taxonID	type	description	language	source
039887C6900E0473FF44FCDC2C8287C7.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Sodré et al. 2019): — BRAZIL. Mato Grosso do Sul: “ in campis arenosis secus Rio Pardo ”, September 1826, L. Riedel 546 (LE 00003045!; isolectotype G 00434413!). (Fig. 1, A – C)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900E0473FF44FCDC2C8287C7.taxon	description	Subshrub with hirsute indumentum. Young branches and leaves covered with stellate porrect trichomes; the porrect (central) ray much longer than the lateral rays. Inflorescences densely congested and axis reduced. The calyx of pistillate flowers is foliaceous and has 6 to 8 sepals. The species belongs to sect. Geiseleria subsect. Podostachys (Klotzsch 1841: 193) Müller Argoviensis (1865: 134) (Riina et al. 2021).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900E0473FF44FCDC2C8287C7.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil (GO, MG, MS, PR, RS, SC, SP) (Sodré et al. 2019, Caruzo et al. 2020, Riina et al. 2021). Subshrubs from ‘ cerrado’, between 560 and 1000 m elevation. (Fig. 2).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900E0473FF44FCDC2C8287C7.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from October to March, and fruiting in January.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900E0473FF44FCDC2C8287C7.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — BRAZIL. Paraná: Campo Mourão, Cerrado Valtra, 24 ° 00 ’’ 52.04 ’ S, 52 ° 21 ’ 47.02 ” W, 555 m, 19 October 2016, A. P. N. Pereira, F. S. Petrongari & O. L. M. Silva 29 (SP). Idem, 13 October 1965, G. Hatschbach 1953 (MBM). Idem, 17 March 2006, M. G. Caxambu 1104 (HCF). Guarapuava, Fazenda 3 Capões, 10 January 1984, G. Hatschbach 47331 (MBM).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900E0472FF44FA302F758297.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Sa ̃ o Paulo: “ in campis editis e. g. ad Ypanema, ubi Erva Mular ”, January 1818, C. F. P. von Martius s. n. (holotype M 0086128!, photo F 19474!). (Fig. 1, D – I)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900E0472FF44FA302F758297.taxon	description	Croton antisyphiliticus is a subshrub that can be recognized by its irregularly serrate leaves with sessile nectary glands along the leaf margin. Due to its wide geographic distribution and its occurrence in different types of habitats, the species has a great morphological variability throughout its range, especially in vegetative characteristics like leaf shape and indumentum density. The species belongs to sect. Geiseleria subsect. Ocalia (Klotzsch 1841: 195) van Ee & Berry (2021: 136) (Riina et al. 2021).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900E0472FF44FA302F758297.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil (AM, DF, GO, MG, MT, PR, SC, SP, TO) (Sodré et al. 2019, Riina et al. 2021). Plants growing in open vegetation and ‘ cerrado’, between 700 and 960 m elevation. (Fig. 2).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900E0472FF44FA302F758297.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from March and July to December, fruiting from September to November.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900E0472FF44FA302F758297.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Arapoti, Fazenda do Tigre, 9 September 1960, G. Hatschbach 7269 (MBM). Jaguariaíva, estrada para acesso ao Parque Estadual do Cerrado, 24 ° 13 ’ 18.51 ” S, 49 ° 41 ’ 40.15 ” W, 851 m, 21 October 2016, A. P. N. Pereira, F. P. Satori & O. L. M. Silva 41 (SP). Palmeira, Fazenda Boiada. 14 March 2013, G. Felitto & E. D. Lozano 516 (MBM). Ponta Grossa, Buraco do Padre, 25 ° 11 ’ 06.9 ” S, 49 ° 58 ’ 22 ” W, 883 m, 02 November 2007, M. G. Caxambu 1739 (CGMS, UFMT, HCF, MBM). Ventania, Fazenda Santa Inês, 14 October 2005, D. A. Estevan 876 (FUEL, HCF, HUCS).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900C0471FF44FB002E178A63.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Berry et al. 2017): — ARGENTINA. Corrientes: 1833, A. J. A. Bonpland s. n. (P 00623061!; isolectotype P 00623060!). Remaining syntypes: — PARAGUAY: April – May 1845, H. A. Weddell 3207 (P 00623062!, P 00623063!). (Fig. 1, J)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900C0471FF44FB002E178A63.taxon	description	This species is a small shrub. Paraná specimens are unusually glabrescent, compare with specimens from Paraguay, Argentina and Bolivia, which are more similar to the type specimen, having a sparse indument of whitish trichomes on branches, leaves, and fruits. Croton bonplandianus is also characterized by its delicate lax inflorescences, the presence of a pair of sessile or subsessile patelliform basilaminar nectary glands, and oblongoid capsules. Specimens of Croton bonplandianus from Paraná have been identified erroneously in herbaria as C. glyptospermus Müller Argoviensis (1873: 117), a species described for Goiás state. These species can be distinguished by leaf shape (ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate in C. bonplandianus vs. ovate to broadly ovate in C. glyptospermus), leaf margin (serrulate in C. bonplandianus vs. entire in C. glyptospermus), indument on the abaxial side of leaves (sparsely pubescent to glabrous in C. bonplandianus vs. densely pubescent in C. glyptospermus), and fruit shape (oblongoid in C. bonplandianus vs. globose in C. glyptospermus). It belongs to sect. Adenophylli subsect. Pungentes Croizat (1944: 19) (van Ee & Berry 2021).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900C0471FF44FB002E178A63.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Brazil (MS, MT, PR) (Caruzo et al. 2020). The native range of Croton bonplandianus is in the Neotropics, however, it is an introduced and naturalizing species in tropical Africa, Asia, and in the Western Indian Ocean Region (Berry et al. 2017, WCSP 2022). Shrubs growing near to the Paraná river, in dry environments, and, rarely in edges of semideciduous seasonal forest, between 230 and 300 m elevation (Fig. 2).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900C0471FF44FB002E178A63.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting from October, September and November.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900C0471FF44FB002E178A63.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Diamante do Norte, Estação Ecológica do Caiuá, 10 November 2001, C. I. L. F. Rosa 68 (HUEM). Idem, idem, 06 September 1998, J. M. Silva, E. Barbosa & L. O. Abe 2491 (MBM). Marilena, Rio Paranapanema, 14 March 2007, M. C. Souza, J. D. Dias, S. Rodrigues, T. S. Michelan & V. C. Harthman 1695 (HUEM). Porto Rico, Ilha Porto Rico, Lagoa Figueira, 27 March 2008, K. K. Kita, L. F. Viana, Z. Marchetti & I. Galbiati 735 (HUEM). São Pedro do Paraná, Porto Eucalipto, rio Paraná margem esquerda, 05 December 2006, M. C. Souza, S. R. Slusarski, S. Rodrigues & A. S. da Silva 1742 (HUEM).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900D0470FF44FF142F1D81C3.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: Vacaria, Passo do Socorro, em campos secos arbustivos, 27 December 1951, B. Rambo s. n. (PACA 51528!) (Illustration available in Allem 1979: 68).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900D0470FF44FF142F1D81C3.taxon	description	The species has few records for the state of Paraná, two field trips were made to verify its distribution range, but unfortunately, it was not found. Croton calycireduplicatus is a shrub that can be recognized by its slightly laciniate pistillate sepals, and conspicuous reduplicate-valvate aestivation. We did not see any specimens with pistillate and staminate flowers in the same individual, which may indicate that C. calycireduplicatus is a dioecious species. Collections of C. calycireduplicatus were previously misidentified as C. montevidensis Sprengel (1826: 873). The latter species occurs in Uruguay and Brazil (RS), and its distribution is restricted to the Pampa biome. These species are very similar morphologically but can be distinguished mainly by their habitats and by the margins of sepals of the pistillate flowers (serrate in C. calycireduplicatus vs. entire in C. montevidensis). The species is a member of section Barhamia subsect. Medea (Klotzsch 1841: 193) Pax (1890: 39) (van Ee et al. 2011).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900D0470FF44FF142F1D81C3.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in southern Brazil (RS, SC) (Smith et al. 1988, Caruzo et al. 2020), and we report this species for the Paraná state for the first time (Fig. 2). Plants were found in edges of Araucaria forest and sandy soil along riverbanks, between 700 and 900 m elevation.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900D0470FF44FF142F1D81C3.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting November to December.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900D0470FF44FF142F1D81C3.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Palmeira, Rod. Curitiba – Ponta Grossa, Rio Tibagi, 03 November 1975, R. Kummrow 975 (MBM); 03 November 1975, R. Kummrow 976 (MBM). Rio Branco do Sul, Brumado, 06 December 1995, G. Hatschbach, L. Landrum & L. Kawasaki 64024 (MBM). Tibagi, próximo ao Rio Barrinha, 28 November 1993, F. Chagas e Silva 1668 (FUEL, HCF).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900D0470FF44FC3C29C6847F.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (first step designated by Lima & Pirani 2008 b, second step designated here): — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: ‘ dans les capueiras’, 1816, A. Saint-Hilaire D- 558 (P 00493358!; isolectotypes P 00493359!, P 00623093!). Remaining syntype: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: ‘ ass. comm. sur. les bords de l’Ouro-Preto’, 1816 – 1821, A. Saint-Hilaire B 1 - 227 (P 00493360!) (Fig. 3, A – E).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900D0470FF44FC3C29C6847F.taxon	description	Croton ceanothifolius is a very common shrub in Paraná. It has discolorous leaves, the adaxial leaf surface with stellate trichomes and the abaxial surface with stellate-lepidote trichomes. Leaf venation can be easily distinguished, and secondary veins are raised on the abaxial surface. The species belongs to sect. Lamprocroton subsect. Lamprocroton (Müller Argoviensis 1873: 244) van Ee & Berry (2011: 93).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900D0470FF44FC3C29C6847F.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in southern (PR, RS, SC) and southeastern Brazil (MG, SP) (Caruzo & Cordeiro 2007, Caruzo et al. 2020). Frequent in habitats include open vegetation, edges of forest, riverbanks, rock outcrops or sandy soils, between 750 and 1200 m elevation. (Fig. 4).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900D0470FF44FC3C29C6847F.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting throughout the year.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900D0470FF44FC3C29C6847F.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Bocaiúva do Sul, Fazenda Serra do Putunã, 17 March 2005, J. M. Silva, L. M. Abe & F. F. Ramos 4294 (MBM, RB). Curitiba, Boqueirão, 28 January 1975, L. F. Ferreira 194 (MBM, MO). Palmeira, Cercado, 14 February 2006, E. Barbosa, J. Cordeiro, E. F. Costa & E. S. Pinto 1201 (MBM, RB). Ponta Grossa, 25 ° 10 ’ 15.1 ” S, 49 ° 55 ’ 28.4 ” W, 1012 m, 16 October 2009, M. G. Caxambu & E. L. Siqueira 2745 (HCF, MBM). União da Vitória, Bom Jesus, 753 m, 08 January 2016, A. P. N. Pereira & C. V. Ubinski 20 (SP).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900D047EFF44F9E82CC783B7.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Santos et al. 2017): — BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: s. d., A. Saint-Hilaire s. n. (P 00623096!, isolectotypes P 00623095!, SP 417993!). Remainimg syntypes: — BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: P. C. D. Claussen s. n. (P n. v., W n. v.); Serra dos Órgãos, 1833, M. Vauthier 93 (G-DC 00311468!, GH 00257899!, MPU 014851!, P 00493362!, P 00493363!, SP 000651!, W 0051195!); Serra dos Órgãos, 1838, G. Gardner 618 (P 00493364!, P 00493365!, P 00493366!, NY 00246524!, NY 00246523!, K 000186059!, US 00109521!, W 0051196!, W 1889 - 013284!) (Fig. 3, F – K).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900D047EFF44F9E82CC783B7.taxon	description	Croton celtidifolius is a small to medium sized tree. It has a pair of stipitate acropetiolar nectary glands, the staminate flowers are long pedicellate with ca. 60 stamens, and the styles are tetrafid. This species is very similarly to C. vulnerarius, however these species can be differentiated by stamen numbers (ca. 60 in C. celtidifolius vs. 80 – 130 in C. vulnerarius), pistillate flower aestivation and pedicel length (valvate and pedicellate in C. celtidifolius vs. imbricate and subsessile in C. vulnerarius), styles (free in C. celtidifolius vs. basally connate in C. vulnerarius) and capsule ornamentation (slightly verrucose in C. celtidifolius vs. smooth in C. vulnerarius). Croton celtidifolius also resembles Croton urucurana, from which it can be differentiated by its nectary glands (stipitate acropetiolar in C. celtidifolius vs. sessile basilaminar in C. urucurana), stamens number (ca. 60 in C. celtidifolius vs. ca. 20 in C. urucurana) and style division (tetrafid in C. celtidifolius vs. bifid in C. urucurana). The species belongs to Croton sect. Cyclostigma Grisebach (1859: 42) (van Ee et al. 2011).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900D047EFF44F9E82CC783B7.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in southern (PR, RS, SC) and southeastern Brazil (ES, MG, RJ, SP) (Santos et al. 2017, Caruzo et al. 2020). Trees growing on edges of Araucaria forest, Atlantic rainforest and riparian forest, between 800 and 990 m elevation (Fig. 4).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900D047EFF44F9E82CC783B7.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting from October to May.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6900D047EFF44F9E82CC783B7.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Adrianópolis, Parque Estadual das Lauráceas, 11 January 2000, I. Isernhagen et al. 308 (MBM, UPCB). Campo Largo, Bateias, 03 January 1978, G. Hatschbach 41075 (MBM, NY). Piraí do Sul, Rod. Governador Parigot de Souza, próximo ao km 247, sentido Jaguariaíva, 20 October 2016, A. P. N. Pereira, O. L. M. Silva & F. S. Petrongari 38 (SP). Quatro Barras, 900 m, 20 January 1999, O. V. Doria, A. A. Carpanezzi & W. Maschio 01 (ESA, HFC, HUEM). Tijucas do Sul, Ribeirão do Mel, 10 January 1992, O. S. Ribas & E. Barbosa 401 (HUEFS, MBM, W).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69003047CFF44FA682EE18303.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated here): — BRAZIL. “ Brasilia meridionalis ”, s. d., F. Sellow s. n. (BR 0000008765802!); idem, F. Sellow s. n. (original syntype B †). Remaining syntypes: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: “ ad Caldas ”, September, A. F. Regnell I 398 (A 00257902!, B †, BR 0000006993894!, BR 0000006994525!, G 00434438!, MEL 2324385!, P 00623099!, P 00623100!, S-R- 10502!, US 01050272); s. loc., L. Riedel s. n. (B †). (Fig. 5, A – F)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69003047CFF44FA682EE18303.taxon	description	Croton chaetophorus is a subshrub with pistillate sepals covered by glands (apparently colleters), except at the base, which is a useful character for its identification. Bracts are lanceolate-rhombic and, due to their morphology, they totally cover the flower buds. The species can be confused with C. serratifolius, however, the bracts and stipules of C. chaetophorus do not have glands, its leaves are ovate to ovate-lanceolate, whereas, in C. serratifolius, bracts and stipules have glands along the margin, and the leaves are elliptic to oblong. The species is a member of Croton sect. Barhamia subsect. Medea (van Ee et al. 2011).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69003047CFF44FA682EE18303.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in southern (PR, SC) and southeastern (MG, SP) Brazil (Smith et al. 1988, Caruzo et al. 2019). Plants grow in open vegetation (‘ campos sujos’), edges of forest and, rarely, in ‘ banhados’, between 980 and 1090 m elevation (Fig. 2).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69003047CFF44FA682EE18303.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting from October to February.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69003047CFF44FA682EE18303.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Clevelandia, 21 November 1972, G. Hatschbach 30807 (MBM). Jaguariaíva, Estrada para acesso ao Parque Estadual do Cerrado, 21 October 2016, A. P. N. Pereira, F. S. Petrongari & O. L. M. Silva 40 (SP). Ortigueira, Rio Capivary Grande, 17 October 1965, G. Hatschbach 13038 (K, MBM, P). Prudentópolis, Relógio, 11 April 1965, G. Hatschbach 12524 (MBM). Turvo, Vegetação Ciliar do Rio Turvo, 25 ° 02 ’ 40.1 ” S, 51 ° 32 ’ 50.1 ” W, M. G. Caxambu 2601 (HCF, MBM).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69001047CFF44FEFC2CA081C3.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated here): — URUGUAY. No locality, 1816, A. SaintHilaire C 2 2117 (P 00634655!, isolectotypes P 00634656!, P 00634657!).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69001047CFF44FEFC2CA081C3.taxon	description	Croton chamaepitys is a shrub with tiny ovate to broadly elliptic leaves, and yellowish to orange indumentum formed by stellate-stipitate and stellate-lepidote trichomes. Here we agree with Ahumada (1991) delimitation of C. chamaepitis, recognizing it as distinct from C. pycnocephalus, a morphologically similar species. The species is also similar to C. serpyllifolius due the tiny leaves and style division (see Table 1). The species belongs to sect. Lamprocroton. subsect. Argentini van Ee & Berry (2011: 93) (van Ee & Berry 2011).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69001047CFF44FEFC2CA081C3.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in Uruguay and Brazil (RS, PR) (Caruzo et al. 2020). The species has only been found in a single locality in Paraná (Lagoa Seca, district of Candói). It grows on rocky outcrops, probably at 950 m elevation (Fig. 4).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69001047CFF44FEFC2CA081C3.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting from August and October.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69001047CFF44FEFC2CA081C3.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Candói, Lagoa Seca, 26 October 2006, E. Barbosa & E. M. Cunha 1752 (MBM). Additional specimen: — RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Bossoroca, 28 ° 44 ’ 49 ” S, 54 ° 51 ’ 25 ” W, 07 September 2012, F. Gonzatti 556 (HUCS, R).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69001047CFF44FB6A2D868514.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. São Paulo: “ campis Mugi ”, November 1833, P. W. Lund s. n. (holotype C 10011298!; isotypes A 00277247!, C 10011297!, G 00312779!). (Fig. 5, G – I)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69001047CFF44FB6A2D868514.taxon	description	This subshrub can be recognized by its densely yellowish to ferrugineous indumentum, the presence of a xylopodium, congested inflorescences, and pinnatifid pistillate sepal. It shares several morphological characters with C. triqueter. However, C. didrichsenii is a subshrub found in ‘ cerrado’, while C. triqueter is a shrub found mainly at the edge of forests. The species belongs to Croton sect. Julocroton (van Ee et al. 2011).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69001047CFF44FB6A2D868514.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It ocurrs in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (BA, DF, GO, MG, MS, MT, PR, RS, SC, SP, TO), Paraguay, and Uruguay (Caruzo & Cordeiro 2007, Cordeiro 1990, Caruzo et al. 2020). It is frequently found in open vegetation (‘ campo limpo’ and ‘ cerrado’), between 550 and 1050 m elevation. (Fig. 6).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69001047CFF44FB6A2D868514.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting from September to March.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69001047CFF44FB6A2D868514.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Campo Mourão, Cerrado Valtra, 24 ° 00 ’’ 52.04 ’ S, 52 ° 21 ’ 47.02 ” W, 555 m, 18 October 2016, A. P. N. Pereira, F. S. Petrongari & O. L. M. Silva 30 (SP). Jaguariaíva, Parque Estadual do Cerrado, 05 November 1994, A. Uhlmann 94 (MBM, UPCB). Idem, Lageado 5 Reis, 18 September 1975, G. Hatschbach 37085 (MBM). Piraí do Sul, Rodovia PR- 090, 10 km O do alto da Serra das Furnas, 12 January 2000, G. Hatschbach, M. Hatschbach & J. M. Silva 69899 (MBM). Tibagi, Fazenda Monte Alegre, 16 September 1952, G. Hatschbach 3078 (MBM).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69001047BFF44F806283380C7.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Santos et al. 2017): — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: “ Habitat ad Porto do Rio Cervo inter Ouro fino et Caldas ”, s. d., A. F. Regnell II 242 (P 00623149; isolectotypes P 00623148!, A 00257923!, BR 0000008766496!, BR 0000008766823!, C 10011167!, F 0056120 F!, F 0093628 F!, S 07 - 12794!, S 07 - 12795!, S 07 - 12796!, S 07 - 12797, US 00902151!, US 00902150!). (Fig. 5, J – O)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69001047BFF44F806283380C7.taxon	description	This tree can be recognized by its stipitate acropetiolar nectary glands, reduplicate-valvate aestivation on staminate and pistillate flowers, and strongly muricate fruits. Some specimens of Croton eichleri have been identified erroneously in herbaria as C. floribundus. However, these species differ by the presence of acropetiolar nectary glands (present in C. eichleri vs. absent in C. floribundus), leaf base (cordate in C. eichleri vs. rounded in C. floribundus), staminate flowers aestivation (reduplicate-valvate in C. eichleri vs. valvate in C. floribundus), and style division (tetrafid in C. eichleri vs. multifid in C. floribundus). The species is a member of Croton sect. Prisci (van Ee et al. 2011).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69001047BFF44F806283380C7.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in southern (PR) and southeastern (MG, RJ) Brazil (Santos et al. 2017, Caruzo et al. 2020), along edges of semideciduous seasonal forest, between 600 and 920 m elevation (Fig. 6).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69001047BFF44F806283380C7.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from October to December, and fruiting in February.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69001047BFF44F806283380C7.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — BRAZIL. Paraná: Jaguariaíva, fazenda para acesso ao Rio das Mortes, 24 ° 13 ’ 43.06 ” S, 49 ° 39 ’ 05.36 ” W, 918 m, 22 October 2016, A. P. N. Pereira, F. S. Petrongari & O. L. M. Silva 43 (SP). Pitanga, Propriedade de Eugênio Pedrini, 13 December 2005, M. G. Caxambu 940 (CGMS, DVPR, HCF). Ortigueira, 15 December 2011, R. A. Bonaldi 492 (RB, SP). Idem, Vila Palmital, 10 December 2012, M. Selusniaki & E. D. Lozano 3509 (HCF). São Jerônimo da Serra, Sítio Três Meninas, 07 December 1999, O. C. Pavão s. n. (FUEL 28341).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69006047AFF44F9EC28F0834B.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. s. loc., s. d., F. Sellow s. n. (holotype B †); s. loc., s. d., F. Sellow 171 (neotype SP 001046!, designated by Caruzo & Cordeiro 2007). (Fig. 7, A – E)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69006047AFF44F9EC28F0834B.taxon	description	Croton floribundus is a tree without leaf nectary glands, with a long and pendulous inflorescence, multifid styles and muricate fruits. The species has been confused with C. eichleri (see comments under C. eichleri). Croton floribundus belongs to Croton sect. Lasiogyne (van Ee et al. 2011).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69006047AFF44F9EC28F0834B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in Paraguay and Brazil (AL, BA, CE, DF, ES, MG, MS, MT, PB, PR, RJ, SP) (Santos et al. 2017). It is commonly found in edges of forests and in clearings, between 240 and 900 m elevation. (Fig. 6).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69006047AFF44F9EC28F0834B.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from August to December, and fruiting from November to April.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69006047AFF44F9EC28F0834B.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — BRAZIL. Paraná: Bandeirantes, Mata do Laranjinha, 10 October, 1995, M. V. F. Tomé 522 (MBM). Califórnia, Rodovia para Apucarana, 15 November 1966, J. Lindeman & H. Haas 3262 (K, MBM, NY, RB). Cianorte, Fazenda Lagoa, 24 August 1967, G. Hatschbach 16478 (MBM, P, US). Jaguariaíva, fazenda para acesso ao Rio das Mortes, 24 ° 13 ’ 43.06 ” S, 49 ° 39 ’ 05.36 ” W, 918 m, 22 October 2016, A. P. N. Pereira, F. S. Petrongari & O. L. M. Silva 42 (SP). Tomazina, 15 km N, 19 October 1966, J. C. Lindeman & J. H. Haas 3157 (K, MBM, NY, W).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690040479FF44FF1428EC8157.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Sodré & Silva 2020): — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: “ prope Barreira, inter frutices, ad camporum margines et in vepretis ”, s. d., C. F. P. von Martius Obs. 1407 (M 0089129!; isolectotype G 00434720!). (Illustration available in Sodré & Silva 2020: 210)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690040479FF44FF1428EC8157.taxon	description	Croton fulvus is morphologically similar to C. grandivelus, due to overlapping features (such as shrub habit, stature, presence of colleters, trichome type, and entire stipules with colleters at the base). Sodré & Silva (2020) used stem branching as a diagnostic character (much-branched stems in dichotomous or trichotomous, sometimes even in 6 - furcation in C. fulvus vs. few-branched stems in simple ramifications or in dichotomies, sometimes trichotomies in C. grandivelus), stem ornamentation (striate in C. fulvus vs. smooth in C. grandivelus), and capsule shape and indumentum (oblong and pubescent in C. fulvus vs. globose and velutinous in C. grandivelus). The species belongs to sect. Adenophylli subsect. Velamea (Baillon 1864: 316) van Ee & Berry (2021: 333)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690040479FF44FF1428EC8157.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (BA, DF, GO, MA, MG, MS, MT, PR, SP, TO), and Paraguay (Sodré & Silva 2020), in cerrado and “ campo sujo ”, between 700 and 805 m of elevation (Fig. 6).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690040479FF44FF1428EC8157.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting from November to February	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690040479FF44FF1428EC8157.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — BRAZIL. Paraná: Arapoti, Rio das Cinzas, Barra do Perdizes, 11 November 1960, G. Hatschbach 6838 (MBM); 26 February 1961, G. Hatschbach 7764 (MBM); margem da PR- 239, próximo a cachoeira, 24 ° 10 ’ 38.6 ” S, 49 ° 54 ’ 3.9 ” W, 803 m, 4 November 2007, M. G. Caxambu et al. 1938 (HCF, MBM, UFMT). Sengés, by the road to Jaguariaíva, 24 ° 8 ’ S, 49 ° 28 ’ W, 800 m, 19 January 1965, L. B. Smith et al. 14862 (HBR, US).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690040478FF44FCC02C3D8303.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. São Paulo: Franca, June 1834, P. W. Lund s. n. (holotype C; isotype G-DC 00312539!). (Fig. 7, F – I)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690040478FF44FCC02C3D8303.taxon	description	This subshrub can be recognized by its glabrescent young branches and leaves, rhombic or obovate leaf blades, and the presence of a xylopodium. The species is viscid due to the presence of glands along the margin of the stipules, bracts, and pistillate sepals. It is a member of section Barhamia subsect. Medea (van Ee et al. 2011).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690040478FF44FCC02C3D8303.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Occurs in midwestern (MS), southern (PR), and southeastern (SP) Brazil (Caruzo & Cordeiro 2007, Caruzo et al. 2020), growing in the ‘ cerrado’ habitat, between 555 and 730 m elevation. (Fig. 8).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690040478FF44FCC02C3D8303.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting from September to October.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690040478FF44FCC02C3D8303.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — BRAZIL. Paraná: Campo Mourão, 14 October 1965, G. Hatschbach 13022 (HCF, MBM, RB). Idem, Cerrado Valtra, 24 ° 00 ’ 36.69 ” S, 52 ° 21 ’ 47.24 ” W, 555 m, 19 October 2016, A. P. N. Pereira, F. S. Petrongari & O. L. M. Silva 31 (SP). Tibagi, Fazenda Monte Alegre, Harmonia, 14 September 1952, G. Hatschbach 2807 (MBM, NY).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690050478FF44FEFC2F8E86CF.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Fawcett & Rendle 1920): — JAMAICA. s. loc., s. d., P. Browne s. n. (LINN 1140.7!). (Fig. 7, J – L)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690050478FF44FEFC2F8E86CF.taxon	description	A subshrub often confused with C. lundianus, but they can be differentiated by their inflorescences (staminate and pistillate flowers contiguous in C. glandulosus vs. staminate and pistillate flowers separated by a sterile zone in C. lundianus). Croton lundianus also resembles C. glechomifolius, a prostrate subshrub, with reniform leaves, and fruits facing the ground, whereas C. glandulosus is an erect subshrub, with elliptic to ovate leaves, and bearing fruits on erect axes. The species most similar to C. glandulosus is probably C. trinitatis, however, they can be distinguished mainly by the pistillate flowers (sessile in C. glandulosus vs. conspicuously pedicellate in C. trinitatis). Furthermore, capsules can be a good character for identification, as observed by Sodré et al. (2019) (green with white lines on the sutures in C. glandulosus vs. greenish or orange without lines in C. trinitatis). Croton glandulosus belongs to section Geiseleria subsect. Geiseleria (Gray 1856: 391) van Ee & Berry (2021: 135).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690050478FF44FEFC2F8E86CF.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in the U. S. A., Mexico, the Caribbean, and the rest of tropical America, and it has been introduced in the Old World tropics (Riina et al. 2021). In Brazil, it is found in all states and Distrito Federal (Caruzo et al. 2020). Often weedy subshrubs commonly found in open vegetation (‘ campos limpos’, ‘ sujos’, ‘ cerrados’) and seldom edges of forests, between 200 and 920 m elevation. (Fig. 8).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690050478FF44FEFC2F8E86CF.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting throughout the year.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690050478FF44FEFC2F8E86CF.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Campo Mourão, 09 December 1960, G. Hatschbach 7685 (MBM). Paranaguá, Saquarema, 23 May 1985, J. Cordeiro & J. M. Silva 46 (MBM). Ponta Grossa, Santa Mônica, 28 May 2010, R. Ristow & S. Homan 626 (MBM). Sengés, Rio do Funil (Fazenda Morungava), G. Hatschbach 5074 (MBM). Tuneiras do Oeste, Cerrado alterado, acesso pela BR- 487, 23 ° 54 ’ 39,18 ” S, 52 ° 45 ’ 17.15 ” W, 524 m, 19 October 2016, A. P. N. Pereira, F. S. Petrongari e O. L. M. Silva 36 (SP).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690050478FF44FB382F26857B.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Parana ́: s. loc., 15 November 1828, F. Sellow s. n. (holotype B †, photo F 249290!); Sa ̃ o Paulo: “ in campis graminosis ad furnas ”, March 1826, L. Riedel 263 (neotype LE 00018218!, designated by Sodré et al. 2019). (Fig. 9, A – E)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690050478FF44FB382F26857B.taxon	description	Croton glechomifolius is a prostate subshrub (sometimes growing under other plants) with reniform leaves, flowers and capsules facing downwards, which is uncommon characters in species of Croton from Paraná. It is similar morphologically to C. glandulosus (see comments in C. glandulosus). The species belongs to section Geiseleria subsect. Ocalia (Riina et al. 2021).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690050478FF44FB382F26857B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in Argentina, Brazil (PR, RS, SC, SP), and Paraguay (Caruzo et al. 2020, Riina et al. 2021), growing in open vegetation (‘ campo limpo or ‘ campo sujo’) and, rarely, in sandy soil, between 530 and 1290 m elevation. (Fig. 8).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690050478FF44FB382F26857B.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from September to December, and fruiting from December to April.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690050478FF44FB382F26857B.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — BRAZIL. Paraná: Balsa Nova, Serra São Luiz, 21 October 1998, E. Barbosa & J. Cordeiro 173 (MBM). Campo Mourão, Cerrado Valtra, 24 ° 00 ’ 36.69 ” S, 52 ° 21 ’ 47.24 ” W, 535 m, 19 October 2016, A. P. N. Pereira, F. S. Petrongari e O. L. M. Silva 33 (SP). Palmas, Santo Agostinho, 15 December 1989, G. Hatschbach & V. Nicolack 53661 (MBM). Ponta Grossa, Vila Velha, 15 January 1987, A. Krapovickas & C. L. Cristóbal 40840 (CTES, MBM). São José dos Pinhais, Aeroporto Afonso Pena, 10 October 2009, R. Ristow, A. C. L. Miranda, V. C. M. Guimarães & V. Q. B. Lima 262 (MBM).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690050466FF44F8D42CAC809F.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Santos et al. 2017): — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: s. loc., 1838, P. C. D. Claussen 773 (P 00493373!; isolectotype P 00493372!). Remaining syntype: — BRAZIL. Mato Grosso: s. loc., 1833, C. Gaudichaud-Beaupré 250 (P 00493374!). (Fig. 9, F – J)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690050466FF44F8D42CAC809F.taxon	description	This shrub or small tree can be recognized by its ovate leaves with sessile acropetiolar nectary glands and pistillate petals transformed into conspicuous nectary glands. Croton gracilipes differs from C. urucurana by the length of the staminate flowers (7 mm in C. gracilipes vs. 3.5 in C. urucurana), pistillate petals (nectary glands in C. gracilipes vs. filiform in C. urucurana), and the columella apex (inflated and trilobed in C. gracilipes vs. inconspicuous and unlobed in C. urucurana). It is the only species that can be also found as a small tree that possess an inflated, trilobed columella apex. It belongs to Croton sect. Adenophylli subsect. Pungentes Croizat (van Ee & Berry 2021).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690050466FF44F8D42CAC809F.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil (DF, GO, MG, MS, MT, SP, PR) (Santos et al. 2017, Caruzo et al. 2020), growing in edges of semideciduous seasonal forest, and also in fluvial islands (northwestern Paraná state), between 350 and 900 m elevation. (Fig. 8).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690050466FF44F8D42CAC809F.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from October to April, and fruiting from April, October and November.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690050466FF44F8D42CAC809F.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Adrianópolis, Ponte do Ribeira, 20 February 1981, G. Hatschbach 43630 (MBM, NY). Fênix, Estação Ecológica de Fênix, 23 ° 58 ’ 05.8 ” S, 52 ° 04 ’ 07.4 ” W, 356 m, 18 April, 2013, E. L. Siqueira 655 (HCF, MBM). Jataizinho, Conglomerado 61, 01 June 2015, A. A. Oliveira 1907 (FURB, MBM, RB). Londrina, Rodovia Londrina-Mauá, 04 August 1991, L. H. Soares-Silva, F. C. e Silva & R. Goldenberg 288 (FUEL, K). Santa Maria do Oeste, Rio Pitanga próximo ao Rio Feio, 19 February 2004, G. Hatschbach, M. Hatschbach & E. Barbosa 76807 (MBM, RB).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901B0466FF44FC8829B48717.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Sodré et al. 2017): — BRAZIL. São Paulo: s. loc., 1816 – 1821, A. Saint-Hilaire C 2 1358 (P 00623596!; isolectotypes A 0047307, P 00623597!). (Fig. 9, K – M)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901B0466FF44FC8829B48717.taxon	description	Croton grandivelus is a subshrub with xylopodium, pubescent leaves (on both surfaces), and denser indument along the margin and veins. C. grandivelus is similar to C. subvillosus, due to subshrub habit, stems branched, and size of leaf blade and petiole. Following the circumscription by Sodré et al. (2022), they can be differentiated by stipules (narrowly lanceolate with numerous glands in C. grandivelus vs. glanduliform, with 5 glands in C. subvillosus), secondary veins of leaf blade (6 – 10 pairs in C. grandivelus vs. 9 – 24 pairs in C. subvillosus), sepals of pistillate flowers (ovatelanceolate in C. grandivelus vs. triangular, narrow-triangular, or ovate in C. subvillosus). The species also resembles C. fulvus (see comments under C. fulvus). The species belongs to sect. Adenophylli subsect. Velamea.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901B0466FF44FC8829B48717.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in Bolivia and Brazil (MG, MS, PR, SP) (Caruzo et al. 2020). Subshrubs from open vegetation, usually found in ‘ cerrado’, between 550 and 790 m elevation. (Fig. 10).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901B0466FF44FC8829B48717.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from October to February and fruiting from October, November and February.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901B0466FF44FC8829B48717.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Arapoti, 25 October 1961, G. Hatschbach 8368 (HBR, L, MBM, UPCB, US). Jaguariaíva, Casa Nova, 790 m, 04 April 1915, P. K. H. Duse ́ n 16973 (F, NY). Tibagi, Fazenda Monte Alegre, 21 November 1942, G. Ceccatto & J. C. H. Barbosa 36 (F, RB). Campo Mourão, Cerrado Valtra, 24 ° 00 ’’ 52.04 ’ S, 52 ° 21 ’ 47.02 ” W, 555 m, 18 October 2016, A. P. N. Pereira, F. S. Petrongari & O. L. M. Silva 27 (SP).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901B0466FF44FA0029A3858B.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Smith et al. 1988): — BRAZIL. São Paulo: s. loc., 1833, C. Gaudichaud-Beaupré 8 (P 00623554!). Remaining syntype: — BRAZIL. São Paulo: “ campos près des Jaquarihahiba ”, 1816 – 1821, A. Saint-Hilaire C 2 1443 (P 00623555!). (Fig. 11, A – E)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901B0466FF44FA0029A3858B.taxon	description	Croton heterodoxus is a subshrub that can be recognized by its lanose indumentum, densely congested inflorescences, and stipules, bracts and pistillate sepals with stipitate glands (colleters) along the margin. The species is a member of section Barhamia subsect. Medea (van Ee et al. 2011).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901B0466FF44FA0029A3858B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in Uruguay and Brazil (PR, SC, SP) (Smith et al. 1988, Caruzo et al. 2020), growing in open vegetation (‘ campos limpos’ and ‘ campos sujos’), also common in Campos Gerais in Paraná, between 840 and 1040 m elevation. (Fig. 10)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901B0466FF44FA0029A3858B.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from August to March, and fruiting from March, August, October and December.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901B0466FF44FA0029A3858B.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Jaguariaíva, Fazenda Chapadão, 19 August 2010, E. Barbosa, J. Cordeiro, L. von Lessing & E. F. Costa 2672 (MBM, RB). Palmeira, próximo ao Haras Valente, 04 February 1999, G. Hatschbach & S. R. Ziller 68956 (MBM). Ponta Grossa, PARNA Campos Gerais, Furnas Gêmeas, 12 November 2015, A. P. N. Pereira e R. F. Santos 05 (SP). São Jerônimo da Serra, Fazenda Nho O, 26 September 1970, G. Hatschbach & O. Guimarães 24795 (MBM). Sengés, Rio Itararé, 15 June 1971, G. Hatschbach 26731 (MBM).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690180465FF44FBF728FC849C.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: between the municipalities of Caçador and Joaçaba, 6 February 1957, L. B. Smith & R. Klein 10937 (holotype US 00109585!; isotypes K 000574189!, NY 00262911!, R 000200947!, UC 1079902!). (Fig. 11, F – J)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690180465FF44FBF728FC849C.taxon	description	Croton ichthygaster is a rare shrub, recently rediscovered by Pereira et al. (2017 a). It can be recognized by its orange latex, glabrescent to glabrous leaves adaxial surface, and sessile basilaminar glands (sometimes absent in a few leaves of the same specimen). It belongs to sect. Adenophylli subsect. Meridionalis van Ee & Berry (2021: 331) (van Ee & Berry 2021).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690180465FF44FBF728FC849C.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in southern (PR, SC) Brazil, growing in open vegetation, riversides, especially in ‘ campos de Palmas’ from southern Brazil, (Smith et al. 1988, Pereira et al. 2017 a), probably between 900 and 1250 m elevation (Fig. 10).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690180465FF44FBF728FC849C.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from February, October and November, and fruiting from November and February.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690180465FF44FBF728FC849C.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: General Carneiro, Lajeado River, 12 February 1966, G. Hatschbach, J. Lindeman & H. Haas 13750 (MBM, US); 18 October 1966, G. Hatschbach 14976 (K, MBM, NY, UPCB). SANTA CATARINA: Água Doce, near Chapecó River, 26 ° 42 ’ 31.7 ” S, 51 ° 27 ’ 17.6 ” W, 1244 m, 23 November 2016, A. P. N. Pereira, M. B. R. Caruzo & R. Riina 47 (SP); A. P. N. Pereira, M. B. R. Caruzo & R. Riina 48 (SP); M. B. R. Caruzo, A. P. N. Pereira & R. Riina 201 (SP). Porto União, Matos Costa, 23 February 1962, R. Reitz & R. M. Klein 12363 (CRI, US).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690180463FF44F88F2E4E83FF.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — URUGUAY. Montevideo, s. loc., s. d., P. Commerson s. n. (holotype P 00623501!; isotypes A 00303800!, F I 011649!, MPU 014842!). (Fig. 11, K – M)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690180463FF44F88F2E4E83FF.taxon	description	Croton lanatus is a shrub easly distiguised by its highly dense indument of stellate trichomes, sessile basilaminar glands, densely pubescent styles, and a pair of sessile glands at the base of bracts. Some specimens have been misidentified as C. reitzii, however, they can be differentiated by leaf shape and inflorescence (ovate to ovate-lanceolate and lax in C. lanatus vs. lanceolate and congested in C. reitzii). Croton lanatus is also morphologically similar to C. thermarum, but they can be distinguished by styles and nectary glands at the bracts (bifid and present in C. lanatus vs. tetrafid and absent in C. thermarum) (see Table 2). Croton lanatus belongs to section Adenophylli subsect. Meridionalis (van Ee & Berry 2021).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690180463FF44F88F2E4E83FF.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil (PR, RS, SC) (Smith et al. 1988, Caruzo & Cordeiro 2007). The species has few records for the state of Paraná, being most commonly found in Rio Grande do Sul. It grows in open vegetation (‘ campo limpo’), preferably in rocky and sandy soils, between 800 and 1280 m elevation. (Fig. 10).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690180463FF44F88F2E4E83FF.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting from June, September and November.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690180463FF44F88F2E4E83FF.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Cantagalo, BR- 277, 11 June 1989, A. C. Cervi et al. 2718 (MBM, UPCB). Guarapuava, 26 September 1968, G. Hatschbach & O. Guimarães 19860 (MBM). Idem, Rio Cavernoso, 06 November 1963, E. Pereira & G. Hatschbach 7699 (MBM).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901E0462FF44FE682EE783DB.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Paraná: Rio Branco do Sul, rodovia PR- 092, sentido Cerro Azul, próximo ao km 40, orla de Floresta Ombrófila Mista, 25 ° 08 ’ 00.7 ” S, 49 ° 20 ’ 54.8 ” W, 940 m, 22 November 2016, A. P N. Pereira, M. B R. Caruzo & R. Riina 46 (holotype SP 489505!; isotypes MBM!, NY!, RB!) (Fig. 13, A – E).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901E0462FF44FE682EE783DB.taxon	description	This shrub can be easily recognized because of the indument and shape of the pistillate sepals (lepidote, narrowly spatulate) and its narrowly ellipsoid ovaries / capsules. In herbaria, part of the Croton longicarpus collections have been previously misidentified as C. splendidus. These two species can be distinguished by leaf shape (narrowly to broadly elliptic in C. splendidus vs. narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate in C. longicarpus), and lepidote trichomes in styles (absent in C. splendidus vs. present in C. longicarpus) (Pereira et al. 2017 b). Croton longicarpus also resembles C. uruguayensis due to their long and lax inflorescences, and narrow leaves. Despite this, C. longicarpus differs by its adaxial leaf surface covered by stellate trichomes, bisexual inflorescences, narrowly spatulate pistillate sepals, narrowly ellipsoid capsules, and styles covered by lepidote trichomes, whereas in C. uruguayensis the adaxial leaf surface is glabrous, the inflorescences are unisexual, the pistillate sepals are oblong, the capsules are globose, and the styles are glabrous. Croton longicarpus belongs to section Lamprocroton subsect. Lamprocroton (van Ee & Berry 2011).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901E0462FF44FE682EE783DB.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It is restricted to southern Brazil (PR, RS), growing in open vegetation and edges of Araucaria forest, between 860 and 1000 m elevation (Pereira et al. 2017 b) (Fig. 12).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901E0462FF44FE682EE783DB.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from February to March and September to December, and fruiting November to March.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901E0462FF44FE682EE783DB.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Coronel Domingos Soares, São João, 26 ° 11 ’ 39 ” S, 52 ° 02 ’ 24 ” W, 1045, 22 September 2014, J. T. Motta & J. M. Silva 4435 (MBM). Mallet, Rio Bonito, 20 April 2005, O. S. Ribas, R. Wasum & L. Seur 6844 B (MBM). Rio Branco do Sul, Caverna de Caximba, 14 December 1996, G. Tiepolo & A. C. Svolenski 643 (EFC, MBM); Rodovia PR- 092, sentido Cerro Azul, próximo ao km 40, 25 ° 08 ’ 00.7 ’’ S, 49 ° 20 ’ 54.8 ’’ W, 940 m, 22 November 2016, A. P. N. Pereira, M. B. R. Caruzo & R. Riina 46 (SP).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901C0461FF44FF142925812F.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Sa ̃ o Paulo: Taubate ́, November 1833, P. W. Lund s. n. (holotype C 10011178!). (Fig. 13, F – I)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901C0461FF44FF142925812F.taxon	description	This subshrub can be recognized by its pair of stipitate acropetiolar nectary glands, inflorescences with a sterile region between the pistillate and staminate flowers. The lobes of the pistillate calyx are slightly laciniate in most of the analyzed specimens and they are white at anthesis. Croton lundianus is similar to C. glandulosus, but they can be differentiated by vegetative and reproductive characters (see comments in C. glandulosus). The species also resembles C. trinitatis, which has continuous thyrses, and pedicellate pistillate flowers with entire sepals, whereas C. lundianus has discontinuous inflorescences, and subsessile pistillate flowers with slightely laciniate sepals. The species is a member of sect. Geiseleria subsect. Podostachys (Riina et al. 2021).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901C0461FF44FF142925812F.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It is found in Argentina, Brazil (except Amazonian states), and Paraguay (Riina et al. 2021). Common in open vegetation (‘ campo sujo’, ‘ campo limpo’), forest edges, disturbed areas, and riverbanks, between 15 and 1055 m elevation. (Fig. 12).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901C0461FF44FF142925812F.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting from January to May and September to December.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901C0461FF44FF142925812F.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Cerro Azul, Rio Turvo, 31 October 2006, J. Cordeiro & E. Barbosa 2399 (HUEFS, MBM, RB). Morretes, Rio Mãe Catira, 06 December 1990, A. C. Cervi & A. Dunaiski Jr. 3189 (MBM, UPCB). Palmeira, BR- 277, próximo ao trevo para Porto Amazonas, 25 April 2009, J. M. Silva, M. Morales & R. H. Fortunato 7174 (MBM). São José dos Pinhais, BR- 277 sentido litoral, próximo ao km 55, entrada para Rio Pequeno I, 927 m, 14 January 2015, A. P. N. Pereira, M. B. R. Caruzo, O. S. Ribas & R. F. Santos 02 (SP). Tibagi, Sítio Sete Quedas, 24 ° 34 ’ 54.6 ” S, 50 ° 15 ’ 24.6 ” W, 24 October 2014, M. G. Caxambu 5679 (HCF, UNOP).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901C0461FF44FC182E2987A7.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Caruzo et al. 2016): — BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Serra dos Órgãos, 1833, M. Vauthier 92 (P 00633413!; isolectotypes F 0056158 F!, G 00434542!, GH 00257954!, GDC 00311416!, GDC G 00311415!, MPU 014844!, P 00633414!, P 00633415!). (Fig. 13, J – L)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901C0461FF44FC182E2987A7.taxon	description	Croton macrobothrys is a large tree characterized by the presence of copious red latex when the bark is cut, ovatelanceolate leaves, stipitate acropetiolar glands, elongated inflorescences, and long pedicellate flowers. Caruzo et al. (2016) recognized two subspecies for C. macrobothrys, with only the typical one present in Paraná (C. macrobothrys subsp. macrobothrys). The species belongs to section Cyclostigma (van Ee et al. 2011).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901C0461FF44FC182E2987A7.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in southern (PR, SC, RS) and southeastern Brazil (RJ, SP) (Caruzo et al. 2016, 2020, Valduga et al. 2021). In Paraná, the species is more common in the east of the state, on the slopes of Serra do Mar. It grows in moist forest, between 50 and 400 m elevation. (Fig. 12).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901C0461FF44FC182E2987A7.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from November to December, and fruiting December, January and May.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901C0461FF44FC182E2987A7.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Cerro Azul, 02 November 2006, A. Dunaiski 3222 (HFIE, MBM). Guaraqueçaba, Salto Murato, 15 November 1993, G. Hatschbach & J. M. Silva 59776 (MBM, RB, SPF, W). Guaratuba, Descampado, 15 January 1994, G. Hatschbach & J. M. Silva 59816 (HUEFS, K, MBM, SPF). Morretes, Colônia Limeira, 08 November 2007, J. M. Silva, J. Cordeiro & C. B. Poliquesi 6139 (HCF, MBM). Tunas do Paraná, Pacas, 15 December 1999, J. M. Silva & L. M. Abe 3116 (MBM, SPF, W).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901C0460FF44F9902C6B8303.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Paraná: Campina Grande do Sul, Pico Caratuva, 16 April 2004, L. R. Lima, J. M. Silva & O. S. Ribas 358 (holotype SPF 161251!; isotypes MBM, SP, WIS) (Illustration available in Lima & Pirani 2008 b: 218).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901C0460FF44F9902C6B8303.taxon	description	This shrub can be recognized by its densely branched habit, leaves that are broadly elliptic or broadly ovate, and strongly discolorous, with glabrous adaxial surface and golden lepidote abaxial surface. The species is morphologically similar to C. splendidus, which can also be found in the same habitat. They can be distinguished by the presence of trichomes on the adaxial leaf surface and styles (glabrous and subentire lepidote trichomes, respectively, in C. muellerianus vs. stellate trichomes and glabrous, respectively, in C. splendidus). The species belongs to section Lamprocroton subsect. Lamprocroton (van Ee & Berry 2011).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901C0460FF44F9902C6B8303.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It is apparently endemic to Paraná, occurring in the municipalities of Antonina, Campina Grande do Sul and Morretes (Lima & Pirani 2008 a, Lima & Pirani 2008 b, Caruzo et al. 2020). It grows in open vegetation (‘ campo de altitude’) or edges of cloud forest, between 1000 and 2600 m of elevation (Fig. 12).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901C0460FF44F9902C6B8303.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from January, February, May, July, September to November, and fruiting from January, September and October.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901C0460FF44F9902C6B8303.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Antonina, Pico Ciririca, 10 October 2010, E. D. Lozano & V. Ariati 421 (MBM). Campina Grande do Sul, Serra dos Órgãos, 04 July 1991, C. V. Roderjan 925 B (MBM, UPCB); Pico Paraná, 24 October 2005, O. S. Ribas, R. Goldenberg & F. Michelangeli 7013 (MBM, RB). Morretes, Serra Marumbi, 18 February 1982, G. Hatschbach 44586 (MBM, MO); idem, 22 February 2005, E. F. Costa, E. Barbosa & B. Biancolini 43 (MBM).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901D0460FF44FEFC2F02819B.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. ‘ in Brasilia Meridionali’, s. d., F. Sellow 3936 (holotype B †; lectotype SP 18550! designated by Lima & Pirani 2008 b; isolectotypes A 00257962!, photo F 0 BN 005137!, G 00434607!, NY 00262931!) (Fig. 15, A – B).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901D0460FF44FEFC2F02819B.taxon	description	Croton myrianthus is a shrub with subentire lepidote trichomes on both leaf surfaces, and unisexual inflorescences. Lima & Pirani (2008 b) pointed out the similarities between C. myrianthus and C. uruguayensis, however, the two species can be distinguished by inflorescence size (up to 2 cm long in C. myrianthus vs. up to 7 cm in C. uruguayensis), and by leaf shape (elliptical, ovate or ovate-lanceolate in C. myrianthus vs. narrowly elliptic to narrowly lanceolate in C. uruguayensis). The species belongs to section Lamprocroton subsect. Lamprocroton (van Ee & Berry 2011).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901D0460FF44FEFC2F02819B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in southern (PR, RS, SC) Brazil (Caruzo et al. 2020), where it grows in open vegetation, frequently close to riverbanks, between 700 and 990 m of elevation (Fig. 14).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901D0460FF44FEFC2F02819B.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting from October to March.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901D0460FF44FEFC2F02819B.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Bituruna, Fazenda Lageado Grande, 987 m, 18 September 2004, D. Liebsch 798 (UPCB). Dois Vizinhos, Foz do Chopim, 9 December 1968, G. Hatschbach 20578 (MBM, NY, RFA, UPCB). General Carneiro, Fazenda São Pedro, Lagoa Sanguessuga, 01 October 2004, A. C. Cervi 8678 (UPCB). Guarapuava, Rio Coitinho, 15 December 1965, R. Reitz & R. M. Klein 17657 (NY, P). Palmas, 04 November 1998, A. Soares & W. Maschio 282 (HFC, HUEM).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901D046EFF44F82628718157.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: Dionísio Cerqueira, 31 December 1956, L. B. Smith, P. R. Reitz & D. Pereira 9681 (holotype US 00109650!; isotypes NY 00262939!, R 000200948!) (Illustration available in Smith et al. 1988: 100).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901D046EFF44F82628718157.taxon	description	Croton polygonoides is a rare and poorly known species (Smith et al. 1988), which can be recognized by its glabrescent to sparsely pubescent leaves with basilaminar nectary glands, and lax inflorescences. Smith & Downs (1956), in the protologue of the species, describe the presence of glands at the base of the bracts, however, these structures were not seen in the collections examined here. Croton polygonoides is morphologically similar to C. sanctae-crucis due to its discolorous leaves with raised veins, and sessile pistillate flowers. The two species differ mainly by the adaxial leaf surface (glabrous in C. polygonoides vs. sparsely pubescent in C. sanctae-crucis), abaxial leaf surface (glabrescent sparsely pubescent in C. polygonoides vs. pubescent in C. sanctae-crucis), leaf shape (elliptic in C. polygonoides vs. lanceolate to ovate in C. sanctae-crucis), staminate flowers (pedicellate in C. polygonoides vs. sessile or subsessile in C. sanctae-crucis), and habitat (C. polygonoides occurs along the edges of Araucaria forest whereas C. sanctae-crucis occurs only in cerrado). C. polygonoides is a member to section Adenophylli subsect. Meridionalis (van Ee & Berry 2021).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901D046EFF44F82628718157.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in southern (PR, SC) Brazil (Smith et al. 1988). Although it was reported by Caruzo et al. (2020) for Rio Grande do Sul, we were unable to find collections from this species from Rio Grande do Sul neither online nor in any of the visited herbaria. The few existing records indicate the species grow along the edges of Araucaria forest, in moist soil, apparently between 500 and 600 m elevation (Fig. 14).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901D046EFF44F82628718157.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting from May and October.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6901D046EFF44F82628718157.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Santo Antônio do Sudoeste, Planchita, 24 October 1969, G. Hatschbach 22639 (BR, K, MBM, MO, NY, UPCB). Idem, arredores, 17 May 1977, G. Hatschbach 39923 (MBM).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69013046EFF44FCC02F4887CB.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: 1864, C. Gaudichaud-Beaupré 1668 (holotype P 06773116!; isotype A 00257986!). (Fig. 15, C – D)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69013046EFF44FCC02F4887CB.taxon	description	This shrub can be distinguished by the indument of stipitate stellate trichomes distributed throughout the plant, small leaves (up to 1.5 cm long), and staminate petals that are twice the size of the sepals. Due to its small leaves and twice bifid styles, C. pycnocephalus is commonly confused with C. serpyllifolius and C. chamaepitis, however, several vegetative characteristics distinguish it from both species (Table 1). The species belongs to section Lamprocroton subsect. Argentini (van Ee & Berry 2011).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69013046EFF44FCC02F4887CB.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in southern Brazil (PR, RS) (Caruzo et al. 2020), where it grows in sandy or rocky soils of ‘ cerrado’, between 800 and 995 m elevation. (Fig. 14).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69013046EFF44FCC02F4887CB.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting from October to February, and April to June.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69013046EFF44FCC02F4887CB.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Balsa Nova, São Luiz do Purunã, 05 October 2001, J. M. Silva & O. S. Ribas 3473 (MBM); idem, 21 April 2010, R. Ristow, L. J. B. Schip & W. T. Ferreira 609 (IRAI, MBM). Jaguariaíva, Estrada do Sertão, entrada grande, 04 December 1964, G. Hatschbach 11967 (K, MBM, UPCB); Vale do Codó, 12 October 2006, J. M. Silva, E. Barbosa & E. M. Cunha 5098 (MBM, MG). Palmeira, Fazenda Padre Inácio, 30 May 1971, G. Hatschbach 26703 (MBM).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69013046DFF44FA24282F8297.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: Canoinhas, 19 km ao oeste de Canoinhas no caminho para Porto União, 17 December 1956, L. B. Smith & R. Reitz 8590 (holotype US 2249814!; isotypes K 000254430!, NY 00262942!, R 000200949!, UC 1079899!). (Illustration available in Smith et al. 1988, p. 100)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69013046DFF44FA24282F8297.taxon	description	Due to its congested inflorescences and dense indumentum, this shrub may resemble members of Croton sect. Julocroton, which justifies the comparison made by Smith & Downs (1959) with C. calocephalus Müller Argoviensis (1865: 121). However, C. reitzii can be distinguished from all species in section Julocroton by its leaves with basilaminar nectary glands and its inflated, trilobed columella (both characters absent in sect. Julocroton). Collections of C. reitzii have been misidentified in some herbaria as C. lanatus, but they can be differentiated by several vegetative and reproductive characters (see under C. lanatus and Table 2). Croton reitzii belongs to section Adenophylli subsect. Meridionalis (van Ee & Berry 2021).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69013046DFF44FA24282F8297.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in southern (PR, RS, SC) and southeastern (SP) Brazil (Smith et al. 1988, Caruzo et al. 2020), where it grows in borders of Araucaria forest, rarely in open vegetation, between 475 and 1155 m elevation. (Fig. 14).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69013046DFF44FA24282F8297.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting throughout the year, except August.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69013046DFF44FA24282F8297.taxon	materials_examined	Material selected: — PARANÁ: Dois Vizinhos, campus da UTFPR, 10 November 2007, E. L. Siqueira 91 (HCF, MBM). Campo Mourão, Parque Estadual do Lago Azul, 03 March 2007, A. R. Silva 276 (HCF, RB). Campo Largo, Serra São Luís do Purunã, 07 April 1946, G. Hatschbach 263 (MBM). Castro, Parque Estadual do Caxambu, 05 November 1988, R. M. Britez 2045 (MBM). Florestópolis, arredores, 22 July 2001, J. Carneiro 1129 (MBM).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69010046DFF44FE802ED78157.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Delprete et al. 2019): BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Serra dos Órgãos, May 1839, G. Casaretto 856 (TO, isolectotype G-DC 00311745!). (Fig. 15, J – L)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69010046DFF44FE802ED78157.taxon	description	Of all the tree species of Croton present in Paraná, C. salutaris is the only one covered exclusively by lepidote trichomes, which confer the silvery coloration of young branches and leaves. The species is also unique among the Croton species from Paraná in having urceolate pistillate flowers. It belongs to sect. Cleodora subsect. Sphaerogyni Caruzo (2011: 204) (Caruzo et al. 2011).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69010046DFF44FE802ED78157.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in southern (PR) and southeastern (ES, MG, RJ, SP) Brazil (Caruzo & Cordeiro 2013, Caruzo et al. 2020). It grows in montane wet forests and riparian forest. In Paraná, the species is only known from a single collection, between 800 and 1000 m elevation, close to the boundary with the State of São Paulo, possibly representing its southernmost population (Fig. 16).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69010046DFF44FE802ED78157.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from January.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69010046DFF44FE802ED78157.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Adrianópolis, Parque Estadual das Lauráceas, 01 January 2000, I. Isernhagen 235 (UPCB). SÃO PAULO: Cunha, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Cunha-Indaiá, 30 November 2004, M. B. R. Caruzo, I. Cordeiro, S. E. Martins & L. Rossi 81 (SP, SPF).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69010046DFF44FCC02FCA87CB.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. “ Santa Cruz ”, s. d., S. Moore 567 (holotype BM 000947402!; isotypes E 00164718!, P 00634706!, K 000254426!, R 000100773!, NY 00262949!). (Fig. 15, E – I)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69010046DFF44FCC02FCA87CB.taxon	description	This shrub can be recognized by its leaves with basilaminar nectary glands, and delicate inflorescences with sessile staminate and pistillate flowers. As observed by Caruzo (2006), the analyzed collections presented only unisexual basal cymules, differing from the description of Moore (1895). Croton sanctae-crucis shows similarities with C. polygonoides, but they can be differentiated by vegetative and reproductive characteristics (see comments under C. polygonoides). The species belongs to section Adenophylli. Based on morphology, this species likely belongs to subsect. Pungentes.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69010046DFF44FCC02FCA87CB.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Caruzo et al. (2020) reported the species for the Brazilian midwest (DF, GO, MS) and southeastern region (SP). We extend the distribution range with the first record for Paraná (PR) state. Croton sanctae-crucis grows in ‘ cerrado’ vegetation, between 510 and 525 m elevation. (Fig. 16).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69010046DFF44FCC02FCA87CB.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting from October and November.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69010046DFF44FCC02FCA87CB.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Tuneiras do Oeste, Cerrado alterado, 27 November 2012, M. G. Caxambu & F. F. Sanches 4492 (HCF); acesso pela BR- 487, 23 ° 54 ’ 39.18 ” S, 52 ° 45 ’ 17.15 ” W, 524 m, 19 October 2016, A. P. N. Pereira, F. S. Petrongari & O. L. M. Silva 35 (SP).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69010046DFF44FA2428138A67.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (first step designated by Lima & Pirani 2008 b, second step designated here): — BRAZIL. São Paulo: “ près d’un ruisseau, dans le voisinage d’Eyneja-Villa ”, s. d., A. Saint-Hilaire cat. C 2 1495 (P 00634713!; isolectotypes P 00634714!, SP 000664!, F 0092877!). Remaining syntype: — BRAZIL. “ bords du chemin près de Rincao da Cidade ”, s. dat., A. Saint-Hilaire cat. C 2 1580 (P 00634715!) (Fig. 17, A – E).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69010046DFF44FA2428138A67.taxon	description	Croton serpyllifolius is a shrub that can be confused with C. chamaepitis and C. pycnocephalus (see Table 1). According to Lima & Pirani (2008 b), the species is endemic to the state of São Paulo. However, Paraná specimens show morphological characters in agreement with the information of the protologue and type collections, corroborating the information from Caruzo & Cordeiro (2007), who recognized the occurrence of the species in Paraná. The species belongs to section Lamprocroton subsect. Argentini.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69010046DFF44FA2428138A67.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in south (PR, SC) and southern (SP) (Caruzo et al. 2020), where it grows in open vegetation (‘ campo limpo’), between 800 and 1050 m elevation (Fig. 16).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69010046DFF44FA2428138A67.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from March and September, and fruiting in October and November.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69010046DFF44FA2428138A67.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Balsa Nova, Ponte dos Arcos, 25 ° 33 ’ 16 ” S, 49 ° 48 ’ 11 ” W, 808 m, 18 December 2013, J. T. Motta, L. T. Dombrowski, J. Cordeiro & D. P. Saridakis 4204 (HCF, MBM, RB). Palmeira, Estrada Rodovia Palmeira-Ponta Grossa, 12 October 1959, G. Hatschbach 6482 (MBM). Ponta Grossa, Fazenda Barrozinho, 07 September 1967, G. Hatschbach 17093 (MBM). Tibagi, Taipa de Pedra, 19 October 1993, G. Hatschbach & J. Cordeiro 59670 (MBM). Idem, Parque Estadual do Guartelá, Rio Iapó, 02 September 1996, S. R. Ziller 1573 (ESA, MBM).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69011046CFF44FBF12E7E8555.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated here): — BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: 1821, A. Saint-Hilaire C 2 2704 (P 00493375!; isolectotypes A 00047422, F 0093310!, P 00493376!). (Fig. 17, F – J)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69011046CFF44FBF12E7E8555.taxon	description	This shrub can be recognized by its stipules, bracts, and glandular pistillate sepals with stipitate glands (colleters) along the margin. In the field, these glands are greenish and give the plant a viscous appearance; plants are frequently visited by ants. Despite the species epithet being “ serratifolius ”, we have seen entire and serrate leaf margins in the same individuals. The species morphologically resembles Croton chaetophorus, but both species can be differentiated by vegetative characteristics (see comments in C. chaetophorus). Caruzo et al. (2020) recognized C. garckeanus Baillon (1964: 308) as a synonym of C. serratifolius, and we agree with that. Nevertheless, Croton garckeanus requires further evaluation and the study of more collections to identified additional characters that help to support this claim. The species is a member of section Barhamia subsect. Medea.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69011046CFF44FBF12E7E8555.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil (MS, PR, RS, SC, SP) (Caruzo et al. 2020), growing in open vegetation; often found in ‘ cerrado’, between 555 and 1035 m elevation (Fig. 16).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69011046CFF44FBF12E7E8555.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from October to April, and fruiting from October, January and March.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69011046CFF44FBF12E7E8555.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Balsa Nova, Ponte dos Arcos, 06 July 2005, C. Kozera & O. P. Kozera 2239 (MBM). Bituruna, Fazenda Lageado Grande, 17 September 2003, D. Liebsch 581 (HFC, MBM). Campo Mourão, Cerrado Valtra, 24 ° 00 ’’ 52.04 ’ S, 52 ° 21 ’ 47.02 ” W, 555 m, 18 October 2016, A. P. N. Pereira, F. S. Petrongari & O. L. M. Silva 26 (SP). Curitiba, Bariguy, 30 June 1958, R. Lange 1121 (MBM). União da Vitória, Estrada para Porto Vitória, 16 October 1966, G. Hatschbach 14889 (K, MBM, NY, P).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69011046AFF44F8C12F11812F.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Moraes et al. 2014): — BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: “ ad Cabo Frio ”, September 1815, M. A. P. Prinz zu Wied s. n. (39; Menke nr. 39) (BR 0000005848133; isolectotypes BR 0000005848461, E 00326420, MEL 2353825!, P 00634649!). (Fig. 17, K – M)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69011046AFF44F8C12F11812F.taxon	description	Croton splendidus can be recognized by its shrubby habit, leaves trichomes (stellate on adaxial surface and subentire lepidote on abaxial surface), and by its globose fruits covered by subentire lepidote trichomes. It is morphologically similar to Croton muellerianus and C. uruguayensis, which have adaxial leaf surface glabrous (see under C. muellerianus). Some collections of Croton longicarpus have been previously identified as C. splendidus, but these species can be differentiated by their pistillate flowers and fruits (see under C. longicarpus). Many collections of C. splendidus were identified as C. migrans Casaretto (1845: 88). Croton migrans was synonymized by Lima & Pirani (2008) under C. splendidus, and we agree with that. Croton splendidus belongs to section Lamprocroton subsect. Lamprocroton.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69011046AFF44F8C12F11812F.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in northeastern (BA), southern (PR, SC) and southeastern (ES, MG, RJ, SP) Brazil (Caruzo et al. 2020), where it grows in open vegetation at high altitude (‘ campo de altitude’), riverbanks, borders of cloud forest, and sometimes in restingas. The species grows mainly between 1000 to 1600 m elevation in Paraná (Fig. 18).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69011046AFF44F8C12F11812F.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering throughout the year, and fruiting from January, February, April, July, October and November.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C69011046AFF44F8C12F11812F.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Bocaiúva do Sul, Estrada para a Serra da Bocaina, 19 August 2004, J. M. Silva & G. Hatschbach 4090 (HCF, HUFU, MBM). Campina Grande do Sul, Pico Capivari Grande, 19 January 2016, A. P. N. Pereira, E. D. Lozano, B. K. Canestraro, D. P. Saridakis & P. C. Ferreira 21 (SP). Palmeira, 29 August 1979, L. T. Dombrowski 10639 (HCF). Quatro Barras, Morro do Anhangava, 01 November 1996, E. P. Santos, H. Meneses & R. Anjos 157 (UPCB). Telêmaco Borba, Fazenda Monte Alegre, 15 April 2009, J. S. Silva, M. F. Silveira, R. T. Queiroz, A. J. C. Silva & L. C. Garcia 565 (ESA, RB).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690170469FF44F8B429148393.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Sodré et al. 2017): — BRAZIL. Goiás: “ prope Gamelleira ”, s. d., J. B. E. Pohl 1617 [catalogue number 2164] (W 0051217!; isolectotypes G 00434673!, M 0089120!, K 000186135!, K 000186136!) (Illustration available in Sodré et al. 2022: 27)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690170469FF44F8B429148393.taxon	description	Croton subvillosus is a subshrub with xylopodium, indument hirsute (ferruginous or yellowish), and generally with congested inflorescences. Sodré et al. (2022) indicated that the leaves of this species are subsessile, however the collections J. Lindeman & H. Haas 2743 and G. Hatschbach 32900, cited in their work, have conspicuously petiolate leaves (petiole ca. 1 cm long). Croton subvillosus is morphologically similar to C. grandivelus (see comments under C. grandivelus). The species belongs to sect. Adenophylli subsect. Velamea.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690170469FF44F8B429148393.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in Bolivia, Brazil (DF, GO, MA, MG, MS, MT, PR, TO), and Paraguay (Sodré et al. 2022). Subshrubs from cerrado, between 700 and 800 m elevation in Paraná (Fig. 18).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690170469FF44F8B429148393.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from August to December, and fruiting from November to February.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690170469FF44F8B429148393.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Campo Moura ̃ o, 11 December 1960, G. Hatschbach 7642 (MBM); Aeroporto, 20 October 1973, G. Hatschbach 32920 (MBM); 17 October 1966, J. Lindeman & H. Haas 2743 (MBM); 23 August 1998, Rosana s. n. (UFG 29369); 11 November 2003, A. E. Bianek 114 (MBM).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690140469FF44FD8C29E786CF.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: “ prope Caldas, in campis juxta thermas ”, 1847, A. F. Regnell 1084 (holotype G 00434665!; isotypes BR 0000008760623!, BR 0000008760654!, P 00623517!, S S 07 - 12769!, S SR- 10582!, US 00109775!, US 00902149!). (Illustration available at Smith et al. 1988: 108)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690140469FF44FD8C29E786CF.taxon	description	Croton thermarum was synonymized under C. lanatus by Caruzo et al. (2020). We now disagree with that because although both species are morphologically similar, we have identified reproductive characteristics that permit their differentiation (see comments C. lanatus and Table 2). Therefore, we follow Caruzo et al. (2019), which recognize C. thermarum as an accepted species. The species is a member of section Adenophylli subsect. Meridionalis.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690140469FF44FD8C29E786CF.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in southern (PR) and southeastern (MG, SP) Brazil (Caruzo et al. 2019), where it grows in open vegetation, ‘ capoeira’, and, frequently, edges of Araucaria Forest. It was registered for humid soil and rocky outcrops, between 600 and 1200 m elevation in Paraná (Fig. 18).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690140469FF44FD8C29E786CF.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from September to December, and fruiting from December to February.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690140469FF44FD8C29E786CF.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Guarapuava, Serra da Esperança, 09 November 2012, M. G. Caxambu et al. 4420 (EFC, HCF, MBM, UEC). Imbituva, Rodovia BR- 277, 05 December 1968, G. Hatschbach & O. Guimarães 20477 (MBM, NY). Pitanga, Arroio Grande, 14 January 1983, G. Hatschbach 46015 (MBM). Prudentópolis, 16 November 1957, G. Hatschbach 4314 (MBM). Santa Maria do Oeste, Rodovia Pitanga – Santa Maria do Oeste, Rio Feio, 19 February 2004, G. Hatschbach, M. Hatschbach & E. Barbosa 76817 (MBM, RB).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690140469FF44FB3828F985AF.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Gomes et al. 2010, second step designated by van Ee et al. 2011): — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: 1816, A. St. Hilaire cat C 1 92 (P 00634797 [sic], it should be P 00634794!); isolectotypes P 00634795!, F 0077753 F!). Remaining syntypes: — BRAZIL., Minas Gerais: “ Brasilia meridionalis prope Facienda do Funil ”, s. d., F. Sellow 2077 (A 00303791!, B 100086878!, P 00634796!); s. d., F. Sellow 2114 (B n. v., F F 0 BN 005189!). Bahia, “ secus Rio Francisco ”, 1838, J. S. Blanchet 2835 (F n. v., G n. v., P 00634797!, P 00634797!). (Fig. 19, A – D)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690140469FF44FB3828F985AF.taxon	description	Croton tricolor can be recognized by its shrubby habit, branches and leaves covered by subentire lepidote trichomes, pistillate flowers with reduplicate-valvate aestivation, and multifid styles. Collections of C. longicarpus have been misidentified as C. tricolor, probably due to the subentire lepidote trichomes that confer a silvery color even after the herborization process, and the lack of acropetiolar glands. However, these species are morphologically distinct, as they belong to different sections of Croton (see comments in C. longicarpus). The specimen P 00634797 (collected by Blanchet) was erroneously cited by van Ee et al. (2011) as a lectotype. Croton tricolor belongs to section Lasiogyne.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690140469FF44FB3828F985AF.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in Bolivia, Brazil (AL, BA, CE, MA, MG, PA, PE, PI, PR, RN SP, SE), Colombia, French Guiana, and Venezuela (Caruzo & Cordeiro 2007, Caruzo et al. 2020, WCSP 2022). Shrubs from Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, near rivers, and in fluvial islands (northwestern Paraná state), between 240 and 330 m elevation (Fig. 18).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690140469FF44FB3828F985AF.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering from October to February, and fruiting from January and February.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690140469FF44FB3828F985AF.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Porto Rico, Rio Paraná, 16 February 1995, M. C. Souza-Stevoux 1364 (HUEM). Querência do Norte, RPPN Santa Mariana, 22 ° 55 ’ 34 ” S, 53 ° 27 ’ 15 ” W, 19 January 2011, G. O. Landgraf 122 (HUEM). São Pedro do Paraná, Porto de Areia Cristo Rei, 05 October 2006, S. R. Slusarski, K. K. Kita, M. A. Pagotto, T. S. Michelan & S. Rodrigues 114 (CNUP, HUEM). Idem, Rio Paraná, 29 November 2012, L. M. Garcia, G. S. Rosa & C. E. B. Fernandes 827 (HUEM). Vila Alta, APA da Ilha Grande, 15 December 1995, S. R. Ziller 1142 (HFC, MBM).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690150468FF44FF1428C1810B.taxon	description	Croton trinitatis is a widespread American subshrub. It is frequently confused with C. glandulosus and C. lundianus due to their similar habit, trichomes, and leaf shape (see comments under C. glandulosus). The species belongs to sect. Geiseleria subsect. Podostachys.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690150468FF44FF1428C1810B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela (Riina et al. 2021). In Brazil it is a widespread species (AM, AC, AL, AP, BA, CE, MA, MG, MS, MT, PA, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RO, RR, RS, SE, TO) (Caruzo et al. 2020). It grows in open vegetation (‘ campo limpo’), edge of riparian forest, anthropic environments, and in fluvial islands (northwestern Paraná state), between 230 and 250 m elevation (Fig. 18).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690150468FF44FF1428C1810B.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting from August to December.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690150468FF44FF1428C1810B.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Querência do Norte, Porto Brasílio, Ilha Floresta, Trilha Gildo, 22 ° 52 ’ 38.4 ” S, 53 ° 32 ’ 36.7 ” W, 13 August 2005, E. M. Alves, E. R. Lorenzetti, A. A. Silva, H. Carniato & C. A. Neves 10 (HUEM). Idem, Trilha Lagoa do Pateiro, 22 ° 53 ’ 27.4 ” S, 53 ° 33 ’ 14.0 ” W, 13 November 2005 E. M. Alves, E. R. Lorenzetti, A. A. Silva, H. Carniato & C. A. Neves 225 (HUEM). Idem, Ilha Mexirica, Trilha Apiário Negro, 22 ° 53 ’ 57.4 ” S, 53 ° 32 ’ 32.5 ” W, 16 December 2005, E. M. Alves, E. R. Lorenzetti, A. A. Silva, H. Carniato & C. A. Neves 240 (HUEM).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690150468FF44FCE42E7887EF.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: June 1767, P. Commerson s. n. (holotype P 00382045!; isotypes P 00634800!, P 00634801!). (Fig. 19, E – G)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690150468FF44FCE42E7887EF.taxon	description	Croton triqueter is a shrub with congested inflorescences, 11 stamens, and unequal, deeply laciniate pistillate sepals. These characters are also present in C. didrichsenii, however, both species can be distinguished by vegetative structures and habitat (comments under C. didrichsenii). The species is the type of section Julocroton.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690150468FF44FCE42E7887EF.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It is a widely distributed species from Mexico to Argentina., In Brazil it is also widely distributed (AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MA, MG, MS, PA, PE, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP, SE) (Cordeiro 1990, Caruzo et al. 2020), where it grows in edges and glades of forests, riverbanks, disturbed areas, and ‘ lajedos’, between 170 and 1150 m elevation (Fig. 20).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690150468FF44FCE42E7887EF.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting throughout the year, except in July.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690150468FF44FCE42E7887EF.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Campo Mourão, Lajedo Nishida, 19 October 2016, A. P. N. Pereira, F. S. Petrongari & O. L. M. Silva 30 (SP). Doutor Ulysses, Barra do Teixeira, 16 September 2006, J. M. Silva & E. Barbosa 5050 (HUEFS, MBM). Engenheiro Beltrão, Rio Ivaí, 06 February 1962, G. Hatschbach 8830 (MBM). Laranjeiras do Sul, Foz do Chopim, 09 June 1968, G. Hatschbach & O. Guimarães 19319 (MBM). Londrina, Fazenda Figueira Paiquerê, 15 May 2003, D. A. Estevan 261 (FUEL, MBM).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690150468FF44FA5829378A67.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Santos et al. 2017): — BRAZIL. s. loc., s. d., A. Saint-Hilaire s. n. (P 00634744!, isolectotypes P 00634745!, P 00634746!); Remaining syntypes: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Sabará, 1844, H. A. Weddel 1353 (P 00634750!); Minas Gerais: s. d., P. C. D. Claussen 770 (G-DC 00311423!, P 00634746!, P 00634747!, SP 000667!). (Fig. 19, H – J)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690150468FF44FA5829378A67.taxon	description	Croton urucurana is a medium-sized tree that can be recognized by its cordate leaves with sessile acropetiolar nectary glands, and inflorescences with proximal bisexual cymules. It can be confused with C. gracilipes and C. celtidifolius, however, they can be differentiated by vegetative and reproductive characters (see under C. gracilipes and C. celtidifolius). The species belongs to section Cyclostigma.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690150468FF44FA5829378A67.taxon	distribution	Distribution e habitat: — It occurs in Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil (AC, AM, BA, DF, ES, GO, MG, MS, MT, PA, PR, RJ, RO, RS, SC, SP, TO) (Santos et al. 2017, Caruzo et al. 2020), where it grows in edges of semideciduous seasonal forest, riparian forest, disturbed areas, and ‘ capoeira’, between 220 and 615 m elevation (Fig. 20).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690150468FF44FA5829378A67.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting throughout the year.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690150468FF44FA5829378A67.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Altônia, Porto Byngton, 22 June 1966, J. Lindeman & H. Haas 1688 (MBM). Arapoti, Rio das Cinzas, 26 June 1996, M. V. F. Tomé 877 (MBM). Cornélio Procópio, arredores, 22 November 2000, J. Carneiro 823 (MBM). Fênix, Fazenda Corumbataí, 30 June 2006, O. S. Ribas & J. M. Silva 7339 (FURB, MBM, UNOP). Guaíra, Rio Piquiri, 18 January 2003, C. Kozera 1719 (MBM, UPCB).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6902B0456FF44FF142C20819B.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Lima & Pirani 2008 b, second step designated here): — URUGUAY. ‘ Banda oriental del Uruguay’, 1816 - 1821, A. Saint-Hilaire C 2 - 2449 (P 00634813!; isolectotypes P 00634814!, A 00047459!). (Illustration available in Lima & Pirani 2008 b: 221)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6902B0456FF44FF142C20819B.taxon	description	Croton uruguayensis is a shrub that can be distinguished from other Croton in Paraná by its narrow leaves with glabrous adaxial surface and lepidote abaxial surface, inflorescences unisexual and elongated. The species is similar to C. longicarpus (see under C. longicarpus). The species can be also confused with C. myrianthus by its unisexual inflorescence (see under C. myrianthus). Smith et al. (1988), described the inflorescences of the species as bisexual, but all the collections examined have only unisexual thyrses, as noted by Lima & Pirani (2008 b). Some collections were identified as C. gaudichaudii Baillon (1864: 293), however, that name was synonymized under C. uruguayensis (Lima & Pirani 2008 b), and we agree with that because they exhibit overlapping characters. The species is a member of section Lamprocroton subsect. Lamprocroton.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6902B0456FF44FF142C20819B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Brazil (PR, RS, SC), and Bolivia (Lima & Pirani 2008 b, Caruzo et al. 2020). In Paraná, it is found near riverbanks, principally along the Rio Iguaçu, and, rarely in open vegetation (Smith et al. 1988), between 215 and 990 m elevation (Fig. 20).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6902B0456FF44FF142C20819B.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting from June, July, and October to January.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C6902B0456FF44FF142C20819B.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Capanema, Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, Rio Iguaçu, 30 October 2015, M. G. Caxambu, E. L. Siqueira & J. Pommer 7107 (HCF). Capitão Leônidas Marques, próximo ao Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, 01 June 2004, P. Labiak, O. S. Ribas & M. P. Petean 3366 (MBM, UPCB). Dois Vizinhos, Foz do Rio Chopim, 09 December 1968, G. Hatschbach & O. Guimarães 20578 (MBM, NY, UPCB). São Mateus do Sul, Fazenda do Durgo, inundação do Rio Iguaçu, 21 July 1986, R. M. Britez 826 (MBM). Idem, Várzea da Olaria, 17 January 2006, J. M. Silva & O. S. Ribas 4584 (MBM). União da Vitória, São Cristóvão, 18 November 1972, G. Hatschbach 30678 (MBM, NY, W).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690280455FF44FF14284D8157.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Santos et al. 2017): — BRAZIL. São Paulo: 1816, A. Saint-Hilaire C 2 1405 (P 00634572!; isolectotypes A 002772371!, P 00634569!, P 00634570!, P 00634571!). Remaining syntypes: — BRAZIL. São Paulo: Mogi das Cruzes, 1816, A. Saint-Hilaire D 652 (A 00277238!, F 0093307 F!, P 00634573!). (Fig. 19, K – N)	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690280455FF44FF14284D8157.taxon	description	This tree has the highest number of stamens (80 – 130) among the Croton species of Paraná, which makes the staminate flower buds quite enlarged. It is most morphologically similar to C. celtidifolius (see under C. celtidifolius), but they are difficult to differentiate when specimens lack flowers and / or fruits. However, branches and inflorescences of C. vulnerarius appear to be more robust when compared to those of C. celtidifolius. The species belongs to section Cyclostigma.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690280455FF44FF14284D8157.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — It occurs in southern (PR) and southeastern (MG, RJ, SP) Brazil (Santos et al. 2017, Caruzo et al. 2020), where it grows in Atlantic rainforest and riparian forest, between 800 and 1030 m elevation (Fig. 20).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690280455FF44FF14284D8157.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Flowering and fruiting from September to November, February, March, and July.	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
039887C690280455FF44FF14284D8157.taxon	materials_examined	Representative specimens: — PARANÁ: Bocaiúva do Sul, Bacaetava, 08 July 1993, C. B. Poliquesi 164 (MBM). Jaguariaíva, PR- 151, 28 March 1974, R. Kummrow 468 (MBM, NY); Fazenda Barros, 09 February 1997, O. S. Ribas & L. B. S. Pereira 1677 (MBM). Sengés, Morro Pelado, 16 June 1971, G. Hatschbach 26765 (MBM); Estrada para Fazenda Rio Bonito, 13 February 1995, J. P. Souza, P. H. Miyagi & J. A. Zandoval 29 (ESA, MBM, UNIP).	en	Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha, Riina, Ricarda, Caruzo, Maria Beatriz Rossi (2022): Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key. Phytotaxa 570 (3): 231-274, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.3.1
