identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
24BCD01272CF5F9EA77F70E42420F359.text	24BCD01272CF5F9EA77F70E42420F359.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Silene villosa Forssk., Fl. Aegypt-Arab.: 88. 1775. (Forsskal and Niebuhr 1775	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 
Silene villosa Forssk., Fl. Aegypt-Arab.: 88. 1775. (
Forsskal
and Niebuhr 1775)
</p>
            <p>Fig. 3D-E</p>
            <p> S. villosa var. stricte-refracta Hausskn. &amp; Bornm., Mitth.  Thüring . Bot. Vereins 6: 49. 1894. (  Bornmüller 1894) - Type: IRAN • Sinus Persicus australis, in apricis arenosis insulae Kischm; J.  Bornmüller Iter persico-turcicum 1892-93 96; Jan. 1893; lectotype (designated here): JE [JE00013335], isolectotypes: B [B101156873, B101157369, B101157373, B101157374], E [E00987051], JE [JE00013336, JE00013337], PH [PH00024127], PI [PI042024]; probable isolectotype: KFTA [KFTA0001148]. </p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p>  EGYPT • Prope pyramides Gizenses; Herb. P.  Forsskål 550; lectotype: C [C10003076] (designated by Melzheimer 1988); probable isolectotype: Herb. P.  Forsskål 560, C [C10003075]  . </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Annual herb, glandular and eglandular villous to pubescent. Stem 14.5-32 cm long, ascending. Leaves linear to oblanceolate, 19-43.5  × 2-9.5 mm. Inflorescence irregular cymose, mostly monochasial, rarely dichasial; pedicels 4-19 mm long; bracts herbaceous, linear to oblanceolate. Calyx cylindric, 12.5-18 mm long, pendulous in fruit. Petals white to pinkish, exserted, bifid. Coronal scales oblong, apex entire, obtuse. Anthophore 7-8.5 mm long. Capsule 7-9 mm long. Seed reniform, concave. </p>
            <p>General distribution.</p>
            <p>Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Mauritania, Morocco, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia (Fig. 5).</p>
            <p>Distribution in Iran.</p>
            <p>South-eastern Iran including Hormozgan, Kerman, Sistan and Baluchestan.</p>
            <p>Additional material examined.</p>
            <p> ALGERIA • Bechar; 29°5'N, 2°38'W; 520 m; 1 Apr. 1980; Podlech 33649; MSB [MSB-113841] •  Laghouat; 30°00'N, 2°32'E; 500 m; 26 Mar. 1981; Podlech 35342; MSB [MSB-113632] . </p>
            <p>
                  EGYPT • Sinai Peninsula, ca 50 km ESE of Ismailiya near the road to  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.733334/lat 30.566668)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.566668">Gifgata</a>
                 , sandy flats; 30°34'N, 32°44'E; 170 m; 3 May 1991;  Förther 4298; MSB [MSB-113639]  • Cairo: between Kirdasa and the   Giza  Pyramids ; 10 Feb. 1926;  Cäckholm s.n.; S  . 
            </p>
            <p>  IRAN • Hormozgan, 73 km after Kahir to Jak, near  Tujak village ; 78 m; 7 Mar. 2013; Attar, Mirtadzadini &amp; Rategar 45936; TUH  •   Kerman, SE Jiroft, E Anbarabad, NE  Rudfarq village ; 23 Feb. 2007; Mirtadzadini 3853; MIR  •   Kerman, Jiroft toward Kahnuj, before  Anbarabad crossroad; 709 m; 28 Mar. 2011; Mirtadzadini 3855; MIR • Sistan and Baluchestan, Konarak to Jask, 11 km before Zarabad, near  Tujak village , on a sandy hill; 78 m; 6 Mar. 2014; Mirtadzadini, Attar &amp; Rastgar 3854; MIR • Sistan and Baluchestan, Iranshahr to Nikshahr, 12 km after Espake crossroad; 990 m; 3 Mar. 2014; Mirtadzadini, Attar &amp; Rastgar 3856; MIR  . </p>
            <p>  MOROCCO •  d’Ouarzazate ; 30°38'N, 6°10'W; 10 Apr. 1990; Schuhwerk 90/903; M •  d’Ouarzazate ; 30°57'N, 6°50'W; 12 Apr. 1990; Podlech 49528; MSB [MSB-113635]  . </p>
            <p>
                  PALESTINE •  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.366665/lat 30.966667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.966667">Negev</a>
                 ,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.366665/lat 30.966667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.966667">Revivim</a>
                 , sandy soil; 12 Apr. 1952;  D’Angelis s.n.; M • Negev; 30°58'N, 34°22'E.; 200 m; 30 Mar. 1992;  Tielbörger s.n.; M • Sinai, Rafa Bir El Meleha (  Bi’r al Malalihah) at the coast; 23 Mar. 1938;  Cäckholm s.n.; S  . 
            </p>
            <p>Additional material examined (digital).</p>
            <p>  ALGERIA •  Aïn-Sefra (Sud de la prov.  d’Oran ); 7 May 1856;  Cosson s.n.; JE [JE00015630], LY [LY0126056], MPU [MPU008778]  ,   US [US 128945] •  El-Goléa , in arenosis; 16 Mar. 1899;  Chevallier s.n.; LY [LY0126054] • El  Goléa , in cultis, ad ripas rivulon; 21 Mar. 1904; Chevallier 88  ;   US [US 1157498] • [  Naâma ],  Aïn Sefra; 20 Apr. 1888; Bonnet &amp; Maury s.n.; P [P05032549] • Sables et bords de  l’Oued à Aïn Sefra, sud-ouest de la prov.  d’Oran ; 7 May 1856;  Kralik in Bourgeau , Pl.  D’Algerie 229; MPU [MPU008779, MPU008780, MPU008781], WAG [WAG.1562546] • El Abiod-Sidi-Cheikh, in arenis; May 1899; Chevallier 170bis  ;   US [US 550356] • Sud-Oranais, environs  d’Aïn-Sefra ; 1100 m; 11 May 1938;  Faure s.n.; P [P01194665]  . </p>
            <p>  EGYPT • Km 24  Cairo-Suez road; 7 Apr. 1945; Davis 10284; E [E00987058] • Al  Qāhirah ,  Sandhügel , 7 km  südöstl . von Heluan; 19 Mar. 1885; Volkens s.n.; JE [JE00015632] • Bir Baadah el Messaid; 20 Mar. 1880; Barbey 148; LY [LY0686625] • [New Valley], Abydos; 26 Mar. 1881; Letourneux s.n.; P [P04914444] • Prope Kahiram, Gezisch; Apr. 1877; Ball 248  ;  US [US292295] . </p>
            <p>  MAURITANIA •  Aguelt Oued Aouineght (Zemmour noir); 4 Mar. 1954; Sougy 324; P [P00799753]  . </p>
            <p>
                  MOROCCO •  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -6.83333/lat 30.949999)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-6.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.949999">Ouarzazate</a>
                 , 7 km NE Ouarzazate nahe der  Straße nach Skoura (P 32), sandiges oued; 30°56  ’59.999” N, 6°49  ’59.988” W; 1140 m; 12 Apr. 1990; Podlech 49528; P [P05075130]  . 
            </p>
            <p>SAUDI ARABIA • Near lip of the escarpment behind Police Post on the Taif-Jaddah road; 1920 m; 5 Feb. 1980; Collenette 1742; E [E01000686] • Red sand dunes, 12 km west of Zabirah Camp and 100 km north of Giba; 549 m; 24 Feb. 1985; Collenette 5072; E [E01000644].</p>
            <p>  TUNISIA • [Kebili], Bechilli (  Nefzaoua merid.); 19 Mar. 1886; Letourneux s.n.; P [P04914526] • [Kebili], El Foouara in arenosis; 19 Apr. 1887; Letourneux s.n.; P [P04914522, P04914523] • [Sidi Bouzid], El houwara; 19 Apr. 1887; Letourneux s.n.; P [P04914525] • [Tozeur], Gouifla Tunisie; 9 May 1884; Doumet-Adanson &amp; Bonnet s.n.; P [P04914527]  . </p>
            <p>UNKNOWN • Herbier Mussat; 4 Oct. 1902; s.col. s.n.; LY [LY0126051].</p>
            <p>Notes.</p>
            <p> Although  Bornmüller (1894) was specifically describing new plants from Iran based on specimens that were included in the Iter persico-turcicum 1892-93 exsiccata set that he distributed, no single specimen is cited in the protologue of  S. villosa var. stricte-refracta . We believe #96 is original material of this taxon and have selected one of the three sheets of #96 at JE to serve as the lectotype. The sheet at KFTA has a handwritten label with the same collection information except for the exsiccata number. </p>
            <p> In Flora Iranica (Melzheimer 1988), five specimens were listed for  S. villosa from Iran. The first author (FJ) examined three specimens (Pabot 382, Pabot 392, and Iranshahr &amp; Terme 14943-E) (Fig. 4A, B) and identified them as  S. wendelboi . Melzheimer (1988) recognized  Bornmüller 96 from Qeshm as  S. villosa and we confirm the identification. However, we could not locate Kunkel 16731 from Qeshm. It is noteworthy that Rechinger 8787=8794 from Iraq, Basra, cited as the basis for the illustration of  S. villosa in tab. 248 in Flora Iranica, should be  S. arabica based on the characters shown in Table 1; Rechinger 8794 was cited under  S. arabica in the Flora of Lowland Iraq (Rechinger 1964). The specimen Iranshahr &amp; Terme 33683-E was erroneously identified as  S. arabica in Flora Iranica; it should be  S. villosa . </p>
            <p> The presence of  S. villosa in Iraq has not been confirmed; we have not seen any specimens of  S. villosa from Iraq. The description of  S. villosa in Flora of Iraq (Townsend et al. 2016) includes characteristics of  S. wendelboi , while parts 4-7 in figure 46, reproduced from the Flora of Pakistan (Ghazanfar and Nasir 1986), are similar to  S. villosa. All specimens cited as  S. villosa in Flora of Iraq (Townsend et al. 2016) are  S. wendelboi . </p>
            <p> Our phylogenetic analysis shows that  S. villosa forms a clade with  S. ayachica and  S. lynesii in both the ITS and rps16 tree. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/24BCD01272CF5F9EA77F70E42420F359	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jafari, Farzaneh;Keshavarzi, Maryam;Rabeler, Richard K.	Jafari, Farzaneh, Keshavarzi, Maryam, Rabeler, Richard K. (2022): Species delimitation and phylogenetic relationships of Silene villosa s. l. (Caryophyllaceae, sect. Silene s. l.) using nrDNA ITS and cpDNA rps 16. Plant Ecology and Evolution 155 (3): 394-403, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.85790, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.85790
15838661EE0D52CAB4259DBE70D09C81.text	15838661EE0D52CAB4259DBE70D09C81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Silene wendelboi Assadi, Iran. Journ. Bot. 1 (2): 181 - 183. 1977. (Assadi 1977	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Silene wendelboi Assadi, Iran. Journ. Bot. 1(2): 181-183. 1977. (Assadi 1977)</p>
            <p>Figs 3A-C, 4A-B</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p>  IRAN • Khuzestan,  Albaji ; 30 m; 28 Apr. 1971; Gheisari 1252; holotype: TARI  . </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Annual herb, glandular and eglandular pubescent. Stem (4.5) 6-23 cm long, ascending. Leaves linear, 16-44  × 1-3.5 mm, sometimes internodes shorter than the leaves. Inflorescence more or less regular dichasial; pedicel (4-)5.5-16.5(-21) mm long; bracts herbaceous, linear. Calyx cylindric, membranaceous in the lower and herbaceous in the upper part, glandular-hairy, 17-23 mm long, more or less pendulous in fruit. Petals white, exserted, bifid. Coronal scales oblong, apex dentate, acute. Anthophore 8.5-12.5 mm long. Capsule 8-11 mm long. Seed reniform, compressed around the hilum. </p>
            <p>General distribution.</p>
            <p>Bahrain, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates (Fig. 5).</p>
            <p>Distribution in Iran.</p>
            <p>Khuzestan province, in the southwest of Iran.</p>
            <p>Notes.</p>
            <p> Silene wendelboi was accepted as part of  S. arabica in Flora Iranica by Melzheimer (1988), while the specimen from Khuzestan, Pabot 392, was listed in both  S. villosa and  S. arabica . The handwriting on the label of the herbarium sheet shows it was identified as  S. villosa . </p>
            <p> We analysed the ITS and rps16 regions of a specimen from Basra, Iraq, from an area near Khuzestan province. It shows affinity with  S. arabica in the ITS phylogeny (Fig. 1) and this subclade forms a clade with E Mediterranean species including  S. damascena ,  S. palaestina , and  S. discolor . The E Mediterranean species and  S. wendelboi are sister to the rest of the  S. sect. Silene s.l. in the rps16 phylogeny (Fig. 2). In the ITS tree, the accessions KJ004335, KF815498, KX282426, and KX282427 from Saudi Arabia and Kuwait were erroneously identified and should be corrected to  S. wendelboi . </p>
            <p> Investigation of the herbarium specimens showed that the specimen from Basra (Rechinger 8725 (M)), earlier cited as  S. villosa (Rechinger 1964), belongs to  S. wendelboi . We were able to examine the Rechinger specimen at B (Rechinger 8793) cited by Lazkov (2006) and the collection from the same locality (110 km SSW of Basra) cited by Townsend et al. (2016); as noted above, both specimens were indeed  S. wendelboi . </p>
            <p>Additional material examined.</p>
            <p>  IRAN • Khuzestan, 14 km E aggeris Kharkheh (  Karkheh ); 15 Mar. 1959; Pabot 382  ;  IRAN • ibid.; Pabot 392 ;   IRAN • Khuzestan,  20 km N Ahvaz , in arenosis cultis; 12 Mar. 1972; Iranshahr &amp; Terme 14943-E  ;   IRAN • Khuzestan, NE Susangerd, Segure region, Farheh, sand dunes; 40 m; 12 Apr. 1985; Mozaffarian 53480; TARI • Khuzestan, NE Bostan around  Mish-Dagh Mt. ; 50-200 m; 16 Apr. 1985; Mozaffarian 53727; TARI • Khuzestan,  Ahvaz , Karkheh; 110 m; Jamzad, Naanaee &amp; Salehi 79222; TARI • Khuzestan, ca 14 km to Omidieh from Ahvaz-Omidieh road, sandy area; 40 m; 11 Apr. 2008; Mozaffarian 93598; TARI  . </p>
            <p>
                  IRAQ • Basra,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.5/lat 30.166666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.166666">Jabal Sanam</a>
                 ; ca 30°10'N, 47°30'E; 24 Mar. 1957; Rechinger 8725; M, E [E00987075, E00987076, E00987077]  . 
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            <p>JORDAN • Aqaba, Wadi Rum; Emanuelsson 4371; S [S14-22379].</p>
            <p>QATAR • 5 km E of Umm Bab; 15 Apr. 1987; El-Ghazaly &amp; Nilsson 103; S [S17-61907] • E of Umm Bab; 15 Apr. 1987; El-Ghazaly &amp; Nilsson s.n.; S [S17-61908].</p>
            <p>Additional material examined (digital).</p>
            <p>  BAHRAIN •  In sandy gullies along the western Imrock; 26-30 m; 17 Feb. 1986; Alder 14; E [E00046454]  . </p>
            <p>  IRAQ • Al Zarqa,  12 km SE of Samawa ; 25 m; 30 Mar. 1957  ;   Alkas, Natl. Herb. Iraq 17672; K [K000609855] • Basra, desertum meridionale (Southern Desert), ad confines territorii Kuweit, prope  Chilawa , 110 km SSW Basra, in arenosis submobilibus; 170 m; 25 Mar. 1957  ;   Rechinger 8793; B [B101107154] • Basra, nr.  Chilwa , 110 km SSW of Basra; 170 m; 25 Mar. 1957  ;   Guest, Rawi &amp; Rechinger, Natl. Herb. Iraq 17208; K [K000609857] • Southern desert,  Al-Ichrishi , 35 km E by N Busaiya; 115 m; 15 Apr. 1955 (1957?)  ;   Guest &amp; Rawi, Natl. Herb. Iraq 14186; K [K000609859, K000609860] • Southern desert,  Al Urmaigh , ca 30 km S of Tall Lahn; 75 m; 30 Mar. 1956  ;   Guest &amp; Mahmoud, Natl. Herb. Iraq 15305; K [K000609861] • ca 6 km W of Safwan (30 km S of  Zubair ); ca 10 m; 23 Mar. 1957  ;   Guest, Rawi &amp; Rechinger, Natl. Herb Iraq 16946; K [K000609858] •  Jebel Samara ; 23 Aug. 1919  ; Watson &amp; Sharples s.n.; K [K000609856]. </p>
            <p>  KUWAIT • 29°10  ’33” N, 47°43  ’39” E; 14 Feb. 2013; Abdullah MTA274; E [E00678805]  . </p>
            <p>  LEBANON •  Qana , Neford; 27 Apr. 1982; Dulici 2375; ALF [ALF038623]  . </p>
            <p>  QATAR •  Wadi Al Galaiel , toward the southern end of the Qatar Peninsula (Miocene); 2 Apr. 1977; Boulos 11130; E [E00648975]  . </p>
            <p>
                  SAUDI ARABIA • 20 km N of Manijah, Gulf Coast; 3 m; 30 Mar. 1987; Collenette 6182; E [E00540018] • 12 km west of Zabirah Camp and 100 km N of Gila; 550 m; 24 Feb. 1985;  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 50.133335/lat 26.3)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=50.133335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.3">Collenette</a>
                 5073; E [E00540036] •  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 50.133335/lat 26.3)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=50.133335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.3">Dhahran</a>
                 , Ash Sharqiyah; 26°18'N, 50°08'E; 21 Feb. 1964; Mandaville 52  ;  US [US 2512948] • ibid.; 19 Mar. 1965; Mandaville 366 ;   US [US 2512826] • Hail; 22-23 Mar. 1981; Chaudhary E-574; E [E00648973] • Nafud, near Kharais; 8 Apr. 1980; Chaudhary E 217; E [E00648979] •  Mada’in salih; 26°47  ’21.947” N, 37°56  ’44.988” E; 799 m; 18 Mar. 2018; Bouchaud 6; P [P00915699]  . 
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            <p>  UNITED ARAB EMIRATES - Abu Dhabi • Al Markhaniyah, 2 km W of Tawwam Hospital at  Al Ain ; 190 m; 26 Mar. 1982; Western 16; E [E00648977] • Zibara, ca 30 km N of new Abu Dhabi airport on road to Dubai; 25 m; 14-16 Apr. 1982; Western 41; E [E00648978]  . -   Dubai • 45 km from  Al Ayn to Dubai; 300 m; 15 Feb. 1980; Edmondson E 3005; E [E00648972] •  Dünen bei Al Awir; 100 m; 24 Mar. 1986;  Müller-Hohenstein 86292; E [E00648971]. - Umm al Qawain • Tell Abrak, near Umm al Qawain; 10-50 m; 22 Feb. 1985; Western 771; E [E00046452]  . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/15838661EE0D52CAB4259DBE70D09C81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jafari, Farzaneh;Keshavarzi, Maryam;Rabeler, Richard K.	Jafari, Farzaneh, Keshavarzi, Maryam, Rabeler, Richard K. (2022): Species delimitation and phylogenetic relationships of Silene villosa s. l. (Caryophyllaceae, sect. Silene s. l.) using nrDNA ITS and cpDNA rps 16. Plant Ecology and Evolution 155 (3): 394-403, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.85790, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.85790
