taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
25458781FFBFE40453DCFB77FD705617.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/4451432/files/figure.png	http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4451432	Figure 5. Bacula of the four clades within formerly or traditionally recognized as Neoromicia: A, Laephotis kirinyaga (FMNH 234639); B, Neoromicia somalica (FMNH 215614); C, Pseudoromicia kityoi (FMNH 223211); and D, Afronycteris nana (DM 13013). Note the three-pronged tip in Neoromicia, the straight shaft with spatulate tip at an angle of 45° in Laephotis, the long, curved shaft with bilobed tip in Pseudoromicia and the deeply bilobed base and gently curved shaft in Afronycteris. Scale bars: 1 mm.	Figure 5. Bacula of the four clades within formerly or traditionally recognized as Neoromicia: A, Laephotis kirinyaga (FMNH 234639); B, Neoromicia somalica (FMNH 215614); C, Pseudoromicia kityoi (FMNH 223211); and D, Afronycteris nana (DM 13013). Note the three-pronged tip in Neoromicia, the straight shaft with spatulate tip at an angle of 45° in Laephotis, the long, curved shaft with bilobed tip in Pseudoromicia and the deeply bilobed base and gently curved shaft in Afronycteris. Scale bars: 1 mm.	2020-09-10	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D		Zenodo	biologists	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D			
25458781FFBCE4185340FC59FC0550F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/4451909/files/figure.png	http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4451909	Figure 1. Type localities of taxa of African and Malagasy Vespertilionini and Pipistrellini. Valid species are denoted by filled circles, subspecies and synonyms by open circles and species described herein by stars: 1, Pipistrellus abaensis J. A. Allen, 1917; 2, N[ycticejus]. adovanus Heuglin, 1877; 3, Pipistrellus aero Heller, 1912; 4, Vespertilio pipistrellus var. africanus Rüppell, 1842; 5, Nycticeius africanus G. M. Allen, 1911; 6, Scotoecus albigula Thomas, 1909; 7, Scoteinus schlieffeni albiventer Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 8, Scotophilus albofuscus Thomas, 1890; 9, Vesperugo anchietae Seabra, 1900; 10, Laephotis angolensis Monard, 1935; 11, Eptesicus capensis angolensis Hill, 1937; 12, Pipistrellus ariel Thomas, 1904; 13, Scotoecus artinii De Beaux, 1923; 14, Eptesicus ater J. A. Allen, 1917; 15, Pipistrellus nanus australis Roberts, 1913; 16, Scoteinus schlieffeni australis Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 17, Scoteinus schlieffeni bedouin Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 18, Pipistrellus eisentrauti bellieri De Vree, 1972; 19, Hypsugo bemainty Goodman et al., 2015; 20, Vesperus bicolor Bocage, 1889; 21, Laephotis botswanae Setzer, 1971; 22, Pipistrellus (Romicia) kuhlii broomi Roberts, 1948; 23, Vesperugo (Vesperus) brunneus Thomas, 1880; 24, Vespertilio capensis A. Smith, 1829; 25, Scotoecus cinnamomeus Wettstein, 1916; 26, Pipistrellus crassulus Thomas, 1904; 27, Pipistrellus culex Thomas, 1911; 28, Vesperus damarensis Noack, 1889; 29, Scotophilus darwini Tomes, 1859; 30, Pipistrellus deserti Thomas, 1902; 31, Pipistrellus eisentrauti Hill, 1968; 32, Scotoecus falabae Thomas, 1915; 33, Eptesicus faradjius J. A. Allen, 1917; 34, Scoteinus schlieffeni fitzsimonsi Roberts, 1932; 35, Pipistrellus fouriei Thomas, 1926; 36, Pipistrellus kuhlii fuscatus Thomas, 1901; 37, Pipistrellus fuscipes Thomas, 1913; 38, Eptesicus garambae J. A. Allen, 1917; 39, Vespertilio capensis gracilior Thomas & Schwann, 1905; 40, Vesperugo (Vesperus) grandidieri Dobson, 1876; 41, Vesperus guineensis Bocage, 1889; 42, Pipistrellus hanaki Hulva & Benda, 2004; 43, Parahypsugo happoldorum Hutterer, Decher, Monadjem & Astrin, 2019; 44, Pipistrellus helios Heller, 1912; 45, Vespertilio hesperida Temminck, 1840; 46, Scotoecus hindei Thomas, 1901; 47, Scotophilus hirundo de Winton, 1899; 48, Vesperus humbloti Milne-Edwards, 1881; 49, Vesperugo hypoleucus Heuglin [in Fitzinger & Heuglin], 1866; 50, Pipistrellus inexspectatus Aellen, 1959; 51, Neoromicia isabella Decher, Hutterer & Monadjem, 2016; 52, Laephotis kirinyaga Monadjem et al., this paper; 53, Pseudoromicia kityoi Monadjem et al., this paper; 54, Hypsugo lanzai Benda, Al-Jumaily, Reiter & Nasher, 2011; 55, Pipistrellus leucomelas Monard, 1932; 56, Parahypsugo macrocephalus Hutterer & Kerbis Peterhans, 2019; 57, Vesperugo maderensis Dobson, 1878; 58, Eptesicus somalicus malagasyensis Peterson, Eger & Mitchell, 1995; 59, Vespertilio marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830; 60, Pipistrellus marrensis Thomas & Hinton, 1923; 61, Vespertilio matroka Thomas & Schwann, 1905; 62, Pipistrellus africanus meesteriKock,2001;63,Eptesicus melckorumRoberts,1919;64,Scotophilusminimus Noack,1887;65,Pipistrellus minusculus Miller, 1900; 66, Vespertilio minuta Temminck, 1840; 67, Pipistrella minuta Loche, 1867; 68, Pipistrellus musciculus Thomas, 1913; 69, Laephotis namibensis Setzer, 1971; 70, Pipistrellus nanulus Thomas, 1904; 71, Vespertilio nanus Peters, 1852; 72, Eptesicus capensis nkatiensis Roberts, 1932; 73, Scabrifer notius G. M. Allen, 1908; 74, Pseudoromicia nyanza Monadjem et al., this paper; 75, †Scotoecus olduvensis Gunnell, Butler, Greenwood & Simmons, 2015; 76, Vesperugo pagenstecheri Noack, 1889; 77, Pipistrellus (Pipistrellus) permixtus Aellen, 1957; 78, Eptesicus phasma G. M. Allen, 1911; 79, Vespertilio pipistrellus Schreber, 1774; 80, Vespertilio platycephalus Temminck, 1832; 81, Vesperugo pulcher Dobson, 1875; 82, Vesperugo pusillulus Peters, 1870; 83, Pipistrellus raceyi Bates et al., 2006; 84, Eptesicus rectitragus Wettstein, 1916; 85, Vesperugo (Vesperus) rendalli Thomas, 1889; 86, Neoromicia robertsi Goodman et al., 2012; 87, Neoromicia roseveari Monadjem et al., 2013; 88, V[espertilio]. rueppelii J. Fischer, 1829; 89, Scotophilus rusticus Tomes, 1861; 90, Vespertilio savii Bonaparte, 1837; 91, Nycticejus schlieffenii Peters, 1859; 92, Pipistrellus rueppelli senegalensis Dorst, 1960; 93, †Nycticeinops serengetiensis Gunnell et al., 2015; 94, Pipistrellus simandouensis Monadjem et al., 2020; 95, Vespertilio minutus somalicus Thomas, 1901; 96, Vesperugo stampflii Jentink, 1888; 97, Neoromicia stanleyi Goodman et al., 2017; 98, Vesperus tenuipinnis Peters, 1872; 99, Eptesicus ugandae Hollister, 1916; 100, Neoromicia vansoni Roberts, 1932; 101, Pipistrellus vernayi Roberts, 1932; 102, Laephotis wintoni Thomas, 1901; 103, Scotoecus woodi Thomas, 1917; 104, Eptesicus zuluensis Roberts, 1924. Not mapped: [Pipistrellus Kuhli] latastei Laurent, 1937; Vespertilio pusillus LeConte, 1857; Vesperugo subtilis Sundevall, 1846.	Figure 1. Type localities of taxa of African and Malagasy Vespertilionini and Pipistrellini. Valid species are denoted by filled circles, subspecies and synonyms by open circles and species described herein by stars: 1, Pipistrellus abaensis J. A. Allen, 1917; 2, N[ycticejus]. adovanus Heuglin, 1877; 3, Pipistrellus aero Heller, 1912; 4, Vespertilio pipistrellus var. africanus Rüppell, 1842; 5, Nycticeius africanus G. M. Allen, 1911; 6, Scotoecus albigula Thomas, 1909; 7, Scoteinus schlieffeni albiventer Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 8, Scotophilus albofuscus Thomas, 1890; 9, Vesperugo anchietae Seabra, 1900; 10, Laephotis angolensis Monard, 1935; 11, Eptesicus capensis angolensis Hill, 1937; 12, Pipistrellus ariel Thomas, 1904; 13, Scotoecus artinii De Beaux, 1923; 14, Eptesicus ater J. A. Allen, 1917; 15, Pipistrellus nanus australis Roberts, 1913; 16, Scoteinus schlieffeni australis Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 17, Scoteinus schlieffeni bedouin Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 18, Pipistrellus eisentrauti bellieri De Vree, 1972; 19, Hypsugo bemainty Goodman et al., 2015; 20, Vesperus bicolor Bocage, 1889; 21, Laephotis botswanae Setzer, 1971; 22, Pipistrellus (Romicia) kuhlii broomi Roberts, 1948; 23, Vesperugo (Vesperus) brunneus Thomas, 1880; 24, Vespertilio capensis A. Smith, 1829; 25, Scotoecus cinnamomeus Wettstein, 1916; 26, Pipistrellus crassulus Thomas, 1904; 27, Pipistrellus culex Thomas, 1911; 28, Vesperus damarensis Noack, 1889; 29, Scotophilus darwini Tomes, 1859; 30, Pipistrellus deserti Thomas, 1902; 31, Pipistrellus eisentrauti Hill, 1968; 32, Scotoecus falabae Thomas, 1915; 33, Eptesicus faradjius J. A. Allen, 1917; 34, Scoteinus schlieffeni fitzsimonsi Roberts, 1932; 35, Pipistrellus fouriei Thomas, 1926; 36, Pipistrellus kuhlii fuscatus Thomas, 1901; 37, Pipistrellus fuscipes Thomas, 1913; 38, Eptesicus garambae J. A. Allen, 1917; 39, Vespertilio capensis gracilior Thomas & Schwann, 1905; 40, Vesperugo (Vesperus) grandidieri Dobson, 1876; 41, Vesperus guineensis Bocage, 1889; 42, Pipistrellus hanaki Hulva & Benda, 2004; 43, Parahypsugo happoldorum Hutterer, Decher, Monadjem & Astrin, 2019; 44, Pipistrellus helios Heller, 1912; 45, Vespertilio hesperida Temminck, 1840; 46, Scotoecus hindei Thomas, 1901; 47, Scotophilus hirundo de Winton, 1899; 48, Vesperus humbloti Milne-Edwards, 1881; 49, Vesperugo hypoleucus Heuglin [in Fitzinger & Heuglin], 1866; 50, Pipistrellus inexspectatus Aellen, 1959; 51, Neoromicia isabella Decher, Hutterer & Monadjem, 2016; 52, Laephotis kirinyaga Monadjem et al., this paper; 53, Pseudoromicia kityoi Monadjem et al., this paper; 54, Hypsugo lanzai Benda, Al-Jumaily, Reiter & Nasher, 2011; 55, Pipistrellus leucomelas Monard, 1932; 56, Parahypsugo macrocephalus Hutterer & Kerbis Peterhans, 2019; 57, Vesperugo maderensis Dobson, 1878; 58, Eptesicus somalicus malagasyensis Peterson, Eger & Mitchell, 1995; 59, Vespertilio marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830; 60, Pipistrellus marrensis Thomas & Hinton, 1923; 61, Vespertilio matroka Thomas & Schwann, 1905; 62, Pipistrellus africanus meesteriKock,2001;63,Eptesicus melckorumRoberts,1919;64,Scotophilusminimus Noack,1887;65,Pipistrellus minusculus Miller, 1900; 66, Vespertilio minuta Temminck, 1840; 67, Pipistrella minuta Loche, 1867; 68, Pipistrellus musciculus Thomas, 1913; 69, Laephotis namibensis Setzer, 1971; 70, Pipistrellus nanulus Thomas, 1904; 71, Vespertilio nanus Peters, 1852; 72, Eptesicus capensis nkatiensis Roberts, 1932; 73, Scabrifer notius G. M. Allen, 1908; 74, Pseudoromicia nyanza Monadjem et al., this paper; 75, †Scotoecus olduvensis Gunnell, Butler, Greenwood & Simmons, 2015; 76, Vesperugo pagenstecheri Noack, 1889; 77, Pipistrellus (Pipistrellus) permixtus Aellen, 1957; 78, Eptesicus phasma G. M. Allen, 1911; 79, Vespertilio pipistrellus Schreber, 1774; 80, Vespertilio platycephalus Temminck, 1832; 81, Vesperugo pulcher Dobson, 1875; 82, Vesperugo pusillulus Peters, 1870; 83, Pipistrellus raceyi Bates et al., 2006; 84, Eptesicus rectitragus Wettstein, 1916; 85, Vesperugo (Vesperus) rendalli Thomas, 1889; 86, Neoromicia robertsi Goodman et al., 2012; 87, Neoromicia roseveari Monadjem et al., 2013; 88, V[espertilio]. rueppelii J. Fischer, 1829; 89, Scotophilus rusticus Tomes, 1861; 90, Vespertilio savii Bonaparte, 1837; 91, Nycticejus schlieffenii Peters, 1859; 92, Pipistrellus rueppelli senegalensis Dorst, 1960; 93, †Nycticeinops serengetiensis Gunnell et al., 2015; 94, Pipistrellus simandouensis Monadjem et al., 2020; 95, Vespertilio minutus somalicus Thomas, 1901; 96, Vesperugo stampflii Jentink, 1888; 97, Neoromicia stanleyi Goodman et al., 2017; 98, Vesperus tenuipinnis Peters, 1872; 99, Eptesicus ugandae Hollister, 1916; 100, Neoromicia vansoni Roberts, 1932; 101, Pipistrellus vernayi Roberts, 1932; 102, Laephotis wintoni Thomas, 1901; 103, Scotoecus woodi Thomas, 1917; 104, Eptesicus zuluensis Roberts, 1924. Not mapped: [Pipistrellus Kuhli] latastei Laurent, 1937; Vespertilio pusillus LeConte, 1857; Vesperugo subtilis Sundevall, 1846.	2020-09-10	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D		Zenodo	biologists	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D			
25458781FFBCE4185340FC59FC0550F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/4451923/files/figure.png	http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4451923	Figure 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of Vespertilionidae: (A) Pipistrellus, Scotoecus, Vansonia, and outgroups (B) Afronycteris, Pseudoromicia, Nycticeinops, and Hypsugo (C) Laephotis and Neoromicia. The phylogeny was inferred in IQ-TREE, and its topology was similar to the Bayesian phylogeny calculated in MRBAYES. Filled red circles on nodes denote bootstrap (BS) values ≥ 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.95. Open circles outlined in black indicate BS ≥ 70% and PP <0.95, and open circles outlined in red indicate BS <70% and PP> 0.95. Support values for most minor clades are not shown. Specimen localities include counties for Kenya. DRC refers to Democratic Republic of the Congo and CAR to Central African Republic. Museum acronyms are defined in the Material and Methods section. Sequences downloaded from GenBank are indicated by inclusion of GenBank accession numbers (Supporting Information, Table S1). Branch colours indicate individual species/clade membership.	Figure 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of Vespertilionidae: (A) Pipistrellus, Scotoecus, Vansonia, and outgroups (B) Afronycteris, Pseudoromicia, Nycticeinops, and Hypsugo (C) Laephotis and Neoromicia. The phylogeny was inferred in IQ-TREE, and its topology was similar to the Bayesian phylogeny calculated in MRBAYES. Filled red circles on nodes denote bootstrap (BS) values ≥ 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.95. Open circles outlined in black indicate BS ≥ 70% and PP <0.95, and open circles outlined in red indicate BS <70% and PP> 0.95. Support values for most minor clades are not shown. Specimen localities include counties for Kenya. DRC refers to Democratic Republic of the Congo and CAR to Central African Republic. Museum acronyms are defined in the Material and Methods section. Sequences downloaded from GenBank are indicated by inclusion of GenBank accession numbers (Supporting Information, Table S1). Branch colours indicate individual species/clade membership.	2020-09-10	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D		Zenodo	biologists	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D			
25458781FFBCE4185340FC59FC0550F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/4451438/files/figure.png	http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4451438	Figure 7. Plate showing the cranium and mandible of Laephotis kirinyaga (FMNH 234558). Scale bar = 5 mm.	Figure 7. Plate showing the cranium and mandible of Laephotis kirinyaga (FMNH 234558). Scale bar = 5 mm.	2020-09-10	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D		Zenodo	biologists	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D			
25458781FFBCE4185340FC59FC0550F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/4451436/files/figure.png	http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4451436	Figure 6. Principal components analysis of craniodental characters of the short-eared species of Laephotis as recognized in this study.	Figure 6. Principal components analysis of craniodental characters of the short-eared species of Laephotis as recognized in this study.	2020-09-10	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D		Zenodo	biologists	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D			
25458781FFBCE4185340FC59FC0550F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/4451440/files/figure.png	http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4451440	Figure 8. A, portrait of Laephotis kirinyaga (FMNH 234558), showing bright brown upper parts and off-white under parts, with bicoloured hairs. The skin around the eye is blackish in the holotype, but distinctly pinkish in most of the paratypes. B, portrait of Pseudoromicia nyanza (FMNH 215626), showing the distinctive white wings and under parts of this species.	Figure 8. A, portrait of Laephotis kirinyaga (FMNH 234558), showing bright brown upper parts and off-white under parts, with bicoloured hairs. The skin around the eye is blackish in the holotype, but distinctly pinkish in most of the paratypes. B, portrait of Pseudoromicia nyanza (FMNH 215626), showing the distinctive white wings and under parts of this species.	2020-09-10	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D		Zenodo	biologists	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D			
25458781FFA0E4195330FE12FD6C5545.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/4451432/files/figure.png	http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4451432	Figure 5. Bacula of the four clades within formerly or traditionally recognized as Neoromicia: A, Laephotis kirinyaga (FMNH 234639); B, Neoromicia somalica (FMNH 215614); C, Pseudoromicia kityoi (FMNH 223211); and D, Afronycteris nana (DM 13013). Note the three-pronged tip in Neoromicia, the straight shaft with spatulate tip at an angle of 45° in Laephotis, the long, curved shaft with bilobed tip in Pseudoromicia and the deeply bilobed base and gently curved shaft in Afronycteris. Scale bars: 1 mm.	Figure 5. Bacula of the four clades within formerly or traditionally recognized as Neoromicia: A, Laephotis kirinyaga (FMNH 234639); B, Neoromicia somalica (FMNH 215614); C, Pseudoromicia kityoi (FMNH 223211); and D, Afronycteris nana (DM 13013). Note the three-pronged tip in Neoromicia, the straight shaft with spatulate tip at an angle of 45° in Laephotis, the long, curved shaft with bilobed tip in Pseudoromicia and the deeply bilobed base and gently curved shaft in Afronycteris. Scale bars: 1 mm.	2020-09-10	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D		Zenodo	biologists	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D			
25458781FFA1E41C50D7FB91FBCE544C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/4451909/files/figure.png	http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4451909	Figure 1. Type localities of taxa of African and Malagasy Vespertilionini and Pipistrellini. Valid species are denoted by filled circles, subspecies and synonyms by open circles and species described herein by stars: 1, Pipistrellus abaensis J. A. Allen, 1917; 2, N[ycticejus]. adovanus Heuglin, 1877; 3, Pipistrellus aero Heller, 1912; 4, Vespertilio pipistrellus var. africanus Rüppell, 1842; 5, Nycticeius africanus G. M. Allen, 1911; 6, Scotoecus albigula Thomas, 1909; 7, Scoteinus schlieffeni albiventer Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 8, Scotophilus albofuscus Thomas, 1890; 9, Vesperugo anchietae Seabra, 1900; 10, Laephotis angolensis Monard, 1935; 11, Eptesicus capensis angolensis Hill, 1937; 12, Pipistrellus ariel Thomas, 1904; 13, Scotoecus artinii De Beaux, 1923; 14, Eptesicus ater J. A. Allen, 1917; 15, Pipistrellus nanus australis Roberts, 1913; 16, Scoteinus schlieffeni australis Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 17, Scoteinus schlieffeni bedouin Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 18, Pipistrellus eisentrauti bellieri De Vree, 1972; 19, Hypsugo bemainty Goodman et al., 2015; 20, Vesperus bicolor Bocage, 1889; 21, Laephotis botswanae Setzer, 1971; 22, Pipistrellus (Romicia) kuhlii broomi Roberts, 1948; 23, Vesperugo (Vesperus) brunneus Thomas, 1880; 24, Vespertilio capensis A. Smith, 1829; 25, Scotoecus cinnamomeus Wettstein, 1916; 26, Pipistrellus crassulus Thomas, 1904; 27, Pipistrellus culex Thomas, 1911; 28, Vesperus damarensis Noack, 1889; 29, Scotophilus darwini Tomes, 1859; 30, Pipistrellus deserti Thomas, 1902; 31, Pipistrellus eisentrauti Hill, 1968; 32, Scotoecus falabae Thomas, 1915; 33, Eptesicus faradjius J. A. Allen, 1917; 34, Scoteinus schlieffeni fitzsimonsi Roberts, 1932; 35, Pipistrellus fouriei Thomas, 1926; 36, Pipistrellus kuhlii fuscatus Thomas, 1901; 37, Pipistrellus fuscipes Thomas, 1913; 38, Eptesicus garambae J. A. Allen, 1917; 39, Vespertilio capensis gracilior Thomas & Schwann, 1905; 40, Vesperugo (Vesperus) grandidieri Dobson, 1876; 41, Vesperus guineensis Bocage, 1889; 42, Pipistrellus hanaki Hulva & Benda, 2004; 43, Parahypsugo happoldorum Hutterer, Decher, Monadjem & Astrin, 2019; 44, Pipistrellus helios Heller, 1912; 45, Vespertilio hesperida Temminck, 1840; 46, Scotoecus hindei Thomas, 1901; 47, Scotophilus hirundo de Winton, 1899; 48, Vesperus humbloti Milne-Edwards, 1881; 49, Vesperugo hypoleucus Heuglin [in Fitzinger & Heuglin], 1866; 50, Pipistrellus inexspectatus Aellen, 1959; 51, Neoromicia isabella Decher, Hutterer & Monadjem, 2016; 52, Laephotis kirinyaga Monadjem et al., this paper; 53, Pseudoromicia kityoi Monadjem et al., this paper; 54, Hypsugo lanzai Benda, Al-Jumaily, Reiter & Nasher, 2011; 55, Pipistrellus leucomelas Monard, 1932; 56, Parahypsugo macrocephalus Hutterer & Kerbis Peterhans, 2019; 57, Vesperugo maderensis Dobson, 1878; 58, Eptesicus somalicus malagasyensis Peterson, Eger & Mitchell, 1995; 59, Vespertilio marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830; 60, Pipistrellus marrensis Thomas & Hinton, 1923; 61, Vespertilio matroka Thomas & Schwann, 1905; 62, Pipistrellus africanus meesteriKock,2001;63,Eptesicus melckorumRoberts,1919;64,Scotophilusminimus Noack,1887;65,Pipistrellus minusculus Miller, 1900; 66, Vespertilio minuta Temminck, 1840; 67, Pipistrella minuta Loche, 1867; 68, Pipistrellus musciculus Thomas, 1913; 69, Laephotis namibensis Setzer, 1971; 70, Pipistrellus nanulus Thomas, 1904; 71, Vespertilio nanus Peters, 1852; 72, Eptesicus capensis nkatiensis Roberts, 1932; 73, Scabrifer notius G. M. Allen, 1908; 74, Pseudoromicia nyanza Monadjem et al., this paper; 75, †Scotoecus olduvensis Gunnell, Butler, Greenwood & Simmons, 2015; 76, Vesperugo pagenstecheri Noack, 1889; 77, Pipistrellus (Pipistrellus) permixtus Aellen, 1957; 78, Eptesicus phasma G. M. Allen, 1911; 79, Vespertilio pipistrellus Schreber, 1774; 80, Vespertilio platycephalus Temminck, 1832; 81, Vesperugo pulcher Dobson, 1875; 82, Vesperugo pusillulus Peters, 1870; 83, Pipistrellus raceyi Bates et al., 2006; 84, Eptesicus rectitragus Wettstein, 1916; 85, Vesperugo (Vesperus) rendalli Thomas, 1889; 86, Neoromicia robertsi Goodman et al., 2012; 87, Neoromicia roseveari Monadjem et al., 2013; 88, V[espertilio]. rueppelii J. Fischer, 1829; 89, Scotophilus rusticus Tomes, 1861; 90, Vespertilio savii Bonaparte, 1837; 91, Nycticejus schlieffenii Peters, 1859; 92, Pipistrellus rueppelli senegalensis Dorst, 1960; 93, †Nycticeinops serengetiensis Gunnell et al., 2015; 94, Pipistrellus simandouensis Monadjem et al., 2020; 95, Vespertilio minutus somalicus Thomas, 1901; 96, Vesperugo stampflii Jentink, 1888; 97, Neoromicia stanleyi Goodman et al., 2017; 98, Vesperus tenuipinnis Peters, 1872; 99, Eptesicus ugandae Hollister, 1916; 100, Neoromicia vansoni Roberts, 1932; 101, Pipistrellus vernayi Roberts, 1932; 102, Laephotis wintoni Thomas, 1901; 103, Scotoecus woodi Thomas, 1917; 104, Eptesicus zuluensis Roberts, 1924. Not mapped: [Pipistrellus Kuhli] latastei Laurent, 1937; Vespertilio pusillus LeConte, 1857; Vesperugo subtilis Sundevall, 1846.	Figure 1. Type localities of taxa of African and Malagasy Vespertilionini and Pipistrellini. Valid species are denoted by filled circles, subspecies and synonyms by open circles and species described herein by stars: 1, Pipistrellus abaensis J. A. Allen, 1917; 2, N[ycticejus]. adovanus Heuglin, 1877; 3, Pipistrellus aero Heller, 1912; 4, Vespertilio pipistrellus var. africanus Rüppell, 1842; 5, Nycticeius africanus G. M. Allen, 1911; 6, Scotoecus albigula Thomas, 1909; 7, Scoteinus schlieffeni albiventer Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 8, Scotophilus albofuscus Thomas, 1890; 9, Vesperugo anchietae Seabra, 1900; 10, Laephotis angolensis Monard, 1935; 11, Eptesicus capensis angolensis Hill, 1937; 12, Pipistrellus ariel Thomas, 1904; 13, Scotoecus artinii De Beaux, 1923; 14, Eptesicus ater J. A. Allen, 1917; 15, Pipistrellus nanus australis Roberts, 1913; 16, Scoteinus schlieffeni australis Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 17, Scoteinus schlieffeni bedouin Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 18, Pipistrellus eisentrauti bellieri De Vree, 1972; 19, Hypsugo bemainty Goodman et al., 2015; 20, Vesperus bicolor Bocage, 1889; 21, Laephotis botswanae Setzer, 1971; 22, Pipistrellus (Romicia) kuhlii broomi Roberts, 1948; 23, Vesperugo (Vesperus) brunneus Thomas, 1880; 24, Vespertilio capensis A. Smith, 1829; 25, Scotoecus cinnamomeus Wettstein, 1916; 26, Pipistrellus crassulus Thomas, 1904; 27, Pipistrellus culex Thomas, 1911; 28, Vesperus damarensis Noack, 1889; 29, Scotophilus darwini Tomes, 1859; 30, Pipistrellus deserti Thomas, 1902; 31, Pipistrellus eisentrauti Hill, 1968; 32, Scotoecus falabae Thomas, 1915; 33, Eptesicus faradjius J. A. Allen, 1917; 34, Scoteinus schlieffeni fitzsimonsi Roberts, 1932; 35, Pipistrellus fouriei Thomas, 1926; 36, Pipistrellus kuhlii fuscatus Thomas, 1901; 37, Pipistrellus fuscipes Thomas, 1913; 38, Eptesicus garambae J. A. Allen, 1917; 39, Vespertilio capensis gracilior Thomas & Schwann, 1905; 40, Vesperugo (Vesperus) grandidieri Dobson, 1876; 41, Vesperus guineensis Bocage, 1889; 42, Pipistrellus hanaki Hulva & Benda, 2004; 43, Parahypsugo happoldorum Hutterer, Decher, Monadjem & Astrin, 2019; 44, Pipistrellus helios Heller, 1912; 45, Vespertilio hesperida Temminck, 1840; 46, Scotoecus hindei Thomas, 1901; 47, Scotophilus hirundo de Winton, 1899; 48, Vesperus humbloti Milne-Edwards, 1881; 49, Vesperugo hypoleucus Heuglin [in Fitzinger & Heuglin], 1866; 50, Pipistrellus inexspectatus Aellen, 1959; 51, Neoromicia isabella Decher, Hutterer & Monadjem, 2016; 52, Laephotis kirinyaga Monadjem et al., this paper; 53, Pseudoromicia kityoi Monadjem et al., this paper; 54, Hypsugo lanzai Benda, Al-Jumaily, Reiter & Nasher, 2011; 55, Pipistrellus leucomelas Monard, 1932; 56, Parahypsugo macrocephalus Hutterer & Kerbis Peterhans, 2019; 57, Vesperugo maderensis Dobson, 1878; 58, Eptesicus somalicus malagasyensis Peterson, Eger & Mitchell, 1995; 59, Vespertilio marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830; 60, Pipistrellus marrensis Thomas & Hinton, 1923; 61, Vespertilio matroka Thomas & Schwann, 1905; 62, Pipistrellus africanus meesteriKock,2001;63,Eptesicus melckorumRoberts,1919;64,Scotophilusminimus Noack,1887;65,Pipistrellus minusculus Miller, 1900; 66, Vespertilio minuta Temminck, 1840; 67, Pipistrella minuta Loche, 1867; 68, Pipistrellus musciculus Thomas, 1913; 69, Laephotis namibensis Setzer, 1971; 70, Pipistrellus nanulus Thomas, 1904; 71, Vespertilio nanus Peters, 1852; 72, Eptesicus capensis nkatiensis Roberts, 1932; 73, Scabrifer notius G. M. Allen, 1908; 74, Pseudoromicia nyanza Monadjem et al., this paper; 75, †Scotoecus olduvensis Gunnell, Butler, Greenwood & Simmons, 2015; 76, Vesperugo pagenstecheri Noack, 1889; 77, Pipistrellus (Pipistrellus) permixtus Aellen, 1957; 78, Eptesicus phasma G. M. Allen, 1911; 79, Vespertilio pipistrellus Schreber, 1774; 80, Vespertilio platycephalus Temminck, 1832; 81, Vesperugo pulcher Dobson, 1875; 82, Vesperugo pusillulus Peters, 1870; 83, Pipistrellus raceyi Bates et al., 2006; 84, Eptesicus rectitragus Wettstein, 1916; 85, Vesperugo (Vesperus) rendalli Thomas, 1889; 86, Neoromicia robertsi Goodman et al., 2012; 87, Neoromicia roseveari Monadjem et al., 2013; 88, V[espertilio]. rueppelii J. Fischer, 1829; 89, Scotophilus rusticus Tomes, 1861; 90, Vespertilio savii Bonaparte, 1837; 91, Nycticejus schlieffenii Peters, 1859; 92, Pipistrellus rueppelli senegalensis Dorst, 1960; 93, †Nycticeinops serengetiensis Gunnell et al., 2015; 94, Pipistrellus simandouensis Monadjem et al., 2020; 95, Vespertilio minutus somalicus Thomas, 1901; 96, Vesperugo stampflii Jentink, 1888; 97, Neoromicia stanleyi Goodman et al., 2017; 98, Vesperus tenuipinnis Peters, 1872; 99, Eptesicus ugandae Hollister, 1916; 100, Neoromicia vansoni Roberts, 1932; 101, Pipistrellus vernayi Roberts, 1932; 102, Laephotis wintoni Thomas, 1901; 103, Scotoecus woodi Thomas, 1917; 104, Eptesicus zuluensis Roberts, 1924. Not mapped: [Pipistrellus Kuhli] latastei Laurent, 1937; Vespertilio pusillus LeConte, 1857; Vesperugo subtilis Sundevall, 1846.	2020-09-10	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D		Zenodo	biologists	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D			
25458781FFA1E41C50D7FB91FBCE544C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/4451424/files/figure.png	http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4451424	Figure 2. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of intergeneric relationships of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of Vespertilionidae.The phylogeny was inferred in IQ-TREE, and its topology was similar to the Bayesian phylogeny calculated in MRBAYES. Bootstrap (BS) values followed by Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) are indicated adjacent to nodes (those nodes with both BS <70% and PP <0.95 are not labelled).	Figure 2. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of intergeneric relationships of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of Vespertilionidae.The phylogeny was inferred in IQ-TREE, and its topology was similar to the Bayesian phylogeny calculated in MRBAYES. Bootstrap (BS) values followed by Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) are indicated adjacent to nodes (those nodes with both BS <70% and PP <0.95 are not labelled).	2020-09-10	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D		Zenodo	biologists	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D			
25458781FFA1E41C50D7FB91FBCE544C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/4451923/files/figure.png	http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4451923	Figure 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of Vespertilionidae: (A) Pipistrellus, Scotoecus, Vansonia, and outgroups (B) Afronycteris, Pseudoromicia, Nycticeinops, and Hypsugo (C) Laephotis and Neoromicia. The phylogeny was inferred in IQ-TREE, and its topology was similar to the Bayesian phylogeny calculated in MRBAYES. Filled red circles on nodes denote bootstrap (BS) values ≥ 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.95. Open circles outlined in black indicate BS ≥ 70% and PP <0.95, and open circles outlined in red indicate BS <70% and PP> 0.95. Support values for most minor clades are not shown. Specimen localities include counties for Kenya. DRC refers to Democratic Republic of the Congo and CAR to Central African Republic. Museum acronyms are defined in the Material and Methods section. Sequences downloaded from GenBank are indicated by inclusion of GenBank accession numbers (Supporting Information, Table S1). Branch colours indicate individual species/clade membership.	Figure 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of Vespertilionidae: (A) Pipistrellus, Scotoecus, Vansonia, and outgroups (B) Afronycteris, Pseudoromicia, Nycticeinops, and Hypsugo (C) Laephotis and Neoromicia. The phylogeny was inferred in IQ-TREE, and its topology was similar to the Bayesian phylogeny calculated in MRBAYES. Filled red circles on nodes denote bootstrap (BS) values ≥ 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.95. Open circles outlined in black indicate BS ≥ 70% and PP <0.95, and open circles outlined in red indicate BS <70% and PP> 0.95. Support values for most minor clades are not shown. Specimen localities include counties for Kenya. DRC refers to Democratic Republic of the Congo and CAR to Central African Republic. Museum acronyms are defined in the Material and Methods section. Sequences downloaded from GenBank are indicated by inclusion of GenBank accession numbers (Supporting Information, Table S1). Branch colours indicate individual species/clade membership.	2020-09-10	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D		Zenodo	biologists	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D			
25458781FFA1E41C50D7FB91FBCE544C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/4451444/files/figure.png	http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4451444	Figure 9. Plate showing the cranium and mandible of Pseudoromicia kityoi (FMNH 223211).Scale bar = 5 mm.	Figure 9. Plate showing the cranium and mandible of Pseudoromicia kityoi (FMNH 223211).Scale bar = 5 mm.	2020-09-10	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D		Zenodo	biologists	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D			
25458781FFA4E41D5332FAADFA44567C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/4451909/files/figure.png	http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4451909	Figure 1. Type localities of taxa of African and Malagasy Vespertilionini and Pipistrellini. Valid species are denoted by filled circles, subspecies and synonyms by open circles and species described herein by stars: 1, Pipistrellus abaensis J. A. Allen, 1917; 2, N[ycticejus]. adovanus Heuglin, 1877; 3, Pipistrellus aero Heller, 1912; 4, Vespertilio pipistrellus var. africanus Rüppell, 1842; 5, Nycticeius africanus G. M. Allen, 1911; 6, Scotoecus albigula Thomas, 1909; 7, Scoteinus schlieffeni albiventer Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 8, Scotophilus albofuscus Thomas, 1890; 9, Vesperugo anchietae Seabra, 1900; 10, Laephotis angolensis Monard, 1935; 11, Eptesicus capensis angolensis Hill, 1937; 12, Pipistrellus ariel Thomas, 1904; 13, Scotoecus artinii De Beaux, 1923; 14, Eptesicus ater J. A. Allen, 1917; 15, Pipistrellus nanus australis Roberts, 1913; 16, Scoteinus schlieffeni australis Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 17, Scoteinus schlieffeni bedouin Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 18, Pipistrellus eisentrauti bellieri De Vree, 1972; 19, Hypsugo bemainty Goodman et al., 2015; 20, Vesperus bicolor Bocage, 1889; 21, Laephotis botswanae Setzer, 1971; 22, Pipistrellus (Romicia) kuhlii broomi Roberts, 1948; 23, Vesperugo (Vesperus) brunneus Thomas, 1880; 24, Vespertilio capensis A. Smith, 1829; 25, Scotoecus cinnamomeus Wettstein, 1916; 26, Pipistrellus crassulus Thomas, 1904; 27, Pipistrellus culex Thomas, 1911; 28, Vesperus damarensis Noack, 1889; 29, Scotophilus darwini Tomes, 1859; 30, Pipistrellus deserti Thomas, 1902; 31, Pipistrellus eisentrauti Hill, 1968; 32, Scotoecus falabae Thomas, 1915; 33, Eptesicus faradjius J. A. Allen, 1917; 34, Scoteinus schlieffeni fitzsimonsi Roberts, 1932; 35, Pipistrellus fouriei Thomas, 1926; 36, Pipistrellus kuhlii fuscatus Thomas, 1901; 37, Pipistrellus fuscipes Thomas, 1913; 38, Eptesicus garambae J. A. Allen, 1917; 39, Vespertilio capensis gracilior Thomas & Schwann, 1905; 40, Vesperugo (Vesperus) grandidieri Dobson, 1876; 41, Vesperus guineensis Bocage, 1889; 42, Pipistrellus hanaki Hulva & Benda, 2004; 43, Parahypsugo happoldorum Hutterer, Decher, Monadjem & Astrin, 2019; 44, Pipistrellus helios Heller, 1912; 45, Vespertilio hesperida Temminck, 1840; 46, Scotoecus hindei Thomas, 1901; 47, Scotophilus hirundo de Winton, 1899; 48, Vesperus humbloti Milne-Edwards, 1881; 49, Vesperugo hypoleucus Heuglin [in Fitzinger & Heuglin], 1866; 50, Pipistrellus inexspectatus Aellen, 1959; 51, Neoromicia isabella Decher, Hutterer & Monadjem, 2016; 52, Laephotis kirinyaga Monadjem et al., this paper; 53, Pseudoromicia kityoi Monadjem et al., this paper; 54, Hypsugo lanzai Benda, Al-Jumaily, Reiter & Nasher, 2011; 55, Pipistrellus leucomelas Monard, 1932; 56, Parahypsugo macrocephalus Hutterer & Kerbis Peterhans, 2019; 57, Vesperugo maderensis Dobson, 1878; 58, Eptesicus somalicus malagasyensis Peterson, Eger & Mitchell, 1995; 59, Vespertilio marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830; 60, Pipistrellus marrensis Thomas & Hinton, 1923; 61, Vespertilio matroka Thomas & Schwann, 1905; 62, Pipistrellus africanus meesteriKock,2001;63,Eptesicus melckorumRoberts,1919;64,Scotophilusminimus Noack,1887;65,Pipistrellus minusculus Miller, 1900; 66, Vespertilio minuta Temminck, 1840; 67, Pipistrella minuta Loche, 1867; 68, Pipistrellus musciculus Thomas, 1913; 69, Laephotis namibensis Setzer, 1971; 70, Pipistrellus nanulus Thomas, 1904; 71, Vespertilio nanus Peters, 1852; 72, Eptesicus capensis nkatiensis Roberts, 1932; 73, Scabrifer notius G. M. Allen, 1908; 74, Pseudoromicia nyanza Monadjem et al., this paper; 75, †Scotoecus olduvensis Gunnell, Butler, Greenwood & Simmons, 2015; 76, Vesperugo pagenstecheri Noack, 1889; 77, Pipistrellus (Pipistrellus) permixtus Aellen, 1957; 78, Eptesicus phasma G. M. Allen, 1911; 79, Vespertilio pipistrellus Schreber, 1774; 80, Vespertilio platycephalus Temminck, 1832; 81, Vesperugo pulcher Dobson, 1875; 82, Vesperugo pusillulus Peters, 1870; 83, Pipistrellus raceyi Bates et al., 2006; 84, Eptesicus rectitragus Wettstein, 1916; 85, Vesperugo (Vesperus) rendalli Thomas, 1889; 86, Neoromicia robertsi Goodman et al., 2012; 87, Neoromicia roseveari Monadjem et al., 2013; 88, V[espertilio]. rueppelii J. Fischer, 1829; 89, Scotophilus rusticus Tomes, 1861; 90, Vespertilio savii Bonaparte, 1837; 91, Nycticejus schlieffenii Peters, 1859; 92, Pipistrellus rueppelli senegalensis Dorst, 1960; 93, †Nycticeinops serengetiensis Gunnell et al., 2015; 94, Pipistrellus simandouensis Monadjem et al., 2020; 95, Vespertilio minutus somalicus Thomas, 1901; 96, Vesperugo stampflii Jentink, 1888; 97, Neoromicia stanleyi Goodman et al., 2017; 98, Vesperus tenuipinnis Peters, 1872; 99, Eptesicus ugandae Hollister, 1916; 100, Neoromicia vansoni Roberts, 1932; 101, Pipistrellus vernayi Roberts, 1932; 102, Laephotis wintoni Thomas, 1901; 103, Scotoecus woodi Thomas, 1917; 104, Eptesicus zuluensis Roberts, 1924. Not mapped: [Pipistrellus Kuhli] latastei Laurent, 1937; Vespertilio pusillus LeConte, 1857; Vesperugo subtilis Sundevall, 1846.	Figure 1. Type localities of taxa of African and Malagasy Vespertilionini and Pipistrellini. Valid species are denoted by filled circles, subspecies and synonyms by open circles and species described herein by stars: 1, Pipistrellus abaensis J. A. Allen, 1917; 2, N[ycticejus]. adovanus Heuglin, 1877; 3, Pipistrellus aero Heller, 1912; 4, Vespertilio pipistrellus var. africanus Rüppell, 1842; 5, Nycticeius africanus G. M. Allen, 1911; 6, Scotoecus albigula Thomas, 1909; 7, Scoteinus schlieffeni albiventer Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 8, Scotophilus albofuscus Thomas, 1890; 9, Vesperugo anchietae Seabra, 1900; 10, Laephotis angolensis Monard, 1935; 11, Eptesicus capensis angolensis Hill, 1937; 12, Pipistrellus ariel Thomas, 1904; 13, Scotoecus artinii De Beaux, 1923; 14, Eptesicus ater J. A. Allen, 1917; 15, Pipistrellus nanus australis Roberts, 1913; 16, Scoteinus schlieffeni australis Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 17, Scoteinus schlieffeni bedouin Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 18, Pipistrellus eisentrauti bellieri De Vree, 1972; 19, Hypsugo bemainty Goodman et al., 2015; 20, Vesperus bicolor Bocage, 1889; 21, Laephotis botswanae Setzer, 1971; 22, Pipistrellus (Romicia) kuhlii broomi Roberts, 1948; 23, Vesperugo (Vesperus) brunneus Thomas, 1880; 24, Vespertilio capensis A. Smith, 1829; 25, Scotoecus cinnamomeus Wettstein, 1916; 26, Pipistrellus crassulus Thomas, 1904; 27, Pipistrellus culex Thomas, 1911; 28, Vesperus damarensis Noack, 1889; 29, Scotophilus darwini Tomes, 1859; 30, Pipistrellus deserti Thomas, 1902; 31, Pipistrellus eisentrauti Hill, 1968; 32, Scotoecus falabae Thomas, 1915; 33, Eptesicus faradjius J. A. Allen, 1917; 34, Scoteinus schlieffeni fitzsimonsi Roberts, 1932; 35, Pipistrellus fouriei Thomas, 1926; 36, Pipistrellus kuhlii fuscatus Thomas, 1901; 37, Pipistrellus fuscipes Thomas, 1913; 38, Eptesicus garambae J. A. Allen, 1917; 39, Vespertilio capensis gracilior Thomas & Schwann, 1905; 40, Vesperugo (Vesperus) grandidieri Dobson, 1876; 41, Vesperus guineensis Bocage, 1889; 42, Pipistrellus hanaki Hulva & Benda, 2004; 43, Parahypsugo happoldorum Hutterer, Decher, Monadjem & Astrin, 2019; 44, Pipistrellus helios Heller, 1912; 45, Vespertilio hesperida Temminck, 1840; 46, Scotoecus hindei Thomas, 1901; 47, Scotophilus hirundo de Winton, 1899; 48, Vesperus humbloti Milne-Edwards, 1881; 49, Vesperugo hypoleucus Heuglin [in Fitzinger & Heuglin], 1866; 50, Pipistrellus inexspectatus Aellen, 1959; 51, Neoromicia isabella Decher, Hutterer & Monadjem, 2016; 52, Laephotis kirinyaga Monadjem et al., this paper; 53, Pseudoromicia kityoi Monadjem et al., this paper; 54, Hypsugo lanzai Benda, Al-Jumaily, Reiter & Nasher, 2011; 55, Pipistrellus leucomelas Monard, 1932; 56, Parahypsugo macrocephalus Hutterer & Kerbis Peterhans, 2019; 57, Vesperugo maderensis Dobson, 1878; 58, Eptesicus somalicus malagasyensis Peterson, Eger & Mitchell, 1995; 59, Vespertilio marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830; 60, Pipistrellus marrensis Thomas & Hinton, 1923; 61, Vespertilio matroka Thomas & Schwann, 1905; 62, Pipistrellus africanus meesteriKock,2001;63,Eptesicus melckorumRoberts,1919;64,Scotophilusminimus Noack,1887;65,Pipistrellus minusculus Miller, 1900; 66, Vespertilio minuta Temminck, 1840; 67, Pipistrella minuta Loche, 1867; 68, Pipistrellus musciculus Thomas, 1913; 69, Laephotis namibensis Setzer, 1971; 70, Pipistrellus nanulus Thomas, 1904; 71, Vespertilio nanus Peters, 1852; 72, Eptesicus capensis nkatiensis Roberts, 1932; 73, Scabrifer notius G. M. Allen, 1908; 74, Pseudoromicia nyanza Monadjem et al., this paper; 75, †Scotoecus olduvensis Gunnell, Butler, Greenwood & Simmons, 2015; 76, Vesperugo pagenstecheri Noack, 1889; 77, Pipistrellus (Pipistrellus) permixtus Aellen, 1957; 78, Eptesicus phasma G. M. Allen, 1911; 79, Vespertilio pipistrellus Schreber, 1774; 80, Vespertilio platycephalus Temminck, 1832; 81, Vesperugo pulcher Dobson, 1875; 82, Vesperugo pusillulus Peters, 1870; 83, Pipistrellus raceyi Bates et al., 2006; 84, Eptesicus rectitragus Wettstein, 1916; 85, Vesperugo (Vesperus) rendalli Thomas, 1889; 86, Neoromicia robertsi Goodman et al., 2012; 87, Neoromicia roseveari Monadjem et al., 2013; 88, V[espertilio]. rueppelii J. Fischer, 1829; 89, Scotophilus rusticus Tomes, 1861; 90, Vespertilio savii Bonaparte, 1837; 91, Nycticejus schlieffenii Peters, 1859; 92, Pipistrellus rueppelli senegalensis Dorst, 1960; 93, †Nycticeinops serengetiensis Gunnell et al., 2015; 94, Pipistrellus simandouensis Monadjem et al., 2020; 95, Vespertilio minutus somalicus Thomas, 1901; 96, Vesperugo stampflii Jentink, 1888; 97, Neoromicia stanleyi Goodman et al., 2017; 98, Vesperus tenuipinnis Peters, 1872; 99, Eptesicus ugandae Hollister, 1916; 100, Neoromicia vansoni Roberts, 1932; 101, Pipistrellus vernayi Roberts, 1932; 102, Laephotis wintoni Thomas, 1901; 103, Scotoecus woodi Thomas, 1917; 104, Eptesicus zuluensis Roberts, 1924. Not mapped: [Pipistrellus Kuhli] latastei Laurent, 1937; Vespertilio pusillus LeConte, 1857; Vesperugo subtilis Sundevall, 1846.	2020-09-10	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D		Zenodo	biologists	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D			
25458781FFA4E41D5332FAADFA44567C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/4451923/files/figure.png	http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4451923	Figure 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of Vespertilionidae: (A) Pipistrellus, Scotoecus, Vansonia, and outgroups (B) Afronycteris, Pseudoromicia, Nycticeinops, and Hypsugo (C) Laephotis and Neoromicia. The phylogeny was inferred in IQ-TREE, and its topology was similar to the Bayesian phylogeny calculated in MRBAYES. Filled red circles on nodes denote bootstrap (BS) values ≥ 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.95. Open circles outlined in black indicate BS ≥ 70% and PP <0.95, and open circles outlined in red indicate BS <70% and PP> 0.95. Support values for most minor clades are not shown. Specimen localities include counties for Kenya. DRC refers to Democratic Republic of the Congo and CAR to Central African Republic. Museum acronyms are defined in the Material and Methods section. Sequences downloaded from GenBank are indicated by inclusion of GenBank accession numbers (Supporting Information, Table S1). Branch colours indicate individual species/clade membership.	Figure 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of Vespertilionidae: (A) Pipistrellus, Scotoecus, Vansonia, and outgroups (B) Afronycteris, Pseudoromicia, Nycticeinops, and Hypsugo (C) Laephotis and Neoromicia. The phylogeny was inferred in IQ-TREE, and its topology was similar to the Bayesian phylogeny calculated in MRBAYES. Filled red circles on nodes denote bootstrap (BS) values ≥ 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.95. Open circles outlined in black indicate BS ≥ 70% and PP <0.95, and open circles outlined in red indicate BS <70% and PP> 0.95. Support values for most minor clades are not shown. Specimen localities include counties for Kenya. DRC refers to Democratic Republic of the Congo and CAR to Central African Republic. Museum acronyms are defined in the Material and Methods section. Sequences downloaded from GenBank are indicated by inclusion of GenBank accession numbers (Supporting Information, Table S1). Branch colours indicate individual species/clade membership.	2020-09-10	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D		Zenodo	biologists	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D			
25458781FFA4E41D5332FAADFA44567C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/4451440/files/figure.png	http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4451440	Figure 8. A, portrait of Laephotis kirinyaga (FMNH 234558), showing bright brown upper parts and off-white under parts, with bicoloured hairs. The skin around the eye is blackish in the holotype, but distinctly pinkish in most of the paratypes. B, portrait of Pseudoromicia nyanza (FMNH 215626), showing the distinctive white wings and under parts of this species.	Figure 8. A, portrait of Laephotis kirinyaga (FMNH 234558), showing bright brown upper parts and off-white under parts, with bicoloured hairs. The skin around the eye is blackish in the holotype, but distinctly pinkish in most of the paratypes. B, portrait of Pseudoromicia nyanza (FMNH 215626), showing the distinctive white wings and under parts of this species.	2020-09-10	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D		Zenodo	biologists	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D			
25458781FFA4E41D5332FAADFA44567C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/4451446/files/figure.png	http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4451446	Figure 10. Plate showing the cranium and mandible of Pseudoromicia nyanza (FMNH 215626). Scale bar = 5 mm.	Figure 10. Plate showing the cranium and mandible of Pseudoromicia nyanza (FMNH 215626). Scale bar = 5 mm.	2020-09-10	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D		Zenodo	biologists	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D			
25458781FFAAE413533CFF34FF1F52C3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/4451432/files/figure.png	http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4451432	Figure 5. Bacula of the four clades within formerly or traditionally recognized as Neoromicia: A, Laephotis kirinyaga (FMNH 234639); B, Neoromicia somalica (FMNH 215614); C, Pseudoromicia kityoi (FMNH 223211); and D, Afronycteris nana (DM 13013). Note the three-pronged tip in Neoromicia, the straight shaft with spatulate tip at an angle of 45° in Laephotis, the long, curved shaft with bilobed tip in Pseudoromicia and the deeply bilobed base and gently curved shaft in Afronycteris. Scale bars: 1 mm.	Figure 5. Bacula of the four clades within formerly or traditionally recognized as Neoromicia: A, Laephotis kirinyaga (FMNH 234639); B, Neoromicia somalica (FMNH 215614); C, Pseudoromicia kityoi (FMNH 223211); and D, Afronycteris nana (DM 13013). Note the three-pronged tip in Neoromicia, the straight shaft with spatulate tip at an angle of 45° in Laephotis, the long, curved shaft with bilobed tip in Pseudoromicia and the deeply bilobed base and gently curved shaft in Afronycteris. Scale bars: 1 mm.	2020-09-10	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D		Zenodo	biologists	Monadjem, Ara;Demos, Terrence C;Dalton, Desire L;Webala, Paul W;Musila, Simon;Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C;Patterson, Bruce D			
