar to the group of species around T. chrysocephalum. It is distinct in having yellowish green leaves, ± glabrous scape, pale greenish petiole and mid-vein, light green and pruinose involucre, outer phyllaries loosely appressed to erect, relatively light green and inconspicuously bordered, achenes light stramineous-brown, with distinct lateral ridges, ± dense spinulosity and short but robust spinules on ridges, and a relatively narrow and long cone. It is similar to T. carpaticum that is sexual and has pollen grains of regular size, outer phyllaries unbordered, mid-vein often purplish, and cone shorter and conical.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Taraxacum musteum is one of the most widely distributed mountain species in Bulgaria. It was recorded from the Stara Planina, the Vitosha, Rila, Pirin and Rhodopes. It grows in wet grasslands along brook in the subalpine and alpine belts, at an elevation of 1750–2550 m. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated asLC.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. Pirin, Bansko, Banderica valley, upper part of the valley of Vichrenska voda brook, below the Vichrenski Preslap ridge, ca. 2450 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4540 (PRA, no. det. 25440). – Bansko, valley of Banderica, valley of Vichrenska voda [brook], above the Vichren Chalet, ca. 2300 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4537 (PRA, no. det. 26189). – Bansko, valley of Banderica, below the pass of Vichrenski preslap between Mt. Chvojnati vrch and Mt. Vichren, ca. 2450–2550 m, 41° 45–46’ N, 23° 24–25’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Trávníček, cultivated as JŠ 6508 (PRA, no. det. 25438); Ibidem, JŠ 6509 (PRA, no. det. 25432); Ibidem, JŠ 6549 (PRA, no. det. 25429). – Banderica, Mt. Vichren slopes, 9 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4670 (PRA, no. det. 35813); Ibidem, JK 4669 (PRA, no. det. 35807); Ibidem, JK 4667 (PRA, no. det. 35811); Ibidem, JK 4668 (PRA, no. det. 35809). – Pirin, Demjanica Chalet, stream banks, 2200 m, 8 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4326 (PRA, no. det. 35824). – Rila, Samokov, Borovec, Musalenski ezera, near the Musala Chalet (2389 m), 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek &amp; B. Kuzmanov, cultivated as JŠ 4826 (PRA, no. det. 25437); Ibidem, JŠ 4818 (PRA, no. det. 25436); Ibidem, JŠ 4285 (PRA, no. det. 25431); Ibidem, JŠ 4283 (PRA, no. det. 25430); Ibidem (PRA, no. det. 26188). – Samokov, in the valley of Maljovica River, between the resort of “Kompleks Maljovica” and the alpine chalet of Maljovica, 1750–2000 m, 8 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4807 (PRA, no. det. 26192). – Samokov, Rila, above the Maljovica Chalet, 2000–2100 m, 8 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4805 (PRA, no. det. 26191). – Samokov, near the Maljovica Chalet, 1900–2000 m, 8 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4808 (PRA, no. det. 26190); Ibidem, JŠ 4280 (PRA, no. det. 25439). – Samokov, near the Maljovica Chalet, 9 Aug 1997, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JK 4695 (PRA, no. det. 35817). – Maljovica, straem banks between the Maljovica Chalet and the glacial cirque, 10 Aug 1997, [B. Trávníček], cultivated as JK 4333. (PRA, no. det. 35947). – Vitosha, Dragalevci, NE. slope of Mt. Malak Rezen (2191 m), Meča poljana, 1850–1950 m, ca. 42° 34’ N ”, ca. 23° 18’ E, 27 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6905 (PRA, no. det. 25435); Ibidem, JŠ 6906 (PRA, no. det. 25433); Ibidem, JŠ 6904 (PRA, no. det. 26184). – Vitoša, village of Dragalevci, around the alpine shelter Alpicum on the summit of Černi vrch, 2280-2290 m, ca. 42° 34’ N, ca. 23° 18’ E, 27 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6891 (PRA, no. det. 25434). – Dragalevci, NW. slopes below the summit of Mt. Goljam Rezen, ca. 2200–2250 m, ca. 42° 34’ N, ca. 23° 18’ E, 27 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6983 (PRA, no. det. 26187). – Rhodopes, Čepelare, the Černatica Mts., Chvojna village, around Mt. Goljam Persenk (2091 m), in the pass between Mt. Goljam Persenk and Persenk, ca. 2 km W. of Skalni Mostove, ca. 1900–1950 m, ca. 41° 49’ N, ca. 24° 33’ E, 24 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6918 (PRA, no. det. 26200); Ibidem, JŠ 6959 (PRA, no. det. 26200); Ibidem, JŠ 6913 (PRA, no. det. 26194); Ibidem, JŠ 6970 (PRA, no. det. 26193); Ibidem, JŠ 6916 (PRA, no. det. 26186); Ibidem, JŠ 6917 (PRA, no. det. 26185); Ibidem, JŠ 6914 (PRA, no. det. 26183); Ibidem, JŠ 6968 (PRA, no. det. 26182). – Čepelare, the Černatica Mts., Chvojna village, Mt. Goljam Persenk (2091 m), along the tourist path ca. 2–3 km W. of Skalni Mostove, ca. 1900–1950 m, ca. 41° 49’ N, 24° 32–33’ E, 24 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6939 (PRA, no. det. 26196). – Stara Planina, Zlatiško-Tetevenska planina, Teteven, village of Ribarica, Mt. Vežen (2198 m), the Kamenica Ridge, ca. 1950–2050 m, 20 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as TaB4 (PRA, no. det. 26199). – Zlatiško-Tetevenska planina, Teteven, village of Ribarica, Mt. Vežen (2198 m), a slopes between the pass of Ribariški Prohod and Gorni Vetroviti Preslap, ca. 1700 m, 20 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as TaB 5 (PRA, no. det. 26198). – Zlatiško-Tetevenska planina, Teteven, village of Ribarica, below the summit of Mt. Vežen (2198 m), ca. 2100 m, 20 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as TaB 3 (PRA, no. det. 26197). – Less certain identification: Rila, near the Ivan-Vasov Chalet, ca. 2200 m, 26 Jul 1989, B. Kuzmanov 89122, cultivated as JK T232 (PRA, no. det. 35815).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516723FF89FF66FD86FAB8FC04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516726FF8BFF66FBAFFF5EFE48.text	03B73C516726FF8BFF66FBAFFF5EFE48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum fragile Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>0. Taraxacum fragile Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.466667/lat 41.75)">Pirin</a>, opp. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.466667/lat 41.75)">Bansko</a>, vallis flum. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.466667/lat 41.75)">Demjanica</a>, locis glareosis sub <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.466667/lat 41.75)">Picea</a> in alluvionibus vetustis flum. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.466667/lat 41.75)">Demjanica</a>, haud procul (supra = situ merid.) a casa alpina Demjanica (1895 m), ca. 9.5 km situ merid. ab opp. Bansko, ca. 1850–1900 m, ca. 41° 45’ N, 23° 28’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9289, collected in 2012 (PRA, no. det. 36074, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 36076, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Unstable, fragile, unsteady (from Latin, fragilis).</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Species ax affinitate T. pseudoalpestri sed differt acheniis pallide stramineo-brunnescentibus, pyramide cylindrica, saepissime 0.8–1.4 mm longa, phyllariis involucralibus exterioribus paucioribus, et foliis pallide viridibus glaberrimis, subfragilibus lactuciformibus.</p> <p>Plants medium-sized to relatively large, 15–20 cm tall, not robust. Plant base without tunic, with sparse brownish hairs among petiole bases. Petiole pale green, winged to broadly winged, 3–7 cm long. Leaves variously erect-patent, glabrous to almost glabrous, yellowish green, shining, lettuce-like crisp, not spotted, oblanceolate to narrowly so in outline, usually 7–18 × 3–5 cm, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect; terminal segment broadly triangular to broadly helmetshaped, usually 1.5–3 × 1.7–3.5 cm, acute, sometimes broadly mucronate, distal margin usually convex to subsigmoid, usually entire, basal lobules ± patent or subrecurved, proximal margin concave to straight, entire or seldom with a single, short, broad basal tooth; lateral segments in (2) 3 (4) pairs, narrowly triangular, ± arcuate-recurved, ± birdwing-like in older leaves, acute to acuminate, usually 1–2 cm long, 0.5–1.3 cm wide at base, distal margin convex or sigmoid, entire, seldom with a single tooth, proximal margin concave or ± straight, entire or with a single basal tooth; interlobes relatively broad, usually 0.6–1.5 × 0.5–1.7 cm, green, unbordered, usually with a single large tooth or lobule to 7 mm long, otherwise entire or sparsely denticulate; mid-vein pale. Scapes pale greenish at anthesis, very sparsely arachnoid or glabrous, ± equalling leaves. Capitulum relatively small, ca. 3 cm wide, ± flat, yellow. Involucre slightly pruinose, broadly obconical and ca. 8–9 mm wide at base. Outer phyllaries 12–15, loosely appressed and distally erect, later to arcuate-patent, short, reaching 1/3–2/5 of the inner ones, ovate to lanceolate, usually 4–5.5 × 2–3 mm, abaxial surface dark grey-green (almost black when dry), with a slightly darker middle line and an abrupt transition in an inconspicuous, „dirty“ membranous paler border ca. 0.05 mm wide, margin irregularly minutely ciliate, apex flat; inner phyllaries 10–11 mm long, of ± equal width. Outer ligules flat, ± broad, striped purplish grey-brown outside, apical teeth adaxially yellow, abaxially dark grey, inner ligules canaliculate, their apical teeth yellow. Stigmas medium discoloured, brownish yellow with black pubescence outside. Pollen abundant, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes light stramineous-brown, 3.7–5.0 × 1.0– 1.1 mm, body subdensely shortly spinulose and squamulose in the upper 1/3– 1/4, ± gradually narrowing into a subcylindrical to cylindrical cone (0.6–) 0.8–1.4 × 0.30–0.35 mm, sometimes with a few minute spinules proximally; beak 4.5–6 mm long, pappus white to dirty white, 4–5 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 57, 60B.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:— Taraxacum fragile is characterized by quite unusual achenes with a long, ± thin cylindrical cone, and yellowish green, ± glabrous leaves. It is similar to T. pseudoalpestre Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, a species of southern Carpathians.The latter has achenes with a short, conical cone, and more numerous outer phyllaries. Taraxacum fragile is obviously allied to T. musteum, a species easily discernible by more numerous and much narrower outer phyllaries.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Known from a single macrolocality at the foot of the Mt. Vichren Massif at about 1900 m a.s.l. It grows on gravelly alluvial deposits along Demjanica River. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as VU.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516726FF8BFF66FBAFFF5EFE48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516724FF84FF54FE7AFDF3FF3B.text	03B73C516724FF84FF54FE7AFDF3FF3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum hamosius Doll 1978	<div><p>. Taraxacum hamosius Doll (1978: 636); originally published as “hamosium”, corrected in Kirschner, Štěpánek &amp; Greuter (2008: 766)</p> <p>Type:— Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Borovez, Sessellift., 11 Jul 1976, R. Doll (JE, no. det. 19257, holotype; isotype: JE, no. det. 19258).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1099–1102 (under the name of T. hyoseris, ined.).</p> <p>Etymology:—More hooked (derived from Latin, hamosus, hooked).</p> <p>Plants medium-sized, usually 12–18 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, without indumentum among petiole bases. Petiole usually winged, broadly so in outer leaves, usually suffused pink-purple. Leaves patent to erect-patent, light green, with very sparse, irregular, brown-purple spots 1–2 mm wide, mainly on middle and distal leaf segments, with scattered, relatively coarse, arachnoid hairs on both surfaces, more densely arachnoid on the mid-vein, narrowly oblong or narrowly oblanceolate in outline, usually 7–20 × 2–5 cm, pinnatisect, terminal segment relatively small, broadly triangular to broadly helmet-shaped, with sagittate to subhastate base, acute to mucronate, distal margin convex to sigmoid, entire, basal lobules recurved, seldom ± patent, sometimes overlapping the neighbouring segment‘s distal part, proximal margin ± straight to subsigmoid, entire; lateral segments numerous, (5) 6–7 pairs, approximated in outer and middle leaves, hamate-recurved to bird-wing-like or ± triangular, usually 1–2.5 cm long, 0.7–1.5 cm wide at base, apex acute to acuminate, recurved, distal margin convex, sometimes sigmoid, usually with a single thin acuminate tooth (to 6 mm long) ± in the middle, sometimes entire, proximal margin concave, sometimes ± sigmoid to ± straight, entire or with a single triangular tooth near the base; lateral segments of inner leaves longer (to 3.5 cm), narrowly triangular, subhamate, more distinctly dentate; interlobes short, usually 2–7 × 3–6 mm, blotched brown-purple but not conspicuously, margins ± raised, entire or with a few little filiform teeth; mid-vein conspicuously coloured pink to pink-purple. Scapes medium densely floccose-arachnoid, initially pale greenish with basal part pinkish, later getting more deeply purplish to bronze, most often overtopping leaves, sometimes subequalling them. Capitulum golden yellow, 3.5–4.5 cm wide, flat. Involucre broadly obconical to almost truncate and 7–8 mm wide at base, substantially broadening during ripening. Outer phyllaries 15–19, relatively regularly arranged, ± patent at anthesis, sometimes sigmoid or straight and subrecurved, narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, 6–8.5 × 2.5–3 (–3.5) mm, adaxially very pale greyish green, apically, later wholly suffused purple, adaxial surface medium dark greyish olivaceous-green, slightly pruinose, with an indistinct, paler green or purplish border 0.1–0.2 mm wide, apex flat; inner phyllaries medium light (olivaceous-)green, ca. 12 mm long, of ± equal width, apex flat, black-purple. Outer ligules flat, striped purplish greyolivaceous outside, apical teeth reddish, inner ligules dense, canaliculate, their apical teeth yellow or greyish. Stigmas light discoloured, light yellow-green, pubescence hairs distally blackish. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes medium light greyish stramineous-brown (dark stramineous), (3.5–) 3.7–4.3 × (0.8–) 0.9–1.0 mm, body densely shortly squamulose and spinulose in upper 1/3–1/4 (–1/2), subabruptly narrowing into a narrowly conical or subcylindrical cone (0.6–) 0.7–0.9 (–1.0) mm; beak 6–8 mm long, pappus white, 5.5–7 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 58, 59, 60C.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:—A very distinctive species, not close to any other Bulgarian member of T. sect. Rhodocarpa (= T. sect. Alpestria). Its leaf shape remotely resembles that of Hyoseris lucida Linnaeus (1767: 103) by the numerous, approximated, or even overlapping leaf segments. It possesses a number of distinctive features, such as hamaterecurved leaf segments, sparse brown-purple spots on distal leaf segments, hairy leaves, conspicuously coloured midvein, narrow, regularly arranged, patent, almost unbordered outer phyllaries, and relatively short, ± densely minutely squamulose and spinulose achenes. As regards the leaf shape, it can be compared with T. iucundum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner but their achenes are very different.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—A species widely distributed in the Bulgarian mountain ranges, having been recorded from Stara Planina, Rhodopes, Vitosha and Rila. It grows in montane and subalpine belts on mountain grasslands, usually ± disturbed in the vicinity of mountain chalets and along tracks, usually between 1550 and 2350 m. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as LC.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. Stara Planina, between Zlatiško-Tetevenska planina and Trojanska planina, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.466667/lat 42.766666)">Teteven</a>, village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.466667/lat 42.766666)">Ribarica</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.466667/lat 42.766666)">Mt. Vežen</a>, near the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.466667/lat 42.766666)">Echo Chalet</a>, 1600–1650 m, 42° 46’ N, ca. 24° 28’ E, 21 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6874 (PRA, no. det. 23913); Ibidem, JŠ 6876 (PRA, no. det. 23897); Ibidem, JŠ 6877 (PRA, no. det. 23903), Ibidem, JŠ 7565 (PRA, no. det. 23899); Ibidem, JŠ 7567 (PRA, no. det. 23912). – Trojanska planina, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.566668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.566668/lat 42.783333)">Trojan</a>, NW. slopes of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.566668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.566668/lat 42.783333)">Mt. Baljova</a> planina, ca. 2 km E. of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.566668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.566668/lat 42.783333)">Mt. Kozja</a> stena (1670 m), granite, 42° 47’ N, ca. 24° 34’ E, 1550–1600 m, 21 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 7553 (PRA, no. det. 23898); Ibidem, JŠ 7554 (PRA, no. det. 23904). – Vitosha, Sofia, near the Kumata Chalet, ca. 1600 m, 4 Jul 1984, A. Chrtková, cultivated as JŠ 2156 (PRA, no. det. 23896). – Vitoša, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat 42.566666)">Mt. Malk Rezen</a> (2191 m), NE. slopes, ca. 2000 m, 27 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, cultivated as TaB 47 (PRA, no. det. 23910). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.566666)">Vitoša</a>, area of “ Tri kladenci”, along a path near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.283333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.283333/lat 42.566666)">Konjarnika</a>, ca. 1750–1800 m, ca. 42° 34–35’ N, ca. 23° 17’ E, 27 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6929 (PRA, no. det. 23902). – Dragalevci, NE. slope of montis <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat 42.566666)">Mt. Malak Rezen</a> (2191 m), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat 42.566666)">Meča</a> poljana, ca. 42° 34’ N, ca. 23° 18’ E, 1850–1950 m, 27 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6907 (PRA, no. det. 23900); Ibidem, JŠ 6909 (PRA, no. det. 23901). – Rila, Samokov, Borovec, Musalenski ezera, near the Musala Chalet (2389 m), 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek &amp; B. Kuzmanov, cultivated as JŠ 4286 (PRA, no. det. 23911); Ibidem, JŠ 4824 (PRA, no. det. 23908); Ibidem, JŠ 4828 (PRA, no. det. 23907). – Borovec, forest path, 8 Jul 1976, R. Doll (JE, no. det. 19050). – Borovec, chairlift, 11 Jul 1976, R. Doll (JE, no. det. 19257). – Rhodopes, Čepelare, the Mursalica Mts., village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.816668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.683334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.816668/lat 41.683334)">Široka Laka</a>, between Gela and Lednicata, limestone, 41° 39’ N, ca. 24° 33’ E, ca. 1500 m, 23 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6880 (PRA, no. det. 23905); Ibidem, JŠ 6881 (PRA, no. det. 23906). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.816668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.683334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.816668/lat 41.683334)">Rodopi</a>, Čepelare, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.816668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.683334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.816668/lat 41.683334)">Prespa Mts.</a>, village of Manastir, near the reservoir, area of Ovčarsko grobe, 41° 41’ N, ca. 24° 49’ E, ca. 1620 m, 25 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 7025 (PRA, no. det. 23909). – Less certain identification: Vitoša, slopes W. of the Aleko Chalet, ca. 1800 m, 3 Jun 1988, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Kuzmanov, cultivated as JŠ 2933 (PRA, no. det. 36006).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516724FF84FF54FE7AFDF3FF3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51672BFF87FF54FEABFAA0FC37.text	03B73C51672BFF87FF54FEABFAA0FC37.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum serenum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>. Taraxacum serenum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria australis, montes Pirin, Kazana, 2300–2400 m, 27 Sep 1987, B. Kuzmanov BK8750, cultivated as JŠ 3253, collected in 1989 (PRA, no. det. 35790, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 26113, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Clear, bright, tranquil (from Latin, serenus).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1339–1345.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae mediocres vel subrobustae, notis sequentibus bene dignoscendae – foliis patentibus, pallide laete viridibus glabrescentibus, petiolis late alatis pallide viridibus, lobis lateralibus saepissime patentibus deltoideo-triangularibus, phyllariis exterioribus paucis, laete viridibus, in marginem translucente-membranaceam 0.2–0.5 mm latam sensim transeuntibus, acheniis pallide luteo-brunnescentibus vel fulvescentibus, corpore superne irregulariter dense spinuloso, in pyramidem cylindricam, 0.3–0.8 mm longam subabrupte vel subsensim abeunte.</p> <p>Plants medium-sized to subrobust, 8–15 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, without hairs among petiole bases. Petiole broadly winged, pale green, 1.5–3 cm long. Leaves ± numerous, patent (not appressed to the ground), light vivid green, not spotted, ± glabrous, narrowly oblong to narrowly lanceolate, usually (5–) 7–13 × 1.5–3.5 cm, pinnatisect (similar to T. aequilobum or T. urbicola in their shape); terminal segment usually broadly triangular to flat rhombic, acute, apex often lingulate-mucronate, 0.6–2 × 0.8–3 cm, distal margin concave to straight, sometimes subsigmoid, entire, basal lobules patent, acute, proximal margin ± straight to subconcave, entire; lateral segments in (3) 4–6 pairs, patent to subrecurved, usually deltoid, deltoid-triangular or narrowly so, usually 5–20 mm long, 5–13 mm wide at base, distal margin subsigmoid to subconvex, entire, proximal margin ± straight to subconcave, entire; interlobes usually 2–8 × 2– 11 mm, green, not bordered, margin partly raised, sometimes ± plicate, entire or with a single distinct tooth; mid-vein pale greenish. Scapes pale green, glabrous to subglabrous, usually equalling leaves. Capitulum golden yellow, 3.5–4 cm wide, flat. Involucre not pruinose, narrowly rounded to subobconical and 6–8 mm wide at base. Outer phyllaries 12–14, subimbricate, loosely appressed or loosely appressed at base and distally erect-patent to arcuate-patent, usually ovate to lanceolate, often narrowing in an elongated lingulate apex, usually relatively short, reaching 1/3–1/2 of the inner ones, 4–5 (–6) × 2–3 mm, lighter green or medium vivid green, sometimes with a dark middle line, with a gradual transition in a ± translucent membranous border 0.2–0.5 mm wide, margin glabrous or minutely ciliate, sometimes with a tooth or incision; inner phyllaries 11–13 mm long, of ± unequal width. Outer ligules ± flat, striped light grey (or slightly purplish grey) outside, apical teeth black-purple, inner phyllaries canaliculate, their apical teeth reddish to dark yellow. Stigmas discoloured, light grey-yellow or green-yellow, with a dark pubescence outside. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes light yellowish brown (light yellowish brown, or light greyish brown, or light beigebrown), usually slender, (3.4–) 3.7–4.5 × 0.8–1.0 mm, body with dense, variously irregularly erect to erect-patent, relatively long spinules in upper 1/6–1/4, subabruptly to subgradually narrowing into a cylindrical cone (0.3–) 0.5–0.8 mm long; beak 6–6.5 mm long, pappus white or whitish, 5–5.5 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 60D, 61, 62.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:— Taraxacum serenum has a distinctive general habit, with light vivid green leaf colour, ± broadly winged pale green petioles and usually patent, deltoid-triangular lateral segments. Its achenes are light brownish, often with a beige hue, with a short cylindrical cone and an irregularly spinulose achene body. The most similar species is T. tetricum having longer, more deeply brown achenes with a longer cone, and outer phyllaries with a sharply delimited border.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Known from subalpine and alpine belts of Pirin and Rila, from 1500 to 2500 m. It grows in wet grasslands, frequently along paths. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as NT.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. Pirin, Bansko, valley of Banderica, eastern slopes in the valley of Vichrenska voda, above the alpine chalet of Vichren, 2200–2400 m, 41° 45–46’ N, 23° 24–25’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Trávníček, cultivated as JŠ 6309 (PRA, no. det. 26109); Ibidem, JŠ 6309 (PRA, no. det. 26111); Ibidem, JŠ 6551 (PRA, no. det. 26110). – Bansko, valley of Banderica, Banderiški ezera, near lake Dalgoto ezero, 2300–2350 m, 14 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4847 (PRA, no. det. 26108). – Bansko, glacial cirque of Popovoezeren cirkus, slopes below the pass of Samodivska porta, ca. 2350 m, 41° 42–43’ N, 23° 30’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6480 (PRA, no. det. 26107); Ibidem, JŠ 6479 (PRA, no. det. 26106); Ibidem, JŠ 6478 (PRA, no. det. 26104). – Bansko, valley of Demjanica, ca. 1 km below the Julenski skok [waterfall], ca. 1500 m, 41° 47-48’ N, 23° 28-29’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6471 (PRA, no. det. 26105). – Bansko, Banderica valley, valley of the brook of Vichrenska voda, above the Vichren Chalet, ca. 2225 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4304 (PRA, no. det. 26103). – Bansko, glacial cirque of Vasilaški cirkus, along a path near the lake of Todorino ezero, ca. 2500 m, 14 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4535 (PRA, no. det. 26102). – Bansko, Demjanica valley, along the Demjanica river, near Demjaniška polana, above the Demjaniški skok [waterfall], ca. 1800–1850 m, ca. 41° 45’ N, 23° 28–29’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9303 (PRA, no. det. 26101); Ibidem, JŠ 9305 (PRA, no. det. 26119). – Bansko, valley of Vichrenska voda, above the alpine chalet of Vichren, ca. 2300 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4537 (PRA, no. det. 26100). – Bansko, valley of Vichrenska voda, above the alpine chalet of Vichren, ca. 2400 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4869 (PRA, no. det. 26099). – Mt. Vichren, near the shore of the upper lake of the Vlachinski ezera, at the eastern foot of the Gredaro Ridge, ca. 1.5 km W. of Mt. Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), 2250–2300 m, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6308/C (PRA, no. det. 26098); Ibidem, JŠ 9337 (PRA, no. det. 26120); Ibidem, JŠ 9335 (PRA, no. det. 26116); Ibidem, JŠ 9333 (PRA, no. det. 26180). – Bansko, Banderica valley, a valley between Mt. Graniten (2669 m) and Chvojnati vrch (2635 m), above Chvojnato ezero [lake], 2250–2350 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4870 (PRA, no. det. 26097). – Bansko, valley of Vichrenska voda, above the alpine chalet of Vichren, ca. 2250 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4886 (PRA, no. det. 26096). – Bansko, a pine woods above the Banderica Chalet, ca. 1900 m, 15 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4524 (PRA, no. det. 26118). – Bansko, Malak Kazan, at the NW. foot of Mt. Vichren, limestone, 2100 m, 13 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4539 (PRA, no. det. 26115). – Bansko, gravelly sites along the Banderica Brook, near the Banderica Chalet, ca. 1800 m, 11 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4555 (PRA, no. det. 26112). – The Rila, Samokov, Borovec, near the Musala Chalet, ca. 2200–2300 m, 9 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek &amp; B. Kuzmanov, cultivated as JŠ 4815 (PRA, no. det. 26114). – Govedarci, valley of Maljovica River, 1–1.5 km S. of the Maljovica Chalet, 2200– 2250 m, 42° 11–12’ N, ca. 23° 25’ E, 10 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9354 (PRA, no. det. 26121); Ibidem, JŠ 9353 (PRA, no. det. 26117). – Less certain identification: Pirin, below the Demjanica Chalet, 2200 m, 8 Aug 1997, B. Trávníček, cultivated as JK 4340 (PRA, no. det. 35951). – Rila, Govedarci, valley of Maljovica River, ca. 1 km above “Kompleks Maljovica”, ca. 1800 m, 42° 12’ N, ca. 23° 25’ E, 10 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9349 (PRA, no. det. 26122). – Rila, the Musala Chalet, 12 Jul 1976, R. Doll [as T. mattmarkense] (JE, no. det. 19262).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51672BFF87FF54FEABFAA0FC37	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51672EFF83FF54FF3FFAA1FE8A.text	03B73C51672EFF83FF54FF3FFAA1FE8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum tetricum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>. Taraxacum tetricum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria meridionalis, montes Rodopi, opp. Čepelare, pars montium Prespa, pagus Manastir, locis herbosis siccis et ad rivulos secundum viam silvaticam horizontalem in declivitate ± boreo-orientali sub dorso inter montes Prespa (2000 m) et Momčil (1943 m), ca. 2–4 km situ orient.-merid.-orient. a pago Manastir, 1700–1800 m, ca. 41° 43’ N, 24° 54–55’ E, 25 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 7001, collected in 2000 (PRA, no. det. 35788, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 26151, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Dismal, gloomy, sombre (derived from Latin, tetricus or taetricus).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1308–1309.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae petiolis alatis roseo-purpureis, foliis saturate gramineo-viridibus sparse araneosis, phyllariis involucralibus exterioribus basi laxe adpressis, ceterum erectis vel subpatentibus, saturate vel obscure olivaceo-viridibus in marginem sordide subtranslucente albidam abrupte transeuntibus, acheniis brunnescentibus vel subsobscure brunneis, corpore in pyramidem cylindricam 0.7–1.2 mm longam suabrupte transeunte.</p> <p>Plants small to medium-sized, ± slender, 8–16 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, densely light brownish hairy among petiole bases. Petiole winged, pinkish purple to light purple, 2–3 cm long. Leaves variously erect-patent, mid-green to slightly greyish mid-green, not spotted, sparsely arachnoid, mainly along mid-vein, narrowly elliptical, oblanceolate or narrowly so, usually 6–13 × 1.5–3 cm, regularly pinnatisect; terminal segment relatively small, broadly triangular to rhombic, usually 6–20 × 7–22 mm, obtusely acute to acute, apex sometimes elongated, distal margin subconvex to ± straight, entire, basal lobules patent, sometimes subrecurved, proximal margin ± straight, entire; lateral segments in (3) 4 (5) pairs, narrowly deltoid-triangular to deltoid-triangular, usually patent, sometimes subrecurved, usually 6–15 mm long, 4–9 mm wide at base, acute, distal margin ± straight, less often subcovex to subconcave, entire or with one tooth or a few little teeth, proximal margin ± straight, entire; interlobes relatively narrow, usually 3–8 × 3–5 mm, green or slightly brownish green marginally, unbordered, margin ± raised, entire or with a single narrow tooth (sometimes with another 1–2 thin teeth); mid-vein pinkish to purplish, sometimes pale. Scapes basally pale purplish, otherwise pale green, sparsely arachnoid, equalling or ± overtopping leaves. Capitulum golden yellow, 3.5–4 cm wide, flat. Involucre slightly pruinose or not so, rounded and 8–10 mm wide at base. Outer phyllaries 14–17, loosely appressed or distally erect to patent, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, the lowermost ones to narrowly lanceolate, usually 7–8 × 2–3 mm, light greyish green adaxially, abaxially ± evenly medium deep to dark olivaceous-green, with an abrupt transition into a ± translucent, dirty membranous to whitish membranous border 0.1–0.4 mm wide, margin glabrous or sparsely minutely ciliate, apex flat; inner phyllaries 12–13 mm long, usually of equal, ± invariable width. Outer ligules flat, striped light greyish olivaceous outside, apical teeth black, inner ligules canaliculate, their apical teeth grey. Stigmas medium discoloured, yellow-green with ± dark pubescence outside. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes light brown to medium dark brown, sometimes with a greyish or yellowish hue, (3.7–) 4.0–5.2 × 1.0– 1.3 mm, body ± densely spinulose, spinules short, sometimes ± long, erect-patent, body subabruptly narrowing into a narrow, cylindrical cone (0.7–) 0.8–1.2 × ca. 0.35 mm, often with a few minute spinules at base; beak 6–8 mm long, pappus white or whitish, (5.5–) 6–7 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 63, 64, 65A.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:— Taraxacum tetricum is similar to T. serenum but differs from the latter, for instance, by darker green leaves, purplish petioles, outer phyllaries with an abrupt transition in a paler border, and the achene colour. Judging from the relatively variable achenes, it is a polyclonal species.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—It represents a species endemic to Bulgaria, relatively frequent in the Stara Planina, Rila and Rhodopes. It grows on montane and subalpine meadows, usually at wet sites along brooks, and also on semidisturbed habitats, between 1400 and 1800 m a.s.l. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as NT.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. The Rodopi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.416666/lat 41.716667)">Čepelare</a>, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.416666/lat 41.716667)">Prespa Mts.</a>, village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.416666/lat 41.716667)">Manastir</a>, between Mt. Prespa and Mt. Momčil, ca. 2–4 km ESE. of the village, 1700–1800 m, ca. 41° 43’ N, 24° 54–55’ E, 25 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6827 (PRA, no. det. 26162); Ibidem, JŠ 7001 (PRA, no. det. 26151). – Čepelare, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.683334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.416666/lat 41.683334)">Prespa Mts.</a>, Momčilovci, ca. 2 km WSW. of the Momčil junak [hut], ca. 1400–1500 m, ca. 41° 41’ N, 24° 46–47’ E, 25 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6834 (PRA, no. det. 26155). – Čepelare, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.416666/lat 42.783333)">Chvojna village</a>, around <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.416666/lat 42.783333)">Mt. Goljam Persenk</a> (2091 m), wet mossy places along a brook, ca. 1 km W. of Skalni Mostove, ca. 1800 m, ca. 41° 49’ N, 24° 33–34’ E, 24 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova cultivated as JŠ 6802 (PRA, no. det. 26161). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.616665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.516666/lat 41.616665)">Čepelare</a>, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.616665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.516666/lat 41.616665)">Mursalica Mts.</a>, village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.616665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.516666/lat 41.616665)">Široka Laka</a>, W. foot of Mt. Goljam Sněžnik (2188 m), ca. 2 km NE. of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.616665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.516666/lat 41.616665)">Mugla</a>, ca. 1700 m, 41° 37’ N, ca. 24° 31’ E, 23 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6829 (PRA, no. det. 26154). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.783333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.783333/lat 41.716667)">Čepelare</a>, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.783333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.783333/lat 41.716667)">Prespanski djal Mts.</a>, village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.783333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.783333/lat 41.716667)">Laki</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.783333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.783333/lat 41.716667)">Radjuva</a> planina [ridge], valley of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.783333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.783333/lat 41.716667)">Džurkovska</a> reka, above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.783333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.783333/lat 41.716667)">Zdravec</a>, ca. 1450 m, ca. 41° 43’ N, ca. 24° 47’ E, 25 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6824 (PRA, no. det. 26160). – The Stara Planina, Trojan, the Trojanska Planina, ca. 3–4 km W. of the alpine chalet of Kozja Stena, 1600 m, ca. 42° 47–48’ N, ca. 24° 29–30’ E, 21 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 7574 (PRA, no. det. 26157); Ibidem, JŠ 7575 (PRA, no. det. 26152). – Trojan, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Trojanska Planina</a>, the alpine chalet of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Kozja Stena</a>, 1500–1600 m, ca. 42° 47’ N, ca. 24° 32’ E, 21 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6766 (PRA, no. det. 26153); Ibidem, JŠ 7009 (PRA, no. det. 26150). – Rila, Govedarci, valley of Maljovica River, near the Kompleks Maljovica, ca. 42° 12–13’ N, 23° 25’ E, 10 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek et al., cultivated as JŠ 6501 (PRA, no. det. 26156).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51672EFF83FF54FF3FFAA1FE8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51672CFF9CFF66FA40FDDFF886.text	03B73C51672CFF9CFF66FA40FDDFF886.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum radmilae Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>4. Taraxacum radmilae Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Rodopi, opp. Čepelare, pars montium Prespa, pag. Manastir, in locis herbosis et pratulis silvaticis ad viam turisticam rubre signatam in declivitate boreo-orientali montis Prespa supra saltum inter montem Prespa et montem Momčil, ca. 1800 m, 25 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, cultivated as TaB 27 (B 27), collected in 2001 (PRA, no. det. 35786, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 25406, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Named after an industrious plant collector and experienced botanist, Ms. Radmila Bělohlávková.</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1286–1288.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Forma foliorum T. tetrici et T. sereni simile, praecipue differt foliis cano-viridibus brunnescentibus, phyllariis involucralibus exterioribus angustioribus, plerumque anguste lanceolatis, 1.5–2.4 mm latis, acheniis parvulis tenuibus, et pyramide cylindrica, 0.6–0.9 mm longa.</p> <p>Plants small, 4–9 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, with sparse brownish hairs among petiole bases. Petiole narrowly winged, sometimes unwinged, light purplish or pale, 1–2 cm long. Leaf rosettes rich, leaves variously erect-patent to patent, greyish green, often suffused brownish-purplish, not spotted, sparsely arachnoid, narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly oblong in outline, usually 4–8 × 1.3–2.5 cm; terminal segment ± broadly triangular to flat rhombic, sometimes trilobed, usually 7–14 × 7–20 mm, acute, distal margin concave to ± straight or subsigmoid, entire, basal lobules subrecurved to recurved, acute, proximal margin concave to ± straight, entire; lateral segments in 3–4 pairs, subrecurved, ± triangular, usually 6–12 mm long, 5–8 mm wide at base, distal margin convex to ± straight, entire, rarely with a single thin tooth, proximal margin subconcave to ± straight, entire, or with a single filiform tooth near the base; interlobes usually 2–6 × 2–6 mm, entire or with a single thin tooth, rarely with several little teeth, surface green, unbordered or inconspicuously bordered brown-purple, margin often raised; mid-vein usually pink or purplish. Scapes pale green, often partially suffused purplish, sparsely to scattered arachnoid, shorter than leaves. Capitulum yellow, ca. 3 cm wide, ± flat. Involucre not pruinose, ca. 8 mm wide and broadly obconical to ± rounded at base. Outer phyllaries 15–18, variously erect-patent, patent or arcuate-patent, narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, usually 6–8 × 1.5– 2.4 mm, adaxially pale green, often suffused purplish, abaxially light green to medium deep olivaceous-green, distally suffused purplish, with an abrupt transition in a translucent membranous border 0.1–0.25 mm wide, margin glabrous, apex flat; inner phyllaries ca. 12 mm long, of unequal width, sometimes neighbouring phyllaries coalescing. Outer ligules narrow, flat, striped grey-olivaceous outside, the strip sometimes slightly suffused purplish, apical teeth blackpurple, inner ligules canaliculate, their apical teeth darker yellow. Stigmas medium dark discoloured, light grey-green, with a dark pubescence outside. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes greyish stramineous-brown, relatively slender, 3.7–4.2 × 0.8–0.9 mm, body ± densely covered with erect-patent to suberect spinules and comb-like squamules in upper 1/3–1/4, body subgradually to subabruptly narrowing into a cylindrical or subcylindrical cone (0.6–) 0.8–0.9 mm long, often with minute spinules in lower half; beak (5–) 7–7.5 mm long, pappus white, 5–6 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 65C, 66, 67.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:—The relatively light green, variously patent to arcuate-recurved outer phyllaries, small, slender achenes with a short cone, and leaves similar to T. maricum Vašut, Kirschner &amp; Štěpánek in Vašut et al. (2005: 198) are features characterizing T. radmilae. In the leaf shape it approaches also T. serenum and T. tetricum but the leaf colour is different.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Up to now, it has been recorded from the Rhodopes only, and it may be overlooked elsewehere. It was found to occur in forest tracks and meadows in the montane belt (within the elevation span of 1650–1950 m). Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as VU.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. The Rodopi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.9/lat 41.716667)">Čepelare</a>, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.9/lat 41.716667)">Prespa Mts.</a>, village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.9/lat 41.716667)">Manastir</a>, below the summit of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.9/lat 41.716667)">Mt. Prespa</a>, 1850–1900 m, 25 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, cultivated as TaB 26 (B 26) (PRA, no. det. 25410); Ibidem, TaB 24 (B 24) (PRA, no. det. 25408); Ibidem, TaB 25 (B 25) (PRA, no. det. 25400). – Čepelare, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.9/lat 41.716667)">Prespa Mts.</a>, village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.9/lat 41.716667)">Manastir</a>, a ridge between Mt. Prespa and Mt. Momčil, ca. 2–4 km ESE. of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.9/lat 41.716667)">Manastir</a>, 1700–1800 m, 41° 43’ N, ca. 24° 54–55’ E, 25 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 7002 (PRA, no. det. 25409). – Čepelare, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.9/lat 41.716667)">Prespa Mts.</a>, village of Manastir, N. slopes of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.9/lat 41.716667)">Mt. Prespa</a>, 25 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, cultivated as Ro 10 (PRA, no. det. 25407); Ibidem, TaB 32 (B 32) (PRA, no. det. 25401); Ibidem, TaB 31 (B 31) (PRA, no. det. 25399); Ibidem, TaB 30 (B 30) (PRA, no. det. 25398). – Čepelare, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.9/lat 41.716667)">Prespa Mts.</a>, village of Manastir, NE. slopes of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.9/lat 41.716667)">Mt. Prespa</a>, ca. 1800 m, 25 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, cultivated as TaB 27 (B 27) (PRA, no. det. 25406); Ibidem, TaB 29 (B 29) (PRA, no. det. 25403). – Čepelare, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.9/lat 41.716667)">Prespa Mts.</a>, village of Manastir, between the village and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.9/lat 41.716667)">Mt. Prespa</a>, 1700–1800 m, 25 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, cultivated as TaB 22 (B 22) (PRA, no. det. 25405); Ibidem, TaB 23 (B 23) (PRA, no. det. 25404). – Čepelare, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.9/lat 41.716667)">Prespa Mts.</a>, village of Manastir, N. foot of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.9/lat 41.716667)">Mt. Prespa</a>, ca. 1650 m, 25 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, cultivated as TaB 33 (B 33) (PRA, no. det. 25402). – Čepelare, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.9/lat 41.716667)">Prespa Mts.</a>, village of Manastir, NE. slopes of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.9/lat 41.716667)">Mt. Prespa</a>, ca. 1850–1950 m, ca. 41° 42–43’ N, 24° 54’ E, 25 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6953 (PRA, no. det. 25658); Ibidem, JŠ 6954 (PRA, no. det. 25657); Ibidem, JŠ 6956 (PRA, no. det. 25656); Ibidem, JŠ 6955 (PRA, no. det. 25654). – Čepelare, the Černatica Mts, village of Chvojna, Mt. Goljam Persenk (2091 m), ca. 3 km W. of Skalni Mostove, ca. 1900-1950 m, 24 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as Ro 4 (PRA, no. det. 25655).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51672CFF9CFF66FA40FDDFF886	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516733FF99FF66F82FFE4EFD57.text	03B73C516733FF99FF66F82FFE4EFD57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum salutator Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>5. Taraxacum salutator Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria borealis, montes <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Stara</a> planina, opp. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.533333/lat 42.783333)">Trojan</a>, pars montium Trojanska planina, deversiolum alpinum Kozja Stena, in pascuis in decl. ± meridionalis montis ca. 1.5 km situ occidentali a monte Kozja stena (1670 m), 1500–1600 m, ca. 42° 47’ N, ca. 24° 32’ E, 21 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 7551, collected in 2001 (PRA, no. det. 35750, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 26062, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Greeter, one who pays formal morning call as a client (from Latin, saluto, salutare, to greet).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1312–1315.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae foliorum forma T. pulchrifolium satis aemulantes, involucro subpruinoso, phyllariis exterioribus numerosis, irregulariter erectis, erecto-patentibus vel patentibus, pagina abaxiali aequabiliter obscure olivaceo-viridi, in sicco atroviridi, in marginem scariosam 0.1–0.3 mm latam glabrescentem abrupte transeunte, acheniis pallide brunnescentibus vel pallide stramineobrunneis, corpore superne dense spinuloso, in pyramidem subconicam vel subcylindricam, 0.8–1.2 mm longam sensim abeunte bene dignoscenda.</p> <p>Plants medium-sized, 10–14 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, with sparse brownish hairs among petiole bases. Petiole narrowly winged to winged, bright purple, at least on the mid-vein, 2–3 cm long. Leaves variously erect-patent to ± patent, mid-green, sometimes slightly greyish green, not spotted, interlobes blotched, outer leaves ± glabrous, inner leaves sparsely arachnoid, narrowly elliptical to oblanceolate in outline, usually 7–12 × 1.7–4 cm, pinnatisect, ± resembling the leaf shape of T. pulchrifolium Markl.; terminal segment relatively small, broadly triangular to triangular or ± rhombic, usually 0.8–1.5 × 1.2–2.5 cm, ± acute, often mucronate, distal margin subconcave, subsigmoid or ± straight, entire, basal lobules patent to subrecurved, proximal margin ± straight to subconvex, entire; lateral segments in 4–5 (6) pairs, deltoid-triangular to narrowly triangular, often also bird-wing-like with distal part narrowed and elongated, ± patent to subrecurved, distal margin convex or sigmoid, entire, proximal margin ± straight, entire or with a single broad basal tooth; interlobes usually 3–10 × 3–5 mm, either green or distinctly blotched brown-purple (visible on both surfaces), margin usually raised, entire or with several unequal teeth; mid-vein light or deep purple or brownpurple. Scapes pale green, purplish at base, subsparsely arachnoid, equalling to ± overtopping leaves. Capitulum deep golden yellow, 3.5–4 cm wide, flat to subconvex. Involucre, slightly pruinose, rounded to broadly obconical and 7–9 mm wide at base. Outer phyllaries numerous, 15–20, not imbricate, variously erect, erect-patent to patent, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, relatively long, reaching 1/2–2/3 of the inner ones, usually 7–9 × 2.5–3.5 mm, adaxially light greyish green, often suffused purplish, abaxially evenly coloured medium deep to dark olivaceous-green (black-green when dry), with an abrupt transition in a whitish-membranous border 0.1–0.3 mm wide, margin ± glabrous, apex flat; inner phyllaries ca. 13 mm long, usually of unequal width. Outer ligules flat, striped greyish olivaceous outside, apical teeth black, inner ligules canaliculate, their apical teeth grey to greenish. Stigmas discoloured, grey-green, hairs of pubescence with distal half blackish. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes light brown to light stramineous-brown, 4.2–4.8 × 0.9–1.3 mm, body with distinct lateral and dorsiventral longitudinal ridges, ± densely covered with erect spinules with a broad base, or with thinner, erect-patent spinules in upper 1/4–1/3, body ± gradually narrowing into a subconical to ± cylindrical cone (0.8–) 0.9–1.1 (–1.2) mm long; beak 6.5–8 mm long, pappus dirty white or whitish, 5.5–6.5 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 65B, 68, 69.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:— Taraxacum salutator exhibits a certain variation in the leaf shape, coloration, spinulosity and shape of achenes, and the outer phyllary width, and the width of the phyllary border, which may indicate a multiclonality of this species. In the leaf shape, it may be compared with T. puchrifolium Marklund ex Lindberg (1935: 21) of T. sect. Taraxacum. The closest species is T. tetricum but there is a clear difference in the leaf shape with longer lateral segments, in broader and more distinct border to outer phyllaries, and in the achene coloration, spinulosity and longitudinal sculpture.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—It is a relatively widespread species, up to now documented from the Vitosha, the Stara Planina, Rila, Pirin and Rhodopes in Bulgaria, from elevations between 1500 and 2500 m. It grows in subalpine meadows and pastures, sometimes it descends to sites along tracks in the montane belt. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as LC.</p> <p>Note:—The Rila specimens of T. salutator are slightly but consistently different from the other plants, and may represent a multiclonality of this species.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. Pirin, Bansko, valley of Banderica, below the pass of Vichrenski preslap between Mt. Chvojnati vrch and Mt. Vichren, ca. 2450–2550 m, 41° 45–46’ N, 23° 24–25’ E, 9 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Trávníček, cultivated as JŠ 6298/C (PRA, no. det. 26061). – Rodopi, Čepelare, the Černatica Mts., Chvojna village, Mt. Goljam Persenk (2091 m), along the tourist path ca. 3 km W. of Skalni Mostove, ca. 1900–1950 m, 24 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as TaB 18 (B 18) (PRA, no. det. 26078); Ibidem, TaB 20 (B 20) (PRA, no. det. 26079). – Čepelare, the Prespa Mts., village of Manastir, slopes of Mt. Prespa, 1700–1800 m, 25 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, cultivated as Ro 11 (PRA, no. det. 25406); Ibidem, TaB 29 (B 29) (PRA, no. det. 26080). – Vitosha, village of Dragalevci, around the alpine shelter Alpicum on the summit of Černi vrch, 2280-2290 m, ca. 42° 34’ N, ca. 23° 18’ E, 27 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6894 (PRA, no. det. 26075). – Vitoša, slopes SW. of the Aleko Chalet, ca. 1800 m, 3 Jun 1988, J. Kirschner, cultivated as JŠ 2956 (PRA, no. det. 26083); Ibidem, JŠ 2956 (PRA, no. det. 26082). – Rila, The Rila, in the pass below Mt. Kobylina braništa (Kobylino branišče), 2000–2200 m, 17 Aug 1982, H. Barešová, cultivated as JŠ 2770 (PRA, no. det. 26077); Ibidem, JŠ 1004 (PRA, no. det. 26076). – Stara Planina, Zlatiško-Tetevenska planina, Teteven, village of Ribarica, Mt. Vežen (2198 m), a ridge between Mt. Kamenica and the pass of Ribariški Prohod, ca. 1800–1950 m, ca. 42° 45’ N, ca. 24° 26–27’ E, 20 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 7585 (PRA, no. det. 26063). – Trojan, the Trojanska Planina, ca 1.5 km W. of the alpine chalet of Kozja Stena, 1500–1600 m, ca. 42° 47’ N, ca. 24° 32’ E, 21 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 7549 (PRA, no. det. 26064); Ibidem, JŠ 7551 (PRA, no. det. 26062). – Zlatiško-Tetevenska planina, Teteven, village of Ribarica, Mt. Vežen (2198 m), a saddle between Mt. Jumruka and Mt. Kavladan, ca. 300 m NE. of the Echo Hut, ca. 1600 m, ca. 42° 46’ N, ca. 24° 28’ E, 21 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 7561 (PRA, no. det. 26074); Ibidem, JŠ 7560 (PRA, no. det. 26073); Ibidem, JŠ 7557 (PRA, no. det. 26081). – Trojanska planina, Trojan, NW. slopes of Mt. Baljova planina, ca. 2 km E. of Mt. Kozja stena (1670 m), granite, 42° 47’ N, ca. 24° 34’ E, 1550–1600 m, 21 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 7555 (PRA, no. det. 26072).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516733FF99FF66F82FFE4EFD57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516736FF9AFF66F934FE4EF7ED.text	03B73C516736FF9AFF66F934FE4EF7ED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum recognitum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>6. Taraxacum recognitum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Rodopi, opp. Čepelare, pars montium Černatica, pag. Chvojna, circum montem Goljam Persenk (2091 m), graminosis humidis secundum viam turisticam lutee signatam ca. 1.5–2 km supra locum (situ occident.) Skalni Mostove, sub saltu Groben prochod inter montes Goljam Persenk et Persenk (2074 m), ca. 1800–1900 m s.m., 24 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as TaB 14 (B 14), collected in 2000 (PRA, no. det. 35751, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 27342, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Explored (derived from Latin, recognosco, recognoscere, inspect, examine).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1334–1338.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Species insignis acheniis saturate brunneis vel saturate cinnamomeo-brunneis, corpore spinulis crassiusculis densis sursum curvatis obsito, in pyramidem cylindricam, 0.7–1.0 mm longam abrupte abeunte, pappo sordide albido usque brunnescenti-albido, foliis lutescenti-viridibus, lobis lateralibus conspicue hamato-recurvis, et petiolis alatis pallidis.</p> <p>Plants medium-sized, 8–14 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, ± glabrous among petiole bases. Petiole winged to broadly winged, pale greenish, 2–3 cm long. Leaf rosettes compact, leaves suberect-patent to subprostrate, relatively stiff, light green to yellowish green, not spotted, sparsely arachnoid to ± glabrescent, oblanceolate or broadly oblanceolate in outline, usually 5–12 × 2–3 cm, deeply pinnatisect; terminal segment subdominant, broadly triangular to broadly helmet-shaped in outline, usually 1–2 × 1.5–3 cm, obtusely acute to acute, distal margin convex, very often with a single deep incision in the middle on each side, otherwise ± entire, or with a few minute teeth, basal lobules hamaterecurved, often attenuate, proximal margin concave, entire; lateral segments in (2) 3–4 (5) pairs, bird-wing-like or ± linear-triangular, hamate-recurved, often abruptly narrowing from a broader base in a narrow distal part, usually 1–1.5 cm long, 0.4–1.1 cm wide at base, distal margin convex or sigmoid, entire or with a long narrow tooth near the base, or with a few minute teeth, proximal margin concave to ± straight, entire; interlobes distinct, usually 2–10 × 2–5 mm, surface green, margins not bordered, ± raised, usually with 1–2 narrow teeth to 6 mm long, sometimes entire; mid-vein pale or suffused purplish-brownish. Scapes sparsely arachnoid, later glabrescent, pale greenish, suffused light purplish after anthesis, ± equalling leaves or slightly longer. Capitulum deep yolk yellow, 3–3.5 cm wide, flat to subconvex. Involucre olivaceous-green, sometimes slightly pruinose, broadly rounded to rounded and ca. 9–10 mm wide at base. Outer phyllaries 11–15, usually loosely appressed (± tightly so before anthesis), later during anthesis getting erectpatent, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, reaching 1/2–2/3 of the inner ones, (5–) 6–8 × 2.5–3.5 mm, abaxially light green to deep olivaceous-green, darker distally and on the middle line, with a relatively abrupt transition in a membranous or whitish border ca. 0.2–0.3 mm wide, margin distally minutely ciliate, apex ± flat; inner phyllaries ca. 12 mm long, usually darker than the outer ones, of ± unequal width. Outer ligules ± flat, striped dark grey outside, apical teeth grey-black, inner ligules canaliculate, their apical teeth smoky yellow. Stigmas long, medium discoloured, light greyish-greenish, hairs of pubescence with a dark apex. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size.Achenes medium deep brown, often with a dark cinnamon hue, 3.8–4.3 × 1.0– 1.2 mm, body with distinct longitudinal lateral ridges, more distinct in upper 1/3 of the body, slightly flattened (of different shapes from the lateral and ventral views), body in upper 1/3 relatively densely spinulose, often with ± coarse spinules usually ± curved upwards, body ± abruptly narrowing into a subcylindrical to cylindrical cone (0.7–) 0.8–1.0 mm long, often with a few minute spinules; beak 6–8 mm long, pappus dirty white to almost brownish white, 5–6 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 70, 71, 72A.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:— Taraxacum recognitum, a member of the group with T. pseudorecognitum and T. pandum, is distinguished by its brown to deep brown-cinnamon achene colour. From the most closely allied species, T. pseudorecognitum, it also differs in the conspicuously hamate-recurved lateral segments of leaves, pale petioles or a very different character of achene spinulosity.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Taraxacum recognitum, presumably endemic to Bulgaria, is recorded from the Stara Planina and the Rhodopes, between 1600 and 2150 m. It grows in wet grasslands and meadows, often along paths, from the supramontane to subalpine belts. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as LC.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. Stara Planina, Zlatiško-Tetevenska planina, Teteven, village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.466667/lat 42.766666)">Ribarica</a>, W. of the summit of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.466667/lat 42.766666)">Mt. Vežen</a> (2198 m), ca. 2100 m, 20 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as TaB 1c (PRA, no. det. 26294); Ibidem, JŠ 6990 (PRA, no. det. 27363); Ibidem, TaB 1b (PRA, no. det. 27362); Ibidem, TaB 1a (PRA, no. det. 27361). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.466667/lat 42.766666)">Zlatiško-Tetevenska</a> planina, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.466667/lat 42.766666)">Teteven</a>, village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.466667/lat 42.766666)">Ribarica</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.466667/lat 42.766666)">Mt. Vežen</a> (2198 m), ca. 2150 m, 20 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as TaB 2a (PRA, no. det. 27345). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.4/lat 42.75)">Zlatiško-Tetevenska</a> planina, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.4/lat 42.75)">Teteven</a>, village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.4/lat 42.75)">Ribarica</a>, W. of the summit of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.4/lat 42.75)">Mt. Vežen</a> (2198 m), ca. 2100–2150 m, 42° 45’ N, ca. 24° 24’ E, 20 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6784 (PRA, no. det. 27333). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.466667/lat 42.766666)">Zlatiško-Tetevenska</a> planina, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.466667/lat 42.766666)">Teteven</a>, village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.466667/lat 42.766666)">Ribarica</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.466667/lat 42.766666)">Mt. Vežen</a> (2198 m), a saddle between Mt. Jumruka and Mt. Kavladan, ca. 300 m NE. of the Echo Hut, ca. 1600 m, ca. 42° 46’ N, ca. 24° 28’ E, 21 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 7563 (PRA, no. det. 27360); Ibidem, JŠ 7558 (PRA, no. det. 27353); Ibidem, JŠ 7564 (PRA, no. det. 27332). – Zlatiško-Tetevenska planina, Teteven, village of Ribarica, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.466667/lat 42.766666)">Mt. Vežen</a> (2198 m), W. slopes of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.466667/lat 42.766666)">Mt. Jumruka</a>, 1600–1700 m, 42° 45–46’ N, ca. 24° 28’ E, 20 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 7578 (PRA, no. det. 27359); Ibidem, JŠ 7577 (PRA, no. det. 27358); Ibidem, JŠ 6993 (PRA, no. det. 27339); Ibidem, JŠ 6992 (PRA, no. det. 27331); Ibidem, JŠ 6777 (PRA, no. det. 27329). – Rodopi, Čepelare, the Černatica Mts., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Chvojna village</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Mt. Goljam Persenk</a> (2091 m), along the tourist path ca. 2–3 km W. of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Skalni Mostove</a>, ca. 1900–1950 m, ca. 41° 49’ N, 24° 32–33’ E, 24 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6942 (PRA, no. det. 27352); Ibidem, JŠ 6941 (PRA, no. det. 27351); Ibidem, JŠ 6945 (PRA, no. det. 27349); Ibidem, JŠ 6940 (PRA, no. det. 27336). – Čepelare, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Chvojna village</a>, around <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Mt. Goljam Persenk</a> (2091 m), ca. 300–800 m W. of Skalni Mostove, ca. 1700–1800 m, 24 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova cultivated as B 11 (PRA, no. det. 27357). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Čepelare</a>, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Černatica Mts.</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Chvojna village</a>, around <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Mt. Goljam Persenk</a> (2091 m), 1.5–2 km W. of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Skalni Mostove</a>, 1800–1900 m, ca. 41° 49’ N, 24° 33–34’ E, 24 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek et al., cultivated as JŠ 6921 (PRA, no. det. 27356); Ibidem, JŠ 6919 (PRA, no. det. 27346); Ibidem, JŠ 6925 (PRA, no. det. 27341); Ibidem, JŠ 6924 (PRA, no. det. 27335); Ibidem, JŠ 6794 (PRA, no. det. 27334); Ibidem, JŠ 6920 (PRA, no. det. 27330); Ibidem, JŠ 6923 (PRA, no. det. 27328); Ibidem, JŠ 6922 (PRA, no. det. 27327); Ibidem, TaB 13 (PRA, no. det. 27344). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Čepelare</a>, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Černatica Mts.</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Chvojna village</a>, around <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Mt. Goljam Persenk</a> (2091 m), in the pass between Mt. Goljam Persenk and Persenk, ca. 2 km W. of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Skalni Mostove</a>, ca. 1900–1950 m, ca. 41° 49’ N, ca. 24° 33’ E, 24 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6967 (PRA, no. det. 27355); Ibidem, JŠ 6966 (PRA, no. det. 27354); Ibidem, JŠ 6958 (PRA, no. det. 27350); Ibidem, JŠ 6962 (PRA, no. det. 27348); Ibidem, JŠ 6963 (PRA, no. det. 27347); Ibidem, JŠ 6971 (PRA, no. det. 27337); Ibidem, JŠ 6965 (PRA, no. det. 27340); Ibidem, JŠ 6961 (PRA, no. det. 26163). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">The Rodopi</a>, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Čepelare Mts.</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Chvojna village</a>, around <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Mt. Goljam Persenk</a> (2091 m), wet mossy places along a brook, ca. 1 km W. of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Skalni Mostove</a>, ca. 1800 m, 24 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as TaB 12 (PRA, no. det. 27343). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Čepelare</a>, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Černatica Mts.</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Chvojna village</a>, around <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Mt. Goljam Persenk</a> (2091 m), in the pass between Mt. Goljam Persenk and Persenk, ca. 2 km W. of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Skalni Mostove</a>, ca. 1900–2000 m, ca. 41° 49–50’ N, ca. 24° 33’ E, 24 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6973 (PRA, no. det. 27338).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516736FF9AFF66F934FE4EF7ED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51673AFF95FF66FF3FFB73F826.text	03B73C51673AFF95FF66FF3FFB73F826.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum pseudorecognitum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>7. Taraxacum pseudorecognitum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Rodopi, opp. Čepelare, pars montium Černatica, pag. Chvojna, circum montem Goljam Persenk (2091 m), graminosis secundum viam turisticam rubre signatam in saltu Groben prochod inter montes Goljam Persenk et Persenk (2074), ca. 2 km supra locum (situ occident.) Skalni Mostove, ca. 1900–1950 m, 24 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as TaB 15 (B 15), collected in 2000 (PRA, no. det. 35838, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 35755, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Close to T. recognitum.</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1297.</p> <p>Diagnosis:— Taraxaco recognito maxime affine sed petiolis purpurascentibus, lobis foliorum lateralibus patentibus vel subrecurvis, et acheniis pallide brunnescentibus vel pallide lutescenti-brunneis, corpore superne brevibus spinulis suberectis obsito differt.</p> <p>Plants medium-sized, usually 9–14 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, subglabrous among petiole bases. Petiole winged to broadly winged, usually suffused light purplish, ca. 2 cm long. Leaves suberect-patent, relatively stiff, light green to yellowish green, not spotted, sparsely arachnoid to ± glabrescent, oblanceolate in outline, usually 5–9.5 × 2–3 cm, deeply pinnatisect; terminal segment flat triangular to ± pentagonal in outline, obtusely acute, distal margin straight to subconcave, very often with a pair of broad triangular lobule-like teeth, otherwise ± entire, basal lobules usually patent, proximal margin ± straight, entire; lateral segments in (3) 4–5 (6) pairs, ± narrowly triangular, patent to subrecurved, distal margin subconcave or ± sigmoid, usually entire, proximal margin ± straight, entire; interlobes distinct, usually 2–6 × 3–5 mm, surface green, margins not bordered or slightly so, ± raised, usually with 1–2 narrowly triangular teeth, sometimes entire; mid-vein pale or suffused purplish. Scapes sparsely arachnoid, pale greenish, ± overtopping leaves. Capitulum deep yellow, 3–3.5 cm wide, ± flat. Involucre olivaceous-green, rounded and ca. 8–10 mm wide at base. Outer phyllaries 11–16, usually loosely appressed, later during anthesis erect-patent, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, (5–) 6–7 × 2.5–3.1 mm, abaxially green to deep olivaceous-green, darker distally, with a relatively abrupt transition in a membranous or whitish border ca. 0.2–0.3 mm wide, margin distally minutely ciliate, apex ± flat; inner phyllaries ca. 12 mm long, of ± unequal width. Outer ligules ± flat, striped dark grey outside, apical teeth grey-black, inner ligules canaliculate, their apical teeth smoky yellow. Stigmas long, medium discoloured. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes light brown to light yellowish brown, often with a greyish hue, (3.3–) 3.5–4.1 × 1.1–1.2 mm, body with distinct lateral and dorsiventral longitudinal ridges, ± densely covered with short suberect spinules in upper 1/4–2/5, ± abruptly narrowing into a conical to (less often) subcylindrical cone 0.6–0.8 (–1.1) mm long; beak 6–7 (–8) mm, pappus dirty yellow, 5–6 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 72B, 73.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:— Taraxacum pseudorecognitum is most closely allied to T. recognitum but is distinct in having much paler achenes with a dense, short spinulosity and usually conical cone, petiole light purplish, and leaves with the terminal segment flatter, often pentagonal, with basal lobules usually patent, and lateral segments usually patent, never hamate-recurved.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Probably endemic to Bulgaria, documented with certainty from the Rhodopes and the Vitosha, a very similar material found also in the Pirin. It grows in wet meadows, often along paths, in the upper mountain and subalpine belts, at the elevations between 1800 and 2000 m. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as NT.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. Rodopi, Čepelare, the Černatica Mts., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Chvojna village</a>, around <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Mt. Goljam Persenk</a> (2091 m), in the pass between Mt. Goljam Persenk and Persenk, ca. 2 km W. of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Skalni Mostove</a>, ca. 1900–2000 m, 24 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as TaB 16 (PRA, no. det. 36753). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Čepelare</a>, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Černatica Mts.</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Chvojna village</a>, around <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Mt. Goljam Persenk</a> (2091 m), in the pass between Mt. Goljam Persenk and Persenk, ca. 2 km W. of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.816666)">Skalni Mostove</a>, ca. 1900–1950 m, ca. 41° 49’ N, ca. 24° 33’ E, 24 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6960 (PRA, no. det. 36019). – Vitosha, wet meadows and along paths near the Aleko Chalet, ca. 1800 m, 3 Jun 1988, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Kuzmanov, cultivated as JK 371 (PRA, no. det. 36020); Ibidem, JŠ 2956 (PRA, no. det. 36018); Ibidem, JK 370 (PRA, no. det. 36016); Ibidem, JK 369 (PRA, no. det. 35999). – Vitosha, meadows along paths SW. of the Aleko Chalet, ca. 1800 m, 3 Jun 1988, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Kuzmanov, cultivated as JŠ 2955 (PRA, no. det. 35998); Ibidem, JŠ 2954 (PRA, no. det. 35997). – Less certain identifications: Pirin, Bansko, Banderica valley, open pine woods above the Banderica Chalet, ca. 1900 m, 15 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4524 (PRA, no. det. 35993). – Pirin, near the Goce Delcev Chalet, ca. 1900 m, 18 Aug 1989, B. Kuzmanov, cultivated as JK T245 (PRA, no. det. 35995).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51673AFF95FF66FF3FFB73F826	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516738FF96FF66FF3FFA93FEE6.text	03B73C516738FF96FF66FF3FFA93FEE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum pandum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>8. Taraxacum pandum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Vitoša, distr. Sophia: secundum viam turisticam inter montes Malak Rezen (2191 m) et Černi Vrah (2290 m), ca. 500 m situ occid. a summo montis Malak Rezen, ca. 2000 m, 29 Jun 1985, J. Štěpánková, cultivated as JŠ 2147, collected in 1987 (PRA, no. det. 35736, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 27673, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Curved, bent (from Latin, pandus).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1271–1272.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Species distinctissima petiolis inalatis purpureis, foliis glabratis lobis lateralibus remotis angustis, aliformibus, phyllariis exterioribus basi adpressis, ceterum erectis vel erecto-patentibus, pagina abaxiali obscure olivaceo-viridibus, in sicco atroviridibus, in marginem angustissimam scariosam abrupte transeunte, acheniis subpallide usque saturate brunneis, saepe paulo ferruginescentibus vel cinerascentibus et pyramide conica 0.6–1.0 mm longa.</p> <p>Plants medium-sized to subrobust, usually 9–17 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, with sparse hairs among petiole bases. Petiole light to deep pink-purple, unwinged or narrowly winged, 1–2 (–2.5) cm long. Leaves variously erectpatent to prostrate, mid-green, not spotted, glabrous, elliptical to narrowly elliptical in outline, usually 6–11 (–15) × 2–4.5 cm; terminal segment sagittate to broadly triangular or triangular, usually 1–2.5 × 1.2–3 cm, distal margin variously shaped, usually subconcave to ± straight, entire, basal lobules long and narrow, subrecurved to recurved, sometimes patent, proximal margin concave to ± straight; lateral segments in 3–4 ± remote pairs, ± patent, bird-wingshaped, from a broad base subabruptly narrowing in a very narrow, often lingulate distal part, acute, distal margin usually sigmoid, entire or denticulate near the base, proximal margin subconcave to straight, entire; interlobes long and narrow, 5–12 × 2–4 mm, entire or remotely dentate with thin long teeth, margin distally raised, unbordered; mid-vein usually pale, often spotted purple or wholly purplish. Scapes pale green at anthesis, sparsely arachnoid and glabrescent, overtopping or equalling leaves. Capitulum deep yellow, ca. 3.5 cm wide, ± flat to subconvex. Involucre not pruinose, broadly obconical and 7–8 mm wide at base. Outer phyllaries 13–18, not imbricate, loosely appressed at base, otherwise erect to erect-patent, reaching 1/2–2/3 of the inner phyllaries, narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, rarely to ovate, the lowermost ones sometimes linear-lanceolate, 6.5–8 × 2–3.5 mm, adaxially light green, often suffused purple, abaxially ± evenly dark olivaceous-green (black-green when dry), distally suffused purplish, with ± abrupt transition in a whitish-membranous or reddish border 0.05–0.1 mm wide, margin glabrous, apex flat; inner phyllaries ca. 13 mm long, of ± unequal width. Outer ligules flat, not very distinctly striped grey-green, sometimes purplish greygreen outside, apical teeth dirty yellow to grey, inner ligules canaliculate, their apical teeth smoky yellow. Stigmas medium dark discoloured, dirty yellow-green to grey-green, with a dark pubescence outside. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes light brown or medium deep brown, with a rusty or greyish hue, 4.0–4.8 × 0.9–1.0 mm, body with subdense short obtuse spinules and tricuspidate imbricate squamules, subabruptly narrowing into a subconical to conical cone 0.6–0.8 (–1.0) mm long, with rare minute spinules near the base; beak 7–9 mm long, pappus whitish to dirty white, 6 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 74A, 75.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:—At first sight, T. pandum is distinct in the leaves with relatively remote, narrow, ± patent, birdwing-shaped lateral segments, long and narrow interlobes, and the pink-purple petiole and mid-vein. Its achenes are light to medium brown, relatively large but ± slender, with ± dense, short, suberect squamules and spinules. It belongs to the group around T. salutator and T. recognitum.</p> <p>Variation:—In the Rila, there is a population matching T. pandum in many respects but deviating from it in the achene body more densely covered with thinner, subarcuate spinules, and in the shorter beak. It occurs above so called Komplesk Maljovica, at about 1800 m (cultivated as JŠ 6533, PRA, no. det. 27671).</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—Probably confined to Bulgaria; safely known from the Vitosha and Rhodopes. It grows in subalpine and alpine meadows, occasionally also on wet montane meadows (1700–2250 m). Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as NT.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. Sofia, the Vitoša, between Mt. Malak Rezen (2191 m) et <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat 42.566666)">Mt. Černi Vrah</a> (2290 m), 500 m W. of summit of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat 42.566666)">Mt. Malak Rezen</a>, 2000 m, 29 Jun 1985, J. Štěpánková (PRA, no. det. 27675, 27672); Ibidem, cultivated as JŠ 2146 (PRA, no. det. 27674); Ibidem, JŠ 2147 (PRA, no. det. 27673). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat 42.566666)">Dragalevci</a>, NW. slopes below the summit of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat 42.566666)">Mt. Goljam Rezen</a>, ca. 2200–2250 m, ca. 42° 34’ N, ca. 23° 18’ E, 27 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6986 (PRA, no. det. 27670); Ibidem, JŠ 6988 (PRA, no. det. 27668); Ibidem, JŠ 6985 (PRA, no. det. 27666). – Vitoša, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.566666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat 42.566666)">Mt. Černi</a> vrach (2290 m), below the meteostation, 2250 m, 27 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, cultivated as TaB 41 (PRA, no. det. 27669). – Sofia, the Vitoša, between Mt. Malak Rezen (2191 m) et Mt. Černi Vrach (2290 m), ca. 2100 m, 27 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, cultivated as TaB 50 (PRA, no. det. 27667). – Rodopi, Čepelare, the Mursalica Mts., village of Široka Laka, N. slopes of Mt. Čaeva čuka (1826 m), 41° 38–39’ N, ca. 24° 29–30’ E, 23 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6822 (PRA, no. det. 36001). – Less certain identifications: Rodopi, Čepelare, the Prespa Mts., village of Manastir, NE. slopes of Mt. Prespa, ca. 2 km SE. of the village, 1850–1950 m, ca. 41° 42–43’ N, 24° 54’ E, 25 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 6952 (PRA, no. det. 27665). – Rila, the Maljovica Chalet, 16 Jul 1976, R. Doll [as T. rhaeticum] (JE, no. det. 19045).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516738FF96FF66FF3FFA93FEE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C516739FF90FF66FA3EFCC1FAF3.text	03B73C516739FF90FF66FA3EFCC1FAF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum rhodopaeum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>9. Taraxacum rhodopaeum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Rodopi, opp. Čepelare, montium pars Černatica, pag. Chvojna, circum montem Goljam Persenk (2091 m), locis humidis ad viam silvaticam turisticam lutee signatam ca. 300-800 m supra locum (situ occident.) Skalni Mostove, ca. 1700–1800 m, 24 Jul 1998, R. Bělohlávková, J. Štěpánek, V. D. Vladimirov et D. Petkova, cultivated as Ro 8, collected in 2002 (PRA, no. det. 35730, holotype; isotypes: PRA).</p> <p>Etymology:—Coming from the Rhodopes (from Latin, Rhodopae montes, rhodopaeus).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1293–1296.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae ex affinitate T. picti sed foliis tenuibus statim marcescentibus, petiolo et vena mediana saturate purpureis, phyllariis involucralibus exterioribus longissimis, pagina adaxiali pallida, laete canescente, pagina abaxiali aequaliter griseo-olivacea pruinosa, acheniis subpallide usque saturate brunneis, corpore dense breviter spinuloso, in pyramidem cylidricam, 0.9–1.2 mm longam abrupte transeunte dignoscendae.</p> <p>Plants medium-sized to large, 14–25 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, without hairs among petiole bases. Petiole coloured deep purple, narrowly winged to broadly winged, 2–5 cm long. Leaves erect-patent to suberect, vivid light green, not spotted, thin (easily withering), sparsely arachnoid, narrowly elliptical to oblanceolate, usually 8–20 × 2.5–4.5 cm, pinnatisect, leaf shape similar to that of T. lojoënse Lindberg (1935: 8) and T. amplum Marklund (1940: 57; both T. sect. Taraxacum); terminal segment (often large, to 4 cm long and irregularly dentate in inner leaves) usually triangular to broadly so, sometimes helmet-shaped, most often 1.5–3 × 1.3–3.5 cm, acute, distal margin subconvex to straight, entire or with a single tooth near the base, sometimes with an incision, basal lobules subrecurved, proximal margin ± straight to subconcave, entire, less often with a single narrow tooth; lateral segments in 2–4 pairs, usually recurved, triangular, usually 0.7–2.5 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide at base, acute, often with distal part narrowed, distal margin subsigmoid to almost straight, entire or sometimes sparsely denticulate, proximal margin ± straight, entire or with a single thin tooth; interlobes variable, usually 0.4–1.5 × 0.3–0.8 cm, unbordered, usually with several unequal thin, filiform teeth; mid-vein purple. Scapes almost glabrous, with sparse archnoid hairs below capitulum, basally and distally suffused bronze or purple, overtopping leaves. Capitulum deep yellow, large, 3.5–4.5 cm wide, ± flat. Involucre slightly pruinose, rounded and 8–10 mm wide at base. Outer phyllaries 12–19, arcuate-patent to arcuaterecurved, lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 8–10 × 2.5–4 mm, adaxially conspicuously light greyish, abaxially ± evenly greyish olivaceous, slightly pruinose, with a ± abrupt transition in a whitish to translucent border 0.2–0.4 mm wide, margin minutely ciliate to glabrous, apex flat; inner phyllaries ca. 14 mm long, of ± equal length. Outer ligules flat, striped grey-olivaceous outside, apical teeth dirty yellow to grey-black, inner ligules ± canaliculate, their apical teeth yellow. Stigmas dirty yellow to light greenish, pubescence hairs usually hyaline, some with a dark apex. Pollen abundant, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes light to medium deep brown, with a greyish or olivaceous hue, narrow and long, 4.1–4.8 × 0.9–1.0 mm, body ± densely covered with short, subobtuse spinules, abruptly narrowing into a cylindrical to subcylindrical cone 0.9–1.2 × ca. 0.4 mm; beak 8–11 mm long, pappus white or whitish, 6–6.5 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 74B, 76, 77.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:—A robust member of the group of T. pictum and T. incantatum, relatively easily distinguished by longer outer phyllaries with a sharply delimited paler border, achenes with a longer cone and a longer beak. At first sight, T. rhodopaeum is distinct in having very pale greyish adaxial surface of outer phyllaries.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Taraxacum rhodopaeum is recorded from the Rhodopes, Rila and Vitosha, from the elevations around 1700–1800 m. It grows on wet montane meadows. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as VU.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.566668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.566668/lat 41.816666)">Rodopi</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.566668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.566668/lat 41.816666)">Čepelare</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.566668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.566668/lat 41.816666)">Chvojna village</a>, around Mt. Goljam Persenk (2091 m), ca. 300–800 m W. of Skalni Mostove, ca. 1700–1800 m, ca. 41° 49’ N, ca. 24° 34’ E, 24 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova cultivated as JŠ 6795 (PRA, no. det. 26159). – Rila, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.429472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.14492" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.429472/lat 42.14492)">Kirilova Poljana</a>, a path to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.429472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.14492" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.429472/lat 42.14492)">Ticha Rila</a>, above the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.429472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.14492" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.429472/lat 42.14492)">Rilska</a> reka bridge, ca. 1731 m, 42° 8’ 41.7” N, 23° 25’ 46.1” E, 3 Jul 2006, J. Kučera (herb. J. Kučera! and PRA, no. det. 30934). – Vitosha, in the vicinity of the Aleko Chalet, ca. 1800 m, 3 Jun 1988, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Kuzmanov, cultivated as JK 364 (PRA, no. det. 36011); Ibidem, JK 358 (PRA, no. det. 36007); Ibidem, JK 359 (PRA, no. det. 36012); Ibidem, JK 364 (PRA, no. det. 36008). – Vitosha, meadows SW. of the Aleko Chalet, ca. 1800 m, 3 Jun 1988, J. Kirschner &amp; B. Kuzmanov, cultivated as JŠ 2934 (PRA, no. det. 36014); Ibidem, JŠ 2945 (PRA, no. det. 36009); Ibidem, JŠ 2938 (PRA, no. det. 36010).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C516739FF90FF66FA3EFCC1FAF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C51673FFF92FF78FAE3FDF3F81D.text	03B73C51673FFF92FF78FAE3FDF3F81D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum pictum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>40. Taraxacum pictum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Rila, pagus Borovec, in via silvatica supra stationem superiorem ferroviae pensilis “lift Sitnjakovo”, ante vallem Solenata Voda, ca. 1800 m, 13 May 1989, B. Slavík, cultivated as S 2234, collected in 1990 (PRA, no. det. 36168, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 36161, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Colourful, multicoloured – after outer phyllaries with contrasting colours (derived from Latin, pingo, pingere, to paint).</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Species distinctissima foliis pinnatisectis facie T. fascinantis, petiolis inalatis cano-purpurascentibus, foliis canescentiviridibus aeneo-suffusis, phyllariis exterioribus numerosis, irregulariter arcuato-patentibus, pallide viridibus zona mediana obscure olivaceo-viridi notatis, in marginem pellucidam 0.1–0.2 mm latam sensim transeuntibus, stigmatibus obscuris, acheniis parvis, corpore superne grosse spinuloso notabilis.</p> <p>Plants small to medium-sized, ± slender, 8–11 cm tall. Plant base without tunic, with ± dense light brownish hairs among petiole bases. Petiole greyish purple, narrow, unwinged to narrowly winged, 2–3 cm long. Leaves variously erectpatent, greyish green with a bronze hue, not spotted, sparsely arachnoid, mainly on midvein, narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly elliptical in outline, narrow, usually 7–11 × 1.5–2.7 cm, pinnatisect; terminal segment triangular to helmetshaped, usually 9–17 × 8–17 mm, obtusely acute, distal margin subconvex to subsigmoid, entire, basal lobules usually recurved to strongly recurved, subacute, proximal margin subconcave to straight, entire; lateral segments in 3–4 pairs, usually triangular to narrowly so, often bird-wing-shaped in bigger leaves, from a broader base ± abruptly narrowed in a narrow, lingulate distal part, usually recurved, most often 4–13 mm long, 5–10 mm wide at base, distal margin ± straight to sigmoid, entire in outer leaves, with 1–2 deep incisions in the inner ones, denticulate at base, proximal margin ± straight to subconcave, entire; interlobes narrow, usually 4–12 × 2.5–3 mm, entire or sparsely denticulate in outer leaves, with 3–6 unequal narrow teeth in the inner leaves, surface not blotched, margin distally bordered brownpurple, proximally ± raised; mid-vein brownish or purplish. Scapes pale greenish, floccose-arachnoid, equalling leaves. Capitulum small, ca. 2.5 cm wide, flat, dirty yellow. Involucre ± rounded and 7–9 mm wide at base. Outer phyllaries 17–20, irregularly arcuate-patent, long, reaching 3/4 of the inner ones, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 7.5–9 × 2.5– 3.5 (–4.0) mm, seemingly translucent, abaxially pale green with an olivaceous-green, ca. 2 mm wide darker middle strip before and at anthesis, middle part bordered pale greenish, with a gradual transition in a membranous border 0.1– 0.2 mm wide, adaxially very pale green to greyish green, during anthesis and later getting suffused bluish purple on both sides, margin distally minutely ciliate, apex flat; inner phyllaries 10–11 mm long, of ± equal width. Outer ligules flat, striped grey-olivaceous outside, apical teeth purple-black, inner ligules canaliculate, their teeth smoky yellow. Stigmas dark discoloured, ± black when dry, with black pubescence outside. Pollen present, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes light greyish-brownish, relatively small, 3.4–4.0 × 0.8–0.9 mm, without distinct longitudinal ridges, body coarsely squamulose in upper 1/5, the upper row of large squamules forming a collar below the cone base, body ± abruptly narrowing into a subcylindrical cone (0.5–) 0.7–1.0 mm long; beak 6–8 mm long, pappus whitish, 5–6 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 74C, 78.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:— Taraxacum pictum is a species resembling T. fascinans Kirschner, Mikoláš &amp; Štěpánek in Kirschner &amp; Štěpánek (1997a: 45; T. sect. Palustria) in its leaf shape. It is generally distinct in having purplish outer phyllaries, with contrasting colours abaxially, and with a peculiar, coarsely squamulose sculpturing of achenes. Together with very dark stigmas, these characters make it possible to discern T. pictum from the other taxa of the T. rhodopaeum group.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:—It was safely documented from the Rila and Pirin, between 1800 and 2500 m. It grows on stony slopes and track verges in the subalpine and alpine belts. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as VU.</p> <p>Specimens studied:— BULGARIA. The Pirin, Bansko, Mt. Vichren, amongst scree on the Vichrenski Preslap ridge, between Mt. Vichren (2914 m) and Chvojnati vrech (2635 m), limestone, ca. 2500 m, 12 Aug 1990, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 4547 (PRA, no. det. 36166).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C51673FFF92FF78FAE3FDF3F81D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C5167C3FF6CFF78FF3FFB91F90F.text	03B73C5167C3FF6CFF78FF3FFB91F90F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum incantatum Stepanek & Kirschner 2022	<div><p>4. Taraxacum incantatum Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner, sp. nov.</p> <p>Type:— Bulgaria, montes Pirin, opp. Bansko, vallis flum. Demjanica, locis humidis ad fontem prope viam (= via turistica caerulee signata) in fundo vallis flum. Demjanica, in loco Demjaniška polana, supra (situ merid.) cataractam Demjaniški skok, ca. 8–9 km situ merid. ab opp. Bansko, ca. 1800–1850 m, 41° 45–46’ N, 23° 28–29’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9294, collected in 2012 (PRA, no. det. 35754, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 27695, and duplicates).</p> <p>Etymology:—Bewitched, enchanted, cursed (derived from Latin, incanto, incantere, to consecrate with spells).</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1283–1285.</p> <p>Diagnosis:—Plantae insignes, petiolis pallide purpureis, foliis gramineo-viridibus lobis lateralibus remotis anguste triangularibus patentibus vel subrecurvis, vena mediana pallide brunneo-purpurea, capitulis magnis aureis, phyllariis exterioribus laxe adpressis pallide usque saturate olivaceo-viridibus, acheniis pallide brunneis pyramide brevi notabiles.</p> <p>Plants small to medium-sized, 6–10 cm tall. Plant base ± without tunic, almost glabrous among petiole bases. Petiole light purplish, more deeply so along mid-vein, broadly winged (outer leaves) to narrowly winged or unwinged (inner leaves), 1.5–2.5 cm long. Leaves patent to prostrate, mid-green, not spotted, almost glabrous, arachnoid hairs only along mid-vein, oblanceolate, narrowly oblanceolate or narrowly elliptical, usually 5–10 × 1.5–2.5 cm, pinnatisect; terminal segment variously triangular to sagittate-triangular, sometimes trilobed, acute to subacute, distal margin subconcave to subconvex, entire, basal lobules subrecurved to ± patent, sometimes pointing forwards, acute, proximal margin subconcave to ± straight, ± entire; lateral segments relatively remote, in (2) 3–4 pairs, subrecurved to ± patent, sometimes pointing forwards, narrowly deltoid-triangular, often bird-wing-shaped, usually 6–12 mm long, 6–10 mm wide at base, distal margin usually convex to sigmoid, sometimes concave, entire or with a few minute teeth, proximal margin concave to straight, entire; interlobes relatively narrow, most often 5–10 × 2–4 (–5) mm, green, unbordered, margin raised, ± entire or irregularly dentate, often with one of the teeth large, narrow, lobule-like; mid-vein light to deep brownish pink. Scapes suffused light purple or bronze, sparsely arachnoid, shorter than leaves. Capitulum golden yellow, large, ca. 4 cm wide, ± flat. Involucre not pruinose, olivaceous-green, rounded and ca. 8 mm wide at base. Outer phyllaries 18–23, loosely appressed, lanceolate to ovate, very light olivaceous-green (darker when dry), sometimes dark olivaceous-green, darker distally, on the middle line and at the base, sometimes suffused purple in the distal half, with a ± gradual transition in a translucent to whitish-membranous border 0.1–0.3 mm wide, margin irregularly minutely ciliate, apex flat; inner phyllaries ca. 12 mm long, of ± equal width. Outer ligules flat, striped grey-olivaceous outside, apical teeth brownish to reddish grey, inner ligules canaliculate, their apical teeth dark yellow. Stigmas long, medium discoloured, light greyish-greenish, hairs of external pubescence with black apex. Pollen abundant, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes light brown, (3.6–) 4.0–4.9 × 0.9–1.1 mm, body densely covered with erect-patent, thin spinules up to ca. 0.2 mm long in upper 1/4, subgradually to subabruptly narrowing into a subcylindrical to subconical cone 0.5–0.7 mm long, often with minute spinules at the base; beak (6.5–) 7–8 mm long, pappus whitish to dirty white, 5.5–6 mm long. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 74D, 79.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes:—The characteristic leaf shape of T. incantatum, with relatively narrow, remote, most often ± patent lateral segments, is similar to that of T. pandum. The loosely appressed outer phyllaries with abaxial surface most often relatively light green, and with a gradual transition in the border, are diagnostic, together with the light pure brown achene colour, dense short spinulosity of achene body, and the short cone.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Taraxacum incantatum is known from the Pirin, at about 1800–1850 m. It grows in wet places in the vicinity of a mountain spring. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as VU.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. The Pirin, Bansko, Demjanica valley, wet sites near the spring, along the Demjanica river, near Demjaniška polana, above the Demjaniški skok [waterfall], ca. 1800–1850 m, ca. 41° 45–46’ N, 23° 28–29’ E, 8 Aug 1997, J. Štěpánek, cultivated as JŠ 9300 (PRA, no. det. 27694); Ibidem, JŠ 9294 (PRA, no. det. 27695); Ibidem, JŠ 9298 (PRA, no. det. 27696); Ibidem, JŠ 9295 (PRA, no. det. 27697); Ibidem, JŠ 9297 (PRA, no. det. 27698). – Less certain identification: Ibidem, JŠ 9292 (PRA, no. det. 27699).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C5167C3FF6CFF78FF3FFB91F90F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C5167C1FF6EFF78FF3FFD73F946.text	03B73C5167C1FF6EFF78FF3FFD73F946.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum pseudoalpestre Stepanek & Kirschner	<div><p>4. Taraxacum pseudoalpestre Štěpánek &amp; Kirschner in Štěpánek et al. (2011: 560)</p> <p>Type:— Romania, the Southern Carpathians, NE part of the Fagaras Mts, slopes above Avrig Lake, towards Scura, Şerbola, Negoin, acid bedrock, ca. 2100 m, 15 Jul 2002, P. Kusák, cultivated as JK 4874 (PRA, no. det. 25023, holotype; isotype: PRA, no. det. 25024, and duplicates).</p> <p>Illustration:— Štěpánek et al. (2011: Fig. 10).</p> <p>Plants small to medium-sized, usually 10–18 cm tall. Plant base without tunic. Petiole pale greenish or partly bordered purplish, winged to broadly winged in outer leaves, unwinged to narrowly winged in inner ones. Leaves numerous, erect-patent, vivid light green, not spotted, subglabrous, with a few scattered hairs along mid-vein, oblanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate in outline, usually 7–11 × 2–3 cm, runcinate-pinnatisect; terminal segment ± dominant, triangular, helmet-shaped or ovate-triangular, subacute, with a ± sagittate base, 1.5–4 × 2–3 cm, distal margin ± straight to convex, subundulate, entire, rarely with an asymmetrical incision, basal lobules patent to recurved, acuminate, proximal margin ± straight to concave, usually entire, or with a single basal tooth; lateral segments in 3–4 (5) pairs, narrowly triangular, ± patent to recurved, or bird-wing-like, acuminate, distal margin convex to sigmoid, entire or with a few minute teeth in proximal segments, proximal margin concave to ± straight, usually entire; interlobes long, usually 5–12 × 2–7 mm, inconspicuously blotched brown-purplish, margin usually raised, with teeth and lobules of varied length; mid-vein pale greenish. Scapes sparsely arachnoid, later glabrescent, pale green during anthesis, later distally getting purplish, ± equalling leaves. Capitulum yellow, ca. 4 cm wide. Involucre not pruinose, broadly obconical and ca. 7 mm wide at base. Outer phyllaries 15–22, loosely appressed at base, distally loosely appressed, erect or subarcuate, reaching 1/3–1/2 of the inner, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 6–7 × 2–3 mm, with an elongated, acuminate apical part, surface evenly blackish-green, distally often suffused purplish, paler border almost invisible, margin ± minutely ciliate, apex flat; inner phyllaries 13–14 mm long, light olivaceous, of ± equal width. Outer ligules narrow, subcanaliculate, striped light purplish-greyish, apical teeth black, inner ligules canaliculate, their apical teeth black. Stigmas very light, yellow or slightly greenish yellow, with usually hyaline pubescence outside. Pollen present, pollen grains variable in size. Achenes pale coloured, whitish stramineous-brown or pale stramineous with an ochraceous hue, 4.3–4.8 × 1.1–1.3 mm, body subdensely spinulose and squamulose only in the uppermost part, ± abruptly narrowing into a conical cone 0.5–0.6 mm long; beak 5–8 mm long, pappus white, 5–6 mm long. – Agamosperm.</p> <p>Diagnostic notes and variation:— Taraxacum pseudoalpestre exhibits a distinct similarity with T. alpestre in its leaf shape. The numerous, loosely appressed, narrow outer phyllaries, pale achenes with a body spinulose and squamulose only in its uppermost part, and the conical, short cone are diagnostic. As regards the differences between the South Carpathian and the Bulgarian plants, there is a good match in all decisive characters, and minor differences, either due to plasticity or multiclonality, include slightly shorter and less patent outer phyllaries, pale achenes with light greyish hue in the Romanian plants and with very light ochraceous hue in the Bulgarian ones, and a shorter beak.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Taraxacum pseudoalpestre represents the only mountain Taraxacum species with the geographical range in the Southern Carpathians and Bulgaria. The distribution and ecology in Romania were described in Štěpánek et al. (2011). In Bulgaria, T. pseudoalpestre is known from the western part of the Stara Planina Mts. It grows in humid subalpine grasslands below 2000 m a.s.l., on granite bedrock. Its IUCN conservation status is estimated as NT.</p> <p>Bulgarian specimens examined:— Stara Planina, Zlatiško-Tetevenska planina, Teteven, village of Ribarica, Mt. Vežen (2198 m), a ridge between Mt. Kamenica and the pass of Ribariški Prohod, ca. 1800–1950 m, ca. 42° 45’ N, ca. 24° 26–27’ E, 20 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 7584 (PRA, no. det. 36155); Ibidem, JŠ 7586 (PRA, no. det. 36153).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C5167C1FF6EFF78FF3FFD73F946	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C5167C1FF6BFF78F8F5FC3BFE8B.text	03B73C5167C1FF6BFF78F8F5FC3BFE8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum erzincanense Doll 1975	<div><p>4. Taraxacum erzincanense Doll (1975: 199)</p> <p>Type:— TURKEY. Ostanatolien, Prov. Erzincan, Erzincan, Nordhang des Gebirges südl. Karakol, 1500 m, 22 May 1971, K. Walther 8793 (HBG 526061, no. det. 34808, holotype).</p> <p>= Taraxacum borovezum Doll (1978: 635)</p> <p>Type:— BULGARIA. Flora von Bulgarien, Rila-Gebirge, Borovez, Wegrand, 11 Jul 1976, R. Doll (JE, no. det. 19056, holotype).</p> <p>Illustrations:— Doll (1978: Fig 1, Plate LXXIII); Doll (1975: Fig. 1a).</p> <p>Etymology:—Derived from the name of an important town and province in northern Turkey – Erzincan.</p> <p>Exsiccates:— Taraxaca Exs., no. 1246–1253.</p> <p>Plants medium-sized or relatively small, usually 9–15 cm tall. Plant base ± without tunic, with ± sparse whitish or brownish hairs among petiole bases. Petioles deep pink-purple to reddish purple, ± arachnoid, narrow, unwinged or narrowly winged, usually 1.5–3.5 cm long. Leaf rosettes relatively well developed; leaves comparatively stiff, subcoriaceous, with blade slightly folded along the mid-vein, erect to erect-patent, slightly greyish light green, not spotted, sparsely arachnoid, more densely so on mid-vein of middle leaves; blade narrowly elliptical to oblanceolate in outline, usually 6–18 × 2–4 cm, deeply and regularly pinnatisect, outer, early leaves with segments distally less dentate; terminal segment triangular to narrowly triangular or ± tripartite, usually 1–2.5 × 1.5–3 cm, acute to obtusely acute, with an elongated, narrowly lingulate terminal lobule in inner leaves, distal margin usually ± straight and entire in outer leaves, but in the other leaves concave, entire or with 1–2 teeth, basal lobules ± recurved, sometimes subpatent or conspicuously recurved, often elongated, with a narrow, lingulate distal part, proximal margin ± straight or subsigmoid, entire; lateral segments in (3) 4–5 (6) pairs, usually opposite, most often subrecurved or subpatent, usually 1–2 cm long, 0.6–1.5 cm wide at base, narrowly triangular in outer leaves, otherwise narrowly deltoid-triangular in outline, with a broad basal part, abruptly or ± gradually narrowing in a narrow, lingulate distal part, sometimes ± widened at the apex, distal margin sigmoid, entire, or distinctly dentate on the broad basal part, teeth unequal, relatively long, proximal margin almost straight or ± undulated, usually entire; interlobes most often distinct and long, narrow, slightly widening towards the next proximal segment pair, usually 5–15 × 2–4 mm, usually with several unequal teeth or lobules, surface inconspicuously suffused brownish-purplish, bordered darker brown-purple; mid-vein proximally purplish, distally pale. Scapes purplish proximally, otherwise pale greenish, ± densely floccose-arachnoid, equalling or ± overtopping leaves. Capitulum ± dirty yellow, slightly convex, medium-sized, ca. 2.5–3.5 cm wide. Involucre 7–8 mm wide and rounded at base. Outer phyllaries 15–20, not imbricate, irregularly erect-patent to arcuate recurved, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, usually 7–8 × 2–3.3 mm, adaxially pale greyish green, often suffused purplish, abaxial surface ± evenly blackish green, sometimes with a darker middle line and bordered darker, with a ± abrupt transition in a pale greyish to whitish border 0.05–0.25 mm wide, margin usually ± ciliate, mainly distally, sometimes ± glabrous, distal part often suffused brownish-purplish, apex paler, subobtuse, almost flat or with a callosity; inner phyllaries ca. 12 mm long, of ± equal width, olivaceous-green, with apex suffused brown-purple. Outer ligules flat to subcanaliculate, striped dark olivaceous-blackish outside, with apical teeth dark grey to purplish grey, inner ligules canaliculkate, with purple apical teeth. Stigmas long, dark, greyish yellow-green with black pubescence outside. Pollen abundant, pollen grains irregular in size. Achenes medium deep olivaceous greyish light brown, with a distinct sculpture, ± distinct lateral ridges, (3.1–) 3.9–4.8 (–5.0) × 0.9–1.2 mm, body densely spinulose and squamulose in upper half, with spinules erect-patent, distal spinules longer (to 0.3 mm), the other ± short, straight to slightly subrecurved, body otherwise minutely spinulose to tuberculate, with a subgradual transition into a thin, ± cylindrical (basally subconical) cone (0.5–) 1.0– 1.3 mm, often sparsely spinulose at base; beak 7–9 mm, pappus very light pinkish-brownish, 6.5–7.5 mm. – Agamosperm. – Fig. 80.</p> <p>Diagnostic features:—The subcoriaceous leaves with a complicated lobation pattern, relatively numerous, narrow, irregularly erect-patent to arcuate recurved outer phyllaries, light pinkish-brownish pappus and a densely spinulose achene body, subgradually narrowing into a thin, relatively long, cylindrical cone represent a unique character combination.</p> <p>Note:—Both for T. erzincanense and for T. borovezum, Doll (1975, 1978, respectively) reported a triploid chromosome number (2n=24). However, as given in the introductory part to this study, the chromosome counts published by Doll (opera varia) are rather doubtful and require confirmation.</p> <p>Sectional position:—We refrain from placing T. erzincanense in any section known from the Balkan Peninsula. In its protologue, T. erzincanense is understood as a member of T. sect. Erythrocarpa, which is almost surely wrong. Its synonym, T. borovezum was listed among species of T. sect. Alpestria, a similarly doubtful solution. We might only hypothesize that T. erzincanense is a very marginal member of a group close to T. desertorum Schischkin in Grossgeim (1934: 251), or perhaps a relative of T. sect. Borysthenica Kirschner &amp; Štěpánek (2004: 267).</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Taraxacum erzincanense is a broadly Pontic species distributed from northern Anatolia, Turkey, and Crimea, Ukraine, to Bulgaria. As regards its conservation status, it most probably should be classified as LC (Anonymous 2012). It grows on wet meadows, pastures and along tracks in montane belt, usually between 1100 and 1900 m, sometimes, as for instance in Crimea, it descends to ca. 260 m a.s.l.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— BULGARIA. Stara Planina Mts., township of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.6/lat 41.816666)">Trojan</a>, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.6/lat 41.816666)">Trojanska Planina</a>, southern slopes below the pass of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.6/lat 41.816666)">Trojanski Prohod</a>, pastures along a brook, 1450–1550 m, 42° 46–47’ N, 24° 35–36’ E, 21 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 7569 (PRA, no. det. 26283); Ibidem, cultivated as JŠ 7570 (PRA, no. det. 26284); Ibidem, cultivated as JŠ 7571 (PRA, no. det. 26285); Ibidem, cultivated as JŠ 6771 (PRA, no. det. 27482). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.6/lat 41.816666)">Stara Planina Mts.</a>, township of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.6/lat 41.816666)">Trojan</a>, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.6/lat 41.816666)">Trojanska Planina</a>, a ridge between the pass of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.6/lat 41.816666)">Karčov</a> and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.6/lat 41.816666)">Mt. Ušite</a>, ca. 3–4 km W. of “ Kozja Stena ” <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.6/lat 41.816666)">Chalet</a>, grasslands around limestone rocks, ca. 1600 m, 42° 47–48’ N, 24° 29–30’ E, 21 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 7576 (PRA, no. det. 26282). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.6/lat 41.816666)">Stara Planina Mts.</a>, township of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.6/lat 41.816666)">Trojan</a>, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.6/lat 41.816666)">Trojanska Planina</a>, 0.5–1 km E. of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.6/lat 41.816666)">Mt. Kozja</a> stena (1670 m), pastures with limestone rocks, 1550-1600 m, ca. 42° 47’ N, 24° 33–34’ E, 21 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 7006 (PRA, no. det. 26278). – Stara Planina, township of Kazanlak, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.6/lat 41.816666)">Šipčenska Planina Mts.</a>, along the road in the Šipčenski Prohod [pass], meadows and semiruderal sites, 1150-1200 m, 42° 45–46’ N, ca. 25° 19’ E, 22 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 7023 (PRA, no. det. 26277); Ibidem, cultivated as JŠ 7024 (PRA, no. det. 26276). – S. Bulgaria, the Rodopi Mts., township of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.65)">Čepelare</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.65)">Mursalica</a>, village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.55/lat 41.65)">Široka Laka</a>, between Gela and Lednicata, ca. 1500 m, ca. 41° 39’ N, ca. 24° 33’ E, 23 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6882 (PRA, no. det. 26279); Ibidem, cultivated as JŠ 6818 (PRA, no. det. 26281). – S. Bulgaria, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.566668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.566668/lat 41.816666)">Rodopi Mts.</a>, township of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.566668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.566668/lat 41.816666)">Čepelare</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.566668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.566668/lat 41.816666)">Černatica</a>, village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.566668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.566668/lat 41.816666)">Chvojna</a>, around <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.566668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.566668/lat 41.816666)">Mt. Goljam Persenk</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.566668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.566668/lat 41.816666)">Skalni Mostove</a>, ca. 1700 m, ca. 41° 49’ N, ca. 24° 34’ E, 24 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6912 (PRA, no. det. 26280). – S. Bulgaria, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.6/lat 41.816666)">Rodopi Mts.</a>, township of Čepelare, Černatica, village of Chvojna, around <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.6/lat 41.816666)">Mt. Goljam Persenk</a>, 1.5–2 km above Skalni Mostove, 1800–1900 m, ca. 41° 49’ N, 24° 33–34’ E, 24 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6794 (PRA, no. det. 36022). – S. Bulgaria, the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.6/lat 41.816666)">Rodopi Mts.</a>, township of Čepelare, Černatica, village of Orechovo, between Skalni Mostove and Slančevi polani, ca. 1700 m, 41° 49–50’ N, ca. 24° 36’ E, 24 Jul 1998, J. Štěpánek, R. Bělohlávková, V. D. Vladimirov &amp; D. Petkova, cultivated as JŠ 6797 (PRA, no. det. 27483). – The Rodopi Mts., the massif of Dobrostan, pastures in a valley, ca. 2 km W. of Dobrostan village, ca. 1350 m, 10 May 1989, B. Slavík, cultivated as S 2228-2/2 (PRA, no. det. 26274).</p> <p>UKRAINE. Southern Crimea, Sevastopol, Baidarica Valley, wet sites near the village of Peredovoe, 25 May 1989, J. Štěpánek &amp; J. Kirschner, cultivated as JŠ 4980 (PRA, no. det. 28553); Ibidem, cultivated as JŠ 3514/5–1/1 (PRA, no. det. 28544). – Southern Crimea, town of Jalta, along a path in a pine woods above Jalta, near Gruševaja poljana, 24 May 1989, J. Štěpánek &amp; J. Kirschner, cultivated as JŠ 4907 (PRA, no. det. 28547); Ibidem, cultivated as JŠ 4900 (PRA, no. det. 28549); Ibidem, cultivated as JŠ 3520/2–2/1 (PRA, no. det. 28551).</p> <p>TURKEY. Central Anatolia, near the village of Gerede, southern foot of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.183334/lat 40.833332)">Mt. Akyama</a>, ca. 1200 m, 40° 50’ N, 32° 11’ E, May 1988, B. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.183334/lat 40.833332)">Křísa</a>, cultivated as JŠ 2877/1 (PRA, no. det. 31344); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.183334/lat 40.833332)">Ibidem</a>, cultivated as JŠ 4214 (PRA, no. det. 31346); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.183334/lat 40.833332)">Ibidem</a>, cultivated as JŠ 4213 (PRA, no. det. 31342); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.183334/lat 40.833332)">Ibidem</a>, cultivated as JŠ 2877/1 + 2 (PRA, no. det. 31340); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.183334/lat 40.833332)">Ibidem</a>, cultivated as JŠ 2879 (PRA, no. det. 31339); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.183334/lat 40.833332)">Ibidem</a>, cultivated as JŠ 2879/2 (PRA, no. det. 31337); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.183334/lat 40.833332)">Ibidem</a>, cultivated as JŠ 2877/2 (PRA, no. det. 31335). – Bolu Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.183334/lat 40.833332)">Abant Silsilesi Mts.</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.183334/lat 40.833332)">Abant Gölü lake</a> SW of Bolu town, ca. 1100 m, wet meadows at southern shore, May 1997, J. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.183334/lat 40.833332)">Sádlo</a>, cultivated as JK 4759 (PRA, no. det. 31333). – Bolu Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.183334/lat 40.833332)">Abant Silsilesi Mts.</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.183334/lat 40.833332)">Abant Gölü lake</a> SW of Bolu town, ca. 1100 m, parking places, near the shore, May 1997, J. Sádlo, cultivated as JK 4757 (PRA, no. det. 31331).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C5167C1FF6BFF78F8F5FC3BFE8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C5167C4FF6BFF78FCB0FEA6FC5D.text	03B73C5167C4FF6BFF78FCB0FEA6FC5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum balcanicum Rechinger 1934	<div><p>Taraxacum balcanicum Rechinger (1934: 19, plate 7, fig. 2)</p> <p>A name published on the basis of plants collected in Greece by K. H. Rechinger [fil.] in 1932, and H. Handel-Mazzetti in 1927. We have seen three syntypes belonging to the gathering Rechinger 3095 (G!, BP!); they are relatively well developed and may represent a species of T. sect. Bulgarica. We were not able to equate T. balcanicum with any taxon from Bulgaria.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C5167C4FF6BFF78FCB0FEA6FC5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
03B73C5167C4FF6BFF78FDB4FD59FD05.text	03B73C5167C4FF6BFF78FDB4FD59FD05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taraxacum szepesfalvyi Penzes 1948	<div><p>Taraxacum szepesfalvyi Pénzes (1948: 7)</p> <p>Described from the Pirin („Mosgovica“), probably from along the Mozgovica River, towards Mt. Mozgovishki Shukar. From the protologue description it might be inferred that this name is referable to T. sect. Crocea (glabrous leaves and scapes, leaves narrow, to linear-lanceolate, not divided). It might represent an entire-leaved form of T. paludosiforme but the achene figure (Pénzes 1948: 7) differs from the achene characters in T. paludosiforme. As we did not locate the type specimen, we leave this name for further study.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B73C5167C4FF6BFF78FDB4FD59FD05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Štěpánek, Jan;Kirschner, Jan	Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan (2022): A hotspot of endemism: Oreophytic Taraxacum species (Compositae, Crepidinae) in the mountains of Bulgaria. Phytotaxa 569 (1): 1-139, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.569.1.1
