taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
03D63555CC0F0D4651A0FB7EBE34645E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357820/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357820	Figure 3. Lateral aspects of Amigdoscalpellinae: A, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); B, Catherinum recurvitergum (Gruvel, 1900); C, Catherinum novaezelandiae (Hoek, 1883). D, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); E, Amigdaloscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898); F, Amigdaloscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); G, Amigdaloscalpellum sculptum (Hoek, 1907) H, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859). See Table 1 for localities. Scale bars: 5 mm.	Figure 3. Lateral aspects of Amigdoscalpellinae: A, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); B, Catherinum recurvitergum (Gruvel, 1900); C, Catherinum novaezelandiae (Hoek, 1883). D, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); E, Amigdaloscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898); F, Amigdaloscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); G, Amigdaloscalpellum sculptum (Hoek, 1907) H, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859). See Table 1 for localities. Scale bars: 5 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC0F0D4651A0FB7EBE34645E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357840/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357840	Figure 14. Cladogram of 23 extant species of Scalpellidae, a consensus tree based on heuristic, unconstrained analysis (PAUP) of 61 shell-plate characters. Nodes numbered, bootstrap support values shown. Numbers of character changes at nodes 3, 6, 9, and 11 are shown; note the major change crownwards of Arcoscalpellum sociabile, at which 27 changes (node 6) occur. Taxa close to Diotascalpellum rubrum [Diotascalpellum angustatum (Geinitz, 1843)] appeared at about 105 Mya, and Catherinum at 75 Mya. This suggests that much of the evolutionary diversification of the family had occurred before the end of the Cretaceous. Molecular groups A and B of Lin et al. (2015: fig. 3) correspond exactly with the Scalpellinae and Amigdoscalpellinae. Abbreviations, Amigdo, Amigdoscalpellum; Arco, Arcoscalpellum; Gavi, Gaviscalpellum; Regio, Regioscalpellum; Dio, Diotascalpellum.	Figure 14. Cladogram of 23 extant species of Scalpellidae, a consensus tree based on heuristic, unconstrained analysis (PAUP) of 61 shell-plate characters. Nodes numbered, bootstrap support values shown. Numbers of character changes at nodes 3, 6, 9, and 11 are shown; note the major change crownwards of Arcoscalpellum sociabile, at which 27 changes (node 6) occur. Taxa close to Diotascalpellum rubrum [Diotascalpellum angustatum (Geinitz, 1843)] appeared at about 105 Mya, and Catherinum at 75 Mya. This suggests that much of the evolutionary diversification of the family had occurred before the end of the Cretaceous. Molecular groups A and B of Lin et al. (2015: fig. 3) correspond exactly with the Scalpellinae and Amigdoscalpellinae. Abbreviations, Amigdo, Amigdoscalpellum; Arco, Arcoscalpellum; Gavi, Gaviscalpellum; Regio, Regioscalpellum; Dio, Diotascalpellum.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC0E0D465148FD58BBA0632A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357822/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357822	Figure 4. Comparative morphology of out-group and basal scalpellid. A, B, Cretiscalpellum aptiensis Withers, 1935, capitulum, in lateral and carinal aspects. Bargate Stone, upper Aptian, Shackleford, Surrey, UK. Holotype, BGS 49533 (original of Withers, 1935, pl. 13, fig. 1). C–L, Cretiscalpellum striatum (Darwin, 1851b): C, carina (NHMUK IC 1191); D, F, rostrum NHMUK IC 1192); E, subcarina (NHMUK IC 1193); G, scutum NHMUK IC 1194); H, tergum (NHMUK IC 1195); I, carinolatus (NHMUK IC 1196); J, subcarinolatus (NHMUK IC 1197); K, inframedian latus (NHMUK IC 1199); L, upper latus (NHMUK IC 1200). Upper Campanian, Upper Chalk, Keswick, Norwich, UK. M–S, Arcuatoscalpellum arcuatum (Darwin, 1851b). M, exterior of rostrolatus (NHMUK IC 1221). N, exterior of scutum (NHMUK IC 12222). O, P, carinolatus (original of Collins, 1974, pl. 11, fig. 10, NHMUK In. 61368). Q, tergum (original of Collins, 1965, pl. 90, fig. 12, NHMUK In. 64259). R, S, carina in carinal and lateral aspect (NHMUK In. 1754). M, N, Upper Albian, Gault Clay. M, cristatum subzone (Bed 8i), Folkestone, Kent. O–Q, orbignyi subzone, Paddlesworth, Kent. R, S, Dunton Green, Kent. Note similarities in sculpture and overall valve morphology; the taxa differ importantly in the presence of a subcarina and subcarinolatus in Cretiscalpellum; these are absent from Arcuatoscalpellum gen. nov. Scale bars: A–B, 10 mm; N, Q, 5 mm; R, S, 2 mm; C, G, H, O, P, 1 mm; D–F, I–M, 0.5 mm.	Figure 4. Comparative morphology of out-group and basal scalpellid. A, B, Cretiscalpellum aptiensis Withers, 1935, capitulum, in lateral and carinal aspects. Bargate Stone, upper Aptian, Shackleford, Surrey, UK. Holotype, BGS 49533 (original of Withers, 1935, pl. 13, fig. 1). C–L, Cretiscalpellum striatum (Darwin, 1851b): C, carina (NHMUK IC 1191); D, F, rostrum NHMUK IC 1192); E, subcarina (NHMUK IC 1193); G, scutum NHMUK IC 1194); H, tergum (NHMUK IC 1195); I, carinolatus (NHMUK IC 1196); J, subcarinolatus (NHMUK IC 1197); K, inframedian latus (NHMUK IC 1199); L, upper latus (NHMUK IC 1200). Upper Campanian, Upper Chalk, Keswick, Norwich, UK. M–S, Arcuatoscalpellum arcuatum (Darwin, 1851b). M, exterior of rostrolatus (NHMUK IC 1221). N, exterior of scutum (NHMUK IC 12222). O, P, carinolatus (original of Collins, 1974, pl. 11, fig. 10, NHMUK In. 61368). Q, tergum (original of Collins, 1965, pl. 90, fig. 12, NHMUK In. 64259). R, S, carina in carinal and lateral aspect (NHMUK In. 1754). M, N, Upper Albian, Gault Clay. M, cristatum subzone (Bed 8i), Folkestone, Kent. O–Q, orbignyi subzone, Paddlesworth, Kent. R, S, Dunton Green, Kent. Note similarities in sculpture and overall valve morphology; the taxa differ importantly in the presence of a subcarina and subcarinolatus in Cretiscalpellum; these are absent from Arcuatoscalpellum gen. nov. Scale bars: A–B, 10 mm; N, Q, 5 mm; R, S, 2 mm; C, G, H, O, P, 1 mm; D–F, I–M, 0.5 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC0E0D4652D8FE54BE46615C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357844/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357844	Figure 16. Eocene Scalpellinae, to illustrate the evolutionary origin of the genus Scalpellum. Scuta, terga, and carinae. A–F, Scalpellum fischeri Bertrand, 1891, Lutetian, Calcaire Grossier, Chaussy, near Mantes (Seine-et-Oise), Paris Basin, France. A, B, scutum, external and internal views (original of Withers, 1953, pl. 38, figs 3, 4), NHMUK In. 39466. C, tergum, external view (original of Withers, 1953, pl. 38, figs 5, 6), NHMUK In. 39468. D–F, carina (original of Withers, 1953, pl. 38, fig. 1), NHMUK In. 39465. L, Arcoscalpellum venablesi Withers, 1953, lower Ypresian, Division B1 of London Clay (‘Fish Tooth Bed’), Bognor Regis, Sussex, UK. G, H, scutum, in external and internal views (original of Withers, 1953, pl. 63, fig. 1), NHMUK In. 39072. I, tergum (original of Withers, 1953, pl. 63, fig. 4), NHMUK In. 39072. J–L, carina (original of Withers, 1953, pl. 63, fig. 1), NHMUK In. 39033. M–R, Arcoscalpellum quadratum (Dixon, 1850), lower Ypresian, Division A3 of London Clay (‘Bognor Rock’), Bognor Regis, Sussex, UK. M, N, scutum. O, tergum. P–R, carina. NHMUK In. 32543–32550. Note the progressive elongation of the apical part of the scutum, the change in shape of the tergum, and the subapical migration of the carinal umbo. Compare with extant Scalpellum in Figure 15. Scale bars: 5 mm.	Figure 16. Eocene Scalpellinae, to illustrate the evolutionary origin of the genus Scalpellum. Scuta, terga, and carinae. A–F, Scalpellum fischeri Bertrand, 1891, Lutetian, Calcaire Grossier, Chaussy, near Mantes (Seine-et-Oise), Paris Basin, France. A, B, scutum, external and internal views (original of Withers, 1953, pl. 38, figs 3, 4), NHMUK In. 39466. C, tergum, external view (original of Withers, 1953, pl. 38, figs 5, 6), NHMUK In. 39468. D–F, carina (original of Withers, 1953, pl. 38, fig. 1), NHMUK In. 39465. L, Arcoscalpellum venablesi Withers, 1953, lower Ypresian, Division B1 of London Clay (‘Fish Tooth Bed’), Bognor Regis, Sussex, UK. G, H, scutum, in external and internal views (original of Withers, 1953, pl. 63, fig. 1), NHMUK In. 39072. I, tergum (original of Withers, 1953, pl. 63, fig. 4), NHMUK In. 39072. J–L, carina (original of Withers, 1953, pl. 63, fig. 1), NHMUK In. 39033. M–R, Arcoscalpellum quadratum (Dixon, 1850), lower Ypresian, Division A3 of London Clay (‘Bognor Rock’), Bognor Regis, Sussex, UK. M, N, scutum. O, tergum. P–R, carina. NHMUK In. 32543–32550. Note the progressive elongation of the apical part of the scutum, the change in shape of the tergum, and the subapical migration of the carinal umbo. Compare with extant Scalpellum in Figure 15. Scale bars: 5 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC0E0D79515BF981BFA766BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357818/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357818	Figure 2. A–E, H, Scalpellinae in lateral aspect: A, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883); B, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); C, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); D, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); E, Arcoscalpellum regina (Pilsbry, 1907); F–H, Graviscalpellum pedunculatum (Hoek, 1883); F, ventral (rostral) aspect; G, dorsal (carinal) view; H, lateral view. See Table 1 for details of localities etc. Scale bars: 5 mm.	Figure 2. A–E, H, Scalpellinae in lateral aspect: A, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883); B, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); C, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); D, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); E, Arcoscalpellum regina (Pilsbry, 1907); F–H, Graviscalpellum pedunculatum (Hoek, 1883); F, ventral (rostral) aspect; G, dorsal (carinal) view; H, lateral view. See Table 1 for details of localities etc. Scale bars: 5 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC0E0D79515BF981BFA766BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357826/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357826	Figure 6. Evolution of lateral plate morphology, dorsal side: A–E, Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); F–J, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); K–O, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); P–T, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); U–Y, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883). External aspect of carinolatus (A, F, K, P, U); interior of carinolatus (B, G, L, Q, V); external view of inframedian latus (C, H, M, R, W), interior of inframedian latus (D, I, N, S, X); dorsal (carinal) view of capitulum (E, J, O, T, Y). See Table 1 for details of localities. Note the migration of the position of the carinolatus umbo from apical to nearly basal, the progressive incurvature of the umbo, and the development of an upper latus surface. The lower four species are assigned to the Scalpellinae, the uppermost one to the Amigdaloscalpellinae. Scale bars: A–E, J, K–T, Y, 1 mm; F–I, U–X, 0.5 mm.	Figure 6. Evolution of lateral plate morphology, dorsal side: A–E, Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); F–J, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); K–O, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); P–T, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); U–Y, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883). External aspect of carinolatus (A, F, K, P, U); interior of carinolatus (B, G, L, Q, V); external view of inframedian latus (C, H, M, R, W), interior of inframedian latus (D, I, N, S, X); dorsal (carinal) view of capitulum (E, J, O, T, Y). See Table 1 for details of localities. Note the migration of the position of the carinolatus umbo from apical to nearly basal, the progressive incurvature of the umbo, and the development of an upper latus surface. The lower four species are assigned to the Scalpellinae, the uppermost one to the Amigdaloscalpellinae. Scale bars: A–E, J, K–T, Y, 1 mm; F–I, U–X, 0.5 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC0E0D79515BF981BFA766BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357834/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357834	Figure 11. Evolution of rostra and rostrolateral plate morphology, ventral side: A–D, Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); H, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); I–L, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); M–P, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); Q–T, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883). Rostrum in ventral (rostral) aspect (A, E, I, M, Q); rostrolatus in external (C, G, K, O, S) and internal (B, F, J, N, R) views. Basal capitulum in ventral (rostral) aspect (D, H, L, P, T). Note similarity of plesiomorphic taxa (E–T), in which the rostrolatus is broad and low, and the rostrum is trapezoidal to triangular and chunky. The rostrolatera do not contact over the midline in these taxa. Note striking morphological differences in the more derived Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (A–D), in which the rostrolatus is narrower and taller, the plates meet over the midline, and the rostrum is tiny, tall, rhomboidal, and almost completely covered by the rostrolatera. The rostral articulation only extends over half of the rostrolatus (see also Fig. 10C, H, I). Scale bars: L, P, 2 mm; B–D, F–H, J, K, N, O, T, 1 mm; A, I, M, R, S, 0.5 mm; and E, Q, 0.2 mm.	Figure 11. Evolution of rostra and rostrolateral plate morphology, ventral side: A–D, Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); H, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); I–L, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); M–P, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); Q–T, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883). Rostrum in ventral (rostral) aspect (A, E, I, M, Q); rostrolatus in external (C, G, K, O, S) and internal (B, F, J, N, R) views. Basal capitulum in ventral (rostral) aspect (D, H, L, P, T). Note similarity of plesiomorphic taxa (E–T), in which the rostrolatus is broad and low, and the rostrum is trapezoidal to triangular and chunky. The rostrolatera do not contact over the midline in these taxa. Note striking morphological differences in the more derived Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (A–D), in which the rostrolatus is narrower and taller, the plates meet over the midline, and the rostrum is tiny, tall, rhomboidal, and almost completely covered by the rostrolatera. The rostral articulation only extends over half of the rostrolatus (see also Fig. 10C, H, I). Scale bars: L, P, 2 mm; B–D, F–H, J, K, N, O, T, 1 mm; A, I, M, R, S, 0.5 mm; and E, Q, 0.2 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC0E0D79515BF981BFA766BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357838/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357838	Figure 13. Carinolatera: A, B, Arcoscalpellum pedunculatum (Hoek, 1883); C, Arcoscalpellum regina (Pilsbry, 1907); D, E, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); F, Arcoscalpellum quadratum (Dixon, 1850), London Clay, Eocene, Minster, Sheppey, Kent, UK (original of Withers, 1953, pl. 26, fig. 13), NHMUK In. 34504; G, H, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); I, J, Regioscalpellum darwini (Hoek, 1883); K, L, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883); M, N, Diotascalpellum gigas (Hoek, 1883); O, P, Arcuatoscalpellum arcuatum (Darwin, 1851b), Albian, Gault Clay, Paddlesworth, Kent, NHMUK In. 61368; Q, R, Cretiscalpellum striatum (Darwin, 1851b), Campanian chalk, Norwich, UK. NHMUK IC 1198. Comparative morphology of carinolatus in out-group Cretiscalpellum and Scalpellinae to illustrate morphological variation and phylogenetic trends. Note the overall progression in morphology from the out-group (Q, R), through Arcuatoscalpellum arcuatum (P, Q), to Diotascalpellum (D. rubrum, K, L), involving differentiation of the inframedian latus surface. In the more derived R. regium (G, H), R. darwini (I, J), and R. gigas (M, N) the umbo is incurved, has migrated to a more dorsal position, and a low internal shelf has developed adjacent to the upper latus. In Arcoscalpellum (Arcoscalpellum michelottianum, D, E; Arcoscalpellum quadratum, F), the umbo is more incurved, the apex subapical, and a upper latus surface has developed (see Fig. 10 for nomenclature). Scale bars: A–I, M, N, 1 mm; K, L, O–R, 0.5 mm.	Figure 13. Carinolatera: A, B, Arcoscalpellum pedunculatum (Hoek, 1883); C, Arcoscalpellum regina (Pilsbry, 1907); D, E, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); F, Arcoscalpellum quadratum (Dixon, 1850), London Clay, Eocene, Minster, Sheppey, Kent, UK (original of Withers, 1953, pl. 26, fig. 13), NHMUK In. 34504; G, H, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); I, J, Regioscalpellum darwini (Hoek, 1883); K, L, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883); M, N, Diotascalpellum gigas (Hoek, 1883); O, P, Arcuatoscalpellum arcuatum (Darwin, 1851b), Albian, Gault Clay, Paddlesworth, Kent, NHMUK In. 61368; Q, R, Cretiscalpellum striatum (Darwin, 1851b), Campanian chalk, Norwich, UK. NHMUK IC 1198. Comparative morphology of carinolatus in out-group Cretiscalpellum and Scalpellinae to illustrate morphological variation and phylogenetic trends. Note the overall progression in morphology from the out-group (Q, R), through Arcuatoscalpellum arcuatum (P, Q), to Diotascalpellum (D. rubrum, K, L), involving differentiation of the inframedian latus surface. In the more derived R. regium (G, H), R. darwini (I, J), and R. gigas (M, N) the umbo is incurved, has migrated to a more dorsal position, and a low internal shelf has developed adjacent to the upper latus. In Arcoscalpellum (Arcoscalpellum michelottianum, D, E; Arcoscalpellum quadratum, F), the umbo is more incurved, the apex subapical, and a upper latus surface has developed (see Fig. 10 for nomenclature). Scale bars: A–I, M, N, 1 mm; K, L, O–R, 0.5 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC310D7952DAFBD8BB776301.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357818/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357818	Figure 2. A–E, H, Scalpellinae in lateral aspect: A, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883); B, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); C, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); D, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); E, Arcoscalpellum regina (Pilsbry, 1907); F–H, Graviscalpellum pedunculatum (Hoek, 1883); F, ventral (rostral) aspect; G, dorsal (carinal) view; H, lateral view. See Table 1 for details of localities etc. Scale bars: 5 mm.	Figure 2. A–E, H, Scalpellinae in lateral aspect: A, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883); B, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); C, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); D, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); E, Arcoscalpellum regina (Pilsbry, 1907); F–H, Graviscalpellum pedunculatum (Hoek, 1883); F, ventral (rostral) aspect; G, dorsal (carinal) view; H, lateral view. See Table 1 for details of localities etc. Scale bars: 5 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC310D7952DAFBD8BB776301.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357826/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357826	Figure 6. Evolution of lateral plate morphology, dorsal side: A–E, Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); F–J, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); K–O, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); P–T, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); U–Y, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883). External aspect of carinolatus (A, F, K, P, U); interior of carinolatus (B, G, L, Q, V); external view of inframedian latus (C, H, M, R, W), interior of inframedian latus (D, I, N, S, X); dorsal (carinal) view of capitulum (E, J, O, T, Y). See Table 1 for details of localities. Note the migration of the position of the carinolatus umbo from apical to nearly basal, the progressive incurvature of the umbo, and the development of an upper latus surface. The lower four species are assigned to the Scalpellinae, the uppermost one to the Amigdaloscalpellinae. Scale bars: A–E, J, K–T, Y, 1 mm; F–I, U–X, 0.5 mm.	Figure 6. Evolution of lateral plate morphology, dorsal side: A–E, Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); F–J, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); K–O, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); P–T, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); U–Y, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883). External aspect of carinolatus (A, F, K, P, U); interior of carinolatus (B, G, L, Q, V); external view of inframedian latus (C, H, M, R, W), interior of inframedian latus (D, I, N, S, X); dorsal (carinal) view of capitulum (E, J, O, T, Y). See Table 1 for details of localities. Note the migration of the position of the carinolatus umbo from apical to nearly basal, the progressive incurvature of the umbo, and the development of an upper latus surface. The lower four species are assigned to the Scalpellinae, the uppermost one to the Amigdaloscalpellinae. Scale bars: A–E, J, K–T, Y, 1 mm; F–I, U–X, 0.5 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC310D7952DAFBD8BB776301.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357838/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357838	Figure 13. Carinolatera: A, B, Arcoscalpellum pedunculatum (Hoek, 1883); C, Arcoscalpellum regina (Pilsbry, 1907); D, E, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); F, Arcoscalpellum quadratum (Dixon, 1850), London Clay, Eocene, Minster, Sheppey, Kent, UK (original of Withers, 1953, pl. 26, fig. 13), NHMUK In. 34504; G, H, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); I, J, Regioscalpellum darwini (Hoek, 1883); K, L, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883); M, N, Diotascalpellum gigas (Hoek, 1883); O, P, Arcuatoscalpellum arcuatum (Darwin, 1851b), Albian, Gault Clay, Paddlesworth, Kent, NHMUK In. 61368; Q, R, Cretiscalpellum striatum (Darwin, 1851b), Campanian chalk, Norwich, UK. NHMUK IC 1198. Comparative morphology of carinolatus in out-group Cretiscalpellum and Scalpellinae to illustrate morphological variation and phylogenetic trends. Note the overall progression in morphology from the out-group (Q, R), through Arcuatoscalpellum arcuatum (P, Q), to Diotascalpellum (D. rubrum, K, L), involving differentiation of the inframedian latus surface. In the more derived R. regium (G, H), R. darwini (I, J), and R. gigas (M, N) the umbo is incurved, has migrated to a more dorsal position, and a low internal shelf has developed adjacent to the upper latus. In Arcoscalpellum (Arcoscalpellum michelottianum, D, E; Arcoscalpellum quadratum, F), the umbo is more incurved, the apex subapical, and a upper latus surface has developed (see Fig. 10 for nomenclature). Scale bars: A–I, M, N, 1 mm; K, L, O–R, 0.5 mm.	Figure 13. Carinolatera: A, B, Arcoscalpellum pedunculatum (Hoek, 1883); C, Arcoscalpellum regina (Pilsbry, 1907); D, E, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); F, Arcoscalpellum quadratum (Dixon, 1850), London Clay, Eocene, Minster, Sheppey, Kent, UK (original of Withers, 1953, pl. 26, fig. 13), NHMUK In. 34504; G, H, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); I, J, Regioscalpellum darwini (Hoek, 1883); K, L, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883); M, N, Diotascalpellum gigas (Hoek, 1883); O, P, Arcuatoscalpellum arcuatum (Darwin, 1851b), Albian, Gault Clay, Paddlesworth, Kent, NHMUK In. 61368; Q, R, Cretiscalpellum striatum (Darwin, 1851b), Campanian chalk, Norwich, UK. NHMUK IC 1198. Comparative morphology of carinolatus in out-group Cretiscalpellum and Scalpellinae to illustrate morphological variation and phylogenetic trends. Note the overall progression in morphology from the out-group (Q, R), through Arcuatoscalpellum arcuatum (P, Q), to Diotascalpellum (D. rubrum, K, L), involving differentiation of the inframedian latus surface. In the more derived R. regium (G, H), R. darwini (I, J), and R. gigas (M, N) the umbo is incurved, has migrated to a more dorsal position, and a low internal shelf has developed adjacent to the upper latus. In Arcoscalpellum (Arcoscalpellum michelottianum, D, E; Arcoscalpellum quadratum, F), the umbo is more incurved, the apex subapical, and a upper latus surface has developed (see Fig. 10 for nomenclature). Scale bars: A–I, M, N, 1 mm; K, L, O–R, 0.5 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC310D7851B6F9E5BDD766FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357818/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357818	Figure 2. A–E, H, Scalpellinae in lateral aspect: A, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883); B, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); C, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); D, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); E, Arcoscalpellum regina (Pilsbry, 1907); F–H, Graviscalpellum pedunculatum (Hoek, 1883); F, ventral (rostral) aspect; G, dorsal (carinal) view; H, lateral view. See Table 1 for details of localities etc. Scale bars: 5 mm.	Figure 2. A–E, H, Scalpellinae in lateral aspect: A, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883); B, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); C, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); D, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); E, Arcoscalpellum regina (Pilsbry, 1907); F–H, Graviscalpellum pedunculatum (Hoek, 1883); F, ventral (rostral) aspect; G, dorsal (carinal) view; H, lateral view. See Table 1 for details of localities etc. Scale bars: 5 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC310D7851B6F9E5BDD766FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357826/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357826	Figure 6. Evolution of lateral plate morphology, dorsal side: A–E, Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); F–J, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); K–O, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); P–T, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); U–Y, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883). External aspect of carinolatus (A, F, K, P, U); interior of carinolatus (B, G, L, Q, V); external view of inframedian latus (C, H, M, R, W), interior of inframedian latus (D, I, N, S, X); dorsal (carinal) view of capitulum (E, J, O, T, Y). See Table 1 for details of localities. Note the migration of the position of the carinolatus umbo from apical to nearly basal, the progressive incurvature of the umbo, and the development of an upper latus surface. The lower four species are assigned to the Scalpellinae, the uppermost one to the Amigdaloscalpellinae. Scale bars: A–E, J, K–T, Y, 1 mm; F–I, U–X, 0.5 mm.	Figure 6. Evolution of lateral plate morphology, dorsal side: A–E, Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); F–J, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); K–O, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); P–T, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); U–Y, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883). External aspect of carinolatus (A, F, K, P, U); interior of carinolatus (B, G, L, Q, V); external view of inframedian latus (C, H, M, R, W), interior of inframedian latus (D, I, N, S, X); dorsal (carinal) view of capitulum (E, J, O, T, Y). See Table 1 for details of localities. Note the migration of the position of the carinolatus umbo from apical to nearly basal, the progressive incurvature of the umbo, and the development of an upper latus surface. The lower four species are assigned to the Scalpellinae, the uppermost one to the Amigdaloscalpellinae. Scale bars: A–E, J, K–T, Y, 1 mm; F–I, U–X, 0.5 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC330D7B52FBFB65BAE86129.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357816/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357816	Figure 1. Morphology and nomenclature of the scalpellid capitulum, and constituent carina, tergum, and scutum. A–C, I, Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883): A, dorsal (carinal) view; B, lateral view; and C, ventral (rostral) view. D, E, carina of Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877) in dorsal and lateral aspect. F, G, scutum of Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859) in internal and external views, respectively. H, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898), tergum in external aspect. For abbreviations, see Table 2. For details of localities etc., see Table 1. Scale bars: A–C, 5 mm; D–I, 1 mm.	Figure 1. Morphology and nomenclature of the scalpellid capitulum, and constituent carina, tergum, and scutum. A–C, I, Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883): A, dorsal (carinal) view; B, lateral view; and C, ventral (rostral) view. D, E, carina of Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877) in dorsal and lateral aspect. F, G, scutum of Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859) in internal and external views, respectively. H, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898), tergum in external aspect. For abbreviations, see Table 2. For details of localities etc., see Table 1. Scale bars: A–C, 5 mm; D–I, 1 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC330D7B52FBFB65BAE86129.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357820/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357820	Figure 3. Lateral aspects of Amigdoscalpellinae: A, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); B, Catherinum recurvitergum (Gruvel, 1900); C, Catherinum novaezelandiae (Hoek, 1883). D, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); E, Amigdaloscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898); F, Amigdaloscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); G, Amigdaloscalpellum sculptum (Hoek, 1907) H, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859). See Table 1 for localities. Scale bars: 5 mm.	Figure 3. Lateral aspects of Amigdoscalpellinae: A, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); B, Catherinum recurvitergum (Gruvel, 1900); C, Catherinum novaezelandiae (Hoek, 1883). D, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); E, Amigdaloscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898); F, Amigdaloscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); G, Amigdaloscalpellum sculptum (Hoek, 1907) H, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859). See Table 1 for localities. Scale bars: 5 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC330D7B52FBFB65BAE86129.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357826/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357826	Figure 6. Evolution of lateral plate morphology, dorsal side: A–E, Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); F–J, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); K–O, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); P–T, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); U–Y, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883). External aspect of carinolatus (A, F, K, P, U); interior of carinolatus (B, G, L, Q, V); external view of inframedian latus (C, H, M, R, W), interior of inframedian latus (D, I, N, S, X); dorsal (carinal) view of capitulum (E, J, O, T, Y). See Table 1 for details of localities. Note the migration of the position of the carinolatus umbo from apical to nearly basal, the progressive incurvature of the umbo, and the development of an upper latus surface. The lower four species are assigned to the Scalpellinae, the uppermost one to the Amigdaloscalpellinae. Scale bars: A–E, J, K–T, Y, 1 mm; F–I, U–X, 0.5 mm.	Figure 6. Evolution of lateral plate morphology, dorsal side: A–E, Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); F–J, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); K–O, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); P–T, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); U–Y, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883). External aspect of carinolatus (A, F, K, P, U); interior of carinolatus (B, G, L, Q, V); external view of inframedian latus (C, H, M, R, W), interior of inframedian latus (D, I, N, S, X); dorsal (carinal) view of capitulum (E, J, O, T, Y). See Table 1 for details of localities. Note the migration of the position of the carinolatus umbo from apical to nearly basal, the progressive incurvature of the umbo, and the development of an upper latus surface. The lower four species are assigned to the Scalpellinae, the uppermost one to the Amigdaloscalpellinae. Scale bars: A–E, J, K–T, Y, 1 mm; F–I, U–X, 0.5 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC330D7B52FBFB65BAE86129.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357828/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357828	Figure 7. Evolution of lateral plate morphology, dorsal side: A–E, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859); F–J, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); K–O, Catherinum novazelandiae (Hoek, 1883); P–T, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); U–Y, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898). External aspect of carinolatus (A, F, K, P, U); interior of carinolatus (B, G, L, Q, V); external view of inframedian latus (C, H, M, R, W); dorsal (carinal) view of basal capitulum (D, I, N, S, X); enlarged lateral view of basal capitulum (E, J, O, T, Y). Note the changes in the nature of the articulation between the carinolatera of a pair (interpenetrant, X; opposed double articulation, D, I, N, S) and those in the shape of the inframedian latus (triangular, W; waisted hourglass, M, R; pentagonal, C, H). See Table 1 for details of localities. Scale bars: A–C, F–H, M, P-R, U–V, 0.5 mm; D, E, I, J, N, O, S, T, X, Y, 1 mm.	Figure 7. Evolution of lateral plate morphology, dorsal side: A–E, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859); F–J, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); K–O, Catherinum novazelandiae (Hoek, 1883); P–T, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); U–Y, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898). External aspect of carinolatus (A, F, K, P, U); interior of carinolatus (B, G, L, Q, V); external view of inframedian latus (C, H, M, R, W); dorsal (carinal) view of basal capitulum (D, I, N, S, X); enlarged lateral view of basal capitulum (E, J, O, T, Y). Note the changes in the nature of the articulation between the carinolatera of a pair (interpenetrant, X; opposed double articulation, D, I, N, S) and those in the shape of the inframedian latus (triangular, W; waisted hourglass, M, R; pentagonal, C, H). See Table 1 for details of localities. Scale bars: A–C, F–H, M, P-R, U–V, 0.5 mm; D, E, I, J, N, O, S, T, X, Y, 1 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC330D7B52FBFB65BAE86129.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357830/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357830	Figure 8. Scalpellid scuta and terga. Scuta: A, E, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); B, F, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898); C, G, Catherinum hispidum (G.O. Sars, 1890); D, H, Weltnerium stroemii M. Sars, 1859). Terga: I, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); J, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum; K, Catherinum hispidum; L, Weltnerium stroemii. See Table 1 for details of localities. Note the overall progression of morphological change from left to right in the shape of the scutum, with the basal–occludent angle becoming more acute, and the basal–upper latus angle more obtuse, leading to a more trapezoidal outline. Additionally, a small tergal surface develops, and the umbo becomes incurved, and the dwarf male receptacles become larger and better defined. The terga change from an oval– rhombic outline (I) to a right triangular one (J–L), the ventral margin has developed a narrow supracarinal surface (scs), with an inflexion where the tip of the carina rests against the carinal margin. See Table 1 for details of localities. Scale bars: K, 2 mm; A, E, F, J, M, N, 1 mm; B–I, L, 0.5 mm.	Figure 8. Scalpellid scuta and terga. Scuta: A, E, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); B, F, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898); C, G, Catherinum hispidum (G.O. Sars, 1890); D, H, Weltnerium stroemii M. Sars, 1859). Terga: I, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); J, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum; K, Catherinum hispidum; L, Weltnerium stroemii. See Table 1 for details of localities. Note the overall progression of morphological change from left to right in the shape of the scutum, with the basal–occludent angle becoming more acute, and the basal–upper latus angle more obtuse, leading to a more trapezoidal outline. Additionally, a small tergal surface develops, and the umbo becomes incurved, and the dwarf male receptacles become larger and better defined. The terga change from an oval– rhombic outline (I) to a right triangular one (J–L), the ventral margin has developed a narrow supracarinal surface (scs), with an inflexion where the tip of the carina rests against the carinal margin. See Table 1 for details of localities. Scale bars: K, 2 mm; A, E, F, J, M, N, 1 mm; B–I, L, 0.5 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC330D7B52FBFB65BAE86129.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357834/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357834	Figure 11. Evolution of rostra and rostrolateral plate morphology, ventral side: A–D, Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); H, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); I–L, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); M–P, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); Q–T, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883). Rostrum in ventral (rostral) aspect (A, E, I, M, Q); rostrolatus in external (C, G, K, O, S) and internal (B, F, J, N, R) views. Basal capitulum in ventral (rostral) aspect (D, H, L, P, T). Note similarity of plesiomorphic taxa (E–T), in which the rostrolatus is broad and low, and the rostrum is trapezoidal to triangular and chunky. The rostrolatera do not contact over the midline in these taxa. Note striking morphological differences in the more derived Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (A–D), in which the rostrolatus is narrower and taller, the plates meet over the midline, and the rostrum is tiny, tall, rhomboidal, and almost completely covered by the rostrolatera. The rostral articulation only extends over half of the rostrolatus (see also Fig. 10C, H, I). Scale bars: L, P, 2 mm; B–D, F–H, J, K, N, O, T, 1 mm; A, I, M, R, S, 0.5 mm; and E, Q, 0.2 mm.	Figure 11. Evolution of rostra and rostrolateral plate morphology, ventral side: A–D, Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); H, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); I–L, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); M–P, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); Q–T, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883). Rostrum in ventral (rostral) aspect (A, E, I, M, Q); rostrolatus in external (C, G, K, O, S) and internal (B, F, J, N, R) views. Basal capitulum in ventral (rostral) aspect (D, H, L, P, T). Note similarity of plesiomorphic taxa (E–T), in which the rostrolatus is broad and low, and the rostrum is trapezoidal to triangular and chunky. The rostrolatera do not contact over the midline in these taxa. Note striking morphological differences in the more derived Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (A–D), in which the rostrolatus is narrower and taller, the plates meet over the midline, and the rostrum is tiny, tall, rhomboidal, and almost completely covered by the rostrolatera. The rostral articulation only extends over half of the rostrolatus (see also Fig. 10C, H, I). Scale bars: L, P, 2 mm; B–D, F–H, J, K, N, O, T, 1 mm; A, I, M, R, S, 0.5 mm; and E, Q, 0.2 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC330D7B52FBFB65BAE86129.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357836/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357836	Figure 12. Evolution of rostra and rostrolatera plate morphology, ventral side: A–D, Weltnerium stroemii (G.O. Sars, 1859); E–H, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); I–L, Catherinum novazelandiae (Hoek, 1883); M–P, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); Q–T, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898), rostrum in ventral rostral aspect (A, E, I, M, Q); rostrolatus in external (B, F, J, N, R) and internal (C, G, K, O, S) views. Basal capitulum in ventral (rostral) aspect (D, H, L, P, T). The rostrum is tiny, with only a small external face (I, M, Q) in more basal taxa. In the most derived taxa, the central ridge has an external surface over the height of the plate (A, B). Scale bars: A–D, F–H, J–L, N–P, R–T, 0.5 mm; E, I, M, Q, 0.2 mm.	Figure 12. Evolution of rostra and rostrolatera plate morphology, ventral side: A–D, Weltnerium stroemii (G.O. Sars, 1859); E–H, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); I–L, Catherinum novazelandiae (Hoek, 1883); M–P, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); Q–T, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898), rostrum in ventral rostral aspect (A, E, I, M, Q); rostrolatus in external (B, F, J, N, R) and internal (C, G, K, O, S) views. Basal capitulum in ventral (rostral) aspect (D, H, L, P, T). The rostrum is tiny, with only a small external face (I, M, Q) in more basal taxa. In the most derived taxa, the central ridge has an external surface over the height of the plate (A, B). Scale bars: A–D, F–H, J–L, N–P, R–T, 0.5 mm; E, I, M, Q, 0.2 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC330D7A5185FBBCBD4C67CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357820/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357820	Figure 3. Lateral aspects of Amigdoscalpellinae: A, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); B, Catherinum recurvitergum (Gruvel, 1900); C, Catherinum novaezelandiae (Hoek, 1883). D, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); E, Amigdaloscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898); F, Amigdaloscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); G, Amigdaloscalpellum sculptum (Hoek, 1907) H, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859). See Table 1 for localities. Scale bars: 5 mm.	Figure 3. Lateral aspects of Amigdoscalpellinae: A, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); B, Catherinum recurvitergum (Gruvel, 1900); C, Catherinum novaezelandiae (Hoek, 1883). D, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); E, Amigdaloscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898); F, Amigdaloscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); G, Amigdaloscalpellum sculptum (Hoek, 1907) H, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859). See Table 1 for localities. Scale bars: 5 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC330D7A5185FBBCBD4C67CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357828/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357828	Figure 7. Evolution of lateral plate morphology, dorsal side: A–E, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859); F–J, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); K–O, Catherinum novazelandiae (Hoek, 1883); P–T, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); U–Y, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898). External aspect of carinolatus (A, F, K, P, U); interior of carinolatus (B, G, L, Q, V); external view of inframedian latus (C, H, M, R, W); dorsal (carinal) view of basal capitulum (D, I, N, S, X); enlarged lateral view of basal capitulum (E, J, O, T, Y). Note the changes in the nature of the articulation between the carinolatera of a pair (interpenetrant, X; opposed double articulation, D, I, N, S) and those in the shape of the inframedian latus (triangular, W; waisted hourglass, M, R; pentagonal, C, H). See Table 1 for details of localities. Scale bars: A–C, F–H, M, P-R, U–V, 0.5 mm; D, E, I, J, N, O, S, T, X, Y, 1 mm.	Figure 7. Evolution of lateral plate morphology, dorsal side: A–E, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859); F–J, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); K–O, Catherinum novazelandiae (Hoek, 1883); P–T, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); U–Y, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898). External aspect of carinolatus (A, F, K, P, U); interior of carinolatus (B, G, L, Q, V); external view of inframedian latus (C, H, M, R, W); dorsal (carinal) view of basal capitulum (D, I, N, S, X); enlarged lateral view of basal capitulum (E, J, O, T, Y). Note the changes in the nature of the articulation between the carinolatera of a pair (interpenetrant, X; opposed double articulation, D, I, N, S) and those in the shape of the inframedian latus (triangular, W; waisted hourglass, M, R; pentagonal, C, H). See Table 1 for details of localities. Scale bars: A–C, F–H, M, P-R, U–V, 0.5 mm; D, E, I, J, N, O, S, T, X, Y, 1 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC330D7A5185FBBCBD4C67CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357830/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357830	Figure 8. Scalpellid scuta and terga. Scuta: A, E, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); B, F, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898); C, G, Catherinum hispidum (G.O. Sars, 1890); D, H, Weltnerium stroemii M. Sars, 1859). Terga: I, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); J, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum; K, Catherinum hispidum; L, Weltnerium stroemii. See Table 1 for details of localities. Note the overall progression of morphological change from left to right in the shape of the scutum, with the basal–occludent angle becoming more acute, and the basal–upper latus angle more obtuse, leading to a more trapezoidal outline. Additionally, a small tergal surface develops, and the umbo becomes incurved, and the dwarf male receptacles become larger and better defined. The terga change from an oval– rhombic outline (I) to a right triangular one (J–L), the ventral margin has developed a narrow supracarinal surface (scs), with an inflexion where the tip of the carina rests against the carinal margin. See Table 1 for details of localities. Scale bars: K, 2 mm; A, E, F, J, M, N, 1 mm; B–I, L, 0.5 mm.	Figure 8. Scalpellid scuta and terga. Scuta: A, E, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); B, F, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898); C, G, Catherinum hispidum (G.O. Sars, 1890); D, H, Weltnerium stroemii M. Sars, 1859). Terga: I, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); J, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum; K, Catherinum hispidum; L, Weltnerium stroemii. See Table 1 for details of localities. Note the overall progression of morphological change from left to right in the shape of the scutum, with the basal–occludent angle becoming more acute, and the basal–upper latus angle more obtuse, leading to a more trapezoidal outline. Additionally, a small tergal surface develops, and the umbo becomes incurved, and the dwarf male receptacles become larger and better defined. The terga change from an oval– rhombic outline (I) to a right triangular one (J–L), the ventral margin has developed a narrow supracarinal surface (scs), with an inflexion where the tip of the carina rests against the carinal margin. See Table 1 for details of localities. Scale bars: K, 2 mm; A, E, F, J, M, N, 1 mm; B–I, L, 0.5 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC330D7A5185FBBCBD4C67CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357836/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357836	Figure 12. Evolution of rostra and rostrolatera plate morphology, ventral side: A–D, Weltnerium stroemii (G.O. Sars, 1859); E–H, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); I–L, Catherinum novazelandiae (Hoek, 1883); M–P, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); Q–T, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898), rostrum in ventral rostral aspect (A, E, I, M, Q); rostrolatus in external (B, F, J, N, R) and internal (C, G, K, O, S) views. Basal capitulum in ventral (rostral) aspect (D, H, L, P, T). The rostrum is tiny, with only a small external face (I, M, Q) in more basal taxa. In the most derived taxa, the central ridge has an external surface over the height of the plate (A, B). Scale bars: A–D, F–H, J–L, N–P, R–T, 0.5 mm; E, I, M, Q, 0.2 mm.	Figure 12. Evolution of rostra and rostrolatera plate morphology, ventral side: A–D, Weltnerium stroemii (G.O. Sars, 1859); E–H, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); I–L, Catherinum novazelandiae (Hoek, 1883); M–P, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); Q–T, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898), rostrum in ventral rostral aspect (A, E, I, M, Q); rostrolatus in external (B, F, J, N, R) and internal (C, G, K, O, S) views. Basal capitulum in ventral (rostral) aspect (D, H, L, P, T). The rostrum is tiny, with only a small external face (I, M, Q) in more basal taxa. In the most derived taxa, the central ridge has an external surface over the height of the plate (A, B). Scale bars: A–D, F–H, J–L, N–P, R–T, 0.5 mm; E, I, M, Q, 0.2 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC330D7A5185FBBCBD4C67CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357846/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357846	Figure 19. Fossil and recent Catherinum. C–K, N–Q, T, V, Catherinum anglicum sp. nov., Upper Campanian, Belemnitella mucronata zone, Keswick, Norwich, UK; (O) is the holotype, the other specimens are paratypes. C, D, F, G, carinolatera in external (C, D, F) and internal (G, H) aspects (C, NHMUK IC 1203; D, 1204; F–G, 1206; H, 1208). E, transverse section of carina (NHMUK IC 1205); I, T, dorsal view of carinae (NHMUK IC 1209, 1216); P, lateral view of carina (NHMUK IC 1214); V, internal view of base of carina (NHMUK IC 1217); J, K, O, internal views of scuta, to show large pit for dwarf males (NHMUK IC 1210, 1211, 1213); N, external view of scutum (NHMUK IC 1212); Q, external view of tergum (NHMUK IC 1215). A, B, L, M, R, S, U, Catherinum hispidum (G.O. Sars, 1890). Recent, Norwegian Sea. A, B, carinolatus in external and internal views. L, M, external and internal views of scutum. R, external view of tergum. S, U, dorsal and internal views of carina. Scale bars: S, U, V, 1 mm; A–D, F, G, K–O, Q, R, T, 0.5 mm; E, H, P, 0.2 mm.	Figure 19. Fossil and recent Catherinum. C–K, N–Q, T, V, Catherinum anglicum sp. nov., Upper Campanian, Belemnitella mucronata zone, Keswick, Norwich, UK; (O) is the holotype, the other specimens are paratypes. C, D, F, G, carinolatera in external (C, D, F) and internal (G, H) aspects (C, NHMUK IC 1203; D, 1204; F–G, 1206; H, 1208). E, transverse section of carina (NHMUK IC 1205); I, T, dorsal view of carinae (NHMUK IC 1209, 1216); P, lateral view of carina (NHMUK IC 1214); V, internal view of base of carina (NHMUK IC 1217); J, K, O, internal views of scuta, to show large pit for dwarf males (NHMUK IC 1210, 1211, 1213); N, external view of scutum (NHMUK IC 1212); Q, external view of tergum (NHMUK IC 1215). A, B, L, M, R, S, U, Catherinum hispidum (G.O. Sars, 1890). Recent, Norwegian Sea. A, B, carinolatus in external and internal views. L, M, external and internal views of scutum. R, external view of tergum. S, U, dorsal and internal views of carina. Scale bars: S, U, V, 1 mm; A–D, F, G, K–O, Q, R, T, 0.5 mm; E, H, P, 0.2 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC320D7A5324FD25BA79602A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357846/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357846	Figure 19. Fossil and recent Catherinum. C–K, N–Q, T, V, Catherinum anglicum sp. nov., Upper Campanian, Belemnitella mucronata zone, Keswick, Norwich, UK; (O) is the holotype, the other specimens are paratypes. C, D, F, G, carinolatera in external (C, D, F) and internal (G, H) aspects (C, NHMUK IC 1203; D, 1204; F–G, 1206; H, 1208). E, transverse section of carina (NHMUK IC 1205); I, T, dorsal view of carinae (NHMUK IC 1209, 1216); P, lateral view of carina (NHMUK IC 1214); V, internal view of base of carina (NHMUK IC 1217); J, K, O, internal views of scuta, to show large pit for dwarf males (NHMUK IC 1210, 1211, 1213); N, external view of scutum (NHMUK IC 1212); Q, external view of tergum (NHMUK IC 1215). A, B, L, M, R, S, U, Catherinum hispidum (G.O. Sars, 1890). Recent, Norwegian Sea. A, B, carinolatus in external and internal views. L, M, external and internal views of scutum. R, external view of tergum. S, U, dorsal and internal views of carina. Scale bars: S, U, V, 1 mm; A–D, F, G, K–O, Q, R, T, 0.5 mm; E, H, P, 0.2 mm.	Figure 19. Fossil and recent Catherinum. C–K, N–Q, T, V, Catherinum anglicum sp. nov., Upper Campanian, Belemnitella mucronata zone, Keswick, Norwich, UK; (O) is the holotype, the other specimens are paratypes. C, D, F, G, carinolatera in external (C, D, F) and internal (G, H) aspects (C, NHMUK IC 1203; D, 1204; F–G, 1206; H, 1208). E, transverse section of carina (NHMUK IC 1205); I, T, dorsal view of carinae (NHMUK IC 1209, 1216); P, lateral view of carina (NHMUK IC 1214); V, internal view of base of carina (NHMUK IC 1217); J, K, O, internal views of scuta, to show large pit for dwarf males (NHMUK IC 1210, 1211, 1213); N, external view of scutum (NHMUK IC 1212); Q, external view of tergum (NHMUK IC 1215). A, B, L, M, R, S, U, Catherinum hispidum (G.O. Sars, 1890). Recent, Norwegian Sea. A, B, carinolatus in external and internal views. L, M, external and internal views of scutum. R, external view of tergum. S, U, dorsal and internal views of carina. Scale bars: S, U, V, 1 mm; A–D, F, G, K–O, Q, R, T, 0.5 mm; E, H, P, 0.2 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC320D7A5324FD25BA79602A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357828/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357828	Figure 7. Evolution of lateral plate morphology, dorsal side: A–E, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859); F–J, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); K–O, Catherinum novazelandiae (Hoek, 1883); P–T, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); U–Y, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898). External aspect of carinolatus (A, F, K, P, U); interior of carinolatus (B, G, L, Q, V); external view of inframedian latus (C, H, M, R, W); dorsal (carinal) view of basal capitulum (D, I, N, S, X); enlarged lateral view of basal capitulum (E, J, O, T, Y). Note the changes in the nature of the articulation between the carinolatera of a pair (interpenetrant, X; opposed double articulation, D, I, N, S) and those in the shape of the inframedian latus (triangular, W; waisted hourglass, M, R; pentagonal, C, H). See Table 1 for details of localities. Scale bars: A–C, F–H, M, P-R, U–V, 0.5 mm; D, E, I, J, N, O, S, T, X, Y, 1 mm.	Figure 7. Evolution of lateral plate morphology, dorsal side: A–E, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859); F–J, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); K–O, Catherinum novazelandiae (Hoek, 1883); P–T, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); U–Y, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898). External aspect of carinolatus (A, F, K, P, U); interior of carinolatus (B, G, L, Q, V); external view of inframedian latus (C, H, M, R, W); dorsal (carinal) view of basal capitulum (D, I, N, S, X); enlarged lateral view of basal capitulum (E, J, O, T, Y). Note the changes in the nature of the articulation between the carinolatera of a pair (interpenetrant, X; opposed double articulation, D, I, N, S) and those in the shape of the inframedian latus (triangular, W; waisted hourglass, M, R; pentagonal, C, H). See Table 1 for details of localities. Scale bars: A–C, F–H, M, P-R, U–V, 0.5 mm; D, E, I, J, N, O, S, T, X, Y, 1 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC320D7D51A2FAB4BC416690.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357816/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357816	Figure 1. Morphology and nomenclature of the scalpellid capitulum, and constituent carina, tergum, and scutum. A–C, I, Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883): A, dorsal (carinal) view; B, lateral view; and C, ventral (rostral) view. D, E, carina of Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877) in dorsal and lateral aspect. F, G, scutum of Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859) in internal and external views, respectively. H, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898), tergum in external aspect. For abbreviations, see Table 2. For details of localities etc., see Table 1. Scale bars: A–C, 5 mm; D–I, 1 mm.	Figure 1. Morphology and nomenclature of the scalpellid capitulum, and constituent carina, tergum, and scutum. A–C, I, Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883): A, dorsal (carinal) view; B, lateral view; and C, ventral (rostral) view. D, E, carina of Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877) in dorsal and lateral aspect. F, G, scutum of Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859) in internal and external views, respectively. H, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898), tergum in external aspect. For abbreviations, see Table 2. For details of localities etc., see Table 1. Scale bars: A–C, 5 mm; D–I, 1 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC320D7D51A2FAB4BC416690.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357820/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357820	Figure 3. Lateral aspects of Amigdoscalpellinae: A, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); B, Catherinum recurvitergum (Gruvel, 1900); C, Catherinum novaezelandiae (Hoek, 1883). D, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); E, Amigdaloscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898); F, Amigdaloscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); G, Amigdaloscalpellum sculptum (Hoek, 1907) H, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859). See Table 1 for localities. Scale bars: 5 mm.	Figure 3. Lateral aspects of Amigdoscalpellinae: A, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); B, Catherinum recurvitergum (Gruvel, 1900); C, Catherinum novaezelandiae (Hoek, 1883). D, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); E, Amigdaloscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898); F, Amigdaloscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); G, Amigdaloscalpellum sculptum (Hoek, 1907) H, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859). See Table 1 for localities. Scale bars: 5 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC320D7D51A2FAB4BC416690.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357828/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357828	Figure 7. Evolution of lateral plate morphology, dorsal side: A–E, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859); F–J, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); K–O, Catherinum novazelandiae (Hoek, 1883); P–T, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); U–Y, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898). External aspect of carinolatus (A, F, K, P, U); interior of carinolatus (B, G, L, Q, V); external view of inframedian latus (C, H, M, R, W); dorsal (carinal) view of basal capitulum (D, I, N, S, X); enlarged lateral view of basal capitulum (E, J, O, T, Y). Note the changes in the nature of the articulation between the carinolatera of a pair (interpenetrant, X; opposed double articulation, D, I, N, S) and those in the shape of the inframedian latus (triangular, W; waisted hourglass, M, R; pentagonal, C, H). See Table 1 for details of localities. Scale bars: A–C, F–H, M, P-R, U–V, 0.5 mm; D, E, I, J, N, O, S, T, X, Y, 1 mm.	Figure 7. Evolution of lateral plate morphology, dorsal side: A–E, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859); F–J, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); K–O, Catherinum novazelandiae (Hoek, 1883); P–T, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); U–Y, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898). External aspect of carinolatus (A, F, K, P, U); interior of carinolatus (B, G, L, Q, V); external view of inframedian latus (C, H, M, R, W); dorsal (carinal) view of basal capitulum (D, I, N, S, X); enlarged lateral view of basal capitulum (E, J, O, T, Y). Note the changes in the nature of the articulation between the carinolatera of a pair (interpenetrant, X; opposed double articulation, D, I, N, S) and those in the shape of the inframedian latus (triangular, W; waisted hourglass, M, R; pentagonal, C, H). See Table 1 for details of localities. Scale bars: A–C, F–H, M, P-R, U–V, 0.5 mm; D, E, I, J, N, O, S, T, X, Y, 1 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC320D7D51A2FAB4BC416690.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357830/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357830	Figure 8. Scalpellid scuta and terga. Scuta: A, E, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); B, F, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898); C, G, Catherinum hispidum (G.O. Sars, 1890); D, H, Weltnerium stroemii M. Sars, 1859). Terga: I, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); J, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum; K, Catherinum hispidum; L, Weltnerium stroemii. See Table 1 for details of localities. Note the overall progression of morphological change from left to right in the shape of the scutum, with the basal–occludent angle becoming more acute, and the basal–upper latus angle more obtuse, leading to a more trapezoidal outline. Additionally, a small tergal surface develops, and the umbo becomes incurved, and the dwarf male receptacles become larger and better defined. The terga change from an oval– rhombic outline (I) to a right triangular one (J–L), the ventral margin has developed a narrow supracarinal surface (scs), with an inflexion where the tip of the carina rests against the carinal margin. See Table 1 for details of localities. Scale bars: K, 2 mm; A, E, F, J, M, N, 1 mm; B–I, L, 0.5 mm.	Figure 8. Scalpellid scuta and terga. Scuta: A, E, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); B, F, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898); C, G, Catherinum hispidum (G.O. Sars, 1890); D, H, Weltnerium stroemii M. Sars, 1859). Terga: I, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); J, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum; K, Catherinum hispidum; L, Weltnerium stroemii. See Table 1 for details of localities. Note the overall progression of morphological change from left to right in the shape of the scutum, with the basal–occludent angle becoming more acute, and the basal–upper latus angle more obtuse, leading to a more trapezoidal outline. Additionally, a small tergal surface develops, and the umbo becomes incurved, and the dwarf male receptacles become larger and better defined. The terga change from an oval– rhombic outline (I) to a right triangular one (J–L), the ventral margin has developed a narrow supracarinal surface (scs), with an inflexion where the tip of the carina rests against the carinal margin. See Table 1 for details of localities. Scale bars: K, 2 mm; A, E, F, J, M, N, 1 mm; B–I, L, 0.5 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
03D63555CC320D7D51A2FAB4BC416690.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/5357836/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357836	Figure 12. Evolution of rostra and rostrolatera plate morphology, ventral side: A–D, Weltnerium stroemii (G.O. Sars, 1859); E–H, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); I–L, Catherinum novazelandiae (Hoek, 1883); M–P, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); Q–T, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898), rostrum in ventral rostral aspect (A, E, I, M, Q); rostrolatus in external (B, F, J, N, R) and internal (C, G, K, O, S) views. Basal capitulum in ventral (rostral) aspect (D, H, L, P, T). The rostrum is tiny, with only a small external face (I, M, Q) in more basal taxa. In the most derived taxa, the central ridge has an external surface over the height of the plate (A, B). Scale bars: A–D, F–H, J–L, N–P, R–T, 0.5 mm; E, I, M, Q, 0.2 mm.	Figure 12. Evolution of rostra and rostrolatera plate morphology, ventral side: A–D, Weltnerium stroemii (G.O. Sars, 1859); E–H, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); I–L, Catherinum novazelandiae (Hoek, 1883); M–P, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); Q–T, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898), rostrum in ventral rostral aspect (A, E, I, M, Q); rostrolatus in external (B, F, J, N, R) and internal (C, G, K, O, S) views. Basal capitulum in ventral (rostral) aspect (D, H, L, P, T). The rostrum is tiny, with only a small external face (I, M, Q) in more basal taxa. In the most derived taxa, the central ridge has an external surface over the height of the plate (A, B). Scale bars: A–D, F–H, J–L, N–P, R–T, 0.5 mm; E, I, M, Q, 0.2 mm.	2016-01-25	Gale, Andrew Scott		Zenodo	biologists	Gale, Andrew Scott			
