identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
039C87FFFF870542FF08FB52A954F846.text	039C87FFFF870542FF08FB52A954F846.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Culicoides paraensis (Goeldi 1905)	<div><p>Culicoides paraensis (Goeldi)</p> <p>(Figs. 2–31)</p> <p>Fourth instar larva (Figs. 2–8; 16–19). Coloration yellowish in life. Larva small 0.27 mm. (Fig. 16). Head capsule (Figs. 2–3, 17) yellowish, moderately elongate, apex slightly bent ventrally, all setae simple, except seta “x”, “o”, “p”; moderately thin, medium-sized to elongate; chaetotaxy as in Figs. 2–5, 7; HL 0.12–0.160 (0.15, n=4) mm, HW 0.08–0.11 (0.10, n=4) mm, HR 1.47–1.62 (1.53, n=4). Antenna short (Figs. 2, 4). Labrum (Figs. 2–4) shorter than greatest width, with three pairs of anterolateral sensilla styloconica (Fig. 4–5, 7); palatum (Figs. 3, 5–6) with three pairs of sensilla trichoidea closely spaced, two anterior pairs medium-sized, posterior pair short; messors (Fig. 4) well developed, stout, with four-five prominent teeth; scopae well developed, formed by three brushes, each with three–four short, stout teeth (Fig. 4–5). Maxilla well developed, heavily sclerotized (Fig. 3); galeolacinia with two–three papillae, with long seta; maxillary palpus (Figs. 5–6) medium-sized, cylindrical, with three apical papillae, two of them medium-sized, other short; lacinial sclerite 1 (Fig. 7) without seta, lacinial sclerite 2 (Figs. 5–7) with medium-sized, thin seta and two papillae. Mandible (Figs. 2–5, 7, 17) small, heavily sclerotized, hooked, curved, with broad base, basal articulations blunt, one sensory pit and one medium-sized seta near hypocondyle; MDL 0.02–0.03 (0.025, n=3) mm, MDW 0.008 –0.011 (0.009, n=3) mm. Hypostoma (Figs. 3, 5–6) with curved mesal elevation, smooth, lateral margin with five–six truncate, strong teeth. Labium elongate, not extending beyond hypostoma. Epipharynx (Figs. 17) massive, strongly sclerotized; with three comb present, dorsal comb very narrow, with two–four teeth/sclerite, unequal and angular; ventral comb 4 with 10–12 teeth; ventral comb 2 with numerous finely, pointed teeth, lateral arms stout, elongate, with lateral curtains with finely pointed teeth of moderate length LAW 0.045 –0.055 (0.052, n=4) mm; DCW 0.010 –0.015 (0.013, n=4) mm. Hypopharynx (Figs. 17) elongate, thin, moderately sclerotized, without fringe. Thoracic pigmentation uniformly pale. Abdominal segment whitish. Caudal segment (Fig. 8, 19) with six pairs of setae: ‘o’ long, stout seta, ‘i’, l1, l2, v, d, long, thin setae; CSL 0.25–0.38 (0.32, n=4) mm, CSW 0.10–0.15 (0.12, n=4); OL 0.16–0.22 (0.19, n=3) mm; OD 0.035 –0.042 (0.038, n=3) mm.</p> <p>Female pupa (Figs. 9–15, 20–21). Exuviae general coloration light brown. Total length 1.52 mm. Head: Dorsal apotome (Fig. 9–10, 22) 1.20X broader than long, pale brown, apex apparently truncated, distal margin truncate; surface smooth, except for three rows of spicules on distal margin, raised areas present; dorsal apotome sensilla: DA-1-H, long, stout seta, DA-2-H campaniform sensillum at tubercle base; DAL 0.11 mm; DAW 0.14 mm; DAW/ DAL 1.27. Mouthparts as in Fig. 13, with mandible, lacinia well developed; palpus extending to posterolateral margin of labium; labium separated medially by labrum, apex of labrum concave. Sensilla: two dorsolateral cephalic sclerite: DL-1-H long, stout seta, DL-2-H short, stout seta; clypeal/ labrals (Fig. 13): CL-1-H long, thin seta, CL-2-H medium-sized, thin seta; oculars (Fig. 13): O-1-H medium-sized, thin seta, O-3-H long, thin seta, O-2-H campaniform sensillum. Thorax: prothoracic extension absent; respiratory organ (Figs. 10–12, 20–21) pale brown; nearly straight, with scale-like spines, with 6–9 apical, 2–3 lateral pores; RO length 0.170 mm, RO wide 0.020 mm; pedicel (Figs. 10, 12) medium-sized, stout, P length 0.03 mm; P/RO length 0.17. Sensilla: one anteromedial AM-1-T medium-sized, hyaline seta; three anterolaterals: AL-1-T long, stout seta, AL-2-T medium-sized, hyaline, stout seta, AL-3-T campaniform sensillum; dorsals (Fig. 21): D-1-T, D-4-T medium–sized, stout seta, D-1-T stouter than D-4-T, D-2-T long, thin seta, D-3-T campaniform sensillum, D-5-T short, stout seta, SA-2-T campaniform sensillum. Metathoracics: M-2-T long, thin seta, M-3-T campaniform sensillum. Cephalothorax (Fig. 21) rectangular, smooth, except for a few small spinules, length 0.72 mm; width 0.475 mm. Abdomen: segments with smooth integument, pale yellow, with scarce, scattered spicules; without pigmentation pattern. Sensilla: Tergite 1 (Figs. 21) with setae as flows: D-2-I short, stout seta; D-3-I long, thin seta; D-7-I campaniform sensillum; D-4-I medium-sized, thin seta; D-8-I short, thin seta; D-9-I long, thin seta; L-1-I long, thin, seta, L-2-I, L-3-I campaniform sensilla. Second abdominal segment similar to the first one; segment 4 with sensillar pattern as follows: D-1-IV minute setae, D-2-IV short, stout seta; D-3-IV long, thin seta; D-4-IV, D-5-IV, D-8-IV minute setae; D-7-IV campaniform sensillum; D-9-IV long, thin seta; V-1-IV, V-2-IV campaniform sensilla; V-5-IV medium-sized, stout seta, V-6-IV short, thin seta; V-7-IV medium-sized, thin seta; L-I-IV, L-2-IV, L-3-IV short, stout setae, L-2-IV longer than L-1-IV and L-3-IV. Segment 9 (Figs. 14-15) 1.36 X longer than wide; ventral surface with many spicules; anterior band continuous with spines; length 0.16 mm, width 0.12 mm. Terminal process (Fig. 14-15) triangular, elongate, divergent, tip pointed; ventral surface spiculate, with D-5-IX, D-6-IX campaniform sensilla; length 0.07 mm.</p> <p>Male Pupa (Figs. 22–31). Similar to female with usual sexual differences. Total length 1.45–1.60 (1.53, n=2) mm. Exuviae pale brown. Dorsal apotome and sensilla (Fig. 22, 25–26) DAL 0.11 mm; DAW 0.14 mm; DAW/DAL 1.27. Mouthparts as in Fig. 23. Clypeal/ labrals and oculars as in Fig. 23. Sensilla anteromedial and anterolaterals as in Figs. 24–25. Dorsals as in Fig. 26. Respiratory organ (Figs. 25–25): length 0.15–0.16 (0.155, n=2) mm, RO wide 0.02 (n=2) mm; pedicel (Figs. 24–25) P length 0.03–0.04 (0.035, n=2) mm; P/RO length 0.27 (n=2). Cephalothorax rectangular: length 0.72–0.75 (0.73, n=2) mm; width 0.47–0.48 (0.475, n=2) mm. Metathoracics and tergite 1 as in Fig. 27. Segment 9 (Fig. 31) 1.36x longer than wide, ventral surface with several stout spicules on anterior margin, length 0.15 (n=2) mm, width 0.11–0.13 (0.12, n=2) mm. Terminal process (Fig. 31) moderately triangular, elongate, divergent, pointed; length 0.11 mm; genital lob (Fig. 31) produced beyond posterior margin of segment.</p> <p>Examined Material. Argentina, Misiones, Estancia “Santa Inés”, Ruta Nacional Nº 105, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.866497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.528027" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.866497/lat -27.528027)">Km</a> 8.5, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.866497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.528027" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.866497/lat -27.528027)">Garupá</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.866497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.528027" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.866497/lat -27.528027)">Departamento Capital</a>, 27°31′40.9′′S, 55°51′59.4′′W, altitude 177 m; X-2014; M. Ayala; 2 males (with pupal exuviae), 1 female (with pupal exuvium); 4 larval exuviae (MPLA).</p> <p>Material examined by SEM. Argentina, Misiones, Estancia “Santa Inés”, Ruta Nacional Nº 105, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.866497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.528027" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.866497/lat -27.528027)">Km</a> 8.5, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.866497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.528027" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.866497/lat -27.528027)">Garupá</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.866497&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.528027" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.866497/lat -27.528027)">Departamento Capital</a>, 27°31′40.9′′S, 55°51′59.4′′W, altitude 177 m; X-2014; M. Ayala; 2 larvae, 1 pupa (MPLA).</p> <p>Distribution. USA (Colorado, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin to Louisiana and Florida) to Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán, Mendoza, Chaco, Misiones, Corrientes).</p> <p>Bionomics. The immatures here described were collected in mud in the southwestern province of Misiones, Argentina. The entomological survey was carried out in spring, on a sunny day between 12:00 and 12:30 pm, the air temperature was 24ºC, the water temperature was 20ºC, the conductivity was 37.5 µS, the dissolved oxygen was 4.3 ppm (59%) and the pH of 6.4. In the laboratory, the larvae were kept in a mixture of mud from the natural environment and demineralized water; they exhibited a typical serpentine motion when moving across the substrate. At 25–27ºC, the stage IV larva took 4 days to reach the pupal stage. The pupae exhibited slow abdominal circular movements, completing the stage development within 3 days when individually placed in cotton-stoppered vials at room temperature. All emerging adults were C. paraensis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039C87FFFF870542FF08FB52A954F846	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ayala, Mahia M.;Díaz, Florentina;Spinelli, Gustavo R.;Micieli, María V.;Ronderos, María M.	Ayala, Mahia M., Díaz, Florentina, Spinelli, Gustavo R., Micieli, María V., Ronderos, María M. (2022): Redescription of immature stages of Culicoides paraensis (Goeldi) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), vector of the Oropouche virus. Zootaxa 5205 (3): 249-264, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5205.3.4
