identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D987B7FFC4FF838FB9DC34FE807670.text	03D987B7FFC4FF838FB9DC34FE807670.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bonaspeiini Zahniser & Dietrich 2013	<div><p>Bonaspeiini Zahniser &amp; Dietrich, 2013: 50.</p> <p>Diagnosis (modified from Zahniser &amp; Dietrich (2013). Medium sized leafhoppers; forewings often submacropterous (Fig. 7I) to brachypterous (Fig. 11M) and in the former, hind wings strap-like (Figs 7J, 17M) and in the latter hind wings reduced in size (Fig. 11N) or absent. Connective wider than long (Colistra Fig. 7H, Proekoides Fig. 16K–O, Proekes Fig. 23H) with arms strongly divergent with stem often very short (Fig. 7H) or absent; equidistant in Xhoreus gen. n. Fig. 20K; rarely longer than wide (e.g., Hadroca Theron, 1974). Male pygofer usually deeply incised (dorsal bridge very short e.g., Colistra, Fig. 7A–B, Bonaspeia Linnavuori, 1961, Caffrolix Linnavuori, 1961, Curvostylus Davies, 1987) with segment 10 large (except Xhoreus gen. n.). Ovipositor sometimes distinctly protruding far beyond pygofer apex, e.g., Proekes (Figs 22F–J, 24J, 27C, D, G,).</p> <p>Remarks. The tribe Bonaspeiini, like many other Deltocephalinae tribes, is poorly defined morphologically, there being no unique characters found in all genera. The characters noted in the above diagnosis are a reduced set compared to that given by Zahniser &amp; Dietrich (2013). Of the characters used by these authors to define the tribe the color range of ivory, greenish, or brownish is considered too wide ranging to be diagnostic. In addition, the absence of transverse carinae on the fore margin of the head (a situation found in most Deltocephalinae) was only mentioned by Zahniser &amp; Dietrich (2013) because it is a diagnostic character for Selenocephalini, which was paired with some Bonaspeiini in molecular studies (pers. com. J. Zahniser). A group of genera in Bonaspeiini, (including those studied here) have reduced wings but this could be due to convergent evolution and habitat but the strap-like hind wings found in all submacropterous forms is unusual. Based on the above findings, the validity of the tribe awaits further studies on the many other similar new genera and species which have been found in the Savanna and Fynbos Biomes.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7FFC4FF838FB9DC34FE807670	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stiller, Michael;Webb, Michael D.	Stiller, Michael, Webb, Michael D. (2022): Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini). Zootaxa 5199 (1): 1-79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
03D987B7FFC4FF8E8FB9DB65FA527678.text	03D987B7FFC4FF8E8FB9DB65FA527678.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Colistra Davies	<div><p>Colistra Davies</p> <p>Figs 1–14, 31</p> <p>Colistra Davies, 1988: 215, 216.</p> <p>Type species: Caffrolix parvulus Linnavuori, 1961, by original designation.</p> <p>Revised generic diagnosis and description</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>1. Small leafhopper; male and female: length from apex of crown to apex of tegmina 2.8–3.2 mm; crown length medially 0.5–0.6 mm; crown angle 92–103°.</p> <p>2. Dorsum of head in male and female with brown to dark brown color pattern with apex of crown with deltate, paired, proximate marking and circular or amorphous marking on disc, sometimes small ovoid paired making near base of head (Figs 1A–D, 2A–E, 3A–Q), markings sometimes variable (Fig. 3A, H, I), rarely immaculate (Fig. 3K).</p> <p>Terminalia in male:</p> <p>3. Valve crescentic (Figs 7C, 9C, 11C), length/width=0.1–0.2.</p> <p>4. Pygofer deeply incised in dorsal view; pygofer lobe in lateral view, acutely triangular, mediodorsal margin with straight process, with subapical, ventral tooth; 3–6 macrosetae, rarely 8 (length 63–143 µm) (Figs 7B, F, 9B, D–F, 11B, D).</p> <p>5. Segment 10 (of anal tube) large, wide (0.6–0.7 times as wide as width across pygofer at point of greatest width of segment 10), elongate, reaching apex of pygofer lobe (dorsal view, length/width=0.9–1.1) (Figs 7A, 9A, 11A).</p> <p>6. Connective wider than long (greatest length/greatest width=0.5–0.6), stem short, wide, arms slightly shorter to much longer than stem (length arm/length stem=0.7–2.6).</p> <p>7. Aedeagus with base of anterior margin of shaft edentate; either dorsal apodeme present and preatrium reduced or dorsal apodeme absent and preatrium produced.</p> <p>Terminalia in female:</p> <p>8. Sternite 7 posterior margin variable, either uniformly rounded to sublinear (Figs 8A, 10A, B, 14D, E), or with deep or shallow notch flanked by rounded lobes (Figs 12A–C, 14A–C). Greatest length/greatest width=0.4–0.5, depth of notch/greatest length=0.2–0.3.</p> <p>9. Valvula 3 protruding one quarter of pygofer length (Fig. 2G); with 1–3 rows of marginal to submarginal setae (Figs 8M, 10F, 12K, 14H, I).</p> <p>10. Valvifer 2 sculpture pore-like and microtrichia (Figs 8F, 10J, 12G, 14J).</p> <p>Etymology. Retrospectively, not provided by Linnavuori (1961) or Davies (1988). Latin colis, penis, masculine and two possible suffixes denoting either tools and means; e.g., -tra, -tron, -trum, or diminutive suffixes with derogatory implication, wild resemblance -aster, -tra, -trum; (e.g., Aspidistra elatior, common aspidistra, cast-iron plants, Asparagaceae, Plantae). Gender masculine, determined by the root (Brown 1956).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Male, female and nymph.</p> <p>Color.</p> <p>Head. Ground color ochraceous to stramineous. Apex of crown with paired triangular marking, large (Figs 1A–C, 2C, E, 3D, F, G, N, Q), or small (Figs 1D, 2D, 3C, M), sometimes absent (Fig. 3K). Disc with brown (Figs 1A–C, 2C, E, 3C, D, N–Q) to light brown (Figs 1D, I, 2A, B, 3B) circular or amorphous marking, sometimes with wide (Figs 1B, 2E, 3B, 3G) or narrow lateral extension (Figs 1A, 3F, L, N–Q), large (Figs 1B, 2E, 3D, P) or small (Fig. 3E) or divided medially (Figs 1D, 2B, D, 3H, I, M), or sometimes absent (Fig. 3A, K). Posterior margin of head with 1–2 small ovoid markings present (e.g., Figs 1A, 2E, 3F, O) or absent or faded.</p> <p>Face. Ground color ochraceous to stramineous, frontoclypeus with numerous dark brown lateral arcs (Figs 1F, 2H).</p> <p>Nymph. Variable, reddish, brown or ochraceous, mottled with darker marking (Fig. 3R–T, V), median pale longitudinal line (Fig. 3R–T, V), or median reddish-brown line (Fig. 2J, L, M) with head marked as in adult (Fig. 3T, U, V) or unmarked (Figs 2K, 3R, S).</p> <p>Tegmina. Brown marking in margin of outer costal, inner discal cell and inner claval cell. Cells appear opaque white due to reflectance of hind wing under tegmina; veins brown; costal cells yellow or translucent.</p> <p>Hind wing. Elongate wing light brown to brown to grey-brown translucent, veins brown; short wing pale white opaque or light brown opaque, veins variable, light brown or without color.</p> <p>Morphology.</p> <p>Head. Crown angle 92–104°. Wider than pronotum.</p> <p>Face. Postclypeus longer than wide, with lateral margins parallel to slightly convergent, anterior and posterior margins convex; posterior margin extended beyond lora and posterior margin of gena below lorum (=maxillary plate) narrow.</p> <p>Ocellus. Ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.4–0.6.</p> <p>Pronotum. Lateral margin short, smooth.</p> <p>Tegmina. Length/width=1.89–2.12; four apical cells, outer and central anteapical cells, inner anteapical cell and inner discal cell fused or without outer anteapical cell (Figs 7I, 8N, 9O, 10O, 11M, 12P, 13Q, 14N); appendix absent.</p> <p>Hind wing. Shorter than tegmina, elongated with costal margin sublinear (Figs 7J, 8O, 9N, 10P) or short, about as wide as long with costal margin shallowly convex (Figs 11N, 12Q, 13R, 14M); opaque; about one third shorter and narrower respectively than tegmina length and width; length/width=1.1–2.4. Ratio of length and width of tegmina/length and width of hind wing of male and female=1.9–2.0.</p> <p>Chaetotaxy. Profemur row AV 9–11 short, wide setae, row IC 7–9 long, fine setae, AV 1 single, AM 1 single. Spinulation of protibia 1+4, mesotibia 4+4, metafemur apex 2+2+1. Metatarsus 1 apical plantar setae include four rounded platellae, one acute seta (lateral) or rarely five round and one acute; metatarsus 2 apical plantar setae include one acute seta, two rounded platellae and one acute seta or rarely three round, one acute.</p> <p>Measurements.</p> <p>Male and female similar dimensions (n=339). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 2.7–3.4 mm, apex of crown to apex of abdomen 2.8–3.9 mm; crown length 0.5–0.6 mm; crown length next to eye 0.3–0.4 mm; pronotum length 0.4 mm; head width 1.1–1.3 mm; pronotum width 1.0– 1.3 mm; ocellus diameter 24–31 µm; interocular distance 45–66 µm; crown angle 92–104°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.3–1.5; head width/pronotum width=1.0–1.1; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.4–0.6; crown length/pronotum length=1.0–1.5; pronotum length/pronotum width=0.3–0.4.</p> <p>Terminalia.</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Segment 10. Large, incised deeply into pygofer, almost to base of pygofer, lateral margin convergent, sublinear (Figs 7A, 9A) or convex (Fig. 11A), in dorsal view length/width=0.9–1.1, in lateral view compressed (Figs 7B, 9B, 11B). Greatest width of segment 10 relative to greatest width of pygofer at point of greatest width of segment 10=0.6–0.7. Posterior margin of anal tube extended beyond posterior margin of pygofer lobe, or as far as pygofer lobe.</p> <p>Pygofer. In lateral view longer than greatest width; anterior margin oblique, anterior apodeme elongate, angled slightly ventrad (e.g., Fig. 7B); basolateral suture variably curvate, commonly shallowly convex, rarely strongly convex, incised less than half-way into pygofer lobe (Fig. 11B) or right-angled extending about 1/2 into pygofer lobe (Figs 7B, 9B); region posteriad of basolateral suture glabrous. Pygofer lobe, in lateral view, acutely triangular, extending almost to base of pygofer; 4–5 macrosetae, rarely eight, laterad of medial area of origin of pygofer process, 55–76 µm in length. Sclerotized process with origin at dorsomedial margin, process straight, orientation posteroventrad, tooth of process ventral, subapical (Figs 7B, F, 9B, D, E, 11B, D), mediad of membranous lobes. Apex of lobe membranous or desclerotized, weakly demarcated (Fig. 7F) or well differentiated (Figs 9D, 11D) in lateral view, medially with numerous microtrichia and few short setae; folded over subapex of sclerotized process (Fig. 9E). Subapex medially with ovoid, membranous structure covered with microtrichia and few short setae (Figs 7F, 9E, 11D). Lobe with dorsal margin near origin of process with variable, recurved, tooth-like or triangular process, about as long as wide, orientation dorsal or mediolateral, or reduced, often obscured by macrosetae, viewed better dorsolaterally.</p> <p>Subgenital plate. Extended beyond posterior margin of pygofer lobe and rarely beyond posterior margin of anal tube; greatest length/greatest width=0.8–1.5; medial margins contiguous or narrowly divergent distally; apex broadly rounded; lateral margin shallowly convex. Macrosetae in 2–3 rows near apex, single row medially, macrosetae absent basally, medial macrosetae about as long as median width of subgenital plate, lateral macrosetae shorter.</p> <p>Valve. Crescentic (Figs 5C, 7C, 9C), length/width=0.1–0.2.</p> <p>Style. Narrow, elongate, greatest length/greatest width=3.4–4.4, length apophysis/greatest length=0.2; apophysis acuminate, apex narrowly rounded, ventrally denticulate, curvate (Figs 7G, 9G) or sublinear (Figs 11L, 13L), orientation lateroposteriad, angle 38–70°, about half or less as wide as width across preapical lobe; preapical lobe right-angled; anterior medial lobe short in dorsal view; anterior lateral lobe subparallel to base of style (Figs 9G, 11L, 13L), about as wide as base or obtusely angled to base (Fig. 7G), narrower than base. Apex of apophysis of style inserted either less than halfway (Figs 7C, 9C) or three quarters (Fig. 11C) length of subgenital plate (halfway to three quarters in C. acapitatus sp. n.).</p> <p>Connective. Transverse, stem short, wide, arms longer than stem, widely separated, sublinear. Greatest width across arms/width across apex of stem=1.5–2.1. Length arms/length stem=0.7–2.3, variable due to longer or shorter desclerotized margin medially at base of arms, e.g., Figs 7H, 11F, with wide margin; Figs 9N, 11E, 13O, P, with narrower margin. Angle of arms 75–91°. Greatest length/greatest width=0.5–0.6 (Figs 7H, 9N, 11E, F, 13O, P).</p> <p>Aedeagus. Orientation of aedeagus in pygofer with apex of shaft dorsad, vertical, in membranous recess in segment 10. Shaft, dorsal apodeme and preatrium configured as follows:</p> <p>1. Dorsal apodeme half to two thirds as long as shaft, subparallel to shaft, attached to shaft at atrium, preatrium much shorter than shaft (Fig. 7D).</p> <p>2. Dorsal apodeme about one third as long as shaft, preatrium about as long as shaft (Fig. 9H, I).</p> <p>3. Dorsal apodeme reduced, preatrium as long or longer than shaft (Figs 11G–K, 13A–F).</p> <p>Shaft with teeth in distal half paired or single (possibly due to fusion of contiguous teeth) at anterior or posterior margin, medial paired teeth variable in orientation and origin (anterior, medial or posterior). Base of anterior margin of shaft edentate. Gonopore marginal, wide at apex, anterior subapical margin narrowly incised (Fig. 13G, I, K) or not incised (Figs 7E, 9J), posterior margin narrowly V-shaped to rounded incision (Figs 7E, 9J). Species are distinguished by relative width of apex of shaft in lateral view, compared to medial width (Figs. 11G–K, 13A–F), by relative length of shaft to that of the dorsal apodeme (Figs 7D, 9I) and by finely denticulate area at anterolateral region of apex of shaft (Figs 7E, 9K–M).</p> <p>Female.</p> <p>Measurements. As above, female similar to that of male.</p> <p>Terminalia.</p> <p>Sternite 7. Transverse, rectangular to isosceles trapezoid (width at posterior margin/width at anterior margin=0.6–0.8, greatest length/greatest width=0.4–0.6) with lateral margins rounded. Three shapes of posterior margins: rounded (Figs 1G, 2I, 8A, 10A, B, 14D, E) or with deep (Fig. 12A–C) (greatest depth of notch/greatest length laterally=0.61–0.77) or shallow notch (Fig. 14A–C) (greatest depth of notch/greatest length laterally=0.75– 0.84), posterior margins laterad of notch rounded.</p> <p>Valvula 1. Parallel-sided, apex acuminate (Figs 8I, 10G, 12H, 14F), sculpture pattern commonly reticulate, striate towards base (Figs 8K, L, 10K, L, M, 12L, M, N).</p> <p>Valvula 2. Serration about in distal half of dorsal margin (Figs 8H, 10H, 12I, 14J), narrow, short teeth with trough between successive teeth finely serrate (Figs 8J, 10N, 12O).</p> <p>Valvula 3. 5–22 marginal to submarginal macrosetae at apex, 25–37 µm in length, short setae up to 17 µm (Figs 8M, 10E, F, 12J, K). One quarter of apex of valvula 3 protruding beyond pygofer.</p> <p>Valvifer 1. Rhomboid or rectangular with dorsal and ventral margin somewhat rounded, anterior margin narrowly rounded, posterior margin acute; dorsally fused widely (Fig. 8B). Length/width=1.3–1.8 (Figs 8C, D, E, 10C, D, 12D, E, 14K, L).</p> <p>Valvifer 2. Apices narrowly rounded (Figs 8G, 10I, 12F, 14G), sculpture pattern at anteroventral margin and submargin reticulate or densely set with microtrichia and few circular structures (Figs 8F, 10J, 12G, 14H, I), one specimen with seta. Length/width=2.6–3.0.</p> <p>Remarks. The combination of external features namely, color pattern of head and tegmina and less so pronotum, and crown angle correspond well within species of Colistra. Other distinguishing features of the genus are given in the diagnosis.</p> <p>Colistra forms a group with Xhoreus, Proekes and Proekoides, all having some correspondence in size, shape, color pattern and male genitalia. As some specimens appear devoid of the above markings, male genitalia have to be examined. The following similarities and differences are however apparent.</p> <p>Overall length and body proportions in Colistra bears some similarities with Proekoides with respect to the length from the apex of the crown to the apex of the tegmina, i.e., 3.1–3.5 mm in Proekoides and 2.7–3.4 mm in Colistra. Proekes is much larger (length from apex of crown to apex of abdomen, all specimens, 4.0– 5.1 mm while in the female the ovipositor extends well beyond the apex of the pygofer.</p> <p>Color pattern of the head, dorsally, includes crown, disc and base tabulated below:</p> <p>Externally, Colistra also resembles some other Bonaspeiini, e.g., Kimbella Davies, 1988, Bonaspeia Linnavuori, 1961 (new species in Davies, 1987 and Curvostylus Davies, 1987. In Kimbella (Figs 4A, B), the length from the apex of the crown to the apex of the is tegmina 3.30–3.74 mm, the crown angle is 73–77° and color pattern of head with paired, transverse, deltate marks and small, single, light brown circular marking on the disc. However, in Kimbella the aedeagus has the dorsal apodeme long and preatrium short, and pygofer lobe at posteroventral margin with triangular, serrate process. Tentative differences between Colistra on the one hand and Bonaspeia and Curvostylus on the other, are that the latter two genera lack distinct color pattern on the head, are larger in size, have a long aedeagal shaft, shorter dorsal apodeme and preatrium and different features of the apophysis of the style. With regard to size, length from apex of crown to apex of tegmina (from values in Davies, 1987) in Bonaspeia males 3.46–4.25 mm, females 3.40–3.96 mm, Curvostylus, both sexes, 3.47–4.50 mm and Colistra, both sexes, 2.70–3.20 mm. The apophysis of the style in Bonaspeia could be considered triangular, asymmetric, generally linear, orientation posteriad, about three quarters as wide as width across subapical lobe. The style in Curvostylus has the apophysis digitate, curvate or sublinear, orientation posterolaterad, up to half as wide as width across subapical lobe. Thus, the styles of Colistra and Curvostylus correspond. The aedeagus of most species of Bonaspeia appear to have the dorsal apodeme and preatrium shorter than the shaft and often with the preatrium shorter than the dorsal apodeme, with the exception in B. karensis.The above differentiation of the three genera is tentative due to numerous examined specimens considered new for Bonaspeia and Curvostylus but also probable new genera (personal observation of first author), as well as lack of metrics. Superficial resemblance in marking and color patterns especially on the head are also found in Refrolix trangalensis Theron, 1984 (Fig. 4D) and some undetermined Bonaspeiini from the Albany Thicket Biome (Figs 4C, 5F–I and 6A–H), and in specimens from the Savanna Biome (Fig. 6A, B) with small markings at the apex of the crown. Specimens in Fig. 6F–H (Fig. 6F, Theewaterskloof, female, Fig. 6G, H, Jonkershoek, male and female respectively) closely resemble the color pattern of the head of Colistra, but are larger (corresponding that of Bonaspeia (Fig. 5A–C) and Curvostylus (Fig. 4E–H)). The male aedeagus of these specimens show some resemblance to the aedeagus in Fig. 13E and with a much longer, single tooth on the preatrium as in Fig. 11K and Fig. 13D.</p> <p>In male genitalia the pygofer lobe process is present in three of the four genera treated here (absent in Xhoreus gen. n.), but difficult to observe, and is also present in other genera, e.g., Bonaspeia. Most reliable for recognition of genera is the denticulation at the anterior base of the aedeagal shaft, for example, in all species of Colistra, the basal anterior margin of shaft is consistently edentate. Also, the apical, subapical and medial denticulation of the shaft are variable in orientation, position and size and sometimes absent, as discussed under the remarks of each species. In Colistra and Proekes, if the dorsal apodeme is developed the preatrium is reduced and vice versa. In Proekoides, the dorsal apodeme is consistently reduced and the preatrium developed. These features are tabulated as follows:</p> <p>The connective in Colistra (Figs7H, 9N, 11E, 13O, P), Proekoides (Fig. 16K–O) and Proekes (Figs 23H, 26F, 28E, 30J) is wider than long, with a short, wide stem and widely angled arms. In Xhoreus it least comparable to the former, about as wide as long, narrow stem, but similar angle of arms. Styles of the four genera correspond, with metrics under development.</p> <p>Key to males of Colistra species</p> <p>1 Aedeagus with elongate dorsal apodeme; shaft about three quarters longer than dorsal apodeme, preatrium short (Fig. 7D, E), apex with anterolateral margin finely denticulate (Fig. 7D, E)............................... C. parvulus (Linnavuori)</p> <p>1`Aedeagus with short dorsal apodeme, shaft about two thirds longer than dorsal apodeme (Fig. 9H, I), or dorsal apodeme reduced (Figs 11G–K, 13A–F), apex of shaft variable......................................................... 2</p> <p>2 Dorsal apodeme of aedeagus short, preatrium elongate, about as long as shaft (Fig. 9H, I), shaft with subapex of posterior margin with single tooth and subapex of anterior margin finely denticulate (Fig. 9K–M)............... C. semialius sp. n.</p> <p>2`Dorsal apodeme of aedeagus reduced, shaft of aedeagus at apex in lateral view of variable width (Figs 11G–K, 13A–F).... 3</p> <p>3 Apex of shaft wide, more than twice as wide as medial width of shaft (Fig. 11G–K)................. C. bucapitatus sp. n.</p> <p>3`Apex of shaft narrow, up 1.8 times as wide as medial width of shaft (Fig. 13A–F)................... C. acapitatus sp. n.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7FFC4FF8E8FB9DB65FA527678	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stiller, Michael;Webb, Michael D.	Stiller, Michael, Webb, Michael D. (2022): Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini). Zootaxa 5199 (1): 1-79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
03D987B7FFC9FF958FB9DB89FED1724B.text	03D987B7FFC9FF958FB9DB89FED1724B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Colistra parvulus (Linnavuori)	<div><p>Colistra parvulus (Linnavuori)</p> <p>(Figs 1A–N, 2L, M, 7A–J, 8A–O, 31A)</p> <p>Caffrolix parvulus Linnavuori, 1961: 464, 466–467.</p> <p>Colistra parvulus (Linnavuori, 1961); Davies, 1988: 215, 216.</p> <p>Type material examined.</p> <p>Type locality. Holotype male, South Africa, Western Cape province, Maanschijnkop, 11.3 km east Hermanus, -34.40, 19.35, 21 Dec. 1950, P. Brink, G. Rudebeck leg., CCDL08586, SANC; LUMZ.</p> <p>Type specimen. Holotype male, double mounted on minuten, pinned, with genitalia in microvial pinned to specimen. Original label: “S[outh] Afr[ica], Cape Prov. [ince] / Maanschijnkop, 7 miles / E Hermanus / 21.XII.50, No. 93” (Fig. 1L) “Swedish South Africa / Expedition / 1950–1951 / Brink – Rudebeck” (Fig. 1M) “ SANC Pretoria / Dbase# CCDL / 08586 ”, LUMZ.</p> <p>Paratype. 1♂ (Fig. 1I, genitalia glued to card, Fig. 1J, K), 1♀ (Fig. 1H); ibid. holotype. LUMZ.</p> <p>Additional material examined. 81♂♂, 76♀♀, 29 nymphs</p> <p>South Africa, Western Cape province:</p> <p>1♂, 1♀; Palmiet River Kleinmond; -34.33, 18.98; 28 Feb. 1970; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL08578; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Viljoens Pass; -31.97, 19.11; 6 Jan. 1971; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL08579; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Grabouw; -34.15, 19.03; 6 Jan. 1971; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL08576; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Pearly Beach; -34.66, 19.50; 15 Dec. 1971; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL08577; SANC.</p> <p>2♂♂, 3♀♀; Salmonsdam; -34.43, 19.63; 1 Oct. 1972; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL08581; SANC.</p> <p>29♂♂, 6♀♀; Rawsonville; -33.68, 19.32; 10Apr. 1974; J.G.Theron leg.; Erica muscosa Ericaceae; CCDL08573; BMNH, INHS, SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 1♀; Viljoens Pass; -31.97, 19.11; 5 Dec. 1974; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL08574; SANC.</p> <p>2♂♂; Clanwilliam Cedarberg; -32.50, 19.25; 27 Mar. 1976; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL08575; SANC.</p> <p>6♀♀; Pearly Beach; -34.66, 19.50; 8 Dec. 1977; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL28215; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Hermanus; -34.41, 19.23; 9 Dec. 1977; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL28216; SANC.</p> <p>2♂♂, 2♀♀; Rawsonville; -33.68, 19.32; 13 Jan. 1979; J.G. Theron leg.; Erica muscosa Ericaceae; CCDL08580; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 2♀♀; Grabouw; -34.15, 19.03; 25 Sep. 1981; J.G. Theron leg.; Erica hispidula Ericaceae; CCDL27861; SANC.</p> <p>4♂♂; Caledon; -34.22, 19.41; 9 Dec. 1985; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL08582; SANC.</p> <p>3♂♂; Kogelberg Nature Reserve; -34.32, 18.96; 17 Jan. 2003; M. Olmi leg.; CCDL28394; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Blinkberg Pass vicinity; -32.73, 19.05; 6 May 2011; M. Stiller leg.; CCDL28120; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 1♀; Ceres vicinity; -33.38, 19.33; 7 May 2011; M. Stiller leg.; DVac; CCDL18978; SANC.</p> <p>4♂♂, 2♀♀, 1 nymph; Fisantekraal site 2; -33.78, 19.16; 8 Dec. 2019; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Erica fastigiata Ericaceae; CCDL27931; SANC.</p> <p>6♂♂, 8♀♀, 5 nymphs; Fisantekraal site 4; -33.79, 19.16; 8 Dec. 2019; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Erica fastigiata Ericaceae; CCDL27950; BMNH, INHS, SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 1 nymph; Fisantekraal site 5; -33.79, 19.16; 8 Dec. 2019; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Stilbe sp. Stilbaceae; CCDL 27961; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Skurfteberg; -33.11, 19.26; 13 Dec. 2019; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis Asteraceae; CCDL 27992; SANC.</p> <p>2♂♂, 2♀♀, 17 nymphs; Skurfteberg; -33.11, 19.26; 13 Dec. 2019; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Erica sp. Ericaceae; CCDL28001; SANC.</p> <p>2♀♀, 2 nymphs; Skurfteberg; -33.11, 19.26; 13 Dec. 2019; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping; CCDL28010; SANC.</p> <p>18♂♂, 40♀♀, 3 nymphs; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.963&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.322" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.963/lat -34.322)">Kogelberg Nature Reserve</a> #1, Kleinmond; -34.322, 18.963; 12 Feb. 2022; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping grass and shrub regrowth after fire; CCDL28610, SANC.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Aedeagus with apex of shaft about as wide as midsection; dorsal apodeme elongate, half to three quarters as long as shaft, subparallel to shaft, narrowly attached to atrium, preatrium reduced; teeth of shaft medially at posterior margin with single tooth and paired teeth at lateral margins; apex of shaft at anterolateral margin with numerous small teeth.</p> <p>Etymology. Retrospectively, not in Linnavuori (1961). Named for the small size of this leafhopper in Latin, parvus, little, minor, masculine or feminine; parvitas, - atis, feminine, littleness, insignificance; parum, too little. Gender masculine.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Male, female and nymph.</p> <p>Color.</p> <p>Head. Markings as in Fig. 1A–D, H, I, as described in Linnavuori (1961) and Davies (1988). Nymph as in Fig. 2L, M.</p> <p>Pronotum. Brown marking near eye either circular, paired or irregular (Fig. 1 A–D). Lateral margin narrow, smooth (Fig. 1E).</p> <p>Tegmina. Costa yellow, brown marking in inner and outer costal cells next to R1a (cross vein between outer and inner costal cells); brown marking in inner and outer discal cells, claval cells and 1–3 apical cells (Fig. 1A–E, H, I).</p> <p>Morphology.</p> <p>Face. As in Fig. 1F, as described in Linnavuori (1961) and Davies (1988).</p> <p>Tegmina. Veins in male in Fig. 7I, female in Fig. 8N.</p> <p>Hind wing. Elongate (length/width=2.72–3.15), narrow; costal margin straight (Figs 7J, male, Fig. 8O, female).</p> <p>Chaetotaxy. Profemur row AV with 8–10 short setae, row IC with 6–10 long, fine setae.</p> <p>Measurements.</p> <p>Male (n=87). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 2.68–3.18 mm, apex of crown to apex of abdomen 2.46–2.75 mm; crown length 0.45–0.48 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.32–0.35 mm; pronotum length 0.34–0.37 mm; head width 1.06–1.26 mm; pronotum width 0.89–1.18 mm; ocellus diameter 19–29 µm; interocular distance 39–53 µm; crown angle 97–107°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.34–1.44; head width/pronotum width=1.05–1.11; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.39–0.66; crown length/pronotum length=1.24–1.38; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.31–0.35.</p> <p>Female (n=74). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 2.76–3.41 mm, apex of crown to apex of abdomen 2.79–3.46 mm; crown length 0.45–0.53 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.33–0.39 mm; pronotum length 0.35–0.42 mm; head width 1.17–1.40 mm; pronotum width 1.09–1.30 mm; ocellus diameter 22–30 µm; interocular distance 40–57 µm; crown angle 100–110°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.31–1.41; head width/pronotum width=1.06–1.09; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.42–0.66; crown length/pronotum length=1.19–1.38; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.23–0.38.</p> <p>Terminalia.</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Segment 10. Lateral margin convergent, slightly convex, in dorsal view length/width=0.90–0.99 (n=18), (Fig. 7A, B).</p> <p>Pygofer lobe. 3–6 macrosetae, rarely seven or eight, 38–90 µm in length (Fig. 7B, F); membranous apical and medial lobe as in Fig. 7F.</p> <p>Subgenital plate. Greatest length/greatest width=0.85–1.16. Apex of apophysis of style inserted less than halfway into subgenital plate (Fig. 7C).</p> <p>Style. Greatest length/greatest width=3.43–4.11, length apophysis/greatest length=0.17–0.25; angle 49–71° (Fig. 7G); apophysis curvate, margins subparallel.</p> <p>Connective. Greatest width across arms/width of apex of stem=1.77–2.16, length arms/length stem=1.28–3.73; angle of arms 78–95°; greatest length/greatest width=0.45–0.57 (Fig. 7H).</p> <p>Aedeagus. Shaft straight, tubular, medially with paired, lateral teeth and single posterior tooth, variable in position, size and orientation, shaft at apical anterior margin with numerous small teeth; gonopore marginal, wide at apex, tapered along posterior subapical margin, narrow subapically; dorsal apodeme elongate, half to three quarters as long as shaft (Fig. 7D, E).</p> <p>Female.</p> <p>Sternite 7. Isosceles trapezoid (distal width/basal width=0.65–0.67, greatest length/greatest width=0.46–0.51), lateral margins straight or curvate; posterior margin rounded medially with small, narrow bilobed or uniform projection or without projection, sclerotized medially (Figs 1G, 8A).</p> <p>Valvula 1. Parallel-sided, apex acuminate (Fig. 8I), sculpture pattern commonly reticulate apically and medially (Fig. 8K, 8L, respectively), striate towards base (similar to other species of Colistra, e.g., Fig. 10M, 12N).</p> <p>Valvula 2. Serration less than half the length of valvula 2 (Fig. 8H), teeth curvate, trough with fine teeth, serration at apex, similar throughout (Fig. 8J).</p> <p>Valvula 3. 12–18 marginal to submarginal macrosetae at apex, 21–32 µm long (Fig. 8M). Whole valvula as in other species of Colistra, e.g., Fig. 10E.</p> <p>Valvifer 1. Rhomboid with dorsal and ventral margin broadly rounded, anterior margin narrowly rounded, posterior margin acute (Fig. 8C, D, E), in dorsal view fused medially (Fig. 8B).</p> <p>Valvifer 2. Apices narrowly rounded, length/width=1.23–1.66 (Fig. 8G), sculpture sparse, microtrichia and scale-like structures, marginal and submarginal, few circular submarginal pore-like structures (no setae found on eight valvifers in six dissected ovipositors) (Fig. 8F).</p> <p>Remarks. Males and females share similar proportions, with the latter appearing smaller, and with a shorter crown and more obtuse crown angle. The male aedeagus of C. parvulus has the separate and elongate dorsal apodeme and short preatrium, except in the Clanwilliam specimen with a slightly longer preatrium. Variation is recognized in the relative position of posterior and lateral paired teeth, from almost opposite to lateral pair or more basal, and the dorsal apodeme three quarters to half as long as shaft, parallel or subparallel to the shaft. The sternite 7 of examined females appears consistently rounded, with little or no damage, and length/width slightly larger (0.46–0.51) than in C. bucapitatus sp. n. (0.42–0.46) and C. acapitatus sp. n. (0.41–0.45). The sternite 7 in C. semialius sp. n. (0.48–0.55) is similar to that of C. parvulus (0.46–0.51). Distribution map and potential natural distribution model in Fig. 31A.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7FFC9FF958FB9DB89FED1724B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stiller, Michael;Webb, Michael D.	Stiller, Michael, Webb, Michael D. (2022): Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini). Zootaxa 5199 (1): 1-79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
03D987B7FFD3FF908FB9DE9FFA467383.text	03D987B7FFD3FF908FB9DE9FFA467383.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Colistra semialius Stiller & Webb 2022	<div><p>Colistra semialius sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs 2A–K, 9A–P, 10A–P, 31B)</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Type locality. Holotype male, South Africa, Western Cape province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.059&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.997" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.059/lat -32.997)">Grootwinterhoek Nature Reserve</a>, Porterville, -32.997, 19.059, 8 Feb. 2022, M. Stiller leg., sweeping Erica inflata Ericaceae; CCDL28602, SANC.</p> <p>Type specimen. Holotype male, glued to triangle card, pinned, with genitalia in microvial pinned to specimen. Original label “ R.S. A. Groot- / winterhoek / Nature Reserve / -32.997 / 19.059 8.ii. / 2022 M. Stiller” “sweep / Erica / inflata / Ericaceae ” “ SANC Pretoria / Dbase# CCDL / 28602”.</p> <p>Paratypes. 80♂♂, 55♀♀, 99 nymphs.</p> <p>South Africa, Western Cape province:</p> <p>9♂♂, 10♀♀ 7 nymphs; Algeria Forest Station; -32.37, 19.06; 4 May 2011; ibid. holotype, and 1♂ DVac Restio; CCDL 27860; BMNH, INHS, SANC.</p> <p>1♂; wetland near Cedarberg Pass; -32.41, 19.12; 5 May 2011; M. Stiller leg.; DVac Restio sp. Restionaceae; CCDL 28552; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Jamaka farm #1; -32.34, 19.02; 11 Dec. 2016; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Metalasia densa Asteraceae; CCDL 26706; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Jamaka farm #7; -32.34, 19.01; 12 Dec. 2016; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Aspalathus acocksi Fabaceae; CCDL 26705; SANC.</p> <p>3♂♂, 3♀♀; Jamaka farm #6; -32.34, 19.01; 12 Dec. 2016; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Stoebe sp. Asteraceae; CCDL 26704; SANC.</p> <p>9♂♂, 9♀♀, 8 nymphs; Kruisementvlei &amp; Wolf Kloof farms, Piketberg; -32.805, 18.662; 7 Feb. 2022; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Erica sp. Ericaceae; CCDL 28607; SANC.</p> <p>34♂♂, 17♀♀, 60 nymphs; ibid holotype; BMNH, INHS, SANC.</p> <p>20♂♂, 12♀♀, 15 nymphs; Grootwinterhoek Nature Reserve, Porterville; -32.997, 19.059; 8 Feb. 2022; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Erica or Salaxis sp. Ericaceae; CCDL 28605; SANC.</p> <p>2♂♂, 3♀♀, 9 nymphs; Grootwinterhoek Nature Reserve, Porterville; -32.997, 19.059, 8 Feb. 2022; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Anthospermum sp. Rubiaceae; CCDL 28606; SANC.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Apex of shaft about as wide as midsection; aedeagus with dorsal apodeme short, partially fused to shaft, about one third as long as shaft; lateral paired teeth subbasally on shaft, subapical posterior margin with single tooth; preatrium elongated, slightly shorter than shaft.</p> <p>Etymology. Named for the intermediate features of the aedeagus, i.e., shaft apex as in C. parvulus, and elongate preatrium as in C. bucapitatus sp. n. and C. acapitatus sp. n. Latin, semi, half and alius, another, other. Gender masculine.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Male, female and nymph.</p> <p>Color.</p> <p>Head. Deltate marking at apex of crown small as in Fig. 2A, or well developed as in Fig. 2B–E; paired circular marking near base of head weak (Fig. 2A, B, D) or well developed (Fig. 2C, E).</p> <p>Nymphs. As in Fig. 2J, K.</p> <p>Pronotum. Dorsally 2–4 pairs of brown marks, variable, separate (Fig. 2A, B) or partially or entirely merged (Fig. 2E).</p> <p>Tegmina. Costa white to yellow, brown marking in inner and outer costal cells next to R 1a (cross vein between outer and inner costal cells); brown marking in inner and outer discal cells, claval cells and 1–3 apical cells (Fig. 2A–G).</p> <p>Morphology.</p> <p>Tegmina. Veins in male in Fig. 9O, female in Fig. 10O.</p> <p>Hind wing. Elongate (length/width=3.17–3.54), narrow, costal margin straight (Fig. 9P); female in Fig. 10P.</p> <p>Measurements.</p> <p>Male (n=70). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 2.80–3.12 mm, apex of crown to apex of abdomen 2.65–3.13 mm; crown length 0.48–0.53 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.34–0.38 mm; pronotum length 0.34–0.39 mm; head width 1.10–1.22 mm; pronotum width 1.00– 1.12 mm; ocellus diameter 24–29 µm; interocular distance 42–56 µm; crown angle 93–102°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.35–1.48; head width/pronotum width=1.07–1.12; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.45–0.67; crown length/pronotum length=1.29–1.53; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.32–0.36.</p> <p>Female (n=55). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 2.81–3.09 mm, apex of crown to apex of abdomen 2.61–3.36 mm; crown length 0.46–0.56 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.33–0.40 mm; pronotum length 0.32–0.40 mm; head width 1.05–1.29 mm; pronotum width 0.95–1.18 mm; ocellus diameter 24–30 µm; interocular distance 40–56 µm; crown angle 88–106°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.26–1.54; head width/pronotum width=0.99–1.19; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.46–0.69; crown length/pronotum length=1.24–1.57; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.30–0.37.</p> <p>Terminalia.</p> <p>Male.</p> <p>Segment 10. Lateral margin convergent, slightly convex, in dorsal view length/width=0.86–0.98 (n=5) (Fig. 9A, B).</p> <p>Pygofer lobe. 4–5 macrosetae, 55–76 µm in length; membranous lobe as in Fig. 9B, detail in Fig. 9D, E, F.</p> <p>Subgenital plate. Greatest length/greatest width=0.93–1.26. Apex of apophysis of style extended less than half-way into subgenital plate (Fig. 9C).</p> <p>Style. Greatest length/greatest width=3.47–4.38, length apophysis/greatest length=0.21–0.23; apophysis apex narrowly rounded, apophysis angle 49–70°; anterior lateral lobe subparallel to base of style, broad (Fig. 9G); apophysis acuminate, apex straight, base curvate.</p> <p>Connective. Greatest width across arms/width of apex of stem=1.97–2.25, length arms/length stem=1.36–2.04; angle of arms 83–91°; greatest length/greatest width=0.44–0.56 (Fig. 9N).</p> <p>Aedeagus. Apex of shaft slightly wider than medial width (Fig. 9K–M). Anterior apex of shaft with slight rounding, broadly rounded or acute (Fig. 9K–M, respectively); apical to lateroapical margin denticulate; posterior subapical margin with single tooth at margin of gonopore and lateroposterior to lateral margin subbasally to medially with triangular, paired teeth (Fig. 9J–M). Dorsal apodeme about one third as long as shaft, with short, transverse, rounded dorsal apices, in posterior or anterior view with concavity between apices (Fig. 9H, I). Preatrium elongate, about as long as shaft, obtusely angled to shaft (Fig. 9H, I).</p> <p>Female.</p> <p>Sternite 7. Isosceles trapezoid (distal width/basal width=0.60–0.63, greatest length/greatest width=0.48–0.55), lateral margins curvate or straight; medially margin rounded with small, narrow, bilobed projection (Fig. 10A), or narrow, uniform projection (Fig. 10B).</p> <p>Valvula 1. Parallel-sided, apex acuminate (Fig. 10G), sculpture pattern commonly reticulate, striate towards base (Fig. 10M); sculpture at apex (Fig. 10K), midsection (Fig. 10L).</p> <p>Valvula 2. Serration less than half the length of valvula 2 (Fig. 10H), teeth curvate, trough with fine teeth; serration and sculpture at apex in Fig. 10N.</p> <p>Valvula 3. 5–12 marginal to submarginal macrosetae at apex, 25–36 µm in length, short setae up to 17 µm (Fig. 10E, F).</p> <p>Valvifer 1. Rhomboid with dorsal and ventral margin somewhat rounded, anterior margin narrowly rounded, posterior margin acute (Fig. 10C, D). Length/width=1.16–1.64.</p> <p>Valvifer 2. Apices narrowly rounded, sculpture pattern confined, marginal and submarginal reticulate or densely set with microtrichia and few circular structures, one specimen with seta (Fig. 10I, J). Length/width=2.52–2.82. Sculpture examined in four valvifers of four dissected ovipositors.</p> <p>Remarks. This species has the short dorsal apodeme, about one third as long as shaft, and an elongate preatrium about as long as the shaft. Variation is the acute to rounded anterior apex of the aedeagus and position of paired teeth more medial or more posterior, closer to or more basal of the single, posterior tooth. There is resemblance to the denticulate apex of the aedeagal shaft in this species and in C. parvulus, but C. semialius sp. n. with greater variability (Fig. 9K–M) as well as in the medial denticulation. The shape of the female sternite 7 resembles that of C. parvulus but is more trapezoid, i.e., width apex/width base in C. semialius 0.60–0.63, and C. parvulus 0.65–0.67. Proportions of valvifers 1 and 2 are similar in C. semialius and C. parvulus. Modelled distribution is in Fig. 31B.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7FFD3FF908FB9DE9FFA467383	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stiller, Michael;Webb, Michael D.	Stiller, Michael, Webb, Michael D. (2022): Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini). Zootaxa 5199 (1): 1-79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
03D987B7FFD7FF9B8FB9DF2EFB9D7137.text	03D987B7FFD7FF9B8FB9DF2EFB9D7137.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Colistra bucapitatus Stiller & Webb 2022	<div><p>Colistra bucapitatus sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs 3A–E, R, 11A–N, 12A–Q, 31C</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Type locality. Holotype male, South Africa, Western Cape province, road between Stanford and Gansbaai, -34.50, 19.43, 2 Apr. 2001, M. Stiller leg., sweeping Stipagrostis zeyheri subsp. zeyheri Poaceae, CCDL27833, SANC.</p> <p>Type specimen. Holotype male, glued to triangle card, pinned, with genitalia in a separate microvial. Original label: “ South Africa / WCape Stanford / -Gansbaai / roadside 34°30ʹS / 19°26ʹE / 150 m 2.iv. /2001 M. Stiller” “swept off / Stipagrostis / zeyheri (Nees) / de Winter / subsp. zeyheri ” “ SANC Pretoria / Dbase# CCDL / 27833 [blue paper]”.</p> <p>Paratypes. 46♂♂, 50♀♀, 24 nymphs. (n=120)</p> <p>South Africa, Western Cape province:</p> <p>1♀; Sir Lowrys Pass; -34.12, 18.91; 26 Nov. 1964; A.L. Capener leg.; CCDL 28225; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Jonkershoek; -33.99, 18.97; 8 Jan. 1968; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 28227; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Babylonstoren Malmesbury; -33.57, 18.81; 7 May 1969; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 28221; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Slagboom Farm Agter Witsenberg; -33.23, 19.27; 13 Dec. 1969; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 28222; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Table Mountain; -33.96, 18.40; 23 Dec. 1969; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 28217; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Jonkershoek; -33.99, 18.97; 27 Jan. 1971; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 28230; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Jonkershoek; -33.99, 18.97; 31 May 1971; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 18975; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 1♀; Jonkershoek; -33.99, 18.97; 23 Nov. 1971; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 28228; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Assegaaibos; -33.96, 18.92; 8 Dec. 1971; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 28232; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Baardskeerdersbos; -34.59, 19.57; 14 Dec. 1971; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 28226; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Jonkershoek; -33.99, 18.97; 10 Feb. 1972; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 28231; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Bettys Bay; -34.36, 18.90; 18 May 1974; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 28233; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Klipheuwel; -33.72, 18.71; 24 Nov. 1974; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 28224; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; George; -33.96, 22.44; 31 Jan. 1977; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 28219; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Botrivier; -34.23, 19.20; 8 Dec. 1977; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 28220; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 1♀; Stellenbosch; -33.93, 18.85; 15 Jun. 1978; L. van Luik leg.; CCDL 08567; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Koeel Bay; -34.24, 18.85; 30 Nov. 1979; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 28234; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Piketberg mountain top; -34.84, 18.73; 17 Dec. 1981; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 28223; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Ceres; -33.37, 19.30; 26 Jan. 1982; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 18977; SANC.</p> <p>2♀♀; Jonkershoek; -33.99, 18.97; 8 Jul. 1982; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 28229; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Natures Valley; -33.98, 23.57; 26 Nov. 1983; N.C. Grobbelaar leg.; CCDL 08566; SANC.</p> <p>7♂♂, 1♀; Caledon; -34.22, 19.41; 9 Dec. 1985; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 08564; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Keurboom river; -34.03, 23.40; 13 Feb. 1990; M. Jonsson leg.; CCDL 08565; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Constantiaberg; -34.03, 18.39; 1 Mar. 1995; S. van Noord leg.; CCDL 28116; SANC.</p> <p>2♂♂, 2♀♀, 3 nymphs; Remhoogte Farm; -32.40, 19.00; 3 Aug. 1996; R.G. Oberprieler, R. Stals, M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Aspalathus linearis Fabaceae; CCDL 08561; SANC.</p> <p>3♂♂, 4♀♀, 4 nymphs; Papkuilsvlei Farm; -32.66, 18.64; 4 Aug. 1996; R.G. Oberprieler, R. Stals, M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Rooibos tea Aspalathus linearis Fabaceae 3 year old plantation; CCDL 08563; INHC, SANC.</p> <p>3♀♀; Versveld Pass Piketberg; -32.85, 18.74; 25 Nov. 1996; O.C. Neser, R.G. Oberprieler, M. Stiller leg.; DVac Aspalathus linearis Fabaceae; CCDL 28218; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Kriedouw Farm; -32.32, 18.97; 27 Nov. 1996; O.C. Neser, R.G. Oberprieler, M. Stiller leg.; collected on ‘flat form’ of wild Aspalathus linearis Fabaceae; CCDL 08562; SANC.</p> <p>4♂♂, 5♀♀, 10 nymphs; Stanford-Gansbaai Road; -34.50, 19.43; 2 Apr. 2001; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Stipagrostis zeyheri subsp. zeyheri Poaceae; CCDL 27833; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 1♀; Blaauwberg Hill; -33.75, 18.47; 7 Dec. 2004; M. Stiller leg.; DVac; CCDL 18507; SANC.</p> <p>3♂♂, 3♀♀; Silvermine Nature Reserve; -34.07, 18.40; 9 Dec. 2004; M. Stiller leg.; DVac; CCDL 18514; SANC.</p> <p>3♂♂, 1♀; Signal Hill Cape Town; -33.92, 19.40; 10 Dec. 2004; M. Stiller leg.; DVac; CCDL 18509; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Grabouw S of Route N2; -34.17, 19.00; 10 Dec. 2004; M. Stiller leg.; DVac Holcus lanatus Poaceae; CCDL 18515; SANC.</p> <p>2♂♂, 3♀♀; Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve Scarborough; -34.23, 18.42; 10 Dec. 2004; M. Stiller leg.; DVac; CCDL 18513; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Gydo Pass N Prince Alfred Hamlet; -33.23, 19.32; 13 Dec. 2004; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping; CCDL 18506; SANC.</p> <p>2♂♂; Goudini Weg Station NW Worcester; -33.60, 19.33; 13 Dec. 2004; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Tribolium uniolae, Ehrharta sp (Poaceae) and other plants, regrowth after fire; CCDL 18511; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Koeel Bay; -34.24, 18.85; 18 Dec. 2004; M. Stiller leg.; DVac Hyparrhenia anamesa Poaceae; CCDL 18510; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 2♀♀; Bettys Bay - Pringle Bay; -34.35, 18.87; 19 Dec. 2004; M. Stiller leg.; DVac rehabilitated refuse dump, Restio spp; CCDL 18508; SANC.</p> <p>2♂♂; 2 km south Duinepos road junction West Coast National Park; -33.26, 18.20; 2.ii.2006; M. Olmi leg.; CCDL 18324; SANC.</p> <p>2♀♀; Jamaka farm; -32.34, 19.01; 12 Dec. 2016; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Aspalathus galeata Fabaceae; CCDL 26634; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Cedarberg wilderness; -32.40, 19.04; 14 Dec. 2016; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Eriocephalus sp. Asteraceae; CCDL 26707; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Slanghoek Valley, Wabooms River phytoplasma survey, site 1; -33.56, 19.21; 12 Sep. 2017; J. van Wyk leg.; gVac Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis, Asteraceae; sample number 17-6167-3; CCDL 28469; SANC.</p> <p>4♂♂, 3♀♀, 3 nymphs; Devils Peak; -33.95, 18.45; 21 Dec. 2019; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping; CCDL 27974; BMNH, SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Devils Peak; -33.95, 18.44; 21 Dec. 2019; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping; CCDL 27968; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 2 nymphs; Brenton-on-Sea, Knysna; -34.07, 23.01; 26 Dec. 2019; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping; Metalasia sp. Asteraceae; CCDL 27880; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 1♀; Kruisementvlei &amp; Wolf Kloof farms, Piketberg; -32.805, 18.662; 7 Feb. 2022; M.Stiller leg.; sweeping Stoebe sp. Asteraceae; CCDL 28608; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Grootkop vicinity, Scarborough; -34.181, 18.386; 10 Feb. 2022; M.Stiller leg.; sweeping Erica sp. and other shrubs; CCDL 28618; SANC.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Shaft of aedeagus with width at apex 2.1–2.8 times wider than medial width of shaft; dorsal apodeme reduced; paired teeth on shaft variable in size and orientation, at apex or subapex and medially; preatrium about as long as shaft.</p> <p>Etymology. Named for the expanded apex of the aedeagal shaft, in Latin, prefix, bu -, large, huge, great, and capitatus, head. Gender masculine.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Male, female and nymph.</p> <p>Color.</p> <p>Head. Marks on head reduced (Fig. 3A) or typical (Fig. 3B–E).</p> <p>Nymph. As in Fig. 3R.</p> <p>Pronotum. Dorsally with 2–4 pairs of brown marks, variable, separate or partially or entirely merged (Fig. 3A–E).</p> <p>Tegmina. Costa yellow, other veins light to dark brown; cells translucent, except discal, brachial and jugal cells, whitish opaque, brown marking in inner and outer discal cells, apical cell 3 and between claval vein 1 and 2 (Fig. 3A–E); females often more markings, including reticulation in claval cells.</p> <p>Morphology.</p> <p>Tegmina. Veins in male in Fig. 11M, female in Fig. 12P.</p> <p>Hind wing. Less than two times longer than wide (length/width=1.82–1.91), triangular; costal margin slightly convex (male, Fig. 11N); in female in Fig. 12Q.</p> <p>Chaetotaxy. Profemur row IC 6–8 long, fine setae.</p> <p>Measurements.</p> <p>Male (n=37). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 2.65–3.13 mm, apex of crown to apex of abdomen 2.99–3.49 mm; crown length 0.52–0.57 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.37–0.41 mm; pronotum length 0.39–0.44 mm; head width 1.21–1.45 mm; pronotum width 1.12–1.35 mm; ocellus diameter 25–31 µm; interocular distance 54–69 µm; crown angle 96–106°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.35–1.47; head width/pronotum width=1.05–1.10; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.38–0.55; crown length/pronotum length=1.26–1.41; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.26–0.38.</p> <p>Female (n=42). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 2.58–3.09 mm, apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.30–3.95 mm; crown length 0.55–0.61 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.39–0.43 mm; pronotum length 0.40–0.46 mm; head width 1.22–1.47 mm; pronotum width 1.13–1.37 mm; ocellus diameter 26–31 µm; interocular distance 52–71 µm; crown angle 92–104°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.36–1.47; head width/pronotum width=1.05–1.10; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.39–0.57; crown length/pronotum length=1.28–1.43; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.31–0.38.</p> <p>Terminalia.</p> <p>Male.</p> <p>Segment 10. Lateral margins convergent, sublinear distally, curvate basally, in dorsal view length/width=0.84– 1.07 (n=5) (Fig. 11A), lateral view compressed, parallel-sided (Fig. 11B).</p> <p>Pygofer lobe. 3–5 macrosetae, rarely six, 85–139 µm in length (Fig. 11B, D).</p> <p>Subgenital plate. Greatest length/greatest width=1.15–1.48. Apex of apophysis extended three quarters into plate (Fig. 11C).</p> <p>Style. Greatest length/greatest width=3.82–4.38, length apophysis/greatest length=0.19–0.25; apophysis distally sublinear, angle 38–51°, margins approximately parallel (Fig. 11L, for annotations of length and width see Material and Methods).</p> <p>Connective. Greatest width across arms/width of apex of stem=1.70–1.92, length arms/length stem=0.61–1.94; angle of arms 81–95°; greatest length/greatest width=0.53–0.65 (Fig. 11E, F, for annotations of length and width see Material and Methods).</p> <p>Aedeagus. Apex of shaft in lateral view wide, width at apex, 2.1–2.8 times wider than medial width of shaft (Fig. 11G–K). Anterior margin (Fig. 11G, H) or submargin (Fig. 11J, K) at subapex with paired teeth, variable in size and orientation. Posterior margin, approximately at mid-section with paired, variable teeth, broadly or narrowly triangular, orientation laterad, posteriad, anteriad, origin commonly posteriad to mediad (Fig. 11G–K), rarely anteriad (i.e., Goudini specimen). Dorsal apodeme reduced, pygofer membrane attached at junction between shaft and preatrium. Preatrium right-angled to acutely angled to shaft; sometimes with single tooth-like process near base, on posterior margin (Fig. 11J, K).</p> <p>Female.</p> <p>Sternite 7. Rectangular to trapezoid (distal width/basal width=0.61–0.77, greatest length/greatest width=0.42– 0.46), lateral margins convergent, straight or curvate; posterior margin with V-shaped notch, shallow or commonly deep, laterally uniformly rounded, basal length at notch/greatest length laterally=0.51–0.76 (Fig. 12A–C).</p> <p>Valvula 1. Parallel-sided, apex acuminate (Fig. 12H), sculpture pattern commonly reticulate, striate towards base (Fig. 10L–N).</p> <p>Valvula 2. Serration about in distal half of dorsal margin (Fig. 12I), narrow, short teeth with trough finely serrate (Fig. 12O).</p> <p>Valvula 3. 10–22 marginal to submarginal macrosetae at apex, 25–38 µm long (Fig. 12J, K).</p> <p>Valvifer 1. About as long as wide, dorsal and ventral margins rounded, anterior and posterior apices acute. Length/width=1.25–1.81 (Fig. 12D, E).</p> <p>Valvifer 2. Sculpture pattern longitudinal ovoid to circular denticles (Fig. 12G), Stellenbosch specimen with circular pore-like structure and triangular denticles; length/width=2.59–2.99; whole part in Fig. 12F. Sculpture in five examined valvifers without setae out of 11 dissected ovipositors.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is recognized in lateral view by the wide apex of the shaft, i.e., apex of shaft twice or more as wide as medial width. Variation in the aedeagus is in the width in lateral view of the preatrium, the angle between the shaft and the preatrium, size of the membranous lobe of the preatrium and position, orientation and degree of development of teeth. Some specimens have a short or more elongated tooth at the base of the preatrium. Least typical is the aedeagus of the male from Brenton-on-Sea, which lacks the anterior teeth, apex wider than in anterior or posterior view (e.g., wider than in C. acapitatus, Fig. 13A–F) and gonopore also wider, shaft narrower than in specimens from other localities. Three males from Brenton-on-Sea, Nature’s Valley and Keurboom and arbitrarily, two females from George and Herold (deep and shallow notch on sternite 7 respectively) represent the eastern-most distribution. The aedeagus of specimens in Fig. 6F–H has a similar basal tooth on the preatrium, but that is much longer than the greatest width of the preatrium. The short tooth is recognized in some specimens of C. bucapitatus sp. n. (Fig. 11J, K) and C. acapitatus sp. n. (Fig. 13D). Females, based on dissected and whole specimens, appear to have the notch in the sternite deeper than in C. acapitatus, i.e., basal length at notch/greatest length laterally= 0.46–0.73 in situ and 0.61–0.77 in drawings in C. bucapitatus and 0.71–0.87 in situ and 0.75–0.84 in drawings in C. acapitatus. The holotype is designated from the longest series of specimens, which were swept off grass near the roadside, in regrowth after fire at least one year previously. Most likely the specimens were on interspersed shrubs. Distribution and potential natural distribution model in Fig. 31C.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7FFD7FF9B8FB9DF2EFB9D7137	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stiller, Michael;Webb, Michael D.	Stiller, Michael, Webb, Michael D. (2022): Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini). Zootaxa 5199 (1): 1-79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
03D987B7FFDCFFA78FB9DCBAFC16709F.text	03D987B7FFDCFFA78FB9DCBAFC16709F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Colistra acapitatus Stiller & Webb 2022	<div><p>Colistra acapitatus sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs 3F–Q, S–V, 13A–R, 14A–N, 31D)</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Type locality. Holotype male, South Africa, Western Cape province; Seekoevlei Farm, near Clanwilliam; - 32.16, 18.75; 1 Aug. 1996; R.G. Oberprieler, R. Stals, M. Stiller leg.; yellow pan trap in five year old plantation of Rooibos tea Aspalathus linearis Fabaceae; CCDL08555; SANC.</p> <p>Type specimen. Holotype male, glued to triangle card, pinned, with genitalia in a separate microvial. Original label: “ South Africa: / Wcape / Seekoevlei / (farm) near / Clanwilliam / 32°09.3ʹS / 18°45.1ʹE 360 m / 01.viii.1996 / Oberprieler / Stals Stiller” “Collected with / yellow pan traps / in 5 year old / plantation of / rooibos tea / Aspalathus / linearis / (Fabaceae)” “ SANC Pretoria / Dbase# CCDL / 08555”.</p> <p>Paratypes. 102♂♂, 78♀♀, 16 nymphs (n=196)</p> <p>South Africa, Western Cape province:</p> <p>1♀; Herold; -33.84, 22.44; 15 Jul. 1971; R. Mutare leg.; CCDL 28213; SANC.</p> <p>3♂♂, 6♀♀; Vanrhynsdorp; -31.61, 18.73; 15 Sep. 1976; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 27832; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Cedarberg near Clanwilliam; -32.35, 18.98; 21 Dec. 1976; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 28214; SANC.</p> <p>8♂♂, 8♀♀, 1 nymph; Groenkol Farm; -32.10, 18.70; 1 Aug. 1996; O.C. Neser, R.G. Oberprieler, M. Stiller leg.; sweeping in one year old, two year old, topped and three year old plantation of Aspalathus linearis Fabaceae; CCDL 08557; SANC.</p> <p>26♂♂, 6♀♀, 2 nymphs; ibid holotype; BMNH, INHC, SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Uitsig Farm; -31.97, 19.11; 5 Aug. 1996; R.G. Oberprieler, R. Stals, M. Stiller leg.; sweeping 4 year old plantation of Aspalathus linearis Fabaceae; CCDL 08552; SANC.</p> <p>14♂♂, 6♀♀, 11 nymphs; Uitsig Farm; -31.97, 19.11; 5 Aug. 1996; R. Stals, M. Stiller, R.G. Oberprieler leg.; sweeping 2–3 year old plantation of Aspalathus linearis Fabaceae; CCDL 08553; SANC.</p> <p>8♂♂, 11♀♀, 1 nymph; Aggenbagskraal Farm; -32.28, 18.88; 26 Nov. 1996; O.C. Neser, R.G. Oberprieler, M. Stiller leg.; DVac 3 year old and 5–6 year of plantations of Aspalathus linearis Fabaceae; CCDL 08560; SANC.</p> <p>17♂♂, 13♀♀, 1 nymph; Seekoevlei Farm; -32.16, 18.75; 27 Nov. 1996; O.C. Neser, M. Stiller, R.G. Oberprieler leg.; DVac 5 year old plantation of Aspalathus linearis Fabaceae; CCDL 08556; BMNH, INHC, SANC.</p> <p>2♂♂, 2♀♀; Uitsig Farm; -31.97, 19.11; 28 Nov. 1996; O.C. Neser, R.G. Oberprieler, M. Stiller leg.; DVac 2 year old plantation of Aspalathus linearis Fabaceae; CCDL 08554; SANC.</p> <p>3♂♂, 5♀♀; Seekoevlei Farm; -32.16, 18.75; 15 Apr. 1997; O.C. Neser, R.G. Oberprieler, M. Stiller leg.; on 5 year old plantation of Aspalathus linearis Fabaceae; CCDL 08559; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Wiedouw Farm base of Gifberg Pass; -31.73, 18.77; 3 Oct. 2002; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping low vegetation in area cleared of bush; CCDL 18286; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Gifberg Pass Summit Vanrhynsdorp; -31.77, 18.76; 9 Oct. 2002; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping low grass, forbs and Restio at tower; CCDL 18287; SANC.</p> <p>2♂♂, 4♀♀; Dwarsrivier Farm Cedarberg SE Citrusdal; -32.45, 19.20; 10 Oct. 2002; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Metalasia fastigiata Asteraceae; CCDL18288; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Jonkiespoort Farm Bokkeveld Mountains; -32.82, 19.45; 12 Oct. 2002; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping; CCDL18285; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Arniston; -34.65, 20.22; 11 Dec. 2004; M. Stiller leg.; DVac grasses in depression, Ehrharta sp. Poaceae, and other Poaceae; CCDL18972; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 1♀; De Hoop Nature Reserve; 34.45, 20.42; 11 Dec. 2004; M. Stiller leg.; DVac grass and shrubs; CCDL18512; SANC.</p> <p>2♂♂; De Hoop Nature Reserve; 34.45, 20.42; 11 Dec. 2004; M. Stiller leg.; DVac Themeda triandra Poaceae; CCDL18516; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 1♀; Sanddrift farm; -32.47, 19.22; 5 May 2011; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping, beating and DVac Restio, Cliffortia and Phylica; CCDL28212; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 1♀; Klondyke farm; -33.31, 19.59; 29 Nov. 2019; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Restio, Dicerothamnus, other shrubs and grass; CCDL27892; SANC.</p> <p>4♂♂, 4♀♀; Kleinkliphuis farm, Clanwilliam; -32.133, 18.947; 4 Feb. 2022; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping all shrubs, forbs, restios etc.; CCDL28609; SANC.</p> <p>5♂♂, 5♀♀;De Pakhuys farm,Clanwilliam; -32.118, 19.068; 6Feb.2022;M.Stiller; leg.;sweeping Anthospermum sp. Rubiaceae; CCDL28603; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 2♀♀; Grootwinterhoek Nature Reserve, Porterville; -32.997, 19.059; 8 Feb. 2022; M.Stiller leg.; sweeping Agathosma capensis Rubiaceae; CCDL28604; SANC.</p> <p>South Africa, Northern Cape province:</p> <p>1♀; Doltuin Oorlogskloof; -31.48, 19.08; 19 Dec.2016; M.Stiller leg.;sweeping Phylica plumigera Rhamnaceae; CCDL26708; SANC.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Aedeagus with width at apex 1.1–1.8 times wider than medial width of shaft; dorsal apodeme reduced; single or paired teeth on shaft variable in position, size and orientation; preatrium about as long as shaft.</p> <p>Etymology. Named for the small-headed aedeagus, Latin, prefix a -, not, without, capitatus, head. Gender masculine.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Male, female and nymph.</p> <p>Color.</p> <p>Head. Marking similar to that of C. bucapitatus, C. acapitatus in Fig. 3F, G, J, L–Q, or absent (Fig. 3K) or small (Fig. 3H, I, M).</p> <p>Pronotum. Dorsally 2–4 pairs of brown marks, variable, separate or partially or entirely merged (Fig. 3F–Q).</p> <p>Nymph. Mottled with brown (Fig. 3S, T, V) or pale (Fig. 3U) with deltate brown marking on head distinct in Fig. 3T.</p> <p>Tegmina. Costa yellow, other veins light to dark brown; cells translucent, except discal, brachial and jugal cells, whitish opaque, brown marking in inner and outer discal cells, apical cell 3 and between claval vein 1 and 2 (males in Fig. 3F–L); females often more markings, including reticulation in claval cells (Fig. 3M–Q).</p> <p>Morphology.</p> <p>Tegmina. Veins in male in Fig. 13Q, female in Fig. 14N.</p> <p>Hind wing. Length/width=2.26–2.46, triangular, costal margin slightly convex, veins in male, Fig. 13R, female, Fig. 14M.</p> <p>Measurements.</p> <p>Male (n=85). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 2.85–3.29 mm, apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.16–3.67 mm; crown length 0.50–0.55 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.35–0.39 mm; pronotum length 0.38–0.43 mm; head width 1.05–1.22 mm; pronotum width 0.92–1.14 mm; ocellus diameter 26–31 µm; interocular distance 53–66 µm; crown angle 90–97°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.35–1.45; head width/pronotum width=1.02–1.11; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.42–0.55; crown length/pronotum length=1.26–1.35; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.36–0.41.</p> <p>Female (n=57). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 2.99–3.45 mm, apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.78–4.29 mm; crown length 0.54–0.59 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.38–0.43 mm; pronotum length 0.41–0.45 mm; head width 1.13–1.27 mm; pronotum width 1.04–1.18 mm; ocellus diameter 26–31 µm; interocular distance 54–69 µm; crown angle 90–96°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.34–1.45; head width/pronotum width=1.06–1.10; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.38–0.54; crown length/pronotum length=1.27–1.37; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.37–0.41.</p> <p>Terminalia.</p> <p>Male.</p> <p>Segment 10. Lateral margin convergent, sublinear, in dorsal view length/width=0.92–1.10 (n=6).</p> <p>Pygofer lobe. 3–6 macrosetae, rarely seven, 74–156 µm in length (similar to that of C. bucapitatus sp. n.).</p> <p>Subgenital plate. Greatest length/greatest width=1.15–1.49. Apex of apophysis extended three quarters into plate (similar in C. bucapitatus sp. n.).</p> <p>Style. Greatest length/greatest width=3.58–4.22, length apophysis/greatest length=0.20–0.24; apophysis angle 39–57° (Fig. 13L).</p> <p>Connective. Greatest width across arms/width of apex of stem=1.70–2.02, length arms/length stem=0.84–1.84; angle of arms 73–88°; greatest length/greatest width=0.52–0.66 (Fig. 13O, P).</p> <p>Aedeagus. Narrow apex, 1.1–1.8 times wider than medial width of shaft (Fig. 13A–F). Anterior margin variable with apical (Fig. 13C, D, F) to subapical (Fig. 13A, B, E) tooth-like projection or paired, sclerotized teeth or tooth fused entirely or with apex free; posterior margin with distinct apical and subbasal paired teeth or apical teeth reduced or absent and subbasal teeth damaged in some specimens, variable in orientation and length, i.e., transverse or longitudinal, orientation, laterad or posteriad (Fig. 13A–K, M, N). Dorsal apodeme reduced, pygofer membrane attached at junction between shaft and preatrium. Preatrium elongate, variably angled to shaft (i.e., acute (Fig. 13F), right angle (Fig. 13B–E) or obtuse (Fig. 13A)).</p> <p>Female.</p> <p>Sternite 7. Rectangular to trapezoid (distal width/basal width=0.74–0.83, greatest length/greatest width=0.41– 0.45), lateral margins convergent, straight or curved, posterior margin with shallow V-shaped notch (Fig. 14A–C) or without notch (Fig. 14D, E, specimens from Uitsig), basal length at notch/greatest length laterally=0.72–0.85 (based on measurements from drawings and in situ).</p> <p>Valvula 1. Parallel-sided, apex acuminate (Fig. 14F), sculpture pattern commonly reticulate, striate towards base, similar to pattern in other species of Colistra.</p> <p>Valvula 2. As in Fig. 14J; narrow, short teeth with trough finely serrate, similar pattern in other species of Colistra.</p> <p>Valvula 3. 8–21 marginal to submarginal macrosetae at apex, 26–43 µm long.</p> <p>Valvifer 1. About as long as wide, dorsal margin right-angled, ventral margin shallowly rounded, anterior and posterior apices acute. Length/width=1.35–1.77 (Fig. 14K, L).</p> <p>Valvifer 2. Whole part in Fig. 14G, length/width=2.81–3.15; sculpture pattern with submarginal circular porelike structure (Fig. 14H, Groenkol specimen); Seekoevlei specimen with circular pore-like structure and triangular denticles (Fig. 14I). Sculpture in 20 examined valvifers without setae out of 27 dissected ovipositors.</p> <p>Remarks. This species has the narrow apex of the aedeagal shaft, reduced dorsal apodeme and elongated preatrium.The dorsal apodeme is considered reduced with the point of attachment to the pygofer phragma recognized at the junction of the base of the shaft and apex of the preatrium. The denticulation of the apex of the shaft is variable. In 11 dissected males from Uitsig, the anterior tooth is usually paired and close-set, but in two specimens, the base is fused. The position of this tooth is subapical to medial, whereas in 22 dissected males from other localities the anterior tooth is apical, and smaller than in the males from Uitsig. The large, single, median anterior tooth in Fig. 13E is found in two specimens from two localities in close proximity, i.e., Dwarsrivier and Sanddrift. This large, single tooth on the anterior margin of the shaft in lateral view resembles that of P. piketensis but that are paired in the latter and with paired apical teeth on the posterior margin (Fig. 16C). All species of Proekoides however, have the crown more acute and with a median longitudinal brown marking (Fig. 15A–L). Posterior teeth on the aedeagus in C. acapitatus are rarely absent, obscure in lateral view, but visible in lateroventral or laterodorsal or caudal view, and variable in position and orientation. The connective stem and arm length is variable due to variable width of the membrane at the base of the stem and arms. In females the sternite 7 appear to have a shallow notch, except in specimens from Uitsig with a near rounded posterior margin, as in C. parvulus (Figs 1G, 8A) and C. semialius (Fig. 10A, B). Distribution and potential natural distribution model in Fig. 31D.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7FFDCFFA78FB9DCBAFC16709F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stiller, Michael;Webb, Michael D.	Stiller, Michael, Webb, Michael D. (2022): Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini). Zootaxa 5199 (1): 1-79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
03D987B7FFE0FFA28FB9DA12FA52771C.text	03D987B7FFE0FFA28FB9DA12FA52771C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proekoides Stiller	<div><p>Proekoides Stiller</p> <p>Figs 15–18, 32</p> <p>Proekoides Stiller 1986: 153–158.</p> <p>Type species: Proekoides hawekwae Stiller, 1986, by original designation.</p> <p>Revised generic diagnosis and description</p> <p>1. Small leafhopper; male and female: length from apex of crown to apex of tegmina, male 3.1–3.7 mm; crown length medially 0.7–0.9 mm; crown angle 70–90°.</p> <p>2. Dorsum of head in male and female with longitudinal brown to dark brown line from apex of crown to base of head, lateral margin of marking amorphous (Fig. 15J), weakly developed (Fig. 15G, H), or reduced (Fig. 15F, K).</p> <p>Terminalia in male:</p> <p>3. Valve crescentic (Fig. 17C), length/width=0.2.</p> <p>4. Pygofer deeply incised in dorsal view; pygofer lobe in lateral view, acutely triangular, mediodorsal margin in lateral view with concavely curvate process (Fig. 17 I); in dorsal view with base mediad, subbase and apex angled and curved posteriad (Fig. 17J), with subapical, dorsal tooth; 3–6 macrosetae, rarely 8 (length 86–166 µm) (e.g., Fig. 17B).</p> <p>5. Segment 10 large, narrow (0.6–0.7 times as wide as width across pygofer at point of greatest width of segment 10), elongate, reaching apex of pygofer lobe (dorsal view, length/width=0.8–1.1) (e.g., Fig. 17A).</p> <p>6. Connective wider than long (greatest length/greatest width=0.6–0.8), stem short, wide, arms slightly shorter to much longer than stem (length arm/length stem=0.9–1.7).</p> <p>7. Aedeagus with base of anterior margin of shaft with paired teeth; dorsal apodeme reduced, preatrium produced (Fig. 16A–J).</p> <p>Terminalia in female:</p> <p>8. Sternite 7 with posterior margin with medial, wide, curvate or angulate notch, laterally triangular; greatest length/greatest width=0.5, depth of notch/greatest length=0.2–0.3, angle of notch 131–144° (e.g., Figs 15N, O, 18A).</p> <p>9. Valvula 3 with 1–3 rows of marginal to submarginal setae (Fig. 18H); protruding 0.13–0.20 times longer than greatest length of pygofer in lateral view (e.g., Fig. 15B, E).</p> <p>10. Valvifer 2 sculpture pore-like (Fig. 18E).</p> <p>Etymology. In retrospect, Proekoides Stiller, 1986 was named for its similar appearance to Proekes Theron, 1975. Gender determined in Greek by - ekes, meaning ‘point’, as feminine and prefix in Greek, pro, meaning ‘before’. The suffix in Latin, - oides, meaning ‘like, resembling, having the form of’ (Brown 1956).</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Male and female.</p> <p>Color.</p> <p>Head. Light yellow to stramineous ground color, dark to rust-brown marking from apex of crown to anterior margin of head (Fig. 15A–L), or marking faint as in Fig. 15K.</p> <p>Face. 8–12 dark brown horizontal arcs (Fig. 15P).</p> <p>Tegmina. Ground color ochraceous, opaque, veins brown, light to dark brown reticulations in claval cells and outer discal cells (Fig. 15A–L).</p> <p>Hind wing. Translucent, sometimes light brown mesally.</p> <p>Morphology.</p> <p>Head. Wider than pronotum. Discal region smooth, frontal region and face shagreened. Crown angle in male 78–88°, in female 75–86°.</p> <p>Face. Clypeus cuneate, broad, abruptly narrowed at junction with clypellus. Clypellus straight in lateral view, parallel-sided and rounded ventrally in frontal view, produced beyond narrow gena below lorum.</p> <p>Ocellus. Ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.4–0.5.</p> <p>Pronotum. Lateral margin short, non-carinate.</p> <p>Tegmina. Tegmina with four apical, two anteapical cells, appendix absent. Length/width, males=2.0–2.3, females=2.1–2.2, male and female=2.0–2.2.</p> <p>Hind wing. Length/width, males=3.0–3.4, females=2.9–3.3, male and female=3.0–3.4.</p> <p>Tegmina-hind wing relation. Length tegmina/length hind wing, male=1.1–1.2, female=1.1–1.2, male and female=1.1–1.2; width tegmina/width hind wing, male=1.4–1.8, female=1.6–1.8, male and female=1.6–1.8.</p> <p>Chaetotaxy. Profemur row AV 8–10 short, wide setae, row IC 6–8 in male, 7–9 in female, female P. piketensis, IC 7–10; AV 1 single, AM 1 single. Spinulation of protibia 1+4, mesotibia 4+4, metafemur apex 2+2+1. Metatarsus 1 apical plantar setae include four rounded platellae and one acute seta; metatarsus 2 apex with two acute (lateral and medial respectively), two rounded (intermediate) platellae.</p> <p>Measurements.</p> <p>Male. Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.1–3.4 mm; apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.2–3.6 mm; crown length 0.7–0.8 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.4–0.5 mm; pronotum length 0.4 mm; head width 1.1–1.3 mm; pronotum width 1.0– 1.2 mm (Stiller 1986, 0.89–1.12 mm); ocellus diameter 26–29 µm; interocular distance 61– 78 µm; crown angle 74–85°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.5–1.8; head width/pronotum width=1.1; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.4–0.5; crown length/pronotum length=1.6–2.0; pronotum length/pronotum width=0.4.</p> <p>Female. Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.2–3.6 mm; apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.8–4.2 mm; crown length 0.7 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.4–0.5 mm; pronotum length 0.4 mm; head width 1.2–1.4 mm; pronotum width 1.1–1.2 mm; ocellus diameter 26–29 µm; interocular distance 62–74 µm; crown angle 78–88°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.5–1.6; head width/pronotum width=1.0–1.1; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.4–0.5; crown length/pronotum length=1.6–1.8; pronotum length/pronotum width=0.3–0.4.</p> <p>Terminalia.</p> <p>Male.</p> <p>Segment 10. Deeply incised middorsally. Length/width=1.1–1.3. Greatest width of segment 10/greatest width of pygofer at point of greatest width of segment 10=0.6–0.7.</p> <p>Pygofer. Depressed in lateral view, equidistant in dorsal view, anterior margin oblique, anterior apodeme wide, triangular; basolateral suture right-angled; pygofer lobe narrowly triangular, with 3–5 setae posterodorsally, 90– 135 µm in length; process strongly to weakly concave, origin medial, approximately at mid-length, orientation posteriorly to posterolaterally, subapex with small, dorsal tooth.</p> <p>Subgenital plate. Triangular, medial margin sublinear, lateral margin shallowly convex, apex narrowly rounded; 20–25 irregularly arranged macrosetae marginally and submarginally, length/width=1.2–1.5.</p> <p>Valve. Crescentic, length/width=0.2 (e.g., Fig. 17C).</p> <p>Style. Slender, with apophyses angled lateroposteriad, anterior medial lobe short, anterior lateral lobe elongate, narrow; extending about half-way into subgenital plate; subapical angle right-angled or obtuse; greatest length/ greatest width=4.0–4.7; length apophysis/greatest length=0.2; length base/length greatest=0.3–0.4; angle of apophysis to sagittal plane 50–58° (Fig. 16P–T).</p> <p>Connective. Stem short, broad, arms divergent; greatest width across arms/greatest width across stem=1.8–2.2; length arms/length stem=1.0–1.7; angle of arms 81–92°; greatest length/greatest width=0.6–0.8 (Fig. 16K–O).</p> <p>Aedeagus. Aedeagus symmetrical in anterior or posterior view; shaft tubular, dorsal apodeme reduced, preatrium elongated, about as long as shaft, obtusely angled to shaft, orientation as in Fig. 16A–E, atrium in posterior view rounded, constricted at transition to preatrium, base triangular (Fig. 16F–H) or rectangular (Fig. 16I, J), variably rounded and elongated desclerotized lobe on anterior margin (Fig. 16A–E). Position of aedeagus at rest indicated by dashed lines in Fig.17B, shaft oriented dorsad. Shaft at base of anterior margin (dorsal margin in Stiller 1986, aedeagus dislodged from cavity in segment 10, shaft oriented posteriad) with paired, digitate teeth, curved laterad. Gonopore apical to subapical on posterior margin. Anterior margin of shaft with paired teeth at apex (Fig. 16D) or subapex (Fig. 16A–C), or without teeth on anterior margin (Fig. 16E). Posterior margin of shaft with paired teeth at apex (Fig. 16C) or medially (Fig. 16A, B, D) or single tooth medially and paired teeth basally (Fig. 16E).</p> <p>Female.</p> <p>Sternite 7. Sternite 7 trapezoid with lateral margin straight or curvate, shorter posterior margin uniformly excavated, with margins of notch straight or curvate,wide,between posterolateral margins(Figs15N,O, 18A);greatest length/greatest width=0.5; greatest median length/greatest lateral length=0.7–0.8; distal width/basal width=0.7; angle at base of notch 132–146°. The shallowest notch at 152° in the unplaced specimen from Groenkol.</p> <p>Valvula 1. Parallel-sided, apex acuminate. In P. cedarbergensis and P. postspina sp. n. sculpture appears as elongated, not overlapping (Fig. 18K, L), i.e., valvate; orientation relative to dorsal margin, acute apically and parallel basally.</p> <p>Valvula 2. Distal half serrate, width slightly more than basal width. Serration irregular with slightly raised, rounded teeth, and serrate trough (Fig. 18I, J).</p> <p>Valvula 3. P. cedarbergensis, macrosetae about 20 long (27–35 µm) and short (up to 25 µm) setae near apex, shorter setae usually marginal; submarginal macrosetae about 14 longer setae; P. postspina sp. n. 15–20 macrosetae, 27–34 µm long (Fig. 18H). Protrusion of valvula beyond posterior margin of pygofer 0.1–0.2 times that of pygofer length in lateral view.</p> <p>Valvifer 1. In lateral view, anterior and dorsal margins narrowly rounded, posterior margin acute, ventral margin broadly rounded or similar to dorsal margin. In dorsal view usually strongly fused (Fig. 18C), rarely with weak fusion in P. cedarbergensis, length/width=1.32–1.68 (n=4); P. postspina sp. n., length to width 1.3–1.6 (n=4) (Fig. 18B), in dorsal view as in Fig. 18C, similar in P. cedarbergensis; both species length/width=1.3–1.6. One female from Piketberg, length/width=1.5–1.6, one specimen from Koeberg length/width=1.5–1.7. All specimens (n=12), including unplaced specimens from Groenkol and Wiedouw length/width=1.3–1.7.</p> <p>Valvifer 2. Elongated, anterior margin straight, posterior margin curvate; P. cedarbergensis length/width=2.5– 2.8 (n=4); 7–9 pore-like structures near ventroposterior margin; P. postspina sp. n. length to width 2.6–2.9 (n=4) (Fig. 18D), 8–10 pore-like structures (Fig. 18E). All specimens with length/width=2.5–2.9, 7–9 pore-like structures.</p> <p>Remarks. Descriptions of the species of Proekoides are repeated here for clarification of similarities and differences with Colistra. Aspects of the aedeagus are mirrored in C. acapitatus and C. bucapitatus with that of all species of Proekoides, i.e., similar in the elongated preatrium, its obtuse angle to the shaft, tubular shaft, the reduced dorsal apodeme, but differ in the position and numbers of teeth or spines on the shaft. Arrangement of teeth apically and medially on the shaft are unique in each species, but one pair of teeth at the anterior margin of the base of the shaft are present in Proekoides and absent in Colistra. The female sternite 7 of Proekoides has a wide rounded or obtusely angled incision of the posterior margin. The female sternite in Colistra is trapezoid as above, or square, with rounded, posterior margin with narrow, shallow or narrow, deep notch or with posterior margin sublinear. Short series of specimens suggest additional species are yet to be described, e.g., one male and female from Wiedouw (Western Cape province; Wiedouw Farm base of Gifberg Pass; -31.73, 18.77; 3–10 Oct. 2002; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Diosma hirsuta Rutaceae CCDL 18321; SANC) is examined (male habitus in Fig. 15A) which does not match any of the species of Proekoides. It has a narrow shaft without large teeth, only numerous small denticulations as in P. postspina sp. n., with basal anterior and additional medial, paired teeth. One unplaced female from Groenkol Farm near Graafwater (-32.10, 18.70; 1 Aug. 1996; O.C. Neser, R.G. Oberprieler, M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Aspalathus linearis Fabaceae; CCDL28242; SANC) with typical color pattern of Proekoides, but sternite 7 with very shallow, V-shaped notch. Potential natural distribution of all species of Proekoides in Fig. 32C. Appendix 2 is a table of holotypes and paratypes with corrected grids.</p> <p>Key to species of Proekoides (males)</p> <p>1 Apex of aedeagal shaft wider than medial width (Fig. 16B), anterior subapical margin with elongate (1.8–2.3 times longer than wide) paired teeth, posterior subapical margin with short (as long as wide), paired teeth, gonopore elongate, apical (Fig. 16G), preatrium about as long as shaft................................................... P. cedarbergensis Stiller 1986</p> <p>1’ Apex of aedeagal shaft as wide or narrower than medial width of shaft (Fig. 16A, C–E)............................. 2</p> <p>2 Anterior margin of shaft without large teeth (Fig. 16E), fine denticulation at apex (Fig. 17F), posterior margin with single and paired teeth medially, preatrium shorter than shaft............................................. P. postspina sp. n.</p> <p>2’ Anterior margin with large teeth, either apical or subapical paired teeth (Fig. 16A, C, D)............................. 3</p> <p>3 Apex of anterior margin with paired teeth (Fig. 16D), posterior margin with medial paired teeth (Fig. 16D); preatrium shorter than shaft......................................................................... P. koebergis Stiller 1986</p> <p>3’ Apex of anterior margin edentate, subapex of anterior margin with paired teeth, preatrium as long as shaft (Fig. 16A, C)... 4</p> <p>4 Posterior margin subapically with paired teeth, subapical anterior tooth three times longer than wide (Fig. 16C)........................................................................................... P. piketensis Stiller 1986</p> <p>4’ Posterior margin medially with paired teeth, subapical anterior tooth as long as wide (Fig. 16A).... P. hawekwae Stiller 1986</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7FFE0FFA28FB9DA12FA52771C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stiller, Michael;Webb, Michael D.	Stiller, Michael, Webb, Michael D. (2022): Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini). Zootaxa 5199 (1): 1-79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
03D987B7FFE5FFA08FB9DA93FABE714F.text	03D987B7FFE5FFA08FB9DA93FABE714F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proekoides cedarbergensis Stiller 1986	<div><p>Proekoides cedarbergensis Stiller, 1986</p> <p>(Figs 15G–I, 16 B, G, L, Q, 32A)</p> <p>Type material, holotype not examined.</p> <p>Type locality. South Africa, Western Cape province, Bokfontein near Ceres; -32.94, 19.29; 8 Mar. 1985; J.G. Theron leg.</p> <p>Paratypes. 3♂, 1♀</p> <p>South Africa, Western Cape province:</p> <p>3♂, 1♀; Clanwilliam Cedarberg; -32.50, 19.25; 21 Dec. 1976; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL28236; SANC</p> <p>Additional material examined.</p> <p>South Africa, Western Cape province:</p> <p>1♂, 1♀; Gifberg Pass Summit Vanrhynsdorp; -31.77, 18.76; 9 Oct. 2002; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping; CCDL18324; SANC.</p> <p>3♂, 3♀; Driehoek Farm Cedarberg SE Citrusdal; -32.43, 19.22; 13 Oct. 2002; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Metalasia sp. Asteraceae; CCDL18322; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Jamaka farm; -32.34, 19.01; 12 Dec. 2012; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Stoebe sp. Asteraceae; CCDL 26710; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Jamaka farm; -32.34, 19.04; 11 Dec. 2016; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Raphnia amplexicaulis Fabaceae; CCDL 26712; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Jamaka farm; -32.34, 19.01; 12 Dec. 2016; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Aspalathus spinescens Fabaceae; CCDL 26711; SANC.</p> <p>3♂, 2♀; Jamaka farm; -32.34, 19.01; 12 Dec. 2016; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Paranomus bracteolaris Proteaceae; CCDL26709; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 1♀; Cedarberg wilderness; -32.40, 19.04; 14 Dec. 2016; M. Stiller, leg.; sweeping Eriocephalus sp., Asteraceae; CCDL 26713; SANC.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Aedeagal shaft with anterior margin with small, paired subapical teeth, posterior margin with small, paired subapical teeth, shaft apex expanded anteriad; preatrium about as long as shaft.</p> <p>Etymology. Named for the mountain range incorporating the type locality. Gender feminine.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Male and female.</p> <p>Color.</p> <p>Tegmina. Ground colour tegmina greyish-white; all veins and some areas fuscous or with fuscous areas and yellowish veins. Teneral specimens lighter in colour (Fig. 15G–I). Claval area always with light to dark brown marks.</p> <p>Morphology</p> <p>Tegmina. Male, length/width=2.16–2.17; female, length/width=2.10–2.20.</p> <p>Hind wing. Male, length/width=2.96–3.30; female length/width=3.02–3.08.</p> <p>Tegmina-hind wing relation. Male, length tegmina/length hind wing=1.14–1.17; width tegmina/width hind wing=1.56–1.77; female, length tegmina/length hind wing=1.08–1.20; width tegmina/width hind wing=1.56–1.66.</p> <p>Measurements.</p> <p>Male (n=11). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.03–3.17 mm (Stiller 1986, 3.00– 3.20 mm); apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.14–3.40 mm (Stiller 1986, 3.00– 3.48 mm); crown length 0.67–0.74 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.42–0.44 mm; pronotum length 0.38–0.41 mm; head width 1.13–1.17 mm; pronotum width 1.02–1.07 mm (Stiller 1986, 0.89–1.12 mm); ocellus diameter 28 µm; interocular distance 58–72 µm; crown angle 76–81°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.55–1.72; head width/pronotum width=1.09–1.12; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.39–0.48; crown length/pronotum length=1.67–1.92; pronotum length/pronotum width=0.36–0.39. (Stiller 1986, interocular distance=width across disc of head, between medial margins of eyes 0.42–0.48 mm).</p> <p>Female (n=7). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.11–3.23 mm (Stiller 1986, 3.12–3.40 mm); apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.75–3.89 mm (Stiller 1986, 3.72–4.00 mm); crown length 0.72–0.74 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.44–0.47 mm; pronotum length 0.39–0.43 mm; head width 1.16–1.24 mm; pronotum width 1.05–1.13 mm (Stiller 1986, 1.04–1.10 mm); ocellus diameter 28 µm; interocular distance 60–72 µm; crown angle 76–81°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.57–1.66; head width/pronotum width=1.09–1.11; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.38–0.47; crown length/pronotum length=1.70–1.90; pronotum length/pronotum width=0.35–0.40. (Stiller 1986, interocular distance=width across disc of head, between medial margins of eyes 0.46–0.50 mm).</p> <p>Terminalia</p> <p>Male.</p> <p>Segment 10. Length/width=1.18–1.24.</p> <p>Pygofer lobe. Process strongly concave; 3–4, rarely 7 macrosetae, 59–119 µm in length.</p> <p>Subgenital plate. 1.16–1.42 times longer than wide.</p> <p>Style. Greatest length/greatest width=3.06–3.21; length apophysis/greatest length=0.19–0.23; length base/ length greatest=0.35–0.40; angle of apophysis to sagittal plane 49–62° (Fig. 16Q).</p> <p>Connective. Greatest width across arms/greatest width across stem=1.89–2.20; greatest length of arms/greatest length of stem=0.81–1.22; angle of arms 80–87°; greatest length/greatest width=0.67–0.72 (Fig. 16L).</p> <p>Aedeagus. Shaft of aedeagus relatively straight in lateral view with long slit-like apical gonopore, apex with flange-like lateral and terminal extensions; anterior margin with subapical teeth and pair of basal processes, posterior margin with pair of small, subapical teeth, development of all teeth shows some variation between individuals (Fig. 16B, G).</p> <p>Female.</p> <p>Sternite 7. Posterior margin with wide notch, between posterolateral margins, curved or widely V-shaped; greatest length/greatest width=0.47–0.51; greatest median length/greatest lateral length=0.70–0.76, angle of notch 134–145°.</p> <p>Valvula 1. Parallel-sided, apex acute, sculpture as in P. postspina sp. n.</p> <p>Valvula 2. Serrate in distal half, slightly wider than base.</p> <p>Valvula 3. Margin and submargin with up to 14 longer setae near apex (27–35 µm), up to nine shorter setae (up to 25 µm).</p> <p>Valvifer 1. Length/width=1.32–1.68 (n=4).</p> <p>Valvifer 2. Length/width=2.40–2.64 (n=4); 6–8 pore-like structures.</p> <p>Remarks. The combination of features of acute crown, marking of the dorsum of the head, size and specifically the aedeagus distinguish this species. The anterior margin of the aedeagal shaft with paired, subapical teeth, apex of shaft expanded anteriad, posterior margin with short subapical paired teeth. Mapped in Fig. 32A by red circles.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7FFE5FFA08FB9DA93FABE714F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stiller, Michael;Webb, Michael D.	Stiller, Michael, Webb, Michael D. (2022): Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini). Zootaxa 5199 (1): 1-79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
03D987B7FFE7FFAF8FB9DC62FD8271A6.text	03D987B7FFE7FFAF8FB9DC62FD8271A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proekoides hawekwae Stiller 1986	<div><p>Proekoides hawekwae Stiller, 1986</p> <p>(Figs 15J, 16A, F, K, P, 27C)</p> <p>Type material, holotype not examined.</p> <p>Type locality. Holotype male, South Africa, Western Cape province, Du Toits Kloof Pass, between Paarl and Worcester; -33.71, 19.06; 23 Jan. 1985; J.G. Theron leg.</p> <p>Paratypes. 3♂♂</p> <p>South Africa, Western Cape province: 3♂♂; Du Toits Kloof Pass; -33.71, 19.06; 23 Jan. 1985; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL28237; SANC.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Aedeagal shaft with anterior margin with small, paired subapical teeth, posterior margin with small, paired medial teeth, shaft apex about as wide as mid-section of shaft; preatrium about as long as shaft.</p> <p>Etymology. Named for the mountain where the specimens were collected. Gender feminine.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Male and female.</p> <p>Color. Ground color of head and pronotum ochraceous, median line reddish-brown, extended into pronotum. Ground colour of tegmina greyish-white with some areas and most veins dark brown; light brown area present in claval region and sometimes brown spot in inner anteapical cell (Fig. 13J).</p> <p>Morphology.</p> <p>Tegmina. Length/width=1.98–2.02.</p> <p>Hind wing. Length/width=3.13–3.45.</p> <p>Tegmina hind wing relation. Length tegmina/length hind wing=1.13–1.14; width tegmina/width hind wing=1.79–1.95.</p> <p>Measurements.</p> <p>Male (n=3). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.30–3.53 mm (Stiller 1986, 3.04–3.52 mm); crown length 0.88–0.92 mm (Stiller 1986, 3.44–3.68 mm); crown length next to eyes 0.45–0.48 mm; pronotum length 0.39–0.42 mm; head width 1.20–1.25 mm; pronotum width 1.13 mm (Stiller 1986, 1.04–1.06 mm); ocellus diameter 28 µm; interocular distance 84 µm; crown angle 68–69°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.85–2.02; head width/ pronotum width=1.06–1.10; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.33; crown length/pronotum length=2.10–2.34; pronotum length/pronotum width=0.35–0.37. (Stiller 1986, interocular distance=width across disc of head, between medial margins of eyes 0.44–0.50 mm).</p> <p>Female. No specimens examined. Measurements in Stiller (1986), apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.12–3.60 mm; apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.64–4.60 mm, interocular distance 0.44–0.54 mm, pronotum width 1.10– 1.20 mm.</p> <p>Terminalia.</p> <p>Male.</p> <p>Segment 10. Length/width=0.99.</p> <p>Pygofer lobe. Process weakly concave; 3–5 macrosetae, 101–147 µm in length.</p> <p>Subgenital plate. Subgenital plate 1.43–1.61 times longer than wide.</p> <p>Style. Greatest length/greatest width=4.22–5.10; length apophysis/greatest length=0.17–0.24; length base/ length greatest=0.34–0.39; angle of apophysis to sagittal plane 48–59° (Fig. 14P).</p> <p>Connective. Greatest width across arms/greatest width across stem=1.89–2.11; greatest length of arms/greatest length of stem=1.59–1.78; angle of arms 89–91°; greatest length/greatest width=0.56–0.59 (Fig. 14K).</p> <p>Aedeagus. Shaft slightly curved in lateral view with triangular gonopore, wide at anterior margin, narrow at posterior margin; anterior margin (dorsal margin in Stiller, 1986) with pair of subapical teeth and pair of basal processes; posterior margin (ventral) with pair of small teeth at mid-length (Fig. 14A, F); development of teeth shows some variation between individuals.</p> <p>Remarks. The combination of features of acute crown, marking of the dorsum of the head, size and specifically the aedeagus distinguish this species. The anterior margin of the aedeagal shaft with subapical paired teeth, apex of shaft as wide as median width (not expanded anteriad as in P. cedarbergensis), posterior margin with short, median, paired teeth. In P. koebergis the posterior margin of the aedeagal shaft has similar median paired teeth, but the anterior margin has apical paired teeth.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7FFE7FFAF8FB9DC62FD8271A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stiller, Michael;Webb, Michael D.	Stiller, Michael, Webb, Michael D. (2022): Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini). Zootaxa 5199 (1): 1-79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
03D987B7FFE8FFAE8FB9DD3FFE1F7426.text	03D987B7FFE8FFAE8FB9DD3FFE1F7426.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proekoides koebergis Stiller 1986	<div><p>Proekoides koebergis Stiller 1986</p> <p>(Figs 15K, 16D, I, N, S, 32B)</p> <p>Type material, holotype not examined.</p> <p>Type locality. Holotype male, South Africa, Western Cape province, Koeberg, north Melkbosstrand, -33.64, 18.43, 6 Dec. 1977, J.G. Theron, leg.</p> <p>Paratypes. 2♂</p> <p>South Africa, Western Cape province:</p> <p>1♂; Bontebok National Park, Swellendam; -34.05, 20.47; 11 Dec. 1973; J.G. Theron, leg.; CCDL28240; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Koeberg; -33.64, 18.43; 6 Dec. 1977; J.G. Theron, leg.; CCDL28241; SANC.</p> <p>Additional material examined.</p> <p>South Africa, Western Cape province:</p> <p>1♂; Dwarsrivier Farm, Cedarberg, SE Citrusdal; -32.45, 19.20; 10-15 Oct. 2002; M. Stiller, leg.; sweeping grass and forbs, regrowth after fire; CCDL18323; SANC</p> <p>2♂♂, 1♀; Cedarberg wilderness #1; -32.40, 19.04; 14 Dec. 2016; M. Stiller, leg.; sweeping Eriocephalus sp., Asteraceae; CCDL26713; SANC.</p> <p>8♂♂, 3♀♀, 12 nymphs, De Pakhuys farm, Clanwilliam, -32.118, 19.068; 6 Feb. 2022; M.Stiller leg.; sweeping Agathosma crenulata Rutaceae; CCDL28620; SANC.</p> <p>13♂♂, 7♀♀, 4 nymphs; Lansrivier farm, Kammanassie Berg; -33.663, 22.959; 17 Feb. 2022; M.Stiller leg.; sweeping Erica densifolia Ericaceae; CCDL28619; SANC.</p> <p>15♂♂, 5♀♀, Lansrivier farm, Kammanassie Berg; -33.663, 22.959; 17 Feb. 2022; M.Stiller leg.; sweeping Agathosma ovata Rutaceae common, Phylica paniculata Rhamnaceae rare; CCDL 28617; SANC.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Aedeagal shaft with anterior margin with large, paired apical teeth, posterior margin with short, paired medial teeth, shaft apex not expanded anteriad; preatrium about as long as shaft.</p> <p>Etymology. Named for the type locality. Gender feminine.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Male and female.</p> <p>Color. As in Fig. 15K, description in Stiller 1986.</p> <p>Morphology.</p> <p>Tegmina. Male, length/width=2.05; female, length/width=2.11.</p> <p>Hind wing. Male, length/width=2.77; female, length/width=2.77.</p> <p>Tegmina hind wing relation. Male, length tegmina/length hind wing=1.16; width tegmina/width hind wing=1.57; female, length tegmina/length hind wing=1.18; width tegmina/width hind wing=1.54.</p> <p>Measurements.</p> <p>Male (n=39). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.29–3.82 mm (Stiller 1986, 2.80–3.16 mm); apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.41–3.87 mm (Stiller 1986, 3.00– 3.56 mm); crown length 0.71–0.94 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.45–0.51 mm; pronotum length 0.41–0.45 mm; head width 1.24–1.31 mm; pronotum width 1.12–1.21 mm (Stiller 1986, 0.76–1.10 mm); ocellus diameter 27–29 µm; interocular distance 65–93 µm; crown angle 68–84°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.59–1.89; head width/pronotum width=1.07–1.11; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.29–0.44; crown length/pronotum length=1.74–2.12; pronotum length/pronotum width=0.36–0.38. (Stiller 1986, interocular distance=width across disc of head, between medial margins of eyes 0.42–0.52 mm).</p> <p>Female (n=17). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.27–3.83 mm (Stiller 1986, 2.96–3.32 mm); apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.85–4.34 mm (Stiller 1986, 3.64–4.00 mm); crown length 0.74–0.96 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.47–0.53 mm; pronotum length 0.41–0.46 mm; head width 1.25–1.33 mm; pronotum width 1.14–1.22 mm (Stiller 1986, 1.10–1.14 mm); ocellus diameter 26–29 µm; interocular distance 65–87 µm; crown angle 67– 85°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.53–1.84; head width/pronotum width=1.08–1.12; ocellus diameter/ interocular distance=0.30–0.44; crown length/pronotum length=1.75–2.14; pronotum length/pronotum width=0.36– 0.38. (Stiller 1986, interocular distance=width across disc of head, between medial margins of eyes 0.50 mm).</p> <p>Terminalia.</p> <p>Male.</p> <p>Segment 10. Length/width=1.11.</p> <p>Pygofer lobe. Process strongly concave; 3–4 macrosetae, 80–140 µm in length.</p> <p>Subgenital plate. Subgenital plate 1.13–1.46 times longer than wide.</p> <p>Style. Greatest length/greatest width=4.20–4.99; length apophysis/greatest length=0.18–0.31; length base/ length greatest=0.25–0.39; angle of apophysis to sagittal plane 48–51° (Fig. 16S).</p> <p>Connective. Greatest width across arms/greatest width across stem=2.11–2.18; greatest length of arms/greatest length of stem=1.00–1.21; angle of arms 80–83°; greatest length/greatest width=0.66–0.69 (Fig. 16N).</p> <p>Aedeagus. Sublinear in lateral view, anterior margin with pair of apical teeth and pair of processes basally; posterior margin (ventrally, in Stiller 1986) with pair of teeth at mid-length; development of all teeth show variation; gonopore pear-shaped (Fig. 16D, I).</p> <p>Female.</p> <p>Sternite 7. Greatest length/greatest width=0.47; greatest median length/greatest lateral length =0.71, angle of notch 140°.</p> <p>Valvula 1. Parallel-sided, apex acute, sculpture as in P. postspina sp. n.</p> <p>Valvula 2. Serrate in distal half, slightly wider than base.</p> <p>Valvula 3. Margin and submargin with 24 setae near apex (about 15 long setae 27–30 µm, about nine shorter setae up to 25 µm).</p> <p>Valvifer 1. Length/width=1.46–1.66 (n=1).</p> <p>Valvifer 2. Length/width=2.75–2.81 (n=1); seven pore-like structures.</p> <p>Remarks. The combination of features of acute crown, marking of the dorsum of the head, size and specifically the aedeagus distinguish this species. The anterior margin of the aedeagal shaft with apical paired teeth, apex of shaft about as wide as median width, posterior margin with short median paired teeth. This is the only species with apical anterior paired teeth. In P. hawekwae, P. cedarbergensis and P. piketensis the anterior teeth are subapical. In P. postspina sp. n. all teeth are on the posterior margin. The specimen from Dwarsrivier (Fig. 13F) with atypical color pattern of the head, but apical anterior and subapical posterior tooth on the aedeagal shaft. Specimens from De Pakhuys and Lansrivier have the shaft more uniformly tubular, and the former with long posterior teeth. Distribution map and model in Fig. 32B.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7FFE8FFAE8FB9DD3FFE1F7426	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stiller, Michael;Webb, Michael D.	Stiller, Michael, Webb, Michael D. (2022): Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini). Zootaxa 5199 (1): 1-79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
03D987B7FFE9FFAC8FB9D9CAFB7E71A7.text	03D987B7FFE9FFAC8FB9D9CAFB7E71A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proekoides piketensis Stiller 1986	<div><p>Proekoides piketensis Stiller 1986</p> <p>(Figs 13L, 14 C, H, M, R)</p> <p>Type material, holotype not examined.</p> <p>Type locality. Holotype male, South Africa, Western Cape province, Piketberg mountain top; -34.84, 18.73; 17 Dec. 1981; J.G. Theron, leg.</p> <p>Paratypes examined. 3♂♂ 1♀</p> <p>South Africa, Western Cape province.</p> <p>2♂♂; Piketberg mountain top; -34.84, 18.73; 17 Dec. 1981; J.G. Theron, leg.; CCDL28239; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 1♀; Piketberg; -32.90, 18.76; 19 Jan. 1983; J.G. Theron, leg.; CCDL28238; SANC.</p> <p>Additional material examined.</p> <p>South Africa, Western Cape province.</p> <p>7♂♂, 5♀♀, 20 nymphs; Kruisementvlei &amp; Wolf Kloof farms, Piketberg; -32.805, 18.662; 7 Feb. 2022; M.Stiller leg.; sweeping Metalasia sp. Asteraceae, Anthospermum sp. Rubiaceae, Erica sp. Ericaceae; CCDL 28621; SANC.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Aedeagal shaft with anterior margin with large, paired subapical teeth, posterior margin with small, paired apical teeth, shaft apex as wide as median width; preatrium about as long as shaft.</p> <p>Etymology. Named for the type locality. Gender feminine.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Male and female.</p> <p>Color. As in Fig. 13L, description in Stiller (1986).</p> <p>Morphology.</p> <p>Tegmina. Male, length/width=2.13–2.80; female, length/width=2.05.</p> <p>Hind wing. Male, length/width=3.24–3.36; female, length/width=3.23.</p> <p>Tegmina-hind wing relation. Male, length tegmina/length hind wing=1.15; width tegmina/width hind wing=1.76–1.99; female, length tegmina/length hind wing=1.13; width tegmina/width hind wing=1.77.</p> <p>Measurements.</p> <p>Male (n=10). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.02–3.19 mm; apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.07–3.44 mm; crown length 0.70–0.73 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.42–0.45 mm; pronotum length 0.38–0.41 mm; head width 1.11–1.17 mm; pronotum width 1.02–1.09 mm; ocellus diameter 25–29 µm; interocular distance 68–77 µm; crown angle 73–98°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.59–1.70; head width/pronotum width=1.06–1.10; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.34–0.41; crown length/pronotum length=1.73–1.88; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.36–0.39. (Stiller 1986, interocular distance=width across disc of head, between medial margins of eyes 0.42–0.46 mm).</p> <p>Female (n=6). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.04–3.23 mm (in Stiller, 1986, 3.08–3.84 mm); apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.63–4.01 mm (in Stiller, 1986, 3.24–3.92 mm); crown length 0.71–0.76 mm (in Stiller, 1986, 0.72–0.74 mm); crown length next to eyes 0.43–0.47 mm (in Stiller, 1986, 0.45–0.46 mm); pronotum length 0.39–0.41 mm (in Stiller, 1986, 0.39–0.40 mm); head width 1.14–1.20 mm (in Stiller, 1986, 1.13–1.15 mm); pronotum width 1.06–1.11 mm (in Stiller, 1986, 1.04–1.06 mm); ocellus diameter 22–29 µm; interocular distance 63–75 µm in Stiller, 1986, 0.44–0.46 mm); crown angle 75–79°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.61–1.67; head width/pronotum width=1.07–1.09; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.30–0.45; crown length/pronotum length=1.75–1.93; pronotum length/pronotum width=0.36–0.37. (Stiller 1986, interocular distance incorrect for width across disc of head, between medial margins of eyes 0.42–0.46 mm).</p> <p>Terminalia.</p> <p>Male.</p> <p>Segment 10. Length/width=1.11–1.24.</p> <p>Pygofer lobe. Process strongly concave; 3–5 macrosetae.</p> <p>Subgenital plate. Subgenital plate 1.19–1.38 times longer than wide.</p> <p>Style. Greatest length/greatest width=4.00–4.64; length apophysis/greatest length=0.17–0.20; length base/ length greatest=0.35–0.39; angle of apophysis to sagittal plane 46–72° (Fig. 14R).</p> <p>Connective. Greatest width across arms/greatest width across stem=1.77–2.09; greatest length of arms/greatest length of stem=1.05–1.27; angle of arms 78–84°; greatest length/greatest width=0.71–0.74 (Fig. 14M).</p> <p>Aedeagus. Shaft sublinear in lateral view, gonopore apical, rounded, anterior margin (dorsal in Stiller 1986) with subapical paired elongate teeth (about as long as width of shaft at point of attachment), posterior margin (ventral in Stiller 1986) with paired, apical short teeth; development of teeth variable (Fig. 14C, H).</p> <p>Female.</p> <p>Sternite 7. V-shaped to arched incision (Fig. 13O). Greatest length/greatest width=0.48; greatest median length/ greatest lateral length=0.73, angle of notch 138°.</p> <p>Valvula 1. Parallel-sided, apex acute, sculpture as in P. postspina sp. n.</p> <p>Valvula 2. Serrate in distal half, slightly wider than base.</p> <p>Valvula 3. Margin and submargin with 25–26 setae near apex (about 15 long setae 28–37 µm, about five shorter setae up to 25 µm).</p> <p>Valvifer 1. Length/width=1.48–1.59 (n=1).</p> <p>Valvifer 2. Length/width=2.58–2.74 (n=1); 8–9 pore-like structures.</p> <p>Remarks. The combination of features of acute crown, marking of the dorsum of the head, size and specifically the aedeagus distinguish this species. The anterior margin of the aedeagal shaft with subapical, elongate, paired teeth, apex of shaft as wide as median width, posterior margin with short, apical, paired teeth.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7FFE9FFAC8FB9D9CAFB7E71A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stiller, Michael;Webb, Michael D.	Stiller, Michael, Webb, Michael D. (2022): Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini). Zootaxa 5199 (1): 1-79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
03D987B7FFEBFFA98FB9DD4AFE907697.text	03D987B7FFEBFFA98FB9DD4AFE907697.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proekoides postspina Stiller & Webb 2022	<div><p>Proekoides postspina sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs 15C–E, O, P, 16E, J, O, T, 17A–M, 18A–N)</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Type locality. Holotype male, South Africa, Western Cape province; Dwarsrivier Farm Cedarberg SE Citrusdal; -32.45, 19.20; 13 Oct. 2002; M. Stiller, leg.; sweeping Phyllosma capensis Rutaceae; CCDL28235; SANC.</p> <p>Type specimen: Holotype male, pinned, with genitalia in a separate microvial. Original label: “ R.S. A. Dwarsrivier / Farm Cedarberg / SE Clanwilliam / -32.486 19.269 / 13.x.2002 M. Stiller” “sweep / Phyllosma / capensis / Rutaceae ” “ SANC Pretoria / Dbase CCDL / 28235 (blue paper)”. SANC.</p> <p>Paratypes. 4♂♂, 17♀♀; ibid. holotype, SANC, BMNH.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Aedeagus with apex of shaft narrower than width of shaft medially; posterior margin of shaft medially with single tooth and paired subbasal teeth; preatrium about half as long as shaft.</p> <p>Etymology. Named in Latin for all teeth on the posterior margin of the aedeagal shaft, post, after, behind, and spina, thorn. Gender feminine.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Male and female.</p> <p>Color. Dark marking at apex of crown incised narrowly (Fig. 15C) or merged (Fig. 15D), size of marking in inner discal cell and inner anteapical cell large (Fig. 15C) or small (Fig.15D), female with marking in corresponding cells reduced (Fig. 15E).</p> <p>Pronotum. Color variable, amorphous marks at anterior margin, behind eyes, sometimes light brown marking contiguous with longitudinal line on head (Fig. 15C–E).</p> <p>Morphology.</p> <p>Pronotum. Slightly narrower than head, without carina.</p> <p>Tegmina. Four apical cells, anteapical cell with numerous reticulate veins, no appendix (male, Fig. 17L; female, Fig. 18M); male, length/width=2.21–2.43; female, length/width=2.02–2.19.</p> <p>Hind wing. Male, narrowly elongated, anterior margin concave (Fig. 17M); length/width=3.40–3.56; female, narrow, elongated, costal margin slightly concave (Fig. 18N), length/width=3.17–3.27.</p> <p>Tegmina-hind wing relation. Male, length tegmina/length hind wing=1.12–1.16; width tegmina/width hind wing=1.69–1.73; female, length tegmina/length hind wing=1.11–1.16; width tegmina/width hind wing=1.64–1.84.</p> <p>Face. Clypeus with horizontal arcs, clypellus parallel-sided, extended beyond gena, color as in Fig. 15P.</p> <p>Measurements.</p> <p>Male (n=7). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.26–3.48 mm, apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.37–3.76 mm; crown length 0.66–0.71 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.42–0.45 mm; pronotum length 0.40–0.45 mm; head width 1.24–1.32 mm; pronotum width 1.14–1.22 mm; ocellus diameter 25–29 µm; interocular distance 70 µm; crown angle 84–88°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.51–1.64; head width/pronotum width=1.08–1.10; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.35–0.42; crown length/pronotum length=1.51–1.72; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.35–0.37.</p> <p>Female (n=17). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.34–3.62 mm, apex of crown to apex of abdomen 4.03–4.25 mm; crown length 0.69–0.72 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.44–0.46 mm; pronotum length 0.42–0.44 mm; head width 1.21–1.39 mm; pronotum width 1.17–1.25 mm; ocellus diameter 26–29 µm; interocular distance 63–75 µm; crown angle 80–90°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.54–1.59; head width/pronotum width=1.00–1.15; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.36–0.45; crown length/pronotum length=1.59–1.67; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.35–0.37.</p> <p>Terminalia.</p> <p>Male.</p> <p>Segment 10. Incised deeply into pygofer, almost to base of pygofer, lateral margin convergent, sublinear, in dorsal view length/width=1.24–1.41 (n=5), compressed in lateral view (Fig. 17A, B).</p> <p>Pygofer. Much longer than wide in lateral view, anterior margin oblique, anterior apodeme large; basolateral suture right-angled, extending about half-way into pygofer lobe, region distad of basolateral suture with few (approximately 4) narrow macrosetae (Fig. 17B); orientation of aedeagus in pygofer with shaft vertical in membranous recess in segment 10.</p> <p>Pygofer lobe. Dorsal margin sublinear or convexly curvate, apex desclerotized, subapex sclerotized; process strongly concave; about 4 macrosetae near dorsomedial origin of pygofer process, 90–135 µm in length (Fig. 15B), detail of apex of lobe laterally in Fig. 17I and dorsally in Fig. 17J with process curvate, orientation lateroposteriorly.</p> <p>Subgenital plate. Greatest length/greatest width=1.22–1.35. Style reaching about half way into subgenital plate (Fig. 17C).</p> <p>Style. Greatest length/greatest width=4.02–4.26; length apophysis/greatest length=0.16–0.19; length base/ length greatest=0.35–0.38; angle of apophysis to sagittal plane 47–58° (Fig. 17D).</p> <p>Connective. Greatest width across arms/width of apex of stem=2.16–2.41, length arms/length stem=0.87–0.95 angle of arms 83–88°; greatest length/greatest width=0.65–0.69 (Fig. 17K).</p> <p>Aedeagus. Paired, digitate teeth at base of anterior margin of shaft, curvate laterad (Fig. 17E, G, H); apex about half as wide as medial width of shaft (Fig. 17G); anterior margin apically and subapically finely denticulate (Fig. 17F); posterior margin with single, median tooth and subbasal paired, close-set long teeth, about two times longer than median tooth. Gonopore ovoid, posteriorly between apex and subapex. Dorsal apodeme reduced. Preatrium elongate, slightly shorter than shaft, in line with aedeagal shaft; anterior margin at apex with lobulate process (Fig. 17G).</p> <p>Female.</p> <p>Sternite 7. Isosceles trapezoid; distal width/basal width=0.67–0.74, greatest length/greatest width=0.47–0.49), lateral margins sublinear; posterior margin with wide notch, greatest median length/greatest lateral length=0.67– 0.74; angle of notch=127–143°. (Figs 15O, 18A).</p> <p>Valvula 1. Parallel-sided, apex acute (Fig. 18F); dorsal sculpture apically valvate, commonly elongate, acutely angled to margin (Fig. 18K), sculpture strigate basally, parallel to margin (Fig. 18L).</p> <p>Valvula 2. Apex slightly wider than base, distal dorsal margin serrate (Fig. 18G), with shallow, wide trough, with fine subserration, short, narrow rounded teeth, sculpture and serration at apex and subapex as in Figs 18I, 18J respectively.</p> <p>Valvula 3. Macrosetae number 15–20 at apex, two thirds to three quarter are 27–33 µm long, the rest are shorter setae, up to 25 µm (Fig. 18H).</p> <p>Valvifer 1. Length to width 1.35–1.57 (n=4) (Fig. 18B), in dorsal view fused medially, as in Fig. 18C.</p> <p>Valvifer 2. Length to width 2.63–2.90 (n=4) (Fig. 16D), 8–10 pore-like structures near base (Fig. 18E).</p> <p>Remarks. This new species is similar in size and coloration to that of the four species described by Stiller (1986), with the paired teeth at the base of the anterior margin of the male aedeagal shaft. The angle of the crown in males at 84–88°, females at 80–90°, is near that of P. koebergis (76–96°) and P. cedarbergensis (76–81°, male and female) and wider than in P piketensis (75–77°, males) and P. hawekwae (68–69°, males). For comparison, male genitalia of four species as in Stiller 1986 are included in Fig. 16: Aedeagus laterally, dorsally, connective and style, respectively for P. hawekwae (Fig. 16A, F, K, P), P. cedarbergensis (Fig. 16B, G, L, Q), P. piketensis (Fig. 16C, H, M, R), P. koebergis (Fig. 16D, I, N, S). The expanded apex of the aedeagus of P. cedarbergensis resembles the apex in C. bucapitatus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7FFEBFFA98FB9DD4AFE907697	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stiller, Michael;Webb, Michael D.	Stiller, Michael, Webb, Michael D. (2022): Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini). Zootaxa 5199 (1): 1-79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
03D987B7FFEEFFB58FB9D81AFC4D7603.text	03D987B7FFEEFFB58FB9D81AFC4D7603.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xhoreus Stiller & Webb 2022	<div><p>Xhoreus gen. n.</p> <p>Figs 19–21</p> <p>Type species: Xhoreus ulosentus sp. n., by present designation.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>1. Small leafhopper; male and female: length from apex of crown to apex of tegmina 2.6–2.9 mm; crown length medially 0.5–0.6 mm; crown angle 89–91°.</p> <p>2. Dorsum of head in male and female with brown to dark brown color pattern with apex of crown with deltate, paired, proximate marking and disc with variable, hourglass-shaped or amorphous marking, small ovoid paired making near base of head (Fig. 19A, B, D–F).</p> <p>Terminalia in male:</p> <p>3. Valve semicircular (Fig. 20C), length/width=0.4.</p> <p>4. Pygofer incised dorsally to half its length; pygofer lobe in lateral view, rectangular, with apex with dorsal and ventral margins rounded, edentate; dorsomedially with 3–5 long, scattered macrosetae (length 12–17 µm) and up to 20 short macrosetae, laterobasally of suture (length 6–9µm) (Fig. 20B).</p> <p>5. Segment 10 small, dolioform (0.4 times as wide as width across pygofer at point of greatest width of segment 10), longer than wide, not reaching apex of pygofer lobe (dorsal view, length/width=1.2–1.3) (Fig. 20A).</p> <p>6. Connective about as wide as long (greatest length/greatest width=0. 8–1.0), stem and arms of similar width (length arm/length stem=0.5–0.8, width across arms/width across stem=3.5–5.6).</p> <p>7. Aedeagus with short curvate shaft, atrium and preatrium elongate, base of preatrium with single, elongate process, about as long former three parts (Fig. 20F–J).</p> <p>Terminalia in female:</p> <p>8. Posterior margin of sternite 7 distally with wide, V-shaped (137–152°), basally narrow, V-shaped notch (74– 102°) (Fig. 21A, B); greatest length/greatest width=0.4–0.5, depth of notch/greatest length=0.37–0.46.</p> <p>9. Valvula 3 with numerous marginal submarginal setae apically (Fig. 21J, K); protruding more than one third of pygofer length (Fig. 19D–F).</p> <p>10. Valvifer 2 sculpture pore-like (Fig. 21F, G).</p> <p>Etymology. Named for Chief Xhore (pronounced Coree, alternatively with alveolar lateral click) of the Goringhaiqua people of the south western part of South Africa, for documented interactions with British and Dutch sailors between 1600 and 1630 and now a lost name, culture and language. Gender masculine.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Male, female and nymph.</p> <p>Color. Ground color ochraceous to stramineous, with light to dark brown markings. Nymph ochraceous to darker brown, wing pad margin yellow, darker specimens with brown, deltate paired marking.</p> <p>Head. Apex of crown with paired, elongated triangular marking; disc with brown to light brown hourglassshaped marking, variably constricted medially; small circular to amorphous marks mediad of ocelli; medially near compound eyes with single, paired, amorphous brown marking (Fig. 19A, B, D–F).</p> <p>Face. Ochraceous, with light brown horizontal arcs on clypeus (Fig. 19I).</p> <p>Pronotum. 1–3 pairs of fused or separate brown marks (Fig. 19A, B, D–F).</p> <p>Tegmina. Cells opaque, whitish, brown marking in inner and outer discal cells, veins light brown, reticulation in claval cells (Fig. 19A–C, D–F).</p> <p>Hind wing. Smokey, opaque, veins brown.</p> <p>Morphology.</p> <p>Head. Wider than pronotum.</p> <p>Face. Clypellus slightly longer than wide, parallel-sided, posterior margin shallowly rounded, anterior margin strongly rounded extended beyond posterior margin of gena. Lorum with posterior margin extended beyond gena. Notch on gena below eye shallow (Fig. 19I).</p> <p>Ocellus. Ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.5–0.6.</p> <p>Tegmina. Length/width=2.1–2.2; appendix absent, four apical cells, anteapical cells reduced, with central cell and inner cell fused with inner discal cell (Figs 20L, male, 21P, female).</p> <p>Hind wing. Reduced, about half as wide as width of tegmina, about 4/5 as long as tegmina (Figs 20M, male, 21Q, female). Costal margin sublinear; narrow, elongate, opaque; about one third shorter and narrower respectively than tegmina length and width; length/width=2.9–3.1.</p> <p>Tegmina-hind wing relation. Ratio of length tegmina/length hind wing male=1.2–1.3, female=1.2; width tegmina/width hind wing male=1.7, female=1.6–1.8.</p> <p>Chaetotaxy. Profemur row AV 7–9 short, wide setae, row IC 7–9 long, fine setae, AV 1 single, AM 1 single; Spinulation of protibia 1+4, mesotibia 4+4, metafemur apex 2+2+1. Metatarsus 1 apical plantar setae include four rounded platellae, one acute seta (lateral); metatarsus 2 apical plantar setae include one acute seta, two rounded platellae and one acute seta.</p> <p>Measurements.</p> <p>Male. Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 2.6–2.8 mm, apex of crown to apex of abdomen 2.7–2.9 mm; crown length 0.5– 0. 6 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.3–0.4 mm; pronotum length 0.3–0.4 mm; head width 1.1 mm; pronotum width 0.9–1.0 mm; ocellus diameter 28 µm; interocular distance 44–57 µm.</p> <p>Female. Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 2.7–2.9 mm, apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.2–3.5 mm; crown length 0.6 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.4 mm; pronotum length 0.4 mm; head width 1.1–1.2 mm; pronotum width 1.0– 1.1 mm; ocellus diameter 25–32 µm; interocular distance 50–59 µm.</p> <p>Terminalia.</p> <p>Male.</p> <p>Segment 10. Short; in dorsal view cylindrical, length/width=1.2–1.3, laterally, anteroventral margins digitate; in lateral view parallel-sided, slightly narrower than in dorsal view, anterobasal margin triangular. Incised halfway into pygofer, narrow relative to greatest width of pygofer in dorsal view (width segment 10/greatest width of pygofer at point of greatest width of segment 10=0.30–0.33) (Fig. 20A).</p> <p>Pygofer. Rectangular in lateral view; basolateral suture sublinear, angled about 45° or curvate, extended less than half-way into pygofer; anterior margin medially with elongated apodeme; 3–5 long (12–17 µm) and up to 20 short (4–8 µm) macrosetae near dorsal distal half of pygofer lobe; group of 10–25 macrosetae ventrodistally of basolateral suture, 6–9 µm in length (Fig. 20A, B).</p> <p>Pygofer lobe. Pygofer lobe defined by point distad of incision of segment 10; edentate, slightly narrower than basal width of pygofer, posterior margin near-rectangular, with rounded distal dorsal and distal ventral corners (Fig. 20B).</p> <p>Subgenital plate. Medial margin straight, lateral margins widely, uniformly to irregularly, shallowly convex; apex acute; 1–2 submarginal rows of macrosetae, longest macrosetae about half as long as medial width of subgenital plate or shorter.</p> <p>Valve. Semi-ovate (Fig. 20C).</p> <p>Style. Apophysis elongate, in dorsal view depressed, acutely triangular, denticulate ventrally, base wider than width at preapical lobe, preapical lobe ventral; anterior medial lobe curved dorsad (Fig. 20D, E); style apex near apex of subgenital plate (Fig. 20C).</p> <p>Connective. Y-shaped with narrow stem and arms, of similar proportions, arms widely separated, articulated with base of preatrium (Fig. 20K).</p> <p>Aedeagus. Complex structure (Fig. 20F), with short curvate shaft, elongated atrium and preatrium, reduced dorsal apodeme, base of preatrium produced into single, slightly asymmetric process (Fig. 20F, I). Shaft with paired, apical, anterior process and paired, medioposterior process (Fig. 20G, H, J).</p> <p>Female.</p> <p>Sternite 7. Transversely rectangular, posterior margin with V-shaped notch, about one third as wide as width across posterior margin, margin of notch sclerotized (Figs 19G, H, 21A, B).</p> <p>Valvula 1. Lanceolate (Fig. 21H).</p> <p>Valvula 2. Lanceolate, basally slightly narrower than distally (Fig. 21I), serration of dorsal margin apically and medially with short teeth in trough between slightly raised, rounded teeth (Fig. 21N, O, apex and midsection respectively).</p> <p>Valvula 3. Up to 15 long and short setae (Fig. 21J, K).</p> <p>Valvifer 1. Longer than wide (Fig. 21D); in dorsal view fused medially (Fig. 21C).</p> <p>Valvifer 2. Elongate (Fig. 21E), sculpture with 5–10 pore-like structures near distal margin (Fig. 21F, G).</p> <p>Remarks. The combination of internal and external features separates this genus from any known genus of leafhoppers. However, there is near identical color pattern of the head of Xhoreus (Fig. 19) and that of Colistra (Figs 1, 2, 3) and the paired, deltate marks occur in other genera but with different size and orientation, i.e., Kimbella (Fig. 4A, B), Bonaspeia (Fig. 5A–C), Curvostylus (Fig. 4E–H), unnamed species (Figs 4C, 5D, 6A, B) and Retevolatus Stiller (2021). Features of internal male genitalia are not known to correspond to any other described species in the Fynbos Biome, in particular the aedeagus with a single, preatrial process. At present this single process is not interpreted as a fusion of paired processes. A single preatrial process is observed in specimens of an undescribed species from Cradock (Fig. 5F, G) and East London, Eastern Cape province (personal observation) but these share no other corresponding features with Xhoreus. Specimens of an undescribed species from Gansbaai (-34.58 19.35) (Fig. 5D, E), a coastal locality about 100km SE of Scarborough and the Cape Point peninsula, have a similar aedeagus in lateral profile, i.e., short tubular edentate shaft, elongated preatrium but paired, elongated, preatrial processes. Externally this leafhopper and Caffrolix johani Davies, 1988 (Fig. 6D, E) have different markings of the head, but similar dimensions to that of Colistra and Caffrolix sp. (Fig. 6C). Examples of leafhoppers with paired preatrial, atrial or shaft-associated processes on the aedeagus are Discolopeus Stiller, Gcaleka Naudé and Renosteria Theron. The symmetrical, Y-shaped connective with narrow stem and arms of Xhoreus is a feature commonly associated with many tribes of Deltocephalinae (Zahniser and Dietrich 2013).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7FFEEFFB58FB9D81AFC4D7603	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stiller, Michael;Webb, Michael D.	Stiller, Michael, Webb, Michael D. (2022): Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini). Zootaxa 5199 (1): 1-79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
03D987B7FFF2FFB38FB9DBAEFAB674C2.text	03D987B7FFF2FFB38FB9DBAEFAB674C2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xhoreus ulosentus Stiller & Webb 2022	<div><p>Xhoreus ulosentus sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs 19A–I, 20A–M, 21A–Q)</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Type locality. Holotype male, South Africa, Western Cape province, Grootkop vicinity, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.386&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.181" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.386/lat -34.181)">Scarborough</a>; -34.181, 18.386; 10 Feb. 2022; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Erica sp. and other shrubs Ericaceae; CCDL28618; SANC.</p> <p>Type specimen. Holotype male, glued to triangle card, pinned, with genitalia in a separate microvial. Original label: “ R.S. A. Grootkop / vicinity -34.181 / 18.386 / 10.ii.2022 / M. Stiller” “sweep / Erica sp. / Ericaceae; &amp; other / plants” “ SANC Pretoria / Dbase# CCDL / 28618”.</p> <p>Paratypes. 26♂♂, 29♀♀, 19 nymphs</p> <p>South Africa, Western Cape province.</p> <p>3♂♂, 4♀♀; Cape Point; -34.29, 18.43; 18 Jan. 1974; J.G. Theron leg.; sweeping; CCDL 27859; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 1♀; Cape Point; -34.29, 18.43; 28 Mar. 1977; J.G. Theron leg.; sweeping; CCDL 27858; SANC.</p> <p>2♂♂, 1♀; Cape Point; -34.29, 18.43; 4 Mar. 1978; J.G. Theron leg.; sweeping; CCDL 27857; SANC.</p> <p>8♂♂, 9♀♀; Cape of Good Hope Nat.[ure] Res.[erve] Scarborough, -34.23, 18.41, 60 m, 10 Dec. 2004, M. Stiller leg.; DVac? Phragmites, Pentaschistis, Poaceae; CCDL 27856; SANC.</p> <p>12♂♂, 14♀♀, 19 nymphs; Grootkop vicinity, Scarborough; -34.181, 18.386; 10 Feb. 2022; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Erica sp. and other shrubs Ericaceae; CCDL 28618; SANC, BMNH, INHS.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Stramineous ground color with paired, dark brown triangular marking at apex of crown, disc with brown hourglass-shaped or amorphous marking (Fig. 19A, B, D–F). Pygofer lobe in lateral view, rectangular, dorsomedially with 3–5 long, scattered macrosetae; up to 20 short macrosetae ventroposteriad of suture (Fig. 20B). Subgenital plate triangular, lateral margin uniformly convex (Fig. 20C), macrosetae submarginal, 2–3 irregular rows, subapically to subbasally. Connective Y-shaped, arms and stem similar in width and length (Fig. 20K). Style with apophysis broad triangular, depressed, denticulate ventrally, base slightly wider than width across ventral preapical lobe (Fig. 20D, E). Aedeagus with reduced dorsal apodeme, about as long as width across preatrium at point origin of dorsal apodeme (Fig. 20F); atrium and preatrium elongate; base of preatrium produced into T-shaped (in crosssection), elongate process, slightly shorter than shaft and preatrium (Fig. 20F), small tooth dorsally at subapex (Fig. 20I); shaft with paired apical, latero-anterior teeth and paired, compressed disc-like process subapically on posterior margin (Fig. 20G, H, J). Sternite 7 with V-shaped notch (Figs 19G, H, 21A, B).</p> <p>Etymology. Named for the single, elongate preatrial process of the male aedeagus, Latin, unus, one, longus, long and sentis, thorn, shortened for euphony, from unilongisentis to u-lo-sentus. Gender masculine.</p> <p>Morphology.</p> <p>Tegmina. Venation in male in Fig. 20L, female in Fig. 21P. Tegmina length/width=2.10–2.24; four apical cells, anteapical cells reduced, with central cell and inner cell fused with inner discal cell.</p> <p>Hind wing. Reduced, about half as wide as width of tegmina, about 4/5 as long as tegmina (Figs 20M, 21Q). Costal margin sublinear; narrow, elongate, opaque; length/width=2.90–3.08.</p> <p>Tegmina-hind wing relation. Ratio of length tegmina/length hind wing male=1.23–1.28, female=1.21–1.23; width tegmina/width hind wing male=1.69–1.72, female=1.64–1.76.</p> <p>Measurements.</p> <p>Male (n=28). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 2.61–2.80 mm, apex of crown to apex of abdomen 2.64–2.98 mm; crown length 0.52–0.56 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.34–0.38 mm; pronotum length 0.33–0.39 mm; head width 1.05–1.12 mm; pronotum width 0.95–1.00 mm; ocellus diameter 17–29 µm; interocular distance 46–60 µm; crown angle 89–91°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.44–1.55; head width/pronotum width=1.90–1.13; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.30–0.60; crown length/pronotum length=1.39–1.59; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.34–0.40.</p> <p>Female (n=26). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 2.76–2.93 mm, apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.24–3.57 mm; crown length 0.56–0.59 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.37–0.39 mm; pronotum length 0.36–0.39 mm; head width 1.13–1.19 mm; pronotum width 1.00– 1.06 mm; ocellus diameter 21–31 µm; interocular distance 51–66 µm; crown angle 88–91°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.47–1.54; head width/pronotum width=1.11–1.14; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.33–0.58; crown length/pronotum length=1.48–1.57; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.35–0.38.</p> <p>Terminalia.</p> <p>Male.</p> <p>Segment 10. Lateral margin slightly convex, in dorsal view length/width=1.21–1.34 (n=10) (Fig. 20A).</p> <p>Pygofer. In lateral view, pygofer proximally of point of attachment of segment 10 similar to length of pygofer lobe; anterior apodeme elongate; basolateral suture curvate to sublinear, extending less than half way into pygofer; region distad of basolateral suture with numerous short macrosetae (up to 1/2 length of long setae on pygofer lobe, about 20 macrosetae). Orientation of aedeagus in pygofer with apex of shaft dorsad, in membranous recess in segment 10, preatrial process posteriad (Fig. 20B).</p> <p>Pygofer lobe. Trapezoid with posterodorsal angle acute, posterodorsal and posteroventral corners rounded. Macrosetae scattered near dorsomedial margin, length 12–17 µm, 4–6 in number, few shorter setae present (Fig. 20B).</p> <p>Subgenital plate. Greatest length/greatest width=1.07–1.37; medial margin straight, contiguous or widely separated in dissected specimens (33–62°); lateral margin shallowly convex.Macrosetae in 2–3 irregular, submarginal rows. Apex of apophysis of style extended beyond or attaining subapex of subgenital plate (Fig. 20C).</p> <p>Style. Greatest length/greatest width=3.51–4.58, length apophysis/greatest length=0.35–0.38; dorsal apophysis acutely triangular, depressed (Fig. 20D), apex blunt; anterior medial lobe short in dorsal view, in anterior view curved dorsad; preapical lobe ventral, acute (Fig. 20E).</p> <p>Connective. Y-shaped. Greatest width across arms/width of apex of stem=3.55–5.57, length arms/length stem=0.55–0.84; arms divergent (79–112°); greatest length/greatest width=0.78–1.01 (Fig. 20K).</p> <p>Aedeagus. Shaft shorter than atrium and preatrium, uniformly curvate dorsad; apex with paired triangular teeth at lateral margin, curvate latero-anteriad (Fig. 20H); subapex with posterior, paired, compressed, disk-shaped processes, orientation posteriad (Fig. 20G, J). In dorsal or ventral view base of shaft constricted, atrium about twice as wide as base of shaft (Fig. 20H). Gonopore circular, apical. Dorsal apodeme reduced, about as long as width across preatrium at its point of attachment, narrower than diameter of shaft, acutely angled to shaft (Fig. 20F). Atrium and preatrium elongate, about twice as long as shaft, sublinear; base of preatrium produced into single, long, sublinear process, slightly shorter than combined length of shaft, atrium and preatrium; T-shaped in cross-section, apex dorsally with single tooth, oriented posteriad (Fig. 20I). Process acutely angled to base of preatrium, distal half slightly curvate posteriad (Fig. 20F).</p> <p>Female.</p> <p>Sternite 7. Isosceles trapezoid (distal width/basal width 0.64–0.69, greatest length/greatest width=0.44–0.49), lateral margins curvate; medially with wide, deep notch, heavily sclerotized along margins, greatest length at base of notch/greatest length=0.54–0.63 (Fig. 21A, B).</p> <p>Valvula 1. Lanceolate (Fig. 21H), strigate sculpture with imbricate pattern near margin (Fig. 21L, M).</p> <p>Valvula 2. Wider distally than proximally (Fig. 21I). Trough between rounded teeth shallow, near linear, with small teeth (Fig. 21N, O).</p> <p>Valvula 3. 8–15 marginal to submarginal macrosetae at apex, shortest to longest macrosetae 22–45 µm (Fig. 21J, K).</p> <p>Valvifer 1. Longer than wide, ventral margin rounded, dorsal margin subbasally produced into short, triangular or rounded process, anterior margin rectangular, posterior margin triangular; length/width=1.44–2.11 (Fig. 21D), widely merged in dorsal view (Fig. 21C).</p> <p>Valvifer 2. About 5–10 pore-like structures near distal margin (Fig. 21F, G); length/width=2.43–2.90 (Fig. 21E).</p> <p>Remarks. This species resembles species of Colistra in external appearance, i.e., apical, paired, deltate marks and circular mark on the disc of the head. However, genitalia in X. ulosentus differ distinctly, i.e., short curved shaft with lateral paired teeth at apex and paired keel-like teeth basally, reduced dorsal apodeme and single process at the base of an elongated preatrium. Additionally, the pygofer is edentate, with two expansive groups of macrosetae, i.e., one group dorsomedially and the other distad of basolateral suture. In Colistra the pygofer is triangular, has few, confined macrosetae and a sublinear process. The subgenital plates of X. ulosentus in whole specimens with medial margins contiguous, in dissected specimens variably separated (up to 60°) with the apex acute and medial margin straight and lateral margin convex. In Colistra the subgenital plate apex is narrowly rounded, medial margin curved laterally from subapex and lateral margin more strongly curved mediad. The style apophysis of X. ulosentus is slightly wider than width across preapical lobe, elongate, triangular, similar to that of species of Bonaspeia, but longer. Styles in species of Colistra have the apophysis acuminate or digitate, curvate, and half or less as wide as width across subapical lobe. Comparison with all species in Bonaspeiini reveal no other corresponding color patterns or genitalic configuration comparable to that of X. ulosentus. Most of these genera have the aedeagus with elongated shaft and shorter dorsal apodeme with modifications in Caffrolix Linnavuori as an accessory process between the shaft and dorsal apodeme (see Davies 1988), and in Cerus Theron, where the preatrium is longer than the dorsal apodeme but still shorter than the shaft. A list of species of leafhoppers in SANC from 32 localities on the Cape Peninsula collected 1901–2022 is presented in Appendix 1, as a record to supplement discussion on fauna of this region (Picker &amp; Samways 1996, Veldtman et al. 2017). Endemics are still poorly known, with X. ulosentus more clearly restricted to this region, and possibly one new species allied to Bonaspeia not included in this appendix.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7FFF2FFB38FB9DBAEFAB674C2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stiller, Michael;Webb, Michael D.	Stiller, Michael, Webb, Michael D. (2022): Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini). Zootaxa 5199 (1): 1-79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
03D987B7FFF6FFBA8FB9DE9FFA5277B9.text	03D987B7FFF6FFBA8FB9DE9FFA5277B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proekes Theron	<div><p>Proekes Theron</p> <p>Figs 22–30, 33</p> <p>Deltocephalus cephaleus Naudé, 1926: 53.</p> <p>Proekes cephaleus (Naudé, 1926); Theron, 1975: 190, 191, 204–205.</p> <p>Type species: Deltocephalus cephaleus Naudé, 1926.</p> <p>Revised generic diagnosis and description</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>1. Medium leafhopper; male and female: length from apex of crown to apex of tegmina, 3.7–4.3 mm; crown length medially 0.7–0.8 mm; crown angle 82–87°.</p> <p>2. Dorsum with head in male and female with brown to light brown longitudinal line from apex of coronal suture to posterior margin of head; apex of crown with narrow, longitudinal paired light brown marking; lateral margin of crown with about three dorsally extended horizontal brown arcs on face; pronotum with single, amorphous to round marking near lateral margin (Figs 22A–D, H, J, K, L, 27A–C, E, G).</p> <p>Terminalia in male.</p> <p>3. Valve crescentic (Fig. 23D) or narrowly rectangular (Figs 23K, 30C), length/width=0.22.</p> <p>4. Pygofer deeply incised in dorsal view; pygofer lobe in lateral view acutely triangular, mediodorsal margin with straight or sublinear, edentate, acuminate process, orientation posteriad; 2–4 macrosetae, (length 40–70 µm) (Figs 23C, J, R, S, 30A, B).</p> <p>5. Segment 10 large, conical or dolioform, (0.5–0.6 times as wide as width across pygofer) (Figs 23C, J, R, 28A, 30A, B), reaching apex of pygofer lobe.</p> <p>6. Connective wider than long (greatest length/greatest width=0.5–0.7), stem short, wide, arms slightly shorter to much longer than stem (length arm/length stem=0.9–2.0).</p> <p>7. Aedeagus with base or subbase of anterior margin of shaft 1–2 pairs of symmetrical to asymmetrical teeth; shaft compressed or tubular; dorsal apodeme commonly reduced and preatrium short, rarely about half as long as shaft and preatrium reduced.</p> <p>Terminalia in female.</p> <p>8. Sternite 7 trapezoid, posterior margin sublinear (Figs 22J, 24A) or shallowly concave or medially narrowly convex (Fig. 30I); greatest length/greatest width=0.47–0.57; width across apex/width across base=0.59–0.76; medial length/average lateral length=0.95–1.07.</p> <p>9. Valvula 2 minutely denticulate on subapex of mediodorsal margin (Figs 24M, 25A, D, E, 29H) and submarginal lateral pore-like structures along most of forked apex (Figs 23N, O, 25B, C).</p> <p>10. Valvula 3 with unique long extension; laterally with many short macrosetae apically and subapically on lateral surface (Figs 24P, 29C, D), length 23–35 µm, thin, 2–3µm, rarely thicker, 3–4 µm; 0.48–0.53 times longer than greatest length of pygofer in lateral view (Figs 22F–J, 24J).</p> <p>11. Valvifer 2 sculpture pore-like and microtrichia (Figs 24E, F, 29B).</p> <p>Etymology. Pro, Latin and Greek, before, forward, in front of; - eces, -ekes, Greek, suffix meaning sharp; for the acute angle of the crown and face. Gender feminine.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Male, female and nymph.</p> <p>Color. Ground color ochraceous in male (Figs 22A, B, L, 27A, B, E, F), female (Figs 22C, D, J, K, 27C, D, G, H), with light brown to brown markings. Nymph in Fig. 22E, F, stramineous to yellow laterally, light brown medially, light ochraceous, narrow medial line. Nymph in Fig. 22M collected with adults, but probably not an associated species.</p> <p>Head. Brown arcs of clypeus extended into lateral margin of crown, light brown to brown longitudinal line over coronal suture, distad to apex of crown variable; crown with distinct, paired, parallel light brown line or weakly developed; base of head, between eye and coronal suture with short, elongate, paired brown mark (Figs 22D, L, H, 27C, E, G) or feint to absent (Figs 22A, B, 27A).</p> <p>Face. Numerous horizontal brown arcs on clypeus, extending onto margin of head (Figs 22H, I, 27D, F, H).</p> <p>Pronotum. Ground color ochraceous, with paired brown marking laterally and variable amorphous markings (Figs 22A–D, J, L, H, 27A–C, E, G).</p> <p>Tegmina. Ochraceous, with brown veins, apical cells distally embrowned, brown irroration in some cells (Figs 22A–D, J–L, 27A–H).</p> <p>Hind wing. Greyish-brown opaque or brown translucent distally, yellowish translucent basally and costal cells, veins brown.</p> <p>Morphology.</p> <p>Head. Wider than pronotum (male and female head width/pronotum width=1.11–1.16; crown angle in male and female 82–87°; crown length/crown length next to eye in male and female=1.65–1.77); crown length/pronotum length=1.65–1.80.</p> <p>Face. Clypellus extended beyond posterior margin of gena, margin below lorum narrow, gena with notch below eye (Fig. 22L).</p> <p>Ocellus. Male and female ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.34–0.46.</p> <p>Pronotum. Lateral margin short, non-carinate, pronotum length/pronotum width=0.35–0.37.</p> <p>Tegmina. Appendix absent. Male and female, length/width=2.34–2.61; four apical cells; 2–3 anteapical cells.</p> <p>Hind wing. Reduced, elongate, shorter and narrower than tegmina, male and female, length/width=3.59–4.35.</p> <p>Tegmina-hind wing relation. Ratio of length tegmina/length hind wing=1.13–1.22; width tegmina/width hind wing=1.41–2.11.</p> <p>Chaetotaxy. Profemur row AV with 9–11 short, wide setae, row IC 8–10 long, fine setae, AV 1 single, AM 1 single. Spinulation of protibia 1+4, mesotibia 4+4, metafemur apex 2+2+1. Metatarsus 1 apical plantar setae include four (rarely 5) rounded platellae and one acute seta; metatarsus 2 apex with one acute, two rounded and one acute platellae.</p> <p>Measurements.</p> <p>Male (n=129). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.75–4.31 mm; apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.62–4.23 mm; crown length 0.74–0.83 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.43–0.48 mm; pronotum length 0.43–0.48 mm; head width 1.37–1.50 mm; pronotum width 1.20–1.34 mm; ocellus diameter 25–31 µm; interocular distance 65–80 µm; crown angle 83–87°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.67–1.77; head width/pronotum width=1.10–1.16; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.34–0.44; crown length/pronotum length=1.65–1.80; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.35–0.37; length from apex of crown to apex of tegmina/length from apex of crown to apex of abdomen=0.98–1.07.</p> <p>Female (n=92). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.68–4.20 mm; apex of crown to apex of abdomen 4.35–5.05 mm; crown length 0.75–0.85 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.44–0.50 mm; pronotum length 0.43–0.48 mm; head width 1.38–1.52 mm; pronotum width 1.20–1.34 mm; ocellus diameter 25–32 µm; interocular distance 62–76 µm; crown angle 82–87°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.63–1.76; head width/pronotum width=1.12–1.16; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.36–0.47; crown length/pronotum length=1.68–1.48; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.35–0.37; length from apex of crown to apex of tegmina/length from apex of crown to apex of abdomen=0.80–0.87.</p> <p>Terminalia.</p> <p>Male.</p> <p>Segment 10. Large, slightly depressed, deeply incised into base of pygofer, narrowly conical in dorsal view, lateral margins straight, convex in P. diacaphalis (Fig. 30B), 1.05–1.32 times longer than wide (Figs 23C, J, R, 28A, 30A, B); greatest width at base/greatest width at apex=1.49–1.85; greatest width across pygofer/greatest width of segment 10=0.51–0.59. Ventrally with medial, membranous recess (Figs 23R, 28A, 30A, B). Apex almost reaching apex of pygofer lobe.</p> <p>Pygofer. In lateral view triangular, dorsal view rectangular; basal suture right-angled (Figs 23C, 30A) or short, straight (Fig. 23R); anterior margin with short or elongate apodeme, rarely without apodeme. Pygofer lobe acutely triangular in lateral view, apex membranous, tumid, semicircular, subapically with median, ovoid lobe (Fig. 23S), base of phragma attached medioventrally, with microtrichia and short setae; dorsomedially with straight to slightly curvate, edentate process, mediad of apical, membranous lobe (Fig. 23J), protruding slightly or recessed behind apex of lobe; 2–4 short macrosetae (40–70 µm long) laterad of origin of process (Fig. 23S).</p> <p>Subgenital plate. Lateral margin curvate, medial margin straight to sublinear, narrowly divergent, length/ width=1.31–1.60; macrosetae variable in position and number, 19–25 (Fig. 23D, K), in distal three quarters, 13–19 in distal half, or 7–9 subapically; length 100–175 µm. Style apex extend half-way to three quarters into subgenital plate. Dorsomedial ridge articulated with style.</p> <p>Valve. Crescentic (Fig. 23D) to narrowly rectangular (Fig. 23K, 30C); length/width=0.18–0.22.</p> <p>Style. Narrow, elongate, greatest length/greatest average width=5.10–5.87, length apophysis/greatest length=0.16–0.20; apophysis with fine, ventral teeth (Fig. 30K, L), preapical lobe rounded (Figs 26E, 30H) or right-angled (Fig. 23G), anterior lateral lobe produced anteriad, about as wide or wider than median width of style, anterior medial lobe short Fig. 23G in Theron (1975), Figs 26E, 30H.</p> <p>Connective. Y-shaped, transverse, short, wide stem, commonly articulated to preatrium. Width stem/width arms=0.5–0.6; length arms/length stem=0.9–2.0; angle of arms 78–106°; greatest length/greatest width=0.5–0.7; length stem/width greatest=0.2–0.3; Fig. 23H in Theron (1975), Figs 26F, 28E with differentiation of sclerotized and de-sclerotized arms. Rarely fused to atrium, arms Y-shaped (Fig. 30E, J).</p> <p>Aedeagus. Aedeagal shaft in lateral view, strongly to weakly compressed (medial width laterally/medial width in anterior or posterior view=0.99–2.79). Dorsal apodeme commonly reduced (Figs 23E, L, M, O, 26A, C, 28B, C), with membranous lobes (Fig. 28B, C, G, H) or 0.21–0.42 times as long as greatest length of aedeagus (Fig. 30D, E). Preatrium variable, short (Figs 23E, L, 26A, C) to very short (Figs 23M, 28B), 0.21–0.43 times as long as greatest width across base of aedeagus, or absent (Fig. 30D). Anterior margin of shaft with variable, apical and basal teeth. Anterior apical teeth short (Figs 23E, F, L–Q, 26A, B), reduced (Fig. 26C) or elongate (Figs 28B–D, F–I, 30D–F). Anterior subbasal teeth as one pair (Figs 23E, F, L, 28B, C, G), two basal, paired, symmetrical teeth (Fig. 23M–P) or asymmetrical teeth (Fig. 26A–D). Posterior margin of shaft with short, apical and median paired teeth (Figs 23E, F, L–Q, 26A–D), or median paired teeth long (Figs 28G–I, 30D–F). Gonopore from subapex of anterior margin to subapex of posterior margin, narrow anteriorly, wide with rounded base posteriorly (Figs 23F, N, P, Q, 26B, D, 28C, D, 30E, F).</p> <p>Female.</p> <p>Genital capsule. Ovipositor protruding beyond posterior margin (Figs 22G, 24J), length from base of pygofer to apex of V3/length of pygofer=1.47–1.53.</p> <p>Sternite 7. Trapezoid; posterior margin sublinear, lateral margins straight or curvate (Fig. 24A) or with slight median projection (Fig. 30I); medial length/average lateral length=0.95–1.07; length/width=0.47–0.57; width across apex/width across base=0.59–0.67.</p> <p>Valvula 1. Lanceolate (Fig. 24H), sculpture laterally imbricate apically (Figs 24K, 25F), medially strigate marginally, imbricate basally (Figs 24L, 29F); sculpture medially finely anastomosing, striate (Fig. 29E).</p> <p>Valvula 2. Distal half slightly wider than base, margin edentate or minutely denticulate on subapical medial margin (Figs 24M, 25A, D, E, 29H), marginal to submarginal pore-like structures (Figs 24N, O, 25B, C), distal third forked (Fig. 24I), ratio length to join in forked apex/greatest length=0.30–0.38; sculpture laterally as in Fig. 29G, medially as in Fig. 29H.</p> <p>Valvula 3. Elongate, length/width=6.01–7.62; apex and subapex with numerous (n=32–45) short, length 23–35 µm, thin (2–3 µm), rarely thicker (3–4 µm) setae (Figs 24P, 29C, D).</p> <p>Valvifer 1. Longer than wide (length/width=1.42–1.92), variable dimensions between left and right valvifers, shape of margins variable (Fig. 24B, C), fused dorsally (Fig. 24G).</p> <p>Valvifer 2. 2–3 times longer than wide (Figs 24D, 29A), (length/width=2.57–3.00), sculpture as in Figs 24E, F, 25H, I, 29B, with triangular microtrichia and up to eight circular, pore-like structures.</p> <p>Remarks. Proekes cephaleus and three new species described below are recognized as distinct by a combination of external and internal male and female features as in the diagnosis above and species diagnoses below. Proekes is generally larger than the three other genera described here, e.g., length from apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.72–4.26 mm and in the female the prolongation of the valvula 3 well beyond the posterior margin of the pygofer lobe. Notable is the range in shape of the aedeagal shaft, that is strongly compressed, weakly compressed or tubular, and a possible association between long and short teeth on the shaft and the degree of compression of the shaft, i.e., short teeth in the compressed shaft and long teeth in the tubular shaft. Further, the relation of the reduction or extension of the dorsal apodeme and preatrium respectively, applied here, as in Colistra. The dorsal apodeme is clearly reduced and preatrium relatively elongated in P. cephaleus (Naudé) and P. hemiplatyphalis sp. n., but somewhat developed in P. tetracaphalis sp. n. and the dorsal apodeme well developed and preatrium reduced in P. diacaphalis sp. n. The symmetry and asymmetry of 1–2 pairs of teeth at the base or subbase of the anterior margin of the aedeagal shaft is somewhat comparable to the consistent, single pair in all species of Proekoides. The single male from Clanwilliam included in P. tetracaphalis sp. n. and specimens of P. cephaleus from Verlorenvlei suggest possible additional species. The orientation of the shaft at rest in the genital capsule is considered as vertical, with the apex of the shaft at rest in the membranous recess in the segment 10. Caudal examination of whole specimens occasionally corroborated this position. During maceration the shaft is dislodged and even if pushed back, seemed to lift the anal tube, or return to a more horizontal orientation. The pygofer process in Proekes is consistently edentate and sublinear in dorsal and lateral views, in Colistra it is sublinear and toothed ventrally and in Proekoides concave and toothed dorsally. The connective and style resemble that of Colistra and Proekoides. In Proekes the connective is transversely rectangular, with ratio greatest length/greatest width=0.40–0.65; Colistra = 0.50–0.65; Proekoides = 0.62–0.76; but more equilateral in Xhoreus (0.8–1.0). The subgenital plate and valve are similar to that of Colistra and Proekoides. The long extension of valvula 3 of the female ovipositor is unique in this genus and tribe. Modelled distribution of the combined records of four species in Fig. 33B.</p> <p>Key to males of Proekes species</p> <p>1 Aedeagal shaft compressed (median width in lateral view/median width in dorsal or ventral view=1.73–3.28), teeth on shaft short (much shorter than width of shaft in lateral view), preatrium short (preatrium length/length across base of aedeagus=0.23– 0.45)............................................................................................... 2</p> <p>1`Aedeagal shaft tubular or weakly compressed, teeth on shaft long (as long as or longer than width of shaft in lateral view), preatrium short or reduced.............................................................................. 3</p> <p>2 Aedeagal shaft strongly compressed, (median width in lateral view/median width in dorsal or ventral view=2.28–3.58) (Fig. 23E, F, L–Q), preatrium short (preatrium length/length across base of aedeagus=0.16–0.34) (Fig. 23E, L, O)............................................................................................ Proekes cephaleus (Naudé)</p> <p>2`Aedeagal shaft weakly compressed, (median width in lateral view/median width in dorsal or ventral view=1.54–2.02) (Fig. 26A–D), preatrium elongate (preatrium length/length across base of aedeagus=0.40–0.44) (Fig. 26A, C)............................................................................................ Proekes hemiplatyphalis sp. n.</p> <p>3 Apex of shaft with two paired, tubular teeth (Fig. 28B–D, F–L); subgenital plate with many macrosetae in distal half..................................................................................... Proekes tetracaphalis sp. n.</p> <p>3`Apex of shaft with one paired, depressed tooth (Fig. 30D–F), subgenital plate with few macrosetae at apex (Fig. 30C)..................................................................................... Proekes diacaphalis sp. n.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7FFF6FFBA8FB9DE9FFA5277B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stiller, Michael;Webb, Michael D.	Stiller, Michael, Webb, Michael D. (2022): Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini). Zootaxa 5199 (1): 1-79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
03D987B7FFFDFFB88FB9DB4AFB70748B.text	03D987B7FFFDFFB88FB9DB4AFB70748B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proekes cephaleus (Stiller & Webb 2022) Stiller & Webb 2022	<div><p>Proekes cephaleus (Naudé)</p> <p>(Figs 22A–H, 23A–U, 24A–R, 25A–I, 33A)</p> <p>Proekes cephaleus (Naudé) comb.n. Theron, 1975: 191, 204, 205.</p> <p>Deltocephalus cephaleus Naudé, 1926: 53.</p> <p>Aconura ceresensis Naudé, 1926: 54, syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material, not examined.</p> <p>Type locality. Holotype male, South Africa, Western Cape province, Viljoen’s Pass, -31.97, 19.11, 12 Jan. 1923, F.W. Pettey; USIC.</p> <p>Additional material examined. South Africa, Western Cape province:</p> <p>1♀; Kleinmond; -34.34, 19.03; 18 Nov. 1969; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL04168; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 2♀♀; Slagboom; -33.23, 19.28; 13 Dec. 1969; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL01628; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Pearly Beach; -34.66, 19.50; 15 Dec. 1971; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL28210; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Suurvlak Wolseley; -33.42, 19.13; 23 Nov. 1972; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL08756; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Viljoens Pass; -31.97, 19.11; 5 Dec. 1974; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL01629; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Jonkershoek; -33.99, 18.97; 5 Dec. 1977; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL28207; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 1♀; Caledon; -34.22, 19.41; 9 Dec. 1985; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL28206; SANC.</p> <p>1♀; Kogelberg Nature Reserve; -34.28, 19.02; 16 Nov. 1998; Malaise trap; S. van Noord leg.; CCDL28209; SANC.</p> <p>1♂; Hawekaberg, Du Toits Kloof Pass; -33.70, 19.11; 28 Dec. 2005; M. Stiller leg.; CCDL28211; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 3 nymphs; Fisantekraal site 1; -33.76, 19.14; 7 Dec. 2019; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Erica fastigiata Ericaceae; CCDL 27925; SANC.</p> <p>40♂♂, 3♀, 6 nymphs; Fisantekraal; -33.78, 19.16; 8 Dec. 2019; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Erica fastigiata and low shrubs; CCDL27932; SANC.</p> <p>5♂♂, 3♀♀, 6 nymphs; Fisantekraal; -33.79, 19.16; 8 Dec. 2019; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Psoralea sp. Fabaceae; CCDL27945; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, 4 nymphs; Fisantekraal; -33.78, 19.17; 8 Dec. 2019; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Passerina -like shrub; CCDL27939; SANC.</p> <p>5♂♂, 6♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.714&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.288" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.714/lat -33.288)">Verlorenvlei</a> farm #2, Touws River; -33.288, 19.714; 27 Jan. 2022; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Erica sp. and other shrubs; CCDL28615; SANC.</p> <p>11♂♂, 4♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.963&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.322" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.963/lat -34.322)">Kogelberg Nature Reserve</a> #1, Kleinmond; -34.322, 18.963; 12 Feb. 2022; M.Stiller leg.; sweeping Erica gysbertii Ericaceae; CCDL28614; SANC.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Crown angle in male and female 82–86°. Length from apex of crown to apex of abdomen in male 4.07–4.39 mm, female 4.05–4.44 mm. Subgenital plate with 18–24 macrosetae in three quarters. Aedeagus with shaft in lateral view sublinear, strongly compressed, 2.28–3.58 times wider medially in lateral view than width medially in anterior or posterior view; apex of shaft with two paired, very short teeth; dorsal apodeme reduced; preatrium short, 0.16–0.34 as long as greatest width across base of aedeagus. Connective articulated with preatrium (Fig. 28E).</p> <p>Etymology. Retrospectively, Greek, kephale, feminine, head, transliterated as cephale, with suffix – us; additionally to refer to the apex, as in head of the aedeagus, that is wide with four short teeth. Gender feminine, as an exception.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Male, female and nymph.</p> <p>Morphology.</p> <p>Head. Male head width/pronotum width=1.09–1.15, female head width/pronotum width=1.11–1.14; crown angle in male and female 82–86°; crown length/crown length next to eye in male=1.69–1.79, female=1.64–1.81.</p> <p>Ocellus. Male ocellus diameter 25–32 µm; interocular distance 61–81 µm, female ocellus diameter 27–31 µm; interocular distance 69–82 µm; ocellus diameter/interocular distance in male=0.33–0.44, female=0.34–0.43.</p> <p>Tegmina. Male length/width=2.44–2.57 (Fig. 23I, U). Female length/width=2.27–2.70 (Fig. 23I, U).</p> <p>Hind wing. Male length/width=3.73–4.49. Female length/width=3.81–4.19; costal and vanal margins slightly concave (Fig. 23T).</p> <p>Tegmina-hind wing relation. Male ratio of length tegmina/length hind wing=1.12–1.18; width tegmina/width hind wing=1.76–2.02. Female ratio of length tegmina/length hind wing=1.15–1.19; width tegmina/width hind wing=1.77–2.01.</p> <p>Measurements.</p> <p>Male (n=62). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 4.07–4.39 mm (Theron 1975, 3.8–4.32 mm); apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.88–4.28 mm; crown length 0.79–0.84 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.45–0.49 mm; pronotum length 0.45–0.49 mm; head width 1.42–1.52 mm (Theron 1975, ‘width of head across eyes 3 mm’ [1.3 mm]); pronotum width 1.27–1.36 mm (Theron 1975 ‘maximum width of pronotum 2.6 mm’); ocellus diameter 25–32 µm; interocular distance 67–81 µm; crown angle 82–86°; length from apex of crown to apex of tegmina/length from apex of crown to apex of abdomen=0.99–1.08.</p> <p>Female (n=21). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 4.05–4.44 mm (Theron 1975, 3.88–4.00 mm); apex of crown to apex of abdomen 4.79–5.37 mm (Theron 1975, 4.9–5.1 mm); crown length 0.82–0.89 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.48–0.51 mm; pronotum length 0.46–0.51 mm; head width 1.49–1.59 mm (Theron 1975, ‘width of head across eyes 1.5 mm’); pronotum width 1.32–1.42 mm (Theron 1975, ‘maximum width of pronotum 1.3 mm’); ocellus diameter 27–31 µm; interocular distance 69–82 µm; crown angle 82–86°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.64–1.81; head width/pronotum width=1.11–1.14; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.34–0.43; crown length/pronotum length=1.68–1.85; pronotum length/pronotum width=0.34–0.36; length from apex of crown to apex of tegmina/length from apex of crown to apex of abdomen=0.80–0.87.</p> <p>Terminalia.</p> <p>Male.</p> <p>Segment 10. Narrowly conical, greatest width/least width=1.38–1.68, lateral margins straight, greatest length/ greatest width=1.18–1.41 (Fig. 23J), rarely almost rectangular; greatest width segment 10/greatest width across pygofer at point of greatest width segment 10=0.50–0.59.</p> <p>Pygofer lobe. 2–3 short macrosetae, 35–76 µm long (Fig. 23C, R).</p> <p>Subgenital plate. Length/width=1.37–1.64; 18–24 macrosetae (Fig. 23D, K) in distal three quarters, length 76–158 µm.</p> <p>Valve. As in Fig. 23D, K, length/width=0.18–0.21.</p> <p>Style. Greatest length/average width=4.92–6.04, length apophysis/greatest length=0.15–0.21; Fig. 23G in Theron (1975).</p> <p>Connective. Width arms/width stem=1.60–1.92; length arms/length stem=0.87–1.96; angle of arms 75–96°; greatest length/greatest width=0.51–0.70; length stem/width greatest=0.21–0.32; Fig. 23H in Theron (1975).</p> <p>Aedeagus. Aedeagal shaft in lateral view, strongly compressed, medial width in lateral view/medial width in anterior or posterior view=2.28–3.58 (Fig. 23E, F, L–Q); dorsal margin in Verlorenvlei specimens narrow (Fig. 23O), commonly wider (Fig. 23E, L, M). Shaft in anterior view, distal margin with paired, apical to subapical, short teeth, orientation anteriad to ventrad; basal (Fig. 23M–P) to subbasal (Fig. 23E, L) paired teeth, slightly longer than distal teeth. Anterior subbasal teeth rarely with small, subapical dorsal tooth in Wolseley specimen. Anterior basal teeth variable in size and symmetry, medial pair longer, laterad teeth variable in number, position and symmetry (Fig. 23M, N), absent in one specimen from Verlorenvlei. Posterior margin of shaft with apical and 1–2 median paired teeth, large (Fig. 23F, Q), one median pair common (Fig. 23, E, L, M), two median pairs in Verlorenvlei specimens (Fig 23O, Q). Dorsal apodeme reduced. Preatrium short, 0.16–0.34 times longer than greatest length across base of aedeagus.</p> <p>Female.</p> <p>Sternite 7. Distal margin variable, either sublinear (Fig. 24A), slightly concave or convex; Pearly Beach specimen, distal margin partially damaged. Length/width=0.49–0.59; width across apex/width across base=0.60– 0.68; medial length/average lateral length=0.98–1.08.</p> <p>Valvula 1. As in Fig. 24H, sculpture, apically Figs 24K, 25F, medially Figs 24L, 25G.</p> <p>Valvula 2. Distal half slightly wider than base (Fig. 24I), margin with pore-like structure in Figs 24N, O, 25B, C, margin with minute, irregular teeth in Figs 24M, 25A, D, E. Length to confluence of paired apex/length greatest=0.31–0.39.</p> <p>Valvula 3. Extended beyond posterior margin of pygofer (Fig. 24J), 1.49–1.53 times longer than greatest length of pygofer in lateral view, 30–50 macrosetae at apex and subapex, length 14–35 µm (Fig. 24P).</p> <p>Valvifer 1. Longer than wide (Fig. 24B, C) (length/width=1.39–1.73), variable dorsal margin, narrowly rounded, rectangular anteriorly (Fig. 24B) or dorsal and ventral margins sublinear (Fig. 24C); fused in dorsal view (Fig. 24G).</p> <p>Valvifer 2. Shape as in Fig. 24D, with uniformly curved anteroventral margin and straight posterodorsal margin (length/width=2.48–2.81), sculpture submarginal with few microtrichia and circular pore-like structures (Figs 24E, F, 25H, I).</p> <p>Remarks. This species is recognized in the male by the strongly compressed aedeagal shaft, demonstrated by the ratio=2.28–3.58 times wider medially in lateral view than the width in medially anterior or posterior view. Male and female features are repeated here with additional measurements, descriptions, images and illustrations of specimens and male (Figs 22, 23J–V) and female terminal segments (Figs 22F–J, 24, 25). The male head, tegmina and genitalia as in Theron (1975) are copied in Fig. 23A–I. Males from Fisantekraal have the basal anterior spines with short teeth at their bases. In the female the lack of distinct teeth on the valvula 2 is consistent in examined specimens, observed at all possible angles. The small teeth at the subapex are variably marginal but consistently medial or sometimes obscured by lateral sculpture, as in Fig. 25E. Fine teeth are absent or not distinguished in specimens from Ceres, Kleinmond, and one from Fistantekraal, but distinct in another specimen from Fisantekraal, Kogelberg and Pearly Beach. Distribution and potential natural distribution model in Fig. 33A.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7FFFDFFB88FB9DB4AFB70748B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stiller, Michael;Webb, Michael D.	Stiller, Michael, Webb, Michael D. (2022): Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini). Zootaxa 5199 (1): 1-79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
03D987B7FF80FFC58FB9DE9FFAC973AF.text	03D987B7FF80FFC58FB9DE9FFAC973AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proekes hemiplatyphalis Stiller & Webb 2022	<div><p>Proekes hemiplatyphalis sp. n.</p> <p>(Fig. 22J–M, 26A–F)</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Type locality. Holotype male, South Africa, Western Cape province, Barrydale, 33 km SW, -33.95, 20.370, 7 Feb. 2021, M. Stiller; sweeping Erica sp. Ericaceae &amp; Brunia sp. Bruniaceae, CCDL28396, SANC.</p> <p>Type specimen. Holotype male, glued to triangle card, pinned, with genitalia in a separate microvial. Original label: “ R.S. A. / Barrydale / 33 km SW / -33.95 20.370 / 7.ii.2021 / M. Stiller” “sweep Erica sp. Ericaceae &amp; Brunia sp. Bruniaceae ” “ SANC Pretoria Dbase# CCDL 28396”.</p> <p>Paratypes. 11♂♂, 10♀♀</p> <p>South Africa, Western Cape province:</p> <p>4♂♂, 8♀♀; 16 km SW Barrydale; -33.963, 20.566; 6 Feb. 2021; M. Stiller leg.; sweeping Erica sp. Ericaceae; CCDL 28395; SANC.</p> <p>7♂♂, 2♀♀; ibid holotype; CCDL 28396; SANC.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Crown angle in male 83–86°, female 82–84°. Length from apex of crown to apex of abdomen in male 4.16–4.48 mm, female 4.18–4.36 mm. Subgenital plate with 20–26 macrosetae in distal two thirds. Aedeagus with shaft in lateral view sublinear, compressed, medial width in lateral view 1.54–2.02 times wider than medial width in dorsal or ventral view (Fig. 26A–D); apex of shaft at anterior and posterior margins with short, paired teeth, or sometimes anterior margin without teeth; anterior margin at base with symmetric or asymmetric 1–2 paired teeth; posterior margin medially commonly with paired, elongate teeth, (not longer than medial width of shaft in lateral view) or rarely absent; dorsal apodeme reduced; preatrium elongate, 0.40–0.44 times as long as greatest length across base of aedeagus in lateral view.</p> <p>Etymology. Named in Greek for the apex or head, cephalis, of the shaft of the aedeagus that is about half, hemi, as wide or broad, platy, as thick, contracted to hemi-platy-phalis. Gender feminine.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Male and female.</p> <p>Morphology.</p> <p>Head. Crown angle in male 83–86° and female 82–84°; crown length/crown length next to eye in male and female=1.67–1.75.</p> <p>Ocellus. Male ocellus diameter 23–35 µm; interocular distance 72–84 µm, female ocellus diameter 28 µm; interocular distance 72–84 µm; ocellus diameter/interocular distance in male and female=0.32–0.41.</p> <p>Tegmina. Male length/width=2.41–2.57, female length/width=2.47–2.56.</p> <p>Hind wing. Male length/width=3.92–4.43, female length/width=3.86–4.47.</p> <p>Tegmina-hind wing relation. Male ratio of length tegmina/length hind wing=1.12–1.19; width tegmina/width hind wing=1.81–2.07. Female ratio of length tegmina/length hind wing=1.09–1.20; width tegmina/width hind wing=0.74–1.19.</p> <p>Measurements.</p> <p>Male (n=13). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 4.16–4.48 mm; apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.95–4.68 mm; crown length 0.81–0.85 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.47–0.50 mm; pronotum length 0.45–0.50 mm; head width 1.47–1.56 mm; pronotum width 1.30–1.39 mm; ocellus diameter 28 µm; interocular distance 72–84 µm; crown angle 83–86°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.67–1.76; head width/pronotum width=1.11–1.14; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.33–0.39; crown length/pronotum length=1.66–1.83; pronotum length/pronotum width=0.34–0.37; length to tegmina/length to abdomen=0.94–1.06; length to tegmina/width greatest=2.81–2.90; length to abdomen/width greatest=2.68–3.05.</p> <p>Female (n=7). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 4.18–4.36 mm; apex of crown to apex of abdomen 4.97–5.25 mm; crown length 0.83–0.88 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.49–0.52 mm; pronotum length 0.46–0.48 mm; head width 1.50–1.56 mm; pronotum width 1.32–1.38 mm; ocellus diameter 23–35 µm; interocular distance 72–84 µm; crown angle 82–84°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.67–1.74; head width/pronotum width=1.13–1.14; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.30–0.44; crown length/pronotum length=1.77–1.87; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.34–0.36.</p> <p>Terminalia.</p> <p>Male.</p> <p>Segment 10. Conical, greatest width /least width=1.49–1.68, lateral margins straight, greatest length/greatest width=1.16–1.33; greatest width segment 10/width across pygofer at point greatest width segment 10=0.53–0.61.</p> <p>Subgenital plate. Length/width=1.37–1.56; 20–26 macrosetae in distal three quarters, length 108–184 µm, few short setae at apex.</p> <p>Style. Greatest length/average width=5.44–5.95, length apophysis/greatest length=0.18–0.22 (Fig. 26E).</p> <p>Connective.Articulated with preatrium. Width arm/width stem=1.79–2.06; length arms/length stem=1.00–1.94; angle of arms 82–99°; greatest length/greatest width=0.49–0.65; length stem/width greatest=0.18–0.31; Fig. 26F.</p> <p>Aedeagus. Aedeagal shaft in lateral view sublinear, slightly compressed (Fig. 26A–D), width medially/width medially in dorsal or ventral view=1.54–2.02, apex wider than medially (1.25–1.47 times wider apically than medially). Shaft in anterior view, apex laterally with short, right-angled, paired teeth, variable in orientation; base of shaft with paired, variably symmetric, contiguous teeth, or sometimes single tooth. Atrium laterally, near base of shaft with paired teeth, variable in symmetry, orientation and length (about as long as basal teeth on shaft). Shaft in posterior view, shaft with median to subbasal, paired teeth or single tooth, or absent. Preatrium elongated, 0.40–0.44 times as long as greatest width across base of aedeagus, articulated with connective. Dorsal apodeme reduced.</p> <p>Female.</p> <p>Sternite 7. Transversely rectangular, slightly convex medially. Length/width=0.47–0.51; width across apex/ width across base=0.58–0.65; medial length/average lateral length=0.92–0.97.</p> <p>Valvula 3. Extended well beyond posterior margin of pygofer, 1.44–1.51 times longer than greatest length of pygofer in lateral view, 35–49 macrosetae at apex and subapex, length 23–34 µm; valvula length/width=6.42– 6.73.</p> <p>Valvifer 1. Longer than wide (length/width=1.52–1.70), variable dorsal margin, narrowly rounded, rectangular anteriorly or dorsal and ventral margins sublinear.</p> <p>Valvifer 2. Uniformly curved anteroventral margin and straight posterodorsal margin (length/width=2.65–2.79), sculpture submarginal with few circular pore-like structures.</p> <p>Remarks. This species is recognized by the narrower shaft, measured medially in lateral view, relative to the medial width of the shaft in anterior or posterior view. The shaft in lateral view is wider apically than medially (1.23–1.47 times wider apically than medially). The length of the preatrium relative to the length across the base the of the aedeagus is larger (0.40–0.44) than that in P. cephaleus (0.16–0.34). The shaft in P. cephaleus is much wider, with specimen variability not indicating that this species represents a variant of P. cephaleus. The aedeagal shaft of P. diacaphalis sp. n. and P. tetracaphalis sp. n. is narrower, with elongate teeth, longer or as long as the width of the shaft in lateral view. The nymph in Fig. 22M was collected with adults at one site (16 km SW Barrydale), but possibly associated with Kimbella species. Different Erica species probably occurred at the two sites.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7FF80FFC58FB9DE9FFAC973AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stiller, Michael;Webb, Michael D.	Stiller, Michael, Webb, Michael D. (2022): Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini). Zootaxa 5199 (1): 1-79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
03D987B7FF82FFC18FB9DF42FDEE704F.text	03D987B7FF82FFC18FB9DF42FDEE704F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proekes tetracaphalis Stiller & Webb 2022	<div><p>Proekes tetracaphalis sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs 27A–D, 28A–I, 29A–H)</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Type locality. Holotype male, South Africa, Western Cape province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.059&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.997" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.059/lat -32.997)">Grootwinterhoek Nature Reserve,</a> Porterville, -32.997, 19.059, 8.ii.2022, M. Stiller; sweeping Erica or Salaxis spp Ericaceae; CCDL28616, SANC.</p> <p>Type specimen. Holotype male, glued to triangle card, pinned, with genitalia in a separate microvial. Original label: “ R.S. A. Groot- / winterhoek / Nature Reserve / -32.997 / 19.059 8.ii. / 2022 M. Stiller” “sweep / Erica or Salaxis spp Ericaceae ” “ SANC Pretoria Dbase# CCDL 28616”.</p> <p>Paratypes. 33♂♂, 41♀♀</p> <p>South Africa, Western Cape province.</p> <p>1♂; Cedarberg near Clanwilliam; -32.35, 18.98; 21 Dec. 1976; J.G. Theron leg.; CCDL 28208; SANC.</p> <p>32♂♂, 41♀♀; Grootwinterhoek, Porterville; -32.997, 19.059; 8 Feb. 2022; M.Stiller leg.; sweeping Erica or Salaxis spp Ericaceae; CCDL 28616; SANC.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Crown angle in male 83–86°, female 82–85°. Length from apex of crown to apex of abdomen in male 3.66–3.83 mm, female 3.73–3.91 mm. Subgenital plate with 13–19 macrosetae in distal half. Aedeagus with shaft in lateral view curvate, cross section triangular; apex of shaft with two paired, tubular, elongate teeth, orientation dorsad and ventrad respectively; base of shaft, anteriorly with basal to subbasal paired, furcate, elongate tooth (Fig. 28B–D, F–L); dorsal apodeme short, transverse, laterally desclerotized; preatrium short, 0.17–0.33 as long as greatest width across base of aedeagus. Connective articulated with preatrium (Fig. 28E).</p> <p>Etymology. Named in Greek for the apex or head, cephalis, of the aedeagus that has four, tetra, teeth, acaina, contracted to tetra-ca-phalis. Gender feminine.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Male and female.</p> <p>Morphology.</p> <p>Head. Male head width/pronotum width=1.13–1.17, female head width/pronotum width=1.14–1.16; crown angle in male 83–86° and female 82–85°; crown length/crown length next to eye in male=1.67–1.75, female=1.65– 1.75.</p> <p>Ocellus. Male ocellus diameter 25–29 µm; interocular distance 62–73 µm, female ocellus diameter 26–29 µm; interocular distance 60–71 µm; ocellus diameter/interocular distance in male 0.35–0.46, female=0.38–0.47.</p> <p>Tegmina. Male length/width=2.36–2.55, female length/width=2.46–2.75.</p> <p>Hind wing. Male length/width=3.29–3.67. Female length/width=3.43–3.81.</p> <p>Tegmina-hind wing relation. Male ratio of length tegmina/length hind wing=1.19–1.24; width tegmina/width hind wing=1.60–1.85.</p> <p>Measurements.</p> <p>Male (n=32). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.66–3.83 mm; apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.55–3.82 mm; crown length 0.73–0.77 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.43–0.45 mm; pronotum length 0.42–0.44 mm; head width 1.34–1.39 mm; pronotum width 1.15–1.22 mm; ocellus diameter 25–29 µm; interocular distance 62–73 µm; crown angle 83–86°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.67–1.75; head width/pronotum width=1.13–1.17; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.35–0.46; crown length/pronotum length=1.69–1.82; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.35–0.37; length from apex of crown to apex of tegmina/length from apex of crown to apex of abdomen=0.98–1.05.</p> <p>Female (n=41). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.73–3.91 mm; apex of crown to apex of abdomen 4.28–4.75 mm; crown length 0.77–0.80 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.45–0.48 mm; pronotum length 0.43–0.45 mm; head width 1.38–1.43 mm; pronotum width 1.20–1.25 mm; ocellus diameter 26–29 µm; interocular distance 60–71 µm; crown angle 82–85°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.65–1.75; head width/pronotum width=1.14–1.16; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.38–0.47; crown length/pronotum length=1.73–1.84; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.30–0.40.</p> <p>Terminalia.</p> <p>Male.</p> <p>Segment 10. Narrowly conical in dorsal view, lateral margins straight, greatest width/least width=1.50–1.79, greatest length/greatest width=1.06–1.32 (Fig. 28A); greatest width segment 10/width across pygofer at point greatest width segment 10=0.51–0.53.</p> <p>Pygofer lobe. 2–3 short macrosetae (44–69 µm long).</p> <p>Subgenital plate. Length/width=1.25–1.52; 13–19 macrosetae in distal half, length 105–166 µm.</p> <p>Valve. Length/width=0.19–0.22.</p> <p>Style. Greatest length/greatest width=2.86–4.22, length apophysis/greatest length=0.14–0.20.</p> <p>Connective. Width stem/width arms=0.49–0.56; length arms/length stem=0.86–1.96; angle of arms 78–106°; greatest length/greatest width=0.49–0.66; length stem/width greatest=0.19–0.31, Fig. 28E.</p> <p>Aedeagus. Aedeagal shaft in lateral view curvate, tubular, tapered distad, slightly compressed basally (Fig. 28B), apex with two paired, elongate tubular narrow teeth, orientation dorsad and ventrad respectively (Fig. 28F, J–L), shaft at anterior basal margin with symmetrically or asymmetrically forked tooth, (Fig. 28C) or separate, slightly asymmetric, paired teeth (Fig. 28G). Dorsal apodeme reduced, or in Clanwilliam specimen with lateral desclerotized lobes (Fig. 28G), preatrium short, length preatrium/greatest width across base in aedeagus=0.17–0.33. Atrium and preatrium transverse, rectangular (Fig. 28C, H), narrower than in other species of Proekes.</p> <p>Female.</p> <p>Sternite 7. Posterior margin sublinear. Length/width=0.45–0.54; width across apex/width across base=0.65– 0.76; medial length/average lateral length=0.92–1.04.</p> <p>Valvula 1. Sculpture laterally reticulate submarginally (Fig. 29F), striate marginally (Fig. 28F); sculpture medially finely striate (Fig. 29E).</p> <p>Valvula 2. Lateral sculpture in Fig. 29G, medially with fine teeth and curvate, anastomosing transverse basal sculpture (Fig. 29H); length to confluence of paired apex/length greatest=0.34–0.37.</p> <p>Valvula 3. Extended beyond posterior margin of pygofer (Fig. 24J), 1.42–1.48 times longer than greatest length of pygofer in lateral view; 30–50 macrosetae at apex and subapex, length 14–35 µm (Fig. 29, D).</p> <p>Valvifer 1. Length/width=1.70–2.35).</p> <p>Valvifer 2. Shape as in Fig. 29A, length/width=2.75–3.14, sculpture submarginal with few microtrichia and circular pore-like structures (Fig. 29B).</p> <p>Remarks. This species is recognized by the double, paired teeth at the apex of the narrow, aedeagal shaft. At present the specimen from Clanwilliam with additional, elongate teeth medially (Fig. 28H, I) and subapical anterior, short paired teeth, is included here. These lateral teeth resemble those of P. diacaphalis sp.n., but included here for the apical dentation. The short, paired teeth on the anterior, subbasal margin of the aedeagal shaft are considered equivalent to those in Fig. 28B. This species was clearly associated with Ericaceae, that was easy to sweep in short plants all appearing as one species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7FF82FFC18FB9DF42FDEE704F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stiller, Michael;Webb, Michael D.	Stiller, Michael, Webb, Michael D. (2022): Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini). Zootaxa 5199 (1): 1-79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
03D987B7FF86FFCF8FB9DD68FE507507.text	03D987B7FF86FFCF8FB9DD68FE507507.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Proekes diacaphalis Stiller & Webb 2022	<div><p>Proekes diacaphalis sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs 27E–H, 30A–L)</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Type locality. Holotype male, South Africa, Western Cape province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.059&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.997" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.059/lat -32.997)">Groot winterhoek Nature Reserve</a>, Porterville, -32.997, 19.059, 8 Feb. 2022, M. Stiller; sweeping Anthospermum spathulatum Rubiaceae, CCDL28613, SANC.</p> <p>Type specimen. Holotype male, glued to triangle card, pinned, with genitalia in a separate microvial. Original label: “ R.S. A. Groot- / winterhoek / Nature Reserve / -32.997 / 19.059 8.ii. / 2022 M. Stiller” “sweep / Anthospermum spathulatum Rubiaceae ” “ SANC Pretoria Dbase# CCDL 28613”.</p> <p>Paratypes. 20♂♂, 21♀♀, 1 nymph</p> <p>South Africa, Western Cape province.</p> <p>9♂♂, 12♀♀, ibid holotype; CCDL 28613; SANC.</p> <p>10♂♂, 8♀♀; Grootwinterhoek Nature Reserve, Porterville; -32.997, 19.059; 8 Feb. 2022; M.Stiller leg.; sweeping Erica or Salaxis spp Ericaceae; CCDL 28622; SANC.</p> <p>1♂, ibid holotype; sweeping Erica inflata; CCDL 28623; SANC.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Crown angle in male 87–91°, female 85–91°. Length from apex of crown to apex of abdomen in male 3.66–3.88 mm, female 3.61–3.85 mm. Subgenital plate with 7–9 macrosetae apically (Fig. 30C). Aedeagus with shaft in lateral view sublinear, slightly compressed, cross section ovate; shaft at apex with paired, basally depressed, right-angled to shaft, elongate tooth, apical third acuminate, angled ventrolaterad; shaft medially with tubular, paired, elongate tooth, slightly shorter than apical tooth; dorsal apodeme 0.34–0.48 times as long as shaft, transverse, laterally with desclerotized lobes; preatrium reduced (Fig. 30D–F). Connective fused to atrium (Fig. 30J).</p> <p>Etymology. Named in Greek for the apex or head, cephalis, of the aedeagus with two, di, teeth, acaina, contracted to di-aca-phalis. Gender feminine.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Male and female.</p> <p>Morphology.</p> <p>Head. Male head width/pronotum width=1.11–1.15, female head width/pronotum width=1.11–1.17; crown angle in male 87–91°, female 85–91°; crown length/crown length next to eye in male=1.63–1.71, female=1.60–1.73.</p> <p>Ocellus. Male ocellus diameter 26–30 µm; interocular distance 64–77 µm, female ocellus diameter 24–35 µm; interocular distance 61–72 µm; ocellus diameter/interocular distance in male=0.35–0.45, female=0.34–0.36.</p> <p>Tegmina. Male length/width=2.53–2.64, female length/width=2.46–2.75.</p> <p>Hind wing. Male length/width=3.33–3.67, female length/width=3.43–3.81.</p> <p>Tegmina-hind wing relation. Male ratio of length tegmina/length hind wing=1.10–1.19; width tegmina/width hind wing =1.46–1.68. Female ratio of length tegmina/length hind wing=1.15–1.19; width tegmina/width hind wing=1.44–1.86.</p> <p>Male.</p> <p>Measurements.</p> <p>Male (n=19). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.65–3.87 mm; apex of crown to apex of abdomen 3.48–3.88 mm; crown length 0.71–0.74 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.42–0.45 mm; pronotum length 0.42–0.45 mm; head width 1.36–1.45 mm; pronotum width 1.20–1.29 mm; ocellus diameter 26–30 µm; interocular distance 62–76 µm; crown angle 86–91°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.63–1.71; head width/pronotum width=1.11–1.15; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.36–0.46; crown length/pronotum length=1.59–1.73; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.34–0.36; length from apex of crown to apex of tegmina/length from apex of crown to apex of abdomen=0.98–1.06.</p> <p>Female (n=20). Apex of crown to apex of tegmina 3.60–3.85 mm; apex of crown to apex of abdomen 4.30–4.74 mm; crown length 0.71–0.77 mm; crown length next to eyes 0.43–0.46 mm; pronotum length 0.42–0.45 mm; head width 1.37–1.46 mm; pronotum width 1.20–1.28 mm; ocellus diameter 24–35 µm; interocular distance 61–72 µm; crown angle 84–90°; crown length/crown length next to eye=1.60–1.73; head width/pronotum width=1.11–1.17; ocellus diameter/interocular distance=0.37–0.52; crown length/pronotum length=1.62–1.78; pronotum length/ pronotum width=0.34–0.36; length from apex of crown to apex of tegmina/length from apex of crown to apex of abdomen=0.79–0.86.</p> <p>Terminalia.</p> <p>Male.</p> <p>Segment 10. Dolioform (lateral margins convex), greatest width/least width=1.81–1.97, greatest length/greatest width=0.98–1.06; greatest width segment 10/width across pygofer at point greatest width of segment 10=0.52–0.60 (Fig. 30B).</p> <p>Pygofer lobe. 2–4 macrosetae (39–67 µm long) (Fig. 30A).</p> <p>Subgenital plate. Length/width=1.43–1.64; 7–9 macrosetae in distal quarter, length 97–155 µm, few short setae at apex (Fig. 30C).</p> <p>Style. Greatest length/average width=4.83–6.27, length apophysis/greatest length=0.18–0.22 (Fig. 30H), apophysis with fine ventral teeth (Fig. 30K, L).</p> <p>Connective. Fused to atrium. Width arm/width stem=1.33–2.09; length arms/length stem=1.66–2.93; angle of arms 53–88°; greatest width/greatest length=1.54–2.37; length stem/width greatest=0.12–0.23 (Fig. 30J).</p> <p>Aedeagus. Aedeagal shaft in lateral view sublinear, slightly compressed (medial width/medial width in dorsal or ventral view=1.83–2.50) (Fig. 30D), ovate cross-section. Shaft in anterior view, with apex of shaft laterally with right-angled, elongate, curvate, apical paired tooth, base depressed, apical half tubular, acuminate, apex orientation anterolaterad (Fig. 30E); shaft medially with elongate tubular, curvate paired tooth, orientation laterad (Fig. 30F). Dorsal apodeme elongate (0.34–0.38 times as long as greatest length of aedeagus in lateral view), in dorsal view transverse, narrow, desclerotized anteriorly. Preatrium reduced. Gonopore ovoid, with variable tooth-like protrusions (Fig. 30G).</p> <p>Female.</p> <p>Sternite 7. Posterior margin slightly convex medially. Length/width=0.43–0.48; width across apex/width across base=0.60–0.71; medial length/average lateral length=1.03–1.14) (Fig. 30I).</p> <p>Valvula 2. Length to confluence of paired apex/length greatest=0.31–0.36.</p> <p>Valvula 3. Extended beyond posterior margin of pygofer 1.55–1.58 times longer than greatest length of pygofer in lateral view; 9–16 macrosetae at apex and subapex, length 21–38 µm.</p> <p>Valvifer 1. Longer than wide (length/width=1.43–1.69), variable dorsal margin, narrowly rounded, rectangular anteriorly or dorsal and ventral margins sublinear.</p> <p>Valvifer 2. Uniformly curved anteroventral margin and straight posterodorsal margin (length/width=2.69–3.11), sculpture submarginal with few microtrichia and circular pore-like structures.</p> <p>Remarks. The male has a tubular aedeagal shaft with paired, apical, elongated, depressed teeth and medially with tubular, curvate teeth, with laterad orientation, and the only species with the dorsal apodeme about half as long as shaft, without basal teeth on the shaft. The subgenital plate has few macrosetae at apex, and the only feature reliable for determination in whole specimens. The paired medial teeth resemble that of P. tetracaphalis sp. n. in the single specimen from Clanwilliam. Female terminalia with sternite 7 with posterior margin sinuous with short rounded medial lobe appears more pronounced than in other species of Proekes. This species appears to be associated with Anthospermum, with a few records on Erica. The former plant was distinctly taller than surrounding vegetation, but not as abundant at the time of collection, and more difficult to sample due to its flexible stems and tightly arranged leaves.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D987B7FF86FFCF8FB9DD68FE507507	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stiller, Michael;Webb, Michael D.	Stiller, Michael, Webb, Michael D. (2022): Leafhoppers of the Fynbos Biome of South Africa: Colistra, Proekes, Proekoides and a new genus (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae, Bonaspeiini). Zootaxa 5199 (1): 1-79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5199.1.1
