taxonID	type	description	language	source
4A300118735BFFDAFF19FF3DFBF0FCA9.taxon	description	(Figs 1 – 2, 7 – 8, 11 – 12, 15 – 20) ậ 担杆潜á ḍ [Chinese name]	en	Lu, Ming, Li, Wei, Liu, Peng, Liu, Tengteng (2022): Leaf-mining moths of the genus Phyllonorycter Hübner (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae) associated with Malvaceae in China, with descriptions of one new species. Zootaxa 5205 (3): 265-280, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5205.3.5
4A300118735BFFDAFF19FF3DFBF0FCA9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The new species is similar to Phyllonorycter conista (Meyrick, 1911) and P. anchistea which also feed on species of Malvaceae in the Oriental region and Ethiopian region south, but can be distinguished by the following characters. In the new species, the male genitalia are asymmetrical (Figs 7 – 8), the female eighth sternite is covered with dense spines, the ostium bursae is located at the posterior edge of the eighth abdominal segment (Figs 11 – 12). However, in P. conista and P. anchistea, the male genitalia are both symmetrical (Kumata 1993: Figs 17 – 18, De Prins & Kawahara 2012: Figs 243 – 245), and the ostium bursae are both located at the posterior edge of the VII abdominal segment and the eighth sternite lacks spines (Kumata 1993: Figs 19 – 20, De Prins & Kawahara 2012: Fig. 334).	en	Lu, Ming, Li, Wei, Liu, Peng, Liu, Tengteng (2022): Leaf-mining moths of the genus Phyllonorycter Hübner (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae) associated with Malvaceae in China, with descriptions of one new species. Zootaxa 5205 (3): 265-280, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5205.3.5
4A300118735BFFDAFF19FF3DFBF0FCA9.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype, ♂, CHINA: Shandong, Jinan, Yaoxiang Forest Farm, 36.334 ° N, 117.114 ° E, 700 m, 7. x. 2018, mine on leaves of Grewia biloba, emerged 9 – 13. x. 2018 (indoors), leg. Tengteng Liu and Zhongfeng Jiang, field no. LTT 00492, genitalia slide no. LM 0079, SDNU. Ent 003568. Paratypes (all China): 10 ♂, 5 ♀, other data same as holotype, SDNU. Ent 001615, SDNU. Ent 003567, SDNU. Ent 003569 (LM 0080 ♀), SDNU. Ent 006442, SDNU. Ent 006444 (LM 0081 ♀), SDNU. Ent 006827 – 29, SDNU. Ent 006836 – 38, SDNU. Ent 006847 (LM 0116 ♂), SDNU. Ent 006856, SDNU. Ent 012169, SDNU. Ent 012171; 2 ♂, same data as holotype, except 24. viii. 2018, emerged 18 – 20. ix. 2018 (indoors), field no. LTT 00470, SDNU. Ent 012129, SDNU. Ent 012131; 1 ♂, Shandong, Jinan, Mt. Zhufeng, 36.716 ° N, 117.154 ° E, 310 m, 3. ix. 2021, mine on leaves of G. biloba, emerged 14. ix. 2021 (indoors), leg. Ming Lu, field no. LU 00156, SDNU. Ent 024684; 2 ♂, Shandong, Jinan, Changqing District, Mt. Liantai, 36.441 ° N, 116.932 ° E, 338 m, 28. vi. 2021, mine on leaves of G. biloba, emerged 7 – 8. vii. 2021 (indoors), leg. Ming Lu, field no. LU 00065, SDNU. Ent 021706 (LM 0117 ♂), SDNU. Ent 023657; 1 ♂, Shandong, Jinan, Mt. Fohui, 36.627 ° N, 117.047 ° E, 300 m, 15. ix. 2020, mine on leaves of G. biloba, leg. Tengteng Liu, field no. LTT 00972, SDNU. Ent 021023; 5 ♂, 1 ♀, Shandong, Zibo, Yiyuan County, Luya Reservoir, 36.268 ° N, 118.010 ° E, 470 m, 11. ix. 2021, mine on leaves of G. biloba, emerged 26. ix. 2021 (indoors), leg. Ming Lu, field no. LU 00159, SDNU. Ent 024677 (LM 0114 ♂), SDNU. Ent 024678, SDNU. Ent 028154 (LM 0074 ♀), SDNU. Ent 028155, SDNU. Ent 028156 (LM 0073 ♂), SDNU. Ent 028157; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Shandong, Linyi, Mt. Meng, 35.528 ° N, 117.823 ° E, 300 m, 15. ix. 2021, mine on leaves of G. biloba, leg. Ming Lu, field no. LU 00178, SDNU. Ent 024674 (LM 0115 ♂), SDNU. Ent 024675 – 76; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Shandong, Yantai, Mt. Kunyu, 37.292 ° N, 121.740 ° E, 400 m, 17. vii. 2017, mine on leaves of G. biloba var. parviflora, emerged 21. vii. 2017 (indoors), leg. Tengteng Liu and Zhenquan Gao, SDNU. YT 170705, SDNU. YT 1705.2, SDNU. YT 170705.4; 1 ♂, Shandong, Yantai, Mt. Kunyu, Shuiliandong, 37.267 ° N, 121.763 ° E, 300 m, 7. vii. 2019, mine on leaves of G. biloba, emerged 14. viii. 2019 (indoors), leg. Encui Wang and Tengteng Liu, field no. WEC 00120, SDNU. Ent 012159; 10 ♂, 3 ♀, Shandong, Binzhou, Mt. Heban, 36.771 ° N, 117.721 ° E, 280 m, 24. ix. 2021, mines on leaves of G. biloba, emerged 28. iv. 2021 (indoors), leg. Ming Lu, field no. LU 00191, SDNU. Ent 028140 – 41, SDNU. Ent 028142 (LM 0059 ♂), SDNU. Ent 028143 (LM 0060 ♀), SDNU. Ent 028144 – 49, SDNU. Ent 028150 (LM 0112 ♀), SDNU. Ent 028151; SDNU. Ent 028191 (LM 0069 ♀); 1 ♀, Shaanxi, Xian, Huyi, 34.016 ° N, 108.586 ° E, 815 m, 29. vii. 2021, mine on leaves of G. biloba, leg. Tengteng Liu, field no. LTT 01035, SDNU. Ent 024120. Adult (Figs 1 – 2). Including aestival and autumnal forms, but also have transitional forewing patterns caused by different darkening degrees. Aestival form (Fig. 1). Forewing length: 2.3 – 3.2 mm (HT = 3.2 mm). Frons white. Piliform scales tuft on vertex white mixed with black. Labial palpus white, blackish fuscous ventrally. Antenna slightly shorter than forewing, black on dorsum of scape, white ventrally, flagellum yellowish brown with black ring. Dorsal thorax yellowish brown. Forewing ground color yellowish brown, markings beige, with black scales edged basally, boundaries unclear, one transverse fascia, four costal and two dorsal strigulae; first costal strigula at basal 1 / 3 of forewing, triangular, oblique; black scales between base of costa and first costal strigulae; transverse fascia located in middle of forewing, angular, twice broader at dorsum than at costa; second costal strigula at basal 2 / 3, angular, smaller than first strigula, vertical; third costal strigula at distal 3 / 4, linear, with a row of black scales, vertical; fourth costal strigula near apex, rod-shaped, about twice as large as first, vertical; first dorsal strigula at 1 / 4, with black scales near dorsal margin anteriorly; second dorsal strigula opposite to second costal strigula, similar; black scales scattered along termen; cilia grayish white on dorsum, basal half blackish gray and distal half grayish white on termen. Hindwing and cilia uniformly gray. Legs white; foreleg grayish black ventrally; mid tibia with three black twill stripes, tarsus with two wide black rings; hind tibia with one black spot, tarsus with three wide black rings. Abdomen dark brown dorsally, grayish white ventrally; genital segments with yellow tuft. Autumnal form (Fig. 2). Similar to aestival form, but darker in color. Tuft on head blackish gray. Ventral labial palpus covered with grayish black scales. Dorsal thorax covered with taupe scales. Forewing ground color grayish brown, markings blurred. Male genitalia (Figs 7 – 8). Tegumen basal 2 / 3 nearly equal in width, distal 1 / 3 tapered, weakly sclerotized, truncated distally. Transtilla strongly sclerotized, about 1 / 4 length of valva. Valvae asymmetrical, same in length, almost as long as tegumen; left valva wider than right, concaved in middle of apex, dorsal margin arc-shaped, with a curved spine at apex, about 1 / 6 length of valva, ventral margin straight, ventro-apex triangular; setae dense near apex, sparser towards middle, almost absent at base; right valva slender, strip-shaped, basal 1 / 3 of dorsal margin slightly convex, distal 1 / 4 narrowed, subapex slightly enlarged and curved towards ventral margin, pointed distally, setae concentrated in distal 1 / 3. Vinculum weak. Saccus narrow, triangular, rounded distally. Phallus about 2 / 3 length of valva, gradually narrowed, with a lamellar hook apically. Eighth sternite almost oval, slightly concave in middle distally. Female genitalia (Figs 11 – 12). Papillae anales densely covered with short setae. Posterior apophyses wide at base, enlarged at middle, tapered to apex; anterior apophyses about 1 / 5 length of posterior apophyses, extending from antero-lateral angle of segment VIII and reaching middle of segment VII; eighth sternite covered with dense spines. Ostium bursae located at posterior border of segment VIII. Antrum tubular, weakly sclerotized. Ductus bursae slender, membranous; ductus seminalis membranous from posterior 1 / 3 of ductus bursae. Corpus bursae rounded, signum with one pair of small odontoid processes, connected at base and opposite to each other.	en	Lu, Ming, Li, Wei, Liu, Peng, Liu, Tengteng (2022): Leaf-mining moths of the genus Phyllonorycter Hübner (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae) associated with Malvaceae in China, with descriptions of one new species. Zootaxa 5205 (3): 265-280, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5205.3.5
4A300118735BFFDAFF19FF3DFBF0FCA9.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. The mine of the new species is similar to other Phyllonorycter species. It is located on the underside of the leaf. The early mine is a whitish flat blotch (Fig. 15), then expands into a circle. In the later stage, the mine begins to be slender and becomes a tentiform blotch with 3 – 7 folds on the lower epidermis (Figs 16 – 17). The larva primarily consumes spongy parenchyma and in the late stage it consumes palisade parenchyma. Clear white spots appear on the upper epidermis at this time (Figs 18 – 19), so the mine can be easily traced from the upper side of the leaf. The frass was scattered in the mine in the early stage, and was accumulated on the side of the mine in the later stage. Early mines can be traced in early June, and mature mines can be collected in late June. Mines of different instars can be collected from July to September indicating a generation overlapping or an asynchronous hatching of eggs. Mature mines can still be collected in early October and one adult emerged in mid-October indoor. Therefore, it is speculated that this species has at least two generations per year and may overwinter as pupae or adults. Host plants. Grewia biloba var. biloba and G. biloba var. parviflora (Malvaceae).	en	Lu, Ming, Li, Wei, Liu, Peng, Liu, Tengteng (2022): Leaf-mining moths of the genus Phyllonorycter Hübner (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae) associated with Malvaceae in China, with descriptions of one new species. Zootaxa 5205 (3): 265-280, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5205.3.5
4A300118735BFFDAFF19FF3DFBF0FCA9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Shaanxi, Shandong).	en	Lu, Ming, Li, Wei, Liu, Peng, Liu, Tengteng (2022): Leaf-mining moths of the genus Phyllonorycter Hübner (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae) associated with Malvaceae in China, with descriptions of one new species. Zootaxa 5205 (3): 265-280, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5205.3.5
4A300118735BFFDAFF19FF3DFBF0FCA9.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is derived from the species name of the host plant.	en	Lu, Ming, Li, Wei, Liu, Peng, Liu, Tengteng (2022): Leaf-mining moths of the genus Phyllonorycter Hübner (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae) associated with Malvaceae in China, with descriptions of one new species. Zootaxa 5205 (3): 265-280, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5205.3.5
4A300118735FFFD5FF19FC68FD61F9EF.taxon	description	(Figs 3 – 6, 9 – 10, 13 – 14, 21 – 24) 椴潜á ḍ [Chinese name]	en	Lu, Ming, Li, Wei, Liu, Peng, Liu, Tengteng (2022): Leaf-mining moths of the genus Phyllonorycter Hübner (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae) associated with Malvaceae in China, with descriptions of one new species. Zootaxa 5205 (3): 265-280, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5205.3.5
4A300118735FFFD5FF19FC68FD61F9EF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The forewing pattern and male genitalia of this species closely resemble that of Phyllonorycter jozanae (Kumata, 1967), but can be distinguished by the following characteristics. In P. issikii, the first costal, first and second dorsal strigulae are strip-shaped, slender, the first costal strigula located beyond the first dorsal one (Figs 3 – 4); while in P. jozanae, the first costal, first and second dorsal strigulae are triangular, the first costal strigula is opposite to the first dorsal strigula (Kumata 1967: Plate 8, Fig. 3). In the male genitalia, the costal processes of P. issikii are asymmetric, the costal process of the right valva is about seven times that of the left valva, distal 2 / 3 of the left valva is almost equal in width towards the apex, the eighth sternite is slightly oval (Figs 9 – 10); while in P. jozanae, the costal processes are symmetrical, the left valva is narrowest at 2 / 3 and then is gradually widened, and the eighth sternite is elongate trapezoid (Kumata 1967: Fig. 3). No reliable diagnostic characters can be observed in the female genitalia.	en	Lu, Ming, Li, Wei, Liu, Peng, Liu, Tengteng (2022): Leaf-mining moths of the genus Phyllonorycter Hübner (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae) associated with Malvaceae in China, with descriptions of one new species. Zootaxa 5205 (3): 265-280, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5205.3.5
4A300118735FFFD5FF19FC68FD61F9EF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (all China). 1 ♂, 3 ♀, Shandong, Zibo, Lushan National Forest Park, 36.309 ° N, 118.049 ° E, 500 m, 6. vi. 2021, mine on leaves of Tilia mandshurica, emerged 14 – 17. vi. 2021 (indoors), leg. Tengteng Liu, field no. LU 00016, SDNU. Ent 021692 (genitalia slide no. LM 0111 ♀), SDNU. Ent 021693, SDNU. Ent 021694 (LM 0056 ♀), SDNU. Ent 021695 (LM 0055 ♂); 2 ♀, Shandong, Yantai, Mt. Kunyu, 37.292 ° N, 121.740 ° E, 400 m, 18. vii. 2017, mine on leaves of T. amurensis, emerged 19. vii. 2017 (indoors), leg. Tengteng Liu and Zhenquan Gao, SDNU. YT 170703, SDNU. YT 170703.1; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Shandong, Yantai, Mt. Kunyu, 38.283 ° N, 121.736 ° E, 13. vi. 2019, mine on leaves of Tilia, emerged 18. iv. 2019 (indoors), leg. Encui Wang, Tengteng Liu and Zhongfeng Jiang, field no. WEC 00030, SDNU. Ent 005357 (LM 0113 ♀), SDNU. Ent 005424; 1 ♀, Shandong, Yantai, Mt. Kunyu, 37.263 ° N, 121.815 ° E, 189 m, 24. vii. 2021, mine on leaves of T. mandshurica, emerged 3. viii. 2021 (indoors), leg. Ming Lu, field no. LU 00142, SDNU. Ent 023653 (LM 0110 ♀); 6 ♂, 10 ♀, China: Shandong, Yantai, Mt. Kunyu, 37.259 ° N, 121.747 ° E, 378 m, 25. vii. 2021, mine on leaves of T. amurensis, emerged 28. vii, 30. vii, 2. viii. 2021 (indoors), leg. Ming Lu, field no. LU 00143, SDNU. Ent 021723 (LM 0107 ♀), SDNU. Ent 021724, SDNU. Ent 023620 – 25, SDNU. Ent 023626 (LM 0058 ♀), SDNU. Ent 023627 – 28, SDNU. Ent 023629 (LM 0057 ♂), SDNU. Ent 023630 – 32, SDNU. Ent 023885 (LM 0108 ♀); 14 ♂, 23 ♀, Shandong, Yantai, Mt. Kunyu Majuan, 37.268 ° N, 121.758 ° E, 236 m, 21. vii. 2021, mine on leaves of T. mandshurica, emerged 23. vii, 24. vii, 26. vii, 28. vii, 2. viii. 2021 (indoors), leg. Ming Lu, field no. LU 00129, SDNU. Ent 021733 – 34, SDNU. Ent 021735 (LM 0109 ♂), SDNU. Ent 021736 – 45, SDNU. Ent 021746 (LM 0038 ♂), SDNU. Ent 021747, SDNU. Ent 021748 (LM 0037 ♀), SDNU. Ent 021749 – 50, SDNU. Ent 023633 – 50, SDNU. Ent 023654.	en	Lu, Ming, Li, Wei, Liu, Peng, Liu, Tengteng (2022): Leaf-mining moths of the genus Phyllonorycter Hübner (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae) associated with Malvaceae in China, with descriptions of one new species. Zootaxa 5205 (3): 265-280, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5205.3.5
4A300118735FFFD5FF19FC68FD61F9EF.taxon	discussion	Remark. Most of the specimens used in the study are the same as that of the aestival form in the original description, but the four collected from Lushan National Forest Park in Zibo (Shandong, China) on June 6, 2021. These are clearly different from both aestival and autumnal forms on the forewing markings (Figs 5 – 6). In the aestival form the forewings have well-defined strigulae, while in the autumnal form the forewings are covered with more black and white scales, making the forewings gray with almost no markings (Kumata 1963). However, the forewings of the four specimens mentioned above not only have clear white markings but also have additional black scales. A detailed description is given as follows. Forewing with base streak runs to half of the forewing, sometimes covered and interrupted by black scales; base streak and costal margin covered with black-brown scales. Two costal and two dorsal strigulae, all irregular in shape; first costal strigula at half of forewing, second at distal fourth, with black-brown scales between preceding strigulae; first dorsal strigula at half of wing, second at distal third. Distal part of forewing blackish brown except for the white marking.	en	Lu, Ming, Li, Wei, Liu, Peng, Liu, Tengteng (2022): Leaf-mining moths of the genus Phyllonorycter Hübner (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae) associated with Malvaceae in China, with descriptions of one new species. Zootaxa 5205 (3): 265-280, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5205.3.5
4A300118735FFFD5FF19FC68FD61F9EF.taxon	biology_ecology	Host plants. Tilia mandshurica Rupr. et Maxim. (Figs 21 – 24), T. amurensis Rupr., T. amurensis var. taquetii (Schneid.) Liou et Li and T. chinensis Maxim. in China. Hosts recorded in other parts of the world: T. americana L., T. amurensis Rupr., T. caroliniana Mill., T. cordata Mill., T. dasystyla Steven, T. japonica Simonk., T. heterophylla Vent., T. kiusiana Makino & Shiras., Tilia mandshurica Rupr. et Maxim., T. maximowicziana Shiras., T. mongolica Maxim., T. platyphyllos, T. platyphyllos subsp. corinthiaca (Bosc ex K. Koch) Pigott, T. sibirica, T. tomentosa Moench, T. × vulgaris, T. × euchlora, T. × europaea L. (Kumata 1963, Ermolaev 1977, Kumata et al. 1983, Kuznetzov & Baryshnikova 1998, Buszko et al. 2000, Šefrová et al. 2000, Graf et al. 2002, Šefrová 2002, Klepikov 2005, Jaworski 2009, Yefremova et al. 2009, Gutzwiller et al. 2015, Kirichenko et al. 2017, Kirichenko et al. 2019, Kirichenko et al. 2022).	en	Lu, Ming, Li, Wei, Liu, Peng, Liu, Tengteng (2022): Leaf-mining moths of the genus Phyllonorycter Hübner (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae) associated with Malvaceae in China, with descriptions of one new species. Zootaxa 5205 (3): 265-280, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5205.3.5
4A300118735FFFD5FF19FC68FD61F9EF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Gansu, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Shandong; confirmed by barcodes in Kirichenko et al. (2022), Tianjin (Kirichenko et al. 2017 )), Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine (De Prins & De Prins 2022).	en	Lu, Ming, Li, Wei, Liu, Peng, Liu, Tengteng (2022): Leaf-mining moths of the genus Phyllonorycter Hübner (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae) associated with Malvaceae in China, with descriptions of one new species. Zootaxa 5205 (3): 265-280, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5205.3.5
