taxonID	type	description	language	source
762C8786FFE8FFBE2390F907A39C5875.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 a, c, d) Original description. Fredericella indica: Annandale, 1909 b: p. 373 – 374.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE8FFBE2390F907A39C5875.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. ZSI No. 3479 / 7 (lectotype, chosen here) collected 1909 at Sasthamkotta Lake, 16 km NNW Kollam in what is now Kerala State, India, by Annandale. Characterization. Colony matches the original description by Annandale (1909 b). Statoblasts bear a fine reticulation in which the lattice walls leave small, rounded depressions covering most of the surface except for a band along both side of the suture, which is smooth; reticulation is less strongly expressed on the basal valve than on the frontal valve. Status. The species is valid. Additional references. Annandale 1910: p. 39 – 40; 1911: p. 210, fig. 41 A – C.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE8FFBE2390F907A39C5875.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India and Sri Lanka.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE8FFBE2390F907A39C5875.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Several containers at ZSI are labelled Fredericella indica “ type. ” Essential statoblasts are lacking in ZEV 3637 / 7, ZEV 3759 / 7 and ZEV 4125 / 7. Specimen ZEV 3479 / 7 includes two vials, one of which contains only wood fibers. However, the other vial in ZEV 3479 / 7 has excellent material with good colony structure and about 22 statoblasts matching Annandale’s original description. Another good specimen closely resembling the lectotype is NHMUK 1914.10.2.1 collected 1 October 1914 in Columbo, Sri Lanka by L. F. Hincks. Two sites were listed by Annandale where F. indica had been collected: Igatpuri Lake northeast of Mumbai and Sasthamcotta Lake in Kerala State. In 1987 I had the opportunity to search for F. indica at Igatpuri Lake, but found only F. sultana with smooth statoblasts. At the U. S. National Museum a specimen from Igatpuri Lake labelled Fredericella indica also is clearly F. sultana (No. 5165, collected by R. Hodgart). Annandale saw the small depressions on the statoblast as “ minute prominences ” an understandable misinterpretation. He noted that the markings were “ sometimes sparser in the middle than towards the edges, ” although this was not confirmed in his material from Sasthamcotta Lake. The textured statoblast surface in F. indica contrasts sharply with the mirror-smooth surface of statoblasts in F. sultana (Wood & Backus 1992). However, the distinction is not immediately obvious unless the statoblasts are viewed in a dry condition with reflected light. The statoblasts of F. sultana are shiny, while those of F. indica appear dull. Isolated frontal valves in water also show the difference very plainly with transmitted light. In a study of Lake Erie bryozoans Rogick (1935, 1937) noted a “ roughened ” surface in certain fredericellid statoblasts, and her 1937 illustration is remarkably similar to that of Annandale’s F. indica. Rogick suggested the rough texture occurred only in “ old statoblasts. ” When Bushnell (1965) surveyed the nearby state of Michigan he reported “ reticulations ” on the statoblasts to be “ obscure to reasonably clear. ” A re-examination of Bushnell’s collection at Michigan State University and Rogick’s Lake Erie collection at the U. S. National Museum showed that virtually every fredericellid specimen had strongly textured statoblasts (Wood, unpublished). Collections from 22 sites in Ohio gave similar results (Wood 1989), leading to the assumption that F. indica was a common species entrenched in North America, previously mistaken for F. sultana (Wood & Backus 1992). The same species has since been reported from a site in Germany (Massard & Geimer 1996). It was also collected from multiple locations in Norway, but only in cold water, mostly at 11 – 15 ° C and never warmer than 20 ° C. (Økland & Økland 2001). This led to speculation that northern species might be a separate group undetected by morphology alone. It seemed inconceivable that the same species would thrive on the Indian subcontinent as well as above the Arctic Circle. A closer examination of Annandale’s F. indica from the ZSI provides new insight. The pitted surface texture fades along the periphery of both valves, leaving the entire suture area relatively smooth (Fig. 1 a, c, d). This is consistent with the specimen from Sri Lanka (NHMUK 1914.10.2.1), but such peripheral fading is not seen in material from North America or Europe. In fact, in the more northern material the densely pitted texture clearly extends uniformly across the entire statoblast surface, extending to the suture itself (Figs 1 b, e, 12 b) (Wood & Backus 1992; Geimer & Massard 1986; Økland & Økland 2001). This morphological difference provides a distinction between Annandale’s Fredericella indica and the very similar species occurring in North America and Europe, which is now to be designated Fredericella borealis and is described below as a new species.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFEAFFBE2390FBF7A4DB5C3D.taxon	description	(Fig. 2) Original descriptions. Australella indica: Annandale, 1915 a, p. 165 – 67, fig. 1.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFEAFFBE2390FBF7A4DB5C3D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Lectotypes (designated here), ZEV 6952 / 7 and ZEV 6750 / 7 collected 12 October 1914 at Lahore, Punjab by Baini Prasad, and NHMUK 1915.1. 14.1, from the same date and locality. Characterization. Colony flat, appearing gelatinous, branches closely appressed leaving no space between them, body wall soft, hyaline and colorless. Annandale (1915 a) described the colony as a “ massive, somewhat nodular structure growing around the stems of water plants, ” with all parts of the colony adhering to the substratum. He further noted that the statoblasts were broadly oval, about 460 µm in length, with the dorsal valve “ distinctly concave. ” Status. The designated lectotypes clearly belong to Hyalinella lendenfeldi (Ridley, 1886).	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFEAFFBE2390FBF7A4DB5C3D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Hyalinella lendenfeldi is known from Australia (Ridley 1886), Thailand (Wood et al. 2006), and Cambodia (Hirose & Mawatari 2007). In India it has been reported from Maharashtra (Swami et al. 2016) and tentatively reported from Madhya Pradesh (Rao 1992). Additional references. Hastings, 1929, p. 303.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFEAFFBE2390FBF7A4DB5C3D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. All of the designated lectotypes are in excellent condition with numerous statoblasts. Annandale took great pains to distinguish his Australella indica from Hyalinella lendenfeldi Ridley, 1886 which he knew only from a small specimen shrunken by alcohol fixative. The perceived differences are now recognized as having virtually no taxonomic value. The statoblast lengths averaging 553 µm are entirely consistent with specimens from Thailand (Wood et al. 2006), although somewhat smaller than those reported from Cambodia (Hirose & Mawatari 2007). No other known species has such a large floatoblast with a distinctively concave dorsal valve. Annandale’s description of the colony also is consistent with H. lendenfeldi.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFEDFFB82390FC30A3A75AE1.taxon	description	(Fig. 3) Original description. Annandale, 1919, p. 94 – 96, figs 1 – 3	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFEDFFB82390FC30A3A75AE1.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Specimen No. P 92 / 1 (holotype) collected 8 December 1918 at Hamun-i-Helmand near Labibaring, Seistan, E. Persia, by Nelson Annandale and Stanley Wells Kemp. Characterization. Zooids lying flat against the substratum in parallel lines, ectocyst smooth, firm, and transparent; floatoblasts small and broadly oval (Table 1), the fenestrae showing a low, reticulated relief with interstitial tubercles, tubercles continuing onto the annulus itself with no diminution in size or spacing (Fig. 3 b); sessoblasts measuring around 550 µm in length, heavily tuberculated on the frontal valve, outer wall, and on both sides of the annulus; sessoblast annulus finely and unevenly serrated along the outer margin. Status. The specimen belongs to Plumatella fungosa (Pallas, 1768).	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFEDFFB82390FC30A3A75AE1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The specimen came from a site in southeastern Iran near the border with Afghanistan. It is one of three reservoirs in the Chah Nimeh system used for irrigation for the Sistan Plain, fed by the Hirmand River in Sistan-Baluchestan Province. Plumatella fungosa is widespread throughout the temperate regions of North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. This would be the first reported occurrence from Western Asia.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFEDFFB82390FC30A3A75AE1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Annandale measured the floatoblast length as 357 – 374 µm and the width 255 – 272 µm. My measurements are similar (Table 1). The dorsal fenestra is rather large at 230 by 190 µm and the ventral fenestra measures 255 by 220 µm. My measurement of a single sessoblast was 570 µm long by 460 µm wide. The small floatoblast with its interstitial tubercles together with the relatively large sessoblast place the holotype specimen in the “ Plumatella repens group. ” Species in this group include P. repens (Linnaeus, 1758), P. fungosa (Pallas, 1768), P. rugosa Wood, et al. 1998, and P. nitens Wood, 1996. These species can be distinguished with certainty only by an examination of the floatoblast using SEM. The presence of tubercles on the floatoblast annulus of the P. bigemmis holotype (Fig. 3 b) identifies the species as P. fungosa, capable of forming solid structures several centimeters thick. The toothed margin of the sessoblast annulus (Fig. 3 c) further supports the identification of P. fungosa. The original description by Annandale (1919) is entirely consistent with the thick, compact nature of P. fungosa colonies. “ As the colony develops, the zooecia are pressed together into a compact layer, ” he writes. “ The individual zooecia maintain their identity, but their ectocyst is so thick that their openings have in more congested parts of the colony a honeycomb-like appearance. ” He notes that the ectocyst is “ usually quite hyaline and colourless, but it is sometimes darkened towards the distal extremity of the zooecia. ” However, two features distinguish this specimen from the classic European form of P. fungosa. First, the floatoblast dorsal fenestra of Annandale’s material is large, the width being about 70 % of the overall floatoblast width compared to about 55 % or less in P. fungosa (Geimer & Massard 1986; Wood & Okamura 2005). Second, the sessoblast annulus of Annandale’s specimen bears prominent tubercles on both sides, while in P. fungosa from Luxembourg the annulus has been shown to be reticulated (Geimer & Massard 1986). In my opinion these subtle features do not override the conclusion that P. bigemmis is a junior synonym of P. fungosa.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFECFFBB2390F987A3975859.taxon	description	(Fig. 4) Original descriptions. Annandale, 1908: p. 169 – 171, figs 1, 2; 1910: p. 51 – 52.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFECFFBB2390F987A3975859.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. ZEV 3759 (holotype) collected 22 November 1909 at Igatpuri in the Western Ghat Mountains, Nashik District, Maharashtra State, India, by R. Hodgart. Additional material. ZEV 1192 and 1194 (Madhya Pradesh), ZEV 1561 (Kolkata), ZEV 1218 (Lahore), ZEV 1188, ZEV 2966, ZEV 3447 (Burma), all collected prior to 1916. Characterization. The colony is highly variable in appearance. On limited substrate it is often dense and bristling with upright zooids, the ectocyst dark but clear, stiff, and heavily sclerotized; at other times colony is spread out and rambling with ectocyst soft, thin, and opaque due to encrusting particles. Free branches are rare, with seldom a discernible raphe. Free statoblasts are elongate, the length about twice the breadth, the dorsal fenestra small and without markings, the ventral fenestra strongly reticulated. The sessile statoblast is initially covered by a tough membrane that shows a cellular structure but is otherwise quite smooth. When the membrane is shed it reveals slender tubercles emerging from deep, uniformly distributed pits (Fig. 4 c, d). Status. This is a valid species. Additional references. Plumatella fruticosa: Hora, 1926: p. 85, 86, figs 1, 2. Plumatella (Afrindella) tanganyikae, Rao, 1929: p. 270, 271; Plumatella longigemmis, Lacourt 1968: p. 73 – 75, pl. 15 k.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFECFFBB2390F987A3975859.taxon	distribution	Distribution. In addition to India, Plumatella bombayensis has been documented in Myanmar, Thailand, and Cambodia; there is also a single documented occurrence from the cooling waters of a nuclear power plant in Belarus (Wood & Okamura 2005). In India the species was most recently found in Maharastra (Swami et al. 2016 b).	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFECFFBB2390F987A3975859.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The holotype, ZEV 3759, is a small scrap of colony with immature floatoblasts. All the additional specimens referenced above include floatoblasts, and ZEV 1188 includes good sessoblasts. Described at a time when colony morphology was considered important, P. bombayensis stoked confusion with its highly variable colony form. More than a dozen specimens of P. bombayensis at the ZSI had been misidentified, either as P. emarginata, P. fruticosa, P. punctata, or P. tanganyikae. The best diagnostic features for this species are with the statoblasts. Among species with elongate floatoblasts only P. bombayensis exhibits a strongly reticulated ventral fenestra and a featureless dorsal fenestra. The prominent interstitial tubercles of the sessoblast are unique to this species. However, see below for a description of Plumatella paltensis, a similar species.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFEFFFBA2390F94FA2335875.taxon	description	(Fig. 5) Original descriptions. Plumatella punctata var. longigemmis: Annandale, 1915 a: p. 168, 169, fig. 2; 1915 b: p. 122; Plumatella (Hyalinella) longigemmis Annandale 1919, p. 94; Plumatella longigemmis: Annandale, 1922: p. 208.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFEFFFBA2390F94FA2335875.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. P 47 (syntype), collected 1914 – 1917, Barkuda Island in Chilka Lake, Ganjam District, Madras Presidency by Annandale; ZEV 6659 / 7 and ZEV 6661 / 7 were collected from the same site but possibly at a different time. Status. The species belongs to Hyalinella lendenfeldi (Ridley, 1886). Characterization. Syntype colony with thick, dense clusters of zooids surrounding a narrow stem. Floatoblast dorsal valve distinctly concave; dorsal fenestra small, measuring less than half the length and width of the valve; ventral fenestra ranging from broadly oval to nearly circular; tubercles on both fenestrae uniform in size, low and uncrowded; floatoblast dimensions, shown in Table 1 and Fig. 5, matching Annandale’s published measurements. Sessoblasts unknown.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFEFFFBA2390F94FA2335875.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Plumatella longigemmis, now identified as H. lendenfeldi, was initially collected from a freshwater pond on Barkuda Island (now known as Honeymoon Island) in Chilka Lake, one of the world’s largest brackish water lagoons located in the Ganjam District, Odisha State, India. Elsewhere H. lendenfeldi is known from Australia (Ridley 1886), Thailand (Wood et al. 2006), and Cambodia (Hirose & Mawatari 2007). In India it has been reported from Maharashtra (Swami et al. 2016) and tentatively reported from Madhya Pradesh (Rao 1992)	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFEFFFBA2390F94FA2335875.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Annandale (1915 a) described this species as being similar to Hyalinella punctata (Hancock, 1850) “ in every respect ” except that the floatoblasts were “ uniformly more elongate and have relatively smaller capsules. ” This not to say that the floatoblasts of P. longigemmis were necessarily elongate, just that they were longer than those of H. punctata. Annandale’s (1915 a, p. 166, fig. 2), accurately represents the floatoblast ventral valve, and actually it is not longer than that of H. punctata. Annandale (1922) reported the species from the Columbo waterworks, but there are apparently no specimens for verification. Lacourt (1968) claimed a wide distribution for P. longigemmis, including Africa and West Indies, but his list of synonymies throws doubt on his understanding of the species. The reported occurrence of P. longigemmis in Australia (Wood 1998) was incorrect, and the actual species described there has not been resolved.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFEEFFB52390F937A27659BD.taxon	description	(Fig. 6) Original description. Wood, 2001: p. 52, figs 1, 3 – 6.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFEEFFB52390F937A27659BD.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. ZSI Nos. P 1179 (holotype) and P 1184 (paratype) collected 26 May 1914 at Peshok, 3000 ft, Darjeeling by F. H. Gravely. Characterization. Colony composed of branching tubules but otherwise variable in appearance; incrustation light to heavy, raphe and furrow faint. Floatoblasts broadly oval, about 400 µm in length (Table 1), laterally asymmetrical with dorsal valve nearly flat; floatoblast fenestra showing distinct tubercles, dorsal fenestra length less than half floatoblast length, ventral fenestra slightly smaller than capsule outline; sessoblast with crowded tubercles, annulus faintly reticulated with occasional nodules (Fig. 6 a, b). SEM examination reveals all statoblast surfaces having a minutely wrinkled appearance, a feature that is unique to this species (Fig. 6 c). Status. The species is valid. Additional references. Plumatella emarginata. Shrivastava & Rao (1985): p. 125 – 128, figs 2 – 4; Mukai et al. (1990): p. 51 – 59, figs 1 B, 2 c, f, 3 c, f.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFEEFFB52390F937A27659BD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Plumatella mukaii is known from Indonesia, Japan, Thailand, China, Chile, and northwestern United States (Wood 2001; Orellana Liebbe 2006; Marsh & Wood 2002). In India specimens at the ZSI include ZEV 3757 from tank at a Residency in Gangtok, Sikkim, 18 September 1909 by R. Hodgart, and P 1560 collected 4 December 1949 at Peshok, Darjeeling, by F. H. Gravely. Plumatella mukaii was reported (as P. emarginata) from Maharastra (Rao 1985) and Assam (Kalita & Goswami 2006).	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFEEFFB52390F937A27659BD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. All four specimens examined at the ZSI are in excellent condition with numerous floatoblasts and sessoblasts. While the statoblasts are all very much alike, the colonies differ in their appearance. In P 1560 the ectocyst is soft and unsclerotized, zooids becoming upright when crowded; in P 1179 the incrustation is moderate to heavy; in ZEV 3757 the ectocyst is clear and sclerotized with a reddish color. In P 1184 the colony forms long, ropey masses extending free of the substratum. A full description based on P 1179 was provided by Wood (2001).	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE1FFB42390F9D9A69F592D.taxon	description	(Fig. 7) Original description. Plumatella (Afrindella) persica: Annandale 1919, p. 92, 93.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE1FFB42390F9D9A69F592D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. ZEV 3637 (lectotype, chosen here) collected November, 1918 at the Randa stream, 4 miles NW Jellalabad, Seistan (now Afghanistan) by Nelson Annandale and Stanley Wells Kemp. Characterization. Colony flat and compact, with zooids radiating in all directions, older zooids appearing to rest obliquely upon the more distal younger ones; floatoblasts elongate with nearly parallel sides, both dorsal and ventral fenestra assuming an elongate shape (Fig. 7 a, b); sessoblasts arranged contiguously in rows, each with a smooth frontal valve and narrow lamella. Measurements of five whole floatoblasts show length 371 – 463 µm, mean = 411 µm; width 276 – 366 µm, mean = 323 µm. Status. The specimen is Plumatella casmiana Oka, 1907. Additional material. ZEV 3339 collected at Belgachia, Kolkata by Nelson Annandale, originally labeled Plumatella allmani diffusa, (dated 1 January 1894 almost certainly in error).	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE1FFB42390F9D9A69F592D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is known from every continent except Antarctica.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE1FFB42390F9D9A69F592D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The lectotype colony appears as a flat patch on a 2 - cm diameter stem. Both floatoblasts and sessoblasts are abundant; the ectocyst is intact but there are no preserved polypides. There is no indication that Annandale was aware of Plumatella casmiana, a species known only from Japan at the time P. persica was described. One specimen of P. casmiana that he collected in Kolkata (ZEV 3339) was attributed to Plumatella allmani diffusa (Fig. 7 b). In general, Plumatella casmiana can be recognized by the flat, compact colony structure and the oblong fenestrae on both valves of the capsuled floatoblast. The sessoblast frontal valves often show low tubercles but can also be almost featureless; the annulus is notably narrow. The contiguous arrangement of sessoblasts, a typical feature of this species, is shown in Annandale’s 1919 illustration (Fig. 7 c) and in my own more recent collection from Thailand (Fig. 7 d).	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE3FFB62390FF7AA58B5B99.taxon	description	(Fig. 8) Original description. Plumatella (Afrindella) testudinicola: Annandale 1912, p. 147 – 150, pl. 13.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE3FFB62390FF7AA58B5B99.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ZEV 5065 / 7 (holotype), “ on carapace of Kachingga lineata, R. Ganges, Rajmahal, collected by B. L. Chadhuri, March, 1912. ” Also ZEV 5023 / 7 (paratype, designated here) collected from the River Ganges by B. L. Choudhury, March, 1912.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE3FFB62390FF7AA58B5B99.taxon	description	Description. Colonies from ZEV 5065 / 7 flat with closely appressed lines of zooids radiating outwards towards the periphery (Fig. 8 a); zooids densely arranged, leaving no exposed substratum, most zooids exhibiting a faintly defined raphe. Floatoblasts absent, but sessoblasts abundant, positioned end to end in long strings throughout the length of many colony branches (Fig. 8 b), the sessoblasts variably shaped, each with a narrow annulus, the frontal valve covered with small, faint tubercles. Zooids of ZEV 5023 / 7 similar to those of ZEV 5065, but sessoblast frontal valves covered with a fine reticulation with single tubercles emerging from deep interstices (Fig. 8 c, d). Status. ZEV 5065 / 7 is Plumatella casmiana Oka, 1907; ZEV 5023 / 7 is Plumatella bombayensis Annandale, 1908.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE3FFB62390FF7AA58B5B99.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The only known specimens were reported from the plastrons of freshwater tortoises: Hardella thurjii (Gray, 1831), Batagur dhongoka (Gray, 1834), and Batagur kachuga (Gray, 1831). According to Annandale (1912) the tortoises had been out of the water for at least 24 hours before the bryozoans were discovered. Annandale (1912) provided a detailed description of the bryozoans, accompanied by two photos illustrating a flattened colony with its radiating lines of zooids. Wiebach (1974) offered a second description along with commentary and photos of sessoblast valves. There is also a published SEM micrograph of several sessoblasts (Wiebach 1975, reproduced here in Fig. 8 b). The ZSI holotype (ZEV 5065 / 7) includes three pieces of turtle plastron: a large one bearing colonies (the designated lectotype) and two smaller ones with statoblasts only. The colonies consist only of frayed ectocyst and numerous sessoblasts. In areas where colony tissue is missing, the lines of contiguous sessoblasts show where colony branches once had been. The additional specimen, ZEV / 7 5023, has been stored separately from the holotype. It consists of sessoblasts and pieces of colony scraped free of the substratum, which was presumably also a turtle plastron, although this cannot be confirmed. Annandale placed the species within his new subgenus, Afrindella Annandale in Annandale & Kemp (1912), apparently based on an abrupt termination of the stiffened ectocyst near the tip of each zooid. Wiebach (1974) agreed, describing the species as Afrindella testudinicola. However, I disagree. The designated holotype, ZEV 5065 / 7, labeled Plumatella (Afrindella) testudinicola is almost certainly synonymous with Plumatella casmiana Oka, 1907. This opinion is supported by several observations: 1. The narrow sessoblast annulus and the relatively small, faint, tubercles on the frontal valve are both diagnostic features of the sessoblast of P. casmiana (Fig. 8 c, d); 2. The colonies, described by Annandale as “ flat, oval or circular lichenoid patches ” would easily match any description of P. casmiana growing unobstructed on a wide, flat surface, such as lotus leaves or tortoise plastrons. 3. Annandale’s description of sessoblasts “ arranged in moniliform series ” is a feature commonly occurring in P. casmiana. Moreover, in his description of Plumatella persica, now recognized as P. casmiana, Annandale (1919, p. 92) wrote, “ This species closely resembles the Gangetic Plumatella testudinicola but is differentiated by the possession of free as well as fixed statoblasts and by the more elongate form of the latter. ” I would note that sessoblast shape can be variable and is seldom used in the diagnosis of plumatellid species. Specimen ZEV 5023 / 7 is clearly different. Having been scraped from the substratum the colony structure is difficult to reconstruct, but the sessoblasts are not those of Plumatella casmiana. The small, deep interstices on the frontal valve coupled with a single tubercle in the center of each are features unique to P. bombayensis. As for a sclerotized ectocyst that would warrant the Afrindella designation, this feature is not uncommon among P. casmiana colonies in warm parts of the world. In temperate regions the ectocyst of P. casmiana is normally thin and flexible, but in the tropics it can become well sclerotized and stiff (Agrawal & Rao 1981). Similarly, this is a feature that commonly occurs in P. bombayensis.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE2FFB02390FA9DA5A65AC5.taxon	description	(Fig. 9) Original descriptions. Stolella himalayana: Annandale, 1911: p. 246, fig. 49; Annandale & Kemp 1912: p. 143.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE2FFB02390FA9DA5A65AC5.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. No. ZEV 4813 / 7 (holotype), collected May, 1911 at Malwa Tal, Kumaun, W. Himalayas (3,600 feet) by S. W. Kemp. Characterization. Colony entirely recumbent with no free branches, capable of forming a thin sheet over a wide substratum; body wall colorless, thick, tough, more or less transparent, sometimes with a faint raphe and furrow. Zooids sometimes strikingly elongate and tapered at their base. Floatoblasts small and broadly oval; fenestrae large and very similar on both valves, the dorsal fenestra width at least 80 % of floatoblast width (Fig. 9 a), both valves with faint tubercles easily visible with SEM, some tubercles bearing hypertubercles (one atop another) (Fig. 9 b, c); suture with irregular knots and spikes giving a serrated appearance in frontal view (Fig. 9 d, e); floatoblast dimensions shown in Table 1. Sessoblasts minutely reticulated, with tiny bright spots seen with compound microscopy like scattered tubercles, especially around the margins; sessoblast annulus thin and fragile. Status. Annandale’s S. himalayana appears to be synonymous with Hyalinella minuta (Toriumi, 1941 a) which is now listed in the genus Rumarcanella Hirose & Mawatari, 2011 b. Since Annandale’s species name has chronological priority, the species previously known as Rumarcanella minuta now becomes Rumarcanella himalayana (Annandale, 1911). Additional references. Plumatella punctata densa: Vorstman, 1928, p. 9, fig. 5; Plumatella repens var. minuta: Toriumi, 1941 a, p. 202, fig. 6; 1941 b, p. 417, fig. 4;	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE2FFB02390FA9DA5A65AC5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. In India the species was first collected at Malwa Tal, a small village near Nainital in the foothills of the Himalaya Range, State of Uttarakhand, about 230 km northeast of New Delhi. Other sites include Kolkata (ZSI No. P 1388 / 1) and the State of Maharashtra (Swami et al. 2016 b). Beyond India the species has been reported from Australia (Mitra et al. 2013), Japan (Hirose & Mawatari 2011 b), Korea (Toriumi 1941 b), Thailand (Wood et al. 2006), and Taiwan (Toriumi 1942).	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE2FFB02390FA9DA5A65AC5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. At the ZSI there are two jars with the number ZEV 4813 / 7. In one is a large rock with a nice colony, but this is Plumatella casmiana with leptoblasts. It is the second jar with a smaller rock that contains the holotype. There is also another specimen: ZSI No. P 1388 / 1 collected 25 December 1958 at Dhakuria Lake, Kolkata by K. S. Rao and S. N. Paul. Annandale (1911) described this species as Stolella himalayana. At that time his attention was drawn to unusual colony morphology with “ zooecia joined together, often in groups of three, by slender, transparent, tubular processes often of great relative length. ” The processes were formed by certain greatly elongated zooids, which, according to Annandale, gave the colony superficial resemblance to the ctenostome, Paludicella articulata (Ehrenberg, 1831). Of the floatoblasts Annandale said only that they were similar to those of Stolella indica but perhaps more elongate. For the most part Annandale’s description and accompanying illustrations match the type specimens. Curiously, Annandale noted that “ only free statoblasts have been observed, ” while I encountered more sessoblasts than floatoblasts. Unexpectedly long zooids appear from time to time among plumatellid species. Wiebach (1964) found them in his Stolella indica, but his specimens from the Congo have mostly zooids of normal length and only a few elongated (Wood 2020). Colonies of Plumatella emarginata are normally compact, but occasionally grow long, free branches easily mistaken for fredericellid colonies (Wood & Okamura 2005). Even robust Plumatella vaihiriae Hastings, 1929 occasionally appears with zooids that are greatly elongated (Fig. 10). Colony morphology can be highly variable, as Toriumi (1955) pointed out when he re-described and illustrated Hyalinella minuta (Toriumi, 1941 a), a species with occasional elongated zooids and whose floatoblasts are identical to those of Annandale’s Stolella himalayana. Among phylactolaemate bryozoans floatoblasts have be found to carry the most reliable characters for species identification. In this species, the floatoblast features are quite distinctive: small size, fenestrae similar in size and shape, roughened suture, and hypertubercles.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE4FFB32390FB65A26E592D.taxon	description	(Fig. 11) Original description. Stolella indica: Annandale, 1909 a: p. 279, 280.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE4FFB32390FB65A26E592D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. ZEV 3482 / 7 (holotype) collected 29 July 1908 from a pond in Bulandsharh, Uttar Pradesh by H. J. Walton Characterization. According to Annandale (1911) “ zoecia are short and slender, erect or nearly so, distinctly emarginate and furrowed. Their ectocyst is soft, colorless and transparent but minutely roughened on the surface. ” Tentacles 30 – 35, colonies “ usually fixed to the roots of duckweed or to the stems of other plants. ” Floatoblasts distinctively shaped, widest in the middle and tapering towards narrowly rounded ends, dorsal fenestra slightly smaller than the ventral fenestra and surrounded by a slightly raised shoulder; both fenestrae covered by densely arranged tubercles bearing hypertubercles; individual cells of the annulus convex; floatoblast suture with knots and rounded protuberances projecting outwards to give the floatoblast edge a finely serrated appearance; dimensions of two similar floatoblasts about 334 µm long and 218 µm wide. Status. This species appears to be valid. However, the presence of hypertubercles, revealed by SEM, places it in the genus Rumarcanella (Hirose & Mawatari, 2011 b). The updated name is Rumarcanella indica (Annandale, 1909). Additional references. Annandale 1910: p. 53; 1911: p. 229, 230, fig. 45.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE4FFB32390FB65A26E592D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The species is known from its original collection site in Uttar Pradesh as well as unspecified sites near Kolkata (Annandale 1909).	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE4FFB32390FB65A26E592D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. According to Annandale (1911) this species was found growing over colonies of the ctenostome bryozoan, Hislopia lacustris Carter, 1858. The holotype consists of two flat flakes, each about 2 cm 2, composed mostly of Hislopia but with some tubules of the phylactolaemate, including a few floatoblasts and sessoblasts. Another specimen, ZEV 3748 / 7 also is labeled Stolella indica “ Type ” from a “ Tank east of Sealdah, Calcutta. ” The material is sparse and stringy, attached to a small stem and lacking statoblasts. Its designation as a “ type ” is surely in error and should be disregarded. Lacourt (1968) mentions an additional specimen of Stolella indica, ZEV 4925 / 7 (from Madras, collected by K. R. Menon), and although it is listed in the ZSI catalog it seems to be missing from the collection. The distinctive spindle shape of the floatoblast is very similar to floatoblasts of Swarupella andamanensis Shrivastava, 1981 and S. kasetsartensis Wood et al., 2006. All three species also have roughened sutures that project beyond the floatoblast margin as small spines or rounded knobs. The floatoblasts are relatively small with a length seldom exceeding 350 µm. Despite these similarities, “ Stolella indica ” is placed in the genus Rumarcanella because of its small statoblasts with hypertubercles while the other two species remain for now in Swarupella Shrivastava, 1981 due to the roughened suture. A molecular approach with fresh material may be necessary to sort this out. This species has twice been reported in error from sites beyond India. A species in North American described as Stolella indica (Rogick 1943) appears instead to be Plumatella repens (L.). The species in East Africa identified as Stolella indica (Wiebach 1964) was actually an undescribed species, now Plumatella kisalensis Wood, 2020.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE7FFB22390F9EEA23E59E5.taxon	description	(Figs 1 b, e; 12 a, b)	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE7FFB22390F9EEA23E59E5.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. NHMUK 2015.3. 14.1, Fredericella borealis, collected 23 September 1994 from traveling screens, Springfield City Water, Light & Power drawing water from Springfield Lake, Springfield, Illinois, USA (in ethanol).	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE7FFB22390F9EEA23E59E5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Statoblasts heavily reticulated, including areas immediately on either side of the suture, interstices about 5 – 6 µm in diameter.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE7FFB22390F9EEA23E59E5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The Latin borealis (northern) refers to the northern distribution of the species in North America and Europe, in contrast to F. indica, known so far only from the Indian subcontinent.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE7FFB22390F9EEA23E59E5.taxon	description	Description. Colony appearing as narrow tubules with zooids and branches widely spaced; an early series of zooids growing along the substratum, those upright zooids later producing new series of branching tubules that may be largely free of the substratum; tubules lightly frosted to nearly opaque, with diameter of 0.18 to 0.37 mm., those along the substratum conspicuously keeled; 18 – 22 lophophore tentacles roughly equal in length and arranged in a circle around the mouth; statoblasts, formed within both attached and free branches, consisting of a naked capsule with no enveloping periblast; entire statoblast surface bearing a fine reticulum that extends to the suture, the reticulum more prominent on the frontal valve than the basal valve, thin vestiges of a weak attachment ring sometimes occurring on the basal valve and merging with a locally sclerotized portion of the ectocyst.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE7FFB22390F9EEA23E59E5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This is the dominant fredericellid in North America; it has also been reported from Germany (Massard & Geimer 1996), Japan (Hirose & Mawatari 2011 a), and Norway, especially north of the Arctic Circle (Økland & Økland 2001).	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE7FFB22390F9EEA23E59E5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Two other fredericellid species are known to have similar reticulation on the statoblast: (1) Fredericella crenulata DuBois-Reymond Marcus, 1946, known only from the vicinity of Lake Titicaca, the statoblast serrated around the entire suture (Fig. 13 c); (2) Fredericella indica Annandale, 1909, known only from India and Sri Lanka, the statoblast reticulation weakening and disappearing towards either side of the suture (Fig. 1 a, c, d).	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE6FFB22390FAE2A2525CC2.taxon	description	(Fig. 13)	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE6FFB22390FAE2A2525CC2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: ZEV 5022, collected 3 March, 1908 in the canal at Cuttack, State of Odisha, by Nelson Annandale, originally labeled, “ Fredericella indica. ” On narrow leaves and stems.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE6FFB22390FAE2A2525CC2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Statoblasts bear a thin carina extending from each valve around the entire periphery.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE6FFB22390FAE2A2525CC2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet, meaning “ keeled ” in Latin, refers to the narrow carina encircling the statoblasts at the suture.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE6FFB22390FAE2A2525CC2.taxon	description	Description. Colonies attached to slender leaves (possibly Vallisneria), showing a typical fredericellid form with narrow tubules and widely spaced zooids; free branches not seen in these specimens. Statoblasts clear and smooth without ornamentation, suture occurring along a rough, finely toothed carina about 10 µm wide; when separated each valve retaining its portion of the carina (Fig. 13 a); dimensions of two statoblasts 350 µm x 195 µm and 365 µm x 165 µm, including carina.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE6FFB22390FAE2A2525CC2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The species is known only from its type locality in Odisha State.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFE6FFB22390FAE2A2525CC2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Specimen ZEV 5022 includes abundant material in good condition, with many small colonies, each bearing several statoblasts. Fredericella carinata n. sp. could be easily mistaken for F. sultana (Blumenbach, 1779) were it not for the carina at the suture. A similar feature occurs in Fredericella sultana crenulata DuBois-Marcus, 1946 (Fig. 13 c), although in that species the two valves are densely pitted, similar to F. indica and F. borealis.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF9FFAC2390FA4AA37B5955.taxon	description	(Fig. 14)	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF9FFAC2390FA4AA37B5955.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ZSI P 1189 / 1 collected 4 December 1949 from a weedy tank at Mongyai, Shan State, Burma, by H. S. Rao and B. Chopra, originally labeled Plumatella emarginata. ZSI 1190 is a paratype.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF9FFAC2390FA4AA37B5955.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet honors Dr. Dhriti Banerjee, an accomplished entomologist and the first female Director of the Zoological Survey of India.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF9FFAC2390FA4AA37B5955.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The species distinguished by the unusual length of free statoblasts (exceeding 450 µm) combined with a relatively large dorsal fenestra.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF9FFAC2390FA4AA37B5955.taxon	description	Description. Colony wall soft, thick and colorless, without a sharp distinction between the nonliving ectocyst and inner living tissues. Floatoblast length around 500 μm, and nearly twice the width (see Table 1), with a straight taper from midpoint to rounded poles, the overall shape giving the impression of the capsule bulging at the center; floatoblast ventral valve convex, dorsal valve nearly flat; dorsal fenestra length slightly less than half floatoblast length, with well defined tubercles spaced more widely near margins with increasing density towards the center; ventral fenestra length slightly greater than half floatoblast length, with tubercles similar to dorsal fenestra.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF9FFAC2390FA4AA37B5955.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The species is known only from its type locality in Burma (Myanmar).	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF9FFAC2390FA4AA37B5955.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The holotype includes abundant floatoblasts but no sessoblasts. Floatoblasts appear very similar to those of Plumatella pseudostolonata Borg, 1940 from East Africa, except for being much larger: for P. pseudostolonata the average floatoblast dimensions are said to be 383 by 294 µm (Borg 1940) compared to 489 by 250 for P. dhritiae n. sp. (Table 1). Moreover, the ectocyst of P. pseudostolonata is said to be “ chitinous – not gelatinous (and initially) quite transparent and nearly colorless but with increasing age it becomes gradually darker until in old ones it is blackish brown though still semitransparent ” (Borg 1940). In P. dhritiae n. sp. there is no indication that the ectocyst is anything other than soft and colorless. Other similar species include Plumatella bombayensis Annandale, 1910 and P. mukaii Wood, 2001. However, both species have an outer nonliving ectocyst easily distinguished from underlying tissues; both have a floatoblast dorsal fenestra width less than 30 % the overall floatoblast width. The P. bombayensis floatoblast ventral fenestra is reticulated and lacking tubercles; P. mukaii floatoblast length never exceeds 450 μm.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF8FFAF2390FA1DA4FA5AC5.taxon	description	(Fig. 15)	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF8FFAF2390FA1DA4FA5AC5.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ZSI P 163 collected 1 January 1922 in “ Canton, China ” by A. W. L. Oliver, originally labeled “ Plumatella fruticosa ”.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF8FFAF2390FA1DA4FA5AC5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The colony appears as a tangle of free branches; dorsal margin of the floatoblast slightly curled inwards.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF8FFAF2390FA1DA4FA5AC5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is from the Latin adjective crispus, meaning curled or curly, in reference to the upturned dorsal margin of the floatoblast.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF8FFAF2390FA1DA4FA5AC5.taxon	description	Description. Colony appearing as a tangle of branching tubules extending from the substratum; floatoblasts long and narrow (Table 1), floatoblast dorsal fenestra relatively small, with length and width less than half of corresponding outer dimensions of the floatoblast; tubercles on the dorsal fenestra low and rounded, with little space between them, dorsal valve margins distinctively scalloped or lightly curled; floatoblast ventral fenestra broadly oval, nearly twice as wide as the dorsal fenestra, with low, rounded tubercles that fade towards the center.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF8FFAF2390FA1DA4FA5AC5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The species is known only from its type locality in China.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF8FFAF2390FA1DA4FA5AC5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The holotype colony is attached in places to a small piece of reed. Sessoblasts are absent. The marginal curling of the floatoblast is best seen with scanning microscopy, but is nevertheless detectable when the isolated valve is viewed with a compound microscope. The initial designation of this species as Plumatella fruticosa is understandable, since colonies of both species have free branches, the floatoblasts are long and narrow, and the dorsal fenestrae are relatively small. An important difference is one of scale: with P. fruticosa the floatoblast length is over 500 µm (Fig. 20 b), while in P. crispa n. sp. it is less than 400 µm.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFFAFFA92390FF7AA3AB5A0D.taxon	description	(Fig. 16)	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFFAFFA92390FF7AA3AB5A0D.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ZEV 7546 / 7, undated, collected at the Kshipra River near Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India by K. S. Rao.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFFAFFA92390FF7AA3AB5A0D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The colony grows as a loose tangle of branching tubules; the floatoblast dorsal fenestra is featureless while the ventral fenestra is more or less reticulated; the sessoblast is flamboyantly ornamented.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFFAFFA92390FF7AA3AB5A0D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet recognizes the old Palta Waterworks near Kolkata where the species was first reported.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFFAFFA92390FF7AA3AB5A0D.taxon	description	Description. Colonies consisting of interlacing tubules forming a loose mat up to 5 mm thick, the thin-walled tubules never fused; ectocyst ranging from clear to semi-opaque, with no indication of raphe or emargination. Floatoblasts roughly straight sided with broadly rounded ends, the dorsal fenestra length less than half the floatoblast length and lacking any ornamentation, ventral fenestra reticulated, but usually with only patches of a reticulated pattern encroaching from the periphery towards the center, floatoblast dimensions shown in Table 1. Sessoblasts with variable morphology, but always with a strong reticulation across the frontal valve, often developing further into a heavy, sculpted meshwork across 80 % of the frontal valve, with 10 – 12 narrow fingers radiating towards the annulus (Fig. 16 c), the area between the fingers showing a uniform reticulation with a single small tubercle appearing in the center of each cell; sessoblast annulus smooth, fragile, and minutely toothed; sessoblast basal valve a stout ring with irregularly thickened sides.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFFAFFA92390FF7AA3AB5A0D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. In addition to the holotype, recognized specimens include ZSI P 1181 / 1 collected 4 December 1949 in the filter beds of Palta Waterworks, West Bengal, by H. S. Rao; and P 1198 / 1 collected 4 December 1949 at “ Bagra, ” Hoshangabad, Madyha Pradesh by F. H. Gravely.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFFAFFA92390FF7AA3AB5A0D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The species is known from a wide area within the borders of India.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFFAFFA92390FF7AA3AB5A0D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Although P. paltensis n. sp. was first noticed as P 1181 at the ZSI, material from the Kshipra River (Z 7546 / 7) is designated as the holotype because it is a much more complete specimen with many statoblasts. The sessoblast is reminiscent of bizarre sessoblast morphologies occurring in two other species: Plumatella tanganyikae Rousselet, 1907 from Lake Tanganyika, and Varunella coronifera Wiebach, 1974 from Maharashtra, India (Nimbalkar et al. not yet published). In all three instances the sessoblasts appear to show a highly irregular secondary feature superimposed on a standard sessoblast design. A similar species is P. bombayensis. Both species have a featureless floatoblast dorsal fenestra, and the floatoblast ventral fenestra can be more or less reticulated. However, the floatoblast in P. paltensis n. sp. is shorter and broader (Table 1), and the sessoblast is completely different (compare Figs 4 c and 16 c).	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFFDFFA82390FE6AA6A25F79.taxon	description	(Fig. 17)	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFFDFFA82390FE6AA6A25F79.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. No. P 1387 collected 25 December 1958 at “ Jor Pokhri, 1800 feet, Sitong, Darjeeling District, East Himalayas Shilong, Assam, ” now Shillong, capital of Meghalaya State in northeast India, by “ ZSI ”, originally labelled “ Plumatella emarginata. ”	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFFDFFA82390FE6AA6A25F79.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Sessoblast with cellular annulus (uninflated).	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFFDFFA82390FE6AA6A25F79.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet honors the late K. S. Rao (1938 – 2012), an active freshwater biologist based for many years at Vikram University in Maharashtra, whose numerous publications on the freshwater bryozoans of India (1961 – 1985) made significant contributions towards the understanding of this group.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFFDFFA82390FE6AA6A25F79.taxon	description	Description. Colony spreading and diffuse with many free branches; ectocyst thin, colorless and transparent. Floatoblasts short and broad, only about 350 μm in length with a length / width ratio <1.5 (Table 1); dorsal valve flat or even slightly concave; dorsal fenestra small with the width often greater than the length, and the length less than half floatoblast length; floatoblast ventral valve highly convex with the fenestra only slightly smaller than the underlying capsule; fenestrae of both valves bearing a dense arrangement of tubercles with hypertubercles, many surrounded by 5 or 6 pore-like depressions. Sessoblast annulus cellular, with the cells open externally (Fig. 17 a, b, d); frontal valve crowded with tubercles; basal valve having sharply reduced adhesive material by which plumatellid sessoblasts are normally attached to the substratum.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFFDFFA82390FE6AA6A25F79.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The species is known only from its type locality.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFFDFFA82390FE6AA6A25F79.taxon	discussion	Remarks. It is generally understood that among plumatellid bryozoans the sessoblast annulus is homologous to the gas-filled annulus of floatoblasts (Mukai 1982). The sessoblast annulus typically occurs as a blade-like ribbon of chitin extending around the periphery of the frontal valve. The annulus can be variable in width and ornamentation, but the underlying structure appears always to be the same. However, this species is unique by the cellular nature of the sessoblast annulus, even including communicating pores, which normally occur only in floatoblasts (Rubini et al. 2011). Lacourt (1968, pl. 12 i) illustrated a sessoblast of P. vorstmani (now Rumarcanella vorstmani) in which a small portion of the annulus showed cellular structure, but this appears to have been an isolated developmental anomaly. In the ZSI specimen every sessoblast carries a cellular annulus. The small floatoblast size is another distinguishing feature of P. raoi n. sp. The length and width are similar to floatoblasts of Rumarcanella himalayana, but in P. raoi n. sp. the dorsal fenestra is much smaller and the dorsal valve is flat or even slightly concave, not convex. Hypertubercles appear mostly on the ventral valve and are not expressed on every tubercle. The specimen consists of small bits tree bark and a few loose strings of zooids with about ten sessoblasts and numerous floatoblasts.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF0FFA72390F952A55D5971.taxon	discussion	The genus Afrindella was erected by Annandale in Annandale & Kemp (1912) as a subgenus to Plumatella. It is based on the idea that in certain species, when the polypide is retracted, a pair of slightly stiffened regions of the tentacle sheath come together like valves to form a flat barrier closing off the orifice. As the type species for Afrindella Annandale designated Plumatella tanganyikae, by which he probably meant Plumatella bombayensis. I believe this because at that time the ZSI had four specimens of P. bombayensis, all labeled as P. tanganyikae, and Annandale considered the two species indistinguishable (Annandale & Kemp 1912). Also included in the Afrindella subgenus were P. philippinensis Kraepelin, 1887, P. testudinicola, and later P. persica, now recognized as P. casmiana. Borg (1936) objected to the subgenus Afrindella because it was based on just a single feature, the closure of the orifice. However, Marcus (1942) elevated Afrindella to the level of a full genus and expanded the definition to include a strong and rigid chitinous ectocyst, tubules lying close to the substrate with little incrustation, and the lack of upright branches. Marcus made it clear that the genus did not imply any phylogenetic significance but was simply a way of grouping species with similar features. The concept of Afrindella was fully endorsed by Wiebach (1970, 1974, 1975). However, the features Marcus ascribed to Afrindella are variable. In P. bombayensis and P. casmiana the ectocyst can be rigid, dark and clear, but it can also be thin, fragile and heavily incrusted. In the only known specimens of P. tanganyikae and P. testudinicola the ectocyst is not even very strong or chitinous. The mechanism by which the orifice is closed has not been studied in detail but appears to be a simple consequence of heavy sclerotization of the ectocyst. While I recognize the appeal of breaking up the large genus Plumatella, it seems unwise to establish a genus on features that are so inconsistent.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF3FFA72390FD87A6D55F15.taxon	discussion	This genus was proposed in a footnote to include “ zooecia recumbent, aggregated into small linear groups, which are connected with each other by stolon-like lobes and embedded in a structureless gelatinous mass. (Annandale 1910). The designated type species was Lophopus lendenfeldi from Australia (Ridley 1886), for which the published description lacked significant detail. Annandale (1915 a) later described the typical colony of Australella as “ a solid encrusting body closely compacted and agglutinated together by synocial jelly, but increasing in bulk mainly in one plane and without vertical branches. ” In addition to Australella lendenfeldi the genus Australella was applied to A. jheringi (Meissner, 1893) and A. indica Annandale, 1915. However, the Australella concept never acquired much traction. Annandale himself seemed tentative about the genus, since no examples were known from India and there was never an opportunity to examine living material. Finally, after seeing a preserved specimen of Australella lendenfeldi, Annandale ceded the name to Jullien’s (1885) Hyalinella, in which colonies were more clearly dendritic (Annandale 1919). Australella is no longer considered valid.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF3FFA72390FB6BA6165CD9.taxon	discussion	The genus Rumarcanella is the first ever to be based primarily on a single feature of the statoblast: the presence of hypertubercles. A hypertubercle may be defined as a small tubercle that sits atop a larger tubercle, generally seen on the floatoblast fenestra, but occasionally also found on the sessoblast frontal valve. Other characteristics of the genus include a colony “ entirely adherent, composed of narrow, branching tubes, weakly chitinized; ectocyst thin, transparent, with almost no encrustation ” (Hirose & Mawatari 2011 b). Hypertubercles were first noticed in R. vorstmani (Toriumi, 1952) and R. minuta (Toriumi, 1941), now synonymized under R. himalayana. The list was later expanded to include two new species, R. gusuku Hirose & Mawatari, 2011 b and R. yanbaruensis Hirose & Mawatari, 2011 b. This genus is considered problematic due to the likelihood that hypertubercles may not be a reliable unifying feature. For example, the floatoblasts of Plumatella raoi also have hypertubercles, but the colony features free branches, not the “ entirely adherent branches specified in the genus description. Therefore, we must either broaden the genus definition, or else recognize that hypertubercles do not occur exclusively in this genus. In fact, they may commonly occur in any species where the statoblast tubercles are especially prominent. Hirose & Mawatari (2011 b) provided genetic evidence that four Rumarcanella species with hypertubercles can be grouped in a single clade within a field that includes common plumatellids and fredericellids. This is useful information. However, it is possible that other species, with similar features but lacking statoblast hypertubercles, may also fall within the clade. Here again molecular studies could prove very useful. In time the definition of genus Rumarcanella may be modified in ways that place less reliance on hypertubercles. Until then it should remain as an interesting concept, but one that allows certain species with hypertubercles not to be included.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF2FFA62390FF7BA27558CD.taxon	description	The genus was erected to accommodate a new species, Stolella indica, described more fully in this paper. Additional sightings of S. indica were reported in North America by Rogick (1943) and in central Africa by Wiebach (1964), neither of them resembling Annandale’s holotype. In South America Ernst and Eveline Marcus together described a total of six plumatellid species, placing five of them in the genus Stolella (Marcus 1941, 1942; DuBoisReymond Marcus 1953). It is worth noting that nearly all of the Stolella species, including S. indica, were reported to be growing on filiform substrata such as duckweed roots, filamentous algae, or the narrow stems and leaves of submerged macrophytes. Under such conditions I have found it not unusual for plumatellid zooids to become elongated. Even on broad substrata it is possible to encounter elongated and tapered zooids among species in which this growth form is atypical (Fig. 11). Zooid length is so inconsistent that in his African collection of Stolella indica Wiebach specifically set aside and labeled small subsamples exhibiting elongate zooids, because all other zooids in the specimen appeared to lack this feature (Wood 2020). The same variability is seen in Stolella material from Ernst and Eveline Marcus deposited at the NHMUK. While the stolon-like growth is certainly striking, it is often not representative of the entire colony. I am therefore inclined to regard this feature as an interesting phenomenon, possibly imposed by environmental conditions, but not a reliable foundation for an entire genus. I suggest that Annandale’s Stolella be retired and replaced with Plumatella.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF2FFA62390FC43A45F5D44.taxon	discussion	The genus Swarupella was created to accommodate the species S. andamanensis (Shrivastava, 1981) first collected on the Andaman Islands and later at Motikund, Narsingharh in Madhya Pradesh (Rao 1985). “ The chief distinguishing feature of the species is the presence of the diminutive spines at both the extremities (of the floatoblast). Along the suture these spines continue posteriorly as a sutural frill ” (Shrivastava 1981). Since the discovery of S. andamanensis, sutural spines have been noticed in other species as well, including S. divina Wood, 2006 and S. kasetsartensis Wood, 2006. Small sutural projections have also been described in Plumatella jariensis Wood & Okamura, 2017 and Plumatella kisalensis Wood, 2020, although these resemble little knobs rather than spines. I find that the minute spines in Swarupella species do not dissolve in alkali, suggesting that they are actual extensions of the chitinous periblast and not derived from secondary materials. Unfortunately, their shrinkage and distortion upon drying makes them difficult to examine by traditional scanning electron microscopy. In S. andamanensis the spines appear to be about the same length along the entire suture, but they project outwards more at the sharp curvature at each end of the statoblast. For now, I consider Swarupella to be an acceptable genus for grouping certain plumatellid species. Whether the genus has any phylogenetic significance is yet to be determined.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
762C8786FFF2FFA62390F9DBA30D5CB5.taxon	discussion	The genus Varunella was proposed by Wiebach (1974) to include species resembling Hyalinella but producing sessoblasts as well as floatoblasts. Colonies are described as growing very close to the substrate, the ectocyst thick, soft and never chitinous, the colony massive in the center but dendritic around the periphery, agglutination among the branches strongly pronounced. Included in this genus are the Indian species Varunella coronifera Wiebach, 1974 and Varunella indorana Wiebach, 1974 as well as Varunella gemmata Wiebach, 1976 from South Africa. Wiebach seems to make a distinction between his Varunella species and those bryozoans in which the ectocyst is clear and colorless but not necessarily thick and “ hard-gelatinous. ” A more recent collection of V. coronifera suggests the possibility that the ectocyst may not always be very thick (Nimbalkar et al., not yet published). Moreover, many other species share these features, including Plumatella fungosa, P. vaihiriae, and all of the known Rumarcanella species. Whether the features attributed to Varunella exhibit any variability is difficult to assess, given the small amount of available material. At this time the validity of Varunella seems doubtful.	en	Wood, Timothy S. (2022): Phylactolaemate bryozoans at the Zoological Survey of India and a taxonomic key to Indian Phylactolaemata. Zootaxa 5200 (2): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.1
